[ { "text": "## A GUIDE TO HOME HYDROPONICS", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## FOR LEAFY GREENS", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Ryan Ronzoni rjr293@cornell.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Neil Mattson neil.mattson@cornell.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "© Ryan Ronzoni 2020", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Objectives", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "In recent years, hydroponic facilities have become more common, and more research is being done towards better understanding of hydroponic techniques. Research is ongoing in lighting, system design, and energy management, all with the goal of producing more crops with less input. There is however, less research and material to be found on information for the home grower.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Just as commercial hydroponic facilities are becoming more popular, so are home systems. There are several companies that offer hydroponic kits for home use, and many people choose to build their own systems. For a home grower to find information about how to grow crops hydroponically they often have to search through hobby websites, university extension websites, and youtube. There is certainly good information out there, however it is difficult to find all the information in one spot. In addition, there are some sites that can have misleading or wrong information, and not all home growers may be aware of this.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "This guide has two goals. 1) To provide a single source of information on home level hydroponics and 2) to show data from experiments done to help a grower decide what systems, tactics, and plant care is right for them. Experiments were conducted on head lettuce as a proxy for general leafy green growing, and specific experiments were done on lights a home hydroponic grower might use, the use of fans in hydroponics, and the use and care of fertilizer in nutrient solutions.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## TABLE OF CONTENTS", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "| Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………. | |\n|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|\n| TableofContents…………………………………………………………………………………. | ⅱ |\n| ListofAbbreviations……………………………………………………………………………... | ⅴ |\n| 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………...1 | |\n| 2. Lighting………………………………………………………………………………………….2 | |\n| 2.1 LightingCalculations………………………………………………………………….7 | |\n| 2.1.1 DLIandRunTime…………………………………………………………..7 | |\n| 2.1.2 Light Height and Area Lit……………………………………………….......9 | |\n| 2.1.3 Lights Without SpecifiedPPFD……………………………………………..9 | |\n| 2.2 ElectricalCalculations……………………………………………………………….10 | |\n| 2.3 CaseStudy…………………………………………………………………………....11 | |\n| 2.3.1 Fans………………………………………………………………………...17 | |\n| 2.4 LightingQuickGuide………………………………………………………………..19 | |\n| 3. NutrientSolution……………………………………………………………………………….21 | |\n| 3.1 pH………………………………………………………………………………….....21 | |\n| 3.2 Electrical Conductivity……………………………………………………………....23 | |\n| 3.3 Oxygenation………………………………………………....…………………….....24 | |\n| 3.4 MixingaSolution……………………………………………………………………25 | |\n| 3.4.1 Reading a Liquid Fertilizer Label and Making Custom a Mix…………….26 | |\n| 3.4.2 Reading a Powder Fertilizer Label and Making a Custom Mix…………...30 | |\n| 3.5 Organic Fertilizers…………………………………………………………………...31 | |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "| 3.6 Conventional | Fertilizers……………………………………………………………...32 |\n|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|\n| 3.7 Case Study (Organic vs Conventional and Different Levels of Care).........................32 | |\n| 3.8 FertilizerQuickGuide……………………………………………………………….39 | |\n| 4. SeedStarting…………………………………………………………………………………...41 | |\n| 4.1 Seed StartingQuickGuide…………………………………………………………...44 | |\n| 5. Deep Water Culture (DWC)........................................................................................................45 | |\n| 5.1 Kits…………………………………………………………………………………...45 | |\n| 5.2 DIYMaterials………………………………………………………………………..46 | |\n| 5.3 DIYConstruction…………………………………………………………………….47 | |\n| 5.4 Mechanical Maintenance/Troubleshooting…………………………………………..51 | |\n| 5.5 DWCQuickGuide…………………………………………………………………...51 | |\n| 6. Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)Systems……………………………………………………...52 | |\n| 6.1 Kits…………………………………………………………………………………...53 | |\n| 6.2 DIYMaterials………………………………………………………………………..53 | |\n| 6.3 DIYConstruction…………………………………………………………………….56 | |\n| 6.4 Mechanical Maintenance/Troubleshooting…………………………………………..58 | |\n| 6.5 NFTQuickGuide…………………………………………………………………....58 | |\n| 7. Nutrient Film Technique vs Deep Water Culture……………………………………………....60 | |\n| 8. UsefulEquipment……………………………………………………………………………...60 | |\n| 9. Total System Cost Examples andCropCosting……………………………………………….61 | |\n| 10. Diseases, Insects, and otherDisorders………………………………………………………..69 | |\n| 10.1 CommonDiseases…………………………………………………………………..70 | |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "| 10.2 Pathogen ControlMethods………………………………………………………....73 |\n|-----------------------------------------------------------|\n| 10.3 CommonPests……………………………………………………………………...74 |\n| 10.4 PestControlMethods……………………………………………………………….75 |\n| 10.5 PhysiologicalDisorders…………………………………………………………….75 |\n| 10.6 NutrientDeficiencies……………………………………………………………….78 |\n| References………………………………………………………………………………………..81 |\n| ImageReferences………………………………………………………………………………...84 |\n| TableReferences………………………………………………………………………………....89 |\n| FigureReferences………………………………………………………………………………..90 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "| CEA | Controlled Environment Agriculture |\n|-------|---------------------------------------------------------|\n| DLI | Daily Light Integral |\n| DO | Dissolved Oxygen |\n| DWC | Deep Water Culture |\n| EC | Electrical Conductivity |\n| HID | High Intensity Discharge |\n| HPS | High Pressure Sodium |\n| LED | Light Emitting Diode |\n| MH | Metal Halide |\n| Mole | A quantity referring to 6.02214078 10 23 of something × |\n| NFT | Nutrient Film Technique |\n| PAR | Photosynthetically Active Radiation |\n| pH | potential for hydrogen |\n| PPFD | Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density |\n| PVC | Polyvinyl Chloride |\n| SFW | Square Foot Week |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## 1. Introduction", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Hydroponics refers to the method of growing plants in soilless media. While we generally think about growing crops hydroponically as a new idea, the method has been in use for quite some time. Some of the earliest hydroponic like systems were the floating floating gardens of the Aztecs! After that however, there wasn't much in the way of hydroponics until the early to mid 1800's when scientists realized that they could grow crops in water if they gave them nutrients (Resh, 2013). In the early 1900's, greenhouses started to take interest in hydroponics because they were constantly having to replace their soil due to problems with pests, fertility, and soil structure (Resh, 2013). Hydroponics started to gain popularity with scientists who used it as a way to perform experiments on plants in a highly controlled manner.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Today, many commercial facilities use hydroponics as a way to grow consistent quality vegetables year round. The largest operations are in Mexico, Canada, the US, Belgium, and Holland. The most important hydroponic crops for these operations are tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers, and peppers (Resh, 2013).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "The main draw of hydroponics comes from the ability to grow year round, local, and generally pesticide free produce. In addition, hydroponic farms are able to produce higher yields of produce when compared to conventional farms due to efficient use of fertilizers directly to the root zone and spacing (Resh, 2013). Given that most hydroponic farms are in controlled environments, there is a general lack of pests, pathogens, and weeds which leads to a lower use of pesticides and herbicides compared to a conventional farm (Resh, 2013) . Controlled environment also allows for more efficient water use than conventional methods (up to 20", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "percent) (Mattson, 2020). Once on the market, hydroponic vegetables can have a longer shelf life than non hydroponic plants, even more so when the roots are still attached.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "The most common systems include deep water culture, nutrient film systems, and rockwool culture. Nutrient film and Deep Water systems are often used for leafy greens and rockwool culture is often used for vine crops like tomatoes and cucumbers. At the home level, the best success is likely to be found with a small deep water culture or nutrient flow technique system.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "This guide aims to give you practical knowledge for maintaining leafy greens in a hydroponic set up, and to provide information on how to construct your own system. There are 10 sections that include topics such as lighting, nutrient solution, and seed starting. Each section includes a detailed discussion on the different aspects of the topic that would be useful for a home grower to know. At the end of each section there is a 'quick guide' which aims to both recap the main points of the section and to provide easy steps to follow without having to read the entire section. Furthermore, I have detailed several experiments conducted at Cornell to help visualize and answer some common questions about plant lighting and nutrition in a home hydroponic setting.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## 2. Lighting", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Lighting may be one of the most important aspects when it comes to setting up your hydroponic system. Light is the main driver of plant growth, and controls a plethora of plant functions such as germination, flowering, pigmentation, biomass accumulation, and of course photosynthesis (Peacock, 2015). When it comes to lighting your system, there are a few important factors to consider. The first is light quantity.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Light quantity refers to how much light the plant is receiving. Overall plants require much more light than humans do for vision (perhaps 20 times more to get decent photosynthesis of leafy greens). For plants we use a different unit for measuring light than for humans (in which we can talk about light in lumens or footcandles). For plants we consider all light between the wavelengths of 400 to 700 nanometers (basically all the colors from blue to red in the rainbow). We call this range of light Photosynthetically Active Radiation, or PAR for short. These are the wavelengths that are the drivers of photosynthesis.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Figure 1. Light perceived by humans and plants", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "We measure this light by the amount of photons (the smallest particle of light) passing through a square meter every second. This is known as the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and the preferred units are micromoles per square meter per second (umol m -2 s -1 ). If you were to measure the total number of light particles hitting a square meter for the entire day you get what is known as the Daily Light Integral, or DLI. The DLI is the total amount of light received per day and the prefered units are moles of light per square meter per day (mol m -2 day -1 ). Notice that we look at moles, not micromoles, when it comes to the DLI. This is because if you were to measure micromoles per day you would have an extremely large number as there are 1 million micromoles per mole, and 3600 seconds per hour. For more helpful information check out https://extension.unh.edu/resource/growing-seedlings-under-lights-fact-sheet (Ebba, 2020).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "For leafy greens, we generally want 12-17 moles of light per day, or about 12 watts of electricity from a lighting fixture per square foot of growing area if information about DLI is not available (Mattson, 2017). When all else fails, just look at the plants. If they look stretched and thin, then you need more light (either more intensity or longer duration of lights turned on). Too much light will generally show itself in the form of tip burn (see 'physiological disorders' section).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Another important factor is light quality. Light quality refers to the wavelengths of light. It is known that certain wavelengths can have different effects on plant growth. For example, far red light tends to stretch plants, and blue light tends to cause shorter and stockier plants (Mattson, 2017). Other wavelengths can induce secondary compounds in plants (Peacock, 2015). And yes, plants do use greenlight for photosynthesis! However, for the purpose of home hydroponics, almost any light will do as long as it can provide the correct quantity of light. In fact, for general purposes, plants tend to grow best under light conditions similar to the sun and you won't see major benefits of one spectra over another. LED lights will often make claims about how they have the best spectra for growing vegetables, however the main reason you would choose an LED light is its efficiency (the amount of PAR it can generate per unit of electricity) not its spectra.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Three major types of horticultural lights include High Intensity Discharge (HID) lights (including High Pressure Sodium [HPS] and Metal Halide [MH] lights), Fluorescent lights (T5 are the newest fluorescents that are most common), and Light Emitting Diodes (LED). Many commercial growers use High Intensity Discharge lights in greenhouses, and will often have large lamps that are each 1000W. These lights generally have good efficiency when it comes to light output for the electricity used, and have a characteristic peak of intensity in the far-red part of the spectrum.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Figure 2. Spectral Output of HPS and MH lights", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "LEDs have become more common in commercial growing settings as efficiency keeps getting better and better (Both et. al, 2017). Some LEDs even allow you to control the specific waveband (colors) or the light intensity if you desire. There are many types of LED lights out there including panel lights, bar lights, and point source lights (used to replace High Intensity Discharge Lights). The main reason for a home grower to use an LED light would be the cost (when compared to an HID light) and their electrical efficiency.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Figure 3. Examples of LED spectral outputs", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "T5 fluorescent lights are often used for seed starting in commercial operations, but can also be used as the major light source in a home setting. In fact, some might consider them to be the workhorse of home scale grow lighting. They tend to have good efficiency and have a pretty broad spectrum output. However they generally don't produce as much light as a HID or LED fixture would. They look white to our eyes, but have peaks in blue, green, and red light.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Figure 4. T5 Fluorescent spectral output", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "How do these light factors relate to home hydroponics? They will help guide you in determining the type of light to use, the height at which to hang it, and the amount of time to leave the light on per day. Spectra will most likely be determined by the type of light you use, and quantity will be determined by a combination of the type of light, height it is hung, and duration it is kept on.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## 2.1 Lighting Calculations", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Now that we have discussed the different aspects of light and how they relate to growing plants, let's do some actual calculations to estimate the height at which to hang lights, and how long to keep them running. If you don't enjoy calculations, or wish to spend your time just growing - you can jump directly to the lighting quick guide. However, if you wish to learn more details about lighting plants - read on!", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## 2.1.1 DLI and Run Time", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "First, let's discuss calculations for Daily Light Integral (DLI) and light run time.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Example: Let's say you have a light that you know produces 200 µmol·m -2 ·s -1 (PPFD) of light at plant canopy when hung at 15 inches above plants. You want to know the DLI if you run your light for 24 hours. To determine the Daily Light Integral (DLI) you will want to use this equation:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "For our example:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "If you already know the micromoles per second at a certain height, and you would like to figure out how long to run the light based on your desired DLI (mol·m -2 ·d -1 ), you can rearrange the formula so that it looks like this: un time R = DLI × mol 1,000,000 umol PPFD × hour 3,600 seconds", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Example: Let's say we have the same light with an output of 200 µmol·m -2 ·s -1 at crop level when hung 15 inches above the plant. We know we want 15 mol·m -2 ·d -1 of light per day, so to calculate how long we need to run the lights we do:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "One thing to think about is that plants tend to do better with DLIs spread over a longer period of time. For example, lettuce will perform better with 15 moles of light over a time period of 20 hours compared to 15 moles of light over a time period of 5 hours (Both et. al, 1994).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## 2.1.2 Light Height and Area Lit", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Determining the height at which to hang your light can be a little tricky depending on what information the manufacturer gives you. Horticultural grade lamps might give you information on the light intensity (μmol·m -2 ·s -1 [PPFD]) at different heights, and if this information is available to you, then it's quite easy. Choose a height that looks like it gives good coverage of all plants and then use the formulas described above to calculate run time based on the height you have chosen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "If you have a commercial grow light, the information you are given could be the total output of the light in umol/sec. In this case, the first thing you will want to do is to calculate the area the fixture can light using this equation. rea A = total output desired instantaneous light", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Example: You have a HPS light with a total output of 500 μmol/second. You have a desired instantaneous light output of 200 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 (the light level at plant canopy) . How much area can the fixture light? = rea A = total output desired instantaneous light 2.5 square meters second 500 umol 200 umol meter · second 2 =", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Now that you know the fixture can light 2.5 square meters, you should adjust the height so that the area has even light coverage. Y ou can then calculate the run time based on equations previously mentioned and your desired instantaneous light output.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## 2.1.3 Lights without specified PPFD", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Unfortunately, not all light manufacturers provide the PPFD at certain heights for their lights. You could use a PAR light meter (often called a quantum sensor), however these can be quite expensive ranging anywhere from $300 - $1000+. In the case you are not given PPFD, a good estimate to go by is 12 watts of electricity from the light fixture per square foot of growing area, and then adjust the light to a height that seems to give good coverage of the growing area (Mattson, 2017).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Example: You have a growing area that is approximately 2ft x 2ft. What is the light requirement in watts? We know that 2 ft x 2 ft = 4 sqft, and we know we want 12 watts per square foot. So all we have to do is multiply This means square f eet 48 watts . 4 × 12 watts square f oot = you want your light, or combination of lights, used for that area to be around 48 watts.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "After you have chosen a light based on the area you need to light, and a height based on good light coverage of that area, the next step is to choose a run time for the light. Again, in the absence of PPFD you can't make exact calculations, but in general, if you follow the 12 W per square foot rule of thumb, to produce enough light for leafy greens, you will want to run T5 fluorescent lights close to 24 hours a day, 150W HPS lights around 16 hours a day, and LED lights also about 16 hours per day (though LED lights are more variable in their output and actual values will depend on their output).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "The moral of this story is that grow light manufacturers should report their light output in PPFD (with units of μmol·m -2 ·s -1 )! (See https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH03648-16 for more details). To recap, if you don't have PPFD information your best bet is to aim for 12 watts per square foot, adjust the light height so there is even coverage, and aim anywhere from 15-24 hours a day run time. Use your best judgment based on the look of the plants. If they are tall and stringy run the lights longer, and if they have tip burn (see physiological disorders) then they are probably getting too much light and you should decrease the run time.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## 2.2 Electrical Calculations", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "When looking at the cost of your system it's important to think about the electrical cost. Electricity is generally charged based on Kilowatt hours (kWh). You can use this formula to find your electricity usage, and then multiply your usage by your electricity cost to find the total cost of any electrical use for the system including lights and pumps.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Example: You are charged $0.21 per kWh used. You run a 150W HPS light for 15 hours a day for 35 days. What is the electric bill charge for that light?", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Then multiply the kWh used by the price of electricity $/kWh):", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "for the 525 hours you ran the light. 8.5 kWh 16.54 7 × kWh $0.21 = $", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## 2.3 Case Study", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "To help in the decision to choose a light, I ran some experiments with a range of lights a home grower might choose to use. In these experiments I measured the light output at different heights using a PAR light meter and made calculations for suggested heights and run times. My results and recommendations are as follows. (Based on a roughly 2 square foot growing area, and goal of 15 mol·m -2 ·d -1 of light)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Image 1. PPFD measurements being taken on an LED light with a quantum sensor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Table 1. Light Recommendations for DLI of 15 mol·m -2 ·d -1 for a 2ft 2 growing area", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "| Light Tested | Height above plants (in inches) | Average umol/(m 2 s) at • specified height | Run time (in hours per day) |\n|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|\n| SunSystem 150W HPS | 15 | 270.3 | 15.5 |\n| Durolux 48W T5 Fluorescent **** | 7 | 126.3 | 24 |\n| RAB 2X2 40W LED Panel | 4 | 269.7 | 15.5 |\n| iGrowtek 50W (total) LED Bar | 6 | 264.2 | 15.5 |\n| Growstar '50W' LED clip on **** | 9 | 73.8 | 24 |\n| Monios T5 LED | 8 | 260.3 | 15.5 |\n| YGROW LED ('600W HPS equivalent' | 18 | 295.8 | 14 |\n| Aceple LED ('600W HPS equivalent' | 18 | 268.8 | 15.5 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "(****Neither the T5 Fluorescent or the LED clip on could reach 15 mol·m -2 ·d -1 , DLIs were 10.92 mol·m -2 ·d -1 and 6.8 mol·m -2 ·d -1 respectively.)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "In another experiment, I grew lettuce under 5 types of lights that home growers are most likely to use. The lettuce cultivar Rex Butterhead from Johnny's Seeds was selected as it is a good representative of lettuce that could be grown in a home hydroponic system. The hydroponic systems used were home made deep water culture systems (approximately 2 ft 2 growing area) that held 6 plants and could easily be constructed for use at the home level (see the DIY section under deep water culture). The lettuce was grown for a 35 day period, with transplanting done on day 11 and then grown for an additional 24 days in the hydroponic systems under the lights. The pH and EC were kept at 5.6 and 1.4 mmhos/cm (from fertilizer) respectively. The treatments and results are as follows.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "- 1) HPS giving 15 mol·m -2 ·d -1\n- 2) LED Panel giving 15 mol·m -2 ·d -1\n- 3) LED bar giving 15 mol·m -2 ·d -1\n- 4) T5 fluorescent giving 10.92 mol·m -2 ·d -1 (This was the max output for 24 hours)\n- 5) Led clip on giving 6.8 mol·m -2 ·d -1 (This was the max output for 24 hours)\n- a) This clip on light claimed it was a 50W replacement for a 150W HPS light, however it was found to only draw 12W and did not have the output of an HPS. So be careful if you are looking at cheap lights that promise great results.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Figure 5. Fresh Weight of lettuce based on light treatment (treatments with the same letters are not significantly different from each other, based on Tukey HSD test with significance level of 0.05)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Figure 6. Biomass efficiency of lights based on 2 ft 2 area (treatments with the same letters are not significantly different from each other based on Tukey HSD test with significance level of 0.05)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Image 2. HPS treatment Image 3. LED Panel treatment", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Image 4. LED Bar treatment Image 5. TR Fluorescent Treatment", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Image 6. LED clip on treatment Image 7. Lettuce heads from LED clip on treatment", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "The HPS was the clear winner when it came to both fresh weights and dry weights (figure 5. However, the LED Panel and LED Bar lights were not too far behind. In addition, the LED Panel light had a significantly better efficiency in terms of grams of biomass efficiency (i.e. the fresh weight of lettuce produced per kWh of electricity used) than the HPS. The LED Panel and LED bar both had similar electrical efficiency and both cost less than an HPS fixture - making them both fine choices for the home grower. However, almost all of the lights tested would make fine lights for a home grower. Y ou just have to think about what you are looking to get out of your lights(i.e. the highest yield? Or a balance between light cost, electricity use and yield?).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "For example, if your goal is to produce as much lettuce as possible (similar to a commercial greenhouse grower) than the HPS is the way to go. The downside with the HPS is that it is the most expensive, and also will cost the most in terms of electricity use. The 150 W HPS fixture could have been used to light a bigger space than the 2' x 2' area in our experiment so a solution might be to use the one HPS to light 2 DWC bus bucket systems.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "If you would rather save some money (both in initial costs, and electrical costs), knowing that it will take a little longer to grow your heads of lettuce to your desired weight (a week more at most), then finding some sort of lower wattage (when compared to the HPS) LED (but still aiming for the 12 watts per square foot rule of thumb) is the way to go. In addition, many LED lights will have good light coverage of your growing area (based on their design). I really like the panel and bar options because they are a good way to have even distribution of light throughout your growing area.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Or maybe you have a smaller system with only one row of crops. In this case, you could think about using a T5 Fluorescent light. Y ou won't have to worry as much about light distribution in a smaller system, and hanging the light directly over the crops will provide higher light levels than if you were trying to light several rows.