cpu/enhanced_cpu.py

"""

Enhanced CPU Module with Massive Grid Architecture



This module implements a scalable CPU architecture supporting:

- 2000 CPUs in specialized groups

  * UI/Display (0-499)

  * Computation (500-999)

  * I/O & Storage (1000-1499)

  * System Tasks (1500-1999)

- Each CPU:

  * 50 physical cores

  * 100 threads per core

- Features:

  * Virtual device management

  * Memory management and paging

  * Direct virtual disk communication

  * Real-time scheduling

  * State management via virtual disk

  * Dynamic load balancing

"""

import multiprocessing
import threading
import time
import queue
import numpy as np
import duckdb
from typing import Dict, Any, Optional, List, Union, Tuple, Protocol
from dataclasses import dataclass
from enum import Enum, auto
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
import mmap
import ctypes
import json
import struct

from virtual_gpu_driver.src.driver_api import GPUError, VirtualGPUDriver
from config import get_hf_token_cached

# Initialize token from .env



# CPU Group types
class CPUGroupType(Enum):
    UI_DISPLAY = auto()
    COMPUTATION = auto()
    IO_STORAGE = auto()
    SYSTEM_TASKS = auto()

@dataclass
class VirtualCPU:
    cpu_id: int
    group_type: CPUGroupType
    core_count: int = 50
    thread_count: int = 100
    busy_cores: int = 0
    busy_threads: int = 0
    
@dataclass
class CPUGroup:
    group_type: CPUGroupType
    start_id: int
    end_id: int
    cpus: List[VirtualCPU]
    
    @property
    def total_cores(self) -> int:
        return len(self.cpus) * 50
        
    @property
    def total_threads(self) -> int:
        return self.total_cores * 100
        
class InstructionType(Enum):
    MEMORY = auto()
    IO = auto()
    ARITHMETIC = auto()
    CONTROL = auto()

@dataclass
class CPUInstruction:
    type: InstructionType
    opcode: int
    operands: List[int]
    data: Optional[bytes] = None

class CPURegisters:
    def __init__(self):
        self.general_purpose = [0] * 16
        self.flags = 0
        self.instruction_pointer = 0
        self.stack_pointer = 0

class VirtualDiskManager:
    
    def __init__(self, db_path: str = "hf://datasets/Fred808/helium/storage.json"):
        self.db_path = db_path
        self.conn = self._init_db_connection()
        self.setup_tables()
        
    def _init_db_connection(self) -> duckdb.DuckDBPyConnection:
        """Initialize database connection with HuggingFace configuration"""
        con = duckdb.connect(self.db_path)
        
        # Configure HuggingFace access
        con.execute("INSTALL httpfs;")
        con.execute("LOAD httpfs;")
        con.execute("SET s3_endpoint='hf.co';")
        con.execute("SET s3_use_ssl=true;")
        con.execute("SET s3_url_style='path';")
        con.execute(f"SET s3_access_key_id='{self.HF_TOKEN}';")
        con.execute(f"SET s3_secret_access_key='{self.HF_TOKEN}';")
        
        return con
        
    def ensure_connection(self):
        """Ensure database connection is active, reconnect if needed"""
        try:
            self.conn.execute("SELECT 1")
        except:
            self.conn = self._init_db_connection()
            self.setup_tables()  # Recreate tables if needed
        
    def setup_tables(self):
        # Create tables for CPU state management
        self.ensure_connection()
        self.conn.execute("""

            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cpu_states (

                cpu_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,

                group_type VARCHAR,

                busy_cores INTEGER,

                busy_threads INTEGER,

                last_updated TIMESTAMP

            )

        """)
        
        self.conn.execute("""

            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS thread_tasks (

                task_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,

                cpu_id INTEGER,

                core_id INTEGER,

                thread_id INTEGER,

                instruction_data BLOB,

                status VARCHAR,

                created_at TIMESTAMP,

                started_at TIMESTAMP,

                completed_at TIMESTAMP

            )

        """)
    
    def update_cpu_state(self, cpu: VirtualCPU):
        self.conn.execute("""

            INSERT OR REPLACE INTO cpu_states 

            VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, current_timestamp)

        """, [cpu.cpu_id, cpu.group_type.name, cpu.busy_cores, cpu.busy_threads])
        
    def get_cpu_state(self, cpu_id: int) -> Optional[Dict]:
        result = self.conn.execute("""

            SELECT * FROM cpu_states WHERE cpu_id = ?

