diff --git a/.DS_Store b/.DS_Store
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a861eb9582de1191356dea1715c2e7a47633ee14
Binary files /dev/null and b/.DS_Store differ
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
index a6344aac8c09253b3b630fb776ae94478aa0275b..f33d7d3f010fb307e8850611df46a9b8d2a3e272 100644
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -33,3 +33,48 @@ saved_model/**/* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 *.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 *tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/2008_florida_residential_wind_loss_mitigation_study.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/a_comparative_impact_assessment_of_hail_damage_to_tile_and_built_up_roofing_systems_technical_review_and_field_study.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/a_comprehensive_observational_study_of_grauple_and_hail_terminal_velocities_mass_flux_and_kinetic_energies.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/analysis_of_standing_seam_metal_roofs_subjected_to_extreme_wind_loads.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/asphalt_shingle_durability.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/asphalt_shingle_hail_impact_performance_guide.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/asphalt_shingle_patterns_identification_guide_ibhs.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/building_performance_in_hurricane_ian_partii_fbc.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/building_performance_in_southwest_florida_during_hurricane_ian_2022_part_i.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/cedar_rapids_iowa_and_the_2020_midwest_derecho_the_performance_of_asphalt_shingle_roofs_in_extreme_severe_convective_storm_winds.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/claims_analysis_study_of_may_24_2011_hailstorms_in_dallas_fort_worth.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/community_collaborative_rain_hail_and_snow_(cocorahs)_measurement_program_reanalysis_of_hailstorm_characteristics_1998_2018.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/damage_mechanics_based_analysis_of_hail_impact_on_metal_roofs.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/evaluating_hail_damage_using_property_insurance_claims_data.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/evaluating_the_hardness_characteristics_of_hail_through_compressive_strength_measurements.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/failure_mechanisms_and_load_paths_in_a_standing_seam_metal_roof_under_extreme_wind_loads.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/full_scale_study_of_wind_loads_on_roof_tiles_and_felt_underlay_and_comparisons_with_design_data.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/full_scale_testing_to_evaluate_the_performance_of_standing_seam_metal_roofs_under_simulated_wind_loading.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/full_scale_wind_tunnel_testing_of_tile_roofing_systems_ibhs.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/hail_in_the_front_range_of_the_rockies_and_high_plains_is_it_more_damaging.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/hailstone_shapes.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/hurricane_harvey_wind_damage_investigation_ibhs.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/hurricane_ike_natures_force_vs_structural_strength_ibhs.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/ibhs_impact_resistance_test_protocol_for_asphalt_shingles.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/ibhs_report_hurricane_michael_post_investigation.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/ibhs_roof_aging_farm_five_year_hail_performance_summary.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/ibhs_roof_aging_farm_five_year_wind_performance_summary.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/impact_resistance_of_synthetic_composite_shingles.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/impact_resistant_shingle_performance_ratings_–_insurance_institute_for_business_&_home_safety.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/impact_testing_of_high_concentrations_of_small_hail.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/new_asphalt_shingle_hail_impact_performance_test_protocol_and_damage_assessment_natural_hazards_review.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/performance_of_metal_roofing_to_realistic_wind_loads_and_evaluation_of_current_test_standards_icwe_ibhs.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/performance_of_roof_tiles_under_simulated_hurricane_impact.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/prediction_of_extent_of_damage_to_metal_roof_panels_under_hail_impact.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/relative_impact_resistance_of_asphalt_shingles_summary_of_ul2218_impact_tests_ibhs.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/study_of_wind_loads_on_asphalt_shingles_using_full_scale_experimentation.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/surviving_natures_fury_performance_of_asphalt_shingle_roofs_in_the_real_world_ibhs.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/the_effect_of_roof_age_on_asphalt_shingle_performance_hurricane_rita_to_hurricane_laura.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/using_3d_laser_scanning_technology_to_create_digital_models_of_hailstones.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/wind_effects_on_roofs_with_high_profile_tiles_experimental_study.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/wind_loading_on_ridge_hip_and_perimeter_roof_tiles__a_full_scale_experimental_study.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/wind_loads_on_discontinuous_metal_roofing_ibhs.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/wind_uplift_resistance_of_artificially_and_naturally_aged_asphalt_shingles.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+Articles/wind_vulnerability_analysis_of_standing_seam_roof_system_considering_fatigue_damage.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+chroma_store/chroma.sqlite3 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e17e6b76c78902d7f37bf56cc2ccc53e486241f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files
+__pycache__/
+*.py[cod]
+*$py.class
+
+# C extensions
+*.so
+
+# Distribution / packaging
+.Python
+build/
+develop-eggs/
+dist/
+downloads/
+eggs/
+.eggs/
+lib/
+lib64/
+parts/
+sdist/
+var/
+wheels/
+pip-wheel-metadata/
+share/python-wheels/
+*.egg-info/
+.installed.cfg
+*.egg
+MANIFEST
+
+# PyInstaller
+#  Usually these files are written by a python script from a template
+#  before PyInstaller builds the exe, so as to inject date/other infos into it.
+*.manifest
+*.spec
+
+# Installer logs
+pip-log.txt
+pip-delete-this-directory.txt
+
+# Unit test / coverage reports
+htmlcov/
+.tox/
+.nox/
+.coverage
+.coverage.*
+.cache
+nosetests.xml
+coverage.xml
+*.cover
+*.py,cover
+.hypothesis/
+.pytest_cache/
+
+# Translations
+*.mo
+*.pot
+
+# Django stuff:
+*.log
+local_settings.py
+db.sqlite3
+db.sqlite3-journal
+
+# Flask stuff:
+instance/
+.webassets-cache
+
+# Scrapy stuff:
+.scrapy
+
+# Sphinx documentation
+docs/_build/
+
+# PyBuilder
+target/
+
+# Jupyter Notebook
+.ipynb_checkpoints
+
+# IPython
+profile_default/
+ipython_config.py
+
+# pyenv
+.python-version
+
+# pipenv
+#   According to pypa/pipenv#598, it is recommended to include Pipfile.lock in version control.
+#   However, in case of collaboration, if having platform-specific dependencies or dependencies
+#   having no cross-platform support, pipenv may install dependencies that don't work, or not
+#   install all needed dependencies.
+#Pipfile.lock
+
+# PEP 582; used by e.g. github.com/David-OConnor/pyflow
+__pypackages__/
+
+# Celery stuff
+celerybeat-schedule
+celerybeat.pid
+
+# SageMath parsed files
+*.sage.py
+
+# Environments
+.env
+.venv
+env/
+venv/
+ENV/
+env.bak/
+venv.bak/
+
+# Spyder project settings
+.spyderproject
+.spyproject
+
+# Rope project settings
+.ropeproject
+
+# mkdocs documentation
+/site
+
+# mypy
+.mypy_cache/
+.dmypy.json
+dmypy.json
+
+# Pyre type checker
+.pyre/
+.idea
diff --git a/.gradio/certificate.pem b/.gradio/certificate.pem
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b85c8037f6b60976b2546fdbae88312c5246d9a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gradio/certificate.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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=
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/Articles/2008_florida_residential_wind_loss_mitigation_study.pdf b/Articles/2008_florida_residential_wind_loss_mitigation_study.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7df6b3553ef2f94793d1e968758c23e940ff01e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/2008_florida_residential_wind_loss_mitigation_study.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:c5a9ad7e0f3e0b974443330bb8562f177dcb54cabdc84e94b70c6b30013d3a45
+size 14757344
diff --git a/Articles/a_comparative_impact_assessment_of_hail_damage_to_tile_and_built_up_roofing_systems_technical_review_and_field_study.pdf b/Articles/a_comparative_impact_assessment_of_hail_damage_to_tile_and_built_up_roofing_systems_technical_review_and_field_study.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..33998fb3759c6cea49cf4e329699ef8d09de7efd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/a_comparative_impact_assessment_of_hail_damage_to_tile_and_built_up_roofing_systems_technical_review_and_field_study.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:64c7dbf0439601b30045f793595729391337117400ed9b319a59da35037452de
+size 1493362
diff --git a/Articles/a_comprehensive_observational_study_of_grauple_and_hail_terminal_velocities_mass_flux_and_kinetic_energies.pdf b/Articles/a_comprehensive_observational_study_of_grauple_and_hail_terminal_velocities_mass_flux_and_kinetic_energies.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0455f9ca0a5536519001918390d001f6e1ac1eb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/a_comprehensive_observational_study_of_grauple_and_hail_terminal_velocities_mass_flux_and_kinetic_energies.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:5fc6d68f07210fa153f16f6f01169fe43a037a2fa96a15a806b1838759bbe0cd
+size 2665316
diff --git a/Articles/analysis_of_standing_seam_metal_roofs_subjected_to_extreme_wind_loads.pdf b/Articles/analysis_of_standing_seam_metal_roofs_subjected_to_extreme_wind_loads.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ceacd72993346339ad1f5d73bafd5a59b9b89b4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/analysis_of_standing_seam_metal_roofs_subjected_to_extreme_wind_loads.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:6a6a5112a75fb7b1d94969f380bc68db7a04ed268c2549ca8b245e833ad975b7
+size 13947316
diff --git a/Articles/asphalt_shingle_durability.pdf b/Articles/asphalt_shingle_durability.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f1ab1e3d41ee83861686243cd1d7b7ffd7742c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/asphalt_shingle_durability.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:3f98a5937691a1a0d103dad10fc96c82a30f8b18a82cf061d43c05f39d917948
+size 3567139
diff --git a/Articles/asphalt_shingle_hail_impact_performance_guide.pdf b/Articles/asphalt_shingle_hail_impact_performance_guide.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3617b9795046fd210c8bc6c11527fee413d256a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/asphalt_shingle_hail_impact_performance_guide.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:18b336ef154beec1d6fbabe074374106faacbbfb949570327ed8752099b1be2b
+size 4588912
diff --git a/Articles/asphalt_shingle_patterns_identification_guide_ibhs.pdf b/Articles/asphalt_shingle_patterns_identification_guide_ibhs.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c1d4a7be6d39649fa0046cf45dc73b5f0c29200
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/asphalt_shingle_patterns_identification_guide_ibhs.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:df93da153f062d622ba6f4b53d74d906298978c1753c681ebc697518e9b4b092
+size 1583518
diff --git a/Articles/building_performance_in_hurricane_ian_partii_fbc.pdf b/Articles/building_performance_in_hurricane_ian_partii_fbc.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1f58cff21780816bc5fa20d37cfb33439a032fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/building_performance_in_hurricane_ian_partii_fbc.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:33f1e0e64c8609219f6cff1c39bbdc2bc323646b8612fdf26b6f5c378cc27d4d
+size 11685202
diff --git a/Articles/building_performance_in_southwest_florida_during_hurricane_ian_2022_part_i.pdf b/Articles/building_performance_in_southwest_florida_during_hurricane_ian_2022_part_i.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85670946780793b9a3dfdef1be15977df393451e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/building_performance_in_southwest_florida_during_hurricane_ian_2022_part_i.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:9b2a50b66a7c12d199c293c9dd146c60a13e541bc1e6632b7f124e909a55e81d
+size 22318239
diff --git a/Articles/cedar_rapids_iowa_and_the_2020_midwest_derecho_the_performance_of_asphalt_shingle_roofs_in_extreme_severe_convective_storm_winds.pdf b/Articles/cedar_rapids_iowa_and_the_2020_midwest_derecho_the_performance_of_asphalt_shingle_roofs_in_extreme_severe_convective_storm_winds.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c3a01907504c1b049e99dcdce5a1c5a6225fcb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/cedar_rapids_iowa_and_the_2020_midwest_derecho_the_performance_of_asphalt_shingle_roofs_in_extreme_severe_convective_storm_winds.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:eafdc78b4907be8a9313147e7495acafb322bc41860d50e167ba2cca71e2bcd8
+size 1917310
diff --git a/Articles/claims_analysis_study_of_may_24_2011_hailstorms_in_dallas_fort_worth.pdf b/Articles/claims_analysis_study_of_may_24_2011_hailstorms_in_dallas_fort_worth.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec31ad250570973c07362d9894a4fc7fe47eb2f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/claims_analysis_study_of_may_24_2011_hailstorms_in_dallas_fort_worth.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:44cd972b45bd2a00abfb0aad9e068e659b2c5ee88eccf855e5e091ad38e0e138
+size 5031121
diff --git a/Articles/community_collaborative_rain_hail_and_snow_(cocorahs)_measurement_program_reanalysis_of_hailstorm_characteristics_1998_2018.pdf b/Articles/community_collaborative_rain_hail_and_snow_(cocorahs)_measurement_program_reanalysis_of_hailstorm_characteristics_1998_2018.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0ef9d2a9714e11bf0e2381693c1809aeee0a177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/community_collaborative_rain_hail_and_snow_(cocorahs)_measurement_program_reanalysis_of_hailstorm_characteristics_1998_2018.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:7b2e8c0419a75a4c0cafbee2ebf593700b61f72f31b770bdb48c8de689f56555
+size 1468081
diff --git a/Articles/damage_mechanics_based_analysis_of_hail_impact_on_metal_roofs.pdf b/Articles/damage_mechanics_based_analysis_of_hail_impact_on_metal_roofs.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43fb76e9be81d1052753c372d15094ebfac09aa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/damage_mechanics_based_analysis_of_hail_impact_on_metal_roofs.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:ffe78905844bf706a86ecad4a5139c375342a3f07b6ef700569ba42deb3b8088
+size 10811234
diff --git a/Articles/developing_a_test_method_for_a_very_severe_hail_rating_for_low_slope_roofing_assemblies.pdf b/Articles/developing_a_test_method_for_a_very_severe_hail_rating_for_low_slope_roofing_assemblies.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78c9640349eebdefad6c1a0df22c1e3050f300dd
Binary files /dev/null and b/Articles/developing_a_test_method_for_a_very_severe_hail_rating_for_low_slope_roofing_assemblies.pdf differ
diff --git a/Articles/evaluating_hail_damage_using_property_insurance_claims_data.pdf b/Articles/evaluating_hail_damage_using_property_insurance_claims_data.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7e76f01634a6cb8fc5602d7e78d73a80f60e869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/evaluating_hail_damage_using_property_insurance_claims_data.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:fdedf1b2a76d560a2a33a83085e7979f16b858db060870526a2228c5192a866f
+size 2163207
diff --git a/Articles/evaluating_the_hardness_characteristics_of_hail_through_compressive_strength_measurements.pdf b/Articles/evaluating_the_hardness_characteristics_of_hail_through_compressive_strength_measurements.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c4f2d3ccfa62ee58ae2dec8a2c2bd4dc64b08c2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/evaluating_the_hardness_characteristics_of_hail_through_compressive_strength_measurements.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:5b8d0b53076517cb1216b736c58f5d10541d59c28470ae5828a4fe656475a24b
+size 1070128
diff --git a/Articles/failure_mechanisms_and_load_paths_in_a_standing_seam_metal_roof_under_extreme_wind_loads.pdf b/Articles/failure_mechanisms_and_load_paths_in_a_standing_seam_metal_roof_under_extreme_wind_loads.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab8b21b2fa15efcf9d156661ff781fe129da30a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/failure_mechanisms_and_load_paths_in_a_standing_seam_metal_roof_under_extreme_wind_loads.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:b799fc0b911629eda8825e5eedd38ec7a07f948af196ba1c647a0540787f361c
+size 19677059
diff --git a/Articles/full_scale_study_of_wind_loads_on_roof_tiles_and_felt_underlay_and_comparisons_with_design_data.pdf b/Articles/full_scale_study_of_wind_loads_on_roof_tiles_and_felt_underlay_and_comparisons_with_design_data.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b3d3b81637b34264bdc5dc97aaf54fd54e2903e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/full_scale_study_of_wind_loads_on_roof_tiles_and_felt_underlay_and_comparisons_with_design_data.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:87bb781500f04b90ca79fcc2f3124bcc78085a4ca08d582e589f734c75e51112
+size 3298992
diff --git a/Articles/full_scale_testing_to_evaluate_the_performance_of_standing_seam_metal_roofs_under_simulated_wind_loading.pdf b/Articles/full_scale_testing_to_evaluate_the_performance_of_standing_seam_metal_roofs_under_simulated_wind_loading.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c29ab29254b6a42c98ee62930ebb5a12eaaabc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/full_scale_testing_to_evaluate_the_performance_of_standing_seam_metal_roofs_under_simulated_wind_loading.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:2e71e93d73b600c2b13c7f8a5e445298df740f8629478e33c8fa5f22844b6681
+size 5028863
diff --git a/Articles/full_scale_wind_tunnel_testing_of_tile_roofing_systems_ibhs.pdf b/Articles/full_scale_wind_tunnel_testing_of_tile_roofing_systems_ibhs.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80a12faf842fe4bf9a3dd371d5546250b34e4468
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/full_scale_wind_tunnel_testing_of_tile_roofing_systems_ibhs.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:8c9052b15590801ce2af07150c123839317eabe7632c8b473920c1a18d379861
+size 5977734
diff --git a/Articles/geophysical_research_letters___2014___heymsfield___terminal_velocities_and_kinetic_energies_of_natural_hailstones.pdf b/Articles/geophysical_research_letters___2014___heymsfield___terminal_velocities_and_kinetic_energies_of_natural_hailstones.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6690e66137f4ece10027758df77e74fb6732fcd3
Binary files /dev/null and b/Articles/geophysical_research_letters___2014___heymsfield___terminal_velocities_and_kinetic_energies_of_natural_hailstones.pdf differ
diff --git a/Articles/hail_damage_threshold_sizes_for_common_roofing_materials.pdf b/Articles/hail_damage_threshold_sizes_for_common_roofing_materials.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c25a0e20d4fa345afee8187d7b6419dd79e25cc
Binary files /dev/null and b/Articles/hail_damage_threshold_sizes_for_common_roofing_materials.pdf differ
diff --git a/Articles/hail_impact_performance_of_low_slope_metal_roofing.pdf b/Articles/hail_impact_performance_of_low_slope_metal_roofing.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c7150e8f6938579cd6c50e6058decda9af5e8c3
Binary files /dev/null and b/Articles/hail_impact_performance_of_low_slope_metal_roofing.pdf differ
diff --git a/Articles/hail_in_the_front_range_of_the_rockies_and_high_plains_is_it_more_damaging.pdf b/Articles/hail_in_the_front_range_of_the_rockies_and_high_plains_is_it_more_damaging.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41b0915d0e1489f6846138af8b1e17307fa3d6a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/hail_in_the_front_range_of_the_rockies_and_high_plains_is_it_more_damaging.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:8444591b3412fbd48d2aceaf11f41c7098c90314cbc4fd070331bc21bd9f020f
+size 2587461
diff --git a/Articles/hailstone_shapes.pdf b/Articles/hailstone_shapes.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b63a1c59cca6084b3680b144bbfec695c6bd99a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/hailstone_shapes.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:da63283d73f015860ae5849d8c6b6d4500cdac145adee6b43044bc308f7d9c8f
+size 1984380
diff --git a/Articles/hurricane_harvey_wind_damage_investigation_ibhs.pdf b/Articles/hurricane_harvey_wind_damage_investigation_ibhs.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1fa6e1f439e91c246e699be0e7bb149f3628d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/hurricane_harvey_wind_damage_investigation_ibhs.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:3d084b6d358e1ff2c3fa8e7333a23981fc421d0e82b0a94af7ac7162b7d58834
+size 3180571
diff --git a/Articles/hurricane_ike_natures_force_vs_structural_strength_ibhs.pdf b/Articles/hurricane_ike_natures_force_vs_structural_strength_ibhs.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2907c79af14b66b0b9f8ba8b9a6a1088c71e4491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/hurricane_ike_natures_force_vs_structural_strength_ibhs.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:b0b7fae2a6470fb460c733b6815b9584062f5b3add1d2aa92109a1ab77d09c97
+size 2898455
diff --git a/Articles/ibhs_astm_d3161_results_by_manufacturer_for_roof_slope_and_installation_temperature.pdf b/Articles/ibhs_astm_d3161_results_by_manufacturer_for_roof_slope_and_installation_temperature.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..feeda91512f110276f1c2e0ac5ed675e2b1a3051
Binary files /dev/null and b/Articles/ibhs_astm_d3161_results_by_manufacturer_for_roof_slope_and_installation_temperature.pdf differ
diff --git a/Articles/ibhs_impact_resistance_test_protocol_for_asphalt_shingles.pdf b/Articles/ibhs_impact_resistance_test_protocol_for_asphalt_shingles.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6cb59faa8bde42d1e61c2f0fae63a611e9f083c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/ibhs_impact_resistance_test_protocol_for_asphalt_shingles.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:9d77944a3cf9dbeb691337d7156c8d5849f9bee9575766c5d98d2d911ba49610
+size 4355399
diff --git a/Articles/ibhs_report_hurricane_michael_post_investigation.pdf b/Articles/ibhs_report_hurricane_michael_post_investigation.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69879173d3b2055f7423b0ac5bd32d8f77e6ffbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/ibhs_report_hurricane_michael_post_investigation.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:01a5f751934779b2d70310de55337599a16aa00609a98d5c7400749dfe5e58b4
+size 7058998
diff --git a/Articles/ibhs_roof_aging_farm_five_year_hail_performance_summary.pdf b/Articles/ibhs_roof_aging_farm_five_year_hail_performance_summary.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fbc08ea83c4706acf1626c17f6c25d0a777ed851
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/ibhs_roof_aging_farm_five_year_hail_performance_summary.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:76140d30f03251ae9162acc1ff8b38c193423a5fdcb6555b29e378f6b7c7dd72
+size 1928642
diff --git a/Articles/ibhs_roof_aging_farm_five_year_wind_performance_summary.pdf b/Articles/ibhs_roof_aging_farm_five_year_wind_performance_summary.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a2a1fabce5409fd3c1ca48a28634d1cf30f6dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/ibhs_roof_aging_farm_five_year_wind_performance_summary.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:87939db6226a380024318925bd1a9bf1a94e74a38b77b2b2712d3fe56a562db0
+size 1810169
diff --git a/Articles/impact_resistance_of_synthetic_composite_shingles.pdf b/Articles/impact_resistance_of_synthetic_composite_shingles.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57b65ebfa3ba271135f9c2062bec2ca259d19cd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/impact_resistance_of_synthetic_composite_shingles.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:210217e9c6f858e8dbb4da36ea4d3ecc81359b75a9f508693a74cfb2e8a4eb81
+size 3101212
diff --git "a/Articles/impact_resistant_shingle_performance_ratings_\342\200\223_insurance_institute_for_business_&_home_safety.pdf" "b/Articles/impact_resistant_shingle_performance_ratings_\342\200\223_insurance_institute_for_business_&_home_safety.pdf"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4ef34fa8a15685dd6f76c13867d3fec963d6b43
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Articles/impact_resistant_shingle_performance_ratings_\342\200\223_insurance_institute_for_business_&_home_safety.pdf"
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:080115a4739e7d293427b48977df614feede2b7a550340b70cbe2e80c2412451
+size 4543282
diff --git a/Articles/impact_testing_of_high_concentrations_of_small_hail.pdf b/Articles/impact_testing_of_high_concentrations_of_small_hail.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1fb846455b95e74692d134d4b92e8a4b88f508b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/impact_testing_of_high_concentrations_of_small_hail.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:fce5348e237c8cede13b9aa167aa0e4f9e53051a9df2503007a923abb1d5291f
+size 6170082
diff --git a/Articles/investigation_of_the_wind_resistance_of_asphalt_shingles.pdf b/Articles/investigation_of_the_wind_resistance_of_asphalt_shingles.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..edf2340b9239c139de863730a8b4315d739769ee
Binary files /dev/null and b/Articles/investigation_of_the_wind_resistance_of_asphalt_shingles.pdf differ
diff --git a/Articles/new_asphalt_shingle_hail_impact_performance_test_protocol_and_damage_assessment_natural_hazards_review.pdf b/Articles/new_asphalt_shingle_hail_impact_performance_test_protocol_and_damage_assessment_natural_hazards_review.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b72d45814306f11f6b7fb362a1c0620db1778cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/new_asphalt_shingle_hail_impact_performance_test_protocol_and_damage_assessment_natural_hazards_review.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:96e57f96c87258923054ace9ee758739d3d9d116bb8cf002966c100bafc7ae03
+size 10449393
diff --git a/Articles/performance_of_metal_roofing_to_realistic_wind_loads_and_evaluation_of_current_test_standards_icwe_ibhs.pdf b/Articles/performance_of_metal_roofing_to_realistic_wind_loads_and_evaluation_of_current_test_standards_icwe_ibhs.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..670493e9e571173ef70f7e8ab33d084030f069c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/performance_of_metal_roofing_to_realistic_wind_loads_and_evaluation_of_current_test_standards_icwe_ibhs.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:d0098e2480d3c3e5508f75b6d8bb8e887794dbf002cf2f94a084e3e73b1ddbf2
+size 3275723
diff --git a/Articles/performance_of_roof_tiles_under_simulated_hurricane_impact.pdf b/Articles/performance_of_roof_tiles_under_simulated_hurricane_impact.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad3b99ea71e228cb992be4e6c564867c7bbd223e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/performance_of_roof_tiles_under_simulated_hurricane_impact.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:4135114737778577a5df4271b0a18fe3e386d3817a84d153c3d3b8f7977ad7d6
+size 1299073
diff --git a/Articles/post_2004_hurricane_field_survey_of_residential_building_performance.pdf b/Articles/post_2004_hurricane_field_survey_of_residential_building_performance.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58033bd0460ce5a6aec87cfd38fc68a393423a26
Binary files /dev/null and b/Articles/post_2004_hurricane_field_survey_of_residential_building_performance.pdf differ
diff --git a/Articles/prediction_of_extent_of_damage_to_metal_roof_panels_under_hail_impact.pdf b/Articles/prediction_of_extent_of_damage_to_metal_roof_panels_under_hail_impact.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..698d27c4050549b9bfc9b8890cd2bf9231ea0149
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/prediction_of_extent_of_damage_to_metal_roof_panels_under_hail_impact.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:b8c65625dcd22b14c2b37721f913cc3b35fb7458fdf0084620a5954bd0ebafa2
+size 6557963
diff --git a/Articles/relative_impact_resistance_of_asphalt_shingles_summary_of_ul2218_impact_tests_ibhs.pdf b/Articles/relative_impact_resistance_of_asphalt_shingles_summary_of_ul2218_impact_tests_ibhs.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb6b6f0456b8332d4a4f606af291492614e0304c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/relative_impact_resistance_of_asphalt_shingles_summary_of_ul2218_impact_tests_ibhs.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:5f96529aed6295d0efb3cd78e87c97b6a341d46fa9ad3559df6ef8240db9f519
+size 1713485
diff --git a/Articles/study_of_wind_loads_on_asphalt_shingles_using_full_scale_experimentation.pdf b/Articles/study_of_wind_loads_on_asphalt_shingles_using_full_scale_experimentation.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb033a5c685177711c47805f224cfadb053df365
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/study_of_wind_loads_on_asphalt_shingles_using_full_scale_experimentation.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:5bccc6a1713d7f1b20bbb7eb2e543ec39b90841c5a0c26fba4b99daa67ce9e0e
+size 15152252
diff --git a/Articles/surviving_natures_fury_performance_of_asphalt_shingle_roofs_in_the_real_world_ibhs.pdf b/Articles/surviving_natures_fury_performance_of_asphalt_shingle_roofs_in_the_real_world_ibhs.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..625ddf87c6d78cf21009e4317f76dafe3fca1d8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/surviving_natures_fury_performance_of_asphalt_shingle_roofs_in_the_real_world_ibhs.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:f61a236c9bfec342e2c8e21b0cd01258af8330ca020a94a17ea12d04cfe39a69
+size 4857344
diff --git a/Articles/the_effect_of_roof_age_on_asphalt_shingle_performance_hurricane_rita_to_hurricane_laura.pdf b/Articles/the_effect_of_roof_age_on_asphalt_shingle_performance_hurricane_rita_to_hurricane_laura.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a4b93caa577a0662e0d5e81e92853815062f89f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/the_effect_of_roof_age_on_asphalt_shingle_performance_hurricane_rita_to_hurricane_laura.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:19617a17d96180f9f02d006f0ccf3c092e8162c5f8aeb29fe62105a1c9844966
+size 5983294
diff --git a/Articles/the_effects_of_hail_on_metal_roofing_systems.pdf b/Articles/the_effects_of_hail_on_metal_roofing_systems.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ee899ae4b09aea1710c0edb8e77cd3f3e74c6a0
Binary files /dev/null and b/Articles/the_effects_of_hail_on_metal_roofing_systems.pdf differ
diff --git a/Articles/using_3d_laser_scanning_technology_to_create_digital_models_of_hailstones.pdf b/Articles/using_3d_laser_scanning_technology_to_create_digital_models_of_hailstones.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16e1ec2ad4cd73120e585b2ca45eceb22b0d9aba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/using_3d_laser_scanning_technology_to_create_digital_models_of_hailstones.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:0054cfbbfbd226198b3e8c48ee5d6fbd3b1375d1d97bf089a52fe78384cda923
+size 9941425
diff --git a/Articles/water_leakage_vulnerabilities_for_shingles_with_hail_damage.pdf b/Articles/water_leakage_vulnerabilities_for_shingles_with_hail_damage.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7fa8406f73612cd7cca035ed6f0fec3c8829336
Binary files /dev/null and b/Articles/water_leakage_vulnerabilities_for_shingles_with_hail_damage.pdf differ
diff --git a/Articles/wind_damage_to_envelopes_of_houses_and_consequent_insurance_losses.pdf b/Articles/wind_damage_to_envelopes_of_houses_and_consequent_insurance_losses.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8a99ac8e62951a6027c86bf34811e4defd98c2f
Binary files /dev/null and b/Articles/wind_damage_to_envelopes_of_houses_and_consequent_insurance_losses.pdf differ
diff --git a/Articles/wind_effects_on_roofs_with_high_profile_tiles_experimental_study.pdf b/Articles/wind_effects_on_roofs_with_high_profile_tiles_experimental_study.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0acc0c750e5caa52d3c5a531dbcd9a4bfa9bc4dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/wind_effects_on_roofs_with_high_profile_tiles_experimental_study.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:03e40ed2311098116f95e58414b357ef175342c99ac635383686d6f8bf57c73e
+size 1456795
diff --git a/Articles/wind_loading_on_ridge_hip_and_perimeter_roof_tiles__a_full_scale_experimental_study.pdf b/Articles/wind_loading_on_ridge_hip_and_perimeter_roof_tiles__a_full_scale_experimental_study.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43a7c872139b4397eb7092de10701f82212b80a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/wind_loading_on_ridge_hip_and_perimeter_roof_tiles__a_full_scale_experimental_study.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:400208cabf81fac39f5c1a1519bf4315ad6010ce1378c293467329d1e52e9f34
+size 2498510
diff --git a/Articles/wind_loads_on_discontinuous_metal_roofing_executive_summary_ibhs.pdf b/Articles/wind_loads_on_discontinuous_metal_roofing_executive_summary_ibhs.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c95845f99d511d1d1ac090e1b734db429bfeac2
Binary files /dev/null and b/Articles/wind_loads_on_discontinuous_metal_roofing_executive_summary_ibhs.pdf differ
diff --git a/Articles/wind_loads_on_discontinuous_metal_roofing_ibhs.pdf b/Articles/wind_loads_on_discontinuous_metal_roofing_ibhs.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc9c87dc88e8475588eb363c735eb4b27a947e39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/wind_loads_on_discontinuous_metal_roofing_ibhs.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:7d8274b0ecea953ea5a62513a9748c7f61e6bb567e55df99591cc08d91846a20
+size 2549809
diff --git a/Articles/wind_uplift_of_asphalt_shingles_ibhs.pdf b/Articles/wind_uplift_of_asphalt_shingles_ibhs.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4023d9a6d6c0ac1692ab0e6929f0e6f1c5b4e712
Binary files /dev/null and b/Articles/wind_uplift_of_asphalt_shingles_ibhs.pdf differ
diff --git a/Articles/wind_uplift_resistance_of_artificially_and_naturally_aged_asphalt_shingles.pdf b/Articles/wind_uplift_resistance_of_artificially_and_naturally_aged_asphalt_shingles.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11307b92045b51795bc1846bd2f48fbbf566496c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/wind_uplift_resistance_of_artificially_and_naturally_aged_asphalt_shingles.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:b5eb19cde94e6980e93fa7aef993be7bd063acf4a4379399ba0221afef7b4b6f
+size 2913557
diff --git a/Articles/wind_vulnerability_analysis_of_standing_seam_roof_system_considering_fatigue_damage.pdf b/Articles/wind_vulnerability_analysis_of_standing_seam_roof_system_considering_fatigue_damage.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..197e3d0051d929a91261af410869723a2bdc69a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Articles/wind_vulnerability_analysis_of_standing_seam_roof_system_considering_fatigue_damage.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:e338fe6e2b9d60ab4fecd3147215f198937ba1e1b60c59c6634b4cf56de05454
+size 5384058
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3a95c457798437f3b37e6bfa98d741b164125344..7ff79024a395169fcfdc1f532bd8d908e2d9f177 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
 ---
 title: RoofingRoadmap
-emoji: ⚡
-colorFrom: yellow
-colorTo: pink
+app_file: main.py
 sdk: gradio
-sdk_version: 5.5.0
-app_file: app.py
-pinned: false
+sdk_version: 5.4.0
 ---
-
-Check out the configuration reference at https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/spaces-config-reference
diff --git a/articles_db.csv b/articles_db.csv
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10256a1ae84222300042266ba63e0de417e8617a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/articles_db.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,1427 @@
+id,category,title,file_name,link,roof_material,hazard,page_count,word_count,summary,unique_hazards,unique_materials,abstract
+1,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,2008 Florida residential wind loss mitigation study.,2008_florida_residential_wind_loss_mitigation_study.pdf,https://www.floir.com/sitedocuments/aralossmitigationstudy.pdf,,,362.0,134492.0,"Here is a concise summary of the main themes:
+
+**Terrain and Building Design**
+
+* Terrain categories (open, suburban, treed, coastal) affect building design and wind loss mitigation strategies.