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Even the little clip on LED (which in our experiment only used 12 W) could have its place. Let's say you are only growing 1 or 2 heads of lettuce, or just a couple small herbs in a one square foot area, then you could put this light directly over them and get good results. In our experiment the LED clip on produced the lowest biomass, but because it also used by far the least amount of electricity it had the greatest biomass efficiency (grams produced per kWh electricity). It produced two mediocre heads of lettuce and four thin and stretched heads of lettuce.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "## 2.3.1 Fans", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Some airflow to the plants can be used to prevent the environment around the plant staying too humid which can promote leaf diseases or the disorder tipburn. Tipburn is a physiological disorder (described more in section 10.5) whereby under high light, or high humidity, plants can't take up enough calcium (Mattson and Merril, 2015). In commercial greenhouses the solution is to add more airflow (Both et. al 1994). Therefore, in another experiment, I took the highest performing lights, pushed the light output to 17 mol·m -2 ·d -1 , and added a fan into the mix (all other parameters from the previous experiment were kept the same). I used a small computer fan and mounted it 4 inches above the crop canopy in order to promote horizontal airflow above the lettuce. In the case of the LED Panel light, I positioned the fan so that it would blow air in between the light and lettuce (as the Panel was only 4 inches above the lettuce).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Image 8. HPS treatment with fan Image 9. LED Panel treatment with fan", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "In general, I found that pushing to 17 mol·m -2 ·d -1 in such a small enclosed area caused tip burn in the lettuce (see image 10 below). Treatments with fans produced lettuce heads with less tip burn, however the downside of the fan was that it tended to decrease the fresh weight at the end of 35 days. However, if you let the lettuce grow a few days longer it should make up the weight. The treatments and results are as follows.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Figure 7. Fan vs. no fan treatments. (Treatments with the same letter are not significantly different from each other, based on Tukey HSD test with significance level of 0.05)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Image 10. Lettuce treatments with and without fans", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "In general, treatments with fans had lower fresh weights at the end of the 35 day growing treatments. If you really want to push your crops with light levels, a fan will help to decrease tip", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "cycle, although the only significant difference in fresh weight occurred in the LED Panel burn in lettuce and also promote healthy air flow (good for reducing moisture on leaves). However, as noted, the fan may increase the amount of time you have to grow your plants to get desired fresh weights. In that case, it seems that the best option is to just lower light levels (by raising up lights a bit) so that tip burn does not occur, and wait a little longer for your plants to reach desired weights.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "The biggest reason to use a fan would be if you are noticing moisture on leaves. Stagnant moisture on leaves is the perfect place for a pathogen to infect your plants so a fan would really come in handy there.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## 2.4 Lighting Quick Guide", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "When choosing a light for your system here are some things to think about.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "1. Where you are going to put the light (Does it have a place to hang? Will it fit?)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "2. The area you want to light\n- a. If you know the umol/second output of the light use the equation", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "- b. If you don't know the output in umol/second you can use the metric of 12 W per square foot of growing area.\n- c. The manufacturer may also give an estimate for the area the specific fixture can light.\n3. The height at which to hang the light\n- a. If you know the PPFD at certain heights you can choose a height based on your desired PPFD.\n- b. If you don't know the PPFD at certain heights, a good idea is to aim for even light coverage of the growing area.\n- c. If you have a similar light to one I mentioned (and you have a similar growing area) I would recommend a similar height\n4. The duration of time to run the light", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "If you know PPFD you can use the equation:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "- i. A DLI of 12-17 mol·m -2 ·d -1 is common for leafy greens\n- b. Sometimes the manufacturer will give a suggested run time, usually this is pretty accurate but I would take it as a conservative estimate.\n- c. If you have a similar light to one I mentioned (and you have a similar growing area) I would recommend a similar run time .", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "- d. In general, be mindful of your plants. If they look stretched and thin they need more light, and if there is noticeable tip burn the light quantity should be scaled back.\n5. To calculate electrical use and cost use the formulas:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "- b. ost in dollars kWh ocal electrical cost per kWh C = × l", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## 3. Nutrient Solution", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "The nutrient solution is the source of essential mineral elements plants need to carry out cellular functions including growth, photosynthesis, and respiration. There are 14 essential elements that plants need including 6 macronutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Calcium and Magnesium; and 8 micronutrients: Iron, manganese, zinc, boron, copper, molybdenum, chloride and nickel (Mattson and Peters, 2014). Micronutrients are just as important to the plant as macronutrients, they just aren't needed in the same quantity. There are many hydroponic fertilizers available, and most will do a good job supplying these nutrients so it doesn't matter too much which one you choose. What matters most is the correct mixing of the solution based on the specific fertilizer you chose. However, before we get into specific recipes, let's discuss several important factors when it comes to maintaining the nutrient solution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "The first factor is the pH of the solution. The pH of the solution is the measure of how acidic or basic the solution is based on the number of hydrogen ions. pH ranges on a scale from 0 to 14, where 0 is the most acidic, 7 is neutral, and 14 is the most basic.The more hydrogen ions the more acidic the solution is, and the more hydroxide ions the more basic the solution. (Both and Brechner, 2013). Common acids (not for use in hydroponic systems, just examples) include lemon juice and vinegar, a neutral solution is milk, and basic solutions include drain cleaners and milk of magnesia. pH is important because it controls the nutrients available to the plants. Too high or too low of a pH will make certain nutrients unavailable to the plants. An Ideal pH for hydroponic solution is between 5.5 - 6.0 (Mattson, 2016).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Figure 8. Nutrient availability at different pH", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "The pH of the solution should be checked regularly, as it can change within a matter of days often due to fertilizer used and the plant's uptake of that fertilizer (Mattson and Leith, 2019). Generally, fertilizer with Ammoniacal Nitrogen will tend to decrease pH, and fertilizer with Nitrate Nitrogen will tend to increase pH (Mattson and Leith 2019).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "## 3.2 Electrical Conductivity", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "The next factor to look at is the EC of the solution. EC stands for electrical conductivity and is a measure for the amount of dissolved salts in the solution. The units can be a bit confusing, but EC is typically measured in mmhos/cm which is the same as mS/cm (Mattson and Peters, 2014) or dS/m. Occasionally meters will report 1,000 times higher in µS/cm. For example, your nutrient solution may have a fertilizer strength of 1.8 mmhos/cm (or mS/cm, dS/m) which is the same as 1,800 µS/cm. You can use EC as an approximation for the fertilizer strength (concentration). An important thing to note is that EC measures all salts in the solution, not just the ones in your fertilizer, so it is important to measure the EC of your water before adding fertilizer. Knowing the EC of your water beforehand allows you to better control your fertilizer input. Generally you want a starting EC of 1 mmhos/cm or less, although at the home scale, unless you are starting with a really high EC of say 2, you are probably ok. In addition, most people don't regularly have access to an EC meter and thus while it is important for a commercial grower to keep up with EC (often they use continuous EC sensors connected to computer controlled dosers to supply nutrients), for the home grower, pH is more important to take care of. In fact studies have shown that if pH is not controlled, then the EC won't matter as much because certain nutrients won't be available to crops (see figure 9) (Mattson and Hansen, 2011) . Thus, the suggestion for a home grower is to monitor your pH because that will have more of an impact on your crops than worrying about EC. As long as you mix the fertilizer correctly your EC should be okay.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "If you want to get more in-depth and track EC you can purchase hand-held meters for $60-100+, and you can always send samples out to a lab for testing. Ex. J.R. Peters Laboratory.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "Figure 9. pH and EC effects on lettuce yield", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "## 3.3 Oxygenation", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "Plants need oxygen for cellular respiration, and in a hydroponic system the roots get this through dissolved oxygen in the nutrient solution. Generally we want a dissolved O 2 content of 7-10 ppm (this is generally at saturation in water, depending on water temperature) (Goto et. al, 1996). In a deep water system this can be achieved by using a pump and an airstone. In an NFT system oxygenated water is achieved through the constant flow and agitation of the water (Adams, 1981). Generally you want 10L of water flow per plant per hour in an NFT system (based on general commercial systems and Jackson, 1979) .", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "One other important factor for a high dissolved oxygen content in your nutrient solution is temperature. Generally speaking, colder water is able to have a higher dissolved oxygen content (Adams, 1981). This might not be a huge problem indoors, but if you set up your system outside, you will want to do your best to try to keep your reservoir cool. For an NFT system, this might mean keeping the reservoir in the shade, and for a deep water culture system this most likely means having an opaque material for the reservoir and trying to let as little light in the reservoir as possible.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "Figure 10. Dissolved oxygen solubility based on temperature", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## 3.4 Mixing a Solution", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "To mix a nutrient solution there are two main things you need to know. First, you need to know the volume of the solution you want to make. Second, you need to know how much fertilizer to add per liter/gallon of water. The first step is easy, as that is pretty much the volume of your reservoir and how much you intend to fill it. Most reservoirs/containers you purchase will list their volume (or you can calculate it based on their dimensions). For example, maybe you have a 25L reservoir and you decide to put 20L of water in the reservoir. Step two requires a little reading from the fertilizer bottle, but you should be able to find how much fertilizer to use per unit volume fairly easily. For example, if you have a liquid fertilizer, your bottle may say something to the effect of, 'add 2 mL of fertilizer for every 1 L of water'. In our example, this means we need to at 2 mL 20 = 40 mL of fertilizer. If you have a powdered mix, it might say ×", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "something to the effect of 'add 1.5 grams of fertilizer for every 1 L of water'. In this case you would need to add 1.5 g 20 = 30 grams of fertilizer. ×", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "Should your fertilizer come in several parts, make sure to mix the correct amount from each part into your nutrient solution (as addressed below, be sure to completely dissolve/mix one part of the nutrient solution before adding the next). In the case that your fertilizer has different suggestions for different stages of growth, I would recommend choosing the prescribed amount for a stage that might be called something like 'general purpose' or 'vegetative growth'. If that sounds good enough for you (your plants will be fine with this!) then feel free to skip the next two sections. However, if you are getting really excited and just want to do some custom mixing then read on!", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "## 3.4.1 Reading a Liquid Fertilizer Label and Making a Custom Mix", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "Sometimes a fertilizer will suggest different feed rates for different weeks based on growth stages of plants. This strategy can be useful, and is often employed, when growing a fruiting crop such as a tomato or a flowering crop such as hemp. However, for leafy greens and herbs, only one solution recipe is generally used throughout the entire growth cycle. If you find yourself in this position you may need to make a mix from several different fertilizers. For example, General Hydroponics' Flora Series is a three part mix that could be used in stages, but for leafy greens we mix all three parts into one solution. In order to make that one solution you first need to understand how to read a fertilizer label. A fertilizer label tells you the percentage of each element contained, and will look something like this.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "Image 11. Liquid fertilizer label", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "In this example we can see that this fertilizer is 2.0% total nitrogen, 1.0% phosphate, 6.0 % potash, and 0.5% magnesium. The first three nutrients listed here (N,P ,K) are also listed at the top in bold numbers because those are the main macronutrients. Other fertilizer bottles will also follow the same procedure of listing N,P ,K in bold or large numbers in that order. One thing that is a little confusing is that phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are listed as phosphate (P 2 O 5 ) and potash (K 2 O). This means that the actual percentage of P and K is actually lower. To figure this out you need to know the atomic mass of each element and then you need to find the percent of the desired element in each molecule. So for phosphate we want the percent P , and for potash we want percent K. The calculations are as follows.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Atomic mass of P = 30.97 | Atomic mass of K = 39.10 | Atomic mass of O = 15.99", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Then for P 2 O 5 …", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "factor)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "So now we multiply whatever the percent phosphate is by .44, and in our case we will do:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Then for K 2 O…", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "factor)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "So now we multiply whatever the percent potash is by .83, and in our case we will do:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "The rest of the elements listed are the actual percentage of that specific element. In this example we have a final percentages of 2%N , 0.44% P , 4.98% K, and 0.5% Mg. Now that we know the percentages we can figure out how much fertilizer to use based on some target value we have. Let's say we have a target value of 150 ppm (parts per million) nitrogen for a 20 L nutrient solution. There are a few key points that you need to be aware of when completing these next steps.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "- 1) In a liquid fertilizer, 1% = 10,000 ppm\n- 2) 1 ppm = 1 mg/L\n- 3) 1 L = 1000 ml\n- 4) (initial concentration) x (initial volume) = (final concentration) x (final volume)\n- 5) We are interested in the volume of fertilizer to use or 'initial volume'", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "First, I would figure the amount of fertilizer to use for one liter and then multiply that number by 20. So now we use this formula solving for the 'initial volume' ( mL of the fertilizer product we need to add to our reservoir):", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "So now that we know 7.5 ml of fertilizer will provide 150 ppm of nitrogen for 1 liter of water, we multiply is needed for a 20 liter nutrient .5 ml L 0 L 150 ml of f ertilizer 7 / × 2 = solution at 150 ppm Nitrogen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Now you have to to figure out how much of the other nutrients you are supplying with the fertilizer. Y ou can rearrange the formula to find final concentration and do a calculation like this:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "If we were looking to find the amount of phosphorus supplied to 1L of solution we would do:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Another way to do it would be to say that we know we supplied a total of 150 ppm nitrogen, and the fertilizer is 2% Nitrogen and .44% phosphorus. So we could find the percent of phosphorus relative to nitrogen and then multiply that by 150:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "You would then have to do this for all the elements, and in addition you would have to factor in how to use the other parts of the fertilizer mix as well. This could get very drawn out, so for ease of calculations I am including an excel spreadsheet where all you have to do is enter the percent of each element (enter the percent phosphate and potash, the excel chart will handle the conversion), and adjust with the ml/L of each part of the mix until you find a final mix you are happy with:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "[https://blogs.cornell.edu/cornellcea/files/2020/05/Useful-Home-Hydroponics-Excel-Sheets.xlsx](https://blogs.cornell.edu/cornellcea/files/2020/05/Useful-Home-Hydroponics-Excel-Sheets.xlsx)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## 3.4.2 Reading a Powder Fertilizer Label and Making a Custom Mix", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "When making a custom mix of powdered fertilizer, some of the steps will be the same as making a custom mix from a liquid fertilizer. Y ou will still need to find the percent of your desired element, and 1 mg/L still = 1 ppm. However, when calculating how much fertilizer to use based on your target ppm you will now use the formula:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "Example: we are using commercial calcium nitrate to supply nitrogen, and we want 150 ppm (mg/L) nitrogen in our nutrient solution. The chemical formula for commercial calcium nitrate is Ca(NO 3 ) 2 3H 2 O. According to the product label the product is 18.5% Ca and 15.5% N. So to · calculate how much calcium nitrate fertilizer to use to get 150 ppm N::", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "of calcium nitrate in 1liter of water to supply 150 ppm N. g of f ertilizer 68 mg m = .155 150 ppm = 9", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "You can find the amount of calcium supplied by doing (968 mg calcium nitrate) x (0.185) = 179 mg/L calcium (179 ppm). (Mattson, 2018).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "Once again you would need to do this for all the sources of elements you are using, and don't forget to take into account that when you are supplying one element you are most likely also supplying another element! (If you enjoy these sorts of calculations, one resource that walks you through the calculations is: http://e-gro.org/pdf/E305.pdf )", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## 3.5 Organic Fertilizers", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "Organic Fertilizers are ones in which the elements are derived from natural substances. Unfortunately, it is often difficult to create an organic mixture that doesn't precipitate when mixed together. Organic fertilizers will often form an organic film that can clog pumps, airstones, tubing, and generally is quite messy. In the first few days, organic fertilizers will often bubble and seem to ooze out of the reservoir. This can take several days to a week to settle down depending on the size of the reservoir. Most of the mineral elements in organic fertilizer require quite a bit of time to be released and made available to the plant. This process requires naturally occurring microbes to become established to process these complex organic compounds and turn them into plant available nutrients. In addition, pH often drastically changes due to the sources of nutrients thus limiting the amount of nutrients actually available to the plant. While growing organic can be a great farming practice in the field, it may not yet be suitable for use in hydroponics. In addition, it's unclear if you can actually grow crops 'organically' (as in have them labeled organic) in a hydroponic system due to many of the materials used, and the obvious lack of soil which is paramount to the organic label (Mattson and Leith, 2019).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "However, it's worth noting that some of the big reasons for growing organic in the field include zero use of synthetic pesticides or herbicides. Commercial hydroponic growers will not be using synthetic herbicides, and will have little to no use of synthetic pesticides. Certainly home growers should not be using synthetic pesticides on their crops. In addition, even though conventional nutrients are most commonly used in hydroponics - they are recirculated (i.e. reused) typically for the whole crop cycle which limits environmental concerns about nutrient use and runoff.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "Image 12. Bubbling from organic Fertilizer Image 13. Organic Fertilizer Biofilm", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## 3.6 Conventional Fertilizers", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "Conventional Fertilizers are ones where elements are synthetically derived from natural substances or isolated from naturally occuring materials. They are more easily formulated to be water soluble and available to plants immediately. In general, they are easier to handle and require less maintenance than organic fertilizers. Examples of conventional fertilizer brands include: General Hydroponics, FoxFarm, AeroGarden Liquid Plant Food, Jack's hydroponic mixes.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## 3.7 Case Study Conventional (General Hydroponics Flora Series) vs Organic (General Hydroponics Organic)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "The objective for this experiment was to grow heads of lettuce with different levels of nutrient solution care to see what kind of commitment would provide the best results for a homeowner. Four different care levels were established ranging from no care at all after the initial set up, all the way to checking and maintaining pH and EC 3 times a week. In addition, I", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "looked at a conventional fertilizer and an organic fertilizer to see what the best option for a home grower would be.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "The set up for the experiment and results are as follows", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "- 35 day growing cycle in restaurant bussing tubs (21x17x7 inches, with a total volume of 27 liters, tubs were initially filled with 25 liters of nutrient solution)\n- In a greenhouse with supplemental light (daily light integral held constant at 12.5 mol·m -2 ·d -1 )\n- pH and EC held constant at targets for different treatments\n- 4 treatments of a single Conventional fertilizer (a 3-part liquid hydroponic fertilizer) with different levels of care\n- 4 treatment of Organic fertilizer (a 4-part liquid organic hydroponic fertilizer) with different levels of care", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "## Different Levels Of Care:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "Treatment 1 :Control (pH and EC were adjusted 3 times weekly to desired levels) (labels: GHC [conventional] and GHOC [organic])", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "Treatment 2 : Fertilizer was added and then left alone the entire growing cycle (labels: GHN [conventional] and GHON [organic])", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "Treatment 3 : Tubs were topped off with fertilizer water when needed (no pH or EC adjustment) (labels: GHFNopH [conventional] and GHOFNopH [organic]) Treatment 4 : Tubs were topped of with fertilizer when needed and pH was adjusted (no EC adjustment)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "(labels: GHFYespH [conventional] and GHOFYespH [organic])", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "Nutrient Solutions were mixed with the goal of getting as close as possible to a modified Sonneveld's solution for leafy greens - which is what we recommend at Cornell for leafy greens. The conventional fertilizer was mixed from the 3 part General Hydroponic Flora series based on each part's guaranteed chemical analysis, and the organic fertilizer was mixed froma 4 part General Hydroponics' Organic series based on each part's guaranteed chemical analysis. I happened to use a four part mixture, although the organic series has a wide range of products. I found that the best mixture for this solution would come from a combination of 'Bio Grow', 'Bio Bloom', 'Ca Mg', and 'Diamond Black'.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "Table 2. Fertilizer concentrations", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "| Element | Target PPM (Modified Sonneveld's Solution for leafy greens) | PPM Supplied by Conventional Fertilizer | PPM Supplied by Organic Fertilizer |\n|-----------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|\n| Nitrogen (N) | 150 | 150 | 140 |\n| Phosphorus (P) | 31 | 44 | 61.1 |\n| Potassium (K) | 210 | 191 | 132.8 |\n| Calcium (Ca) | 90 | 100 | 100 |\n| Magnesium (Mg) | 24 | 35 | 40 |\n| Sulfur (S) | 32 | 15 | 20 |\n| Iron (Fe) | 1 | 2 | 0 |\n| Boron (B) | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0 |\n| Manganese (Mn) | 0.13 | 1.00 | 0 |\n| Zinc (Zn) | 0.16 | 0.30 | 0 |\n| Copper (Cu) | 0.023 | 0.20 | 0 |\n| Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.024 | 0.02 | 0.08 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "Image 14. Fertilizer treatments. Conventional fertilizer on the left, treatments 1-4 from back to front. Organic fertilizer on the right, treatments 1-4 back to front.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "Figure 11. Conventional and Organic Fertilizer treatments. (Treatments with the same letters are not significantly different from each other, based on Tukey HSD test with significance level of 0.05)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "All conventional treatments had significantly higher fresh weights compared to the organic treatments. In the conventional section, treatments 3 and 4 (where nutrient solution was topped off each week) had significantly higher freshweights than treatments 1 and 2. In the organic section, the treatments where pH was controlled (treatments 1 and 4) had significantly higher freshweights than the others.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "Basically, if you have the choice you should use a conventional fertilizer to get the best plant performance. Not only will the plants have a higher fresh weight, but the system will be cleaner and have less maintenance. In this specific experiment, controlling the pH did not have a significant impact on the fresh weight in the treatments with conventional fertilizer. This is most likely because the conventional fertilizer already had a pH buffer in the mix. That being said, many other studies have shown pH is an important factor in the health and development of hydroponic plants so I would still recommend checking the pH at least once a week if you can. However if you can't, it's not a huge deal as the plants will still grow (albeit perhaps a bit smaller than if pH were controlled, or they may eventually develop nutrient deficiencies from high pH such as iron or manganese deficiency). This experiment did show that topping off with nutrient solution each week could be beneficial to plant growth. Once again, if you decide not to do this the plants will still be healthy, they may just take a little longer to get to your desired fresh weight.