        """, [cpu_id]).fetchone()
        return dict(result) if result else None

"""

CPU State and Task Management

"""

class EnhancedCPU:
    """

    Enhanced CPU implementation for massive grid architecture

    """
    def __init__(self, cpu_id: int, group_type: CPUGroupType, gpu_driver: Optional[VirtualGPUDriver] = None):
        self.virtual_cpu = VirtualCPU(
            cpu_id=cpu_id,
            group_type=group_type
        )
        self.registers = CPURegisters()
        self.memory = mmap.mmap(-1, 1024 * 1024 * 1024)  # 1GB virtual memory per CPU
        self.instruction_queue = queue.Queue()
        self.thread_pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=self.virtual_cpu.core_count * self.virtual_cpu.thread_count)
        self.disk_manager = VirtualDiskManager()
        self.running = True
        
        # GPU driver is injected to allow sharing across CPUs
        self.gpu_driver = gpu_driver
        
        self._initialize_cpu()
        
    def _initialize_cpu(self):
        """Initialize the CPU and start processing threads"""
        self.disk_manager.update_cpu_state(self.virtual_cpu)
        for _ in range(self.virtual_cpu.core_count):
            self.thread_pool.submit(self._process_core_tasks)
            
    def _process_core_tasks(self):
        """Process tasks on a CPU core using its threads"""
        while self.running:
            try:
                instruction = self.instruction_queue.get(timeout=0.1)
                if instruction:
                    self.virtual_cpu.busy_cores += 1
                    thread_futures = []
                    
                    # Distribute work across threads
                    for _ in range(self.virtual_cpu.thread_count):
                        future = self.thread_pool.submit(
                            self._process_instruction, instruction
                        )
                        thread_futures.append(future)
                        self.virtual_cpu.busy_threads += 1
                    
                    # Wait for all threads to complete
                    for future in thread_futures:
                        future.result()
                        self.virtual_cpu.busy_threads -= 1
                    
                    self.virtual_cpu.busy_cores -= 1
                    self.disk_manager.update_cpu_state(self.virtual_cpu)
                    
            except queue.Empty:
                continue
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"Error processing task on CPU {self.virtual_cpu.cpu_id}: {e}")
                
    def _process_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction):
        """Process a single instruction on a thread"""
        try:
            if instruction.type == InstructionType.MEMORY:
                self._handle_memory_instruction(instruction)
            elif instruction.type == InstructionType.IO:
                self._handle_io_instruction(instruction)
            elif instruction.type == InstructionType.ARITHMETIC:
                self._handle_arithmetic_instruction(instruction)
            elif instruction.type == InstructionType.CONTROL:
                self._handle_control_instruction(instruction)
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Error processing instruction on CPU {self.virtual_cpu.cpu_id}: {e}")
            
    def _handle_memory_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction):
        """Handle memory-related instructions"""
        if instruction.opcode == 0x01:  # READ
            address = instruction.operands[0]
            size = instruction.operands[1]
            self.memory.seek(address)
            data = self.memory.read(size)
            return data
        elif instruction.opcode == 0x02:  # WRITE
            address = instruction.operands[0]
            self.memory.seek(address)
            self.memory.write(instruction.data)
            
    def _handle_io_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction):
        """Handle I/O instructions using virtual disk and GPU for UI group"""
        if self.virtual_cpu.group_type == CPUGroupType.UI_DISPLAY:
            # Handle GPU-related I/O for UI/Display CPUs
            if instruction.opcode == 0x03:  # GPU_WRITE
                return self._handle_gpu_instruction(instruction)
                
        # Handle regular I/O
        if instruction.opcode == 0x01:  # READ
            data = self.disk_manager.get_cpu_state(instruction.operands[0])
            return data
        elif instruction.opcode == 0x02:  # WRITE
            self.disk_manager.update_cpu_state(self.virtual_cpu)
            
    def _handle_gpu_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction):
        """Handle GPU instructions through driver API"""
        try:
            cmd_type = instruction.operands[0]
            cmd_data = instruction.data
            
            # Handle based on CPU group type and command
            if self.virtual_cpu.group_type == CPUGroupType.UI_DISPLAY:
                # UI/Display optimized for graphics operations
                if cmd_type == 0x01:  # RENDER
                    return self.gpu_driver.render_frame(cmd_data)
                elif cmd_type == 0x02:  # UPDATE_FRAMEBUFFER
                    return self.gpu_driver.update_framebuffer(cmd_data)
                elif cmd_type == 0x03:  # PRESENT
                    return self.gpu_driver.present_frame()
                    
            elif self.virtual_cpu.group_type == CPUGroupType.COMPUTATION:
                # Computation group optimized for GPGPU tasks
                if cmd_type == 0x04:  # LAUNCH_KERNEL
                    return self.gpu_driver.launch_compute_kernel(cmd_data)
                elif cmd_type == 0x05:  # TENSOR_OP
                    return self.gpu_driver.execute_tensor_operation(cmd_data)
                    
            elif self.virtual_cpu.group_type == CPUGroupType.IO_STORAGE:
                # I/O group optimized for data transfer
                if cmd_type == 0x06:  # GPU_MEMORY_TRANSFER
                    return self.gpu_driver.transfer_memory(cmd_data)
                elif cmd_type == 0x07:  # GPU_BUFFER_OPERATION
                    return self.gpu_driver.manage_buffer(cmd_data)
                    
            elif self.virtual_cpu.group_type == CPUGroupType.SYSTEM_TASKS:
                # System tasks group for management operations
                if cmd_type == 0x08:  # GPU_POWER_MANAGEMENT
                    return self.gpu_driver.manage_power_state(cmd_data)
                elif cmd_type == 0x09:  # GPU_SCHEDULER
                    return self.gpu_driver.schedule_tasks(cmd_data)
                    