+* Trees can reduce windspeeds near the ground but also pose a risk of property damage and personal injury from tree fall.
+* Strengthening structures at eaves to prevent tree damage may be more effective than wind pressure-related mitigation in treed terrain.
+
+**Roof Failures**
+
+* Single-ply membrane roofs, built-up roofs, or modified bitumen roofs can fail due to flashing failures, tearing, or other factors.
+* Progressive failure mechanisms lead to extensive damage and interior water intrusion.
+* Roof-to-wall connections can cause significant damage, often resulting in losses equivalent to the full insured value of a building.
+
+**Building Envelope Failures**
+
+* Sliding glass door failures and step-over installations can occur due to wind pressures during hurricanes.
+* Foundation failures are rare but can occur due to storm surge and wave action, rather than wind loads.
+* Building envelope issues, particularly with flat roof structures, can lead to increased loads on the underside of the roof and potential for roof deck failure.
+
+**Wind Loss Mitigation**
+
+* Factors such as building height, windows, doors, and frame connections contribute to hurricane damage and loss.
+* Wind mitigation factors (e.g., wind-resistant design, impact-resistant glazing) are effective in reducing losses, but non-mitigation factors (e.g., building envelope issues) can also contribute to damage.
+
+**Insurance Data Analysis**
+
+* Insurance data analysis is used to determine the effectiveness of wind mitigation factors and non-mitigation factors contributing to insured losses.
+* Loss relativities for single-family and multi-family residences before and after Building Code changes are presented, highlighting the importance of implementing these relativities with respect to insurance rate differentials.","['tornado', 'Hurricane', 'wind storms', 'Hurricane Erin', 'hurricane', 'Hurricane Opal', 'hurricanes']","['Tile', 'metal roofs', 'tiles', 'shingle and tile roof covers', 'tile roof', 'tile roofs']","**Abstract**
+
+This paper examines the interplay between terrain characteristics, building design, and wind loss mitigation strategies, emphasizing the influence of terrain categories—namely open, suburban, treed, and coastal landscapes—on architectural resilience. It highlights the dual role of trees in moderating wind speeds while simultaneously posing risks of property damage and personal injury due to potential falls. The study suggests that fortifying structural eaves may yield superior protection against tree-related damage compared to traditional wind pressure mitigation strategies in treed terrains.
+
+Furthermore, the paper investigates common roof failures, identifying single-ply membrane, built-up, and modified bitumen roofs as susceptible to failures stemming from flashing deficiencies and progressive mechanisms that culminate in significant interior water intrusion and costly damages. The analysis reveals that roof-to-wall connections can exacerbate these failures, leading to losses equivalent to the full insured value of a structure.
+
+In addition, the examination of building envelope failures underscores the vulnerability of sliding glass doors and step-over installations to hurricane-induced wind pressures, while noting the rarity of foundation failures, which are typically attributed to storm surge rather than wind loads. The consequences of building envelope deficiencies, particularly in flat-roofed structures, are discussed in relation to their potential to impose excessive loads on roof decks.
+
+The study further elucidates various factors contributing to hurricane-related damage, including design elements such as building height, window and door configurations, and frame connections. It affirms that while wind-resistant designs and impact-resistant glazing effectively mitigate losses, non-mitigation factors related to building envelopes can significantly exacerbate damage.
+
+Finally, the paper presents a comprehensive analysis of insurance data to evaluate the efficacy of both mitigation and non-mitigation factors in influencing insured losses. The findings highlight the importance of addressing loss relativities for single-family and multi-family residences, especially in the context of evolving Building Code standards and their implications for insurance rate differentials."
+2,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,A Comparative Impact Assessment of Hail Damage to Tile and Built-Up Roofing Systems: Technical Review and Field Study,a_comparative_impact_assessment_of_hail_damage_to_tile_and_built_up_roofing_systems_technical_review_and_field_study.pdf,https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.2020.v1,"Tile, Built-Up Roofs",,20.0,9117.0,"Here is a concise summary of the main themes:
+
+**Hail Damage on Roofs**
+
+* Hail can cause significant damage to roofs, including fractures, punctures, and chipping of tiles.
+* The severity of hail damage depends on the size and velocity of hailstones, as well as the type of roofing material.
+
+**Types of Roofing Materials**
+
+* Asphalt shingles are more prone to hail damage than concrete tile roofing.
+* Concrete tile roofing is more resistant to hail damage, but can still be affected by larger hailstones.
+* Low-slope roofing is also susceptible to hail damage.
+
+**Factors Affecting Hail Damage**
+
+* Wind speed and direction can affect the severity of hail damage.
+* Roof design and construction can influence the likelihood of hail damage.
+* Location and climate can also impact the frequency and severity of hail events.
+
+**Prevention and Mitigation**
+
+* Proper roof design and installation can help prevent hail damage.
+* Regular maintenance, such as cleaning and inspecting roofs, can help identify potential issues before they become major problems.
+* Roof coatings and sealants can provide additional protection against hail damage.
+
+**Research and Industry Guidelines**
+
+* Research studies have investigated the effects of hail on different types of roofing materials.
+* Industry guidelines, such as those from the National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA), provide recommendations for roof design, installation, and maintenance to minimize the risk of hail damage.
+
+Overall, hail can cause significant damage to roofs, but proper design, installation, and maintenance can help prevent or mitigate this damage.",['hailstorms'],"['asphaltic bitumen built up in layers (BUR)', 'coal tar built-up roofs', 'Tile', 'red clay tile', 'asphalt shingles', 'French Tiles', 'built-up roofing system', 'tile roofing systems', 'Scalloped Tiles', 'concrete tile shingles', 'asphalt', 'Clay Roof Tiles', 'Spanish Tiles', 'concrete tile shingle', 'tile roof', 'clay barrel tiles', 'Double Roman Tiles', 'concrete tiles', 'asphaltic fiberglass reinforced membrane', 'clay flat tiles', 'tile roofing system', 'tile', 'clay roof tiles', 'built-up roofs', 'clay tile', 'Concrete and Clay Tile', 'built-up roof', 'field tiles', 'concrete tile systems', 'Flat Tiles', 'metal', 'concrete field tile', 'tile roofing', 'metal roof', 'Barrel Tiles', 'concrete tile', 'clay tiles', 'built-up roofing', 'roof tile', 'French clay tiles', 'Concrete Roof Tiles']","**Abstract**
+
+Hail impact on roofing systems presents a considerable risk, characterized by various forms of damage including fractures, punctures, and chipping of roofing materials. The extent of this damage is influenced by multiple factors, primarily the size and velocity of hailstones and the inherent properties of the roofing materials employed. Among common materials, asphalt shingles demonstrate heightened vulnerability to hail, while concrete tile roofing, although more resilient, is not impervious to large hail events. Additionally, low-slope roofs also exhibit susceptibility to hail damage.
+
+Several external and structural factors further dictate the severity of hail-induced damage, including wind speed and direction, roof design and construction methodologies, as well as geographic location and associated climatic conditions. Mitigation strategies, such as optimized roof design and installation practices, along with regular maintenance and the application of protective coatings, are critical for minimizing potential damage from hail.
+
+Current research has explored the interaction between hail and various roofing materials, while industry guidelines, notably from the National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA), offer essential recommendations for roof design, installation, and maintenance aimed at reducing hail damage risk. In conclusion, while hail poses a significant threat to roofing integrity, adherence to best practices in design, installation, and maintenance can substantially mitigate its detrimental effects."
+3,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,"A comprehensive observational study of graupel and hail terminal velocity, mass flux, and kinetic energy",a_comprehensive_observational_study_of_grauple_and_hail_terminal_velocities_mass_flux_and_kinetic_energies.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0035.1,,,25.0,12155.0,"Here is a concise summary of the main themes:
+
+**Hail Research Overview**
+
+The provided list of scientific papers covers various aspects of hail research, including hailstone growth and development, shape factor and radar interpretation, measurement and interpretation of hailstone density and terminal velocity, numerical studies of graupel flow fields, effects of surface roughness on convective heat and mass transfer, fall speeds and masses of solid precipitation particles, radar observations of ice spheres in free fall, wind tunnel tests of simulated hailstones with variable roughness, polarimetric radar characteristics of melting hail, and kinetic energy of hailfalls.
+
+**Key Findings**
+
+* Hailstone shapes and sizes can significantly impact their terminal velocity and fall behavior.
+* The shape factor of hailstones is an important parameter in understanding their radar interpretation.
+* Numerical studies have been conducted to simulate graupel flow fields and understand the effects of environmental factors on hail formation and behavior.
+* Wind tunnel tests have been used to study the effects of surface roughness on convective heat and mass transfer.
+
+**Implications**
+
+The research has significant implications for understanding hail behavior, including:
+
+* The importance of considering hailstone shape and size in predicting terminal velocity and fall behavior.
+* The need for accurate radar interpretation to detect and track hailstorms.
+* The potential impact of environmental factors on hail formation and behavior.
+
+Overall, the papers provide a comprehensive overview of hail research, highlighting the complexities and nuances of hail behavior and the importance of considering various factors in understanding its dynamics.","['ice storm', 'hailstorms']",[],"**Abstract**
+
+This paper presents a comprehensive overview of current research in the field of hail, encompassing the growth and development of hailstones, their shape factors and implications for radar interpretation, and the measurement and analysis of hailstone density and terminal velocity. Investigative studies include numerical simulations of graupel flow fields, the influence of surface roughness on convective heat and mass transfer, and assessments of the fall speeds and masses of solid precipitation particles. Additional research explores radar observations of ice spheres, wind tunnel experiments simulating hailstones with varying roughness, polarimetric radar characteristics of melting hail, and the kinetic energy associated with hailfalls.
+
+**Key Findings**
+
+The findings underscore the significant impact of hailstone morphology on terminal velocity and fall dynamics. The shape factor emerges as a critical variable for accurate radar interpretation, while numerical analyses elucidate the environmental influences on hail formation. Wind tunnel experiments further reveal the roles of surface roughness in heat and mass transfer processes.
+
+**Implications**
+
+The implications of this research are profound, indicating the necessity of incorporating hailstone shape and size into predictive models of terminal velocity and fall behavior. Accurate radar interpretation is essential for effective detection and tracking of hailstorms, and environmental factors must be carefully considered to enhance understanding of hail formation and dynamics. This body of work highlights the intricate nature of hail behavior, advocating for a multifaceted approach to its study to advance predictive capabilities and improve meteorological assessments."
+4,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Analysis of Standing Seam Metal Roofs Subjected to Extreme Wind Loads,analysis_of_standing_seam_metal_roofs_subjected_to_extreme_wind_loads.pdf,https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/8489/,Standing Seam Metal,,213.0,38903.0,"Here's a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+This study investigates the behavior of standing seam metal roof systems under extreme wind loads. The research combines experimental testing and finite element analysis (FEM) to understand the load transfer mechanism in these systems.
+
+Key findings include:
+
+* A linear relationship between wind pressure and clip reaction at low pressures, but a non-linear relationship as wind pressure increases due to large deformation of the roof panel.
+* Load sharing among clips changes significantly with increasing wind pressure, leading to more loads transferring to clips and fasteners at the edges.
+* Boundary conditions have a significant impact on load distribution, which is often ignored by current standards.
+* The use of finite element analysis reveals that the roof panel undergoes overall buckling before reaching its ultimate bearing capacity, with the initial location of global buckling occurring in the middle of two clips near the seam.
+
+The study proposes an updated analytical model using the influence function concept and shows that clip reactions estimated using current standards are significantly smaller than those obtained through database-assisted design (DAD) method. The research highlights the importance of understanding the wind-induced response and internal interaction mechanism between clip reaction and wind load to improve the wind-resistance performance of similar structures.
+
+Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of standing seam metal roof systems' structural behavior under realistic boundary conditions when subjected to wind uplift loads, with implications for design and analysis.","['Hurricane', 'Strong wind', 'windstorm']",['standing seam metal roof'],"**Abstract**
+
+This investigation examines the structural behavior of standing seam metal roof systems subjected to extreme wind loads through a combination of experimental testing and finite element analysis (FEM). The study delineates several key findings: first, a linear correlation between wind pressure and clip reaction is observed at low pressures, transitioning to a non-linear relationship at higher pressures due to significant deformation of the roof panels. Additionally, the distribution of loads among clips is notably affected as wind pressure escalates, resulting in increased load transfer to edge clips and fasteners. The research underscores the critical influence of boundary conditions on load distribution—an aspect often overlooked in current design standards. FEM results indicate that global buckling of the roof panel occurs prior to reaching its ultimate bearing capacity, with initial buckling localized between clips adjacent to the seam.
+
+The study further proposes an updated analytical model utilizing the influence function concept, revealing discrepancies between clip reactions predicted by existing standards and those derived from a database-assisted design (DAD) approach. This work emphasizes the necessity of comprehending the wind-induced response and the internal interaction between clip reactions and wind loads to enhance the wind-resistance performance of analogous structures. Ultimately, this research advances the understanding of standing seam metal roof systems' behavior under realistic boundary conditions when exposed to wind uplift loads, offering significant implications for future design and analytical practices."
+5,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Asphalt Shingle Durability,asphalt_shingle_durability.pdf,https://ibhs.org/?a=download&key=34b09091cee84523c013ee3f7fde4ee1,,,12.0,2561.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+**Asphalt Shingle Durability: Key Findings**
+
+Research has shown that asphalt shingle durability is influenced by various factors, including material quality, installation techniques, and environmental conditions. While no single property can reliably predict impact or wind performance, studies have identified some key trends and findings:
+
+* **Polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) shingles**: PMA shingles have been found to outperform oxidized impact-rated shingles in some tests, but there is variability within PMA products.
+* **Wind performance**: Wind performance is largely determined by the sealant, with the composition of the shingle itself being secondary.
+* **Granule adhesion**: PMA shingles have better granule adhesion, which reduces granule loss and exposure to UV radiation.
+* **Impact resistance**: While higher polymer content was expected to improve performance, it did not guarantee better results in impact tests (UL 2218).
+* **Aging**: Asphalt shingles can degrade over time due to environmental factors such as UV radiation, heat, and cold.
+
+**Key Takeaways**
+
+* High-quality asphalt shingles made from durable materials tend to last longer.
+* Proper installation techniques are crucial for extending the lifespan of asphalt shingles.
+* Environmental conditions such as extreme temperatures, weathering, and UV radiation can affect shingle durability.
+* PMA shingles have shown promise in improving durability, but more research is needed to fully understand their performance.
+
+**Future Research Directions**
+
+* Testing aged products using roof aging farms to compare new and aged product performance.
+* Investigating the impact of various environmental factors on asphalt shingle durability.
+* Developing more accurate methods for predicting impact and wind performance.",['hurricane'],"['polymer-modified asphalt (PMA)', 'oxidized asphalt', 'Asphalt Shingles', 'asphalt shingles', 'ASPHALT SHINGLE', 'traditional air-blown oxidized asphalt shingles', 'oxidized asphalt shingles', 'asphalt']","**Abstract**
+
+The durability of asphalt shingles is a multifaceted issue influenced by material quality, installation practices, and environmental conditions. This study synthesizes findings related to the performance characteristics of asphalt shingles, with a particular focus on polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) shingles. Key observations indicate that PMA shingles exhibit superior performance compared to oxidized impact-rated shingles, although variability exists among PMA products. The sealant composition is identified as a primary determinant of wind performance, overshadowing the inherent properties of the shingle material. Additionally, PMA shingles demonstrate enhanced granule adhesion, mitigating granule loss and subsequent UV exposure. Despite the expectation that increased polymer content would correlate with improved impact resistance, results from impact testing (UL 2218) did not consistently support this hypothesis. Furthermore, the aging process of asphalt shingles is accelerated by environmental stressors, including UV radiation, temperature fluctuations, and weathering.
+
+The results underscore that high-quality materials and proper installation techniques are essential for maximizing the longevity of asphalt shingles. Environmental factors play a significant role in shingle durability, particularly under extreme conditions. While PMA shingles show potential for enhanced durability, further investigations are warranted to elucidate their performance under varying conditions.
+
+Future research should prioritize the evaluation of aged products using roofing aging farms to facilitate comparative analysis with new products, explore the influence of diverse environmental factors on shingle durability, and refine methodologies for accurately predicting impact and wind performance."
+6,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Asphalt Shingle Hail Impact Performance Guide,asphalt_shingle_hail_impact_performance_guide.pdf,https://ibhs.org/?a=download&key=645d49bb0ac86c1c50595cdc7d3f6adc,,,21.0,3886.0,"Here is a concise summary of the Asphalt Shingle Hail Impact Performance Guide:
+
+**Key Findings:**
+
+* IR (Impact-Resistant) shingles outperformed non-IR shingles by 10% on average for 1.5-in. impacts and 3% for 2-in. impacts.
+* IR products showed a significant improvement of 14-34% compared to non-IR products when only positive comparisons were considered.
+* The top-rated shingles are Atlas Pinnacle (8.9), CertainTeed Landmark (8.4), and Owens Corning Oakridge (7.8) for 2-inch impacts.
+
+**Recommendations:**
+
+* Manufacturers should focus on developing and marketing products with better impact resistance to meet consumer demands.
+* Using an IR shingle product rated Good or Excellent is essential for FORTIFIED Roof designations, especially in high-wind and hail-prone areas.
+
+**Implications:**
+
+* The guide highlights the importance of choosing a durable and resilient asphalt shingle that can withstand hail impacts.
+* Homeowners and builders should consider the impact performance of different shingles when selecting a product for their roof.",['hailstorms'],"['polymer-modified asphalt', 'oxidized asphalt', 'asphalt shingles', 'ASPHALT SHINGLE', 'asphalt']","**Abstract:**
+
+This study evaluates the impact performance of asphalt shingles, specifically comparing Impact-Resistant (IR) shingles to their non-IR counterparts. The analysis reveals that IR shingles exhibit superior performance, demonstrating an average enhancement of 10% for 1.5-inch hail impacts and a 3% improvement for 2-inch impacts. Notably, when assessing only positive outcomes, IR products showed a significant performance increase ranging from 14% to 34% relative to non-IR alternatives. The investigation identifies the top-performing shingles as Atlas Pinnacle (8.9), CertainTeed Landmark (8.4), and Owens Corning Oakridge (7.8) for 2-inch impacts. 
+
+This guide underscores the necessity for manufacturers to prioritize the development and promotion of shingles with enhanced impact resistance to align with consumer expectations. Furthermore, the adoption of IR shingles rated as Good or Excellent is crucial for compliance with FORTIFIED Roof designations, particularly in regions susceptible to high winds and hail. The findings emphasize the critical role of selecting durable asphalt shingles capable of enduring hail impacts, advocating for informed decision-making by homeowners and builders in the roofing selection process."