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "On the other hand, if you decide to grow using organic fertilizer you will certainly want to keep track of, and adjust, the pH of the solution several times a week. The organic solutions had wild swings in pH, most often increasing to pH levels of 8 and above, and at these levels of pH nutrients become unavailable for the plants to use. It's clear from the photos that the roots of treatments where pH was controlled were much healthier than those treatments where pH was not controlled, and plants tended to be larger in pH controlled treatments. Note: this experiment was conducted during 1 crop cycle, it could be that after a longer time (multiple crop cycles) the organic nutrient solution will stabilize (as naturally occurring microbes get established and process the organic nutrient forms to make them available to plants).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "## Control Treatments (Conventional on left, organic on right)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "Treatment 2. No care after the initial solution was mixed. (Conventional on left, organic on right)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "Treatment 3. Nutrient solution was topped off each week. But there was NO pH maintenance.(Conventional on left, organic on right)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "Treatment 4. Nutrient solution was topped off each week AND pH was maintained. (Conventional on left, organic on right)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "(Image 27.)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "(Image 29.)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "(Image 28.)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "## 3.8 Fertilizer Quick guide", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "When choosing a fertilizer, I highly recommend using a commercially available pre-blended conventional hydroponic fertilizer. Fertilizers can come in both a liquid or powder form. For home hydroponic use, liquid fertilizers tend to be easier to measure and mix (i.e. dissolved in water). However, a powdered form might be the way to go if you want a cheaper fertilizer (you are not paying to ship all the water as in a liquid fertilizer) or if you want a more specific fertilizer mix (as a commercial grower might). As an aside, the reason you often have to mix fertilizers together into a solution is because if they were stored together in concentrated form some nutrients would precipitate out (i.e. recombine into an insoluble form). The main culprit is calcium. Calcium doesn't mix with sulfates or phosphates in concentrated solution (Mattson and Peters, 2014). However, once diluted into the nutrient solution that the plants will receive, precipitation should not be a problem.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "1. Mix a solution based on the volume of water you are using and the instruction on the label.\n- a. Sometimes the suggested fertilizer schedule wants you to put different mixtures in during different weeks. This is useful when growing flowering or fruiting crops, however when growing leafy greens it's common practice to have one solution for the entire growth cycle. In this case, use the suggested mixture for a growth stage that is labeled something like 'general purpose' or 'vegetative growth', and if the fertilizer comes in several parts don't forget to mix the appropriate amount together from each one.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "- b. If you want to do a more detailed comparison of nutrient values, you can fill in the excel chart provided based on the guaranteed analysis on the bottle.\n- c. In terms of precipitation - you want to avoid combining materials together in their concentrated form. First fill the reservoir at least half full, add the first material and stir (or run the pump) until it is fully dissolved in water, then add the second material and fully dissolve and so on.\n2. Check the pH of the solution to make sure it falls within the 5.5-6.0 range and adjust. The easiest way to check and adjust pH is to buy a pH up and down kit. It should come with both a way to measure pH (typically a color indicator) and chemicals to adjust pH. (If you want to track pH in a more detailed way you can purchase a handheld pH meter for $60-100+, be sure to also buy reference solutions - so you can adjust your handheld meter for accuracy).\n- a. Note, if you are trying to grow totally organic you need to use citric acid (it should say suitable for organic, or OMRI)\n- b. If you are using an organic fertilizer I would recommend checking the pH several times a week\n- c. If you are using a conventional fertilizer, checking the pH once or twice a week should do.\n3. I would recommend topping off the system with nutrient solution every 1-2 weeks.\n4. If you are using organic fertilizer, I would suggest keeping the same solution for several crop cycles (still topping off with fertilizer as needed) in order to promote the establishment of beneficial microbes.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "- a. You may see better results with organic fertilizers in later crop cycles after the beneficials have established.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "## 4. Seed starting", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "When buying seed, it's a good idea to source your seed from a reputable commercial source. These companies will generally tell you the % germination on the packet (as tested within the last few months), and while this won't necessarily be the actual germination percentage you will get based in your conditions, it's nice to know and it shows the companies have taken the time to actually test the seeds. Some examples of notable companies for sources of seed include Johnny's Seed, Ball Seed Company, Harris Seed, and High Mowing (an all organic brand).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "After purchasing seeds, it's a good idea to store them in a cool place such as a refrigerator to help increase the longevity of seeds. In addition, be sure to keep any seeds you are not using dry (sealing in a container with a silica/desiccant packet can help to keep out moisture) , otherwise they will be compromised!", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "When you are ready to start your seed, there are a few materials that you will want to have. First off, you need a media to plant the seeds in. If you were planting outside the media would be soil, but in hydroponics we use soilless media. Two common media types are Rockwool and Coco Coir.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "Image 31. Rockwool cubes Image 32. Coco coir cubes", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "Rockwool is heated and spun basalt that is then typically formed into 1 or 1.5 inch cubes (Resh, 2013). Rockwool is an inert media and has good water holding capacity which makes it useful for starting seeds (Resh, 2013). Coco Coir is ground coconut husk which means that it can be composted (Resh, 2013). For seed starting you can find compressed coir cubes with a paper-like wrap that will keep coir particles from falling into your hydroponic system.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "A seeding flat is used to hold the media while the seeds germinate. The most common is a 10' x 20' seeding flat, and this can easily be ordered online or picked up at a local garden center. Although for a home grower, a smaller flat will also work just fine. After planting, the seeds will need nutrients (as described in the Nutrient solution section) and light (as described in the Light section).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "Now comes the fun part! Pre-soak the flat of rockwool in nutrient solution for 10-15 minutes. Rockwool can often start at a pH around 7-8.5 and soaking helps lower the pH to a more suitable range. If you are using coco coir, it's best to soak overnight so that 1) compressed coir cubes have time to expand and 2) because coco coir cubes can have excess salts, and soaking helps to leach some of them out. After soaking, plant seeds into the media. If you are planting lettuce or kale, one seed per cube will do as those species can grow quite large. However with most other herbs you can get away planting around 3-4 seeds per cube.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "Image 33. Seedlings in rockwool cubes Image 34. Seedlings in rockwool cubes", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "Make sure to water the seedlings with nutrient solution once a day or at least enough so that the media doesn't dry out. In a commercial setting, seeds are germinated at 68 ℉ , and then after germination the temperature is set for 75 ℉ days and 65 ℉ nights (Both and Brechner, 2013). At the home scale, these specific temperatures are not necessary, but it would be a good idea for the seeds to generally have these conditions. Around the 4 to 5 day mark look for any accidental doubles in the lettuce plugs and remove them (Both and Brechner, 2013).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "The duration of time before transplanting depends on both the type of seed, your preference for what stage to harvest at, and environmental conditions. For example, many commercial operations aim for a 35 day growing cycle to get 5 ounce (150 gram) heads of lettuce under ideal environmental conditions. Following this schedule, you should try to transplant your seeds into your hydroponic system around day 11 (Both and Brechner, 2013). When growing herbs from seed, the seedlings tend to be ready anywhere from 2-3 weeks (C. Currey, personal communication, 2019). If environmental conditions are not optimum (such as cooler temperatures and lower light) it will take longer for seedlings to develop. In general, a good time to transplant is when you see the formation of 3-4 true leaves, or the plants are starting to crowd each other (Mattson, 2016). In addition, you should start to see the roots at the bottom of the rockwool or coir cell. Leaving the plants in the rockwool longer could cause stem elongation and tangles between plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "Image 35. Lettuce seedlings ready for transplant. Image 36. Seedlings transplanted into", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "DWC system", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "Another option for seeding would be to plant directly into the hydroponic system. This wouldn't be realistic at the commercial level due to spacing and scheduling concerns. However, at home level it certainly can be done. Just make sure the rockwool cubes don't dry out before the roots make contact with the nutrient solution", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "## 4.1 Seed Starting Quick Guide", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "- Seeds\n- Seeding flat\n- Media to plant seeds into (Rockwool or Coco Coir cubes)\n- Nutrient solution (as per directions in the nutrient solution section)\n- Light (as per directions in the lighting Section)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "1. Place Rockwool in the seeding flat and pre-soak in nutrient solution for 10-15 minutes, overnight for coco coir.\n2. Plant one seed per cube if lettuce, 3-4 per cube for other herbs\n3. Place seeding flat with media and seeds under light\n- a. You can also decide to plant directly into your system at this point if you wish\n4. Water once a day, or enough so that the media doesn't dry out\n5. At about day 4 or 5 remove any accidental lettuce doubles from plugs\n6. If you have left your seeds under a light in the seeding flat, around Day 11 transplant lettuce into your hydroponic system (if you want to stick to a 35 day growing cycle). For other herbs, wait to transplant until you see 3-4 true leaves and/or roots coming out the bottom of cubes.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "## 5. Deep Water Culture", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "Deep water culture hydroponics consists of a reservoir to hold nutrient solution that the plant roots will be in direct contact with, a floating panel to hold plants, an airstone and a light. This type of system is great for home hydroponic users as it is easily constructed and cared for. In addition, it can be used to grow many different crops such as lettuce, basil, kale, and sorel.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "## 5.1 Kits", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "There are many kits to be found online, here are some examples:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "1. [https://www.aerogarden.com/](https://www.aerogarden.com/)\n2. [https://backtotheroots.com/collections/top-sellers/products/watergarden](https://backtotheroots.com/collections/top-sellers/products/watergarden)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "3. https://www.amazon.com/DWC-Hydroponic-System-Growing-Kit/dp/B07FYS5BTJ/ref= sr\\_1\\_7?crid=8X83K406F6D&dchild=1&keywords=hydroponic+kit&qid=1587863178& sprefix=hydopnic+kit%2Caps%2C170&sr=8-7", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "Many of these kits are 'plug and play' (ready to use) and all you have to do is plug them in, add water/fertilizer and plant seeds. However, some are quite expensive (especially when they include their own light source) so you might decide to make your own.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "## 5.2 DIY Materials", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "When constructing your own deep water culture system these are the components you will need to acquire. First you need to acquire a reservoir for your plants. There is quite a large range of reservoir volumes that could be used for your system. In a commercial setting, ponds are usually 8-12 inches deep which corresponds to around 2 gallons of nutrient solution per plant (based on the 3.5 plants per square foot standard). However, at the home level a lower volume is certainly okay. Plants are routinely grown with a gallon per plant and turn out fine. However, the larger your reservoir the more buffering you have when it comes to water temperature, EC, and pH (Goto et. al, 1996). This means there is more stability in the nutrient solution and those factors are less likely to change as rapidly in a larger reservoir as they would in a smaller reservoir. In addition, you may want to think about how often you will have to refill the reservoir. A general guideline for lettuce (and you could probably use this as a guide for most leafy greens) is that you will lose 100 ml of water due to evapotranspiration per plant per day (Ciokolz et. al, ). This comes to around 0.7 liters (or one-fifth of a gallon) of water per week per plant.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "In terms of actual reservoirs, restaurant bussing tubs work great (I have used bus tubs that are 21' 17' 7'), and plastic storage boxes (such as ones you might use to store clothing) can × ×", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "also work equally well. You just want to make sure that whatever you choose as a reservoir it is constructed with opaque material. The reason for this is that you don't want light to be able to get to the nutrient solution. Light will almost certainly cause algal growth and could even degrade some of the nutrients.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "The next thing you will need is a raft for the plants to float on. Insulation boards (for example 4'x8'x1' Polystyrene Foam Board Insulation) are often used, but a lid with holes will also do. However, it is important to note that a lid with holes will not drop with the water level, and if left unchecked, especially in the beginning of the plant's life, the roots may no longer be in contact with the nutrient solution. This could lead to both a nutrient deficiency and a lack of oxygen for the plant. If you choose to use a lid with holes, make sure you are vigilant in keeping the roots in contact with the nutrient solution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "In addition, you will need a light (as described in the Light section), an airstone and air pump for oxygenation, and rockwool (or some type of media) for the seeds to germinate in.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "## 5.3 DIY Construction", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "1. Reservoir (example restaurant bussing tub, or plastic storage box)\n2. Floating insulation board.\n- a. Insulation is easily found at most hardware stores like The Home Depot and Lowes. The insulation we use can be found here: https://www.lowes.com/pd/Kingspan-Insulation-Common-1-in-x-4-ft-x-8-ft-Actu al-1-in-x-4-ft-x-8-Feet-R-5-Unfaced-Polystyrene-Foam-Board-Insulation/999972", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "[966](https://www.lowes.com/pd/Kingspan-Insulation-Common-1-in-x-4-ft-x-8-ft-Actual-1-in-x-4-ft-x-8-Feet-R-5-Unfaced-Polystyrene-Foam-Board-Insulation/999972966)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "- b. Cut the board to the appropriate size for your reservoir. Cutting can be done using a saw or a box cutter. Using a box cutter tended to create a smoother cut, and produced less of a mess. Y ou will want to cut the board as close to the inner area of the reservoir as possible so as to prevent light from getting to the nutrient solution. This will help stop algal growth. One caveat is that if your reservoir gets smaller towards the base you may want to decrease the size of your float just a little so that it can sink down with the water\n- c. Drill the appropriate amount of 1 inch in diameter holes (for one inch rockwool cubes, 1-inch holes or slightly smaller [⅞'] tend to work well) for the area of the board. One thing to consider when drilling holes might be to drill a test hole and try placing a wet rockwool cube in it. See if you are comfortable with the fit. If it feels too loose to you drill a hole that is slightly less than 1 inch in diameter. This is also a good strategy if you are using a different size rockwool cube.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 55 } }, { "text": "Image 37. Using a box cutter to cut insulation Image 38. Breaking apart insulation board", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 55 } }, { "text": "Image 39. Drill and ⅞' attachment for drilling holes in insulation board", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "The standard density for hydroponic head lettuce (which works well for kale, arugula, and other hydroponic crops is) 3.5 holes per square foot (Both, 2002). This equates to around 6.5 inch spacing between plants. When growing a larger plant like lettuce or kale, it's probably best to stick to this kind of spacing. However, if you are growing a smaller herb you can have closer spacing without too much of an issue.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "Research by Chris Currey, of Iowa State University, has shown that plants that are spaced close together will have a lower fresh weight per plant, but the fresh weight per square meter of growing area will actually be higher than plants spaced further apart (C. Currey, personal communication, 2019). This can be a problem for commercial growers because customers generally don't want to buy small plants. However, at the home level this might not bother you if you are getting more fresh weight overall.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "Other things to consider include: plants spaced really close together are more at risk for disease, as there is less airflow between plants and they are more likely to tangle with other plants making harvesting more difficult.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 57 } }, { "text": "3. Place an Airstone connected to a pump in the nutrient solution reservoir. There are pumps made specifically for hydroponics, but a cheap one for a fish tank will also do just fine. You should leave the airstone running all the time as you always want the nutrient solution oxygenated. In addition, you will probably want to check the airstone and tubing for clogs each week just to make sure everything is working properly. It is common to replace the airstone every few crop cycles.\n4. Lighting is probably the most difficult part as you need to find some way to hang a light over the plants. I have found doing so in a way that allows the height of the light to be adjustable is quite useful. Although this is not a requirement. One way to do this would be to hang the light with adjustable cables. These are easily found with a quick google search, or through sites like Amazon. For my experiments, I built a wooden cage that would fit around the reservoir to hold up my lights. Some lights may require you build an additional fixture if you wish to make the light adjustable in height. For example, the bar lights I used needed a fixture to hold all of them so that I could adjust in height.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 57 } }, { "text": "Image 40. Frames with adjustable light hangers", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "## 5.4 Mechanical Maintenance/Troubleshooting", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "The good thing about DWC is that there aren't that many parts to go wrong. The main things to check on are that the airstone is not clogged, and that adjustable lights are at the correct height.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "## 5.5 Deep Water Culture Quick Guide", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "- 1) Reservoir (Generally around 1 gallon per plant)\n- a) You tend to lose around 100 ml per plant per day, or around 0.7 L ( .18 gallons) per plant per week.\n- b) Opaque material\n- 2) Floating raft to hold plants (generally 1'-thick insulation board)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "- a) A bucket lid will do, but it will not go down with the water so you need to be vigilant about making sure the roots are in contact with the nutrient solution\n- b) Plants spaced close to 3.5 plants per square foot (that's around 6.5 inch spacing between plants for lettuce/kale; or use 4-inch spacing for basil and other herbs)\n- 3) Airstone connected to a pump (constantly running)\n- 4) Light (as per lighting section)\n- a) Possibly light frame and adjustable cables\n- b) Timer\n- 5) Nutrient solution (as per nutrient solution section)\n- 6) Rockwool (typically 1 inch cubes)\n- 7) Seeds", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "## Construction and Plant Care:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "- 1) Construct raft and/or drill holes appropriately spaced in raft or bucket lid\n- 2) Construct frame for light if needed\n- 3) Fill reservoir with nutrient solution and place airstone in solution\n- 4) Place seedlings in the raft or lid making sure that the bottom of media is in contact with the nutrient solution.\n- 5) Check pH and EC 1-2 times per week if possible\n- 6) Top off nutrient solution every 1-2 weeks or as needed", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "## 6. NFT Systems", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "NFT stands for Nutrient Film Technique and refers to plant roots being bathed in a thin layer (film) of nutrient solution that is recirculated. NFT systems consist of a reservoir to hold nutrients, a channel to hold plants, a pump and tubing to transport nutrients to and from the reservoir, and of course some sort of light. NFT is great for leafy greens and herbs, however you would not want to grow a vine crop such as a tomato plant in an NFT system because the long term roots would likely clog up the channel and disrupt the flow of nutrients in addition to creating anaerobic (low oxygen) conditions for the roots (Resh, 2013).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "## 6.1 Kits", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 60 } }, { "text": "There are fewer NFT kits available for sale. Here is one from cropking.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 60 } }, { "text": "1. https://www.cropking.com/catalog/nft-introductory-systems/nft-desktop-system In addition, most of these systems tend to be quite expensive and you still need to factor in", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 60 } }, { "text": "components that not all kits have such as lighting pumps and structural components.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 60 } }, { "text": "## 6.2 DIY Materials", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 60 } }, { "text": "The first component you will want to acquire is the reservoir. Just like with the deep water culture reservoir you will want some sort of dark container that light can't penetrate through so that there is less of a chance of algal growth. In terms of the volume, the larger reservoir you have the better buffering capability you will have for pH, EC, and temperature. In addition, you will tend to lose around 100 ml of water per day per plant (based on research done on head lettuce), so you will want to think about how often you will have to refill the reservoir when considering the size (Ciolkosz et. al, ). A lid is ideal and can easily be fashioned out of an insulation board if it doesn't come with the reservoir container.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 60 } }, { "text": "The next component to think about is the pump and tubing that goes along with it. A pump and tubing can usually be found with a quick Amazon search. When choosing a pump you will want one that is able to pump at least 10L an hour per plant in your system (Jackson, 1979). Another factor to consider is the height you will need to pump the liquid up (you will often have to pump water from a reservoir up to a channel).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 60 } }, { "text": "When it comes to tubing, there are typically two types: 1) a wider tube which serves as the manifold tube that carries water from the reservoir to alongside the channels (typically 0.5-1.0' tubing based on the number of channels) and 2) smaller tubing that supplies water from the manifold tube to each channel - ¼' tubing that is 16 inches long (with an associated gromet that plugs into the manifold tube) seems to work well, as narrower tubing has been found to occasionally clog up. Each channel is placed at a 1 to 4% slope and then drains into a return line - wide PVC piping and fittings tend to work well for the return line. These setups tend to work well for commercial operations, or smaller home systems modeled after those set ups.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 61 } }, { "text": "Image 41. Commercial NFT system Image 42. Commercial NFT system", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 61 } }, { "text": "In an A frame system, there is typically one smaller tube or PVC that runs from the pump to the highest channel. Each channel is then connected with PVC piping and fittings, and a return line (usually PVC) is fashioned back to the reservoir.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 62 } }, { "text": "Image 43. Homemade NFT system on an A-frame", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 62 } }, { "text": "As far as the channel goes, it can be made from PVC piping or sourced from a hydroponics supplier like cropking, amhydro, or farmtek. These channels are generally not that expensive and can easily be cut to an appropriate size (and then you will glue on end caps). If you are using PVC piping as a channel it's important to make sure that the base of the rockwool cube is in contact with the nutrient film (in the commercial channels, rockwool cubes are placed directly on the base of the channel to come in contact with the nutrient film). Many people choose to use net cups to hold the media the seed has grown in. This can work, but once again you need to make sure that you choose the correct diameter PVC piping so that the bottom of the net cup is touching the nutrient film.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 62 } }, { "text": "The channels should have a slope of 1-4% (Mattson and Leith, 2019). For example, over an 8' (96-inch) channel length there should be a difference in height of 1 to 4 inches between the water supply side and drain side. Flat channels will promote stagnant water, especially when roots grow. This can lead to both hypoxic (low oxygen) and low nutrient conditions for some plants. The usual commercial spacing for holes in the channel is 8 inches apart (Resh, 2013). This works well for plants like head lettuce where you can get an 8inch or more diameter plant. Spacing is important because it allows for airflow between plants which is important in protecting against pests and pathogens However, at the home level I have found that 4 inch spacing can be useful for smaller herbs so as to get more plants in a smaller space. If you choose to then grow a plant like lettuce, you can plant in every other hole. Support for channels can come in the form of a wood frame, shelving, or even PVC piping. Common supports include A frames and simple tables.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 63 } }, { "text": "Lastly, as always you need a light source (as per the lighting section)!", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 63 } }, { "text": "## 6.3 DIY Construction", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 63 } }, { "text": "1. I would construct the frame for the channels first. For larger projects this could be an A frame or a support table. For smaller indoor systems, it's possible a shelf or desktop will do. Make sure to think about where you are going to put the reservoir and how piping and tubing will go to and from the reservoir.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 63 } }, { "text": "2. Place the pump in the reservoir and connect pump tubing to the higher end of the channel. If you make your own channels you will likely have to drill a hole into the channel for the tubing.\n3. Fabricate a return line back to the reservoir. PVC piping works well for return lines.