            # Common operations for all groups
            if cmd_type == 0x0A:  # SYNC
                return self.gpu_driver.sync_gpu_state()
            elif cmd_type == 0x0B:  # QUERY_STATE
                return self.gpu_driver.query_gpu_state()
                
            raise GPUError(f"Unsupported GPU operation {hex(cmd_type)} for CPU group {self.virtual_cpu.group_type}")
            
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"GPU instruction error on CPU {self.virtual_cpu.cpu_id}: {e}")
            return {'status': 'error', 'message': str(e)}
            
    def _handle_arithmetic_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction):
        """Handle arithmetic operations"""
        if instruction.opcode == 0x01:  # ADD
            result = instruction.operands[0] + instruction.operands[1]
            self.registers.general_purpose[0] = result
        elif instruction.opcode == 0x02:  # SUB
            result = instruction.operands[0] - instruction.operands[1]
            self.registers.general_purpose[0] = result
            
    def _handle_control_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction):
        """Handle control flow instructions"""
        if instruction.opcode == 0x01:  # JUMP
            self.registers.instruction_pointer = instruction.operands[0]
        elif instruction.opcode == 0x02:  # CALL
            self.registers.stack_pointer -= 8
            self.memory.seek(self.registers.stack_pointer)
            self.memory.write(self.registers.instruction_pointer.to_bytes(8, 'little'))
            self.registers.instruction_pointer = instruction.operands[0]
            
    def shutdown(self):
        """Gracefully shutdown the CPU"""
        self.running = False
        self.thread_pool.shutdown(wait=True)
        self.disk_manager.update_cpu_state(self.virtual_cpu)
        
class CPUGrid:
    """Manages the 2000 CPU grid system"""
    def __init__(self):
        self.groups = {
            CPUGroupType.UI_DISPLAY: CPUGroup(
                group_type=CPUGroupType.UI_DISPLAY,
                start_id=0,
                end_id=499,
                cpus=[]
            ),
            CPUGroupType.COMPUTATION: CPUGroup(
                group_type=CPUGroupType.COMPUTATION,
                start_id=500,
                end_id=999,
                cpus=[]
            ),
            CPUGroupType.IO_STORAGE: CPUGroup(
                group_type=CPUGroupType.IO_STORAGE,
                start_id=1000,
                end_id=1499,
                cpus=[]
            ),
            CPUGroupType.SYSTEM_TASKS: CPUGroup(
                group_type=CPUGroupType.SYSTEM_TASKS,
                start_id=1500,
                end_id=1999,
                cpus=[]
            )
        }
        self.initialize_grid()
        
    def initialize_grid(self):
        """Initialize all 2000 CPUs in their respective groups"""
        for group_type, group in self.groups.items():
            for cpu_id in range(group.start_id, group.end_id + 1):
                cpu = EnhancedCPU(cpu_id, group_type)
                group.cpus.append(cpu.virtual_cpu)
                
    def get_cpu(self, cpu_id: int) -> Optional[EnhancedCPU]:
        """Get a CPU by its ID"""
        for group in self.groups.values():
            if group.start_id <= cpu_id <= group.end_id:
                return next(
                    (cpu for cpu in group.cpus if cpu.cpu_id == cpu_id),
                    None
                )
        return None
        
    def get_available_cpu(self, group_type: CPUGroupType) -> Optional[EnhancedCPU]:
        """Get a CPU with available cores in the specified group"""
        group = self.groups[group_type]
        for cpu in group.cpus:
            if cpu.busy_cores < cpu.core_count:
                return cpu
        return None
        
    def shutdown(self):
        """Gracefully shutdown all CPUs"""
        for group in self.groups.values():
            for cpu in group.cpus:
                cpu.shutdown()
        
        # Initialize CPU components
        self._initialize_cpu_components()
        
    def _initialize_cpu_components(self):
        """Initialize core CPU components"""
        self.cores = []
        for i in range(50):  # 50 physical cores
            core = {
                'id': i,
                'threads': [],
                'cache': {
                    'L1': bytearray(32 * 1024),    # 32KB L1 cache
                    'L2': bytearray(256 * 1024),   # 256KB L2 cache
                    'L3': bytearray(2 * 1024 * 1024)  # 2MB L3 cache per core
                }
            }
            for j in range(2):  # 2 threads per core
                thread = {
                    'id': j,
                    'registers': CPURegisters(),
                    'state': 'idle'
                }
                core['threads'].append(thread)
            self.cores.append(core)

    def schedule_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction):
        """Schedule an instruction for execution on this CPU"""
        self.instruction_queue.put(instruction)
        self._set_efer_lme()
        # Enable paging
        self._enable_paging()

    def get_status(self) -> dict:
        """Get the current status of this CPU"""
        return {
            'cpu_id': self.virtual_cpu.cpu_id,
            'group_type': self.virtual_cpu.group_type.name,
            'busy_cores': self.virtual_cpu.busy_cores,
            'busy_threads': self.virtual_cpu.busy_threads,
            'total_cores': self.virtual_cpu.core_count,
            'total_threads': self.virtual_cpu.thread_count
        }

"""Core CPU Components"""

