diff --git "a/frontend/src/components/DocumentProcessor.jsx" "b/frontend/src/components/DocumentProcessor.jsx" --- "a/frontend/src/components/DocumentProcessor.jsx" +++ "b/frontend/src/components/DocumentProcessor.jsx" @@ -94,1758 +94,3404 @@ function DocumentProcessor() { // Lennart version const testPreloadedHighlights = { 0: [{ - "id": "highlight_1755684185108", + "id": "highlight_1755709905230", "position": { "boundingRect": { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 213.65000915527344, - "x2": 717.4166412353516, - "y2": 480.6000061035156, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 10 + "x1": 68.51667785644531, + "y1": 759.566650390625, + "x2": 739.7500305175781, + "y2": 998.7166748046875, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 1 }, "rects": [ { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 213.65000915527344, - "x2": 130.01666259765625, - "y2": 232.85000610351562, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - 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Ni element dominates the reversible\r capacity, Ni-rich layered oxides receive great expectations due\r to their exceptional advantages in energy density and\r production cost, especially for ultrahigh-nickel Li-\r NixCoyMn1‑x‑yO2 (NCM, x ≥ 0.9).3−8 However, the conven-\r tional spherical NCM cathodes formed by agglomeration of\r primary particles always suffer from severe structural\r degradation with the generation of intergranular microcracks\r and detrimental phase transitions during cycling.9−12 Recently,\r the NCM fabrication with quasi single-crystal morphology\r (SNCM) has attracted enormous research attention both in\r industry and laboratory, which is widely considered as a\r promising modification strategy.13,14 The SNCM cathode\r consists of single dispersed particles of 2−5 μm with an\r enhanced crystalline structure and internal boundary-free\r configuration.15,16 Benefiting from its exceptional morphology,\r SNCM can significantly alleviate the accumulation of\r anisotropic stresses and intergranular microcrack formation,\r leading to a considerable enhancement in capacity retention" + } +}, { + "id": "highlight_1755709953998", + "position": { + "boundingRect": { + "x1": 68.51667785644531, + "y1": 719.2333374023438, + "x2": 738.8999938964844, + "y2": 1006.5, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 2 + }, + "rects": [ { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 379.0832977294922, - "x2": 717.3500213623047, - "y2": 398.2832946777344, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 10 + "x1": 227, + "y1": 719.2333374023438, + "x2": 388.0166931152344, + "y2": 729.2333374023438, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 2 }, { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 406.5166473388672, - "x2": 717.3666534423828, - "y2": 425.7166442871094, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 10 + "x1": 68.51667785644531, + "y1": 720.4166870117188, + "x2": 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As such, MGDG and\r DGDG may be present in Apicomplexa like P. falciparum and T. gondii. Investigations\r of galactolipid biosynthesis and content in membranes of these Apicomplexa have\r indicated that radioactively labelled UPD-galactose is incorporated into both MGDG and\r DGDG. The latter was also immunologically detected in parasite lysates (Figure 1.10).\r Distinct enzymatic processes or amino acid derivation of the synthases were involved\r since no clear identification of MGDG or DGDG synthase orthologues could be\r identified in the P. falciparum genome utilising only bioinformatic searches (119)." + "text": "and cycled particle integrity.17,18 Meanwhile, its excellent\r mechanical strength is beneficial in further increasing the\r compaction density of cathodes to achieve higher specific\r energy density with relative low cost.19,20\r While the transformation of agglomerated nanoparticles into\r separate micron-sized single-crystals presents numerous\r advantages, it also unveils some inherent challenges.21 The\r lower specific surface area and prolonged Li+ diffusion distance\r in single-crystal particles can contribute to the sluggish Li+\r diffusion kinetics, resulting in poor capacity and inferior rate\r performance of SNCM.22−24 This will further trigger\r inhomogeneous distribution of Li+ concentration during\r cycling, causing the coexistence of multiple phases with severe\r lattice strain within single-crystals.25 As a result, lattice strain\r exacerbates planar gliding and intragranular cracks’ generation\r of microsized single-crystals, which has been considered as the\r root cause of surface degradation and structural damage.26,27\r Therefore, the poor Li+ diffusion kinetics is the origin of\r various degradation mechanisms in SNCM and urgently needs\r to be improved to advance its application potential." } -}], - 1: [{ - "id": "highlight_1755684228380", +}], +1: [{ + "id": "highlight_1755710005089", "position": { "boundingRect": { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 76.11666870117188, - "x2": 717.3833465576172, - "y2": 232.96665954589844, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 11 + "x1": 420.1000061035156, + "y1": 750.183349609375, + "x2": 