\n4. If the system is indoors you will need to hang lights overhead. Once again, you may have to build a cage for the lights to hang from. Small pulleys/cables are a great way to hang lights if you want to hang them from a structure that is already in place (such as a shelf, or ceiling, etc.) but is not the correct height above the plants for the light requirements. A search on amazon for greenhouse light hangers should yield good results. Here is one example:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 64 } }, { "text": "https://www.amazon.com/Pairs-inch-Adjustable-Heavy-Hanger/dp/B07XKLLVL7/ref=sr \\_1\\_2?dchild=1&keywords=greenhouse+light+hangers&qid=1587245411&sr=8-2", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 64 } }, { "text": "## Example of homemade NFT System", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 64 } }, { "text": "Image 44. Shelving NFT system Image 45. Shelving NFT system", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 64 } }, { "text": "In this example, a shelving NFT system was created from an old AmHydro NFT channel, 2 homemade shelving units, PVC piping, a garden planter as a reservoir, insulation board as the reservoir cover, and a Monios T5 LED light. A 95 GPH fish tank pump was used to pump the nutrient solution, however we had it on the lowest setting which was 35 GPH, a better flow rate for the number of plants in the system. The AmHydro channel was cut to 2 feet in length and additional holes were drilled in between existing holes due to the home nature of this system, and the desire to grow basil and other herbs. However, if lettuce was to be grown, every other hole (or the original holes) would have to be used in order to achieve good spacing. The pump came with enough tubing to reach the channel so no extra was purchased. ½ inch PVC piping and fittings were used to create a return to the reservoir (if you have multiple channels or longer channels you'll need a wider drain return).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 65 } }, { "text": "## 6.4 Mechanical Maintenance/Troubleshooting", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 65 } }, { "text": "The main sources of problems in a NFT system comes in the form of leaks which most frequently occur in piping and piping connections. To help stop leaks you can use PVC cement, just make sure it is not a part you want to take apart later. Another option is to tightly screw in connections, using teflon tape. In addition to looking for leaks, make sure to check the system for clogs every once in a while.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 65 } }, { "text": "## 6.5 NFT Quick Guide Materials:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 65 } }, { "text": "- 1) Reservoir with lid (the larger the size the better buffering capabilities for pH, EC, and temperature)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 65 } }, { "text": "- a) You will tend to lose around 100 ml of water per plant per day due to evapotranspiration (useful for thinking about size and how often you would like to refill).\n- 2) Pump and tubing (with the ability to pump 10 L per hour per plant)\n- a) If you have multiple channels you will have a wider manifold tube (½-1') and then a gromet and small tubing (¼' to supply water from the manifold tube to each channel).\n- 3) Return tubing and/or PVC piping and couplings\n- 4) Channel (1-4% slope, 8 inch hole spacing for lettuce, 4 inch for smaller herbs)\n- 5) Frame for channels to be placed\n- 6) Light and timer (as per lighting section)\n- 7) Planting media (rockwool)\n- 8) Nutrient solution (as per nutrient solution section)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 66 } }, { "text": "## Construction and Plant Care:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 66 } }, { "text": "- 1) Construct frame for channels, think about space for reservoir and tubing\n- 2) Construct fixture for light if indoors\n- 3) Construct return flow to reservoir\n- 4) Place pump in reservoir and connect to channels (leave running throughout until harvest)\n- 5) Place rockwool with seeds in channels making sure that the bottom of the rockwool is in contact with the flow of nutrient solution.\n- 6) Check pH and EC if you are able 1-2 times per week\n- 7) Top off nutrient solution every 1-2 weeks or as needed", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 66 } }, { "text": "## 7. NFT vs. Deep Water culture", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 67 } }, { "text": "Both of these systems are great for home hydroponic use, and both can be used to grow leafy greens and herbs. In fact, in a comprehensive study comparing the two systems sides by side (Walters and Currey, 2015) there were no major differences in crop yield from one system to another. They recommend that the decision for which system to use should be based on the 'ease of maintenance, and ergonomics' (Walters and Currey, 2015). As noted above, be aware that NFT requires more maintenance due to potential for leaks, and if channels run dry (due to leaks or electrical outage) plants can quickly experience drought stress. Deep water culture has less chance for leaks, and if the electricity goes out the plant roots are still bathed in nutrient solution. In short, choose a system that best fits the area you would like to put it and the degree of risk tolerance you have related to leaks and electricity outages.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 67 } }, { "text": "## 8. Useful Equipment", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 67 } }, { "text": "Here is a list of tools and equipment I found useful when constructing my DWC systems. You should keep a list of the equipment you find useful and what it is useful for, that way when a new problem arises you might have an idea about what equipment could be helpful!", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 67 } }, { "text": "1. Drill with up to 1-inch wide drilling attachments.\n- a. Screws tend to work very well for support frames. Be sure to pre-drill screw holes.\n2. Saw (Hacksaws tend to work well with PVC and plastic channels)\n3. Box cutter (useful for cutting insulation board without the mess of a saw)\n4. Tape measure\n5. Level", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 67 } }, { "text": "6. Square (extremely useful for cutting insulation float boards and cutting wood for supports)\n7. Sharpie (for marking insulation) and pencil (for wood and paper drawings)\n8. Safety equipment (Gloves, Goggles, Respirator)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 68 } }, { "text": "## 9. T otal System Cost Examples and Crop Costing", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 68 } }, { "text": "When thinking about the total cost of your system there are several components that you need to think about including material costs, electricity costs, and opportunity costs (i.e. what else you could spend your time and money on instead of building and maintaining a system). It should be expected that building and maintaining a system might not be as cheap as you expect. For example, lighting fixtures can cost a fair amount, and you still have to pay to run those lighting fixtures.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 68 } }, { "text": "However, it's also important to think about all the returns you will get from a hydroponic system. The first and most obvious return is actual produce, and that's not too shabby. A hydroponic lettuce head at the store will cost you around $2.50 (Wegmans, 2020). So if you were to buy a head of hydroponic each week of the year, it would cost you around $130. In addition, you might want to think about the positive effects of having fresh produce and greenery in your house all year long. There are many studies showing how greenery makes people happy and can improve relaxation (Grinde and Patil, 2009). And lastly, think about the skills and knowledge you will gain from this type of project. First, you might gain some handy work skills, and second, a hydroponic system could spark your interest in some field related to the project. Maybe you will find out you really like plant science, or maybe you realize that greenhouse management is something you enjoy. Maybe building a system will inspire you to do more research into sustainable design and engineering, or maybe you will decide to take up gardening because you want some colorful plants too! It's certainly worth thinking about all the benefits of undertaking a project like this that may not have exact monetary values.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 68 } }, { "text": "And now for some examples:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 69 } }, { "text": "- 1) Small DWC system with HPS light as described in section 5.2 and 5.3 (DIY DWC system) (2 ft 2 growing area, 6 heads of lettuce, 35 day crop cycle, target DLI = 15 mol/(m 2 day)).\n- a) Material Costs: (There could be a range in prices depending on what you buy, the prices listed here are of the specific items I used in my experiments unless otherwise noted)\n- i) 150W HPS light ($100.95)\n4. ii) Timer ($12.99)\n5. iii) Light Hangers ($12.59 for 4)\n6. iv) Restaurant Bussing Tub as the reservoir ($17.34)\n- v) Insulation board for plant floats ($5.98 for 2ft x 2ft panel at home depot)\n8. vi) Air Pump ($20.99)\n9. vii) Fertilizer ($45.45) (General Hydroponics Flora Series)\n10. viii) pH up and down ($18.59)\n11. ix) Rockwool ($19.31 for 200 cubes)\n- x) Seeds ($11.25 for 250 seeds from Johnny's seeds)\n13. xi) Wood for light frame (Let's say you need 30 ft: around $9)\n14. xii) Miscellaneous (let's say $20)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 69 } }, { "text": "- b) Electrical Costs (For one year based on an average NY state cost of $0.21 per kWh, and a goal of DLI = 15 mol/(m 2 day))\n- i) 150W HPS Light ($172) (running for 15 hours a day)\n3. ii) 1W Air pump ($1.84) (running continuously, 24 hours a day)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 70 } }, { "text": "In total, this comes to $294.44 for materials, and $173.84 for electrical costs for the year. It's important to realize that you will be able to use many of the components for more than one growing cycle. In fact, the only components you won't be able to use more than once are rockwool cubes and seeds, and in this example you would have 200 and 250 of each respectively. All of the other materials will carry over for future crop cycles. Another important thing to realize here is that some of the major costs come from lighting and electricity. Let's look at an example where both the initial lighting costs and electrical costs associated with lighting are much less.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 70 } }, { "text": "- 2) Small DWC system with 40W LED Panel light. (2 ft 2 growing area, 6 heads of lettuce, 35 day crop cycle, target DLI = 15 mol/(m 2 day)).\n- a) Material costs (same as before except a different light)\n- i) 40W LED Panel light ($69)\n4. ii) All else ($193.49)\n- b) Electrical Costs (For one year based on an average NY state cost of per $0.21 per kWh, and a goal of DLI = 15 mol/(m 2 day))\n- i) 40W LED Panel light ($45.99) (running for 15 hours a day)\n7. ii) 1W Air pump ($1.84) (running continuously, 24 hours a day)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 70 } }, { "text": "In this case, the total for the first year is $262.49 for materials, and $47.83 for electricity for the year. Again, it's worth noting again that almost all of the materials will be reused for more than one crop cycle. In addition, the cost could fluctuate based on the specific materials you buy. Furthermore, you may already have some of the materials to begin with (for example a storage crate, wood, screws, or a timer). Or maybe you don't need equipment to hang a light as you already have a perfect mount!", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 71 } }, { "text": "Now you might say, 'Hold on one second there, Ryan. Fertilizer, pH up and down, rockwool, and seeds are not just upfront costs. We will have to replenish them at some point. How does that affect the calculations?' And to that, I say fasten your seatbelts. Engaging some serious greenhouse math:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 71 } }, { "text": "Let's get specific. We want to know how much the system will cost us to run per crop cycle, and even more than that, per plant. To do that we need to separate some of the initial costs out into costs that can be attributed to each plant. These will be known as direct costs, and we will consider the Fertilizer, pH up and down, rockwool, and seeds to be direct costs (Uva et. al, 2002). The other type of cost we will need to consider is our overhead cost. In a greenhouse, overhead costs are the ones that you will be paying whether or not you are growing plants and include things like electricity, labor, and taxes, but we will only be looking at electricity for our hobby system (Uva et. al, 2002). You could probably consider electricity to be a direct cost in this sort of system, but let's get fancy and do it the right way. First, let's look at direct costs.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 71 } }, { "text": "- $19.31 for rockwool 200 cubes. Let's call it $20. That means $20 200 cubes = cube $0.10\n- $11.25 for 250 seeds. That means $11.25 250 seeds = seed $0.045", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 71 } }, { "text": "- Fertilizer is a little more tricky, so bear with me here. Our cost for fertilizer is $45.45. It's a 3 part mix that comes in 3 bottles that are each 946 mL. That means there is a total of 2,838 mL of fertilizer. That means . Our specific fertilizer mix calls for $45.45 2,838 mL = 1 mL $0.016 6mL of fertilizer per L of water. Our initial starting volume of water is 25L, and then we expect to add 4.2L of water each week (for 6 heads of lettuce) starting week 2 (see previous sections), and that means for a 5 week growing cycle we expect to have to add an additional 16.8 L of water. This brings us to a total of 41.8 L of water. That means we will use of fertilizer per cycle. We know that 1.8 L of water 50.8 ml 4 × L of water 6 ml of f ertilizer = 2 our fertilizer costs $0.016 per mL so, 250.8 mL $0.016 = $4.01 for fertilizer per crop × cycle. If we break that down even further to each plant we have ($4.01)/6 plants = $0.668 per plant. Thanks for sticking with me. If you are still reading, I'm proud of you.\n- pH up and down is also quite tricky because it's very unclear how much of the pH buffer you will have to use. It really depends on your plants, your growing conditions, and the water source you have. So for this calculation, we are going to assume that for some reason you have to buy a new kit each year. To calculate the pH buffer cost per crop (based on the explanation above), we need to know it's cost per crop cycle. In our specific case, there are approximately 10.4 crop cycles per year (365 days 35 ÷ days/crop cycle = 10.4 crop cycles). That means each crop cycle will cost $18.59/10.4 crop cycles = $1.79 per crop cycle. To calculate the cost per plant we divide $1.79 by 6 to get $0.0298 which we will call $0.30.\n- So our total direct cost per plant = $0.10 (rockwool) + $0.045 (seed) + $0.668 (fertilizer) + $0.30 (pH up and down) = $1.11.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 72 } }, { "text": "Now let's move to our overhead costs. In our case, it's just electricity. When calculating overhead costs, it's important to understand the concept of the square foot week (SFW). The square foot week is a concept that helps us to transfer our yearly overhead costs to per plant costs. The basic idea is that you take the amount of square feet you are using to grow plants, and then multiply that by the amount of weeks you could be growing them (Uva et. al, 2002). So for our example, we have 2 square feet of growing area and we could grow our crops all year round, or 52 weeks (If we had done our electricity costs for half the year then we would say 26 weeks). This means we have (2 square feet) (52 weeks) = 104 square foot weeks (SFW). Once you × know your SFW, you take your overhead costs and divide them by your SFW to get a price per SFW. Okay, now back to some greenhouse math.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 73 } }, { "text": "- Our electricity (as noted before) costs $47.83 yearly.\n- Now we divide our yearly cost by our SFW. $47.83 104 SFW = $0.46 SFW", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 73 } }, { "text": "That means it is costing us $0.46 per square foot each week to run our system no matter what. In terms of how to use this information to calculate our overhead cost per plant we think about it like this. We know that each square foot costs $0.46 a week, and we know we will be growing 6 heads of lettuce for 5 weeks, and we know that 6 heads of lettuce per 2 square feet equals 3 heads of lettuce per one square foot. So to find out the overhead cost per plant per cycle we do per head of lettuce in overhead costs per growth cycle. We are almost 0.77 3 heads square f oot × 5 weeks SFW $0.46 = $ there! I hope you are still with me!", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 73 } }, { "text": "Let's now add our direct cost per head of lettuce, which was $1.11, and overhead cost per head of lettuce, which was , to get a total of $1.88 per head of lettuce. Given that we have $0.77", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 73 } }, { "text": "6 heads of lettuce, let's multiply $1.88 by 6 to get $11.28. This means our 5 week crop of lettuce cost us $11.28 in direct and overhead costs.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 74 } }, { "text": "Now, I know what you are thinking. You are thinking, 'Ryan, that seems like a lot of extra work when all I had to do was calculate the monthly electricity cost and add that to the direct costs for 6 plants to find out the monthly cost of the system.' Y es, you are correct. BUT, now you know exactly where all the costs are coming from. In addition, you can see which ones are the most expensive (I'm looking at you fertilizer and electricity) so you know that's where you need to be the most informed consumer. Also, we just found out that even though the system may have been expensive to build, it still costs us less (in this specific system) to grow hydroponic lettuce than to buy it from the store (our $1.88 per head compared to the store's $2.50 a head)!", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 74 } }, { "text": "Lastly, using this information, we can calculate how long it would take us to 'break even' in terms of the amount we are saving per head of lettuce produced. Now I will warn you it's going to seem like a long time because we are only saving $0.62 per head, and we have to make up all of our initial costs. To calculate the number of crop cycles it will take us to 'break even' we want to see at what point our expenditures will equal our theoretical gross profit from lettuce. We said before that a head of hydroponic lettuce at the store will cost $2.50, so we will say that our crop of 6 lettuce heads is worth $15.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 74 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 74 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 74 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 75 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 75 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 75 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 75 } }, { "text": "Given that our specific crop cycle is 35 days, this means it will take 46 35 days = 1,610 × days, or a little under 4 and a half years to 'break even'. Y ou can find a helpful spreadsheet for these calculations here:", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 75 } }, { "text": "## [https://blogs.cornell.edu/cornellcea/files/2020/05/Useful-Home-Hydroponics-Excel-Sheets.xlsx](https://blogs.cornell.edu/cornellcea/files/2020/05/Useful-Home-Hydroponics-Excel-Sheets.xlsx)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 75 } }, { "text": "First, I would like to congratulate you for sticking with me and getting all the way to the end of that calculation. It was a lot of work, and in the end we learned it's gonna take a while to break even for this set up. But it was a fun journey! Once again, I would like to point out that these calculations were for my specific set up. Y our setup and costs might be a little different, and as we demonstrated there could be lots of ways to save money (such as energy efficient LEDs, cheaper powdered fertilizer, and using materials you have available) and optimize production (for example my bussing tub system was 2 ft 2 , but the lights - especially the HPS would be good for lighting 4 ft 2 ), and now you have the tools to figure out what your costs will be.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 75 } }, { "text": "I would like to point out that in this example we were only thinking about growing lettuce. You could throw other herbs into the mix that have higher market values than lettuce such as mint or basil, and these other herbs could be spaced closer together which would change some of the calculations (for the better) (and you now have the ability to crop cost all sorts of herbs and setups!).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 75 } }, { "text": "And of course, let's consider for a moment the reasons for building such a system. Let's be honest, the reason you are building a small DWC system probably isn't to grow enough food to stop shopping at the supermarket, and it probably isn't to grow the cheapest lettuce possible. If that's the case, then you should probably just go to the supermarket and by iceberg lettuce (or grow outdoors in summer time and not have lettuce in winter). Hopefully, your reasons have something to do with it being cool to be able to grow fresh greens in your house throughout the entire year and being able to pick them whenever you want! In addition, it's pretty fun to know that you built the whole system yourself and now you are producing fresh awesome tasting food! And, as I mentioned before, there are many studies that show having plants indoors improves happiness. Especially greenery you can eat!", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 76 } }, { "text": "## 10. Diseases, Insects, and other Disorders", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 76 } }, { "text": "As a home grower, the problems you are likely to have with diseases and insects should be much smaller than in a commercial setting. For this reason, it does not make sense to use pesticides, but rather cultural control practices - mainly cleanliness and sanitation of systems. A clean system with the removal of any infected plant material should be enough to keep pests and diseases at bay at the home level.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 76 } }, { "text": "When looking at disorders of plants, it's important to know whether what you are seeing is caused by biotic or abiotic factors. Biotic disorders are ones caused by pathogens and insects, and abiotic disorders are ones caused by environmental conditions such as a lack of nutrients or a lack of light. Biotic disorders tend to have patchy distribution throughout crops (both individual plants and groups), and abiotic disorders tend to have uniform distribution throughout crops.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 76 } }, { "text": "The list of disorders below is by no means comprehensive, but should give a good idea of the main issues a home hydroponic grower could face.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 77 } }, { "text": "## Definition of terms :", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 77 } }, { "text": "Chlorosis: yellowing of leaves", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 77 } }, { "text": "Necrosis or Necrotic material: Dead leaf material", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 77 } }, { "text": "Marginal: On the edge of the leaves", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 77 } }, { "text": "Interveinal: between the veins", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 77 } }, { "text": "## 10.1 Common Diseases", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 77 } }, { "text": "1. Powdery Mildew is a fungal disease that will appear as a white powdery substance on leaf surfaces (typically the upper surface of leaves)and can often cause leaf wilting. It is found on a variety of leafy greens and herbs.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 77 } }, { "text": "Image 46. Powdery Mildew on lettuce", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 77 } }, { "text": "2. Basil Downy mildew is a fungus that can be found on basil plants. It is identified by chlorotic leaves, spots of necrosis, and spores on the underside of the leaf. Sometimes this pathogen is confused for a nutrient deficiency which is why it's important to check the underside of the leaves for spores (McGrath, 2019).\n3. Botrytis (Gray Mold) is a fungus found on a variety of leafy greens and herbs, diagnosed by brown/gray fuzzy growth and browning stems and leaves.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 78 } }, { "text": "Image 47. Basil Downy Mildew Chlorosis.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 78 } }, { "text": "Image 48. Basil Downy Mildew spores on the underside of the leaf.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 78 } }, { "text": "Image 49. Botrytis on lettuce.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 79 } }, { "text": "4. Pythium Root Rot is a water mold especially common on spinach, basil, and arugula roots but occasionally also on lettuce. It is diagnosed by brown and discolored roots. Due to the decline of the root system it can also cause leaf wilting and chlorosis. One control method more specific to Pythium is to keep water temperatures below 68 ℉ (Thompson et. al, 1998).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 79 } }, { "text": "Image 50. Discolored roots from Pythium root rot.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 79 } }, { "text": "Image 51. Wilting from Pythium root rot", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 80 } }, { "text": "5. Sclerotinia blight (white mold ) is a fungus that often affects lettuce and is diagnosed by soft rot, white mycelium, and wilting of plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 80 } }, { "text": "Image 52. Sclerotinia blight on lettuce", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 80 } }, { "text": "## 10.2 Pathogen Control Methods", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 80 } }, { "text": "These control methods will work for most of the pathogens mentioned. First, when buying seed, try to get cultivars that are resistant to diseases like downy and basil downy mildew (McGrath, 2019). Second, make sure to keep the system clean. This means remove any debris and dead material from the system and sanitize the system after each growth cycle (Raudales,", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 80 } }, { "text": "Image 53. Sclerotinia blight on lettuce", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 80 } }, { "text": "2018). As soon as any pathogen is detected be sure to remove any infected plants (and in the case of root rot - it can rapidly spread to all the plants that share the same water so consider halting growth now, sanitizing, and restarting with new plants and new nutrient solution). Finally, try to maintain low humidity and good airflow through proper spacing between plants. Some commercial growers will use a preventative fungicide to help stop infections, however this is not very realistic for a home grower.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 81 } }, { "text": "## 10.3 Common Pests", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 81 } }, { "text": "1. Shore Flies are common in commercial greenhouses and could show up in a home system. Shore flies are small black flies with 5 white spots on their wings. They feed on algae and can leave frass (droppings) on leaves. They are mostly a nuisance for people, but have also been known to transmit root diseases between plants.\n2. Fungus gnats are a common small mosquito like fly that feed on naturally occurring microbes in the root zone. They are mostly a nuisance for people, but have also been known to transmit root diseases between plants, and at high levels they can damage the roots and base of the stem by feeding on them.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 81 } }, { "text": "Image 54. Shorefly", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 81 } }, { "text": "Image 55. Fungus gnat", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 82 } }, { "text": "## 10.4 Pest Control Methods", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 82 } }, { "text": "Shore Flies are more common when algae is around as the larvae love feeding on algae in rockwool cubes. Fungus gnats are more of a problem with soilless potting mixes such as coco coir cubes. We suggest the following methods for a home grower trying to control shore flies and fungus gnats. Try to keep algae to a minimum by keeping the system clean, sanitizing it between growth cycles, and blocking the nutrient solution from light as much as possible. This should eliminate the food source for shore flies. Fungus gnat larvae thrive in wet root-zones - for example if you are starting seeds in coir cubes, avoid overwatering of the cubes so the rootzone does not stay oversaturated with water. In addition, general cleanliness of the system, removing any debris and dying leaves, and sanitizing between crop cycles is a great way to reduce pests. Commercial growers will often use bio controls such as predatory mites and beneficial nematodes, however this probably isn't not be needed for a small home system.