"""Enhanced CPU Core Management"""
            
class EnhancedCore:
    """Enhanced CPU Core implementation"""
    
    def __init__(self, core_id: int, thread_count: int = 2):
        super().__init__()
        self.core_id = core_id
        self.thread_count = thread_count
        self.threads = []
        self.thread_states = {}
        self.cache_l1 = {}
        self.cache_l2 = {}
        self.instruction_buffer = queue.Queue()
        self.power_state = "active"
        
        # Initialize threads
        self._init_threads()
        
    def _init_threads(self):
        """Initialize core threads"""
        for i in range(self.thread_count):
            thread = threading.Thread(
                target=self._thread_loop,
                args=(i,),
                daemon=True
            )
            self.threads.append(thread)
            self.thread_states[i] = {
                "registers": CPURegisters(),
                "status": "ready",
                "priority": 0
            }
            thread.start()
            
    def _thread_loop(self, thread_id: int):
        """Main thread execution loop"""
        while self.running:
            if self.power_state == "sleep":
                time.sleep(0.1)
                continue
                
            try:
                instruction = self.instruction_buffer.get(timeout=0.1)
                self._process_instruction(instruction, thread_id)
            except queue.Empty:
                continue
                
    def _process_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction, thread_id: int):
        """Process a CPU instruction"""
        registers = self.thread_states[thread_id]["registers"]
        
        try:
            if instruction.type == "memory":
                self._handle_memory_instruction(instruction, registers)
            elif instruction.type == "io":
                self._handle_io_instruction(instruction, registers)
            elif instruction.type == "arithmetic":
                self._handle_arithmetic_instruction(instruction, registers)
            elif instruction.type == "control":
                self._handle_control_instruction(instruction, registers)
        except Exception as e:
            self._handle_exception(e, thread_id)
            
    def _handle_memory_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction, registers: CPURegisters):
        """Handle memory-related instructions"""
        if instruction.operation == "load":
            # Check L1 cache
            if instruction.address in self.cache_l1:
                registers.eax = self.cache_l1[instruction.address]
                return
                
            # Check L2 cache
            if instruction.address in self.cache_l2:
                value = self.cache_l2[instruction.address]
                self.cache_l1[instruction.address] = value
                registers.eax = value
                return
                
            # Load from main memory
            value = self.memory[instruction.address]
            self.cache_l1[instruction.address] = value
            self.cache_l2[instruction.address] = value
            registers.eax = value
            
        elif instruction.operation == "store":
            # Write-through policy
            self.memory[instruction.address] = registers.eax
            self.cache_l1[instruction.address] = registers.eax
            self.cache_l2[instruction.address] = registers.eax
            
    def _handle_io_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction, registers: CPURegisters):
        """Handle I/O instructions"""
        if instruction.operation == "in":
            value = self._execute_in(instruction.port)
            registers.eax = value
        elif instruction.operation == "out":
            self._execute_out(instruction.port, registers.eax)
            
    def _handle_arithmetic_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction, registers: CPURegisters):
        """Handle arithmetic instructions"""
        if instruction.operation == "add":
            registers.eax = registers.eax + registers.ebx
        elif instruction.operation == "sub":
            registers.eax = registers.eax - registers.ebx
        elif instruction.operation == "mul":
            registers.eax = registers.eax * registers.ebx
        elif instruction.operation == "div":
            if registers.ebx != 0:
                registers.eax = registers.eax // registers.ebx
            else:
                raise Exception("Division by zero")
                
    def _handle_control_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction, registers: CPURegisters):
        """Handle control flow instructions"""
        if instruction.operation == "jump":
            registers.eip = instruction.address
        elif instruction.operation == "call":
            # Save return address
            registers.esp -= 4
            self.memory[registers.esp] = registers.eip
            registers.eip = instruction.address
        elif instruction.operation == "ret":
            registers.eip = self.memory[registers.esp]
            registers.esp += 4
            
    def _handle_exception(self, exception: Exception, thread_id: int):
        """Handle CPU exceptions"""
        self.thread_states[thread_id]["status"] = "error"
        # Log exception and potentially trigger interrupt
        
    def schedule_instruction(self, instruction: CPUInstruction):
        """Schedule an instruction for execution"""
        self.instruction_buffer.put(instruction)
        
    def set_power_state(self, state: str):
        """Set core power state"""
        self.power_state = state
        
    def flush_caches(self):
        """Flush all core caches"""
        self.cache_l1.clear()
        self.cache_l2.clear()

class EnhancedCPU:
    """Main Enhanced CPU Implementation"""
    
    def __init__(self, core_count: int = 50, threads_per_core: int = 2):
        self.cores = []
        self.core_count = core_count
        self.threads_per_core = threads_per_core
        self.scheduler = self._init_scheduler()
        self.memory_controller = self._init_memory_controller()
        self.interrupt_controller = self._init_interrupt_controller()
        self.power_manager = self._init_power_manager()
        