739.6666870117188, + "y2": 991.566650390625, 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Moreover, the dopants tend to react with the lithium\r source at the surface to generate a nonuniformly distributed\r impurity layer that obstructs Li+ diffusion channels. Overly\r increasing the sintering time and temperature to promote the\r diffusion of doping ions may lead to severe Li/Ni disorder-\r ing." + } +}], +2: [{ + "id": "highlight_1755710070969", + "position": { + "boundingRect": { + "x1": 420.1000061035156, + "y1": 974.5666656494141, + "x2": 739.0166625976562, + "y2": 1006.5, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 2 + }, + "rects": [ { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 103.566650390625, - "x2": 717.066650390625, - "y2": 122.76664733886719, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 11 - }, + "x1": 453.11663818359375, + "y1": 974.5666656494141, + "x2": 739.0166625976562, + "y2": 991.5666656494141, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 2 + }, + { + "x1": 420.1000061035156, + "y1": 989.5, + "x2": 738.8500061035156, + "y2": 1006.5, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 2 + } + ] + }, + "content": { + "text": "In 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3 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 340.76666259765625, + "x2": 388.0333557128906, + "y2": 357.76666259765625, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 3 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 355.38330078125, + "x2": 136.56666564941406, + "y2": 372.38330078125, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 3 + } + ] + }, + "content": { + "text": "added during the coprecipitation reaction for precursor\r preparation, can result in a homogeneous modification effect\r from the inside out and effectively address aforementioned\r problems.9,37 Although the in situ doping possesses obvious\r merits for holistically enhancing the Li+ diffusion kinetics of\r SNCM, there is a high threshold for attaining the desired\r effect. The choice of dopant needs to take into account its\r solubility and thermodynamic diffusion properties. Meanwhile,\r the amount of dopant addition requires precise regulation to\r prevent affecting the supersaturation within the reaction\r system and thus producing low-quality precursors.\r In this work, we thoroughly investigated the in situ doping\r technology to achieve the optimal dopant element (Nb, Zr, W,\r etc), doping amount and reaction conditions, enabling precise\r control over the preparation of in situ doped single-crystal\r LiNi0.92Co0.03Mn0.05O2 (SNCM). It is confirmed that in situ\r doping offers distinct advantages in the successful incorpo-\r ration and uniform dispersion of dopants into the precursor\r lattice, resulting in modulated precursor primary particle\r morphology. 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4 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 944.7000122070312, + "x2": 387.3999938964844, + "y2": 961.7000122070312, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 4 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 959.63330078125, + "x2": 387.25, + "y2": 976.63330078125, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 4 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 974.566650390625, + "x2": 387.3999938964844, + "y2": 991.566650390625, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 4 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 989.5, + "x2": 387.3500061035156, + "y2": 1006.5, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 4 + } + ] + }, + "content": { + "text": "A schematic diagram is provided to better understand the\r mechanism of coprecipitation reaction and the underlying\r reason for the morphological variation (Figure 1g). During the\r preparation of precursors, the main transition metal ions (Ni2+,\r Mn2+, Co2+) in the system rapidly combine with hydroxide and\r precipitate to form massive crystal nuclei.42,43 Subsequently,\r the massive crystal nuclei promptly bind ions from the solution\r to form primary particles. In general, the {010} planes combine\r ions faster than other planes due to its higher surface\r energy,41,44 thus resulting in that the primary particles prefer\r to grow horizontally to obtain high exposure {001} planes.45\r Meanwhile, the {001} planes with lower surface energy can\r merely agglomerate fewer stacked layers in the longitudinal\r direction. However, when Nb-ions are continuously added into\r the reaction system, the {010} planes will interact with doping\r ions predominantly because Nb5+ are subjected to stronger\r electrostatic adsorption force due to their more positive\r charges than Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn2+. The substantial amounts of\r Nb-ions accumulated on {010} planes exhibit an inhibiting\r effect on its horizontal growth, resulting in the morphology of\r high exposure {010} planes. Furthermore, the surface energy of\r {001} planes relatively get raised, thus tending to agglomerate\r more longitudinal stacked layers. It is obvious that all these\r characterizations substantiate the controlled morphology\r modulation and homogeneous Nb doping of NCMOH-Nb,\r demonstrating the