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 82 } }, { "text": "## 10.5 Physiological Disorders", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 82 } }, { "text": "1. Leaf tip burn is a disorder that often affects head lettuce especially when it is approaching maturity with a compact head forming. The symptoms include marginal leaf necrosis and", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 82 } }, { "text": "distortion of young leaves at the center of the head. Tip burn is caused by a lack of calcium most often caused by poor plant uptake and inadequate supply of calcium to the young leaves due to poor transpiration, or a lettuce head nearing maturity that is growing too fast (such as under too high light levels). Tip burn is not normally caused by a lack of calcium in the nutrient solution (Mattson, 2016). Control methods include promoting good air flow (possible with a fan), and decreasing the amount of light supplied to the plant (increase light height or decrease running time).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 83 } }, { "text": "Image 56. Leaf Tip Burn in lettuce", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 83 } }, { "text": "2. Outer leaf edge necrosis is mostly found on lettuce and shows symptoms of necrotic spots on older leaves. This disorder is caused by a leakage of water and salts often due to high relative humidity during the night. Control methods include promoting good airflow, avoiding high night time humidity, and also avoiding a high salt content (EC) in the nutrient solution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 83 } }, { "text": "Image 57. Outer leaf edge necrosis in lettuce.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 84 } }, { "text": "3. Bolting is the early development of the flower stalk and is typically caused by excessive air temperature. Both lettuce and spinach are sensitive to it - and for spinach a long day length (lights on longer than 12 hours) also promotes early bolting. Keeping the air temperature below 80 ℉ , or keeping the water temperature below 68 ℉ are both effective control measures.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 84 } }, { "text": "Image 58. Bolting in Lettuce", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 84 } }, { "text": "Image 59. Bolting in Spinach", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 84 } }, { "text": "4. Stringy and Stretched Plants are most likely due to a lack of light (or an overcrowding of plants). Under low light conditions, plants naturally grow tall and stringy in an attempt to grow above their neighbors to access light. If you see these types of plants they need more light!", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 85 } }, { "text": "Image 60. Stretched lettuce plant lacking sufficient light", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 85 } }, { "text": "## 10.6 Nutrient Deficiencies", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 85 } }, { "text": "The first signs of nutrient deficiency in plants will often occur as discoloration (often chlorosis), distortion, or marginal necrosis of leaves (mattson). If these symptoms occur in older leaves (lower leaves), you probably have a deficiency in N, P , K, or Mg. These are called mobile nutrients and thus the plant can relocate them to new growth (McCauley et. al, 2009). If symptoms occur in the middle of the plant it is possible that you have a deficiency in S or Mo, as these are semi-mobile nutrients. Symptoms occurring in newer leaves (towards the top of the plant), are likely to be a lack of Ca, B, or Fe. These are immobile nutrients, so if the plant isn't getting any then there will be none for new growth (McCauley et. al, 2009).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 85 } }, { "text": "For a commercial grower, knowing the specific nutrient deficiency is important because they will most likely adjust their custom nutrient solution. However, at the home level, if a nutrient deficiency is to occur, it's probably going to be an iron deficiency in the upper (newer) leaves with signs of interveinal chlorosis due to a high pH, or a more general N,P ,K, or Mg deficiency due a lack of nutrients in solution. In the case of an Iron deficiency, the best course of action is to check the pH of the solution and make sure it is between 5.5-6. In the case of a deficiency from one of the other nutrients it's best to check the EC of the solution if you can and adjust, or in the case that the nutrient solution is several weeks old, it's probably a good idea to mix a new nutrient solution (you can use the old nutrient solution for water other plants you may have).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 86 } }, { "text": "Image 61. Diagram of nutrient deficiencies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 87 } }, { "text": "Disclaimer: Mention of trademarks or brand names is for informational purposes only and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 87 } }, { "text": "## References", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 88 } }, { "text": "Adams, P. (1981). Nutrient-film culture, Agricultural Water Management, V olume 4, Issue 4, Pages 471-478, ISSN 0378-3774, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(81)90035-4 . ( http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378377481900354 )", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 88 } }, { "text": "Both, A. J. (2002). Ten years of hydroponic lettuce research. The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey .", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 88 } }, { "text": "Both, A. J., Albright, L. D., Langhans, R. W., Reiser, R. A., & Vinzant, B. G. (1994, January). Hydroponic lettuce production influenced by integrated supplemental light levels in a controlled environment agriculture facility: experimental results. In III International Symposium on Artificial Lighting in Horticulture 418 (pp. 45-52).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 88 } }, { "text": "Both, A.J. and Brechner, M. (2013). Hydroponic Lettuce Handbook. Cornell University. Cornell CEA. Retrieved from", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 88 } }, { "text": "[https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.cornell.edu/dist/8/8824/files/2019/06/Cornell-CEA-Lettuc e-Handbook-.pdf](https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.cornell.edu/dist/8/8824/files/2019/06/Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 88 } }, { "text": "Both, A. J., Bugbee, B., Kubota, C., Lopez, R. G., Mitchell, C., Runkle, E. S., & Wallace, C. (2017). Proposed product label for electric lamps used in the plant sciences. HortTechnology , 27 (4), 544-549.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 88 } }, { "text": "Ciolkosz, D. E., Albright, L. D., & Both, A. J. (1997). Characterizing evapotranspiration in a greenhouse lettuce crop. II Modelling Plant Growth, Environmental Control and Farm Management in Protected Cultivation 456 , 255-262.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 88 } }, { "text": "Ebba, J. (2020). Growing Seedlings Under Lights [Fact Sheet]. UNH. NH Extension. Retrieved from https://extension.unh.edu/resource/growing-seedlings-under-lights-fact-sheet", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 88 } }, { "text": "Grinde, B., & Patil, G. G. (2009). Biophilia: does visual contact with nature impact on health and well-being?. International journal of environmental research and public health , 6 (9), 2332-2343.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 88 } }, { "text": "Goto, E., Both, A.J., Albright, L.D., Langhans, R.W. and Leed, A.R. (1996). EFFECT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION ON LETTUCE GROWTH IN FLOATING HYDROPONICS. Acta Hortic. 440, 205-210. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1996.440.36 https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1996.440.36", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 88 } }, { "text": "Jackson, M.B., 1979, September. Aeration in the nutrient film technique of glasshouse crop production and the importance of oxygen, ethylene and carbon dioxide. In Symposium on Research on Recirculating Water Culture 98 (pp. 61-78).", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 88 } }, { "text": "Mattson, N. (2018). Fertilizer Calculation Basics. E-Gro. Edible Alert. Retrieved from http://e-gro.org/pdf/E305.pdf Mattson, N. (2011). Greenhouse Lighting. Cornell University. Cornell CEA. Retrieved from https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.cornell.edu/dist/8/8824/files/2019/07/Greenhouse-Lightin g.pdf Mattson, N. 2016. Growing hydroponic leafy greens. Greenhouse Product News. 26(10):16-20.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 88 } }, { "text": "Mattson, N. (2017). Using LEDs for Starting V egetable/Flower Seedlings. Cornell University.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 89 } }, { "text": "Mattson, N. and Lieth, J. (2019). Chapter 12 - Liquid Culture Hydroponic System Operation, Editor(s): Michael Raviv, J. Heinrich Lieth, Asher Bar-Tal, Soilless Culture (Second Edition), Elsevier, Pages 567-585, ISBN 9780444636966,", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 89 } }, { "text": "[https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63696-6.00012-8 .](https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63696-6.00012-8)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 89 } }, { "text": "[( http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444636966000128 )](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444636966000128)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 89 } }, { "text": "Mattson, N. and Merril, T. (2015). Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce. E-Grow. Research Update. Retrieved from http://www.e-gro.org/pdf/Mattson\\_Lettuce\\_2015\\_9.pdf", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 89 } }, { "text": "Mattson, N. S., & Peters, C. A. R. I. (2014). A recipe for hydroponic success. Inside Grower Ball Publishing, Chicago, IL , 16-9.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 89 } }, { "text": "Mattson, N.S. and R.C. Hansen. 2012. Manage pH and soluble salts in hydroponics. Greenhouse Grower Magazine. 30(10):43-46.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 89 } }, { "text": "McCauley, A., Jones, C., & Jacobsen, J. (2009). Plant nutrient functions and deficiency and toxicity symptoms. Nutrient management module , 9 , 1-16.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 89 } }, { "text": "McGrath, M. (2019). Managing Basil Downy Mildew in the Greenhouse. E-Grow. Edible Alert. Retrieved from http://www.e-gro.org/pdf/E407.pdf", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 89 } }, { "text": "Raudales, R. (2018). Sanitation: Start Clean, stay clean!. E-Grow. Edible Alert. Retrieved from http://www.e-gro.org/pdf/2018\\_731.pdf", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 89 } }, { "text": "Resh, H. M. (1995). Hydroponic food production. A definitive guidebook of soilless food-growing methods (No. Ed. 5). Woodbridge press publishing company.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 89 } }, { "text": "Pocock, T. (2015). Light-emitting Diodes and the Modulation of Specialty Crops: Light Sensing and Signaling Networks in Plants, HortScience horts , 50 (9), 1281-1284. Retrieved May 11, 2020, from https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/50/9/article-p1281.xml", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 89 } }, { "text": "Thompson, H. C., Langhans, R. W., Both, A. J., & Albright, L. D. (1998). Shoot and root temperature effects on lettuce growth in a floating hydroponic system. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science , 123 (3), 361-364.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 89 } }, { "text": "Uva, W. F. L., & Richards, S. T. (2002). New Y ork Greenhouse Business Summary and Financial Analysis, 2000.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 90 } }, { "text": "Walters, K. J., & Currey, C. J. (2018). Effects of Nutrient Solution Concentration and Daily Light Integral on Growth and Nutrient Concentration of Several Basil Species in Hydroponic Production, HortScience horts , 53 (9), 1319-1325. Retrieved May 11, 2020, from https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/53/9/article-p1319.xml", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 90 } }, { "text": "Walters, K. J., & Currey, C. J. (2015). Hydroponic Greenhouse Basil Production: Comparing Systems and Cultivars, HortTechnology hortte , 25 (5), 645-650. Retrieved May 11, 2020, from https://journals.ashs.org/horttech/view/journals/horttech/25/5/article-p645.xml", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 90 } }, { "text": "Wegmans. (2020). Hydroponic Boston Lettuce. Retrieved from https://shop.wegmans.com/search?search\\_term=hydroponic%20lettuce", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 90 } }, { "text": "## IMAGE REFERENCES", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 91 } }, { "text": "| Image 1 | anLEDLight……………………………………..11 |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |\n| Image 2 | |\n| HPSLightTreatment…………………………………………………………………….14 | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |\n| Image 3 | |\n| LED Panel LightTreatment……………………………………………………………...14 | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |\n| Image 4 | |\n| LED BarLightTreatment………………………………………………………………..15 | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |\n| Image 5 | |\n| T5 LightTreatment……………………………………………………………………....15 | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |\n| Image 6 | |\n| LEDClipTreatment……………………………………………………………………...15 | |\n| Image 7 | |\n| LEDClipLettuceHeads…………………………………………………………………15 | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |\n| of fan to lighttreatments……………………………………………………….18 | |\n| Image 8 | |\n| Addition | |\n| Image 9 | |\n| Addition of fan to lighttreatments……………………………………………………….18 | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |\n| Image 10 | |\n| Comparison of fan vs. no fan treatments………………………………………………...19 | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |\n| Image 11 | |\n| Liquid FertilizerLabel…………………………………………………………………...27 | |\n| General Hydroponics http://gh.growgh.com/docs/LABELS/floragro.pdf | |\n| Image 12 | |\n| Bubbling Organic Fertilizer……………………………………………………………...32 | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |\n| Image 13 | |\n| Organic FertilizerBiofilm………………………………………………………………..32 | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |\n| Image 14 | |\n| FertilizerTreatments……………………………………………………………………..35 | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 91 } }, { "text": "| Image | 15 |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|\n| Conventional | FertilizerControl………………………………………………………….37 |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |\n| Image 16 | |\n| Organic | FertilizerControl………………………………………………………………..37 |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |\n| Image 17 | |\n| Conventional Fertilizer ControlRoots…………………………………………………...37 | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University Image 18 | ControlRoots………………………………………………………...37 |\n| Organic Fertilizer Ryan Image 19 | Ronzoni, Cornell University |\n| Conventional | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, | FertilizerNoCare………………………………………………………....37 University |\n| Cornell Image 20 | |\n| Organic Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell | FertilizerNoCare……………………………………………………………….37 |\n| University Image 21 | |\n| Conventional FertilizerNoCareRoots…………………………………………………..37 Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University Image 22 Organic | FertilizerNoCareRoots………………………………………………………..37 |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University Image 23 Conventional Fertilizer No pH Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | Maintenance…………………………………………….38 |\n| Image 24 Organic Fertilizer No pH | Maintenance…………………………………………………..38 |\n| University | |\n| Ryan | |\n| Image 25 | |\n| Ronzoni, Cornell Conventional Fertilizer No pH Maintenance | Roots……………………………………...38 |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |\n| Image 26 | |\n| Organic Fertilizer No pH | MaintenanceRoots…………………………………………...38 |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell | |\n| University Image 27 | |\n| Conventional Fertilizer Yes pH | |\n| Maintenance…………………………………………....38 Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |\n| Image 28 | |\n| Organic Fertilizer YES pH | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | Maintenance………………………………………………..38 |\n| Image 29 | |\n| Conventional Fertilizer | MaintenanceRoots……………………………………..38 |\n| Yes pH | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 92 } }, { "text": "| Image Fertilizer Yes pH | 30 Organic |\n|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University 31 | MaintenanceRoots…………………………………………..38 |\n| Image | Rockwool………………………………………………………………………………...42 |\n| | https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcQ_SuPizi0oZYTOftxLLT |\n| Image32………………………………………………………………………………………….42 Coco Coir cube | |\n| Neil Mattson, Cornell University Image33………………………………………………………………………………………….43 | |\n| Rockwool Seedlings Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University Image34………………………………………………………………………………………….43 Rockwool Seedlings Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University Image35………………………………………………………………………………………….44 Seedlings ready for transplant Cornell CEA Lettuce Manual Seedlings transplanted into Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |\n| Image36………………………………………………………………………………………….44 DWCsystem | |\n| Image37………………………………………………………………………………………….48 Insulation cut with boxcutter | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University Image38………………………………………………………………………………………….48 | |\n| Breaking apart insulation | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University | |\n| Image39………………………………………………………………………………………….49 Drill for insulation | |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University Light frames with | |\n| Image40………………………………………………………………………………………….51 adjustable cables Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University Image41………………………………………………………………………………………….54 | |\n| Commercial NFT system Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University Image42………………………………………………………………………………………….54 | |\n| Commercial NFT system Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell Home 'A-frame' NFT system | |\n| University | |\n| Image43………………………………………………………………………………………….55 Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell | |\n| University | |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 93 } }, { "text": "| Image44………………………………………………………………………………………….57 | |\n|------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|\n| NFT Shelving system | |\n| Image45………………………………………………………………………………………….57 | |\n| NFT Shelving system with basil | |\n| Kevin Rooney | |\n| Image46………………………………………………………………………………………….70 | |\n| Powdery Mildew on lettuce | |\n| Neil Mattson, Cornell University | |\n| Image47………………………………………………………………………………………….71 | |\n| Basil Downy Mildew | |\n| Image48………………………………………………………………………………………….71 | |\n| Basil Downy Mildew spores | |\n| | Image49………………………………………………………………………………………….72 |\n| Botrytis on | |\n| lettuce | |\n| Image50………………………………………………………………………………………….72 | |\n| Pythium Root Rot | |\n| Image51………………………………………………………………………………………….73 | |\n| Wilting from Pythium Root Rot | |\n| Neil Mattson, Cornell University | |\n| Sclerotinia Blight on lettuce | |\n| Image52………………………………………………………………………………………….73 | |\n| Neil Mattson, Cornell University | |\n| Image53………………………………………………………………………………………….73 | |\n| Neil Mattson, Cornell University | |\n| Image54………………………………………………………………………………………….74 | |\n| Shorefly | |\n| Neil Mattson, Cornell University | |\n| David Cappaert, Bugwood.org | |\n| Image 55 | |\n| FungusGnat……………………………………………………………………………...75 | |\n| Image56………………………………………………………………………………………….76 | |\n| Leaf Tip Burn in lettuce | |\n| Image57………………………………………………………………………………………….77 | |\n| Outer Leaf Edge Necrosis in lettuce | |\n| Image58………………………………………………………………………………………….77 | |\n| Bolting in Lettuce | |\n| Neil Mattson, Cornell | |\n| University | |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 94 } }, { "text": "| Image59………………………………………………………………………………………….77 |\n|------------------------------------------------|\n| Bolting in Spinach |\n| Neil Mattson, Cornell University |\n| Image60………………………………………………………………………………………….78 |\n| Stretched lettuce from lack of light |\n| Neil Mattson, Cornell University |\n| Image61………………………………………………………………………………………….80 |\n| Diagram of Nutrient Deficiencies |\n| Neil Mattson, Cornell University |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 95 } }, { "text": "## TABLE REFERENCES", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 96 } }, { "text": "| Table 1 | Lighting Recommendations……………………………………………………………...12 Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University |\n|-----------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Table 2 | Organic and Conventional Fertilizer Concentrations……………………………………34 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 96 } }, { "text": "## FIGURE REFERENCES", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 97 } }, { "text": "| Figure 1 |\n|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Graph of Photosynthetically ActiveRadiation……………………………………………3 |\n| Neil Mattson, Cornell University |\n| Figure 2 |\n| Graph of Metal Halide and High Pressure Sodium Spectral Outputs……………………..5 |\n| Jake Holley, Cornell University |\n| Figure 3 |\n| Graphs of LED SpectralOutputs………………………………………………………….6 |\n| Jake Holley, Cornell University |\n| Figure 4 |\n| Graph of T5 Fluorescent SpectralOutput………………………………………………....7 |\n| Jake Holley, Cornell University |\n| Figure 5 |\n| Effect of Light Treatment on Fresh Weight of Lettuce…………………………………..13 |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell University |\n| Figure 6 |\n| Biomass EfficiencyofLights…………………………………………………………….14 |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell. University |\n| Figure 7 |\n| Effect of Fans on Fresh WeightofLettuce………………………………………………18 |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell. University |\n| Figure 8 |\n| pH and Nutrient Availability……………………………………………………………..22 |\n| Neil Mattson, Cornell University |\n| Figure 9 |\n| pH vs. EC on Fresh WeightofLettuce…………………………………………………..24 |\n| Figure 10 |\n| Dissolved Oxygen Based onTemperature……………………………………………….25 |\n| Neil Mattson, Cornell University |\n| Figure 11 |\n| Effect of Fertilizer Treatment on Fresh Weight ofLettuce………………………………35 |\n| Ryan Ronzoni, Cornell. University |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Guide to Home Hydroponics for Leafy Greens.pdf", "page_number": 97 } }, { "text": "## A Recipe for Hydroponic Success", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Providing all of the essential elements in the right quantity and the right proportion to each other can seem like a daunting task to even the most mathematically gifted growers.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "by NEIL S. MATTSON & CARI PETERS", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Among the more challenging questions for growers beginning hydroponic production is how to design the crop's fertilizer program. Plants require 14 essential elements in the root zone, including the macronutrients (needed in relatively large quantities) of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium and magnesium; and the micronutrients (needed in relatively small quantities) of iron, manganese, zinc, boron, copper, molybdenum, chloride and nickel. All of these nutrients must be supplied by the hydroponic nutrient solution, although chloride and nickel aren't included in most recipes, as they're available in sufficient quantities as impurities with the fertilizer.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Fortunately , plants have adapted to growing at a wide range of nutrient concentrations. From a practical standpoint, this means that many different nutrient solution recipes can be used successfully to grow a hydroponic crop. With so many different recipes to choose from, where do you begin and how should you make changes and improvements from there?", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "The laboratory water analysis will also tell you which specific essential elements and contaminants are in your water. The concentration of essential elements should be taken into account when preparing your fertilizer recipe. Often linked with your water alkalinity are considerable levels of Ca, Mg and S in the water. Be sure to look and see if your water contains these important secondary nutrients and at what concentration, then be prepared to supply these nutrients through your fertilizer program if not available in sufficient quantities for your crop's recipe. Sodium and chloride are common contaminants in some waters; ideally these should be less than 50 and 70 ppm, respectively . This can help you determine the need to purify your water, leach or bleed more frequently , as well as to avoid these contaminants in the fertilizer.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Key factors when selecting fertilizers", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "In hydroponics, it's absolutely essential to begin with a laboratory analysis of your water. The three main things to note are the alkalinity , the electrical conductivity (EC) and the concentration specific elements. Alkalinity is a measure of water's ability to neutralize acid. Alkalinity is usually reported in terms of ppm of calcium carbonate equivalents (CaCO3). Alkalinity values may range from near 0 (in very pure or reverse osmosis-treated water) to more than 300 ppm CaCO3. The greater your water's alkalinity , the more the pH will tend to rise in your nutrient solution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Water source alkalinity is a much more important number to look at than its pH. The pH is simply a one-time snapshot of how acidic or basic your water is; alkalinity is a measure of its long lasting pH effect. Once you know your water alkalinity , you can work with your local extension educator, fertilizer supplier or testing laboratory to select an appropriate fertilizer strategy . Depending on your alkalinity , you may need to choose a formulation with a greater proportion of acidic nitrogen forms (ammonium or urea) or add acid to neutralize the alkalinity and counter the pH rise.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Next, consider the EC of your water source. EC is a measure of the total dissolved salts, including both essential elements and unwanted contaminants (such as sodium). Therefore, EC is a rough measure of water source purity . Unfortunately , EC gets reported using several different related units, however, it's easy to convert between them: 1 mS/m = 1 mS/cm = 1 mmhos/cm = 1000 µmhos/cm = 1000 µS/cm. Knowing water source EC will help you determine whether to use an open or closed irrigation system. In closed hydroponic systems, the irrigation water is captured and reused, whereas in open systems, it's not. EC should ideally be less than 0.25 mS/cm for closed systems.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Many hydroponic growers have found it necessary to filter source water, often using reverse osmosis, so that it's pure enough for closed hydroponic systems. The only way to counter salt build-up in closed systems is to 'bleed' the reservoir-that is, purposely drain off some fraction of the nutrient solution and replace this with fresh water. In open systems, the build-up of salts can be managed by applying excess water to leach out soluble salts. Therefore, source water EC can be higher than in closed systems-ideally less than 1.0 dS/cm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Once you know your water source quality you can begin to plan a fertilizer strategy specific to your crop. Plant fertilizer concentration needs vary depending on the crop grown, the crop growth stage and environmental conditions. However, for a new grower, a good starting point is to simply develop one recipe that works decently well for a range of crop growth stages and conditions. Later, you can work on honing the recipe, optimizing it for different growth stages or based on your current growing conditions.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Recipes for lettuce, herbs and leafy greens", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "For vegetative crops, most nutrient-solution recipes don't adjust the ratio of nutrients while they grow; whereas, in fruiting crops the ratio may be adjusted to alter the shift between vegetative and reproductive growth. At Cornell's Controlled Environment Agriculture group, for many years we've successfully used a modified Sonneveld's recipe for growing lettuce >>>", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Table 1. Three hydroponic nutrient solution recipes to prepare 100 gal. of fertilizer suitable for hydroponic production of lettuce, herbs and leafy greens. If preparing to dilute in a 100-gal. reservoir, all the components within a recipe can be mixed into the water. If using stock tanks (i.e., a 100X concentration), then the calculations represent the amount to use per 1 gal. of stock. Where indicated, the Tank A and Tank B components MUST be prepared separately so a precipitate does not occur. If using stocks, dilute using 1:100 injector(s) (two injectors connected in series for Tank A and Tank B mixes). This will make 100 gal. of dilute fertilizer.