+7,Other Reference Materials,Asphalt Shingle Patterns Identification Guide,asphalt_shingle_patterns_identification_guide_ibhs.pdf,https://ibhs.org/?a=download&key=3f3a09d69e82e7b2e171e531be8ef3a9,,,6.0,658.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+This document appears to be an identification guide for asphalt shingles, specifically 3-tab and architectural shingles. The guide provides information on manufacturer characteristics, such as color patterns, shadow lines, and physical dimensions, to help claims adjusters and underwriters identify the manufacturer of installed asphalt shingles. The guide also includes tables with recommended cut-out positions and shingle lengths for different brands, as well as a comparison of single- and double-ply shingle widths.
+
+The document highlights differences in color variation between tabs from various manufacturers, including uniform colors (1-2 shades) and varying degrees of shadow lines or different colors. The guide aims to provide a standardized way to identify asphalt shingles and will be updated as needed due to potential changes in product lines over time.
+
+Overall, the main themes revolve around:
+
+* Manufacturer identification
+* Shingle characteristics (color patterns, shadow lines, physical dimensions)
+* Recommended cut-out positions and shingle lengths for different brands
+* Comparison of single- and double-ply shingle widths
+* Color variation between tabs from various manufacturers",[],"['Asphalt', 'Asphalt Shingles', 'asphalt', 'asphalt shingles', '3-tab Asphalt Shingles']","This document serves as a comprehensive identification guide for asphalt shingles, specifically focusing on 3-tab and architectural varieties. It systematically outlines key manufacturer characteristics, including color patterns, shadow lines, and physical dimensions, aimed at facilitating the identification process for claims adjusters and underwriters regarding installed asphalt shingles. The guide incorporates detailed tables that recommend cut-out positions and shingle lengths across various brands, alongside a comparative analysis of single- and double-ply shingle widths.
+
+A notable emphasis is placed on the color variation observed among tabs produced by different manufacturers, highlighting the spectrum from uniform color schemes (1-2 shades) to diverse shadow lines and color discrepancies. The overarching objective of this guide is to establish a standardized methodology for the identification of asphalt shingles, with a commitment to periodic updates in response to evolving product lines.
+
+Key themes encapsulated in the guide include: 
+- Manufacturer identification
+- Shingle characteristics encompassing color patterns, shadow lines, and physical dimensions
+- Recommendations for cut-out positions and shingle lengths tailored to specific brands
+- A comparative overview of single- and double-ply shingle widths
+- Analysis of color variation between tabs from distinct manufacturers."
+8,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,"Cedar Rapids, Iowa and the 2020 Midwest Derecho: The Performance of Asphalt Shingle Roofs in Extreme Severe Convective Storm Winds",cedar_rapids_iowa_and_the_2020_midwest_derecho_the_performance_of_asphalt_shingle_roofs_in_extreme_severe_convective_storm_winds.pdf,https://ibhs.org/?a=download&key=e15f92e76ecd052fa60e183cc022fd4e,,,23.0,6901.0,"Here is a concise summary:
+
+Research has shown that asphalt shingle roofs are vulnerable to damage from windstorms, particularly as they age. Studies have found that complex roof shapes tend to suffer less damage than simple ones, while gable and hip roofs have similar performance. However, factors such as wind direction, roof age, and sealant effectiveness play a significant role in determining the extent of damage.
+
+A study analyzing claims data from an insurance event found that:
+
+* Roof covers were the most common source of damage
+* Water intrusion damage was rare but significantly increased total losses when present
+* Asphalt shingle roofs become increasingly vulnerable to wind damage after 7-10 years of age
+
+Other research has highlighted the importance of considering factors beyond roof shape and age, such as:
+
+* Siding materials can also contribute significantly to damage in windstorms
+* Water intrusion can amplify claims by 4-7 times
+* Asphalt shingles' performance declines with age, influenced by factors beyond age and wind speed
+
+Overall, these studies emphasize the need for further research to better understand the impact of severe convective storm winds on water intrusion claims and to develop strategies for improving building design, construction, and maintenance practices to mitigate damage from extreme weather events.","['Hurricane', 'Hurricane Laura', 'hailstorms', 'hurricane', 'hurricanes', 'strong winds', 'strong wind', 'tornado']","['asphalt shingle', 'asphalt shingles', 'asphalt shingle roof cover', 'Asphalt Shingle Roofs', 'asphalt shingle roofs', 'asphalt shingle roof', 'Asphalt Shingle', 'asphalt shingle roof covers']","Asphalt shingle roofs exhibit significant vulnerability to windstorm damage, particularly as they age. This paper synthesizes findings from various studies indicating that complex roof geometries generally withstand wind forces more effectively than simpler designs, with gable and hip roofs demonstrating comparable resilience. Critical determinants of roof damage include wind direction, the age of the roofing materials, and the efficacy of sealants. An analysis of insurance claims data revealed that roof coverings were the predominant source of damage, while instances of water intrusion, though infrequent, markedly escalated overall losses. Notably, asphalt shingle roofs displayed increasing susceptibility to wind damage after 7 to 10 years of service life.
+
+Further investigation underscores the necessity of accounting for additional factors influencing windstorm damage, such as the role of siding materials and the compounding effects of water intrusion, which can amplify claims by a factor of 4 to 7. The deterioration of asphalt shingles with age is influenced by variables extending beyond mere age and wind velocity. 
+
+This comprehensive review advocates for continued research aimed at elucidating the relationship between severe convective storm winds and water intrusion claims, alongside the development of enhanced strategies for building design, construction, and maintenance to mitigate the impacts of extreme weather events."
+9,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Claims Analysis Study of May 24 2011 Hailstorms in Dallas-Fort Worth,claims_analysis_study_of_may_24_2011_hailstorms_in_dallas_fort_worth.pdf,https://ibhs.org/wp-content/uploads/Claims-Analysis-Study-of-May-24-2011-Hailstorms-in-Dallas-Fort-Worth.pdf,,,61.0,15744.0,"Here is a concise summary of the Claims Analysis Study of May 24, 2011 Hailstorms in Dallas-Fort Worth:
+
+**Study Overview**
+
+The study analyzed hailstorm damage claims in the Dallas-Fort Worth area on May 24, 2011. The analysis focused on roof covering materials and aging effects.
+
+**Key Findings**
+
+* Roofing systems accounted for over 90% of claims dollars
+* Hail damage was the primary cause of losses
+* Asphalt shingles (3-tab composite) were the most common damaged material
+* Metal and slate tiles were also commonly damaged
+* The majority of claims had no roof damage or exposure to hail
+
+**Aging Effects**
+
+* Roof age significantly affected claim frequencies, with asphalt shingles showing an increase in claim frequencies with age
+* Slate and tile roofs showed an increase in claim severities with age
+* Metal and wood roofs did not show a significant pattern with age
+
+**Limitations**
+
+* The study had limited data on roof impact resistance and non-asphalt roofing materials
+* Future studies should focus on other regions to gain a better understanding of building system performance with different materials
+
+**Recommendations**
+
+* Increase sample size by collecting data from more member companies
+* Expand spatial area of the study to examine non-asphalt products on residential roofs
+* Combine ground-based hail measurements with claims analysis data to improve accuracy","['tornado', 'hailstorms']","['tile roofs', 'asphalt', 'standard asphalt shingles', 'asphalt composite shingles', 'built-up roofing (BUR)', 'metal roofs', 'asphalt shingle roofs', 'tile', 'concrete tiles', 'asphalt shingle', 'impact resistant asphalt shingles', 'asphalt shingles', 'metal']","**Abstract**
+
+This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of hailstorm damage claims resulting from the severe weather event that occurred on May 24, 2011, in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. The investigation primarily concentrated on the impact of hail on various roofing materials and the implications of aging on claim frequencies and severities. The findings reveal that roofing systems constituted over 90% of the total claims expenditures, with hail damage identified as the predominant cause of financial losses. Among the damaged materials, asphalt shingles, particularly 3-tab composites, emerged as the most frequently affected, followed by metal and slate tiles. Notably, a significant proportion of claims originated from properties exhibiting no roof damage or exposure to hail.
+
+Further analysis indicated that the age of roofing materials played a critical role in claim patterns; specifically, older asphalt shingles demonstrated a marked increase in claim frequency, while slate and tile roofs exhibited heightened claim severities correlating with age. In contrast, metal and wood roofing materials did not display a consistent trend related to aging.
+
+The study acknowledges certain limitations, including insufficient data regarding roof impact resistance and the performance of non-asphalt roofing materials. Recommendations for future research include augmenting the sample size through collaboration with additional member companies, broadening the geographic scope to assess non-asphalt roofing products, and integrating ground-based hail measurement data with claims analysis to enhance the precision of findings. This study underscores the necessity for a deeper understanding of roofing system performance under hail conditions across varying materials and geographical contexts."
+10,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,"Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow (CoCoRaHS) Measurement Program Reanalysis of Hailstorm Characteristics 1998-2018",community_collaborative_rain_hail_and_snow_(cocorahs)_measurement_program_reanalysis_of_hailstorm_characteristics_1998_2018.pdf,https://ibhs.org/?a=download&key=3749d26907ffc99bb6729e601e1ab341,,,4.0,524.0,"Based on the provided summaries, I've distilled the main themes into a consolidated summary:
+
+A reanalysis of CoCoRaHS data from 1998-2018 found that hailstorm characteristics are influenced by terrain elevation and melting level effects. Key findings include:
+
+* Hail concentrations vary by region, with the southeastern US having fewer hailstones per square foot than the High Plains.
+* The number of hailstones increases with height above sea level due to smaller hailstones.
+* In areas prone to supercell thunderstorms (Tornado Alley and Dixie Alley), the largest hailstone is 3-4 times larger than the smallest size, while in other areas this ratio is near 2.
+
+A study of CoCoRaHS citizen scientist observations found that most hailstorms (65%) caused no observable damage, while the top 4% produced damage to vehicles and/or homes. The study also identified maximum hail sizes associated with damage: 1.4 inches for vehicles and 1.5 inches for shingles and vehicle windows.
+
+IBHS research suggests that hail damage severity increases with maximum hail size up to 1.75 inches, but there is significant variance in damage categories above this size, indicating the presence of wind-driven hail effects or other factors at play.",['hailstorms'],[],"This study presents a comprehensive reanalysis of CoCoRaHS data covering the period from 1998 to 2018, focusing on the characteristics of hailstorms in relation to terrain elevation and melting level effects. The findings reveal significant regional disparities in hail concentrations, with the southeastern United States exhibiting fewer hailstones per square foot compared to the High Plains. Furthermore, the analysis indicates an increase in hailstone quantity with altitude, suggesting that smaller hailstones dominate at higher elevations. 
+
+In regions susceptible to supercell thunderstorms, specifically Tornado Alley and Dixie Alley, a notable disparity in hailstone size is observed, with the largest stones measuring 3-4 times larger than the smallest, whereas other regions display a size ratio closer to 2. Additionally, an examination of citizen scientist observations within the CoCoRaHS framework highlights that a majority of hailstorms (65%) result in negligible damage, while the most severe 4% are responsible for significant destruction to vehicles and homes. The study establishes critical thresholds for maximum hail sizes associated with damage, noting 1.4 inches for vehicles and 1.5 inches for roofing materials.
+
+Further research by the Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) indicates a correlation between hail damage severity and maximum hail size, peaking at 1.75 inches. However, above this threshold, there is considerable variability in damage categories, suggesting the influence of additional factors such as wind-driven hail effects. This study underscores the complexity of hailstorm impacts and the importance of understanding regional variations in hail characteristics for effective risk management and mitigation strategies."
+11,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Damage Mechanics Based Analysis of Hail Impact on Metal Roofs,damage_mechanics_based_analysis_of_hail_impact_on_metal_roofs.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2022.108688,Metal,,23.0,8586.0,"Here is a concise summary of the main themes:
+
+**Hail Impact on Structures**
+
+* Research studies have investigated the effects of hail damage on various structures, including metal roofs and aircraft wings.
+* The impact of hailstones on these structures can lead to permanent deformation, damage, and even failure.
+
+**Modeling Hail Damage**
+
+* Several models have been developed to simulate hail damage to structures, including a viscoplastic strain evolution approach and a cap position controlled by a volumetric viscoplastic strain failure surface shift.
+* These models aim to predict the likelihood of damage under various loading conditions.
+
+**Material Properties**
+
+* The article discusses the engineering properties of materials, specifically their stress-strain curves under uniaxial tension.
+* The curve shows a characteristic shape, and an assumed dynamic enhancement factor is provided to account for strain rate effects on yield strength.
+
+**Parametric Studies**
+
+* Parametric studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of hail size and density on damage extent.
+* Larger and denser hailstones are more likely to cause permanent deformation and damage on roof surfaces.
+
+**Reliability of Models**
+
+* The reliability of models for predicting hail damage extent has been demonstrated through experimental data comparison.
+* The study showed better agreement with experimental data than previous models, especially in representing non-linear hail response and contact force profiles.",['hailstorms'],"['R-panel metal roof', 'low-slope roof', 'metal roof', 'metal roof panels', 'metal panel roof system', 'metal roofing systems', 'metal roofing', 'metal panel roof', 'metal roofs']","**Abstract**
+
+This paper presents an in-depth examination of the impact of hail on various structural components, with a particular focus on metal roofs and aircraft wings. Recent research highlights that hailstone collisions can result in significant structural damage, including permanent deformation and potential failure. To address these challenges, several advanced modeling approaches have been developed, including a viscoplastic strain evolution methodology and a cap position controlled by a volumetric viscoplastic strain failure surface shift, aimed at predicting damage likelihood under diverse loading scenarios. The study further discusses the engineering properties of materials, emphasizing their uniaxial tension stress-strain characteristics and the incorporation of a dynamic enhancement factor to account for strain rate impacts on yield strength. Comprehensive parametric analyses reveal that hail size and density significantly influence the extent of damage, with larger and denser hailstones posing greater risks of permanent deformation to roof surfaces. Finally, the reliability of the proposed models is validated through comparative analyses with experimental data, demonstrating improved accuracy in predicting hail damage, particularly in capturing non-linear responses and contact force profiles, thereby advancing the understanding of hail impact mechanics on structural integrity."
+12,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Developing a Test Method for a Very Severe Hail Rating for Low Slope Roofing Assemblies,developing_a_test_method_for_a_very_severe_hail_rating_for_low_slope_roofing_assemblies.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1520/STP159020150022,,,1.0,324.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+Researchers have developed a new test method for ""very severe hail"" (VSH) ratings in low-slope roofing assemblies. Using modified ANSI/FM 4473 standards and impact energies nearly double those used previously, they tested single-ply, built-up, and modified bitumen samples. The study found that freezer ice balls can effectively evaluate damage to less rigid materials commonly found in these roofs, suggesting that some assemblies may meet new VSH rating criteria.",['hailstorms'],['low-slope roof'],"This paper presents the development of an innovative testing methodology for assessing ""very severe hail"" (VSH) ratings in low-slope roofing assemblies. By employing modified ANSI/FM 4473 standards and utilizing impact energies nearly twice as high as previously implemented, the research investigates the performance of various roofing materials, including single-ply, built-up, and modified bitumen samples. The findings indicate that the use of freezer ice balls serves as an effective means to evaluate damage to less rigid roofing materials, thereby implying that certain roofing assemblies may successfully conform to the newly established VSH rating criteria."
+13,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Effects of hail on Metal Roofing Systems,the_effects_of_hail_on_metal_roofing_systems.pdf,https://iibec.org/wp-content/uploads/2014-CTS-koontz-white.pdf,,,9.0,4113.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+**Hail Impact on Metal Roofs**
+
+* Hail can cause permanent indentations on metal roofs, leading to significant insurance claims and disputes over whether the damage constitutes actual physical loss or damage.
+* The impact of hail on metal roofing systems has been studied using various methods, including laboratory testing with ice spheres and steel spheres.
+
+**Standards for Hail Resistance**
+
+* FM 4471 is a standard that provides guidelines for hail resistance in metal roofing, defining two classes of hail resistance: Severe Hail (Class 1) and Moderate Hail (Class 2).
+* The standard requires that panels show no evidence of penetration, chipping, peeling, blistering, cracking, or crazing when examined under 10x magnification.
+
+**Impact Resistance Testing**
+
+* Laboratory testing using steel spheres and ice spheres is conducted to determine the impact resistance of metal roofing systems.
+* The International Building Code (IBC) also has provisions for roof coverings, including requirements for impact damage resistance based on ASTM and Canadian standards.
+
+**Long-term Performance of Metal Roofs**
+
+* A study by Jim D. Koontz & Associates found that minor dents from hail events did not result in premature failure, corrosion, or loss of functional or aesthetic value.
+* Corrosion was observed at some locations, but only on surfaces unrelated to hail impacts.
+* Metal roofs have withstood numerous hail events over 30-60 years without significant deterioration.
+
+**Recommendations for Improvement**
+
+* The impact test procedures for metal roofing should be better defined.
+* Pass/fail criteria should be clearly established by FM, UL, and manufacturers.
+* Manufacturers should provide consumers with test data documenting compliance.
+* Building code officials should consider additional requirements to ensure metal roofing systems can withstand hail events.
+
+**Key Findings**
+
+* There is a correlation between indentation depth and dent diameter, with higher impact energy resulting in wider and deeper indents.
+* Metal roofing tested did not split or damage its coatings when impacted by either ice or steel spheres, except for one 32-gauge corrugated metal panel.
+* Indentations varied depending on impact location, gauge, and type of metal, but generally followed a random pattern.
+* Higher-yield strength metals were less vulnerable to indentation from hail impacts.",['ice storm'],"['metal panels', 'R-panel metal roof', 'metal roofs', 'metal roofing', 'metal roof panels', 'Metal Roofing Systems', 'metal roof', 'corrugated metal']","**Abstract: Hail Impact on Metal Roofing Systems**
+
+This paper consolidates the findings on the impact of hail on metal roofing systems, highlighting the significant implications for insurance claims and the ongoing disputes regarding the classification of damage as actual physical loss. Various experimental methodologies, including the use of ice and steel spheres, have been employed to assess hail damage. The FM 4471 standard delineates two classifications of hail resistance—Severe Hail (Class 1) and Moderate Hail (Class 2)—mandating that roofing panels exhibit no signs of damage under 10x magnification. 
+
+Impact resistance testing, in accordance with the International Building Code (IBC) and relevant ASTM and Canadian standards, is crucial for evaluating metal roofing systems. Longitudinal studies conducted by Jim D. Koontz & Associates indicate that minor hail-induced dents do not precipitate premature failure or significant aesthetic degradation of metal roofs, which have demonstrated resilience over 30-60 years across multiple hail events. 
+
+Nevertheless, recommendations for enhancing testing protocols are proposed, including the establishment of definitive pass/fail criteria by FM, UL, and manufacturers, as well as the provision of compliance documentation to consumers. Furthermore, building code officials are urged to incorporate additional stipulations to fortify metal roofing systems against hail impacts.
+
+Key findings demonstrate a direct relationship between indentation depth and dent diameter, with increased impact energy correlating with more extensive damage. While the majority of tested metal roofing materials maintained their integrity post-impact, notable exceptions were observed, particularly in a single 32-gauge corrugated panel. The variability of dent patterns was influenced by multiple factors, including impact location, metal gauge, and material type, with higher-yield strength metals exhibiting enhanced resistance to hail-induced indentation."
+14,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Evaluating the Hardness Characteristics of Hail through Compressive Strength Measurements,evaluating_the_hardness_characteristics_of_hail_through_compressive_strength_measurements.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0081.1,,,14.0,9100.0,"Here is a concise summary of the study:
+
+**Study Overview**
+
+This study aimed to develop and validate a cost-effective method for measuring the hardness property of hailstones using in-situ compressive strength measurements. The researchers collected data from over 900 natural hailstones and found that their mean compressive strength was higher than that of pure ice spheres, but with significant variability.
+
+**Key Findings**
+
+* Hailstone hardness is influenced by size and mass, but not by compressive stress when considered separately.
+* Density is likely an important factor in determining hailstone strength.
+* Larger sample sizes are needed to understand how environmental factors influence hailstone hardness.
+
+**Implications**
+
+The study highlights the importance of developing standardized material test practices for hailstorms, which can help mitigate financial impacts. The findings also suggest that hailstones may be more resilient than previously thought, but further research is needed to fully understand their properties and behavior.
+
+Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of hailstone hardness and its relationship to environmental factors, with implications for the development of more effective materials and designs for mitigating hail damage.",['hailstorms'],"['asphalt', 'concrete tile', 'asphalt shingles']","**Abstract**
+
+This study presents a novel approach to the measurement and validation of the hardness properties of hailstones through in-situ compressive strength assessments. An extensive dataset comprising over 900 natural hailstone samples was analyzed, revealing a mean compressive strength that surpasses that of pure ice spheres, albeit exhibiting notable variability. Key findings indicate that while hailstone hardness is affected by size and mass, compressive stress does not independently influence hardness. Furthermore, density emerges as a critical factor in the determination of hailstone strength, necessitating larger sample sizes to elucidate the impact of environmental conditions on hardness. The implications of this research underscore the need for standardized testing protocols to evaluate hailstorm materials, thereby potentially reducing economic losses associated with hail damage. The results suggest that hailstones possess greater resilience than previously assumed, advocating for continued exploration into their properties and behaviors. This study significantly enhances the understanding of hailstone hardness in relation to environmental factors, paving the way for improved material and design strategies aimed at hail damage mitigation."
+15,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Failure Mechanisms and Load Paths in a Standing Seam Metal Roof under Extreme Wind Loads,failure_mechanisms_and_load_paths_in_a_standing_seam_metal_roof_under_extreme_wind_loads.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116954,Standing Seam Metal,,14.0,7245.0,"Here is a concise summary of the main themes:
+
+**Wind Uplift Testing and Analysis of Metal Roofing Systems**
+
+The studies investigated the failure modes of metal roofing systems under dynamic wind load, focusing on standing seam metal roofs (SSMRs). The research highlighted the importance of understanding the effects of wind pressure on roof structures, particularly in relation to local buckling and global buckling modes.
+
+**Key Findings:**
+
+* SSMR systems are prone to failure due to clip slippage and fastener failure.
+* A significant proportion of load (17-46%) is not captured by the clips, which is transferred to the eaves through screw fasteners.
+* As panels deform under higher pressures, more load transfers to the roof edge, making it more vulnerable.
+* Fastener failure at the edges occurred in all experiments, with different failure modes observed between experiments.
+
+**Importance of Boundary Conditions and Clip Arrangement:**
+
+* The initial locations of global buckling varied between experiments, with some initiating closer to the eave edge.
+* The induced clip loads near the initial location of global buckling have a sudden jump, underscoring the critical effect of roof buckling on load redistribution.
+
+**Need for Performance-Based Design Considerations:**
+
+* The ultimate limit state for SSMR systems should be defined as the detachment of the roof from the clips or purlins.
+* Greater understanding of load transfers and effective tributary areas for the edges of the roof is necessary to achieve accurate design and testing.
+
+Overall, the studies emphasize the importance of considering the effects of dynamic wind pressure on metal roofing systems and highlight the need for further research to understand the failure modes of these structures under various loading conditions.",['hurricane'],"['metal panel', 'metal roofs', 'standing seam metal roofs', 'standing seam metal roof', 'metal roofing']","**Abstract: Wind Uplift Testing and Analysis of Metal Roofing Systems**
+
+This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the failure mechanisms of metal roofing systems subjected to dynamic wind loads, with a particular emphasis on standing seam metal roofs (SSMRs). The research articulates the critical role of wind pressure dynamics in influencing the structural integrity of roofing assemblies, delineating the phenomena of local and global buckling modes. 
+
+Key findings reveal that SSMR systems exhibit a predisposition to failure mechanisms such as clip slippage and fastener failure, with empirical data indicating that a substantial portion of wind load (ranging from 17% to 46%) is inadequately captured by the clips, thereby transferring stress to the eaves through screw fasteners. Notably, as roofing panels experience deformation under elevated pressure conditions, the load concentration shifts towards the roof edges, exacerbating their susceptibility to failure. All experimental trials documented fastener failures at the edges, with diverse failure modes emerging across different test scenarios.
+
+The analysis underscores the significance of boundary conditions and clip arrangements, highlighting variations in the initiation points of global buckling across experiments, often occurring nearer to eave edges. The abrupt increase in clip loads adjacent to these initiation points emphasizes the pivotal influence of roof buckling on the redistribution of loads.
+
+This study advocates for the establishment of performance-based design criteria, suggesting that the ultimate limit state for SSMR systems should be characterized by the detachment of roofing elements from their clips or purlins. A deeper comprehension of load transfer mechanisms and the effective tributary areas at roof edges is essential for enhancing design accuracy and testing methodologies. The findings underscore the necessity for continued research to elucidate the failure modes of metal roofing systems under diverse loading conditions, thereby contributing to improved resilience against wind-induced uplift."
+16,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Full-Scale Study of Wind Loads on Roof Tiles and Felt Underlay and Comparisons With Design Data,full_scale_study_of_wind_loads_on_roof_tiles_and_felt_underlay_and_comparisons_with_design_data.pdf,https://dx.doi.org/10.12989/was.2007.10.6.495,Tile,,16.0,7092.0,"Here is a concise summary:
+
+**Wind Loading on Roofs with Slates or Tiles**
+
+* A study investigated wind loads on roof tiles and felt underlay, comparing to design data in BS 5534 and BS 6399-2.
+* The results showed that:
+	+ Tiles carry significantly more load than implied by pressure coefficients, with an estimated 20% underestimation for ridge tiles and 43% underestimation for eaves/verges tiles.
+	+ Tile failures are most prominent in edge zones.
+	+ Providing ventilation to the batten-space reduces the percentage of net load carried by tiles only marginally (50-55%).
+	+ The distribution of load between tiles and underlays is dependent on internal pressure, which was consistently negative in the test house.
+* Current guidelines may be conservative, particularly for underlay loads, with a 25% reduction in design pressure recommended.
+* Design pressures for underlays should be reduced by 25%, while those for tiles should be increased by up to 85% to accurately reflect the load distribution.
+
+Overall, the study highlights the importance of considering ventilation of the batten space and the actual load distribution on underlay and tiles when designing roof spaces.",[],"['roof tiles', 'concrete tiles', 'cement tiles', 'tiles', 'tile']","**Abstract**
+
+This study examines the wind loading characteristics on roof tiles and felt underlay, contrasting empirical findings with established design standards outlined in BS 5534 and BS 6399-2. The investigation reveals that actual wind loads experienced by roof tiles exceed those predicted by conventional pressure coefficients, indicating a significant underestimation: approximately 20% for ridge tiles and 43% for eaves and verge tiles. Notably, tile failures predominantly occur in edge zones, underscoring potential vulnerabilities in these areas. The inclusion of ventilation in the batten space proves to marginally affect the net load distribution, with tiles bearing 50-55% of the total load. Furthermore, the study identifies a consistent negative internal pressure within the test environment, influencing the load distribution between tiles and underlays. The findings suggest that existing guidelines may be overly conservative, particularly regarding underlay loads, prompting a recommendation for a 25% reduction in design pressure for underlays, while advocating for an increase of up to 85% in design pressures for tiles. This research emphasizes the necessity of incorporating ventilation strategies and accurately assessing load distribution in the design of roofing systems to enhance structural integrity and performance."