success of precursor engineering for in situ\r doping. Notably, considering that the cathodes incline to well\r inherit the morphological structure of precursors, both the\r high exposure {010} planes and more longitudinal stacked\r layers of NCMOH-Nb precursor are favorable to provide more\r Li+ channels and enhanced diffusion kinetics for SNCM-Nb-\r wet cathode.46,47" + } +}], +4: [{ + "id": "highlight_1755710210069", + "position": { + "boundingRect": { + "x1": 68.51667785644531, + "y1": 869.4666748046875, + "x2": 388.0166778564453, + "y2": 961.4833374023438, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 6 + }, + "rects": [ { - "x1": 274.7333526611328, - "y1": 158.7833251953125, - "x2": 717.3500366210938, - "y2": 177.9833221435547, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 11 - }, + "x1": 81.86666870117188, + "y1": 869.4666748046875, + "x2": 387.3666687011719, + "y2": 886.4666748046875, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 6 + }, + { + "x1": 78.55000305175781, + "y1": 883.5, + "x2": 387.7166748046875, + "y2": 894.5, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 6 + }, + { + "x1": 68.51667785644531, + "y1": 884.4166870117188, + "x2": 78.4666748046875, + "y2": 901.4166870117188, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 6 + }, + { + "x1": 89.4666748046875, + "y1": 884.4166870117188, + "x2": 387.7166748046875, + "y2": 901.4166870117188, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 6 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 899.4500122070312, + "x2": 387.2833557128906, + "y2": 916.4500122070312, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 6 + }, + { + "x1": 289.70001220703125, + "y1": 913.4833374023438, + "x2": 388.0166778564453, + "y2": 924.4833374023438, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 6 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 914.5, + "x2": 289.15000915527344, + "y2": 931.5, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 6 + }, + { + "x1": 299.23333740234375, + "y1": 914.5, + "x2": 388.0166778564453, + "y2": 931.5, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 6 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 929.433349609375, + "x2": 387.25, + "y2": 946.433349609375, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 6 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 944.4833374023438, + "x2": 214.03334045410156, + "y2": 961.4833374023438, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 6 + } + ] + }, + "content": { + "text": "Effects of In Situ Doping on Structural Stability and\r Li+ Diffusion Kinetics. To comprehensively investigate the\r effects of dry and wet Nb doping on the structural evolution\r and phase transition reversibility during Li+ (de)intercalation,\r in situ XRD measurements were conducted with a potential\r range of 2.5−4.5 V at 0.2 C. 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When charging\r from 2.5 to 4.18 V, the (003) diffraction peaks of all cathodes\r are slightly shifted to a smaller 2θ angle. With further charging\r to 4.5 V, the (003) diffraction peaks shift significantly to a\r larger 2θ angle, illustrating that the cathodes encounter a\r sudden decay of c-axis parameters during the H2−H3 phase\r transition.53,54 Because it is difficult to fully recover, H2−H3 is\r generally considered to be an irreversible phase transition. Its\r shift angle is a sign of structural stability for the SNCM\r cathode.55,56 In comparison, it is revealed that SNCM-Nb-wet\r features the minimum H2−H3 phase transition angle of 1.11°,\r outperforming the 1.23° of SNCM-Nb-dry and 1.30° of\r SNCM-pure, which indicates the advantages of in situ doping\r for suppressing the dramatic contraction of the lattice\r parameters" + } +}, { + "id": "highlight_1755710286773", + "position": { + "boundingRect": { + "x1": 68.51667785644531, + "y1": 503.816650390625, + "x2": 389.1166687011719, + "y2": 682.7833251953125, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + "rects": [ { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 213.76666259765625, - "x2": 648.8500061035156, - "y2": 232.96665954589844, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 11 + "x1": 151.7166748046875, + "y1": 503.816650390625, + "x2": 387.31666564941406, + "y2": 520.816650390625, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 518.5333251953125, + "x2": 387.43333435058594, + "y2": 535.5333251953125, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 533.2666625976562, + "x2": 388.0166931152344, + "y2": 550.2666625976562, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 547.8833312988281, + "x2": 387.4333190917969, + "y2": 564.8833312988281, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 562.6000061035156, + "x2": 388.18333435058594, + "y2": 579.6000061035156, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + { + "x1": 379, + "y1": 576.4166870117188, + "x2": 388.1999969482422, + "y2": 587.4166870117188, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 577.3333129882812, + "x2": 378.1666564941406, + "y2": 594.3333129882812, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + { + "x1": 68.51667785644531, + "y1": 592.0499877929688, + "x2": 387.2666778564453, + "y2": 