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Jack's Hydro-FeEd (16-4-17)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "This is a 1-bag solution; use 355 g in 100 gal. water (dilute) or for each 1 gal. in a stock tank (using a 1:100 injector)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Jack's Hydroponic (5-12-26) + Calcium nitrate", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Tank A", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "284 g Calcium nitrate (15-0-0)", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Tank B", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Modified Sonneveld's solution for lettuce", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Tank A", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "184.0 g Ca(NO3)2·3H2O 14.4 g NH4NO3 167.3 g KNO3 *3.8 g 10% Iron-DTPA Sprint 330 or", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Sequestrene 330", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "*A precise scale is needed to weigh the micronutrients", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Tank B", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "51.5 g KH2PO4 93.1 g MgSO4·7H20 *0.290g MnSO4·H2O *0.352g H3BO3 *0.023g Na2MoO4·2H2O *0.217g ZnSO4·7H2O *0.035g CuSO4·5H2O", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "and other leafy greens (spinach, pak-choi) (Table 1). You will notice that this is a madefrom-scratch recipe that requires mixing of several individual compounds. Large commercial operations often follow the made-from-scratch method because of the ability to adjust individual compounds and because it can be more cost effective to purchase the individual compounds in bulk.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "This is a good time to point out that most hydroponic recipes call for the use of two or three stock tanks (Figure 1). This is necessary to avoid a nasty precipitate or sludge that will occur when specific nutrients are mixed in the concentrated form. In particular, calcium can combine with phosphates and sulfates to form insoluble precipitates. If you're not mixing these formulas in concentrated stock solution and rather mixing in a dilute or 'ready-to-use' form, you can mix these prescribed amounts into one reservoir containing the final water volume. In this case follow a stepwise fashion, where each component is added individually and goes into a true solution before you add the next nutrient. This is where it's very important to pick quality nutrients that are very pure and 100% watersoluble.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Table 2. Comparison of the nutrients (in ppm) supplied by the three different recipes for lettuce, herbs and leafy greens.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "| | Jack's Hydro-FeED (16-4-17) | Jack's Hydroponic (5-12-26) + Calcium nitrate | Modified Sonneveld's solution |\n|----------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|\n| Nitrogen (N) | 150 | 150 | 150 |\n| Phosphorus (P) | 16 | 39 | 31 |\n| Potassium (K) | 132 | 162 | 210 |\n| Calcium (Ca) | 38 | 139 | 90 |\n| Magnesium (Mg) | 14 | 47 | 24 |\n| Iron (Fe) | 2.1 | 2.3 | 1.0 |\n| Manganese (Mn) | 0.47 | 0.38 | 0.25 |\n| Zinc (Zn) | 0.49 | 0.11 | 0.13 |\n| Boron (B) | 0.21 | 0.38 | 0.16 |\n| Copper (Cu) | 0.131 | 0.113 | 0.023 |\n| Molydenum (Mo) | 0.075 | 0.075 | 0.024 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Table 3. Target nitrogen feed rates (in ppm N) for several hydroponic crops.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "| Type | Propagation | Production |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|--------------|\n| Buttercrunch/Boston Bibb | 125 | 150 |\n| Romaine, Red and Green leaf | 125 | 150 |\n| Basil | 125 | 175 |\n| Culinary Herbs | 125 | 150 |\n| Cole Crops | 125 | 175 |\n| Garlic and Scallions | 125 | 150 |\n| Tomatoes | 125 | 200 |\n| Peppers | 125 | 150 |\n| Cucumber | 125 | 175 |\n| Heavy Feeders cabbage, kale, spinach, Swiss chard, mustard greens, mizuna, escarole | 125 | 175 - 200 |\n| Light Feeder Lettuce arugula, watercress, spring mix | 125 | 125 - 150 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "The made-from-scratch method can be difficult for new or smaller hydroponic growers to manage. One commonly used alternative is a twobag approach using Jack's Hydroponic (5-12-26) and calcium nitrate (Table 2). In this method, Tank B contains 5-12-26 pre-blended formula mixed at a rate to deliver approximately 50 to 100 ppm N. Tank A contains calcium nitrate at 100 to 150 ppm N and can also be used to add in some useful crop-specific boosters, such as potassium nitrate or individual micronutrient chelates such as iron-EDTA, DTPA or EDDHA. If acid is required to neutralize source water alkalinity , this may be added to Tank B (the tank without Calcium nitrate) or some operations use a separate tank for acid.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "A relatively new one-bag alternative is Jack's Hydro-FeED (16-4-17). This formula is specifically designed to be used as a one-bag formula to deliver a complete nutrient solution to hydroponic and aeroponically grown crops. It was developed specifically for leafy green and herb growers, but has also seen much success as the main grower formula for tomato, cucumber and pepper crops. What's unique about this formula is its potentially neutral effect on solution pH, as well as its buffered micronutrient package that also includes the essential blend of iron chelates from EDTA, EDDHA and DPTA. This formula works well for water types with an alkalinity in the range of 40 ppm to 200 ppm N.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "As you grow your skills mixing fertilizers and observing impacts on plant growth, you may be ready to begin adjusting your fertilizer program. For example, you may take into account the slightly lower fertilizer needs during propagation or the specific fertilizer needs of different", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Table 4. Two hydroponic nutrient solution recipes to prepare 100 gal. of fertilizer suitable for hydroponic production of tomatoes, cucumbers and peppers.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "| Jack's Hydroponic (5-12-26) + Calcium nitrate Tank A Tank B | Jack's Hydroponic (5-12-26) + Calcium nitrate Tank A Tank B |\n|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|\n| UA CEAC Recipe* | UA CEAC Recipe* |\n| Tank A | Tank B |\n| 347.8 g Ca(NO3) 2 ·3H 2O | 64.9 g KH2PO4 |\n| 152.5 g KNO3 | 184.3 g MgSO4·7H2 0 |\n| *7 .6 g 10% Iron-DTPA | 114.7 g K2SO4 |\n| Sprint 330 or | *0.641g MnSO4·H2O |\n| Sequestrene 330 | *0.606g H3BO3 |\n| | *0.048g Na2MoO4·2H2O |\n| | *0.549g ZnSO4·7H 2O |\n| | *0.074g CuSO4·5H 2O |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Adapted from University of Arizona, Controlled Environment Agriculture Center, http://tinyurl.com/ljlj785/", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Table 5. Comparison of the nutrients (in ppm) supplied by the three different recipes for lettuce, herbs and leafy greens.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "| | Jack's Hydroponic (5-12-26) + Calcium nitrate | UA CEAC Recipe |\n|----------------|-------------------------------------------------|------------------|\n| Nitrogen (N) | 190 | 189 |\n| Phosphorus (P) | 50 | 39 |\n| Potassium (K) | 205 | 341 |\n| Calcium (Ca) | 176 | 170 |\n| Magnesium (Mg) | 60 | 48 |\n| Iron (Fe) | 2.85 | 2.00 |\n| Manganese (Mn) | 0.48 | 0.55 |\n| Zinc (Zn) | 0.14 | 0.33 |\n| Boron (B) | 0.48 | 0.28 |\n| Copper (Cu) | 0.14 | 0.05 |\n| Molydenum (Mo) | 0.10 | 0.05 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "crops. For example, a target of 150 ppm N works well for head and leaf lettuce during the main production stage; whereas a target of 175 to 200 ppm N is more appropriate for kale, Swiss chard and mustard greens, which tend to be slightly heavier feeders (Table 3). During the seedling propagation stage a somewhat lower fertilizer target of 125 ppm N works well for both these categories.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Recipes for tomato and other fruiting crops", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Fruiting crops tend to have higher nutrient demands than leafy greens.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Below: Tomatoes soon after transplanting on rockwool slabs, still in the vegetative phase. Right: Tomatoes in the mature fruiting stage.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Besides simply bumping up the nitrogen, it's important to increase the potassium, calcium and magnesium as well. A single fertilizer recipe has worked well for growing tomatoes, cucumbers and peppers at the University of Arizona Controlled Agriculture Center greenhouse (Table 4). A similar recipe following the two-bag approach and a nutrient comparison is noted in Tables 4 and 5.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "For tomatoes, commercial operations often adjust the nutrient solution recipe according to the crop growth stage. The strategy is typically to supply more nitrogen, calcium and magnesium at first to promote good plant structure and vegetative growth (Table 6).Then about six weeks after transplanting the tomato seedling, nitrogen is reduced, but potassium is increased, to promote the transition between vegetative growth and flowering and fruit set. Finally , the recipe may be adjusted again to balance vegetative and reproductive growth as the plant continues to grow and set fruit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Honing your fertilizer recipe", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Whether you're a beginner or an old pro, it's important to continually monitor your nutrient solution. Daily in-house testing of the nutrient solution pH and EC followed up by periodic full nutrient testing in a laboratory will give you a good peace of mind that you're providing nutrients in the correct quantity for the plant and the proper pH. Establishing a baseline concentration of nutrients in your reservoir through consistent testing of the solution will greatly help you determine how to make changes in the future.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "To further hone your fertilizer recipes, periodic tissue sampling is a must. This lets you determine the exact nutritional status of your plant, allowing you to determine how the nutrients you apply are absorbed into, stored and redistributed in the plant. Monitoring the change in nutrient concentration over time with periodic sampling is one of the best methods of evaluating if you're providing the right nutrients to your plant, matching its growth stage and growing conditions.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Understanding nutrient mobility relationships within a plant will greatly enhance how you interpret and use the data generated by a tissue analysis. Y oung leaves tend to show higher levels of the mobile nutrients (nitrogen and potassium) and lower levels of immobile nutrients (calcium, iron and manganese). Therefore, samples taken from young leaves can be most useful to diagnose calcium or micronutrient deficiencies. If no particular problem is suspected, testing laboratories typically recommend taking samples from recently matured leaves as a decent representation of what's happening to both new and old growth. Take time to evaluate your records of fertilizer inputs, light and temperature conditions, and EC/pH balance. This may allow you to come to a better understanding of why and how your actions can influence the nutrient balance in solution and in the plant's leaves.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Preparing hydroponic fertilizer solutions doesn't have to be a daunting task. Start with one recipe that makes sense for your crop. Monitor early , monitor often and as your comfort level grows, you may begin to modify the recipe to optimize crop growth. Who knows-you might find that preparing fertilizer recipes becomes as enjoyable to you as following grandma's chocolate chip cookie recipe.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "NEIL MATTSON is Associate professor and greenhouse extension specialist, Cornell University, Department of Horticulture. He can be reached at (607) 255-0621 or nsm47@cornell.edu. CARI PETERS is Vice President at J.R. Peters Laboratory in Allentown, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "| Table 6. Recipe for tomatoes in winter according to crop growth stage (units are ppm). | Weeks 0-6 Higher N, Ca and Mg for vegetative growth | Weeks 6-12 Lower N, higher K for reproductive growth | Week 12+ Maintain balance of vegetative / reproductive growth |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Nitrogen (N) | 224 | 189 | 189 |\n| Phosphorus (P) | 47 | 47 | 39 |\n| Potassium (K) | 281 | 351 | 341 |\n| Calcium (Ca) | 212 | 190 | 170 |\n| Magnesium (Mg) | 65 | 60 | 48 |\n| Iron (Fe) | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |\n| Manganese (Mn) | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 |\n| Zinc (Zn) | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 |\n| Boron (B) | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 |\n| Copper (Cu) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |\n| Molydenum (Mo) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Source: Sunco, Ltd., and University of Arizona, Controlled Environment Agriculture Center, http://tinyurl.com/ljlj785/", "metadata": { "source_file": "A Recipe for Hydroponic Success.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## SOP (STANDAR OPERASIONAL PROSEDUR)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Budidaya BAWANG DAUN TUNGGAL", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "(Allium Spp)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran dan Biofarmaka 2009", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "1. Penjabaran operasionalisasi GAP (Good Agriculture Practices) pada komoditas spesifik\n2. . Petunjuk teknis baku yang singkat, jelas dan praktis dari setiap tahapan kegiatan N", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Produk yang aman konsumsi, berkualitas, berdaya saing dan ramah lingkungan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- o . Ukuran bawangdaun :\n- -Berat: 30-40 gr/batang\n- -Panjang daun: 8-10 cm (diukur dari ujung daun s/d pangkal batang)\n- -Panjang batang: 20-30 cm (diukur dari pangkal batang s/d ujung batang bawah)\n- -Ukuran dan bentuk seragam\n2. Akar pada batang dibuang\n- . Tidak cacat dan tidak terkontaminasi benda lain maupun residu pestisida\n- . Bentuk sesuai dengan deskripsi varietas S W\n1. Pelaksanaan seluruh tahapan budidaya yangbenar\n2. Pencatatan seluruh aktifitas dalam buku kerja", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## . Penentuan Lokasi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "- Mengetahui sejarah penggunaan lahan untuk mencegah penggunaan lahan bekas tanaman sefamili.\n- Lahan tidak bermasalah dan sesuai peruntukan\n- Suhu udara 14-24°C, pH tanah 5-6% dan kelembaban 85-93°C.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## . Pembersihan dan Penyiapan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "- Permukaan lahan bersih dari vegetasi atau tanaman yang tidak diinginkan.\n- Tanah digemburkan sedalam 30-40 cm, kemudian didiamkan selama 5-7 hari (oksidasi).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## . Penyiapan Pupuk Kandang", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "- Pencampuran bahan terdiri dari pupuk kandang, limbah pertanian (hijauan yang mudah busuk), dan arang sekam (5:4:1).\n- Dilakukan 2 bulan sebelum tanam.\n- Campuran ditambah EM-4, Agrisimba dan BeKa, kemudian diaduk dan dibiarkan selama 1 bulan.\n- Pemberian dilakukan setelah pembuatan parit dengan cara ditebar dengan kedalaman 3 - 5 cm kemudian ditimbun tanah setebal 5 cm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## . Penyiapan Benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "- Benih tidak kadaluarsa (apabila berasal dari biji).\n- Benih bermutu dari varietas yang unggul dan sehat, agar benih mampu berproduksi sesuai dengan keunggulan varietas, sehat dan mempunyai adaptasi yang baik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## . Sumber Benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "- Berdasarkan kebutuhan, pengaturan dan peredaran pasar.\n- Berasal dari sumber yang resmi dan dipercaya sebagai produsen benih, agar benih yang digunakan jelas dan sesuai denganyang diinginkan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Persemaian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "- Media semai terdiri dari campuran tanah dan bokashi yang sudah halus dengan perbandingan 281\n- Tempatkan di kotak persemaian dengan ketebalan 5 cm dan terlindung dari panas dan hujan dan terbebas dari serangga.\n- Untuk meningkatkan daya kecambah, sebelum disemai benih direndam dalam air hangat kuku selama 30 - 40 menit, untuk seleksi benih dan\n- pematah dormansi.\n- Persemaian harus terbebas dari serangga dan terlindung dari panas dan hujan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Pemeliharaan di Persemaian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "- Terdiri dari penyiraman, pembersihan rumput dan pengendalian hama penyakit agar tanaman tetap tumbuh optimal dan persemaian terawat\n- dari serangan hama penyakit dan gulma.\n- Persemaian disiram satu kali sehari pada pagi hari, dan air siraman tidak boleh menggenangi persemaian.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Pemindahan Benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "- Pembesaran benih dilakukan 2 kali, umur 1 dan\n- 2 bulan.\n- Pemindahan I, benih terseleksi dari persemaian dipindahkan ke bedengan pembesaran dengan jarak 5 x 5 cm dengan media pupuk organik dan\n- tanah. Biarkan 1 bulan.\n- Pemindahan II, benih dipindahkan ke bedengan lain denganjarak 10x 10 cm.\n- Pemindahan dilakukan pada pagi hari atau sore hari untuk menghindari kelayuan.\n- Biarkan selama 2 bulan. Setelah berumur 3 bulan benih siap ditanam (transplanting).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Penanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "- Dibuat lubang tanam sedalam 25 - 30 cm dengan jarak 25 cm dan diberi pupuk kandang sebelum penanaman.\n- Penanaman benih dilakukan pada pagi hari\n- sebelum jam 11.00 atau sore hari setelah jam 14.00 untuk menghindari stres karena terik matahari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## 10. Penyulaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Dilakukan mulai dari hari pertama sampai hari kesepuluh dan dilakukan pada pagi atau sore hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## 11. Penyiraman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Air yang digunakan adalah air bersih yang tidak tercemar limbah berbahaya dan dilakukan setiap 1 minggu sekali atau sesuai kebutuhan tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## 1, Pemupukan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Pemupukan dapat menggunakan pupuk organik atau anorganik (NPK dengan perbandingan 25:7:7 dengan konsentrasi 4 kg/200 ltr air) dengan dosis 200 ml/tanaman pada umur 21 HST (seminggu sekali).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## 13. Penyiangan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "- Penyiangan dengan menggunakan alat-lat yang bersih untuk menghindari perpindahan penyakit pada tanaman sehat, bekas pemangkasan ditimbun dalam tanah.\n- Setelah berumur 7 hari bila ada tanaman yang menunjukkan gejala kerusakan, dibuang dan ditimbun bersama gulma sisa pemangkasan ditempat yang sudah tersedia.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## 14. Pembumbunan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "- Dilakukan pada umur 30-40 HST setinggi 10 cm dan pada umur 70 HST menjadi 40 cm.\n- Dengan cara menggemburkan dan menaikan tanah secara hati-hati jangan terkena akar.\n- Tujuan: tanah gembur, akar selalu tertutup tanah sehingga batang semu akan tumbuh optimal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## 15. Perlindungan Tanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "- Dilakukan Pengendalian Hama Terpadu secara ' mekanis atau kultur teknis. -\n- Penyemprotan pestisida harus dilakukan sesuai prosedur dan dilakukan oleh orang yang sudah berpengalaman dan menggunakan sarung tangan, masker, topi dan kacamata.\n- Limbah pencucian alat dan bungkus bekas pestisida dibuang kedalam bak resapan agar tidak mencemari.\n- Gunakan pestisida sebagai alternatif terakhir.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## 16. Panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "- Dilakukan pada umur 90-100 HST, saat tidak hujan, pagi sampai sore hari.\n- Hasil panen disimpan terpisah dengan pupuk/pestisida.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## 17. Pasca Panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "- Dilakukan sortasi terhadap produk di luar standar (reject quality).\n- Grading/pengkelasan sesuai kelas mutu produk\n- Pengemasan sesuai permintaan dan tujuan pasar.\n- Disimpan dalam gudang berpendingin.\n- SOP ini merupakan acuan umum bagi daerah untuk menyusun SOP Spesifik Lokasi -\n- SOP Spesifik Lokasi disusun bersama oleh petani, petugas teknis, pelaku agribisnis, peneliti, dan lainnya. »", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## i Kontak Komundkasi i", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran dan Biofarmaka Jl. AUP No. 3 Pasar Minggu Jakarta Selatan 12520", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Http: www.ditsayur.hortikultura.deptan. go.id", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Email : ditsayur@hortikultura.go.id", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Bawang Daun Tunggal_SOP.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Setiap tanaman disiram dengan satu liter larutan NPK. Apabila ingin menggunakan campuran pupuk tunggal, dapat diberikan dengan dosis seperti yang terdapat pada tabel 2.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Tabel 2. Dosis campuran pupuk tunggal yang diberikan pada satu tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "| Jenis Pupuk | Umur 0-3 bst | Umur 4-6 bst | Umur >7 bst |\n|---------------|----------------|----------------|---------------|\n| Urea 46% | 40 g | 60 g | 90 g |\n| SP 36% | 50 g | 70 g | 120 g |\n| KCl 52% | 30 g | 50 g | 110 g |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Keterangan : Dosis untuk 1 tanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Pupuk kandang dan dolomit diberikan setiap 3-4 bulan sekali. Dosis pupuk kandang yang diberikan ± 5 kg/tanaman, sedangkan dolomit diberikan ± 0,3 kg/tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## 5. Pengendalian hama dan penyakit", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Hama utama pada tanaman pepaya yaitu kutu putih, thrips, aphid dan tungau. Cara pengendaliannya dengan menyemprotkan insektisida berbahan aktif imidakloprit, abamektin dan profenofos dosis 2 cc per liter air atau sesuai dosis anjuran. Pengendalian hama tungau lakukan penyemprotan dengan akarisida berbahan aktif dicofol, propargit yang diberikan berselang seling antar bahan aktif sesuai anjuran.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Penyakit yang sering menyerang tanaman pepaya yaitu: antraknose, busuk akar akibat Phytopthora atau Fusarium. Gejala serangan antraknose ditandai dengan cekungan bulat dan membusuk pada kulit buah, kendalikan dengan fungisida berbahan aktif propineb. Penyakit busuk akar ditandai dengan daun tua menguning, kendalikan dengan fungisida Mankozeb atau Metalaxyl.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Dibuang", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Gambar 3. a. Serangan kutu putih, b. Gejala serangan thrip, c. Seleksi buah cacat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## 6. Seleksi Buah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Seleksi buah dilakukan saat buah sempurna berumur 2 minggu setelah bunga mekar. Buang buah yang cacat secara fisik (lancip, bulat atau rusak) agar tidak mengganggu pertumbuhan buah sempurna lainnya", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## 7. Panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Buah pepaya dapat dipanen pada umur 8 bulan setelah tanam. Buah untuk pasar lokal dipetik pada tingkat kemasan mangkal ditandai dengan 510 % warna kulit buah kuning (indek warna 2), sedangkan untuk pasar jarak jauh, buah dipetik dengan ditandai perubahan warna kulit buah kuning< 5% (indek warna 1). Panen buah dapat dilakukan seminggu sekali.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Gambar 4. a. Indek warna 1, b. Indek warna 2, c. Indek warna 3, d. Indek warna 4", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Informasi lebih lanjut:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## BALAI PENELITIAN TANAMAN BUAH TROPIKA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Jl. Raya Solok Aripan Km 8,", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Kotak Pos 5 Solok Sumatera Barat 27301", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Telphon : 0755-20137, Faximili : 0755-20592", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Website: www.balitbu.litbang.pertanian.go.id SMS Center : 08116624892", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "E-mail: balitbu@litbang.pertanian.go.id", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## BUDIDAYA PEPAYA BUDIDAYA PEPAYA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN 2015", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## BUDIDAYA PEPAYA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) berasal dari Amerika Selatan dan berkembang luas di Indonesia. Tanaman pepaya dapat tumbuh dengan baik di dataran rendah sampai dataran tinggi sampai 700 m di atas permukaan laut. Tanaman pepaya dapat tumbuh dan berproduksi tinggi pada tanah yang kaya bahan organik, drainase dan aerasinya baik, serta mempunyai pH 6,5 - 7, curah hujan antara 1.500-2.000 mm per tahun, suhu berkisar antara 22-30 o C.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Tanaman pepaya yang mendapat sinar matahari dalam jumlah banyak akan lebih cepat berbunga dan berbuah, buah lebih cepat masak dan lebih manis. Tanaman pepaya memiliki 3 jenis bunga yaitu: bunga jantan, bunga betina dan bunga sempurna/hermaprodit. Tanaman berbunga sempurna mempunyai buah yang lebih disukai konsumen karena daging buah lebih tebal dan bentuk buah lebih bagus.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## 1. Persiapan benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Benih pepaya berasal dari biji Biji dikecambahkan dengan cara direndam semalam kemudian disimpan di dalam wadah tertutup yang dilapisi tissue/kain basah, dengan suhu diatas 30 o C. Biji akan berkecambah setelah 6-12 hari, kemudian disemai dalam media polibag. Media semai biji pepaya yaitu tanah, pupuk kandang dan Thricoderma. Benih pepaya ditanam ke lapang setelah berumur 30-40 hari dengan ciri mempunyai daun berjumlah 6-8 helai.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Gambar 1. A. Kecambah benih siap disemai, b. Benih Siap tanam, c. Penanaman benih dilapang", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## 2. Persiapan lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- a. Lahan dibersihkan dari gulma secara mekanik atau kimia. Selanjutnya lahan diolah tanahnya agar menjadi gembur.\n- b. Bedengan dibuat dengan panjang 6 meter, lebar 11,5 m, tinggi 20 cm. Antar bedengan dipisahkan dengan parit berukuran lebar 50 cm dan dalam 30 cm.\n- c. Lubang tanam dibuat dengan ukuran 40 x 40 x 50 cm dan jarak tanam 2 x2 m.\n- d. Lubang tanam diisi dengan campuran pupuk kandang dan dolomit, masing-masing ± 8 kg/lubang dan 350 g/lubang, kemudian dibiarkan selama 1 - 2 minggu. Tambahkan pupuk dasar TSP dengan dosis 50-80 g/lubang dan insektisida Furadan sebanyak 0,5-1 g/lubang, 2-3 hari sebelum tanam. -", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Gambar 2. A Jarak tanam pepaya, b. Ukuran lubang tanam", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## 3. Penanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Benih yang sudah siap ditanam masukkan dalam lubang tanam, dengan cara melepas polybag dilepas perlahan-lahan agar media tanam tidak pecah kemudian letakkan di lubang tanam dan timbun dengan tanah top soil. Satu lubang tanam sebaiknya ditanam dengan 2 (dua) benih agar dapat diseleksi tanaman yang berbunga sempurna.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## 4. Pemeliharaan tanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- a. Seleksi bunga sempurna Saat tanaman sudah mulai berbunga (± umur\n2. 2 bulan setelah tanam) pilih yang berbunga sempurna. Ciri bunga sempurna yaitu di dalam satu bunga terdapat serbuk sari dan putik. Tanaman yang berjenis kelamin lainnya dipotong pada pangkal batang agar tidak tumbuh.