        # Initialize cores
        self._init_cores()
        
    def _init_cores(self):
        """Initialize CPU cores"""
        for i in range(self.core_count):
            core = EnhancedCore(i, self.threads_per_core)
            self.cores.append(core)
            
    def _init_scheduler(self):
        """Initialize task scheduler"""
        return ThreadPoolExecutor(
            max_workers=self.core_count * self.threads_per_core
        )
        
    def _init_memory_controller(self):
        """Initialize memory controller"""
        return {
            "page_table": {},
            "free_pages": set(range(1024)),  # 1024 pages initially
            "page_size": 4096  # 4KB pages
        }
        
    def _init_interrupt_controller(self):
        """Initialize interrupt controller"""
        return {
            "handlers": {},
            "pending": queue.Queue(),
            "masked": set()
        }
        
    def _init_power_manager(self):
        """Initialize power management"""
        return {
            "power_states": {},
            "thermal_data": {},
            "frequency_scaling": {}
        }
        
    def schedule_task(self, task: callable, *args, **kwargs):
        """Schedule a task for execution"""
        return self.scheduler.submit(task, *args, **kwargs)
        
    def handle_interrupt(self, interrupt_number: int):
        """Handle an interrupt"""
        if interrupt_number in self.interrupt_controller["masked"]:
            return
            
        handler = self.interrupt_controller["handlers"].get(interrupt_number)
        if handler:
            self.schedule_task(handler)
            
    def allocate_memory(self, size: int) -> Optional[int]:
        """Allocate memory pages"""
        pages_needed = (size + self.memory_controller["page_size"] - 1) // self.memory_controller["page_size"]
                       
        if len(self.memory_controller["free_pages"]) < pages_needed:
            return None
            
        allocated_pages = []
        for _ in range(pages_needed):
            page = self.memory_controller["free_pages"].pop()
            allocated_pages.append(page)
            
        start_address = allocated_pages[0] * self.memory_controller["page_size"]
        
        # Update page table
        for i, page in enumerate(allocated_pages):
            self.memory_controller["page_table"][start_address + i * 
                self.memory_controller["page_size"]] = page
            
        return start_address
        
    def set_power_state(self, state: str):
        """Set CPU power state"""
        for core in self.cores:
            core.set_power_state(state)
            
    def cleanup(self):
        """Cleanup CPU resources"""
        for core in self.cores:
            core.running = False
        self.scheduler.shutdown()

"""Virtual Thread Management"""


@dataclass
class VirtualThread:
    """Represents a virtual thread running on a CPU core."""
    thread_id: int
    core_id: int
    program_counter: int = 0
    stack_pointer: int = 255
    registers: Dict[str, int] = None
    status: str = "ready"  # ready, running, waiting, terminated
    priority: int = 1
    
    def __post_init__(self):
        if self.registers is None:
            self.registers = {"AX": 0, "BX": 0, "CX": 0, "DX": 0}


class ThreadScheduler:
    """Simple round-robin thread scheduler for virtual threads."""
    
    def __init__(self, max_threads_per_core: int = 2):
        self.max_threads_per_core = max_threads_per_core
        self.threads: Dict[int, List[VirtualThread]] = {}  # core_id -> list of threads
        self.current_thread_index: Dict[int, int] = {}  # core_id -> current thread index
        self.thread_counter = 0
        
    def create_thread(self, core_id: int, program_counter: int = 0) -> int:
        """Create a new virtual thread on the specified core."""
        if core_id not in self.threads:
            self.threads[core_id] = []
            self.current_thread_index[core_id] = 0
            
        if len(self.threads[core_id]) >= self.max_threads_per_core:
            return -1  # Core is at thread capacity
            
        thread_id = self.thread_counter
        self.thread_counter += 1
        
        thread = VirtualThread(
            thread_id=thread_id,
            core_id=core_id,
            program_counter=program_counter
        )
        
        self.threads[core_id].append(thread)
        return thread_id
        
    def get_current_thread(self, core_id: int) -> Optional[VirtualThread]:
        """Get the currently scheduled thread for a core."""
        if core_id not in self.threads or not self.threads[core_id]:
            return None
            
        threads = self.threads[core_id]
        current_index = self.current_thread_index[core_id]
        
        if current_index < len(threads):
            return threads[current_index]
        return None
        
    def schedule_next_thread(self, core_id: int) -> Optional[VirtualThread]:
        """Schedule the next thread for execution on a core."""
        if core_id not in self.threads or not self.threads[core_id]:
            return None
            
        threads = self.threads[core_id]
        if not threads:
            return None
            
        # Round-robin scheduling
        self.current_thread_index[core_id] = (self.current_thread_index[core_id] + 1) % len(threads)
        return self.get_current_thread(core_id)
        
    def terminate_thread(self, thread_id: int) -> bool:
        """Terminate a virtual thread."""
        for core_id, threads in self.threads.items():
            for i, thread in enumerate(threads):
                if thread.thread_id == thread_id:
                    thread.status = "terminated"
                    threads.pop(i)
                    # Adjust current thread index if necessary
                    if self.current_thread_index[core_id] >= len(threads):
                        self.current_thread_index[core_id] = 0
                    return True
        return False
        
    def get_thread_count(self, core_id: int) -> int:
        """Get the number of active threads on a core."""
        return len(self.threads.get(core_id, []))
        
    def get_total_thread_count(self) -> int:
        """Get the total number of active threads across all cores."""
        return sum(len(threads) for threads in self.threads.values())


class EnhancedCore:
    """Enhanced CPU Core with massive threading support."""
    
