Grid-Responsive Direct Air Capture System

Mechanically Agitated Contactor (MAC) with Thermal Integration

Technical Disclosure • Prior Art Publication

⚡ GRID INTERFACE Price Signal ($/MWh) Frequency Signal (Hz) Forecast Data GRID PRICE SIGNAL 🖥️ GRID-RESPONSIVE CONTROLLER (DCS) Mode Selection Algorithm VFD Speed Control Ancillary Services Logic 💨 AMBIENT AIR INTAKE ~420 ppm CO₂ B-101 Air Blower Cooling Water In Cooling Water Out 4× Vertical Baffles (T/10) M-101 VFD Motor 100-1200 RPM Gas Sparger Ring R-101 Mechanically Agitated Contactor REACTOR SPECS • Material: 316L SS • Power: 0.5-10 kW/m³ • Sorbent: 1-8M NaOH • pH Range: 12.5-14 • Temp: 20-80°C • kₗa: 0.1-1.5 s⁻¹ • Solids: 5-40 wt% Speed Setpoint AE AT-101 CO₂ Analyzer TT TT-101 pH pHT-101 🌿 CLEAN AIR <50 ppm CO₂ Na₂CO₃ Slurry P-101 Slurry Pump Recirculation Loop T-201 Causticization Na₂CO₃ + Ca(OH)₂ → 2NaOH + CaCite↓ CAL-301 CALCINER CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂ 900-1000°C CaCO₃ 🎯 CAPTURED CO₂ Pure Stream (>95%) 🔥 THERMAL SOURCE Nuclear SMR / Geothermal Industrial Waste Heat Steam: 2-5 bar Heat CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ Recycle Regenerated NaOH LEGEND Process Pipe Grid Signal Control Signal Steam/Heat Slurry Line

Process Flow Diagram

System: Grid-Responsive MAC-DAC with Calcium Loop Regeneration

Field: Chemical Engineering • Grid Regulation • Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)

Drawing No: HVS-001-A Rev.2

Date: 05-JAN-2026

Author: Parth Parekh (Independent Researcher)

Status: Prior Art Publication

📊 OPERATING PARAMETER RANGES

Mechanical Parameters

  • Agitator Speed: 100 – 1200 RPM
  • Power Input: 0.5 – 10.0 kW/m³
  • Impeller: Rushton/Smith Turbine
  • Baffles: 4× (width T/10)

Chemical Parameters

  • Sorbent: 1.0 – 8.0 M NaOH/KOH
  • pH Range: 12.5 – 14.0
  • Slurry Solids: 5 – 40 wt%
  • Bubble Size (d₃₂): 0.1 – 5 mm

Process Conditions

  • Temperature: 20°C – 80°C
  • Gas Residence: 10 – 300 sec
  • Target kₗa: 0.1 – 1.5 s⁻¹
  • Regeneration: 900-1000°C

Ancillary Services

  • Frequency Regulation: <1 sec response
  • Spinning Reserve: Instant load shed
  • Voltage Support: Reactive power ctrl
  • "Negative Load" Battery Mode

🎛️ GRID-RESPONSIVE CONTROL ALGORITHM

⚡ Maximum Capture Mode

IF Grid_Freq > 60.05 Hz
OR Grid_Price < Price_Low
Activate Auxiliary Blowers
Run at Maximum Power
1200 RPM
Surplus Power Dump Load

📈 Economic Optimization

IF Price_Low < Grid_Price
< Price_High
Calculate Optimal RPM based on
Grid Price vs Carbon Credits
VARIABLE
Balance Cost & Capture

🔻 Grid Support / Idle

IF Grid_Price > Price_High
(Scarcity Scenario)
Minimum Suspension Speed
Deactivate Heaters
~100 RPM
Prevent Solids Settling Only