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## B. Pemberian Mulsa", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Mulsa atau penutup tanah berupa serasah, jerami kering dan lainnya, diberikan dibawah tajuk tanaman dengan ketebalan 15 - 20 cm saat awal tanam. Selain untuk menjaga kelembaban tanah, mulsa juga berfungsi untuk mencegah pertumbuhan gulma, mengatur suhu permukaan tanah menekan populasi hama dan menambah kesuburan tanah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## C. Pemupukan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Gunakan pupuk NPK 16:16:16 atau campuran pupuk tunggal. Dosis pupuk NPK 16:16:16 dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": ". Tabel 1. Dosis pupuk NPK dan waktu pemberiannya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "| Jenis Pupuk | Umur < 1bst | Umur 1-3 bst | Umur 4-6 bst | Umur >7 bst |\n|----------------|---------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|\n| NPK (16:16:16) | 100 g (2x50g) | 150 g | 300 g +50g Kcl | 350 g +50g Kcl |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Keterangan : Dosis untuk 1 tanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Pupuk diletakkan pada lubang yang dibuat di sekeliling tanaman dan ditutup tanah. Penyiraman harus dilakukan setelah pemupukan terutama bila tidak turun hujan.Selain itu pupuk dapat diberikan dengan cara diencerkan terlebih dahulu. Misalnya saat tanaman berumur 1 minggu setelah tanam dipupuk dengan dosis 50 gram/tanaman. Caranya larutkan 500 gram NPK dalam 10 liter air, kemudian siramkan di sekitar perakaran tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Pepaya (2).pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Sawi bukan tanaman asli Indonesia, namun secara agroklimat, Indonesia cocok / untuk pengembangan tanaman sawi. Tanaman ini dapat tumbuh baik di tempat yang berhawa panas maupun berhawa dingin, sehingga dapat diusahakan dari &Y dataran rendah hingga dataran tinggi. Daerah penanaman yang cocok adalah mulai dari ketinggian 5 meter sampai dengan 1.200 meter di atas permukaan laut. iau merupakan daerah dataran rendah dengan | ketinggian tempat 1-10 meter diatas permukaan laut, iklim tropis dengan dua musim kemarau dan hujan yang tidak terlalu jelas penyebarannya, walaupun telah memasuki musim kemarau tetap saja di selingi dengan hujan, begitu pula sebaliknya, kondisi demikian sangat memungkinkan dikembangkan tanaman sayur-sayuran, Di antara tanaman sayur-sayuran dataran Tanaman sawi tahan terhadap air hujan, rendah yang layak dibudidayakan adalah sehingga dapat di tanam sepanjang tahun. g sawi (Brassica Juncea) Karena sawi sangat Pada musim kemarau yang perlu mudah dikembangkan dan banyak disukai. ' diperhatikan adalah penyiraman secara Sawi sangat baik untuk menghilangkan teratur. pertumbuhan tanaman ini rasa gatal di tenggorokan pada penderita | membutuhkan hawa yang sejuk, sehingga N batuk. Penyembuh penyakit kepala, bahan --- lebih cepat tumbuh apabila ditanam dalam pembersih darah, memperbaiki fungsi suasana lembab. Akan tetapi tanaman ini ginjal, serta memperbaiki dan juga tidak senang pada air yang memperlancar pencernaan. Sedangkan menggenang. Dengan demikian, cocok bila kandungan yang terdapat pada sawi di tanam pada akhir musim penghujan. adalah protein, lemak, karbohidrat, Ca, P, Tanah yang cocok untuk ditanami sawi Fe, Vitamin A, Vitamin B, dan Vitamin C. adalah tanah gembur, banyak -7 | mengandung humus, subur, serta x pembuangan airnya baik. Derajat = a kemasaman (pH) tanah yang optimum untuk pertumbuhannya adalah antara pH 6 Secara umum tanaman sawi biasanya sampaipH 7. mempunyai daun panjang, halus, tidak ' S berbulu, dan tidak berkrop. Ada beberapa TEK { BUDIDAYA macam sawi yang biasa dibudidayakan yaitu : sawi putih (sawi jabung), sawi hijau, sawi huma dan caisim alias sawi bakso ada juga yang menyebutnya sawi cina, merupakan jenis sawi yang paling banyak dijajakan di pasar-pasar dewasa ini. Tangkai daunnya panjang, langsing, berwarna putih kehijauan. Daunnya lebar B. Pengolahan Tanah memanjang, tipis dan berwarna hijau. A. Benih # Gunakan benih berkualitas baik dengan ciriciri permukaannya mengkilap, agak keras dan berwarna coklat kehitaman # Semaikan benih sebanyak 750 gram/ ha R A . - SO Rasanya yang renyah, segar, dengan ' ::;z'hka\" b g el sedikit sekali rasa pahit. Selain enak ¢ Gemburkan tanah dengan cara mencangkul ditumis atau dioseng, juga untuk sedalam 20-30 cm pedagang mie bakso, mie ayam, atau > Hindari lahan penanaman dari naungan restoran cina. pohon atau bangunan E", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Tanaman Sawi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "- ? Taburkan pupuk kandang sebanyak 10 ton/ha dan kapur dolomit/kalsit 2 ton /ha, ' penaburan dilakukan 2-4 minggu sebelum tanam", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Tanaman Sawi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## C. Pembibitan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Tanaman Sawi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- » Buat bedengan pembibitan dengan ukuran lebar 80-120 cm dan panjang 13 m dan tinggi bedengan 20-30 cm.\n- # Taburkan pupuk kandang 2-5 kg, 20 gram urea, 10 gram TSP, dan 7,5 gram KCI, dilakukan 2 minggu sebelum semai.\n- # Taburkan benih pada bedengan, tutup dengan tanah setebal 1-2 cm .\n- # Siram dengan sprayer secara merata, biasanya benih akan tumbuh setelah 3 atau 4 hari.\n- # Pada umur 3-4 minggu bibit siap dipindah tanam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Tanaman Sawi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## D. Penanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Tanaman Sawi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- 4 Buatlah bedengan tempat penanaman dengan ukuran lebar 120 cm, panjang disesuaikan dengan ukuran petak tanah, dan tinggi bedengan 20-30 cm, sedangkan jarak antar bedeng 30 cm.\n- @ Pupuklah bedengan dengan pupuk kandang 10 ton/ha, TSP 100 kg/ha, KCI 75 kg/ha, seminggu sebelum penanaman.\n- ' Buatlah lobang tanam dengan jarak 30 x 30 cm dengan cara ditugal\n- s Pilih bibit yang baik kemudian secara hati-hati pindahkan ke bedengan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Tanaman Sawi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Pemeliharaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Tanaman Sawi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- > Siram tanaman secara teratur, pagi dan sore hari terutama pada musim kemarau.\n- Y Bila turun hujan, segera setelah hujan berhenti siram tanaman dengan air bersih untuk menghilangkan tanah/pasir yang melekat di daun tanaman.\n- Lakukan penyulaman tanaman yang mati atau terserang hama dan penyakit dengan cara mengganti tanaman yang mati dengan tanaman baru.\n- V Lakukan penyiangan terhadap gulma yang tumbuh di lahan, penyiangan dilakukan 2 minggu setelah tanam\n- Berikan pupuk susulan setelah 3 minggu tanam, yaitu dengan urea 50 kg/ha.\n- v Gunakan pestisida untuk pengendalian hama dan penyakit sesuai anjuran dan lakukan paling lambat 10 hari sebelum panen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Tanaman Sawi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## . Panen dan Pasca Panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Tanaman Sawi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- Panen tanaman setelah berumur 6 minggu, dengan cara mencabut.\n- Bersihan tanaman dari daun yang kering/tua, cuci tanaman dengan menggunakan air bersih.\n- Buang bagian akar tanaman hingga batas leher akar.\n- Tiriskan tanaman agar tidak basah oleh air bekas pencucian\n- : Usman, Maripul\n- rwan Kasup, Ika Purwani\n- ndi\n- KPA PUAP BPTP Riau TA. 2010\n- .400 Eksemplar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Tanaman Sawi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "(Pedoman Umum", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Standar Operasional | Prosedar (SOP", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Pedoman Umum", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Budidaya Terung", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Departemen Pertanian Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran & Biofarmaka 2009", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## STANDAR OPERASIONAL PROSEDUR BUDIDAYA TERUNG", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## TIM PENYUSUN :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Dr. Ir. Yul H. Bahar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Dr. Ir. Ani Andayani, MAgr", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Ir. Yogawati Dwi Agustini", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Ir. M. Tahir, MP", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Ir. Irwan Adam", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Enung Hartati Suwarno, SP", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Popy Suryani S, SKom", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Adityo Utomo, SE", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Jamin Waludin", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Ir. Sri Suwartini, MMA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Ir.Sugiastuti, MMA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Ir. Widagdo Hendaruddin", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Ambyah, SP", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Gatot Mangunsidi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "M. Arif Budiman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Ir. Baswarsiati, MS", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "M. Tohir Arroyni, SP", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Lailatul Komariah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Sumarni, SP", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Ir. Rossana Tri K, MM", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Ulfie Zulfigar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Praji", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Sutriyono", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Agus Sunyoto", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Sukoco", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Mudjijo", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Mohammad Saleh", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Herman W", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Ghufron", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "PENYUNTING Enung Hartati Suwarno, SP", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Diterbitkan Oleh :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Departemen Pertanian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran Dan Biofarmaka 2009", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## KATA PENGANTAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Menghadapi permintaan konsumen dan persaingan pasar, penerapan budidaya terung secara komersial perlu dilakukan sesuai prosedur yang dianjurkan agar menghasilkan produk aman konsumsi, bermutu dan ramah lingkungan. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan adalah menyusun Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) berdasar spesifikasi lokasi dengan mengacu pada Permentan No. 48/2009 tentang Pedoman Budidaya Buah dan Sayur yang Baik (GAP for Fruit and Vegetables).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Buku Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) Terung ini disusun sebagai pedoman bagi petugas/penyuluh/ kelompok tani/petani dalam menyusun SOP Terung sesuai spesifik lokasi dimana pelaku usaha akan berbudidaya terung.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Meskipun telah diupayakan semaksimal mungkin dalam penyusunan buku ini, kami tetap menampung kritik dan saran untuk perbaikannya dari para pembaca yang budiman. Mudah-mudahan buku ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua, khususnya bagi pelaku yang terkait dalam agribisnis terung.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Jakarta, Nopember 2009 Direktur", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "DR. IN Yul HBahar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR ISI", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "| | Halaman |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|\n| TIM PENYUSUN ...ooooodnonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnannnnknnnn | nan i |\n| KATA PENGANTAR'....oooococooWoo'WoWoWWoWm-m | anna ii |\n| DAFTAR ISI .....o.ooocooooo'WoWo#Wnennnnnnnknnknlnnnn | nana iv |\n| DAFTAR GAMBAR wirsisirisisirsnsanrovanooxnexod#onomonesenenemncwmocmmemwrewa | V |\n| IL PENDAHULUANoccocowowoioi iii | Sisissrensensamsa sanam wexwoxneewsa 1 |\n| IL TARGET 2. ondonnnnannnnnannnnnnnnnnnnknnnannnannannannnnaaan | 2 |\n| Ii KEGIATAN sosis | 0xcoktisniametimenammann 1 mensanansann K0 Keeammm 2 |\n| STANDARD OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE | |\n| L PENYEDIAAN BENIH ......oooooooooooo | ooWooWoo 4 |\n| I. PERSIAPAN LAHAN ......oooooooWoooooWo | Wo. 10 |\n| HI. PENANAMAN'oo WWW | mna16 |\n| MV. PAMASANGANAJIR'coco | mm mna 19 |\n| V. PEREMPELAN/WIWIL | anoonknnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnannnnaaan 22 |\n| VM. PENGAIRAN ...oooocooonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnlnnnnan | 24 |\n| VI. PEMUPUKAN ondonennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn | anna 26 |\n| VII. PENGENDALIAN OPT men oooooonononnnnnnnnknnnnnnn | nana 29 |\n| DX PANEN neondnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnannannnnnannnn | aan 50 |\n| X PASCA PANEN '.....ooooococoo'Wo'o | WoWomen 53 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR GAMBAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "| | | Halaman |\n|----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|\n| Sambar1 | Tanaman TETUNG L.ooooWoWoWo Wo | WoWoWoWomenl enakan 3 |\n| Gambar 2 | Bedengan Persemaian | L.....oioooooocooooo 8 |\n| Gambar 3 | Penyiapan Lahan untuk Budidaya|... | 13 |\n| Gambar 4 | Penyiapan Lubang Tanam pada Bedeng yang meng- gunakan mulsa plastik .............ooooooooo | 15 |\n| Gambar 5 | Bibit Terung yang siap ditanam | ...........iJ.ooccccc 16 |\n| Gambar 6 | Tanaman Terung dilahan | ........oooooooccc 18 |\n| Gambar7 | Pemasangan Ajir untuk menopang Tanaman agar | 19 |\n| | tumbuh tegak meet senen | eren |\n| Gambar 8 | Panen: TETUNG | ......oooocoocooom50 |\n| Gambar 9 | Terung yang telah dipanen | ..........ooooococooo 53 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## I. PENDAHULUAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Tanaman Terung (Solanum melongena L.) merupakan salah satu komoditas yang memiliki prospek yang cukup baik untuk dikembangkan dan umumnya dikonsumsi masyarakat dalam bentuk segar maupun olahan. Agar dapat berhasil dengan baik budidaya terung diupayakan untuk memenuhi persyaratan teknis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "optimal sehingga dapat diproduksi secara teratur sepanjang tahun dengan produksi dan mutu yang optimal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Di Indonesia tanaman terung mempunyai daya adaptasi yang cukup luas. Oleh karena itu tanaman ini umumnya dapat dibudidayakan hampir diseluruh wilayah Indonesia, baik di dataran rendah maupun di dataran tinggi sampai ketinggian 1000 mdpl. Suhu yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan tanaman terung adalah 22'-30' C. Tingkat kemasaman (pH) tanah berkisar antara 5-6.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Untuk menghindari timbulnya berbagai masalah dalam budidaya terung, terutama terhadap keamanan produk dan lingkungan, perlu dilakukan usaha budidaya secara baik. Dengan upaya-upaya yang dilakukan secara baik ini diharapkan usaha budidaya terung dapat dilakukan secara berkelanjutan dan produknya aman untuk konsumsi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Salah satu usaha yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan membuat standar, yaitu Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) sebagai acuan dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan produksi terung. ' Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) ini memuat alur proses budidaya dari on-farm sampai penanganan pasca-panen sesuai dengan GAP (Good Agriculture Practices) yang dianjurkan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Dokumen SOP ini bersifat umum dan diharapkan dapat dikembangkan'/disusun disetiap daerah pengembangan sesuai dengan spesifik lokasi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## II. TARGET", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Target yang akan dicapai dalam penerapan Standar Operasionai Prosedur (SOP) budidaya ini adalah tercapainya produksi/hasi! optimal, mutu produksi sesuai standar dan meningkatnya penggunaan produksi terung untuk industri sehingga impor dapat ditekan. Target produktivitas yang akan dicapai untuk terung adalah 30-35 ton/ha (nonhibrida) atau 40-60 ton/ha (hibrida).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## II. KEGIATAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Peningkatan produksi dan mutu terung memerlukan management khusus budidaya yang meliputi perbaikan manajemen serta aplikasi budidaya dari pra-panen sampai dengan pasca panen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Tanaman terung dapat beradaptasi luas mulai dari dataran rendah sampai ke dataran tinggi, tergantung dari varietas yang digunakan. Untuk memperoleh hasil buah yang optimal, selain dengan menggunakan varietas yang tahan terhadap OPT, juga perlu diperhatikan penerapan teknologi budidaya yang tepat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Kegiatan budidaya yang dinilai berkaitan erat dengan tujuan dan target yang ditetapkan, terutama pada tahap pemeliharaan, seperti pemupukan, pengairan, pengendalian OPT, panen dan penanganan pasca panen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Varietas terung yang telah dilepas oleh Menteri Pertanian Tahun 2006 sampai Tahun 2008 sebanyak 11 Varietas yaitu Terong Panjang Hibrida Varietas Ratih Ungu, Terong Hibrida Varietas Violet, Terong Hibrida Varietas Ratih Hijau-2, Terong Hibrida Varietas Prince, Orlando Green, San Siro, Ungu 05, Hijau 06, Kenari, Milano dan SM 211. Varietas-varietas tersebut merupakan varietas yang dianjurkan untuk dibudidayakan. Varietas unggul bermutu pada terung merupakan hasil pemuliaan dalam negeri atau jenis introduksi yang telah dilepas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Gambar 1. Tanaman terung", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## STANDAR OPERASIONAL PROSEDUR (SOP)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Terung! | Tanggal Dibuat anane corn nnenennnana |\n|--------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------------------|\n| Penyediaan Benih | Halaman 4-9 | Revisi ke.... Tgk see |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## I. PENYEDIAAN BENIH", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## A. Definisi :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Penyediaan benih merupakan rangkaian kegiatan menyediakan benih terung bermutu dari varietas yang dianjurkan dalam jumlah yang cukup dan pada waktu yang tepat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## B. Tujuan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "1. Menyediakan benih bermutu yang dianjurkan sesuai dengan kebutuhan dalam jumlah dan waktu yang tepat.\n2. Menyediakan benih yang murni secara genetik, sehat, daya tumbuhnya baik dan mempunyai daya adaptasi yang baik di lahan yang akan ditanami", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi/referensi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "1. Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran dan Biofarnaka (2006), Buku Tahunan Hortikultura seri Tanaman Sayuran.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "2. Anas D Susila (2006), Panduan Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran, Bagian Produksi Tanaman Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, IPB.\n3. Pengalaman Petani Jawa Timur\n4. Referensi dari berbagai sumber", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## D. Bahan dan Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "1. Benih\n2. Tanah/media tanam N\n3. Pupuk organik\n4. Polybag/kantong plastik/baki pesemaian\n5. Bambu/kayu\n6. Plastik transparan/screen\n7. Pestisida\n8. Pupuk daun\n9. . Pisau/gunting", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "0 Pp AO Aw", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "10. Gembor\n11. Handsprayer", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## E. Fungsi Bahan dan Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "1. Benih digunakan sebagai bahan untuk perbanyakan tanaman\n2. Tanah dan atau media lain digunakan sebagai media semai\n3. Pupuk organik digunakan untuk memperbaiki sifat fisik tanah (tekstur dan struktur tanah)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran & Biofarmaka |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "4. Polybag, kantong plastik atau baki untuk wadah media semai\n5. Bambu untuk membuat naungan tempat pembenihan\n6. Plastik transparan digunakan untuk menaungi persemaian\n7. Pestisida untuk mengendalikan serangan OPT\n8. Pupuk daun untuk menambah unsur hara melalui daun\n9. Pisau/gunting untuk melubangi polybag\n10. Gembor", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## F. Prosedur Pelaksanaan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "1. Pemilihan benih\n- a. Gunakan varietas yang dianjurkan, sudah dilepas oleh Menteri Pertanian dan tersedia dipasaran\n- b. Pilih benih bermutu tinggi (berdaya kecambah diatas 80x, adaptasi baik, mempunyai vigor yang baik, murni, bersih dan sehat)\n- c. Pilih benih yang sesuai dengan iklim, musim tanam dan preferensi pasar\n- d. Gunakan benih yang tidak kadaluarsa\n- e. Catat dan simpan label benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## 2. Pesemaian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "- a. Media tanam yang digunakan adalah campuran dari tanah dan pupuk organik dengan perbandingann 2 : 1.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "- b. Pelaksanaan Penyemaian benih di bedeng persemaian\n- 1) Media tanam yang digunakan untuk persemaian dicampur dahulu dan diberi pupuk organik 1 minggu sebelum penyemaian\n- 2) Lebar bedengan persemaian 1-1,2 m dengan panjang disesuaikan dengan kondisi lahan.\n- 3) Bedengan diberi naungan atau atap plastik transparan yang menghadap timur\n5. '4 Benih terung disebar merata pada bedengan , Ialu ditutup dengan lapisan tanah halus, kemudian ditutup lagi dengan daun pisang atau karung goni basah\n- 5) Lakukan pengamatan, penyiraman dan pengendalian OPT selama dipesemaian\n- 6) Setelah & 10-15 hari sejak semai, benih dipindahkan ke dalam polybag\n- 7) Pindahkan bibit ke lahan setelah berumur 20-30 hari atau ditandai dengan 3 helai daun sempurna.\n- 3) Lakukan penanaman bibit pada pagi atau sore hari di bedengan yang telah disiapkan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Gambar 2. Bedengan persemaian.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "(Foto : Repro. Balitsa )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "- c. Apabila menggunakan bibit yang berasal dari penyedia jasa pesemaian maka harus memahami standar produk bibit yang bermutu.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## G. Sasaran", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "1. Digunakannya benih bermutu dari varietas unggul untuk mendapatkan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman yang baik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "2. Digunakannya benih yang mempunyai tingkat kemurnian, daya tumbuh yang tinggi dan sehat (tidak membawa dan atau menularkan OPT) untuk pertanaman seragam dan produktifitas yang tinggi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran & Biofarmaka", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Terung II | Tanggal Dibuat pose |\n|--------------------------------|-----------------------|---------------------------|\n| : P Lah Pe an | Halaman 10-16 | Revisi ke.... Tgl. ...... |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## II. PERSIAPAN LAHAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## A. Definisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Kegiatan persiapan lahan adalah kegiatan mempersiapkan lahan yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan tanaman, meliputi kegiatan persiapan/pengolahan lahan, pemupukan dasar dan pemasangan mulsa plastik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## B. Tujuan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Mempersiapkan lahan dengan sebaik-baiknya agar pertumbuhan tanaman optimal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi/referensi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "1. Anas D Susila (2006), Panduan Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran, Bagian Produksi Tanaman Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, IPB.\n2. Pengalaman Petani Jawa Timur\n3. Referensi dari berbagai sumber", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## D. Alat dan Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "1. Bambu/golok/pisau\n2. Kertas/alat tulis/penggaris", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "' 10 di OH ND OA w", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "- Bajak/cangkul/sekop/garpu\n- Mulsa plastik\n- Pelubang mulsa plastik\n- Tali rafia/tambang plastik\n- Pupuk organik\n- Dolomit/zeolit/kapur pertanian\n- . Pupuk anorganik (Urea, ZA, SP-18 dan KCI)\n10. Gembor", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## F. Fungsi Bahan dan Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "1. Bambu/golok/pisau, digunakan sebagai bahan dan alat membuat ajir dan pasak penjepit mulsa.\n2. Kertas/alat tulis/penggaris, digunakan sebagai alat tulis dalam rangka pembuatan desain kebun, dll\n3. Bajak/cangkul/sekop/garpu digunakan sebagai alat dalam proses pengolahan tanah yaitu membersihkan sisa-sisa perakaran tanaman, menggemburkan, menghaluskan/ meratakan tanah dan membuat guludan/bedengan.\n4. Mulsa plastik untuk mengendalikan gulma, membantu perkembangan akar, mempertahankan suhu dan kelembaban tanah, mencegah erosi tanah, dan mengurangi penguapan air dan pupuk.\n5. Alat pelubang mulsa berdiameter 10 cm", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "6. Pupuk organik digunakan untuk memperbaiki sifat fisik tanah sehingga lebih meningkatkan ketersediaan unsur-unsur hara yang diperlukan tanaman.\n7. Dolomit/kapur pertanian diberikan untuk meningkatkan pH pada tanah masam hingga mendekati pH normal (diberikan 1 bulan sebelum tanam).\n8. Pupuk anorganik (Urea, ZA, SP-18, KCI) untuk pupuk tunggal atau pupuk NPK untuk pupuk majemuk.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## F. Fungsi Bahan dan Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## 1. Pemilihan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "- a. Pilih lokasi lahan yang sebelumnya tidak ditanami tanaman dari family yang sama (solanaceae) seperti tomat, cabai, melon, tembakau : minimal 1 musim tanam.\n- b. Dianjurkan memilih lokasi lahan bekas ditanami dari family graminae seperti padi, jagung, tebu atau dari family liliaceae seperti bawang merah, bawang bombay, dil.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## 2. Pengolahan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "- a. Lakukan pembersihan lahan dari sisa tanaman dan gulma.\n- b. Lakukan penggemburan lahan dengan cara mencangkul sampai kedalaman 30-40 cm, kemudian lahan dibiarkan terkena sinar matahari selama 2 (dua) minggu.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "- c. Buat bedengan dengan lebar 1-1,2 m (system ganda) atau lebar 80 cm (system tunggal), tinggi 30 cm dengan jarak antar bedengan 40 cm dengan panjang disesuaikan kondisi lahan.\n- d. Pembuatan lubang tanam pada system tunggal dengan jarak 40 cm dalam barisan (musim kemarau) atau 50 cm (musim hujan). Pada system ganda dengan jarak 50 x 70 cm (musim kemarau) atau 70 x 80 cm (musim hujan).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Gambar 3. Penyiapan lahan untuk budidaya", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Lakukan pemberian kapur dengan kaptan/zeolit/dolomit", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "3. Pemberian kapur tanah sebanyak 1,5 ton/ha", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "(disesuaikan dengan rekomendasi spesifik lokasi) yang diberikan bersamaan dengan pengolahan tanah pada lahan bila derajat keasaman (pH) rendah, minimal 3-4 tahun sekali", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## . Pemupukan dasar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Pemberian pupuk dasar dalam bentuk pupuk organik yang sudah matang sekitar 2 minggu sebelum tanam. Pupuk anorganik NPK, 7-10 hari sebelum tanam dengan cara ditebar, disiram dan ditutup mulsa. Jumlah dan jenis pupuk disesuaikan dengan rekomendasi spesifik lokasi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## . Pemasangan muilsa", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "- a. Gunakan mulsa plastik hitam perak dengan lebar 100 - 125 cm (sistem ganda) atau lebar 80 cm (sistem tunggal), bagian plastik berwarna perak menghadap ke atas dan yang berwarna hitam menghadap ke tanah/bawah.\n- b. Tarik ujung mulsa, kaitkan pasak penjepit di tepi muisa agar tidak mudah lepas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## . Pembuatan Lubang Tanam", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "- a. Seteiah muisa terpasang, lanjutkan pembuatan lubang tanam pada muisa dengan menggunakar: alat pelubang muisa.\n- b. Buat lubang tanam menurut sistem zigzag (segi tiga) atau 2 baris berhadapan\n- c. Buat lubang tanam sesuai dengan jarak tanam.\n7. Catat semua kegiatan persiapan lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "| MNNKIN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## GS. Sasaran", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "1. Tersedianya lahan dan bedengan untuk tempat tumbuh tanaman secara optimal.\n2. Terpasangnya mulsa plastik untuk menutup permukaan bedengan, dengan lubang tanam yang mengikuti jarak tanam sesuai anjuran.