609.0499877929688, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + { + "x1": 68.51667785644531, + "y1": 606.8833312988281, + "x2": 388.0166931152344, + "y2": 623.8833312988281, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + { + "x1": 116.25, + "y1": 620.433349609375, + "x2": 387.88331604003906, + "y2": 630.433349609375, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + { + "x1": 68.51667785644531, + "y1": 621.5999755859375, + "x2": 116.10000610351562, + "y2": 638.5999755859375, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + { + "x1": 145.1999969482422, + "y1": 621.5999755859375, + "x2": 267.6999969482422, + "y2": 638.5999755859375, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + { + "x1": 280.79998779296875, + "y1": 621.5999755859375, + "x2": 387.88331604003906, + "y2": 638.5999755859375, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 636.3333129882812, + "x2": 387.2666931152344, + "y2": 653.3333129882812, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 651.0499877929688, + "x2": 389.1166687011719, + "y2": 668.0499877929688, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + { + "x1": 290.5, + "y1": 664.7666625976562, + "x2": 297.3666687011719, + "y2": 675.7666625976562, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 + }, + { + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 665.7833251953125, + "x2": 388.00001525878906, + "y2": 682.7833251953125, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 } ] }, "content": { - "text": "MGDG synthase has been shown to be essential to plant cell growth, with knock-outs of\r MGD1 in Arabidopsis as a member of the multigene MGDG synthase family, leading to\r a complete lack of chlorophyll, chloroplast ultrastructure disruption and severe plant\r growth inhibition (118). This data provides support for galactolipid biosynthesis as a\r valid growth inhibition strategy. As this process is unique in P. falciparum and not found\r in humans, it is an enticing strategy for the development of novel antimalarials." + "text": "In comparison, SNCM-Nb-wet experiences a\r smooth H2−H3 phase transition accompanied by a confined\r width and intensity change during the entire charging/\r discharging process (Figure 3d). Simultaneously, its structural\r transition is fully reversible without residual phases. This\r phenomenon is due to that the internal homogeneous Nb5+\r modification formed by in situ doping can effectively build\r stronger metal−oxygen bonds and stabilize the crystal\r structure,48,58 thus alleviating the Li+ migration hindrance\r and hysteresis caused by the long transport distance inside the\r single-crystal particles. Thus, SNCM-Nb-wet obtained a\r smoother phase transition and improved Li+ diffusion kinetics." } }], -2: [{ - "id": "highlight_1755684295049", +5: [{ + "id": "highlight_1755710355350", "position": { "boundingRect": { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 158.78334045410156, - "x2": 717.3833618164062, - "y2": 875.183349609375, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 14 + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 76.89999389648438, + "x2": 739.7500305175781, + "y2": 1006.5, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 7 }, "rects": [ { - "x1": 257.31666564941406, - "y1": 158.78334045410156, - "x2": 660.0166473388672, - "y2": 177.98333740234375, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 14 - }, - { - "x1": 268.63331604003906, - "y1": 186, - "x2": 641.9166870117188, - "y2": 205.1999969482422, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 14 - }, - { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - 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After demonstrating that in situ\r doping is beneficial in providing excellent structural stability\r and lithium-ion diffusion kinetics, we performed electro-\r chemical measurements under different operating temperatures\r in order to verify the advantages it brings to lithium storage\r performance. As illustrated in Figure 4a, the initial discharge\r capacities of Nb-doped cathodes at 1 C (SNCM-Nb-dry: 184.1\r mAh g−1, SNCM-Nb-wet: 182.7 mAh g−1) appear slightly\r lower than that of pristine cathode (SNCM-pure: 187.6 mAh\r g−1) due to the doping of inert Nb-ions.62 Whereas, SNCM-\r Nb-wet displays the best cycling stability among these three\r single-crystal cathodes, with an excellent cycling retention of\r 76.1% after 400 cycles. In comparison, SNCM-pure and\r SNCM-Nb-dry display a consistent capacity decay, showing\r cycling retentions of 56.8% and 65.1%, respectively. 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"text": "Due to the presence of MGDG and DGDG in the plant\r rum, an interesting speculation is that Galvestine\r derivatives might have growth-inhibitory capacity against the malaria parasite by\r targeting lipid biosynthesis processes in the apicoplast. This study therefore presents\r antimalarial property of one of the lead MGDG synthase\r study, A51B1C1_1 (Figure 1.13).