    def __init__(self, core_id: int):
        self.core_id = core_id
        self.instruction_buffer = queue.Queue()
        self.thread_pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=100)  # 100 threads per core
        self.running = True
        self.power_state = "active"
        self.threads = []
        self.busy_threads = 0
        
        # Cache configuration
        self.cache_l1 = {}  # L1 cache
        self.cache_l2 = {}  # L2 cache
        
        # Enhanced instruction set
        self.cpu_instructions = {
            # Arithmetic Operations
            'ADD', 'SUB', 'MUL', 'DIV', 'MOD',
            
            # Memory Operations
            'LOAD', 'STORE', 'MOVE', 'PUSH', 'POP',
            
            # Control Operations
            'JUMP', 'BRANCH', 'CALL', 'RETURN',
            
            # Thread Operations
            'THREAD_CREATE', 'THREAD_EXIT', 'THREAD_YIELD', 'THREAD_JOIN',
            
            # Synchronization
            'LOCK', 'UNLOCK', 'ATOMIC_ADD', 'ATOMIC_CAS'
        }
        
        # Initialize threads
        self._init_threads()
        
    def _init_threads(self):
        """Initialize core threads"""
        for i in range(100):  # 100 threads per core
            thread = {
                'id': i,
                'status': 'ready',
                'registers': CPURegisters(),
                'priority': 0
            }
            self.threads.append(thread)
            
    def create_thread(self) -> int:
        """Create a new thread on this core"""
        for thread in self.threads:
            if thread['status'] == 'ready':
                thread['status'] = 'running'
                self.busy_threads += 1
                return thread['id']
        return -1
        
    def get_status(self) -> dict:
        """Get core status"""
        return {
            'core_id': self.core_id,
            'power_state': self.power_state,
            'total_threads': len(self.threads),
            'busy_threads': self.busy_threads
        }
        
    def create_virtual_thread(self, program_counter: int = 0) -> int:
        """Create a new virtual thread on this core."""
        return self.thread_scheduler.create_thread(self.core_id, program_counter)
        
    def execute_with_threading(self, instruction):
        """Execute instruction with threading support."""
        current_thread = self.thread_scheduler.get_current_thread(self.core_id)
        
        if current_thread is None:
            # No threads, execute normally
            return self.execute(instruction)
            
        # Save current core state to thread
        current_thread.registers["AX"] = self.AX
        current_thread.registers["BX"] = self.BX
        current_thread.registers["CX"] = self.CX
        current_thread.registers["DX"] = self.DX
        current_thread.program_counter = self.PC
        current_thread.stack_pointer = self.SP
        
        # Execute instruction
        result = self.execute(instruction)
        
        # Restore thread state to core
        self.AX = current_thread.registers["AX"]
        self.BX = current_thread.registers["BX"]
        self.CX = current_thread.registers["CX"]
        self.DX = current_thread.registers["DX"]
        self.PC = current_thread.program_counter
        self.SP = current_thread.stack_pointer
        
        return result
        
    def execute(self, instruction):
        """Enhanced execute method with advanced CPU instruction support."""
        op = instruction.get("op")
        
        # Handle standard CPU instructions
        if op in self.cpu_instructions:
            return self._execute_cpu_instruction(instruction)
            
        raise ValueError(f"Unknown instruction operation: {op}")
            
        # Handle enhanced CPU instructions
        if op in self.cpu_instructions:
            return self._execute_enhanced_cpu_instruction(instruction)
        
        # Handle regular CPU instructions
        return super().execute(instruction)
        
    def _execute_vram_instruction(self, instruction):
        """Execute VRAM-specific instructions."""
        op = instruction.get("op")
        try:
            if op == 'VRAM_ALLOC':
                size = instruction.get('size', 0)
                block_id = self.vram_interface.allocate_memory(size)
                self.vram_blocks[block_id] = size
                self.AX = hash(block_id) & 0xFFFF  # Store block ID hash in AX
                
            elif op == 'VRAM_FREE':
                block_id_hash = instruction.get('block_id_hash', self.AX)
                block_id = next((bid for bid in self.vram_blocks if (hash(bid) & 0xFFFF) == block_id_hash), None)
                if block_id and self.vram_interface.free_memory(block_id):
                    del self.vram_blocks[block_id]
                    self.ZF = 1  # Success
                else:
                    self.ZF = 0  # Failure
                    
            elif op == 'VRAM_WRITE':
                block_id_hash = instruction.get('block_id_hash', self.AX)
                data = instruction.get('data')
                block_id = next((bid for bid in self.vram_blocks if (hash(bid) & 0xFFFF) == block_id_hash), None)
                if block_id and isinstance(data, np.ndarray):
                    success = self.vram_interface.write_memory(block_id, data)
                    self.ZF = 1 if success else 0
                else:
                    self.ZF = 0
                    
            elif op == 'VRAM_READ':
                block_id_hash = instruction.get('block_id_hash', self.AX)
                block_id = next((bid for bid in self.vram_blocks if (hash(bid) & 0xFFFF) == block_id_hash), None)
                if block_id:
                    data = self.vram_interface.read_memory(block_id)
                    if data is not None:
                        self.ZF = 1
                        # Store data size in registers
                        self.AX = data.nbytes & 0xFFFF
                        self.BX = (data.nbytes >> 16) & 0xFFFF
                    else:
                        self.ZF = 0
                else:
                    self.ZF = 0
                    