+17,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Full-Scale Testing to Evaluate the Performance of Standing Seam Metal Roofs Under Simulated Wind Loading,full_scale_testing_to_evaluate_the_performance_of_standing_seam_metal_roofs_under_simulated_wind_loading.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.10.006,Standing Seam Metal,,18.0,12130.0,"Here is a concise summary:
+
+The study investigates the performance of standing seam metal roofs under high-wind speeds using full-scale experiments and comparisons with conventional ASTM E1592 testing methods. The results show that wind-induced pressure loading on metal roofs is highly non-uniform, with higher pressures at corners and edges. Roof geometrical profile and eave details significantly affect wind pressures, leading to the possibility of alleviating roof suction by employing aerodynamically favorable profiles.
+
+The study concludes that wind loading provisions in ASCE 7-10 might underestimate wind loading on mono-sloped trapezoidal-leg standing seam roofs. Further design optimization studies are recommended to assess aerodynamic behaviors of various standing seam profiles and eave details.
+
+Key findings include:
+
+* Wind-induced pressure loading on metal roofs is highly non-uniform, with higher pressures at corners and edges.
+* Roof geometrical profile and eave details significantly affect wind pressures.
+* Deformations were relatively higher on trapezoidal roofs due to larger panel rib spacing and higher suctions.
+* The mode of failure in WOW tests was clip rupture rather than clip slippage, attributed to vibrations observed in the tests.
+
+Overall, the study highlights the importance of considering turbulence and flow separation in wind load calculations for standing seam metal roofs.","['wind storm', 'strong wind', 'hurricane']","['standing seam metal roof', 'metal panels', 'tile', 'trapezoidal standing seam metal roof', 'metal panel', 'metal roof systems', 'metal panel assembly', 'standing seam metal panels', 'standing seam metal roofs', 'flat metal pan section', 'metal roofing systems', 'roof tiles', 'light gauge metal', 'metal clips', 'vertical-leg standing seam metal roof', 'metal roofs']","**Abstract**
+
+This study examines the performance of standing seam metal roofs subjected to high wind speeds through full-scale experimental methodologies and comparative analysis with traditional ASTM E1592 testing standards. The investigation reveals that wind-induced pressure loading on these roofs exhibits significant non-uniformity, with maximum pressures observed at corners and edges. Notably, the geometrical profile of the roof and the design of eave details are found to exert a substantial influence on wind pressure distributions, suggesting that the adoption of aerodynamically optimized profiles could mitigate suction effects on roofs.
+
+The findings indicate that the wind loading provisions outlined in ASCE 7-10 may inadequately account for the wind pressures acting on mono-sloped trapezoidal-leg standing seam roofs. Consequently, the study advocates for further design optimization research to explore the aerodynamic characteristics of diverse standing seam profiles and eave configurations.
+
+Key findings include: (1) the non-uniform nature of wind-induced pressure loading, with pronounced pressures at corners and edges; (2) the significant impact of roof geometrical profiles and eave details on wind pressure dynamics; (3) increased deformation on trapezoidal roofs attributable to wider panel rib spacing and elevated suction levels; and (4) the identification of clip rupture as the primary mode of failure in wind uplift tests, rather than clip slippage, linked to observed vibrations during testing.
+
+Overall, this study underscores the critical need to incorporate considerations of turbulence and flow separation into wind load calculations for standing seam metal roofs, thereby enhancing the resilience of these structures against high wind events."
+18,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Full-scale Wind Tunnel Testing of North American and Australian Tile Roofing Systems,full_scale_wind_tunnel_testing_of_tile_roofing_systems_ibhs.pdf,https://ibhs.org/wind/full-scale-wind-tunnel-testing-of-roof-tile-systems/,,,62.0,18246.0,"Here is a concise summary of the main themes:
+
+**Main Themes:**
+
+1. **Comparison of Pressure Coefficients**: The report compares peak external and net pressure coefficients for S-shape Australian roof installations with and without sarking to those specified in AS/NZS 1170.2.
+2. **Performance under Real-World Conditions**: The data shows that the actual pressure coefficients are generally lower than those specified in the standard, indicating that the tiles perform better than expected under real-world conditions.
+3. **Variations in Pressure Coefficient Values**: The results show variations in pressure coefficient values across different tile types and physical locations, with most values being negative, suggesting that roofs tend to experience net pressure forces in the direction opposite to the wind.
+4. **Design Requirements**: The report suggests that S-shape installations may not meet the minimum design requirements for external and net pressures specified in ASCE 7-10 and 7-16, as well as IBC/FBC.
+
+**Key Findings:**
+
+* Peak external pressure coefficients range from -1.4 to -2.7.
+* Net pressure coefficients range from -0.3 to -2.7.
+* The largest discrepancies occur at wind angles of 180-300 degrees.
+* Tile numbers 3-8 and 13-18 have similar pressure coefficient values for both installations.
+* Tile numbers 9-12 and 15-22 have more variable pressure coefficient values between the two installations.
+
+**Conclusion:**
+
+The report provides valuable insights into the performance of S-shape Australian roof installations under various wind conditions. The data suggests that these installations can be designed and constructed to meet or exceed the performance requirements of AS/NZS 1170.2, even under real-world wind conditions. However, further analysis is needed to determine if the design requirements for external and net pressures specified in ASCE 7-10 and 7-16, as well as IBC/FBC, are met.",[],"['metal', 'tiles', 'tile', 'roofing tiles', 'asphalt shingles', 'roofing tile systems']","**Abstract**
+
+This study presents a comparative analysis of peak external and net pressure coefficients associated with S-shape Australian roof installations, both with and without sarking, against the parameters outlined in AS/NZS 1170.2. The findings reveal that the empirical pressure coefficients observed are predominantly lower than those prescribed by the standard, suggesting enhanced performance of the roof tiles under actual environmental conditions. Notably, the data indicates significant variability in pressure coefficient values across different tile configurations and geographic locations, with a majority of values exhibiting negative trends, indicative of net pressure forces acting contrary to wind direction.
+
+Key findings highlight that peak external pressure coefficients ranged from -1.4 to -2.7, while net pressure coefficients varied from -0.3 to -2.7, with the most pronounced discrepancies noted at wind angles between 180 and 300 degrees. Furthermore, tiles numbered 3-8 and 13-18 displayed consistent pressure coefficient values across both installation types, whereas tiles numbered 9-12 and 15-22 exhibited greater variability.
+
+In conclusion, the findings underscore the potential of S-shape Australian roof installations to be engineered to comply with or exceed the performance criteria established by AS/NZS 1170.2 under real-world conditions. Nonetheless, further investigation is warranted to ascertain compliance with the external and net pressure design requirements specified in ASCE 7-10 and 7-16, as well as IBC/FBC regulations."
+19,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Hail damage threshold sizes for common roofing materials,hail_damage_threshold_sizes_for_common_roofing_materials.pdf,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327022658_HAIL_DAMAGE_THRESHOLD_SIZES_FOR_COMMON_ROOFING_MATERIALS,,,5.0,2681.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+A study published in 2002 by Haag Engineering Co. investigated the hail damage threshold sizes for common roofing materials. The research aimed to determine the minimum size of hailstones necessary to cause damage to various roofing products, including asphalt shingles, cedar shakes, and concrete tiles.
+
+The study used a mechanical launcher to propel freezer ice stones at different velocities and impact tests were performed on different types of roofing products. The results showed that there is considerable variation in the size of hail needed to damage specific roofing products, depending on factors such as stone size, shape, hardness, free-fall velocity, and angle of impact.
+
+The study's findings are consistent with field observations of roof damage in natural hailstorms and provide valuable information for the National Weather Service's re-evaluation of severe thunderstorm warning criteria. The research highlights the importance of impact resistance testing for roofing materials, particularly in regions prone to hail damage such as Texas.
+
+The study built on previous research conducted by other authors, including Rigby and Steyn (1952) and Laurie (1960), which laid the foundation for ice impact testing of roofing products. The results can inform the development of more resilient roofing materials and improve public safety during severe thunderstorms.
+
+Overall, the study's findings suggest that hail size threshold for issuing a severe thunderstorm warning can be increased from ¾ inch to 1 inch in diameter, which would still be conservative based on laboratory tests and field observations.","['hailstorms', 'ice storm']","['flat concrete tiles', 'fiber-cement tiles', 'laminated glass fiber asphalt shingles', '3-tab asphalt shingles', 'asphalt shingles', 'S-shaped concrete tiles', 'concrete tiles', 'asphalt shingle', 'built-up roofing', 'three-tab asphalt shingles', 'tile roofing']","**Abstract**
+
+This study, conducted by Haag Engineering Co. in 2002, investigates the threshold sizes of hail damage for various roofing materials, including asphalt shingles, cedar shakes, and concrete tiles. Employing a mechanical launcher, the research propels ice stones at varying velocities to assess the impact on different roofing products. The results indicate a significant disparity in the hail sizes required to induce damage, influenced by parameters such as stone size, shape, hardness, free-fall velocity, and impact angle. These findings align with field data from natural hailstorms and contribute to the National Weather Service's reassessment of severe thunderstorm warning criteria. Emphasizing the necessity for impact resistance testing, the study is particularly pertinent for regions vulnerable to hail, such as Texas. Building upon foundational research by Rigby and Steyn (1952) and Laurie (1960), the outcomes advocate for the innovation of more resilient roofing materials and enhanced public safety during severe weather events. The research suggests a potential revision in the hail size threshold for severe thunderstorm warnings, proposing an increase from ¾ inch to 1 inch in diameter, a change deemed conservative based on empirical evidence."
+20,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Hail Impact Performance of Low-Slope Metal Roofing,hail_impact_performance_of_low_slope_metal_roofing.pdf,https://ibhs.org/?a=download&key=9959d1924143a289caa917cecc9e80e0,,,10.0,1369.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+This research report investigates the hail impact performance of low-slope metal roofing systems. The study, conducted by Tanya M. Brown-Giammanco and Chris Sanders, evaluated the durability of four profile types (vertical standing seam, through-fastened, trapezoidal standing seam, and ribbed) in partnership with the Metal Building Manufacturers Association (MBMA). The results showed that:
+
+* None of the assemblies had cracks or breaches, but some dents occurred due to impacts.
+* Thicker metal materials resulted in smaller average dent depths.
+* Vertical standing seam panels had the smallest average dent depth and least variability.
+* Through-fastened panels had the largest dent depths and most variability.
+* Coating type had no significant effect on average dent depth, but may play a role in protecting against natural weathering deterioration.
+
+The study aims to monitor the condition of impacted panels over time to assess potential degradation and impact on the roof system's lifespan. The findings suggest that low-slope metal roofing systems can withstand hail impacts with minimal damage, making them a viable option for homes and buildings.","['hailstorms', 'tornado']","['metal panels', 'asphalt', 'low-slope metal roofing', 'asphalt shingles', 'standing seam metal', 'low-slope metal roofs', 'metal roofing', 'low-slope metal roof systems', 'metal']","This research paper presents an investigation into the hail impact performance of low-slope metal roofing systems, conducted by Tanya M. Brown-Giammanco and Chris Sanders in collaboration with the Metal Building Manufacturers Association (MBMA). The study evaluated the durability of four distinct metal roofing profiles: vertical standing seam, through-fastened, trapezoidal standing seam, and ribbed. Key findings indicate that while none of the roofing assemblies exhibited cracks or breaches, dents were observed as a result of hail impacts. Notably, the analysis revealed that thicker metal materials correlated with reduced average dent depths. Among the profiles, vertical standing seam panels demonstrated the smallest average dent depth and least variability, whereas through-fastened panels exhibited the largest dent depths and greatest variability. Interestingly, the type of coating applied showed no significant impact on average dent depth, though it may influence the panels' resistance to natural weathering. The study emphasizes the importance of longitudinal monitoring of impacted panels to evaluate potential degradation and its implications for the overall lifespan of the roofing systems. The findings support the conclusion that low-slope metal roofing systems possess a robust capacity to endure hail impacts with minimal damage, positioning them as a viable roofing solution for residential and commercial structures."
+21,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Hail in the Front Range of the Rockies and High Plains: Is it more damaging?,hail_in_the_front_range_of_the_rockies_and_high_plains_is_it_more_damaging.pdf,https://ibhs.org/?a=download&key=e1b999c263f65ada940d4d6b120ba69c,,,16.0,3627.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+The Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) conducted research on hail damage in the Rocky Mountains and High Plains regions. The study found that these areas experience more frequent and severe hailstorms due to their unique geography and proximity to moisture sources.
+
+Key factors contributing to increased hail damage include:
+
+1. Higher air density at higher elevations, resulting in higher kinetic energy on impact.
+2. Increased frequency of very-large-hail events in the Front Range region.
+3. Shallower melting layers at higher elevations, allowing smaller hailstones to reach the surface with minimal melting.
+
+The study also found that asphalt shingle products can withstand typical kinetic energies associated with 1.5-in. hail, but more research is needed to fully understand the impact of changing climate conditions on hail storms.
+
+Regional characteristics, such as elevation and air density, play a significant role in determining hailstorm severity. The Front Range region experiences the highest frequency of hail days in the US, with an average of 9-13 hail days per year.
+
+The study suggests that changes in hail size distributions may be driven by smaller hailstones (less than 1.5 inches) reaching the surface with minimal melting at higher elevations. This can lead to increased damage and claims due to both increasing severity and frequency of hail events.
+
+Overall, the research highlights the importance of understanding regional characteristics and climate change in determining hailstorm severity and impact on building materials and human behavior.","['ice storm', 'Tornado', 'hailstorms', 'HAILSTORMS']","['asphalt shingle', 'asphalt shingles']","This paper presents a comprehensive analysis conducted by the Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) on the phenomenon of hail damage within the Rocky Mountains and High Plains regions. The research identifies a correlation between the unique geographical characteristics of these areas and the heightened frequency and severity of hailstorms, attributed to their proximity to moisture sources.
+
+The findings indicate several key factors that exacerbate hail damage, including: (1) increased air density at higher elevations, which results in greater kinetic energy upon impact; (2) a notable rise in the occurrence of very-large-hail events specifically within the Front Range region; and (3) the presence of shallower melting layers at higher altitudes, facilitating the descent of smaller hailstones with negligible melting effects.
+
+Moreover, the investigation reveals that while asphalt shingle products are generally capable of withstanding the typical kinetic energies generated by 1.5-inch hailstones, further studies are warranted to ascertain the implications of evolving climate conditions on hailstorm dynamics. The Front Range, characterized by an average of 9-13 hail days annually, emerges as a focal point for this research.
+
+The study posits that alterations in hail size distributions may be influenced by the increased prevalence of smaller hailstones (less than 1.5 inches) reaching ground level with minimal melting at elevated terrains, consequently leading to augmented damage and insurance claims. 
+
+In conclusion, this research underscores the critical need to consider regional characteristics and the ramifications of climate change when evaluating hailstorm severity and its effects on structural materials and societal responses."
+22,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Hailstone Shapes,hailstone_shapes.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0250.1,,,14.0,8427.0,"Here's a concise summary of the provided references:
+
+The articles discuss various aspects of hailstones and their interaction with the atmosphere. The main themes include:
+
+1. **Hailstone formation and microphysics**: Studies on the growth and development of hailstones in clouds, including the use of double-moment microphysics parameterizations (Thompson et al., 2004).
+2. **Aerodynamics and shape**: Research on the aerodynamics of hailstones, including their shape and roundness, which affects their fall behavior (Wadell, 1935; Wang et al., 2020).
+3. **Hail growth and shedding**: Numerical studies on the growth and shedding of hailstones in storms, including the role of melting and ventilation coefficients (Ziegler et al., 1983; Rasmussen & Heymsfield, 1987).
+4. **Polarimetric radar observations**: Investigations into the polarimetric radar characteristics of hailstones, including their use for hail size discrimination (Ortega et al., 2016; Ryzhkov & Krause, 2016).
+5. **Severe weather prediction**: Research on using improved bulk microphysics schemes to improve winter precipitation forecasts and predict severe weather events (Thompson et al., 2004).
+
+These articles contribute to our understanding of hailstone formation, aerodynamics, and interactions with the atmosphere, which is essential for predicting severe weather events.",['hailstorms'],[],"This paper synthesizes current research on hailstones and their atmospheric interactions, addressing several fundamental themes:
+
+1. **Hailstone Formation and Microphysics**: It reviews studies focusing on the growth dynamics of hailstones within cloud systems, highlighting the implementation of double-moment microphysics parameterizations as elucidated by Thompson et al. (2004).
+
+2. **Aerodynamics and Morphology**: The aerodynamic properties of hailstones, including their geometric configurations and implications for falling behavior, are examined through historical and contemporary analyses (Wadell, 1935; Wang et al., 2020).
+
+3. **Growth and Shedding Mechanisms**: Numerical modeling efforts are discussed concerning the mechanisms governing hailstone growth and shedding during storm events, emphasizing the influence of melting processes and ventilation coefficients as explored by Ziegler et al. (1983) and Rasmussen & Heymsfield (1987).
+
+4. **Polarimetric Radar Observations**: The paper highlights investigations into the polarimetric radar signatures of hailstones, focusing on their potential for accurate hail size discrimination, as demonstrated in studies by Ortega et al. (2016) and Ryzhkov & Krause (2016).
+
+5. **Severe Weather Prediction**: Finally, it examines advancements in bulk microphysics schemes aimed at enhancing winter precipitation forecasts and improving predictions of severe weather phenomena, reaffirming the contributions of Thompson et al. (2004).
+
+Collectively, these findings enhance our comprehension of hailstone dynamics and their atmospheric interactions, which are pivotal for the accurate forecasting of severe weather events."
+23,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Hurricane Harvey Wind Damage Investigation,hurricane_harvey_wind_damage_investigation_ibhs.pdf,https://ibhs1.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/wpmembers/files/Hurricane-Harvey-Wind-Damage-Investigation_IBHS.pdf,All,Hurricane,36.0,7432.0,"Here is a concise summary:
+
+**Hurricane Harvey Wind Damage Investigation**
+
+* The investigation found that buildings constructed with newer International Residential Code (IRC) editions performed better than older ones in terms of wind damage resistance.
+* However, there was a lack of information on the quality of enforcement of these newer codes.
+* A comparison between Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma revealed significant differences in their impact, including higher fatalities and more extensive building destruction for Harvey.
+* The study highlighted vulnerabilities in building characteristics, such as asphalt shingles being prone to damage, and architectural shingles having an average damage severity of less than 20%.
+* The investigation also found that single-car garage doors and slider doors were more prone to damage than other components, and that wind speed did not always correlate with damage frequencies.
+* The study recommended further research on wind resistance, roof-to-wall connections, and building codes, as well as expanding the scope of future studies to commercial structures.
+
+**Key Findings:**
+
+* Newer IRC editions can improve wind damage resistance
+* Lack of information on code enforcement quality
+* Hurricane Harvey had higher fatalities and more extensive building destruction than Irma
+* Asphalt shingles are prone to damage, while architectural shingles have low average damage severity
+* Single-car garage doors and slider doors are vulnerable to damage
+* Wind speed does not always correlate with damage frequencies
+
+**Recommendations:**
+
+* Further research on wind resistance, roof-to-wall connections, and building codes
+* Expand scope of future studies to commercial structures
+* Develop a comprehensive ""PDI toolbox"" for wind damage investigations","['Hurricane', 'Hurricane Irma', 'wildfire', 'hurricane', 'hurricanes', 'strong winds', 'tornadoes', 'flood', 'Hurricane Harvey']","['architectural asphalt shingles', 'asphalt shingle', 'asphalt shingles', 'Asphalt shingles', 'asphalt shingle roofs', 'Asphalt Shingle Roof']","**Abstract: Hurricane Harvey Wind Damage Investigation**
+
+This study investigates the wind damage sustained by buildings during Hurricane Harvey, with a focus on the effectiveness of construction practices guided by the International Residential Code (IRC). The findings indicate that structures built according to newer IRC editions exhibited enhanced resistance to wind damage compared to those constructed under older codes. However, the research highlights a significant gap in the assessment of enforcement quality for these updated codes. A comparative analysis between Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma underscores Harvey's greater impact, characterized by elevated fatality rates and extensive property destruction. Vulnerabilities were identified in specific building components, notably the susceptibility of asphalt shingles to damage, while architectural shingles demonstrated a relatively low average damage severity of less than 20%. Furthermore, certain structural elements, such as single-car garage doors and slider doors, were found to be particularly vulnerable to wind-induced damage. The relationship between wind speed and damage frequency was also examined, revealing inconsistencies. The study advocates for additional research focused on wind resistance, the integrity of roof-to-wall connections, and the enhancement of building codes, coupled with an expansion of future inquiries to encompass commercial structures. A comprehensive ""Post-Disaster Investigation (PDI) toolbox"" for wind damage assessments is also recommended.
+
+**Key Findings:**
+- Enhanced wind damage resistance in buildings constructed per newer IRC editions.
+- Insufficient data on enforcement quality of building codes.
+- Hurricane Harvey resulted in higher fatalities and greater destruction compared to Hurricane Irma.
+- Asphalt shingles are highly susceptible to damage, while architectural shingles show low damage severity.
+- Vulnerability of single-car garage doors and slider doors to wind damage.
+- Lack of correlation between wind speed and damage frequency.
+
+**Recommendations:**
+- Conduct further research on wind resistance, roof-to-wall connections, and building codes.
+- Expand the focus of future studies to include commercial buildings.
+- Develop a comprehensive ""PDI toolbox"" to facilitate wind damage investigations."
+24,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Hurricane Ike Nature’s Force vs. Structural Strength,hurricane_ike_natures_force_vs_structural_strength_ibhs.pdf,https://ibhs.org/wp-content/uploads/member_docs/Hurricane-Ike-Natures-Force-vs-Structural-Strength_IBHS.pdf,,Hurricane,60.0,24733.0,"Here is a concise summary of the text:
+
+**Hurricane-Resistant Construction Guidelines**
+
+The article discusses various guidelines for hurricane-resistant construction in Texas, including the original TWIA Building Code (1988), the 1998 TWIA Building Code, and Fortified criteria. The guidelines cover roof design, underlayment installation, fastening requirements, and wind pressure protection.
+
+**Key Findings:**
+
+* Homes built to newer codes (1998 TWIA Code) are likely stronger and better anchored than those built to older codes.
+* The Fortified program's requirements differ from those in the Texas Guideline Standards, particularly regarding strap capacity and design loads for inland and seaward zones.
+* Trusses and rafters designed to meet uplift requirements in codes starting from 1998 should be close enough to Fortified criteria to not affect performance.
+
+**Comparison of Guidelines:**
+
+* The original TWIA Building Code (1988) allowed aluminum caps with aluminum nails, while the 1998 code required 30-pound felt underlayment attached with specific size nails through 1-1/2-inch tin caps.
+* The Fortified program requires self-adhering polymer modified bitumen tape over all roof panel joints, with a single layer of 30-pound felt or double layer of 15-pound felt.
+
+**Importance of Proper Underlayment and Fastening:**
+
+* The guidelines emphasize the importance of proper underlayment, fastening, and roof cover material selection for hurricane-resistant construction.
+* Windows and doors were addressed in the 1988 guidelines, but the 1998 code provided more specific guidance on design pressures, anchorage, and debris protection.
+
+**Conclusion:**
+
+The article highlights the need for proper hurricane-resistant construction practices to ensure safety and minimize damage from high winds. The guidelines discussed provide a framework for builders to follow, with Fortified criteria being one of the most stringent requirements in the US.","['hurricane conditions', 'hurricane', 'strong wind speeds', 'Hurricane', 'hurricanes', 'hurricane-force winds']","['tile roof', 'asphalt shingles']","**Abstract**
+
+This paper presents an analysis of hurricane-resistant construction guidelines in Texas, focusing on the evolution of standards from the original Texas Windstorm Insurance Association (TWIA) Building Code of 1988 through the 1998 revision, as well as the Fortified criteria. It examines critical aspects of construction, including roof design, underlayment installation, fastening methods, and wind pressure mitigation. 
+
+Key findings indicate that homes constructed under the updated 1998 TWIA Code exhibit enhanced structural integrity and anchorage compared to those built under earlier regulations. Notably, the Fortified program imposes distinct requirements that differ from the Texas Guideline Standards, particularly in terms of strap capacities and design loads applicable to both inland and coastal zones. Furthermore, trusses and rafters designed in compliance with the codes established from 1998 are sufficiently aligned with Fortified standards to maintain performance efficacy.
+
+A comparative analysis reveals significant differences between the original and subsequent TWIA codes, particularly regarding underlayment specifications and fastening requirements. The 1988 code permitted aluminum caps with aluminum nails, whereas the 1998 code mandated the use of 30-pound felt underlayment secured with specifically sized nails through 1-1/2-inch tin caps. The Fortified program further stipulates the application of self-adhering polymer modified bitumen tape over roof panel joints, alongside enhanced felt underlayment requirements.
+
+The findings underscore the critical importance of proper underlayment, fastening techniques, and material selection in constructing hurricane-resistant structures. Additionally, while the 1988 guidelines addressed windows and doors, the 1998 code provided more detailed directives on design pressure, anchorage, and protection against debris.
+
+In conclusion, this study emphasizes the necessity for adherence to established hurricane-resistant construction practices to enhance safety and reduce potential damage from extreme wind events. The guidelines outlined herein serve as a foundational framework for builders, with the Fortified criteria representing some of the most rigorous standards in the United States."
+25,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Hurricane Michael,ibhs_report_hurricane_michael_post_investigation.pdf,https://ibhs.org/?a=download&key=cbd8660b1421b0c86fdfaa05cebea7c8,All,,38.0,7039.0,"Here is a concise summary:
+
+**Hurricane Michael's Impact on Buildings**
+
+* The storm caused significant damage to buildings along the Florida Panhandle coast, with many roofs suffering from wind cover loss and structural damage.
+* Newer construction performed better than older construction, but even modern homes were not immune to damage.
+* FORTIFIED houses, which are built to withstand high winds using advanced construction techniques, showed minimal damage in some cases.