\r The structure of the compound A51B1C1_1 (Personal communication, Eric\r One major advantage of this strategy would be that these compounds are herbicide\r derived and could therefore, if they are active against P. falciparum\r selective to the parasite without targeting any metabolic process in humans. This\r mpound furthermore provides a novel chemical scaffold unrelated to any current\r antimalarials, which would be a novel action in the parasite compared to currently used\r be able to overcome the resistance mechanisms\r Thus, if these compounds prove to be active against the malaria parasite,\r they may be developed into new antimalarial drugs." + "text": "Benefiting from the\r improved Li+ diffusion kinetics inside the micron-sized\r single-crystal particles by in situ doping, SNCM-Nb-wet still\r can exhibit enhanced cycling stability at high rate of 5 C with\r 76.5% after 200 cycles, significantly superior to 64.6% of\r SNCM-Nb-dry and 44.2% of SNCM-pure (Figure 4c).\r Furthermore, increasing the operating temperature of Ni-\r rich SNCM is commonly regarded as an effective method to\r improve the discharge specific capacities, but it generally\r causes thermal safety issues during the practical application.69\r Consequently, the prepared samples are further evaluated at\r increased temperatures up to 45 °C to demonstrate the\r advantages of in situ doping. Figure 4d displays the cycling\r performances of pristine and Nb-doped cathodes at 1 C and 45\r °C. SNCM-Nb-wet exhibits an outstanding capacity stability of\r 75.5% after 200 cycles, obviously better than 63.6% of SNCM-\r Nb-dry and 51.2% of SNCM-pure. 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"text": "The primary objective of this study was to determine the antimalarial potential of\r compound A51B1C1_1 as well as the physiological response of P. falciparum after\r treatment with this compound by employing a comprehensive functional genomics\r approach.\r Chapter 2 focuses on determining the antimalarial activity of A51B1C1_1 through\r morphological investigation of P. falciparum after treatment with this compound. This is\r followed by a complete transcriptome analysis employing DNA microarray to identify\r responsive transcripts in P. falciparum that were differentially regulated upon treatment\r with this compound.\r Chapter 3 introduces the use of higher-level functional genomics analyses of the\r response of P. falciparum to A51B1C1_1 treatment by investigating the proteome of the\r parasites after perturbation with this herbicide-derived compound." + "text": "Simulation of Modified Mechanism in In Situ Doped\r Cathodes. According to the aforementioned discussions, in\r situ doped cathodes show a smoother phase transition process,\r which may lead to a more uniform internal Li+ concentration\r distribution and superior Li+ diffusion kinetics. To visualize\r this modification effect, COMSOL software is utilized to\r simulate the internal Li+ concentration distribution and the\r surface Li+ concentration for in situ- and dry-doped cathodes." } -} -], -4: [ - { - "id": "highlight_1755684410347", +}, { + "id": "highlight_1755710466759", "position": { "boundingRect": { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 140.40000915527344, - "x2": 717.2499847412109, - "y2": 269.70001220703125, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 18 + "x1": 420.1000061035156, + "y1": 765.0166625976562, + "x2": 739.6333618164062, + "y2": 942.38330078125, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 8 }, "rects": [ { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 140.40000915527344, - "x2": 206.43333435058594, - "y2": 159.60000610351562, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 18 - }, - { - "x1": 218.9833526611328, - "y1": 140.40000915527344, - "x2": 269.56666564941406, - "y2": 159.60000610351562, - 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"text": "Dose-response curves were established to determine the median inhibitory\r concentration (IC50) of the herbicide derivative A51B1C1_1 using a fluorescent SYBR\r Green I assay (MSF assay) on the chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum strain 3D7. The\r average IC50 value of A51B1C1_1 determined in four individual experiments was found\r to be 447 ±16 nM (Figure 2.5)." + "text": "ubsequently, along\r with the detachment of Li+, SNCM-Nb-dry (Figure 5a) has an\r aggravated Li+ concentration gradient distribution at all voltage\r states. This corresponds to the severe two-phase coexistence\r observed in the in situ XRD pattern, which will generate\r inhomogeneous intragranular stresses, eventually leading to\r structural degradation. In contrast, SNCM-Nb-wet (Figure 5b)\r displays a relatively uniform and moderate Li+ concentration\r variation during the whole charging/discharge process, which\r is beneficial for the single-crystal cathode to maintain the\r structural stability throughout the long-term cycling. 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Verlinden (166) and was included in this\r study as an additional analogue of the Galvestine-1 parent compound) and the effects\r on the morphology of the parasites were observed for 72 h. The parasites were treated\r Parasite proliferation (% Growth)\r [A51B1C1_1] (µM)\r 49\r at the invasion stage (merozoites/early rings) and samples were taken every 2-4 h. The\r morphology of the treated parasites was compared to that of control parasites (treated\r with DMSO) as shown in Figure 2.6.