Update data/rag/knowledge_base/Cryptococcus/neoformans.json
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data/rag/knowledge_base/Cryptococcus/neoformans.json
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{
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"genus": "Cryptococcus",
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"species": "neoformans",
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"full_name": "Cryptococcus neoformans",
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"clinical_significance": "Major global pathogen causing cryptococcal meningitis, especially in HIV/AIDS patients with CD4 < 100 cells/µL. Also causes pneumonia and disseminated disease. High mortality without rapid antifungal therapy.",
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"phenotype_profile": {
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"morphology": "Encapsulated spherical budding yeasts. Prominent capsule visible by India ink.",
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"culture": "Cream to mucoid colonies on Sabouraud agar. Brown/black melanin-producing colonies on birdseed or caffeic acid agar.",
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"biochemical": [
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"Urease positive",
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"Phenol oxidase positive (melanin production)",
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"Thermotolerant (grows at 37 °C)",
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"Non-fermentative",
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"No pseudohyphae",
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"Inositol assimilation positive"
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]
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},
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"differentiation": {
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"from close species": [
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"Grows robustly at 37 °C; C. laurentii may not.",
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"Typically infects immunocompromised hosts; C. gattii often infects immunocompetent individuals.",
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"Produces smaller capsule than some C. gattii strains."
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],
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"from other genera": [
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"Urease positivity + capsule distinguishes from Candida.",
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"Melanin formation differs from other yeasts."
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]
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},
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"virulence_factors": [
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"Polysaccharide capsule (anti-phagocytic)",
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"Melanin production (antioxidative)",
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"Ability to survive in macrophages",
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"Phospholipase B",
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"Laccase enzyme"
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],
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"confirmation_methods": [
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"Cryptococcal antigen detection (serum/CSF)",
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"MALDI-TOF MS",
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"Culture with melanin production",
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"ITS sequencing"
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],
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"treatment_notes": [
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"Induction: Amphotericin B + flucytosine",
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"Consolidation: High-dose fluconazole",
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"Maintenance: Fluconazole until immune reconstitution"
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],
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"notes": "Causes >180,000 deaths per year globally, primarily in HIV-endemic regions.",
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"references": [
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"WHO Cryptococcal meningitis guidelines",
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"C. neoformans virulence literature"
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]
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}
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