+
+**Key Findings:**
+
+* Asphalt shingle roofs were severely damaged, with 96% of 3-tab shingles and 81% of architectural shingles showing damage.
+* Roof cover loss was a common mode of damage, and sealed roof decks can help minimize this type of damage.
+* Newer roof coverings performed better than older ones, but more data is needed to evaluate the effect of aging.
+* Hip roofs performed best overall in terms of damage resistance.
+
+**Recommendations:**
+
+* Property insurers should consider secondary modifiers in catastrophe models to account for the impact of advanced construction techniques like FORTIFIED homes.
+* Building codes and standards should be updated to reflect the latest research on hurricane resilience and wind damage.
+* Homeowners can take steps to protect their roofs and walls from wind damage, such as installing sealed roof decks and using reinforced materials.
+
+**Conclusion:**
+
+Hurricane Michael's impact on buildings highlights the importance of advanced construction techniques like FORTIFIED homes in withstanding high winds. While newer construction performed better than older construction, there is still room for improvement in building codes and standards to account for the latest research on hurricane resilience and wind damage.","['HURRICANE MICHAEL', 'wildfire', 'Hurricane Michael', 'HURRICANE', 'Hurricane Florence', 'hurricane', 'hurricanes', 'tornadoes', 'strong wind', 'flood', 'tornado', 'Hurricane Harvey']","['asphalt shingle', 'corrugated metal roofs', 'tile', 'asphalt shingles', 'standing seam metal roofs', '3-tab asphalt shingles', 'standing seam metal roof coverings', 'asphalt shingle roofs', '26-gauge metal roofing', 'corrugated metal', 'metal roofs']","**Abstract**
+
+This study examines the impact of Hurricane Michael on building structures along the Florida Panhandle coast, revealing substantial damage characterized by significant roof cover loss and structural impairments. An analysis of the performance of various construction methodologies indicates that newer buildings exhibited enhanced resilience compared to their older counterparts, although modern homes were not entirely exempt from damage. Notably, FORTIFIED homes, designed with advanced construction techniques to withstand high winds, demonstrated minimal damage in certain instances.
+
+Key findings indicate that asphalt shingle roofs incurred severe damage, with 96% of 3-tab shingles and 81% of architectural shingles affected. Roof cover loss emerged as a prevalent mode of damage, suggesting that the implementation of sealed roof decks may mitigate such vulnerabilities. While newer roofing materials outperformed older options, further research is necessary to ascertain the implications of material aging on performance. Additionally, hip roofs emerged as the most resilient design, showcasing superior damage resistance.
+
+Based on the findings, recommendations are proposed for property insurers to integrate secondary modifiers within catastrophe models that account for the advantages of advanced construction techniques, such as those employed in FORTIFIED homes. Furthermore, it is imperative that building codes and standards are revised to incorporate contemporary research on hurricane resilience and wind damage. Homeowners are encouraged to adopt protective measures for roofs and walls against wind damage, including the installation of sealed roof decks and the use of reinforced materials.
+
+In conclusion, the findings from Hurricane Michael underscore the critical role of advanced construction methodologies in enhancing the durability of buildings against high winds. While newer construction showed improved performance, there remains a pressing need for the evolution of building codes and standards to better reflect advancements in hurricane resilience and wind damage mitigation."
+26,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,IBHS ASTM D3161Results by Manufacturer for Roof Slope and Installation Temperature,ibhs_astm_d3161_results_by_manufacturer_for_roof_slope_and_installation_temperature.pdf,https://ibhs.org/?a=download&key=2964423feb04da3e8a262313a8d1fdc1,,,7.0,2142.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+The Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) conducted research on the wind uplift resistance of asphalt shingles under various conditions. The study aimed to investigate how different roof pitches, orientations, and installation temperatures affect the performance of four shingle products from four manufacturers.
+
+Key findings include:
+
+* Installation slope did not significantly impact the sealant's strength.
+* Panels installed in summer months performed better at higher wind speeds than those installed in winter months, despite similar maximum temperatures.
+* South-facing panels generally had better temperature and wind performance than north-facing panels.
+* 3-tab shingles showed higher uplift resistance compared to architectural shingles.
+
+The study highlights the importance of sealing the roof deck to prevent interior damage during wind events. The results also show significant variability in performance among the products, with some exhibiting better or worse wind uplift resistance depending on the installation season.
+
+Overall, the research suggests that asphalt shingle wind performance is sensitive to various factors, including installation conditions and product type. The findings can help builders and homeowners understand the importance of selecting suitable shingles for their specific climate and roof design.
+
+It's worth noting that the study was conducted using a natural environment instead of an oven for shingle conditioning, which may have affected the results. Future research is proposed to investigate changes in sealant properties and uplift resistance over time, as well as differences between mechanical uplift resistance on solar shingles compared to traditional shingles.",[],['asphalt shingles'],"This paper presents a comprehensive investigation conducted by the Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) regarding the wind uplift resistance of asphalt shingles under varying conditions. The primary objective was to examine how factors such as roof pitch, orientation, and installation temperature influence the performance of four distinct shingle products from various manufacturers.
+
+Key findings indicate that the installation slope has minimal effect on sealant strength. Notably, shingles installed during summer exhibited enhanced performance at elevated wind speeds compared to those installed in winter, despite comparable maximum temperatures. Additionally, south-facing panels demonstrated superior temperature and wind performance relative to their north-facing counterparts. Furthermore, 3-tab shingles exhibited greater uplift resistance compared to architectural shingles.
+
+The study underscores the criticality of proper sealing of the roof deck to mitigate interior damage during wind events. Significant variability in performance among the tested products was observed, with some demonstrating markedly better or worse resistance to wind uplift contingent upon the season of installation.
+
+Overall, the research elucidates the sensitivity of asphalt shingle wind performance to various contextual factors, including installation conditions and product type. These findings provide valuable insights for builders and homeowners regarding the selection of appropriate shingles tailored to specific climatic and roofing considerations.
+
+It is noteworthy that the study utilized a natural environment for shingle conditioning rather than an oven, which may have influenced the outcomes. Future research is recommended to explore the longitudinal changes in sealant properties and uplift resistance, as well as to assess the mechanical uplift resistance of solar shingles in comparison to traditional asphalt shingles."
+27,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,IBHS Impact Resistance Test Protocol for Asphalt Shingles,ibhs_impact_resistance_test_protocol_for_asphalt_shingles.pdf,https://ibhs.org/ibhs-impact-resistance-test-protocol-for-asphalt-shingles/,,,39.0,12467.0,"Here is a concise summary of the main themes:
+
+**Hail Damage Assessment Protocol**
+
+The Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) has developed a protocol to evaluate hail damage on roofing shingles. The protocol involves analyzing images of damaged shingles using computer vision techniques, including thresholding and surface area calculation.
+
+**Key Components:**
+
+1. **Impact Testing**: The protocol includes impact testing on various shingle products to determine the severity of damage.
+2. **Damage Modes**: Four damage modes are considered: dent, ridge of dent, patch loss, and individual granule loss.
+3. **Severity Levels**: Severity levels are assigned based on quantified damage states for the first four modes, with expert judgment used for breach mode.
+4. **Data Analysis**: Data from impact tests is analyzed to determine the overall performance of shingles.
+
+**New Approach:**
+
+The protocol introduces a new approach to evaluating performance, where the overall rating is based on the average performance of multiple impact locations rather than a single failure location.
+
+**Testing Requirements:**
+
+Manufacturers must use standardized labeling schemes and record all results to tie back to specific batch numbers. A table of impact test measurements is required, ensuring impacts are within allowable variability and achieving the necessary number of each Impact Mode.
+
+**Research Findings:**
+
+Researchers have developed new relationships between hailstone diameter and kinetic energy, as well as methods for estimating impact kinetic energies expected from typical hail events. The results show that the influence of non-sphericity increases with larger hailstones.
+
+**Standards and Guidelines:**
+
+The protocol is based on various standards, technical bulletins, and research papers related to hail damage on roofs, including guidelines for storage, application, and testing of roofing materials, as well as methods for evaluating hailstone hardness and terminal velocities.","['ice storm', 'hailstorms', 'strong winds']","['Asphalt shingle', 'asphalt roofing shingles', 'asphalt shingle material', 'asphalt shingles', 'Asphalt Shingles', 'asphalt shingle roofs', 'asphalt', 'asphalt roll roofing', 'asphalt-saturated organic felt', 'asphalt-saturated organic felt underlayment']","**Abstract**
+
+This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation protocol developed by the Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) for assessing hail damage on roofing shingles. The protocol employs advanced computer vision techniques, including thresholding and surface area calculations, to analyze images of damaged shingles. Key components of the protocol encompass systematic impact testing across a range of shingle products, focusing on four distinct damage modes: dent, ridge of dent, patch loss, and individual granule loss. Each mode is categorized into severity levels, utilizing quantified damage states, while expert judgment informs assessments of breach mode. A novel approach is introduced whereby the overall performance rating is derived from the average outcomes across multiple impact locations, enhancing the robustness of evaluations.
+
+The protocol mandates manufacturers to adhere to standardized labeling schemes and maintain meticulous records linking test results to specific batch numbers, complemented by a detailed table of impact test measurements. This ensures that impacts remain within defined variability limits and that a sufficient number of each impact mode is tested. Furthermore, research findings elucidate new correlations between hailstone diameter and kinetic energy, alongside methodologies for estimating expected impact kinetic energies from typical hail events, highlighting the significance of non-sphericity in larger hailstones.
+
+The protocol is grounded in established standards, technical bulletins, and scholarly research pertinent to hail damage assessment in roofing materials, providing guidelines for the storage, application, and testing of roofing products, as well as methodologies for evaluating hailstone hardness and terminal velocities."
+28,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,IBHS Roof Aging Farm: Five-Year Hail Performance Summary,ibhs_roof_aging_farm_five_year_hail_performance_summary.pdf,https://ibhs.org/?a=download&key=f4b7e4d0d1f6f6c17d65671ddf469ec5,,,32.0,7115.0,"Here is a concise summary:
+
+**Roofing Products' Performance After 5 Years of Aging**
+
+The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IBHS) conducted a 5-year study on the aging performance of three roofing products: A, B, and C. The results showed that all products performed well in terms of tear resistance, with Good ratings. However, Product A and B had poor granule loss performance, while Product C had poor dents/ridges performance.
+
+**Performance Differences**
+
+* North- and south-facing panels for some products showed slight variations in performance.
+* UL2218 Class 4 shingles installed in 2014 had a baseline passing percentage of 100%, but after aging for 5 years, the passing percentage decreased to 8% due to small sample size.
+* Product B's north-facing panel from Wisconsin outperformed its South Carolina counterpart by 25%.
+* Product C's south-facing panel in South Carolina was 17% better than its north-facing counterpart.
+
+**Key Findings**
+
+* The study showed that all products maintained their UL 2218 Class 4 rating, with no significant decline in performance over time.
+* Performance differences between farms were minimal, with less than 1-point difference.
+* There was no obvious pattern of performance by climate zone or roof orientation.
+
+Overall, the study suggests that roofing products can maintain their impact resistance and tear strength after 5 years of aging, but may experience some degradation in granule loss and dents/ridges performance.","['hailstorms', 'hurricane', 'hurricanes', 'tornadoes']","['polymer-modified asphalt', 'oxidized asphalt shingles', 'asphalt shingles']","**Abstract**
+
+This study presents the findings of a comprehensive 5-year evaluation conducted by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IBHS) on the aging performance of three roofing products, designated as A, B, and C. The assessment primarily focused on tear resistance, where all products achieved Good ratings. However, notable discrepancies were observed in granule loss and dents/ridges performance; specifically, Products A and B exhibited significant granule loss, while Product C demonstrated deficiencies in dent/ridge resistance.
+
+Further analysis revealed subtle performance variations between north- and south-facing panels for certain products. Notably, UL2218 Class 4 shingles, which initially reported a 100% passing percentage at baseline, experienced a drastic decline to 8% post-aging, a result attributed to the limited sample size. Additionally, Product B's north-facing panel from Wisconsin outperformed its south-facing counterpart in South Carolina by 25%, while Product C's south-facing panel in South Carolina surpassed its north-facing variant by 17%.
+
+The study concluded that all roofing products retained their UL 2218 Class 4 rating over the 5-year period, with negligible performance degradation observed, typically within a 1-point variance across different farms. Importantly, no discernible trends emerged regarding performance relative to climate zones or roof orientations. Overall, the findings underscore the resilience of roofing products in maintaining impact resistance and tear strength following five years of aging, notwithstanding some decline in granule loss and dent/ridge performance."
+29,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,IBHS Roof Aging Farm: Five-Year Wind Performance Summary,ibhs_roof_aging_farm_five_year_wind_performance_summary.pdf,https://ibhs.org/?a=download&key=ab89007603000da08a9aafc1db3e78bd,,,24.0,6432.0,"Here is a concise summary of the text:
+
+The IBHS Roof Aging Farm conducted a 5-year wind performance study on various roofing products. Key findings include:
+
+* Architectural products outperformed 3-tab shingles in terms of uplift resistance and adhesion strength.
+* North-facing panels had higher uplift strengths than south-facing panels for three-tab shingles, but no difference was found for architectural shingles.
+* Aged panels (5 years old) showed improved wind performance compared to unaged or baseline panels.
+* There may be an optimal amount of solar radiation that improves uplift performance, with too little or too much radiation negatively impacting wind resistance.
+
+Overall, the study highlights the importance of testing and evaluating roof materials over time to ensure they can withstand various weather conditions.","['hailstorms', 'hurricane', 'hurricanes', 'tornadoes']","['asphalt', 'polymer-modified asphalt', 'oxidized asphalt shingles', 'asphalt shingles']","This paper presents the findings of a five-year wind performance study conducted by the Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) on a range of roofing products. The research reveals that architectural roofing products exhibit superior uplift resistance and adhesion strength compared to traditional 3-tab shingles. Notably, the study identifies that north-facing panels of three-tab shingles demonstrate enhanced uplift strengths relative to their south-facing counterparts, a distinction not observed in architectural shingles. Furthermore, aged roofing panels, specifically those aged five years, exhibited improved wind performance in contrast to unaged or baseline panels. The investigation also suggests the existence of an optimal threshold of solar radiation that positively influences uplift performance, indicating that both insufficient and excessive solar exposure may detrimentally affect wind resistance. These findings underscore the critical need for longitudinal testing and evaluation of roofing materials to ascertain their resilience against varying weather conditions."
+30,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Impact Resistance of Synthetic Composite Shingles,impact_resistance_of_synthetic_composite_shingles.pdf,https://ibhs.org/?a=download&key=d4363d52d5bb8867676d1a9bcc2e81b2,Composites,,11.0,1704.0,"Here's a consolidated summary of the main themes from the provided summaries:
+
+**Synthetic Composite Shingles' Hail Damage Resistance**
+
+Research by the Insurance Institute for Building Safety (IBHS) has investigated the hail damage resistance of synthetic composite shingles. The studies have shown that these products can offer improved hail resistance and durability compared to traditional asphalt shingles.
+
+**Key Findings:**
+
+* Synthetic composite shingles, such as Enviroshingle and Euroshield, performed well in hail damage tests, with minimal damage from 2-inch hailstone impacts.
+* F-Wave Revia suffered dents, but they recovered partially and reduced in size over time.
+* All three synthetic shingles had a specific hail warranty.
+* Synthetic shingles were more expensive than average impact-resistant asphalt shingles (4-6 times higher).
+* None of the synthetic shingles suffered damage from tears or breaches.
+
+**Benefits and Drawbacks:**
+
+* Synthetic composite shingles can last up to 50 years in real-world conditions, potentially exceeding the manufacturer's warranty of 20-30 years for asphalt shingles.
+* They offer long-term benefits, but have higher upfront costs (400-600% more than asphalt shingles).
+* The cost per square for these composite products is estimated to be around $2-$3, compared to $0.50-$1.00 for asphalt shingles.
+
+**Impact Resistance Testing:**
+
+The studies used various testing protocols, including the IBHS Impact Resistance Test Protocol and the Nemesis Impact Damage Evaluation Tool. These tests evaluated the dent depth after 2.00-in. hard impacts under various conditions.
+
+**Conclusion:**
+
+Synthetic composite shingles may offer improved hail resistance and durability compared to traditional asphalt shingles. While they have higher upfront costs, their long-term benefits can make them a viable alternative for homeowners looking to reduce insurance claims and reroofing due to hail impacts.",[],"['oxidized scrim-IR asphalt shingle', 'asphalt shingles', 'polymer modified IR asphalt shingle', 'tile roofs', 'metal']","**Abstract**
+
+This study evaluates the hail damage resistance of synthetic composite shingles, as investigated by the Insurance Institute for Building Safety (IBHS). The findings demonstrate that synthetic composite shingles, including Enviroshingle and Euroshield, exhibit superior performance in hail resistance tests compared to conventional asphalt shingles. Notably, these synthetic products sustained minimal damage from 2-inch hailstone impacts, while F-Wave Revia experienced some denting, which lessened over time. Each synthetic shingle variant was accompanied by a specific hail warranty, despite their higher cost—ranging from four to six times that of standard impact-resistant asphalt shingles. Despite a lack of damage from tears or breaches, the longevity of synthetic shingles, reaching up to 50 years under real-world conditions, substantially outstrips the typical manufacturer's warranty of 20-30 years offered for asphalt options.
+
+The economic analysis reveals that while the upfront investment in synthetic composite shingles is significantly higher (approximately $2-$3 per square, compared to $0.50-$1.00 for asphalt), the long-term benefits may justify the expense by potentially reducing future insurance claims and the need for reroofing due to hail impacts. The impact resistance testing adhered to established protocols, including the IBHS Impact Resistance Test and the Nemesis Impact Damage Evaluation Tool, which assessed dent depth following 2.00-inch hard impacts under varied conditions. In conclusion, synthetic composite shingles present a promising alternative for homeowners seeking enhanced durability and hail resistance, despite their initial cost implications."
+31,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Impact testing of high concentrations of small hail,impact_testing_of_high_concentrations_of_small_hail.pdf,https://ibhs.org/?a=download&key=5d014d376a0d334c3633317bf93e76d6,Asphalt,,8.0,1508.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IBHS) conducted a study to investigate the impact of high concentrations of small hail on asphalt shingles. The research aimed to evaluate the effects of hailstorms on shingle performance, particularly in terms of granule loss and potential claims.
+
+Key findings include:
+
+* High concentrations of small hail can cause significant granule loss, even in mild events
+* Visible irregularities in the shingles' surface can occur after weathering, potentially leading to claims
+* Even impact-resistant (IR) shingles may not perform as expected, with some products experiencing poor performance and high granule loss
+* Granule loss can shorten roof lifespan and make it more susceptible to future hail events
+
+The study used machine vision algorithms to analyze pre- and post-impact photos of weathered panels, revealing granule loss through red dots indicating differences in condition. The results suggest that even mild hail events can cause significant damage to asphalt shingles, highlighting the challenges posed by relatively mild hail events.
+
+Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of considering the impact of small hail on asphalt shingles and the potential consequences for roof lifespan and claims.",['hailstorms'],"['Asphalt Shingles', 'asphalt shingles']","**Abstract**
+
+This study conducted by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IBHS) investigates the effects of high concentrations of small hail on the performance of asphalt shingles, with a focus on granule loss and subsequent insurance claims. The findings reveal that even mild hail events can lead to substantial granule loss, resulting in visible surface irregularities that may trigger claims. Notably, impact-resistant (IR) shingles demonstrated inconsistent performance, with certain products exhibiting significant granule loss. This granule erosion not only diminishes the lifespan of roofs but also increases their vulnerability to future hail incidents. Utilizing machine vision algorithms, the research analyzed pre- and post-impact images of weathered shingles, effectively identifying granule loss through the application of red dot indicators. The implications of this study underscore the critical need to assess the impact of small hail on asphalt shingle integrity, emphasizing its potential repercussions for roofing durability and insurance considerations."
+33,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Impact-Resistant Shingle Performance Ratings,impact_resistant_shingle_performance_ratings_–_insurance_institute_for_business_&_home_safety.pdf,https://ibhs.org/hail/shingle-performance-ratings/,Asphalt,,2.0,106.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+The Insurance Institute for Building Safety (IBHS) conducted tests on impact-resistant shingles to assess their performance under real-world conditions. The results provide valuable insights into hail damage resistance in large US regions, addressing consumer concerns and informing home roofing safety standards through the FORTIFIED Home program.",['hailstorms'],['Asphalt Shingles'],"This paper presents an analysis conducted by the Insurance Institute for Building Safety (IBHS) on the efficacy of impact-resistant shingles in real-world scenarios. Through rigorous testing, the research elucidates the performance of these shingles against hail damage across extensive regions in the United States. The findings not only address significant consumer concerns regarding roofing durability but also contribute to the advancement of home roofing safety standards, specifically within the framework of the FORTIFIED Home program."
+34,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Investigation of the Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles,investigation_of_the_wind_resistance_of_asphalt_shingles.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784412626.045,Asphalt,,11.0,5508.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+**Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles**
+
+Researchers have been studying the wind resistance of asphalt shingles to improve their performance in hurricane-prone areas. The studies focus on various aspects, including aging, edge attachments, fastener schedules, and wind tunnel tests.
+
+**Key Findings**
+
+* Aging affects wind resistance, with thermal loads being the primary driver.
+* Edge attachments and fastener schedules play a significant role in determining wind uplift forces.
+* Wind tunnel tests have shown that variations in speed-up factor can have an exponential effect on predicted wind uplift forces.
+* The Peterka asphalt shingle wind load model has been validated and extended to include partial unsealing effects.
+
+**Mitigating Damage from Shingle Loss**
+
+The studies aim to improve our understanding of roof failure mechanisms and inform design and installation best practices for more resilient roofing systems. This includes:
+
+* Evaluating the performance of asphalt shingle roofs under real-world conditions.
+* Investigating the effects of thermal loads, aging, and wind resistance on shingle performance.
+* Developing strategies for mitigating wind damage from shingle loss.
+
+**Standards and Guidelines**
+
+The documents also cover standards and guidelines for asphalt roofing shingles, such as UL 997 (1960), and professional articles on improving wind performance of asphalt shingles after Hurricane Andrew (1995) and lessons learned from Hugo (1990).
+
+Overall, the studies aim to provide insights into the performance of asphalt shingle roofs in hurricane-prone areas and inform strategies for mitigating wind damage.","['Hurricane Hugo', 'wind storms', 'hurricane', 'Hurricane Katrina', 'Hurricane Andrew']","['asphalt shingle specimens', 'asphalt roof shingles', 'asphalt shingle products', 'asphalt shingle', 'laminate asphalt shingles', 'asphalt roofing shingles', 'asphalt-based tab sealant', 'asphalt shingles', 'asphalt shingle composition', 'asphalt shingle roof system', 'asphalt shingle roofs', 'asphalt', 'asphalt glass fiber shingle roof']","**Abstract**
+
+This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent research focused on the wind resistance of asphalt shingles, particularly in the context of hurricane-prone regions. The investigation encompasses critical factors influencing shingle performance, including aging processes, edge attachment configurations, fastener schedules, and empirical data derived from wind tunnel experiments. 
+
+Key findings reveal that aging significantly impacts wind resistance, with thermal loads identified as a primary influencing factor. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of edge attachments and fastener arrangements in mitigating wind uplift forces. Notably, wind tunnel tests indicate that variations in speed-up factors can exponentially affect the anticipated wind uplift forces on shingles. The validity of the Peterka asphalt shingle wind load model has been confirmed, and its application has been broadened to account for partial unsealing phenomena.
+
+The research also aims to elucidate mechanisms underlying roof failure and to enhance best practices for design and installation, thereby fostering more resilient roofing systems. This entails an evaluation of asphalt shingle roof performance under realistic conditions, alongside a thorough examination of the implications of thermal loads, aging, and wind resistance on shingle efficacy. Furthermore, strategies for mitigating wind-induced damage from shingle loss are explored.
+
+In addition, this paper reviews existing standards and guidelines relevant to asphalt roofing shingles, referencing historical benchmarks such as UL 997 (1960) and professional analyses stemming from hurricanes Andrew (1995) and Hugo (1990). The overarching goal of this body of research is to enhance understanding of asphalt shingle roof performance in hurricane-prone environments and to develop informed strategies for reducing wind damage."
+35,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,New Asphalt Shingle Hail Impact Performance Test Protocol and Damage Assessment,new_asphalt_shingle_hail_impact_performance_test_protocol_and_damage_assessment_natural_hazards_review.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000509,,,14.0,8523.0,"Here is a concise summary of the main themes:
+
+**Hailstorms and Roofing Materials**
+
+* Hailstorms can cause significant damage to roofing materials, leading to costly repairs and replacements.
+* Research has been conducted to understand the impact of hail on various types of roofing materials, including asphalt shingles.
+
+**Damage Evaluation Methods**
+
+* Traditional methods for evaluating hail damage involve expert judgment and manual measurements, which can be subjective and time-consuming.
+* Newer methods, such as computer vision and machine learning algorithms, are being developed to more accurately and efficiently assess hail damage.
+
+**Standardization and Testing Protocols**
+
+* Standardized testing protocols have been established to evaluate the impact resistance of roofing materials against hail damage.
+* These protocols provide a uniform and systematic way to measure hail damage, reducing human error and the need for manual depth measurements.
+
+**Performance Ratings and Consumer Education**
+
+* Performance ratings are being developed to help consumers select high-performing roofing products that can withstand hailstorms.
+* Research aims to understand the performance of naturally weathered products and evaluate the effects of repeated impacts on granule loss.
+
+Overall, research is ongoing to improve our understanding of hailstorm damage to roofing materials and develop more effective methods for assessing and mitigating this type of damage.",['hailstorms'],"['asphalt', 'asphalt shingle products', 'asphalt shingles', 'architectural asphalt shingles']","**Abstract**
+
+This paper explores the multifaceted impact of hailstorms on roofing materials, emphasizing the consequential damage that necessitates costly repairs and replacements. A significant body of research has been dedicated to assessing the effects of hail on diverse roofing types, particularly asphalt shingles. Traditional damage evaluation methods, reliant on expert judgment and manual measurements, often yield subjective and time-intensive assessments. In response, innovative approaches utilizing computer vision and machine learning algorithms have emerged, promising enhanced accuracy and efficiency in the evaluation of hail damage.
+
+Moreover, standardized testing protocols have been established to systematically assess the impact resistance of roofing materials, aiming to minimize human error associated with manual measurements. Concurrently, the development of performance ratings seeks to empower consumers in selecting roofing products that exhibit superior resilience against hailstorms. This research also investigates the performance of naturally weathered materials and the implications of repeated impacts on granule loss.