\r Both treated cultures remained morphologically similar to the control culture up to 12\r hpi. However, Galvestine-2 treated parasites showed morphological changes after 24\r hpi and after 36 hpi the parasites additionally showed a decrease in the rate of\r development. At 60 hpi the parasites in the Galvestine-2 treated culture entered the\r schizont/merozoite stage, whereas the control culture already developed into rings in\r the subsequent life cycle at the same time point. Although Galvestine-2 had a lagging\r effect on the parasite’s life cycle development, parasites treated with this compound did\r not show complete life cycle arrest at the concentrations tested, even after 60 hpi.\r In contrast P. falciparum parasites treated with A51B1C1_1 continued to show\r similarities to the control culture through the ring stage and early trophozoite stages.\r However, at 48 hpi, the control untreated parasites entered the merozoite stage, but the\r A51B1C1_1 treated parasites became pyknotic and remained so for the rest of the life\r cycle and was unable to progress to a new life cycle. These parasites could not invade\r new erythrocytes and form new rings, unlike the control culture." + "text": "To explore the modification mechanism of in\r situ doping on structure stability, the morphology and\r microstructure evolution of SNCM-Nb-dry and SNCM-Nb-\r wet were detected by SEM and HRTEM after 100 cycles at 5\r C. As seen in Figure 6a, the internal cross-sectional structure of\r SNCM-Nb-dry is damaged after cycling and contains a\r multitude of cracks and holes." } -}, -{ - "id": "highlight_1755684480183", +}, { + "id": "highlight_1755710550452", "position": { "boundingRect": { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 76.11665344238281, - "x2": 717.5000152587891, - "y2": 590.9166870117188, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 19 + "x1": 420.1000061035156, + "y1": 752.5333251953125, + "x2": 739.4833221435547, + "y2": 843.5833129882812, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 9 }, "rects": [ { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 76.11665344238281, - "x2": 717.3999786376953, - "y2": 95.316650390625, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 19 - }, - { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 103.66667175292969, - "x2": 717.3000183105469, - "y2": 122.86666870117188, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - 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"text": "at the invasion stage (merozoites/early rings) and samples were taken every 2-4 h. The\r morphology of the treated parasites was compared to that of control parasites (treated\r with DMSO) as shown in Figure 2.6.\r Both treated cultures remained morphologically similar to the control culture up to 12\r hpi. However, Galvestine-2 treated parasites showed morphological changes after 24\r hpi and after 36 hpi the parasites additionally showed a decrease in the rate of\r development. At 60 hpi the parasites in the Galvestine-2 treated culture entered the\r schizont/merozoite stage, whereas the control culture already developed into rings in\r the subsequent life cycle at the same time point. Although Galvestine-2 had a lagging\r effect on the parasite’s life cycle development, parasites treated with this compound did\r not show complete life cycle arrest at the concentrations tested, even after 60 hpi.\r In contrast P. falciparum parasites treated with A51B1C1_1 continued to show\r similarities to the control culture through the ring stage and early trophozoite stages.\r However, at 48 hpi, the control untreated parasites entered the merozoite stage, but the\r A51B1C1_1 treated parasites became pyknotic and remained so for the rest of the life\r cycle and was unable to progress to a new life cycle. These parasites could not invade\r new erythrocytes and form new rings, unlike the control culture." + "text": "As for SNCM-Nb-\r wet, it can be discovered that after cycles the cross-sectional\r morphology remains dense and integrated (Figure 6c). The\r HRTEM image of SNCM-Nb-wet (Figure 6d) also confirms\r that the cathode maintains the intact R3̅ m layered structure at\r the particle surface" } }], -6: [ - { - "id": "highlight_1755684665317", +7: [{ + "id": "highlight_1755710579826", "position": { "boundingRect": { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 103.56666564941406, - "x2": 717.6666717529297, - "y2": 342.95001220703125, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 28 + "x1": 68.60000610351562, + "y1": 664.1833343505859, + "x2": 739.0166931152344, + "y2": 1006.5, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 10 }, "rects": [ { - "x1": 656.3999786376953, - "y1": 103.56666564941406, - "x2": 705.2833557128906, - "y2": 122.76666259765625, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 28 - }, - { - "x1": 705.1833648681641, - "y1": 109.88333129882812, - "x2": 717.0166931152344, - "y2": 123.48333740234375, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - 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"text": "The IC50\r of compound A51B1C1_1 determined in a preliminary study in Grenoble, France\r (collaborator E. Maréchal), using the 3H-hypoxanthine incorporation method, was found\r to be 180 nM (Personal communication, Eric Maréchal, Pretoria, 2009). The IC50 value\r determined in this study using the SYBR Green I method was shown to be 447 ±16 nM.