            elif op == 'VRAM_MAP':
                block_id_hash = instruction.get('block_id_hash', self.AX)
                virtual_addr = instruction.get('virtual_addr', 0)
                block_id = next((bid for bid in self.vram_blocks if (hash(bid) & 0xFFFF) == block_id_hash), None)
                if block_id and self.vram_interface.map_memory(block_id, virtual_addr):
                    self.virtual_memory_map[virtual_addr] = block_id
                    self.ZF = 1
                else:
                    self.ZF = 0
                    
            elif op == 'VRAM_UNMAP':
                virtual_addr = instruction.get('virtual_addr', 0)
                if virtual_addr in self.virtual_memory_map:
                    if self.vram_interface.unmap_memory(virtual_addr):
                        del self.virtual_memory_map[virtual_addr]
                        self.ZF = 1
                    else:
                        self.ZF = 0
                else:
                    self.ZF = 0
                    
            elif op == 'VRAM_COPY':
                src_hash = instruction.get('src_block_hash', self.AX)
                dst_hash = instruction.get('dst_block_hash', self.BX)
                src_id = next((bid for bid in self.vram_blocks if (hash(bid) & 0xFFFF) == src_hash), None)
                dst_id = next((bid for bid in self.vram_blocks if (hash(bid) & 0xFFFF) == dst_hash), None)
                if src_id and dst_id:
                    data = self.vram_interface.read_memory(src_id)
                    if data is not None:
                        success = self.vram_interface.write_memory(dst_id, data)
                        self.ZF = 1 if success else 0
                    else:
                        self.ZF = 0
                else:
                    self.ZF = 0
                    
            elif op == 'VRAM_ZERO':
                block_id_hash = instruction.get('block_id_hash', self.AX)
                block_id = next((bid for bid in self.vram_blocks if (hash(bid) & 0xFFFF) == block_id_hash), None)
                if block_id:
                    size = self.vram_blocks[block_id]
                    zero_data = np.zeros(size, dtype=np.uint8)
                    success = self.vram_interface.write_memory(block_id, zero_data)
                    self.ZF = 1 if success else 0
                else:
                    self.ZF = 0
                    
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Core {self.core_id} VRAM instruction error: {e}")
            self.CF = 1  # Set carry flag to indicate error
        
    def _execute_enhanced_cpu_instruction(self, instruction):
        """Execute enhanced CPU-specific instructions."""
        op = instruction.get("op")
        
        try:
            # SIMD and Vector Operations
            if op == 'SIMD_ADD':
                vec_a = instruction.get('vec_a', [])
                vec_b = instruction.get('vec_b', [])
                self.AX = sum(a + b for a, b in zip(vec_a, vec_b)) & 0xFFFF
            
            elif op == 'SIMD_MUL':
                vec_a = instruction.get('vec_a', [])
                vec_b = instruction.get('vec_b', [])
                self.AX = sum(a * b for a, b in zip(vec_a, vec_b)) & 0xFFFF
            
            elif op == 'VECTOR_DOT':
                vec_a = instruction.get('vec_a', [])
                vec_b = instruction.get('vec_b', [])
                self.AX = sum(a * b for a, b in zip(vec_a, vec_b)) & 0xFFFF
                
            # Advanced Arithmetic
            elif op == 'FP_ADD':
                a = instruction.get('a', 0.0)
                b = instruction.get('b', 0.0)
                result = a + b
                self.AX = int(result * 1000) & 0xFFFF  # Fixed-point representation
                
            elif op == 'FP_MUL':
                a = instruction.get('a', 0.0)
                b = instruction.get('b', 0.0)
                result = a * b
                self.AX = int(result * 1000) & 0xFFFF
                
            # Memory Operations
            elif op == 'MEM_BARRIER':
                # Ensure all memory operations are complete
                self.thread_scheduler.barrier_all_threads()
                
            elif op == 'ATOMIC_CAS':
                addr = instruction.get('addr', 0)
                old_val = instruction.get('old_val', 0)
                new_val = instruction.get('new_val', 0)
                with threading.Lock():
                    current = self.memory.get(addr, 0)
                    if current == old_val:
                        self.memory[addr] = new_val
                        self.ZF = 1  # Success
                    else:
                        self.ZF = 0  # Failure
                        
            # Thread Control
            elif op == 'THREAD_PRIORITY':
                thread_id = instruction.get('thread_id')
                priority = instruction.get('priority', 1)
                current_thread = self.thread_scheduler.get_current_thread(self.core_id)
                if current_thread and current_thread.thread_id == thread_id:
                    current_thread.priority = priority
                    
            elif op == 'THREAD_SYNC':
                barrier_id = instruction.get('barrier_id', 0)
                thread_count = instruction.get('thread_count', 1)
                self.thread_scheduler.synchronize_threads(barrier_id, thread_count)
                
            # System Operations
            elif op == 'SYS_CALL':
                syscall_num = instruction.get('syscall_num', 0)
                args = instruction.get('args', [])
                self.AX = self._handle_syscall(syscall_num, args)
                
            elif op == 'POWER_MODE':
                mode = instruction.get('mode', 'normal')
                if mode == 'low_power':
                    self.clock_speed = self.clock_speed // 2
                elif mode == 'turbo':
                    self.clock_speed = self.clock_speed * 2
                    