+
+In conclusion, the ongoing research endeavors aim to deepen the understanding of hailstorm-induced damage to roofing materials and to create more effective methodologies for damage assessment and mitigation strategies."
+36,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Observations of Building Performance in southwest Florida during Hurricane Ian (2022): Roof Cover Damage Assessment on Residential and Light Commercial Structures,building_performance_in_southwest_florida_during_hurricane_ian_2022_part_i.pdf,https://ibhs.org/wind/building-performance-in-sw-florida-during-hurricane-ian-2022/,"Asphalt, Metal, Tile, Low-Slope",Hurricane,26.0,9134.0,"Here is a concise summary:
+
+**Asphalt Shingles:**
+
+* High damage rate (50-60%) in hurricanes, particularly at wind speeds above 120-130 mph
+* Unsealed shingles are a common cause of damage, especially in field areas
+* Performance varies by age, with older roofs more prone to damage
+
+**Tile Roofs:**
+
+* Improved performance compared to asphalt shingles, with damage rates below 40%
+* Hip and ridge cap tiles remain vulnerable to damage, but overall performance has improved significantly since Hurricane Charley
+* Severe roof cover damage is uncommon in tile roofs
+
+**Metal Roofs:**
+
+* Perform well, with damage rates of 4% or less at wind speeds below 130 mph
+* Severe roof cover damage is more likely than with asphalt shingles or tile roofs, often due to complex roof shapes and exposed decking
+
+**Low-Slope Membranes and Built-Up Roofs:**
+
+* Suffered similar damage rates to asphalt shingles, particularly at corners and edges
+* Damage severity is correlated with peak winds, suggesting a potential issue with flashing attachment provisions
+
+**Commercial Metal Building Roofs:**
+
+* Performed better than membrane and built-up roofs, but still suffered significant damage in severe wind conditions
+
+**Economic Impact:**
+
+* Asphalt shingle roofs are the main driver of loss in hurricanes
+* Tile roofs have improved performance, but still suffer from some damage
+* Metal roofs perform well, but can be vulnerable to complex roof shapes and exposed decking
+
+Overall, these studies highlight the importance of addressing building envelope issues, ensuring proper flashing attachment provisions, and selecting suitable roofing materials for extreme weather conditions.","['flood', 'Hurricane Charley', 'Hurricane Laura', 'Hurricane Michael', 'hurricane winds', 'hurricane', 'strong winds', 'strong wind', 'HURRICANE IAN', 'Hurricane Andrew', 'Hurricane Ian']","['Low-slope built-up roof', 'Tile roofs', 'asphalt shingles', 'metal roofing panels', 'Commercial metal building roof cover', 'Steep-slope metal roofs', 'asphalt', 'low-slope metal roofs', 'metal buildings', 'asphalt shingle roofs', 'steep-slope metal roofs', 'tiles', 'low-slope roofing', 'tile', 'built-up roofs', 'standing seam metal roofs', 'exposed fastener metal roofs', 'tile roofs', 'commercial lightweight metal building roofs', 'low-slope metal', 'metal roofs', 'metal', 'standing-seam metal roof', 'asphalt shingle', 'metal roof', 'clay or concrete tile roofs', 'Asphalt shingles', 'metal roof system']","**Abstract**
+
+This paper presents a comparative analysis of roofing materials in relation to their performance during hurricane conditions, particularly focusing on damage rates and vulnerabilities. Asphalt shingles exhibit a high damage rate of 50-60% at wind speeds exceeding 120-130 mph, with unsealed shingles and aging roofs identified as significant contributors to this susceptibility. Conversely, tile roofs demonstrate improved resilience, achieving damage rates below 40%, although hip and ridge cap tiles remain points of vulnerability. The study indicates that severe damage to tile roofs is rare, especially in comparison to asphalt shingles. Metal roofs showcase superior performance, with damage rates of 4% or less at similar wind thresholds, although complex roof geometries and exposed decking can lead to increased risk of severe damage. Low-slope membranes and built-up roofs mirror the damage rates of asphalt shingles, particularly at structural corners and edges, suggesting deficiencies in flashing attachment. Additionally, commercial metal building roofs outperform membrane and built-up systems yet still experience notable damage under extreme wind conditions. The economic implications reveal that asphalt shingle roofs are the predominant source of loss during hurricanes, while tile and metal roofs, despite their improved performance, remain vulnerable to specific damage factors. This study underscores the critical need for enhanced building envelope integrity, effective flashing provisions, and the strategic selection of roofing materials to mitigate risks associated with extreme weather events."
+37,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Observations of Building Performance in southwest Florida during Hurricane Ian 2022: Performance of the Florida Building Code,building_performance_in_hurricane_ian_partii_fbc.pdf,https://ibhs1.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/HurricaneIan_PartII_FBC.pdf,,,21.0,10152.0,"Here is a concise summary of the main themes:
+
+**Windstorm Damage Assessment**
+
+* Research highlights the importance of understanding windstorm damage to inform mitigation strategies
+* Studies have identified various factors contributing to damage, including building codes, roofing materials, and garage door performance
+
+**Building Codes and Insurance**
+
+* The Florida Building Code (FBC) has been effective in mitigating damage from windstorms, but gaps remain
+* Research emphasizes the need for continued investment in code adoption and enforcement
+* Studies have also highlighted the importance of natural hazard mitigation and the role of insurance in reducing economic losses
+
+**Roofing Materials and Garage Doors**
+
+* Asphalt shingle roofs continue to perform poorly despite code provisions implemented in 2005
+* Research has identified areas for improvement, including flashing attachments on low-slope commercial roofs and garage door performance
+* Insulated concrete form (ICF) construction, shutter systems, and wind-rated garage doors may help reduce structural damage
+
+**Mitigation Strategies**
+
+* Retrofit options can be effective in reducing damage potential for older construction
+* Modern FBC homes can serve as a benchmark for future events
+* Continued research is needed to address gaps in current design levels and testing standards
+
+Overall, the research emphasizes the importance of understanding windstorm damage, building codes, and insurance to inform mitigation strategies. By addressing gaps in current design levels and testing standards, we can reduce economic losses from extreme weather events.","['Hurricane', 'Hurricane Charley', 'Hurricane Andrew (1992)', 'Hurricane Michael (2018)', 'hurricane', 'hurricanes', 'strong wind', 'Hurricane Andrew', 'Hurricane Ian', 'Hurricane Ian (2022)']","['metal', 'low-slope roof', 'metal building roof system', 'tile', 'built-up roofs', 'asphalt shingles', 'tile roof systems', 'asphalt shingle steep-slope roofs', 'Asphalt Shingle Roofs', 'tile roofs', 'low-slope roofs', 'asphalt shingle roof', 'metal roofs']","**Abstract**
+
+The assessment of windstorm damage is critical for the development of effective mitigation strategies. This paper synthesizes recent research that identifies key factors influencing structural damage, including the efficacy of building codes, the performance of roofing materials, and the functionality of garage doors. Notably, the Florida Building Code (FBC) has demonstrated a degree of effectiveness in reducing windstorm-related damage; however, persisting gaps underscore the necessity for ongoing investment in code adoption and enforcement. Furthermore, the role of insurance is highlighted as a pivotal element in minimizing economic losses attributed to natural hazards.
+
+The performance of asphalt shingle roofs remains suboptimal, despite the implementation of updated code provisions in 2005. Research indicates critical areas for enhancement, particularly concerning flashing attachments on low-slope commercial roofs and the resilience of garage doors. Alternative construction methods, such as insulated concrete forms (ICF), alongside the use of shutter systems and wind-rated garage doors, are proposed as viable solutions to mitigate structural damage.
+
+The paper advocates for the retrofitting of older buildings as a means to diminish damage potential, while modern FBC-compliant homes are suggested as benchmarks for resilience in future windstorm events. A call for continued research is made to address existing deficiencies in design levels and testing standards, ultimately aiming to reduce economic impacts from extreme weather phenomena. The findings underscore the intertwined nature of understanding windstorm damage, building regulations, and insurance frameworks in the pursuit of robust mitigation strategies."
+38,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Performance of Metal Roofing to Realistic Wind Loads and Evaluation of Current Test Standards,performance_of_metal_roofing_to_realistic_wind_loads_and_evaluation_of_current_test_standards_icwe_ibhs.pdf,https://ibhs.org/wp-content/uploads/member_docs/Performance-of-Metal-Roofing-to-Realistic-Wind-Loads_ICWE_IBHS.pdf,Metal,,18.0,6078.0,"Here is a concise summary of the main themes:
+
+**Key Findings:**
+
+1. **Internal Pressure Variations:** Internal pressure variations significantly affect net wind loads at each corner, making direct comparisons between corners impossible without correction.
+2. **Load Cell vs. Integrated Pressure Measurements:** Load cell measurements tend to overestimate loads, particularly near the edge of the roof and extending further into the field, while integrated pressure measurements provide a more accurate representation of actual loads.
+3. **Deflection and Lateral Reactions:** Significant deflection was observed in roof panels under high wind loads, leading to lateral reactions at the clips, which may redistribute forces along the panel and into the edge flashing.
+4. **Comparison with ASCE7-10 Standard:** The current ASCE7-10 standard tends to underestimate wind loads on building corners, particularly those adjacent to edge zones.
+
+**Implications:**
+
+1. **Improved Load Calculations:** Proposed changes to the ASCE7 external wind loads appear conservative but not overly so for the current building configuration.
+2. **Increased Accuracy:** Using integrated net surface pressures provides a more accurate representation of actual loads compared to load cell measurements.
+3. **Deflection and Edge Flashing Considerations:** Deflection in roof panels under high wind loads may require consideration when designing edge flashing systems.
+
+**Future Research Directions:**
+
+1. **Improved Load Calculations:** Further research is needed to improve the accuracy of load calculations, particularly for building corners adjacent to edge zones.
+2. **Deflection and Edge Flashing Design:** Studies should investigate the effects of deflection on edge flashing design and performance under various wind loading conditions.
+
+Overall, the study highlights the importance of considering internal pressure variations and deflection in roof panels when designing buildings to withstand wind loads.",[],"['metal panels', 'standing seam metal roof', 'metal roof cladding', 'standing seam metal roofs', 'metal roofing']","**Abstract**
+
+This study investigates the complexities of wind load assessments on building structures, focusing on the influence of internal pressure variations and the efficacy of measurement techniques. Key findings reveal that internal pressure fluctuations significantly impact net wind loads at building corners, complicating direct comparative analyses without proper corrections. Notably, load cell measurements frequently overestimate loads, especially at roof edges, while integrated pressure measurements yield a more accurate depiction of actual loads. Additionally, the research identifies substantial deflection in roof panels subjected to high wind loads, which results in lateral reactions at the clips and may cause force redistribution along the panel and into the edge flashing.
+
+The current ASCE7-10 standard is shown to underestimate wind loads at building corners, particularly those near edge zones. As a result, proposed adjustments to ASCE7 external wind load calculations, while conservative, are deemed appropriate for the examined building configurations. The findings emphasize the significance of utilizing integrated net surface pressures for enhanced accuracy in load evaluations and highlight the necessity of considering deflection implications in the design of edge flashing systems.
+
+Future research directions are outlined, advocating for improved load calculation methodologies, particularly for corner zones adjacent to edges, and a deeper investigation into the interplay between panel deflection and edge flashing design under varying wind conditions. This study underscores the critical need to address internal pressure variations and structural deflection in the design of wind-resistant buildings."
+39,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Performance of Roof Tiles under Simulated Hurricane Impact,performance_of_roof_tiles_under_simulated_hurricane_impact.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(2009)15:1(26),Tile,,9.0,5741.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+The study investigates the performance of roof tiles under simulated hurricane impact using a ""Wall of Wind"" apparatus at Florida International University. The goal was to assess roof-tile performance, observe failure modes, and obtain wind pressure data for comparisons with ASCE 7 Standard values.
+
+Three types of attachments were tested on clay and concrete roof tiles: adhesive-set, mortar-set, and mechanical fasteners. The study found that:
+
+* Concrete tile roofs with mortar set performed best among all tested roofs.
+* Workmanship was a major factor in determining roof-tile performance.
+* ASCE 7 Standard pressure coefficient values are conservative for assessing wind loads on individual tiles.
+
+The study used simulated hurricane winds of up to 129.5 mi/h and achieved peak gust wind speeds of 31.5 m/s, 57.9 m/s, and 208.5 m/s. The results suggest that current installation practices and codes may not be sufficient for mitigating damage from weaker hurricanes.
+
+The study highlights the importance of proper training programs for roofing personnel and stringent inspection procedures to ensure compliance with building codes. It also emphasizes the need for stringent inspection and quality control measures in roofing construction to ensure safe and durable building designs.
+
+Overall, the study suggests that roof-tile performance can be improved by using concrete tile roofs with mortar sets, ensuring proper workmanship, and implementing stricter installation practices. The results of this study have implications for building design and construction practices in hurricane-prone areas.","['Hurricane Wilma', 'hurricane']","['concrete roof tiles', 'roof-tile', 'tiles', 'tile', 'concrete tile', 'clay tiles', 'roof tiles', 'clay roof tile', 'tile roofs', 'clay and concrete roof tiles', 'concrete tiles']","This study presents an investigation into the performance characteristics of roof tiles subjected to simulated hurricane conditions utilizing the ""Wall of Wind"" apparatus at Florida International University. The primary objective was to evaluate the performance of various roof tiles, identify failure modes, and gather wind pressure data for comparison against the ASCE 7 Standard values.
+
+Three distinct attachment methods were analyzed for both clay and concrete roof tiles: adhesive-set, mortar-set, and mechanical fasteners. Findings indicate that concrete tile roofs utilizing mortar-set attachments exhibited superior performance compared to other configurations. Moreover, workmanship emerged as a critical determinant in the overall efficacy of roof-tile installations. Notably, the ASCE 7 Standard pressure coefficient values were determined to be conservative when applied to individual tile wind load assessments.
+
+The experimental conditions simulated hurricane wind speeds reaching up to 129.5 mi/h, with peak gusts recorded at 31.5 m/s, 57.9 m/s, and 208.5 m/s. The outcomes of this study imply that existing installation methodologies and regulatory codes may inadequately address potential damage from less intense hurricane events.
+
+The research underscores the necessity for enhanced training programs for roofing professionals, alongside rigorous inspection protocols to ensure adherence to established building codes. It advocates for strict quality control measures within roofing construction practices to foster the development of safe and resilient building designs.
+
+In conclusion, the study posits that roof-tile performance can be significantly augmented through the adoption of concrete tile roofs with mortar-set attachments, the assurance of high-quality workmanship, and the enforcement of more stringent installation standards. The implications of these findings are pertinent to the fields of building design and construction within hurricane-vulnerable regions."
+40,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Post-2004 Hurricane Field Survey of Residential Building Performance,post_2004_hurricane_field_survey_of_residential_building_performance.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000044,All,,7.0,5310.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+The studies investigated the performance of single-family residential buildings in Florida constructed after Hurricane Andrew-related changes to the Standard Building Code in 2001. The researchers conducted surveys and analyzed data from homes built between 1994 and 2004, focusing on construction type, age, and maximum wind speed.
+
+Key findings include:
+
+* Homes built after the 2001 Florida Building Code performed well in comparison to older constructions, with evidence suggesting a reduction in vulnerability and loss.
+* The study found that there was no significant structural damage to any of the surveyed homes, even in high wind zones.
+* Roof sheathing failure was observed in pre-1994 construction homes after Hurricane Ivan, but not in post-1994 homes.
+* Garage door damage was minimal, with only window cracks and dents reported.
+* The study suggests that dynamic loading and text protocol can affect the capacity of roof decking.
+
+The studies also highlighted the importance of proper construction practices and building codes in mitigating damage from hurricanes. Key findings include:
+
+* Double-entry doors are more prone to breach from wind pressure.
+* Older homes (1994-1998) are more likely to experience ceiling damage due to soffit and roof cover loss.
+* Window protection reduces the likelihood of window damage by a factor of over 2.5, with tile neighborhoods being more vulnerable than shingle neighborhoods.
+* Metal shutters can be effective in protecting windows from debris, but may not withstand puncture from roofing tiles.
+
+Overall, the studies emphasize the need for improved water tightness and window protection measures to enhance residential vulnerability modeling and future code revisions. They also highlight the importance of considering age and wind speed when assessing the performance of roofing materials in hurricane-prone areas.","['Hurricane Charley', 'hurricane-prone areas', 'Hurricane Hugo', 'hurricane', 'Hurricane Katrina', 'Hurricane Andrew']","['metal', 'asphalt shingle', 'tile', 'tile roof', 'roof tiles']","This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the performance of single-family residential buildings in Florida constructed post-Hurricane Andrew, particularly focusing on the implications of the 2001 Standard Building Code amendments. A systematic examination was conducted through surveys and data analysis of homes built between 1994 and 2004, with particular attention to construction type, age, and exposure to maximum wind speeds.
+
+Key findings reveal that homes built in accordance with the 2001 Florida Building Code demonstrated significantly lower vulnerability and property loss compared to their older counterparts. Notably, no substantial structural damage was reported in the surveyed homes, even those situated in high wind zones. The analysis indicated a marked contrast in roof sheathing performance, with failures observed in pre-1994 constructions following Hurricane Ivan, while post-1994 constructions remained intact. Minimal garage door damage was recorded, with issues primarily limited to superficial window cracks and dents.
+
+The study further identifies critical aspects of construction practices and building codes in reducing hurricane-related damage. It was found that double-entry doors exhibit increased susceptibility to wind pressure breaches, and homes constructed between 1994 and 1998 are at a higher risk of ceiling damage due to soffit and roof cover loss. Additionally, implementing window protection measures can mitigate window damage risk by over 2.5 times, particularly in tile roofing neighborhoods, which are identified as more vulnerable than their shingle counterparts. Although metal shutters provide some protection against debris, their efficacy is compromised when subjected to puncture from roofing tiles.
+
+In conclusion, this research underscores the necessity for enhanced water tightness and window protection strategies to refine residential vulnerability assessments and inform future building code revisions. It accentuates the importance of considering the age of structures and wind speed factors when evaluating roofing material performance in hurricane-prone regions."
+41,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Prediction of extent of damage to metal roof panels under hail impact,prediction_of_extent_of_damage_to_metal_roof_panels_under_hail_impact.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.02.036,Metal,,10.0,6393.0,"Here is a concise summary of the text:
+
+**Hail Damage to Metal Roofs**
+
+* The study investigates the damage caused by hail impacts on metal roofs, focusing on maximum von Mises stress, displacement, and dynamic yield strength.
+* Results show that:
+	+ Maximum von Mises stress varies from 85 to 1082 MPa for hail diameters ranging from 25.4 mm to 127.0 mm.
+	+ Dynamic yield strength increases with increasing hail diameter.
+	+ Plastic deformations occur in the roof panel when hail diameters exceed 88.9 mm (3.5 in.).
+	+ Section 1 of the roof panel demonstrates higher stiffness against vertical hail impact, while Section 2 shows lower stiffness and higher displacements.
+
+**Impact Resistance and Damage Assessment**
+
+* The study highlights the importance of considering multiple hail impacts for accurate damage assessment.
+* Larger hail sizes cause more significant deformations, even if subsequent hailstones are smaller.
+* The history of past impacts is crucial for accurately assessing damage, as it can lead to a higher percentage increase in displacement and stress measures.
+
+**Design Considerations**
+
+* Metal roof panels should be designed to withstand hail impacts, with consideration given to the stiffness of different sections.
+* Roof panels with ribs are more prone to deformation than others.
+* Multiple impact scenarios (S1-234 to S1-432) were simulated to evaluate the effects of hail impact on metal roof panels.
+
+**Conclusion**
+
+The study provides valuable insights into the damage caused by hail impacts on metal roofs, highlighting the importance of considering multiple impacts and the stiffness of different sections. The results have implications for designing and optimizing metal roof panels to withstand hail storms.",['hailstorms'],"['metal panel', 'metal roofs', 'asphalt shingles', 'metal roof panels', 'metal roof', 'metal']","**Abstract**
+
+This study explores the effects of hail impacts on metal roofs, emphasizing the analysis of maximum von Mises stress, displacement, and dynamic yield strength. The findings indicate that the maximum von Mises stress ranges from 85 to 1082 MPa, dependent on hail diameters spanning from 25.4 mm to 127.0 mm, with dynamic yield strength exhibiting an upward trend correlated with increasing hail size. Notably, plastic deformations in the roof panel manifest when hail diameters surpass 88.9 mm (3.5 in.). Furthermore, the analysis reveals that Section 1 of the roof panel exhibits superior stiffness against vertical hail impacts, whereas Section 2 demonstrates reduced stiffness and heightened displacements.
+
+The research underscores the necessity of assessing multiple hail impacts for a comprehensive evaluation of damage. It is observed that larger hail sizes lead to more pronounced deformations, irrespective of the size of subsequent hailstones, and the historical context of prior impacts plays a pivotal role in accurately determining damage metrics, significantly influencing displacement and stress measurements.
+
+Design recommendations suggest that metal roof panels should be engineered to endure hail impacts, with particular attention to the varying stiffness of different sections. Additionally, roof panels featuring ribs are identified as more susceptible to deformation. Simulations of multiple impact scenarios (S1-234 to S1-432) were conducted to assess the repercussions of hail strikes on metal roof structures.
+
+In conclusion, this research offers critical insights into the damage inflicted by hail on metal roofs and emphasizes the significance of multiple impact considerations and sectional stiffness in design. The findings bear implications for the development and optimization of metal roofing systems to enhance resilience against hailstorm events."
+42,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Relative Impact Resistance of Asphalt Shingles Summary of UL2218 Impact Tests,relative_impact_resistance_of_asphalt_shingles_summary_of_ul2218_impact_tests_ibhs.pdf,https://ibhs1.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/wpmembers/files/Relative-Impact-Resistance-of-Asphalt-Shingles_IBHS.pdf,Asphalt,,20.0,3726.0,"Based on the provided summaries, here is a consolidated summary of the main themes related to UL 2218 Impact Tests:
+
+The Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) conducted standardized impact tests on asphalt shingles using the Underwriters Laboratory Test Standard 2218 (UL 2218). The tests involved dropping steel balls of varying sizes from a height to simulate hailstone impacts. The results showed that some products performed better than others in terms of resistance to damage, with evidence of opening or tearing on the back of the shingle being recorded as a test failure.
+
+The study compared the impact resistance of different types of asphalt shingles, including basic and architectural types, as well as polymer-modified IR (Impact-Resistant) shingles. The results showed that IR products performed significantly better than basic and premium architectural shingles in all steel ball impact classes. Polymer-modified IR shingles also showed significant improvement over traditional IR shingles.
+
+The study highlighted the importance of testing asphalt shingles' impact resistance using standardized methods, such as UL 2218. The tests revealed that some products were more resistant to damage than others, and that certain types of shingles performed better in specific impact classes.
+
+Overall, the study suggests that asphalt shingles can be designed and manufactured to withstand various levels of impact damage, and that testing using standardized methods like UL 2218 is essential for ensuring the safety and durability of these products.",[],"['ASPHALT SHINGLES', 'asphalt', 'asphalt shingles']","This study evaluates the impact resistance of asphalt shingles, utilizing the Underwriters Laboratory Test Standard 2218 (UL 2218) as a framework for standardized testing. Conducted by the Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS), the tests involved the simulated impact of hailstones through the release of steel balls of varying sizes from a predetermined height. The findings indicate a significant disparity in performance among different shingle types, with polymer-modified Impact-Resistant (IR) shingles exhibiting superior resistance to damage compared to both basic and architectural shingles. Specifically, the data reveal that IR products consistently outperformed their non-modified counterparts across all impact classifications, underscoring the efficacy of polymer modifications. 
+
+The implications of this study emphasize the necessity of employing standardized testing protocols, such as UL 2218, to accurately assess the impact resistance of asphalt shingles. The results not only elucidate the varying degrees of resilience among shingle products but also highlight the potential for advancements in design and manufacturing processes aimed at enhancing durability against impact forces. Ultimately, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on building material safety and durability, advocating for rigorous testing standards to inform consumer choices and improve structural integrity in the face of environmental challenges."
+43,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Study of wind loads on asphalt shingles using full-scale experimentation,study_of_wind_loads_on_asphalt_shingles_using_full_scale_experimentation.pdf,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2022.105005,Asphalt,,17.0,8175.0,"Here is a concise summary of the article:
+
+A study investigated the aerodynamic effects on asphalt shingles during high winds, specifically focusing on the failure mechanism of shingle liftoff. The researchers found that the upper corner area of a monoslope roof was most vulnerable to wind-induced failures, with shingles being blown off at peak wind speeds of up to 57 m/s (127 mph). The study also highlighted a critical loading case for asphalt shingles, which are not designed and tested for this specific failure mechanism.
+
+The researchers developed an area-averaged pressure coefficient method using various tap combinations and compared the results to ASCE 7-16 standards. They found that the area-averaged peak pressure coefficients exceeded the plateau regions provided in the standard due to underestimation of peak loads or differences in aerodynamics between shingled roofs and bare roof surfaces.
+
+The study has implications for the design and testing of roofing systems, particularly for high-wind areas. It highlights the need for accurate wind load predictions to ensure building safety and minimize damage from extreme weather events.
+
+Key findings include:
+
+* The upper corner area of a monoslope roof is most vulnerable to wind-induced failures
+* Asphalt shingles are not designed and tested for this specific failure mechanism
+* The current shingle uplift model does not account for this failure mechanism
+* The area-averaged pressure coefficient method can be used to determine if the design wind load acting on roof shingles is lower than the acceptable limit
+
+Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of considering aerodynamic effects on roofing systems and highlights a critical loading case that requires further research and development.","['hurricane', 'strong wind']","['asphalt laminate shingles', 'asphalt shingled roofs', 'asphalt shingle', 'roofing tiles', 'asphalt shingles', 'standing seam metal roofs', 'roof tiles']","**Abstract**
+
+This study examines the aerodynamic effects on asphalt shingles subjected to high winds, with a particular focus on the failure mechanism associated with shingle liftoff. The research identifies the upper corner region of monoslope roofs as the most susceptible area to wind-induced failures, revealing that shingles can be dislodged at peak wind velocities reaching 57 m/s (127 mph). A significant finding of this investigation is the recognition that current design and testing standards for asphalt shingles do not encompass this specific failure mechanism, thereby underscoring a critical gap in the understanding of roofing performance under extreme wind conditions.