\r The different values may be due to the techniques used to determine the IC50 as was\r previously observed (186, 191, 192). Values below 1 µM comply with the MMV\r requirements (www.mmv.org) and are an indication that a compound may have\r potential against P. falciparum. ." + "text": "In Situ Doping Promotion for Other Elements. More\r importantly, we introduce dopants Zr4+ and W6+ in order to\r further demonstrate the advantages of in situ doping on the\r cathode properties. The dry and in situ doped cathodes are\r obtained by the same coprecipitation and two-stage calcination\r process. According to Figure 7a and Figure S24, the Zr-doped\r materials exhibit similar single-crystal particle morphology." } -} -], -7: [{ - "id": "highlight_1755684694841", +}, { + "id": "highlight_1755710629622", "position": { "boundingRect": { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 379.0833282470703, - "x2": 717.5833282470703, - "y2": 921.3166351318359, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 28 + "x1": 420.1000061035156, + "y1": 959.9500122070312, + "x2": 739.7333374023438, + "y2": 1006.5, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 10 }, "rects": [ { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 379.0833282470703, - "x2": 717.3500366210938, - "y2": 398.2833251953125, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 28 - }, - { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 406.29998779296875, - "x2": 319.2166442871094, - "y2": 425.49998474121094, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 28 - 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"text": "Delayed death is a phenomenon where the perturbation only causes the death of the\r parasite in the next life cycle. Examples are the effects seen after treatment of P.\r falciparum parasites with drugs such as tetracycline (97, 111, 126) and macrolides (48,\r 193, 194) which are both translation inhibitions and Gyrase inhibition caused by\r ciprofloxacin (48, 111, 195). The reason for the delayed death was found to be the\r transfer of non-functional apicoplasts to the progeny and thus lack of apicoplast protein\r production (196). In contrast, drugs affecting non-housekeeping processes in the\r apicoplast of P. falciparum have been shown to not display delayed death phenomena\r (126). These drugs result in visible stress symptoms and growth arrest of the parasites\r within the first life cycle after exposure. Analyses of P. falciparum parasites treated with\r the herbicide derivative A51B1C1_1 (2xIC50) revealed morphological signs of stress in\r the form of pyknotic parasites within the first 48 h. The formation of pyknotic bodies\r was also seen by Deponte and Becker in 2004 (197) in a study where they treated\r either P. falciparum parasites with antimalarials followed by exposure to oxidant stress\r or left to starve. These parasites showed signs of programmed cell death, with cell\r shrinkage (pyknotic bodies), membrane blebbing and nuclear fragmentation visible\r (197). Stressed forms of P. falciparum parasites under A51B1C1_1 pressure could\r indicate that either 1) this compound targets non-housekeeping processes of the\r apicoplast with no delayed death phenotype; or 2) the compound targets another\r biological process in the parasite not associated with the apicoplast." + "text": "As\r seen in Figure 7g, SNCM-Zr-wet presents the best cycling\r retention with 90.8% after 100 cycles, obviously better than" } -}], -8: [{ - "id": "highlight_1755684719919", +}, { + "id": "highlight_1755710639535", "position": { "boundingRect": { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 599.2666778564453, - "x2": 717.6166534423828, - "y2": 976.4166717529297, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 + "x1": 68.51667785644531, + "y1": 409.066650390625, + "x2": 329.90000915527344, + "y2": 426.066650390625, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 11 }, "rects": [ { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 599.2666778564453, - "x2": 717.4333343505859, - "y2": 618.4666748046875, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 - }, - { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 626.7166748046875, - "x2": 716.9666442871094, - "y2": 645.9166717529297, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 - }, - { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 654.3833465576172, - "x2": 717.5, - "y2": 673.5833435058594, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 - }, - { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 681.8166656494141, - "x2": 717.3999786376953, - "y2": 701.0166778564453, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 - }, - { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 709.4833374023438, - "x2": 717.6166534423828, - "y2": 728.6833343505859, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 - }, - { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 736.9166717529297, - "x2": 717.3166809082031, - "y2": 756.1166687011719, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 - }, - { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 