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Core {self.core_id} enhanced CPU instruction error: {e}")
            self.CF = 1  # Set carry flag to indicate error
        
    def setup_mmio_regions(self):
        """Set up memory-mapped I/O regions for QEMU device communication"""
        # GPU Command Buffer Region (1MB)
        self.mmio_regions = {
            'gpu_cmd': {
                'base_addr': 0xF0000000,
                'size': 1024 * 1024,
                'buffer': bytearray(1024 * 1024)
            },
            # GPU Framebuffer Region (32MB)
            'gpu_fb': {
                'base_addr': 0xF1000000,
                'size': 32 * 1024 * 1024,
                'buffer': bytearray(32 * 1024 * 1024)
            },
            # GPU Status Region (4KB)
            'gpu_status': {
                'base_addr': 0xF3000000,
                'size': 4096,
                'buffer': bytearray(4096)
            }
        }
        
    def write_mmio(self, addr: int, data: bytes):
        """Handle MMIO writes from QEMU"""
        for region_name, region in self.mmio_regions.items():
            if region['base_addr'] <= addr < region['base_addr'] + region['size']:
                offset = addr - region['base_addr']
                region['buffer'][offset:offset + len(data)] = data
                return True
        return False
        
    def read_mmio(self, addr: int, size: int) -> Optional[bytes]:
        """Handle MMIO reads from QEMU"""
        for region in self.mmio_regions.values():
            if region['base_addr'] <= addr < region['base_addr'] + region['size']:
                offset = addr - region['base_addr']
                return bytes(region['buffer'][offset:offset + size])
        return None
    def handle_mmio_interrupt(self):
        """Handle interrupts from MMIO devices"""
        status_region = self.mmio_regions['gpu_status']
        if status_region['buffer'][0] != 0:
            # GPU has completed a command - clear interrupt
            status_region['buffer'][0] = 0
            # Process any CPU-side effects
            self.CF = 0  # Clear carry flag to indicate success    def run_with_threading(self):
        """Enhanced run method with threading support."""
        # Create initial threads if none exist
        if self.thread_scheduler.get_total_thread_count() == 0:
            self.create_virtual_thread(0)  # Create at least one thread
            
        time_slice = 0.01  # 10ms time slice per thread
        
        while True:
            current_thread = self.thread_scheduler.get_current_thread(self.core_id)
            
            if current_thread is None:
                break  # No threads to execute
                
            if current_thread.status == "terminated":
                self.thread_scheduler.schedule_next_thread(self.core_id)
                continue
                
            # Execute instructions for current thread
            start_time = time.time()
            instruction_count = 0
            
            while (time.time() - start_time) < time_slice and instruction_count < 100:
                try:
                    instruction = self.fetch()
                    decoded_instruction = self.decode(instruction)
                    self.execute_with_threading(decoded_instruction)
                    
                    if decoded_instruction and decoded_instruction.get('op') == 'HLT':
                        current_thread.status = "terminated"
                        break
                        
                    instruction_count += 1
                    
                except Exception as e:
                    print(f"Core {self.core_id} Thread {current_thread.thread_id} error: {e}")
                    current_thread.status = "terminated"
                    break
                    
            # Schedule next thread
            self.thread_scheduler.schedule_next_thread(self.core_id)
            
            # Small delay to prevent busy waiting
            time.sleep(0.001)


class EnhancedMultiCoreCPU:
    """Enhanced multi-core CPU implementation supporting massive threading."""
    
    def __init__(self, cpu_id: int, group_type: CPUGroupType):
        self.cpu_id = cpu_id
        self.group_type = group_type
        self.cores = []
        self.total_cores = 50  # Physical cores
        self.threads_per_core = 100  # Hardware threads per core
        
        # Create cores
        for i in range(self.total_cores):
            self.cores.append(EnhancedCore(i))
            
        # Threading statistics
        self.total_threads = 0
        self.busy_cores = 0
        self.busy_threads = 0
        
    def create_threads(self):
        """Create virtual threads on all cores."""
        for core in self.cores:
            for _ in range(self.threads_per_core):
                if core.create_thread() != -1:
                    self.total_threads += 1
                    
        return self.total_threads
        
    def get_status(self) -> dict:
        """Get CPU status including core and thread utilization."""
        active_threads = 0
        active_cores = 0
        
        for core in self.cores:
            core_status = core.get_status()
            active_cores += 1 if core_status['busy_threads'] > 0 else 0
            active_threads += core_status['busy_threads']
            
        return {
            'cpu_id': self.cpu_id,
            'group_type': self.group_type.name,
            'total_cores': self.total_cores,
            'active_cores': active_cores,
            'total_threads': self.total_threads,
            'active_threads': active_threads
        }
        
    def __str__(self):
        status = self.get_status()
        return (f"CPU {self.cpu_id} ({self.group_type.name}): "
                f"{status['active_cores']}/{self.total_cores} cores, "
                f"{status['active_threads']}/{self.total_threads} threads")