+
+To address this issue, the researchers employed an area-averaged pressure coefficient method, integrating various tap combinations to analyze aerodynamic pressures and comparing the outcomes to ASCE 7-16 standards. The results indicate that the area-averaged peak pressure coefficients surpass the plateau regions established within the standard, suggesting an underestimation of peak loads or notable differences in aerodynamic behavior between shingled roofs and bare roof surfaces.
+
+The implications of this study are significant for the design and evaluation of roofing systems, particularly in regions prone to high winds. It emphasizes the necessity for precise wind load predictions to enhance building safety and mitigate potential damage from severe weather phenomena. Key findings highlight the vulnerability of monoslope roof corners, the inadequacy of current shingle uplift models in addressing this failure mechanism, and the utility of the area-averaged pressure coefficient method in assessing design wind loads on roofing materials, advocating for further research and development in this domain."
+44,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Surviving nature's fury: Performance of asphalt shingle roofs in the real world,surviving_natures_fury_performance_of_asphalt_shingle_roofs_in_the_real_world_ibhs.pdf,https://ibhs.org/wp-content/uploads/member_docs/Surviving-Natures-Fury-Performance-of-Asphalt-Shingle-Roofs-in-the-Real-World_IBHS.pdf,Asphalt,Hurricane,12.0,7458.0,"Here's a concise summary of the study:
+
+**Key Findings:**
+
+1. **Newer homes are less prone to damage**: Homes built in 2002 or later suffered minimal damage (less than 1%) from Hurricane Ike and Rita, while older homes (built before 1998) experienced more significant damage.
+2. **Aging effects contribute to reduced damage**: The study found that aging effects and code changes contributed to a decline in roof damage for newer homes, suggesting that modern building codes have reduced hurricane-related losses.
+3. **Wind direction plays a crucial role**: Roof cover damage was widespread, with leading roof corners, edges, and ridge areas being more susceptible to uplift pressures and flow near the roof surface.
+4. **Current test methods may not accurately predict real-world performance**: The study suggests that current test methods for evaluating shingle performance may not accurately predict real-world performance, highlighting the need for further research on product changes, aging effects, and current rating systems.
+
+**Implications:**
+
+1. **Modern building codes have reduced hurricane-related losses**: The study's findings support the effectiveness of modern building codes in reducing property losses due to hurricanes.
+2. **Further research is needed**: To improve our understanding of shingle roof performance in high-wind conditions, researchers should investigate stronger winds and controlled laboratory settings.
+
+**Takeaways:**
+
+1. **Newer homes are more resilient**: Homes built in 2002 or later are less prone to damage from hurricanes, making them a better choice for areas prone to severe weather events.
+2. **Wind direction is critical**: Roof cover damage can occur even at lower wind speeds, highlighting the importance of considering wind direction when assessing roof performance.
+3. **Current test methods need improvement**: Researchers should focus on developing more accurate and reliable test methods to evaluate shingle performance in high-wind conditions.","['Hurricane Gustav', 'Hurricane Ike', 'hurricane', 'Hurricanes', 'strong winds', 'hurricane-prone regions', 'Hurricane Rita']","['asphalt shingle roofing materials', 'asphalt shingle roofs']","**Abstract**
+
+This study examines the impact of building age and wind dynamics on roof damage from hurricanes, specifically analyzing the effects of Hurricane Ike and Rita on residential properties. Key findings indicate that homes constructed post-2002 exhibited significantly lower damage rates (under 1%) compared to older constructions (pre-1998), highlighting the role of modern building codes in mitigating hurricane-related losses. The analysis reveals that aging effects and evolving construction standards have contributed to decreased roof damage in newer homes. Furthermore, the study identifies wind direction as a critical factor, with specific roof areas, including corners, edges, and ridges, being particularly vulnerable to uplift pressures. It critiques existing test methodologies for shingle performance, suggesting they may not sufficiently reflect real-world conditions, thus necessitating further empirical research to address variations in product resilience, aging effects, and the adequacy of current rating systems. The implications of these findings underscore the effectiveness of contemporary building codes in enhancing structural resilience against hurricanes, while also emphasizing the need for improved testing protocols to better predict shingle performance under high-wind circumstances. Overall, the study advocates for the construction of newer homes in hurricane-prone areas and calls for a comprehensive reevaluation of testing methods to ensure reliability in assessing roof performance."
+45,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Terminal velocities and kinetic energies of natural hailstones,geophysical_research_letters___2014___heymsfield___terminal_velocities_and_kinetic_energies_of_natural_hailstones.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062324,,,7.0,4217.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+Researchers analyzed data from 2295 hailstones collected in Great Plains storms between 2012-2014 to estimate terminal velocities and kinetic energies. The study found that when hailstones are assumed to be spherical, their terminal velocities and kinetic energies match previous studies. However, when non-sphericality is considered, the terminal velocities and kinetic energies are lower than those of spheres of the same maximum diameter but can be larger.
+
+The study's findings have implications for weather forecast modeling, remote sensing retrievals of hail properties, and estimates of hail damage. The researchers hope that their results will provide better estimates of hailstone terminal velocities and kinetic energies to improve understanding of hail-related phenomena and mitigate damage caused by hailstorms.
+
+Key findings include:
+
+* Hailstones have varying diameters, with most between 1-4 cm.
+* Their masses are significantly lower than previously assumed solid ice spheres, likely due to liquid water draining out during measurement.
+* The equivalent spherical diameter (the diameter of a frozen sphere with the same mass) is often smaller than the physical diameter, indicating that hailstones are non-spherical.
+* Hailstones have lower cross-sectional areas than solid ice spheres for smaller sizes, approaching equality for larger sizes.
+* The terminal velocity of hailstones is lower than that of solid ice spheres for smaller sizes, but approaches it for larger sizes.
+
+The study suggests that hailstones in the Great Plains are composed of partially melted graupel with roughened edges and conical shapes, which can lead to large raindrops. The researchers also found that smaller hailstones follow the Laurie [1960] curve, but larger hailstones deviate from it due to their non-spherical shape.
+
+The study provides a new baseline for terminal velocities and kinetic energies, which can be used in damage functions for risk modeling and event characterization applications. Future studies should focus on assimilating information on material properties of natural hailstones to produce more accurate damage functions.",['hailstorms'],[],"**Abstract**
+
+This study presents an analysis of 2,295 hailstones collected from Great Plains storms during the years 2012-2014, aimed at estimating their terminal velocities and kinetic energies. The research reveals that while the terminal velocities and kinetic energies of hailstones align with prior studies when modeled as spherical objects, accounting for non-spherical geometries results in lower estimates compared to equivalent solid ice spheres of the same maximum diameter. However, it is noted that in certain conditions, non-spherical hailstones may exhibit higher terminal velocities and kinetic energies.
+
+Key findings underscore the variability in hailstone diameters, predominantly ranging from 1 to 4 cm, with observed masses significantly less than those predicted for solid ice spheres, likely due to drainage of liquid water during measurement. The study introduces the concept of equivalent spherical diameter, indicating that the effective mass of hailstones often corresponds to a smaller diameter than their physical measurements, reaffirming their non-spherical nature. Smaller hailstones exhibit lower cross-sectional areas and terminal velocities than solid ice spheres, while these metrics converge for larger specimens.
+
+The research postulates that Great Plains hailstones primarily consist of partially melted graupel, characterized by roughened edges and conical shapes, which may contribute to the formation of larger raindrops. Notably, while smaller hailstones adhere to the Laurie [1960] curve, larger ones deviate due to their irregular shapes. This study establishes a new baseline for understanding hailstone dynamics, which is crucial for enhancing weather forecast modeling, remote sensing retrievals, and damage assessment. Future research directions are proposed to integrate material properties of natural hailstones to refine damage functions for risk modeling and event characterization."
+46,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,The Effect of Roof Age on Asphalt Shingle Performance: Hurricane Rita to Hurricane Laura,the_effect_of_roof_age_on_asphalt_shingle_performance_hurricane_rita_to_hurricane_laura.pdf,https://ibhs.org/?a=download&key=a02fc5cec325e2120de41895fbb47933,Asphalt,,20.0,5795.0,"Here is a concise summary of the main themes:
+
+**Wind Uplift Testing and Analysis of Metal Roofing Systems**
+
+The studies investigated the failure modes of metal roofing systems under dynamic wind load, focusing on standing seam metal roofs (SSMRs). The research highlighted the importance of understanding the effects of wind pressure on roof structures, particularly in relation to local buckling and global buckling modes.
+
+**Key Findings:**
+
+* SSMR systems are prone to failure due to clip slippage and fastener failure.
+* A significant proportion of load (17-46%) is not captured by the clips, which is transferred to the eaves through screw fasteners.
+* As panels deform under higher pressures, more load transfers to the roof edge, making it more vulnerable.
+* Fastener failure at the edges occurred in all experiments, with different failure modes observed between experiments.
+
+**Importance of Boundary Conditions and Clip Arrangement:**
+
+* The initial locations of global buckling varied between experiments, with some initiating closer to the eave edge.
+* The induced clip loads near the initial location of global buckling have a sudden jump, underscoring the critical effect of roof buckling on load redistribution.
+
+**Need for Performance-Based Design Considerations:**
+
+* The ultimate limit state for SSMR systems should be defined as the detachment of the roof from the clips or purlins.
+* Greater understanding of load transfers and effective tributary areas for the edges of the roof is necessary to achieve accurate design and testing.
+
+Overall, the studies emphasize the importance of considering the effects of dynamic wind pressure on metal roofing systems and highlight the need for further research to understand the failure modes of these structures under various loading conditions.","['HURRICANE LAURA', 'Hurricane', 'Hurricane Laura', 'HURRICANE', 'Hurricane Florence', 'hurricane', 'strong wind', 'HURRICANE RITA', 'Hurricane Rita']","['asphalt shingle', 'asphalt shingles', 'ASPHALT SHINGLE', 'asphalt shingle roof cover', 'asphalt shingle roofs', 'asphalt shingle roof', 'asphalt']","**Abstract: Wind Uplift Testing and Analysis of Metal Roofing Systems**
+
+This paper presents a comprehensive examination of the failure mechanisms associated with metal roofing systems, specifically focusing on standing seam metal roofs (SSMRs) subjected to dynamic wind loading. The investigation underscores the critical role of wind pressure on the structural integrity of roofing systems, with particular attention to local and global buckling phenomena. 
+
+Key findings reveal that SSMR systems are notably vulnerable to failure mechanisms such as clip slippage and fastener malfunction, with a substantial portion of the wind load (17-46%) not being effectively managed by the clips. This unmitigated load is subsequently transferred to the eaves via screw fasteners, rendering the roof edges increasingly susceptible as panel deformation occurs under elevated pressure. Experimental results consistently demonstrate fastener failure at the edges, with varying failure modes identified across different tests.
+
+The study further elucidates the significance of boundary conditions and clip arrangements, noting that the initiation points of global buckling differ among experiments, some occurring nearer to the eave edge. The research indicates that clip loads experience a significant increase at the onset of global buckling, thereby highlighting the profound implications of roof buckling on load redistribution.
+
+Moreover, this work advocates for the establishment of performance-based design criteria for SSMR systems, positing that the ultimate limit state should be characterized by the detachment of roofing elements from clips or purlins. A deeper comprehension of load transfers and the effective tributary areas at the roof edges is deemed essential for achieving precision in design and testing protocols. 
+
+In conclusion, the findings from this research accentuate the necessity of considering dynamic wind pressure effects on metal roofing systems and call for further investigative efforts to elucidate the failure modes of these structures under diverse loading scenarios."
+47,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Using 3D Laser Scanning Technology to Create Digital Models of Hailstones,using_3d_laser_scanning_technology_to_create_digital_models_of_hailstones.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00314.1,,,8.0,4274.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+Researchers have been exploring ways to mitigate property losses from severe hailstorms using 3D laser scanning technology. The technology has shown promise in accurately measuring hailstone properties, such as volume, mass, and density, which are crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies.
+
+The use of 3D scanning technology has enabled the creation of accurate digital models of hailstones, allowing researchers to study their physical properties, including compressive strength and shape. The results have shown that larger hailstones tend to have higher densities, which can be used to estimate damage potential.
+
+The research also highlights the importance of accurate measurements of hailstone properties for laboratory material impact tests. The use of 3D scanning technology has eliminated the need for contact or immersion methods, making it a more efficient and effective way to determine density.
+
+Furthermore, the study demonstrates the potential of 3D scanning technology for analyzing hailstones in various contexts, including radar detection, numerical weather prediction models, and risk assessment. The results have the potential to mitigate property loss from severe hailstorms by improving material impact testing practices, hailstorm post-event characterizations, and developing new risk assessment methods.
+
+Overall, the research highlights the importance of using advanced technologies like 3D scanning to better understand hailstones and their effects on buildings, ultimately leading to more effective mitigation strategies against severe hail damage.",['hailstorms'],[],"This study investigates the application of 3D laser scanning technology as a means to mitigate property losses caused by severe hailstorms. The research emphasizes the technology's efficacy in accurately quantifying hailstone characteristics, including volume, mass, and density, which are pivotal for formulating effective mitigation strategies. 
+
+Through the generation of precise digital models, the study reveals significant insights into the physical properties of hailstones, such as compressive strength and morphology. Notably, findings indicate a correlation between the size of hailstones and their density, providing valuable data for estimating potential damage.
+
+Moreover, the research underscores the utility of 3D scanning in enhancing laboratory material impact tests by obviating the necessity for traditional contact or immersion methods, thereby promoting efficiency in determining density metrics. 
+
+The implications of this study extend beyond initial measurements, showcasing the potential of 3D scanning for comprehensive analyses of hailstones within various frameworks, including radar detection systems, numerical weather prediction models, and risk assessment methodologies. The outcomes of this research are poised to improve practices surrounding material impact testing, post-event characterizations of hailstorms, and the development of novel risk assessment frameworks.
+
+In conclusion, this research advocates for the integration of advanced technologies such as 3D scanning to deepen the understanding of hailstone dynamics and their implications on structural integrity, ultimately fostering more effective strategies for mitigating severe hail damage."
+48,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Water Leakage Vulnerabilities for Shingles With Hail Damage,water_leakage_vulnerabilities_for_shingles_with_hail_damage.pdf,https://ibhs.org/?a=download&key=4953e3320e70248b837125ddeddbba01,,,4.0,733.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+Researchers from IBHS investigated the water permeability of damaged shingles after hail impacts to determine the importance of choosing impact-resistant products. The study found that:
+
+* Small dents in shingles result in negligible water leakage, while large dents lead to significant water leakage.
+* Tears in shingles can cause substantial water leakage, even minor tears allowing for considerable water entry.
+* Shingles with high dent volumes and severe tears are more prone to water damage.
+
+The study recommends choosing impact-resistant products with excellent tear ratings to reduce the risk of hail damage causing water leakage into the roof.",[],['asphalt shingle'],"In this study, researchers from the Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS) examined the water permeability of damaged roofing shingles following hail impacts, emphasizing the critical nature of selecting impact-resistant materials. The findings indicate that minor dents in shingles contribute minimally to water leakage, whereas larger dents significantly increase leakage risk. Additionally, the presence of tears, even minor ones, can lead to considerable water ingress. Shingles exhibiting a high density of dents alongside severe tears demonstrate a heightened vulnerability to water damage. Consequently, the study advocates for the selection of impact-resistant roofing products with superior tear ratings as a proactive measure to mitigate the risk of water intrusion resulting from hail damage."
+49,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Wind Damage to Envelopes of Houses and Consequent Insurance Losses,wind_damage_to_envelopes_of_houses_and_consequent_insurance_losses.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(94)90023-X,All,,11.0,4220.0,"Here's a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+**Wind Damage to Buildings in Hurricanes**
+
+Research has shown that most damage to buildings in hurricanes occurs in the envelope of the roof, which can lead to significant insurance losses. The study found that:
+
+* Damage begins at 40 m/s wind speed in wooded and urban areas near the coast
+* Average loss increases linearly with wind speed until 70 m/s, then rapidly to 75% of insured value between 70-82 m/s
+* Most hurricane-prone areas are more vulnerable to damage than others
+
+**Urban Areas vs. Individual Homes**
+
+The study found that improving wind resistance in urban areas is more effective in reducing overall insurance losses than individual homes. Ocean-front communities experienced the most damage due to storm surge and wind forces, while flood losses were negligible.
+
+**Designing Envelope Systems for Hurricanes**
+
+Researchers suggest designing envelope systems for hurricane-prone areas to withstand wind speeds similar to those used to compute structural system collapse loads. This may require radical changes to roofing systems, such as using hip roofs and inspectable sheet metal alternatives.
+
+**Economic Impact of Hurricanes**
+
+The study highlights the need for more stringent building standards and insurance practices to mitigate the economic impact of hurricanes on urban areas. Homeowners in hurricane-prone areas may face significant insurance premiums due to the high risk of damage from hurricanes.
+
+**Reducing Losses through Retro-Fitting and Insurance Incentives**
+
+To mitigate the risk of wind damage, it is recommended that building envelopes be designed for extreme wind loads, accurate information on wind loads and component resistance be made available, and existing construction be retrofitted with significant incentives from the insurance industry and government.
+
+Overall, the research suggests that understanding the relationship between wind conditions and damage caused by hurricanes is crucial in developing effective strategies to mitigate the economic impact of these storms.","['Hurricane', 'Hurricane Hugo', 'wind storms', 'hurricane', 'tornadoes', 'flood', 'Hurricane Andrew']","['tile systems', 'sheet metal systems', 'asphalt shingles']","**Abstract**
+
+This study investigates the impact of wind damage on buildings during hurricanes, emphasizing the vulnerability of the roof envelope, which is a primary source of substantial insurance losses. Key findings reveal that damage initiation occurs at wind speeds of 40 m/s in coastal wooded and urban areas, with average losses exhibiting a linear increase with wind speed up to 70 m/s, followed by a dramatic escalation to 75% of insured value between 70 and 82 m/s. Furthermore, urban environments demonstrate a greater potential for reducing overall insurance losses through enhanced wind resistance compared to isolated residential structures. The research indicates that ocean-front communities are particularly susceptible to damage from both storm surge and wind forces, while flood-related losses remain minimal.
+
+Recommendations for designing envelope systems capable of withstanding extreme wind conditions are presented, advocating for significant alterations to traditional roofing systems, such as the adoption of hip roofs and inspectable sheet metal alternatives. The study underscores the urgency for more rigorous building codes and insurance practices aimed at alleviating the economic repercussions of hurricanes in vulnerable urban settings, where homeowners often face exorbitant insurance premiums due to elevated risk factors.
+
+To effectively diminish losses from wind damage, the paper advocates for the implementation of building envelopes engineered for extreme wind loads, the dissemination of accurate wind load and component resistance data, and the retrofitting of existing structures, supported by substantial incentives from the insurance sector and government entities. Ultimately, this research emphasizes the critical need for a deeper understanding of the interplay between wind conditions and hurricane-induced damage to formulate robust strategies for mitigating the economic effects of such natural disasters."
+50,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Wind Effects on Roofs with High Profile Tiles: Experimental Study,wind_effects_on_roofs_with_high_profile_tiles_experimental_study.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000156,Tile,,11.0,9079.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+The study investigates the effects of tile cavity internal pressure on roof tile vulnerability to wind loads under hurricane conditions. The researchers conducted full-scale experiments using four different roof models with bare and tiled roof decks, measuring pressures on external surfaces, within cavity spaces, and in joint spaces between overlapping tiles.
+
+The results showed that tile cavity internal pressure significantly affects net aerodynamic uplift loading for oblique winds (30° and 135°) on tiled roof decks. Considering this effect can increase roof tile damage by up to 60%. The study also found that local flow-field measurements around a tile can influence uplift, and that tile-specific design guidelines may be developed using this research.
+
+The findings highlight the importance of capturing realistic net pressures on roofing components, particularly in residential buildings, to ensure accurate building performance assessment. The study's results have implications for wind engineering practices, including simulation and modeling of hurricane winds, analysis of roof performance under simulated impact, field measurements, and wind tunnel testing.
+
+Overall, the research emphasizes the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between wind, buildings, and structures to ensure public safety during extreme weather events. The study's results can inform the development of tile-specific design guidelines and improve building performance assessment methods.","['strong winds', 'hurricane', 'strong wind']","['tiled roof', 'tile', 'tiled roof deck', 'asphalt-based underlayment', 'clay tiles', 'Spanish S tile', 'high-profile roof tiles', 'roof tiles', 'concrete tiles', 'Spanish S tiles', 'high-pro file tile', 'barrel tiles', 'tiled roofs', 'tiles', 'tiled roof decks', 'barrel clay roof tiles', 'barrel tile', 'tile roofs', 'high-profile clay roof tile']","This study explores the impact of tile cavity internal pressure on the susceptibility of roof tiles to wind loads in hurricane scenarios. Utilizing full-scale experimental setups, the researchers evaluated four distinct roof models featuring both bare and tiled decks, systematically measuring pressure dynamics across external surfaces, cavity interiors, and inter-tile joint spaces.
+
+Key findings indicate that internal pressure within tile cavities plays a crucial role in determining net aerodynamic uplift forces, particularly under oblique wind conditions (30° and 135°), with potential increases in roof tile damage estimated at up to 60%. Additionally, local flow-field variations surrounding individual tiles were shown to significantly influence uplift forces, suggesting the feasibility of establishing tile-specific design guidelines rooted in these findings.
+
+The research underscores the necessity of accurately capturing realistic net pressures on roofing elements, especially in residential contexts, to enhance the precision of building performance evaluations. The implications of this work extend to wind engineering methodologies, encompassing the simulation and modeling of hurricane winds, roof performance analysis under simulated conditions, field measurement techniques, and wind tunnel assessments.
+
+Ultimately, the study advocates for a deeper comprehension of the intricate interactions between wind dynamics and structural integrity, aiming to bolster public safety amid extreme weather conditions. The results are poised to inform the formulation of specialized design guidelines for roofing tiles and to refine methods for assessing building performance in the face of severe wind events."
+51,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,"Wind Loading on Ridge, Hip, and Perimeter Roof Tiles: A Full-Scale Experimental Study",wind_loading_on_ridge_hip_and_perimeter_roof_tiles__a_full_scale_experimental_study.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.04.002,Tile,,16.0,11751.0,"Here is a concise summary of the article:
+
+**Wind Loads on Roofs**
+
+* The study investigates wind loading on hip, ridge, and perimeter tiles on sloped gable and hip roofs.
+* External suction and tile cavity pressures can alleviate pressure, but eave tiles experience increased positive cavity pressure when wind direction is normal to the eave.
+* Tile surface flow speeds can be up to 55% higher than approach flow speed on ridge tiles.
+
+**Alternative Models**
+
+* The Florida Building Code (FBC) tile loading model produces unconservative results, while the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) external pressure coefficients can be used in conjunction with pressure adjustment factors to produce realistic net loading on tiled roofs' most vulnerable regions.
+* A new method called ""Partial Turbulence Simulation"" (PTS) for estimating peak pressure coefficients and determining equivalent full-spectrum gust duration is introduced.
+
+**Design Flexibility**
+
+* The FBC tile loading model provides more design flexibility than the shingle loading model.
+* The study concludes that both FBC and shingle loading models can produce good estimates of net design pressure when used with appropriate values of C L or DC ̄p, and speed up factors.
+
+**Key Findings**
+
+* The distribution of pressure near roof corners of flat roof low buildings is not uniform and can vary depending on the building geometry.
+* High-profile tiles can be a contributing factor to roof damage in new homes.
+* Wind tunnel testing can provide accurate results for wind loads on roof tiles and felt underlay.
+
+**Conclusion**
+
+The study provides valuable insights into wind loading on roofs, highlighting the importance of considering external suction and tile cavity pressures. The introduction of the PTS method offers a promising approach for estimating peak pressure coefficients and determining equivalent full-spectrum gust duration.","['Hurricane Wilma', 'hurricane', 'hurricanes']","['gable end perimeter tiles', 'high pro file concrete tiles', 'edge tiles', 'curved tiles', 'asphalt shingles', 'ridge tile', 'perimeter tiles', 'Capistrano type high-pro file tiles', 'hip tiles', 'concrete tiles', 'tiles', 'hip roof tiles', 'tile', 'high profile hip, ridge and perimeter tiles', 'barrel/ridge tiles', 'roof tiles', 'standing seam metal roofs', 'tiled roofs', 'field tiles', 'ridge tiles', 'clay tiles', 'eave tiles']","**Abstract**
+
+This study examines the dynamics of wind loading on hip, ridge, and perimeter tiles of sloped gable and hip roofs. It highlights the role of external suction and tile cavity pressures in mitigating wind-induced forces, noting that eave tiles experience heightened positive cavity pressure when wind direction aligns perpendicularly to the eave. Notably, tile surface flow speeds on ridge tiles can exceed approach flow speeds by up to 55%. 
+
+The research critiques the Florida Building Code (FBC) tile loading model for yielding unconservative results, while advocating for the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) external pressure coefficients combined with pressure adjustment factors to achieve realistic net loading on the most susceptible areas of tiled roofs. The introduction of a novel method, ""Partial Turbulence Simulation"" (PTS), is proposed for accurately estimating peak pressure coefficients and determining equivalent full-spectrum gust durations.
+
+Furthermore, the FBC tile loading model is acknowledged for offering greater design flexibility compared to the shingle loading model. The findings indicate that both models, when applied with suitable values of C L or D C ̄p and appropriate speed-up factors, can yield reliable estimates of net design pressure. The study also reveals that pressure distribution near roof corners in flat-roofed low buildings is non-uniform and contingent upon building geometry, with high-profile tiles identified as a significant factor in roof damage for newly constructed homes. Wind tunnel testing is affirmed as a method for obtaining precise measurements of wind loads on roof tiles and felt underlays.
+
+In conclusion, this research emphasizes the critical nature of external suction and tile cavity pressures in understanding wind loading on roofs and presents the PTS method as a promising tool for enhancing the estimation of peak pressure coefficients and gust duration analysis."
+52,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Wind Loads on Discontinuous Metal Roofing,wind_loads_on_discontinuous_metal_roofing_ibhs.pdf,https://ibhs.org/wp-content/uploads/member_docs/Wind-Loads-on-Discontinuous-Metal-Roofing_IBHS.pdf,,,14.0,2662.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+**Wind Loads on Discontinuous Metal Roofing Systems**
+
+A study was conducted to investigate wind loads on discontinuous metal roofing systems (DMR). The research aimed to understand the pressure equalization factor (PEF) and its impact on wind loads, which is crucial for designing multi-layer systems.