764.4666748046875, - "x2": 717.3833465576172, - "y2": 783.6666717529297, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 - }, - { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 791.9166564941406, - "x2": 717.4666595458984, - "y2": 811.1166534423828, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 - }, - { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 819.5833435058594, - "x2": 717.4000091552734, - "y2": 838.7833404541016, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 - }, - { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 846.8999938964844, - "x2": 254.1999969482422, - "y2": 866.0999908447266, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 - }, - { - "x1": 264.68333435058594, - "y1": 846.8999938964844, - "x2": 717.4333648681641, - "y2": 866.0999908447266, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 - }, - { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 874.6833190917969, - "x2": 717.3333435058594, - "y2": 893.8833312988281, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 - }, - { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 902.1166687011719, - "x2": 454.49998474121094, - "y2": 921.3166656494141, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 - }, - { - "x1": 469.41664123535156, - "y1": 902.1166687011719, - "x2": 717.3999633789062, - "y2": 921.3166656494141, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 - }, - { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 929.6666564941406, - "x2": 717.2833404541016, - "y2": 948.8666534423828, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 - }, - { - "x1": 94.39999389648438, - "y1": 957.2166748046875, - "x2": 528.7833251953125, - "y2": 976.4166717529297, - "width": 793.3333333333333, - "height": 1122.6666666666665, - "pageNumber": 29 + "x1": 68.51667785644531, + "y1": 409.066650390625, + "x2": 329.90000915527344, + "y2": 426.066650390625, + "width": 809.8773333333334, + "height": 1067.868, + "pageNumber": 11 } ] }, "content": { - "text": "Using the information obtained from the morphological studies, the microarray study\r was designed and two time points were selected for the extraction of RNA from\r synchronised parasites. The background noise from multiple life stages is reduced in\r synchronised cultures enabling the detection of abundance differences in transcript\r levels above the normal levels in the IDC (158). Small changes on transcriptomic level\r may have been missed if the cultures used in this study were not synchronised.\r Synchronised cultures have been used in previous studies for the above mentioned\r reason and these authors were able to detect perturbation induced transcriptional\r changes, independent of the normal transcript production due to life cycle development\r (158, 180, 202, 203). There have been reports on P. falciparum studies using non-\r synchronised cultures (139, 141) however, in most of these studies the authors failed to\r notice transcriptional responses to perturbation. The time points selected for the\r sampling of RNA was 28 hpi and 36 hpi, which covers the life stages in which a\r morphological effect is seen after treatment with A51B1C1_1." + "text": "80.5% of SNCM-Zr-dry and 69.9% of SNCM-pure. 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"text": "The 1504 transcript data set includes ten transcripts (three with increased abundance\r and seven with decreased abundance, Table 2.6) involved in lipid biosynthesis or fatty\r acid biosynthesis. The presence of these transcripts (all have Log2 FC of about 1) in\r the data set indicates the effect of the treatment on lipid biosynthesis (three in\r glycerophospholipid metabolism, Figure 2.20, and two in glycerolipid metabolism,\r Figure 2.21). In glycerophospholipid metabolism, three transcripts were affected of\r which one increased in abundance (PF14_0097, EC 2.7.7.41 – Cytidine-diphosphate-\r DAG synthase) and two with decreased abundance (PFI 1370, EC 4.1.1.65 –\r Phosphatidyl serine-decarboxylase and PF14_0020, EC 2.7.1.32 – Choline kinase)\r (Figure 2.20). In glycerolipid metabolism two transcripts (PFC0995c, EC 2.3.1.20 –\r DAG O-acyltransferase and PFI 1485, EC 2.7.1.107 – DAG kinase) both decreased in\r abundance (Figure 2.21)." + "text": "In\r comparison, the in situ doped cathodes benefited from the\r uniform distribution of doping ions and can substantially\r accelerate the Li+ diffusion kinetics and migration rate from the\r inside out. Furthermore, the fluent Li+ transportation results in\r a uniform phase transition process and optimized Li+\r concentration distribution, which can ensure the reversibility\r of the H2/H3 transition and alleviate the inner stress without\r the formation of intragranular cracks. Hence, the in situ doped\r cathode maintains an integrated structure and excellent\r electrochemical performances after long-term cycling." } }]}; @@ -1930,6 +3576,7 @@ function DocumentProcessor() { preloadedHighlights={documentDataWithHighlights?.preloadedHighlights || null} currentChunkIndex={currentChunkIndex} onDocumentReady={setDocumentControls} + isChunkLoading={isChunkLoading} /> @@ -1953,7 +3600,8 @@ function DocumentProcessor() {
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