Update data/rag/knowledge_base/Enterococcus/faecium.json
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data/rag/knowledge_base/Enterococcus/faecium.json
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{
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"genus": "Enterococcus",
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"species": "faecium",
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"full_name": "Enterococcus faecium",
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"clinical_significance": "A highly antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus species and major cause of hospital-associated infections. Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREfm) carrying VanA/VanB genes is a critical public health concern. Causes bacteremia, endocarditis, intra-abdominal infection, and UTIs.",
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"phenotype_profile": {
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"morphology": "Gram-positive cocci in chains.",
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"culture": "Typically non-hemolytic or α-hemolytic.",
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"biochemical": [
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"PYR positive",
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"Bile esculin positive",
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"Growth in 6.5% NaCl",
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"Arabinose positive (key for differentiation)",
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"Motility negative",
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"Indole negative"
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]
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},
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"differentiation": {
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"from close species": [
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"Arabinose positive → major differentiator vs E. faecalis (arabinose–).",
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"Ampicillin resistance common due to altered PBP5.",
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"Primary species associated with VanA/VanB vancomycin resistance."
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],
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"from other genera": [
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"Growth in NaCl + bile esculin + PYR eliminates Streptococcus.",
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"Gas-negative glucose fermentation differentiates from Leuconostoc (gas-producing)."
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]
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},
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"virulence_factors": [
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"Biofilm formation",
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"Surface adhesins (Esp)",
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"Vancomycin resistance genes (VanA/VanB)",
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"Multidrug efflux pumps",
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"Altered PBP5 conferring β-lactam resistance"
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],
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"confirmation_methods": [
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"MALDI-TOF MS",
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"Arabinose fermentation test",
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"VanA/VanB PCR for VRE",
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"WGS for outbreak detection"
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],
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"treatment_notes": [
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"Ampicillin usually ineffective due to high-level resistance.",
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"For VRE: linezolid or daptomycin are preferred agents.",
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"Daptomycin high-dose therapy required for bacteremia.",
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"Tigecycline may be active for intra-abdominal infections."
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],
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"notes": "A leading cause of nosocomial bacteremia in many regions.",
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"references": [
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"Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus surveillance",
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"Hospital outbreak genomics"
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]
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}
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