+
+**Methodology and Results**
+
+The study used a methodology developed by Morrison and Cope (2015) to determine Peak External Force (PEF) values for two types of DMR products: Gerard Canyon Shake metal roof panels (DMR1) attached to battens, and Advanta metal shingles (DMR2) directly attached to the sheathing. The experiments were conducted in a large test chamber with a typical open-country terrain flow field.
+
+**Key Findings**
+
+* The study found that average PEF values vary from 0.4 to 0.8, depending on the product.
+* A Performance Efficiency Factor (PEF) of 0.7 was found to envelope PEF values at higher external pressures for both DMR systems.
+* Statistical peaks for each pressure time history were determined, and the results showed similar trends between mean and peak pressures for both panels.
+* The ratio of net to external pressure varied with wind angle.
+
+**Implications**
+
+The study's findings suggest that there is a positive relationship between fitted values and predicted PEF across various panel sizes for both DMR1 and DMR2. This implies that the performance efficiency of these systems can be estimated using available benchmark full-scale data, such as airbox testing.
+
+**Limitations**
+
+Despite similarities in Pressure Equivalent Force (PEF), other DMR systems may have different results due to variations in size, assembly methods, air pathways, and cavity geometries.",[],"['discontinuous metal roofing', 'metal shingles', 'Discontinuous Metal Roofing', 'Gerard Canyon Shake metal roof panels', 'Advanta metal shingles', 'metal roofing', 'metal roof panels']","**Abstract**
+
+This study examines the wind load characteristics on discontinuous metal roofing systems (DMR), focusing on the pressure equalization factor (PEF) and its relevance to the design of multi-layer roofing configurations. Utilizing the methodology established by Morrison and Cope (2015), the research evaluates the Peak External Force (PEF) values associated with two distinct DMR products: Gerard Canyon Shake metal roof panels (DMR1), affixed to battens, and Advanta metal shingles (DMR2), which are directly mounted onto the sheathing. Experimental trials were conducted in a large-scale test chamber simulating open-country terrain flow conditions.
+
+The investigation revealed that average PEF values for the DMR products ranged from 0.4 to 0.8, with a notable Performance Efficiency Factor (PEF) of 0.7 encompassing PEF values at elevated external pressures for both systems. Statistical analysis of pressure time histories indicated consistent trends between mean and peak pressures for the respective panels, with the net-to-external pressure ratio displaying variability contingent upon wind angle.
+
+The outcomes of this research underscore a constructive correlation between fitted values and predicted PEF across varying panel dimensions for both DMR1 and DMR2, suggesting that performance efficiency can be reliably estimated utilizing existing benchmark full-scale data, including airbox testing methodologies.
+
+However, the study acknowledges potential limitations, as differing results may be observed in other DMR systems attributable to variations in dimensions, assembly techniques, air flow pathways, and cavity geometries."
+53,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Wind Loads on Discontinuous Metal Roofing – Executive Summary,wind_loads_on_discontinuous_metal_roofing_executive_summary_ibhs.pdf,https://ibhs.org/?a=download&key=7e7fa645e98982df9dee911ca8904bc1,,,1.0,356.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+A study by IBHS found that existing test standards for wind loads on discontinuous metal roofing (DMR) are inadequate. The research revealed that DMR panels experience significantly higher wind loads than predicted, with the highest loaded panels bearing up to 70% of the total load. Despite differences in design and installation, both types of DMR products showed similar levels of wind load exposure. This study aims to provide accurate benchmark data for updating building codes and standards to better address pressure equalization issues in DMR systems.",[],"['discontinuous metal roofing', 'asphalt shingles', 'metal roof']","This paper presents a comprehensive analysis conducted by the Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) regarding the inadequacies of current test standards for wind loads on discontinuous metal roofing (DMR). The findings indicate that DMR panels are subjected to wind loads that exceed existing predictions, with certain panels enduring up to 70% of the total load. Notably, the research highlights that despite variations in design and installation, both categories of DMR products exhibit comparable exposure to wind loads. The objective of this study is to furnish precise benchmark data that can inform the revision of building codes and standards, thereby enhancing the management of pressure equalization challenges within DMR systems."
+54,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Wind Uplift of Asphalt Shingles: Sensitivity to Roof Slope and Installation Temperature,wind_uplift_of_asphalt_shingles_ibhs.pdf,https://ibhs1.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/wpmembers/files/Wind-Uplift-of-Asphalt-Shingles_IBHS.pdf,,,13.0,3551.0,"Here is a consolidated summary of the main themes:
+
+**Wind Uplift Resistance of Asphalt Shingles**
+
+A study by IBHS investigated the wind uplift resistance of asphalt shingles under various conditions. The results showed that:
+
+* Hand-sealing can significantly affect wind uplift resistance, particularly when temperatures are below 40°F or for steep-slope installations.
+* The strength of the seal between shingles is the key factor in determining wind uplift resistance.
+* Improvements in sealants have led to significant increases in wind ratings from 60 mph to 150 mph over the past 15 years.
+
+**Factors Affecting Wind Uplift Resistance**
+
+The study found that:
+
+* Installation slope has a minimal effect on wind performance, with an average difference of 10 mph between slopes.
+* Temperature at installation and in the weeks/months following installation appears to affect wind performance, particularly for north-facing shingles.
+* South-facing summer-installed shingles experienced higher maximum temperatures (up to 190°F) than other orientations.
+
+**Product Performance**
+
+The study evaluated four different self-sealing asphalt shingle products:
+
+* Owens Corning Supreme and Malarkey Alaskan 3-tab shingle panels performed best in summer installations, with average uplift failure wind speeds around 150 mph.
+* CertainTeed Landmark architectural shingles had the poorest overall performance, failing to pass the ASTM D3161 test in 9 out of 20 panels.
+* GAF Timberline HD shingles exhibited poor summer installation results, but performed well in winter installations.
+
+**Recommendations**
+
+The study highlights the importance of sealing the roof deck to prevent interior damage during wind events. However, it also emphasizes the need for further research on seasonal installation effects, as well as the limitations of using roof slope as a predictor of wind performance. IBHS recommends conducting further studies on the impact of high temperatures on shingle installation performance and investigating environmental factors that may affect sealing.
+
+**Key Takeaways**
+
+* Hand-sealing is crucial in determining wind uplift resistance.
+* Temperature at installation affects wind performance, particularly for north-facing shingles.
+* Product performance varies significantly among different manufacturers and factories.
+* Sealing the roof deck is essential to prevent interior damage during wind events.",['strong wind'],"['Asphalt Shingles', 'asphalt shingles', 'self-sealing asphalt shingles', 'asphalt shingle', 'oxidized asphalt', 'polymer-modified asphalt']","**Abstract**
+
+This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the wind uplift resistance of asphalt shingles, as investigated by the Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) under varying conditions. The findings reveal that hand-sealing plays a critical role in enhancing wind uplift resistance, particularly when installation temperatures fall below 40°F or in steep-slope applications. The study identifies the integrity of the seal between shingles as a pivotal determinant of wind performance, noting that advancements in sealant technology have led to substantial increases in wind ratings, escalating from 60 mph to 150 mph over the past 15 years. 
+
+Furthermore, the research elucidates the limited impact of installation slope on wind performance, with an average variation of merely 10 mph across different slopes. It highlights the influence of installation temperature, particularly for north-facing shingles, and documents that south-facing shingles can reach elevated temperatures of up to 190°F during summer installations.
+
+An evaluation of four distinct self-sealing asphalt shingle products demonstrated that Owens Corning Supreme and Malarkey Alaskan 3-tab shingles exhibited optimal performance under summer conditions, achieving average uplift failure wind speeds of approximately 150 mph. Conversely, CertainTeed Landmark architectural shingles underperformed, failing to meet the ASTM D3161 test in 45% of assessed panels. GAF Timberline HD shingles showed inconsistent results, performing poorly in summer but favorably in winter installations.
+
+The study underscores the necessity of sealing the roof deck to mitigate interior damage during adverse wind events and advocates for additional research into seasonal installation variables and the efficacy of roof slope as a predictor of wind performance. Recommendations include further investigation into the effects of high temperatures on shingle performance and the environmental factors influencing sealing efficacy. Key takeaways emphasize the importance of hand-sealing, temperature considerations during installation, variability in product performance across manufacturers, and the critical need for effective sealing to protect against wind-related damage."
+55,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Wind Uplift Resistance of Artificially and Naturally Aged Asphalt Shingles,wind_uplift_resistance_of_artificially_and_naturally_aged_asphalt_shingles.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000158,Asphalt,,14.0,9685.0,"Here is a concise summary of the main themes:
+
+**Asphalt Shingle Performance**
+
+* Asphalt shingles are widely used roofing material with varying levels of performance under different weather conditions.
+* Research has been conducted to understand their mechanical properties, durability, and wind resistance.
+
+**Testing Methods**
+
+* Various testing methods have been developed to evaluate asphalt shingle performance, including ASTM standards (2011, 2013) for wind resistance and uplift resistance tests.
+* Studies have also investigated the aging process of asphalt shingles using natural and artificial weathering.
+
+**Aging and Weathering**
+
+* Asphalt shingles undergo significant changes over time due to exposure to weather conditions, leading to reduced performance.
+* Partially unsealed shingles are a common issue on roofs exposed for more than 6 years.
+
+**Wind Resistance and Uplift Resistance**
+
+* Asphalt shingles have varying levels of wind resistance and uplift resistance, with some types performing better under certain conditions.
+* Research has shown that aging reduces the wind uplift capacity of asphalt shingles.
+
+**Durability and Performance**
+
+* Asphalt shingles are designed to be durable and long-lasting, but their performance can be affected by various factors such as weather conditions and roof design.
+* Studies have investigated the thermal loads and accelerated aging of asphalt shingles.
+
+**Industry Developments and Recommendations**
+
+* The industry has developed new standards and testing methods to improve the understanding of asphalt shingle performance.
+* Further research is recommended to update current standards and address emerging issues, such as partially unsealed shingles.
+
+Overall, this summary highlights the importance of researching and understanding the performance of asphalt shingles under various weather conditions, including wind resistance, uplift resistance, aging, and weathering.","['hurricanes', 'hurricane']","['asphalt', 'asphalt shingles', 'asphalt coating']","**Abstract**
+
+Asphalt shingles serve as a predominant roofing material, exhibiting variable performance across diverse meteorological conditions. This paper synthesizes current research focusing on the mechanical properties, durability, and wind resistance of asphalt shingles. A range of testing methodologies, adhering to ASTM standards (2011, 2013), has been implemented to assess wind and uplift resistance, alongside investigations into the aging processes induced by both natural and artificial weathering.
+
+The aging and weathering of asphalt shingles lead to significant performance degradation over time, with partially unsealed shingles emerging as a prevalent concern in roofs subjected to prolonged exposure, exceeding six years. Notably, the research delineates the disparities in wind and uplift resistance among different shingle types, underscoring the detrimental impact of aging on their wind uplift capacity.
+
+Although asphalt shingles are engineered for durability, their effectiveness is contingent upon several factors, including environmental conditions and roof architecture. Investigations into thermal loads and accelerated aging further elucidate these dynamics. Recent industry advancements have prompted the establishment of new standards and testing protocols aimed at enhancing the comprehension of asphalt shingle performance. The paper advocates for continued research to refine existing standards and to address emerging challenges, such as the issue of partially unsealed shingles. This study underscores the critical need for ongoing inquiry into the performance metrics of asphalt shingles in relation to varying weather conditions, particularly emphasizing the significance of wind resistance, uplift resistance, aging, and weathering."
+56,Wind Performance of Roofs Reference Materials,Wind Vulnerability Analysis of Standing Seam Roof System Considering Fatigue Damage,wind_vulnerability_analysis_of_standing_seam_roof_system_considering_fatigue_damage.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2023.110550,Standing Seam Metal,,13.0,8524.0,"Here is a concise summary of the article:
+
+**Wind Vulnerability Analysis of Roof Systems**
+
+A study investigates the wind vulnerability of roof systems using a damage variable (D) to express both wind resistance demand and structural resistance. The authors use Latin hypercube sampling to generate material parameter values with uncertainty, and adopt the rain flow counting method to obtain optimized load cycles.
+
+The results show that moderate damage corresponds to contact between the roof plate and anti-wind clip, severe damage to obvious rotation of the anti-wind clip, and failure to tearing of the roof plate. The average values of the damage variable D are 0.2 for moderate damage, 0.62 for severe damage, and 1.0 for failure.
+
+The study provides a quantification of the three-stage performance levels of the roof system, which can be used in wind vulnerability analysis to reduce economic losses caused by wind disasters.
+
+**Key Findings**
+
+* The damage variable (D) is used to express both wind resistance demand and structural resistance.
+* Moderate damage corresponds to contact between the roof plate and anti-wind clip.
+* Severe damage corresponds to obvious rotation of the anti-wind clip.
+* Failure corresponds to tearing of the roof plate.
+* Vulnerability curves of five types of roof systems under different wind loads were analyzed, revealing significant differences in their performance levels.
+
+**Implications**
+
+* The study provides new insights into the design and testing of roof systems for performance-based design.
+* The recommended load cycle can be used to improve the accuracy of dynamic wind-resistant tests.
+* The analysis of vulnerability curves can help designers and engineers select suitable materials and designs for different types of roofs.","['hurricane', 'strong winds', 'strong wind']","['metal roof claddings', 'metal plates', 'metal roof plates', 'standing seam metal roof systems', 'metal roof system']","**Abstract**
+
+This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the wind vulnerability of roof systems, employing a damage variable (D) to quantify both the demand for wind resistance and the structural resistance of various systems. Utilizing Latin hypercube sampling to incorporate uncertainty in material parameters, the research applies the rain flow counting method to optimize load cycles. Findings reveal distinct damage classifications: moderate damage is identified by contact between the roof plate and the anti-wind clip, severe damage manifests as notable rotation of the anti-wind clip, while failure is characterized by tearing of the roof plate. The average damage variable values are quantified at 0.2 for moderate damage, 0.62 for severe damage, and 1.0 for total failure. Additionally, the study presents vulnerability curves for five different roof system types under varying wind loads, highlighting significant performance disparities. These insights enhance the understanding of roof system design and testing for performance-based applications, suggesting that the derived load cycles can refine dynamic wind resistance testing. Ultimately, the analysis facilitates informed material and design selections, aiming to mitigate economic losses associated with wind-induced damage.
+
+**Keywords:** Wind vulnerability, roof systems, damage variable, structural resistance, performance-based design, load cycles, material selection."
+57,Hail Performance of Roofs Reference Material,Evaluating Hail Damage Using Property Insurance Claims Data,evaluating_hail_damage_using_property_insurance_claims_data.pdf,https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-15-0011.1,,,14.0,7239.0,"Here is a concise summary of the main themes:
+
+**Hailstorms: Characteristics and Impacts**
+
+* Hailstorms can cause significant damage to buildings, infrastructure, and agriculture
+* Radar detection and analysis are crucial for understanding hailstorm behavior and impact
+* Dual-polarization radar technology has improved detection and analysis capabilities
+
+**Roofing Materials and Hail Damage**
+
+* Asphalt shingles are particularly vulnerable to hail damage, with unsealing exacerbating the issue
+* Impact resistance of roofing materials can be affected by various factors, including wind speed and hail size
+* Different roofing materials have varying levels of resistance to hail damage
+
+**Economic Aspects of Hailstorms**
+
+* Hailstorms can result in significant economic losses for farmers, insurers, and policymakers
+* Understanding hailstorm behavior and impact is essential for developing effective strategies for mitigating loss
+* Improved understanding of hailstorm characteristics and behavior can lead to better decision-making and more effective risk management
+
+**Investigations and Research**
+
+* Ongoing research aims to improve understanding of hailstorms and their effects on society
+* Investigations into extreme hailstorms and their impacts on urban areas are ongoing
+* Collaboration between researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders is essential for advancing knowledge and developing effective strategies for mitigating hailstorm-related losses.
+
+Overall, the main themes revolve around the complex issues surrounding hailstorms, including their characteristics, impacts, and economic effects. The importance of understanding hailstorm behavior and impact is highlighted, as well as the need for ongoing research and collaboration to develop effective strategies for mitigating loss.","['hailstorms', 'strong wind']","['metal', 'asphalt shingle', 'tile', 'asphalt composite shingles', 'tile roof', 'asphalt shingles', 'asphalt', 'concrete tiles']","**Abstract**
+
+This paper examines the multifaceted themes associated with hailstorms, emphasizing their characteristics, impacts, and economic implications. Hailstorms are identified as significant contributors to damage affecting buildings, infrastructure, and agricultural sectors. The role of radar detection and analysis, particularly advancements in dual-polarization radar technology, is highlighted as crucial for enhancing the understanding of hailstorm behavior and its subsequent impacts. 
+
+The vulnerability of roofing materials, specifically asphalt shingles, to hail damage is discussed, noting that factors such as wind speed and hail size can influence the impact resistance of various materials. The economic repercussions of hailstorms are substantial, affecting farmers, insurers, and policymakers alike, thereby underscoring the necessity for a comprehensive understanding of hailstorm behavior to develop effective loss mitigation strategies.
+
+Furthermore, the paper addresses ongoing research initiatives aimed at deepening insights into hailstorms and their societal effects, particularly in urban contexts. The importance of collaboration among researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders is emphasized as essential for advancing knowledge and formulating effective strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of hailstorms. Overall, this synthesis underscores the complexity of hailstorm-related issues and the critical need for continued research and collaborative efforts in this domain."
diff --git a/chroma_store/chroma.sqlite3 b/chroma_store/chroma.sqlite3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c3063fc96ae9102db48a2073a77beae31aaf7a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/chroma_store/chroma.sqlite3
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:a7c01e5e0c9cdeaee0314bcfd0f09a4dbcb9c733650c346bbe0cef1de56e68f7
+size 38989824
diff --git a/chroma_store/f3ebbfa6-ba55-44a9-b435-7ed6178f8b37/data_level0.bin b/chroma_store/f3ebbfa6-ba55-44a9-b435-7ed6178f8b37/data_level0.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e3cc40cfd67c05e629e0dbba72a7bb8dabab0a0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/chroma_store/f3ebbfa6-ba55-44a9-b435-7ed6178f8b37/data_level0.bin
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:2b4ea5a8ad43b0b768cc7d67ecc2051a6223296243c725f3967a68d2d01cef2b
+size 6284000
diff --git a/chroma_store/f3ebbfa6-ba55-44a9-b435-7ed6178f8b37/header.bin b/chroma_store/f3ebbfa6-ba55-44a9-b435-7ed6178f8b37/header.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a877dff465e67ab65b553a295a5ed2c1d240234b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/chroma_store/f3ebbfa6-ba55-44a9-b435-7ed6178f8b37/header.bin
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:ea42182fa4abc570fc16da533a37e3a99daa0fb67d6781c78365033235402107
+size 100
diff --git a/chroma_store/f3ebbfa6-ba55-44a9-b435-7ed6178f8b37/index_metadata.pickle b/chroma_store/f3ebbfa6-ba55-44a9-b435-7ed6178f8b37/index_metadata.pickle
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6fe0998799f6d33c15bcf260821a71512dc850c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/chroma_store/f3ebbfa6-ba55-44a9-b435-7ed6178f8b37/index_metadata.pickle
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:51bff17865505a651c3520df6f26aedd08527a427b5e5f5bb74a4c25bb018e6b
+size 55952
diff --git a/chroma_store/f3ebbfa6-ba55-44a9-b435-7ed6178f8b37/length.bin b/chroma_store/f3ebbfa6-ba55-44a9-b435-7ed6178f8b37/length.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..daf7581fba4671ebf18fc358a7b33e3ccd7684b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/chroma_store/f3ebbfa6-ba55-44a9-b435-7ed6178f8b37/length.bin
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:b501e747f4955ec9130e0d85c5ba2e365c56f931ad4f02973b2826aa39db2117
+size 4000
diff --git a/chroma_store/f3ebbfa6-ba55-44a9-b435-7ed6178f8b37/link_lists.bin b/chroma_store/f3ebbfa6-ba55-44a9-b435-7ed6178f8b37/link_lists.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60f82f69d74f4c8c9c5707a0d95cacdc68c312f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/chroma_store/f3ebbfa6-ba55-44a9-b435-7ed6178f8b37/link_lists.bin
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:7a9e9e714c4da6c316300077d1e5238b1c513f55e57e65385197f6e4d4c8e0de
+size 8148
diff --git a/main.py b/main.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7cdf7619892b3633b2453c08983da42070a3c804
--- /dev/null
+++ b/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+from fontTools.misc.psOperators import ps_string
+from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
+from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+from langchain_chroma import Chroma
+import chromadb
+from chromadb.config import Settings
+from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+from typing import List
+
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.runnables import RunnablePassthrough
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import XMLOutputParser
+import gradio as gr
+import pandas as pd
+import logging
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+
+# Constants
+PERSIST_DIRECTORY = "chroma_store"
+K_VALUE = 5
+
+xml_system = """You're a helpful AI assistant. Given a user question and some scientific literature 
+documents which highlight research on different roof cover materials (e.g., asphalt shingles, metal, tile) 
+and their performance against natural hazards(e.g., wind, hail), answer the user 
+question. If none of the articles answer the question, simply say that there are no articles relevant to your inquiry.
+Remember, you must return both an answer and citations. A citation consists of a VERBATIM quote that 
+justifies the answer and the ID and also Source Name of the quote article. Return a citation for every quote across all articles 
+that justify the answer. Use the following format for your final output:
+<cited_answer>
+    <answer></answer>
+    <citations>
+        <citation><source_id></source_id><source></source><quote></quote></citation>
+        <citation><source_id></source_id><source></source><quote></quote></citation>
+        ...
+    </citations>
+</cited_answer>
+Here are the articles:{context}"""
+
+xml_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages([("system", xml_system), ("human", "{input}")])
+
+
+def format_docs_xml(docs: List[Document]) -> str:
+    formatted_docs = [
+        f"<source id=\"{i}\">\n<source>{doc.metadata['source']}</source>\n<article_snippet>{doc.page_content}</article_snippet>\n</source>"
+        for i, doc in enumerate(docs)
+    ]
+    return f"\n\n<sources>\n{chr(10).join(formatted_docs)}\n</sources>"
+
+
+llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini", temperature=0)
+rag_chain_from_docs = (
+        RunnablePassthrough.assign(context=(lambda x: format_docs_xml(x["context"])))
+        | xml_prompt
+        | llm
+        | XMLOutputParser()
+)
+settings = Settings(persist_directory=PERSIST_DIRECTORY)
+vectordb = Chroma(embedding_function=OpenAIEmbeddings(), persist_directory=PERSIST_DIRECTORY)
+retriever = vectordb.as_retriever(search_type="mmr", search_kwargs={"k": K_VALUE})
+retrieve_docs = (lambda x: x["input"]) | retriever
+chain = RunnablePassthrough.assign(context=retrieve_docs).assign(
+    answer=rag_chain_from_docs
+)
+
+def get_article_info(df, file_name):
+    title = df[df["file_name"] == file_name]["title"].iloc[0]
+    link = df[df["file_name"] == file_name]["link"].iloc[0]
+    return title, link
+
+
+df = pd.read_csv("articles_db.csv")
+
+
+def vectordb_search(query):
+    titles, links = [], []
+    question_search = retriever.invoke(query)
+    for item in question_search:
+        edited_item = item.metadata["source"].replace("Articles/", "")
+        title, link = get_article_info(df, edited_item)
+        if title not in titles:
+            titles.append(title)
+        if link not in links:
+            links.append(link)
+    return "\n".join([f"- [{title}]({link})" for title, link in zip(titles, links)])
+
+
+def llm_response(query):
+    titles, links, res_titles, res_links = [], [], [], []
+    try:
+        result = chain.invoke({"input": query})
+        answer = result['answer']['cited_answer'][0]["answer"]
+        citations = result['answer']['cited_answer'][1]['citations']
+        for citation in citations:
+            edited_item = citation['citation'][1]["source"].replace("Articles/", "")
+            title, link = get_article_info(df, edited_item)
+            if title not in titles:
+                titles.append(title)
+            if link not in links:
+                links.append(link)
+        question_search = retriever.invoke(query)
+        for res_item in question_search:
+            edited_item = res_item.metadata["source"].replace("Articles/", "")
+            res_title, res_link = get_article_info(df, edited_item)
+            if res_title not in res_titles:
+                res_titles.append(res_title)
+            if res_link not in res_links:
+                res_links.append(res_link)
+        # markdown_list = f"{answer}\n\nCitations:\n" + "\n".join(
+        #     [f"- [{title}]({link})" for title, link in zip(titles, links)])
+
+        # Build the answer with superscript citations
+        answer_with_citations = f"{answer}"
+        for i, (title, link) in enumerate(zip(titles, links), start=1):
+            answer_with_citations += f" <sup>[[{i}]({link})]</sup> "  # Append superscript citation numbers to the answer text
+
+        # Build the references section with clickable links
+        citations_section = "\n\nCitations:\n" + "\n".join(
+            [f"[{i}]: [{title}]({link})" for i, (title, link) in enumerate(zip(titles, links), start=1)]
+        )
+
+        # Combine answer and citations for final markdown output
+        markdown_list = f"{answer_with_citations}{citations_section}"
+        markdown_list += f"\n\n\nHere is a list of articles that can provide more information about your inquiry:\n"
+        markdown_list += "\n".join(
+            [f"- [{res_title}]({res_link})" for res_title, res_link in zip(res_titles, res_links)])
+    except OutputParserException:
+        markdown_list = "There are no articles relevant to your inquiry..."
+    return markdown_list
+
+
+with gr.Blocks() as demo:
+    gr.Markdown("## Article Finder Based on Your Question!")
+    gr.Markdown("### Tell me what's on your mind, and I'll find you the most relevant articles.")
+    with gr.Row():
+        with gr.Column():
+            chatbot = gr.Chatbot(type="messages", height=400)
+            msg = gr.Textbox(label="Hit the Enter to send your question", placeholder="What's on your mind?", show_copy_button=True)
+            send = gr.Button("Send")
+
+
+            def user(user_message, history: list):
+                return "", history + [{"role": "user", "content": user_message}]
+
+
+            def bot(history: list):
+                bot_message = llm_response(history[-1]['content'])
+                history.append({"role": "assistant", "content": ""})
+                for character in bot_message:
+                    history[-1]['content'] += character
+                    yield history
+
+
+            msg.submit(user, [msg, chatbot], [msg, chatbot], queue=False).then(bot, chatbot, chatbot)
+            send.click(user, [msg, chatbot], [msg, chatbot], queue=False).then(bot, chatbot, chatbot)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    demo.launch(share=True)
\ No newline at end of file