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"schema_version": "1.0",
"level": "genus",
"genus": "Comamonas",
"overview": {
"short": "Comamonas species are Gram-negative, aerobic, non-fermentative rods commonly found in soil and water, occasionally implicated in opportunistic human infections.",
"clinical_context": "Rarely isolated in clinical microbiology but reported in bloodstream, intra-abdominal, and wound infections, often in immunocompromised hosts."
},
"expected_fields": {
"Gram Stain": "Negative",
"Shape": "Rods",
"Motility": "Positive",
"Capsule": "Negative",
"Spore Formation": "Negative",
"Haemolysis": "Negative",
"Haemolysis Type": "None",
"Media Grown On": [
"Blood Agar",
"Nutrient Agar"
],
"Colony Morphology": [
"Smooth",
"Grey",
"Non-pigmented"
],
"Oxygen Requirement": "Aerobic",
"Growth Temperature": "15//42",
"Catalase": "Positive",
"Oxidase": "Positive",
"Indole": "Negative",
"Urease": "Negative",
"Citrate": "Variable",
"Methyl Red": "Negative",
"VP": "Negative",
"H2S": "Negative",
"DNase": "Negative",
"ONPG": "Negative",
"Coagulase": "Negative",
"Gelatin Hydrolysis": "Variable",
"Esculin Hydrolysis": "Negative",
"Nitrate Reduction": "Variable",
"NaCl Tolerant (>=6%)": "Negative",
"Lipase Test": "Negative",
"Lysine Decarboxylase": "Negative",
"Ornithine Decarboxylase": "Negative",
"Ornitihine Decarboxylase": "Negative",
"Arginine dihydrolase": "Negative",
"Glucose Fermentation": "Negative",
"Lactose Fermentation": "Negative",
"Sucrose Fermentation": "Negative",
"Maltose Fermentation": "Negative",
"Mannitol Fermentation": "Negative",
"Sorbitol Fermentation": "Negative",
"Xylose Fermentation": "Negative",
"Rhamnose Fermentation": "Negative",
"Arabinose Fermentation": "Negative",
"Raffinose Fermentation": "Negative",
"Trehalose Fermentation": "Negative",
"Inositol Fermentation": "Negative",
"Gas Production": "Negative",
"TSI Pattern": "Unknown",
"Colony Pattern": "Unknown",
"Pigment": "None",
"Motility Type": "Polar"
},
"field_notes": {
"Oxidase": "Oxidase positivity supports differentiation from Enterobacterales.",
"Glucose Fermentation": "Non-fermentative metabolism is genus-defining.",
"Motility": "Motile by polar flagella."
},
"key_differentiators": [
{
"field": "Oxidase",
"expected": "Positive",
"distinguishes_from": ["Enterobacter", "Escherichia"],
"notes": "Separates Comamonas from oxidase-negative Gram-negative rods."
},
{
"field": "Glucose Fermentation",
"expected": "Negative",
"distinguishes_from": ["Aeromonas", "Vibrio"],
"notes": "Non-fermentative profile excludes common oxidase-positive fermenters."
},
{
"field": "Oxygen Requirement",
"expected": "Aerobic",
"distinguishes_from": ["Bacteroides", "Clostridium"],
"notes": "Strict aerobic growth pattern."
}
],
"common_confusions": [
{
"genus": "Alcaligenes",
"reason": "Shared oxidase positivity and non-fermentative metabolism."
},
{
"genus": "Achromobacter",
"reason": "Environmental origin and overlapping biochemical reactions."
}
],
"when_to_question_identification": [
"Glucose fermentation suggests Aeromonas or Vibrio.",
"Oxidase negativity is inconsistent with Comamonas.",
"Anaerobic growth argues against identification."
],
"recommended_next_tests": [
{
"test": "Oxidative-fermentative (OF) glucose test",
"reason": "Confirms non-fermentative metabolism.",
"api_kit": "API 20NE"
},
{
"test": "MALDI-TOF MS",
"reason": "Accurate genus-level and species-level identification.",
"api_kit": "Not applicable"
},
{
"test": "Molecular identification",
"reason": "Useful for rare or clinically significant isolates.",
"api_kit": "Not applicable"
}
],
"supported_species": [
"kerstersii",
"testosteroni"
]
} |