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Gambar 4. Penyiapan lubang tanam pada bedeng yang menggunakan mulsa plastik", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Terung Ill | Tanggal Dibuat |oem |\n|--------------------------------|------------------------|----------------------------|\n| P Penanaman | Halaman 17-19 | Revisi ke... Tgl. ...... |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## II. PENANAMAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## A. Definisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Merupakan kegiatan memindahkan bibit dari persemaian ke lahan atau areal penanaman hingga tanaman berdiri tegak dan tumbuh secara optimal di lapangan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Gambar 5. Bibit terung yang siap ditanam", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## B. Tujuan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Menempatkan bibit di lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi/referensi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "1. Anas D Susila (2006), Panduan Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran, Bagian Produksi Tanaman Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, IPB.\n2. Pengalaman petani Jawa Timur\n3. Referensi dari berbagai sumber", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## D. Bahan dan Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "1. Air\n2. Bibit\n3. Ember dan gayung", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "## E. Fungsi Bahan dan Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "- 1, Air digunakan untuk membasahi tanah sehingga kelembaban tanah optimal dan tanaman tidak mengalami kelayuan/ kekeringan.\n- . Bibit digunakan sebagai bahan yang akan ditanam pada bedengan yang telah disiapkan\n- . Ember dan gayung untuk penyiraman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "## F. Prosedur Pelaksanaan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "- ta Lakukan penanaman pada pagi atau sore hari agar bibit tidak layu akibat terik cahaya matahari berlebihan.\n- Periksa bibit yang ditanam dan harus diseleksi terlebih dahulu. Batang tanaman harus tumbuh lurus, perakaran banyak dan pertumbuhannya normal.\n- Tanam bibit di bedengan pada mulsa yang telah dilubangi. Tanam benih di bedengan sebatas leher akar atau pada pangkal batang tanpa mengikutsertakan batangnya.\n4. Lakukan penyiraman setelah penanaman.\n- Catat proses kegiatan penanaman benih ke lapangan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "## G. Sasaran", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Bibit dari persemaian dapat ditanam di bedengan yang telah disiapkan dengan jarak", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "tanam yang telah ditentukan agar tanaman tumbuh dengan optimal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Gambar 6. Tanaman terung di lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Terung IV | Tanggal Dibuat nnnnnnnnnnn menanamkan |\n|--------------------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------------------------|\n| sa Pemnasangat ik | Halaman 19-21 | Revisi ke ... Tgl. ...... |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## IV. PEMASANGAN AJIR", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "- A. Definisi Merupakan kegiatan memasang penyanggah/ penopang dekat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "dengan tanaman terung.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Gambar 7. Pemasangan ajir untuk menopang tanaman agar tumbuh tegak", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## B. Tujuan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Membantu tanaman tumbuh tegak, mengurangi kerusakan fisik tanaman yang disebabkan beban buah dan tiupan angin, memperbaiki pertumbuhan daun dan tunas, mempermudah pemeliharaan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi/referensi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "1. Anas D Susila (2006), Panduan Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran, Bagian Produksi Tanaman Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, IPB.\n2. Budi Samadi (2005), Budidaya Terung Hibrida. Kanisius.\n3. Pengalaman Petani Jawa Timur\n4. Referensi dari berbagai sumber", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## D. Bahan dan Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "1. Bambu/kayu\n2. Golok/pisau\n3. Tali rafia", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## E. Fungsi Bahan dan Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "1. Bambu/kayu digunakan sebagai bahan pembuat ajir\n2. Golok/pisau digunakan untuk membuat ajir yang panjang agar sesuai kebutuhan.\n3. Tali rafia digunakan untuk mengikat tanaman pada ajir.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## F. Prosedur Pelaksanaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "1. Buat ajir dari bambu/ kayu dengan ukuran 4 x 100 cm.\n2. Buat ajir dari bambu/kayu setinggi 90-100 cm dengan lebar 2-4 cm yang ditancapkan 5-7 cm dari tanaman dan ditanamkan dalam tanah sedalam 20-30 cm dengan posisi miring keluar atau tegak lurus.\n3. Ikat tanaman pada ajir dengan tali rafia dilakukan pada umur 3 minggu setelah tanam.\n4. Catat semua kegiatan pemasangan ajir", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## G. Sasaran", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Terpasangnya ajir untuk menopang pertumbuhan tanaman agar tumbuh tegak.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran & Biofarmaka", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | . Nomor SOP Terung V | Tanggal Dibuat sarncnnnnnnanennnnnnnnnnan |\n|--------------------------------|------------------------|---------------------------------------------|\n| p lamjkeasil erempelan/wiwi | Halaman 22-23 | ' Revisi ke... Tgl. aa. |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## V. PEREMPELAN/WIWIL", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## A. Definisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Merupakan kegiatan membuang tunas air dengan membiarkan tunas keempat dan seterusnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## B. Tujuan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "1. Mengatur keseimbangan nutrisi dan asimilat untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman.\n2. Untuk membentuk tajuk tanaman yang ideal sehingga terjadi partisi sinar matahari yang efektif untuk energi fotosintesis.\n3. Mempermudah pemeliharaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## C. Va lidasi/referensi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "1. Anas D Susila (2006), Panduan Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran, Bagian Produksi Tanaman Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, IPB.\n2. Pengalaman Petani Jawa Timur\n3. Referensi dari berbagai sumber", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## | Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran & Biofarmaka", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "- D. Bahan dan Alat Wadah/ember\n- E. Fungsi Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "Wadah/ember digunakan untuk menampung wiwilan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "## F. Prosedur Pelaksanaan:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "1. Lakukan perempelan/wiwil pada waktu pagi hari.\n2. Lakukan perempelan/wiwil tunas di ketiak daun pada umur 15-25 HST (bibit dari polybag) atau 20-5 HST (bibit cabutan)\n3. Catat setiap kegiatan perempelan/wiwil", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "## G. Sasaran", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "1. Terbentuk keseimbangan nutrisi dan asimilat untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman.\n2. Terbentuk tajuk tanaman yang ideal sehingga terjadi partisi sinar matahari yang efektif untuk energi fotosintesis.\n3. Mempermudah pemeliharaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Terung VI | Tanggal Dibuat erannnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnan |\n|--------------------------------|-----------------------|---------------------------------------------|\n| : CAgslaA | Halaman 24-25 | Revisi ke Tgl. ..... |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "## VI.PENGAIRAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "## A. Definisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "Memberi air sesuai kebutuhan tanaman di daerah perakaran tanaman dengan air yang memenuhi standar baku mutu pada waktu, cara, dan jumlah yang tepat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "B. Tujuan Menjamin ketersediaan air bagi tanaman untuk mengganti air yang hilang akibat penguapan, hanyut, infiltrasi, run-off, dil, sehingga pertumbuhan dan proses produksinya berjalan optimal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi/referensi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "1. Anas D Susila (2006), Panduan Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran, Bagian Produksi Hortikultura, IPB. Tanaman Departemen Agronomi dan\n2. Pengalaman Petani Jawa Timur\n3. Referensi dari berbagai sumber", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "## D. Alat dan bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "aa 8 & N", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "- . Pompa air\n- . Selang plastik\n- . Gayung dan ember\n- . Cangkul", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "## E. Fungsi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "1. Pompa air digunakan untuk menaikkan air (apabila sumber air lebih rendah dari pertanaman) dengan menggunakan selang.\n2. Gayung dan ember untuk menyiram tanaman (apabila jumlah air tidak mencukupi untuk menggenangi parit bedengan).\n3. Cangkul untuk membuka dan menutup saluran air.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "## F. Prosedur pelaksanaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "1. Lakukan penyiraman sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman, dengan menyirami pangkal batang tanaman dengan gayung.\n2. Lakukan dengan sistem leb sesuai dengan kebutuhan dengan interval 1 minggu di musim kemarau.\n3. Pada musim penghujan sistem pembuangan (drainase), atur supaya aliran air berjalan lancar sehingga akar tanaman tidak tergenang air terlalu lama.\n4. Catat setiap kegiatan pengairan yang dilaksanakan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "## G. Sasaran", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "Terjaminnya ketersediaan air bagi tanaman untuk mengganti air yang hilang akibat penguapan, hanyut, dll, sehingga pertumbuhan dan proses produksinya berjalan optimal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "## Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran & Biofarmaka |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Terung VII | Tanggal Dibuat sanenennnnnnnnnnnnnnaanaan |\n|--------------------------------|------------------------|---------------------------------------------|\n| Pemupukan | Halaman 26-28 | Revisi ke... Tgl. ...... |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## VII. PEMUPUKAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## A. Definisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Penambahan unsur hara ke dalam tanah apabila kandungan unsur hara dalam tanah tidak mencukupi untuk mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman secara optimal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## B. Tujuan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Mempertahankan status hara tanah agar memenuhi kebutuhan hara tanaman sehingga dapat menjamin pertumbuhan tanaman secara optimal dan berproduksi dengan mutu yang optimal pula.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi/referensi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "1. Panduan Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran. Bagian Produksi Tanaman Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura. IPB. 2006\n2. Budidaya Terung Hibrida. Budi Samadi. Kanisius 2005\n3. Pengalaman Petani Jawa Timur\n4. Referensi dari berbagai sumber", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## | Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran & Biofarmaka", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "## D. Bahan dan Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "1. Pupuk organik\n2. . Pupuk anorganik (Unsur N, P, K, S) N\n3. . Pupuk pelengkap cair\n4. . Tugal\n5. . Ember/gayung", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "## E. Fungsi :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "1. Pupuk organik digunakan untuk memperbaiki tekstur dan struktur tanah\n2. . Pupuk anorganik, digunakan sebagai unsur tambahan hara/nutrisi yang dibutuhkan tanaman dalam bentuk pupuk tunggal maupun majemuk\n3. . Pupuk pelengkap cair digunakan untuk mengatasi kekurangan jumlah unsur hara mikro yang diperlukan tanaman.\n4. Tugal untuk membuat lubang pupuk.\n5. Ember sebagai tempat/wadah air", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "## F. Prosedur Pelaksanaan:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "1. Gunakan jumlah pupuk berdasarkan dosis yang telah ditentukan sesuai dengan rekomendasi setempat.\n2. Jenis pupuk yang umumnya digunakan adalah Urea, ZA, SP-18, KCI, dan unsur hara mikro.\n3. Waktu aplikasi pupuk NPK dilakukan pada umur 15, 28, 42 hari setelah tanam (hibrida) sedangkan nonhibrida dilanjutkan aplikasinya pada umur 60, 80 hari setelah tanam.\n4. Setiap kegiatan pemupukan yang dilaksanakan harus tercatat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "## Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran & Biofarmaka", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Terung VIII | Tanggal Dibuat nnnncnvnnnnnnnennnnnnnnaa |\n|--------------------------------|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------|\n| Pengendalian OPT | Halaman 29 - 49 | Revisi ke ... Tgl. ...... |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## VIII. PENGENDALIAN OPT", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## A. Definisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Kegiatan pengendaliaan OPT dilakukan dengan sistem terpadu untuk menurunkan populasi OPT atau intensitas serangan sehingga tidak merugikan secara ekonomis dan aman bagi lingkungan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## B. Tujuan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "1. Untuk menghindari kerugian ekonomi berupa kehilangan hasil (kuantitas) dan penurunan mutu (kualitas) produk.\n2. Menjaga kesehatan tanaman dan kelestarian lingkungan hidup dan keamanan produk.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi/referensi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "1. Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran dan Biofarmaka. (2006) Buku Tahunan Hortikultura seri Tanaman Sayuran\n2. Haryono Semangun. (2000). Penyakit-penyakit Tanaman Hortikultura Indonesia,\n3. Pengalaman Petani Jawa Timur\n4. Referensi dari berbagai sumber", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## D. Bahan dan Alat :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "1. Bahan\n2. . Pestisida (insektisida, fungisida, herbisida) yang terdaftar dan diizinkan, sesuai dengan Daftar Pestisida untuk Pertanian dan Kehutanan tahun 2006.\n3. . Pestisida nabati dan agens hayati.\n4. Air\n5. . Minyak tanah\n6. . Alkohoi 70Y6\n7. Kloroks 196", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## 2. Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "- . Hand sprayer, power sprayer\n- . Ember/drum\n- Pengaduk\n- Takaran (skala mi dan liter)\n- Kuas\n- Pisau\n- Gunting pangkas\n- . Alat/sarana pelindung: sarung tangan, masker, topi, sepatu boot, baju lengan panjang.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "TO Pp an v0 p", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## E. Fungsi Bahan dan Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "1. Pestisida (pestisida kimiawi, biopestisida, pestisida nabati) untuk mengendalikan OPT dengan menurunkan populasi dan intensitas serangan OPT:\n2. Air sebagai bahan pencampur pestisida dan bahan pembersih:\n3. Alat aplikator pestisida untuk mengaplikasikan pestisida pada tanaman,\n4. Ember untuk mencampur pestisida dan air:\n5. Pengaduk untuk mengaduk pestisida dan air:\n6. Takaran (gelas ukur) untuk menakar pestisida dan air (skala cc/ml dan liter):\n7. Minyak tanah untuk membakar sisa-sisa/ bagian tanaman yang terserang OPT,\n8. Deterjen untuk mencuci alat aplikator, mengendalikan OPT tertentu dan pencampur bahan pestisida nabati:\n9. Alkohol 7096, kloroks 146 dan Iysol. Untuk mensucihamakan (desinfektan) alat-alat pertanian (pisau, gunting pangkas dan gergaji).\n10. 10.Alat pelindung untuk melindungi bagian tubuh dari cemaran bahan kimiawi (pestisida).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## F. Prosedur Pelaksanaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "1. Melakukan pengamatan OPT secara berkala (1 minggu 1 kali) dengan mengambil contoh untuk mengetahui jenis hama dan populasinya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "2. Mengenali dan identifikasi gejala serangan, jenis OPT, dan musuh alaminya.\n3. Memperkirakan OPT yang perlu diwaspadai dan dikendalikan (OPT)\n4. Catat semua kegiatan pengendalian OPT", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "## G. Jenis Hama Yang Menyerang Tanaman Terung:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "1. Lalat Buah (Dacus dorsalis)\n- a. Bioekologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "Serangga dewasa mirip lalat rumah berukuran sekitar 0,7 mm dan rentang sayap 13-15 mm. Toraks/dada berwarna jingga, merah kecoklatan dan terdapat 2 garis membujur. Abdomen terdapat 2 garis melintang dan satu garis membujur seolah-olah membentuk huruf T. Seekor betina mampu bertelur 1.200-1.500 butir dengan siklus hidup sekitar 25 hari. Terbang disela-sela tanaman pada siang atau sore hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "- b. Gejala serangan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "Bercak berwarna cokelat pada buah, kemudian menjadi busuk dan bila dibelah akan terlihat adanya larva dalam daging buah tersebut", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "## c. Pengendalian :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## 1) Fisik mekanis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "- « Tanah dicangkul atau dibajak sehingga kepompong lalat buah yang ada di dalam tanah akan mati terkena sinar matahari\n- « Mengumpulkan buah yang terserang kemudian dimusnahkan dengan cara dibakar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## 2) Hayati", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "- « Penggunaan perangkap dengan atraktan misalnya metil eugenol (ME) atau petrogenol dan minyak selasih dengan dosis 1 ml/perangkap (18 buah/ha). Perangkap dipasang pada ketinggian 2-3 m dari tanah, mulai tanaman berumur 2 minggu sampai akhir panen dan atraktan diganti setiap 2 minggu sekali.\n- ' Pelepasan serangga jantan mandul yang telah diradiasi dilepas ke lapangan dalam jumlah besar sehingga diharapkan dapat mengurangi keberhasilan perkawinan dengan lalat fertil dan akhirnya populasi lalat buah dapat berkurang.\n- « Pemanfaatan musuh alami yang potensial untuk mengendalikan hama lalat buah, antara lain parasitoid larva dan pupa (Biosteres sp, Opius sp), predator semut, Arachnidae (laba-laba), Staphylinidae (kumbang) dan Dermatera (Cocopet).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## 3) Kimiawi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "Pengendalian secara kimiawi dilakukan apabila cara-cara pengendalian lainnya tidak dapat menekan populasi hama, sehingga digunakan pestisida yang efektif sesuai anjuran, terdaftar dan diizinkan Mentan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "## 2. Kutu Daun (Aphis spp)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "## a. Gejala serangan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "Kutu menghisap cairan sel, terutama pada bagian pucuk daun-daun yang masih muda, hingga bentuk daun menjadi keriput/menggulung. Kutu daun ini juga berperan sebagai vektor virus", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "## b. Pengendalian :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "- 1) Kultur teknis\n2. » Melakukan eradikasi gulma dan bagian-bagian tanaman yang terserang, kemudian dibakar\n3. « Tumpangsari dengan bawang daun, dapat menekan serangan hama kutu daun karena bawang daun bersifat sebagai pengusir hama ini.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "- »« Penggunaan tanaman perangkap, seperti tanaman caisin yang ditanam di sekeliling tanaman. Jika populasi hama cukup tinggi, dilakukan penyemprotan pestisida pada tanaman perangkap saja (caisin).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "## 2) Fisik mekanis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "- » Penggunaan kain kasa pada bedengan persemaian maupun di sekitar pertanaman\n- s Penggunaan perangkap air berwarna kuning. Perangkap yang dibutuhkan sebanyak 40 buah per ha atau 2 buah per 500 m2, dipasang pada saat tanaman cabai berumur 2 minggu.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "## 3) Hayati", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "Musuh alami yang potensial menyerang kutu daun di lapangan antara lain parasitoid Aphidius sp, predator kumbang Coccinella transversalis, Menocvhillus sexmaculata, larva Microphis lineata, Veranius sp dan patogen Entomopthora sp.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "## 4) Kimiawi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "Apabila jumlah kutu daun lebih dari 7 ekor per 10 daun contoh atau kerusakan tanaman lebih dari 1545 per tanaman contoh dapat digunakan pestisida yang efektif, terdaftar dan diizinkan Mentan. Aplikasi pestisida nabati pada stadia dini efektif menekan kutudaun. Penyemprotan sebaiknya dilakukan pada senja hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "## 3. Tungau (Tetranychus spp)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "## a. Gejala serangan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "Bintik-bintik merah sampai kecoklat-coklatan atau hitam pada permukaan daun bagian atas ataupun bagian bawah. Pada serangan cukup berat dapat menimbulkan gejala keriting daun.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "## b. Pengendalian :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "- 1) Kultur Teknis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "Sanitasi dengan mengeradikasi bagian tanaman terserang dan memusnahkannya. Pengairan yang cukup mengurangi populasi hama ini.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "- 2) Hayati", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "Pemanfaatan musuh alami (predator Amblyseius cucumeris), dan cendawan antagonis Beuveria bassiana", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "## 3) Kimiawi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "Apabila cara lain tidak dapat menekan populasi hama, dapat diaplikasikan dengan pestisida efektif yang terdaftar dan diizinkan Mentan, yaitu apabila hasil pengamatan intensitas serangan 2 15X per tanaman contoh.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "## 4. Ulat buah (Helicoverpa Armigera Hubn)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "## a. Gejala serangan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "Bentuk buah tidak normal dan memudahkan serangan penyakit busuk buah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "## . Pengendalian:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "Pergiliran tanaman , menjaga kebersihan/sanitasi kebun dan penanaman secara serempak. Cara lain dapat juga digunakan dengan menyemprotkan insektisida yang efektif.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "## 5. Ulat grayak (Spodoptera Litura).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "## a. Bioekologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "Ulat mempunyai warna yang bervariasi, mempunyai kalung/bulan sabit berwarna hitam pada segmen abdomen yang ke 4 atau ke 10, hidup berkelompok, ulat yang baru menetas berwarna hijau muda, bagian sisi coklat tua atau hitam kecoklatan. Umur 2 minggu panjang ulat sekitar 5 cm. Instar yang paling merusak adalah tiga dan empat, menyerang tanaman pada malam hari dan pada siang hari bersembunyi dalam tanah. Seekor ngengat betina dapat meletakkan telur antara 2,000 -3.000 butir. Hama ini bersifat folifag dan mempunya siklus hidup berkisar 30 - 60 hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "## b. Gejala serangan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "Tanaman menjadi gundui dan buah berlubang-lubang. Biasanya hama ini menyerang hebat pada musim kemarau. Larva instar 1 dan 2 merusak daun dan buah dengan meninggalkan sisa-sisa epidermis daun bagian atas dan yang tinggal hanya tulang-tulang daun. Larva instar lanjut merusak tulang daun ditandai dengan gundulnya daun, kadang-kadang larva menyerang buah. Larva biasanya berada di permukaan bawah daun dan menyerang secara serentak dan berkelompok. Gejala serangan pada buah ditandai dengan timbulnya lubang yang tidak beraturan pada permukaan buah. Pada serangan berat menyebabkan tanaman gundul karena daun dan buah habis dimakan ulat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "## c. Pengendalian:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "- 1) Kultur teknis\n2. « Sanitasi lahan dengan cara membersihkan gulma dan sisa tanaman yang dapat menjadi sumber infeksi.\n3. e Pengolahan lahan yang intensif dan saluran air (drainase) yang baik.\n4. ' Eradikasi selektif dilakukan terhadap kelompok telur yang ditemukan pada pertanaman terserang.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "## 2) Fisik mekanis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "- « Pemusnahan kelompok telur, larva atau pupa dan bagian tanaman yang terserang.\n- « Penggunaan perangkap feromonoid seks untuk ngengat sebanyak 40 buah per Ha atau 2 buah per 500 m2. Pemasangan perangkap dilakukan sejak tanaman berumur 2 minggu.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "## 3) Hayati", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "Pemanfaatan musuh alami patogen SI. NPV (Spodoptera litura-Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus), Bacillus thuringiensis, Beawveria bassiana, cendawan cordisep, Nematoda steinerma, predator Sycanus sp, parasitoid Apanteles sp, Telenomus Spodopterae dan Peribeae sp.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "## 4) Kimiawi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "Jika intensitas kerusakan daun akibat serangan ulat grayak telah mencapai lebih atau sama dengan 12,55 per tanaman contoh, maka pertanaman cabai disemprot dengan pestisida yang terdaftar dan diizinkan Mentan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "## 6. Penggerek Batang (Phthorimaea operculella)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "## a. Bioekologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "Serangga dewasa berupa ngengat kecil yang berwarna coklat kelabu, aktif pada malam hari. Seekor ngengat betina mampu menghasilkan telur sekitar 98 butir. Ulat berwarna putih kelabu dengan kepala coklat tua panjangnya sekitar 1 cm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "## b. Gejala serangan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "Batang tanaman berlubang dan terdapat kotoran-kotoran disekitar lubang. Jika menyerang daun muda, maka daun menggulung dan ulat bersembunyi didalamnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "- 1) Pemilihan bibit sehat bebas serangan hama ini,\n- 2) Pergiliran tanaman untuk memutus siklus hidupnya, sehingga mengurangi populasi ulat penggerek, memangkas daun yang menggulung, penyemprotan insektisida secara teratur sejak tanaman masih kecil sesuai dosis anjuran.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "## H. Penyakit yang menyerang tanaman Terung:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "1. Busuk Buah (Phytophtora spp)\n- a. Gejala serangan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "Mula-mula terjadi bercak kebasahan yang bergaris tengah lebih kurang 0,5 cm. Bercak meluas dengan cepat kearah sumbu panjang, sehingga bercak bentuknya memanjang. Bagian dalam buah berubah warnanya, kebasah-basahan dan berbatas coklat tidak teratur. Akhirnya buah terlepas dari kelopaknya dan menjadi busuk sama sekali.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "## b. Pengendalian :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "- 1) Pengaturan musim tanam, yaitu pada saat akhir musim hujan dan pada musim kemarau,\n- 2) Pergiliran tanaman dengan tanaman bukan terung-terungan (Solanaceae),\n- 3) Perendaman bibit sekitar 3 menit dalam larutan PGPR dengan dosis 20 gr/l air,\n- 4) Eradikasi bagian tanaman terserang dan dimusnahkan dengan dibakar,\n- 5) Penggunaan fungisida efektif yang terdaftar dan diizinkan Mentan, yaitu bila ditemukan 1 bercak yang aktif/10 tanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "## 1. Layu Bakteri (Pseudomonas solanacearum)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "## a. Gejala serangan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "Layu pada pucuk daun kemudian menjalar ke bagian bawah daun sampai seluruh daun menjadi layu dan akhirnya tanaman menjadi mati. Jaringan pembuluh batang bagian bawah dan akar menjadi kecoklatan. Apabila batang dan akar yang terserang dipotong melintang dan dicelupkan ke dalam air jernih tampak mengeluarkan cairan keruh yang merupakan koloni bakteri. Serangan pada buah menyebabkan warna buah cabai menjadi kekuningan dan busuk. Infeksi terjadi melalui lentisel dan akan cepat berkembang jika ada luka mekanis akibat gigitan hama dan faktor lainnya. Penyakit layu bakteri ini berkembang sangat cepat pada musim hujan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "## b. Pengendalian:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "- 1) Melakukan sanitasi dengan mengeradikasi tanaman yang terserang dan sisa-sisa tanaman sakit dicabut dan dimusnahkan dengan dibakar.\n- 2) Melakukan pergiliran tanaman dengan tanaman yang dari famili kubis-kubisan (Cruciferae),\n- 3) Memperbaiki aerasi tanah agar tidak terjadi genangan air dan kelembaban yang cukup tinggi, dengan membuat guludan setinggi 40- 50 cm.\n- 4) Penurunan pH tanah dengan pemberian belerang pada areal pertanaman\n- 5) Menanam varietas terung yang sehat dan tahan penyakit layu bakteri |\n- 6) Perendaman benih selama 6 jam dalam larutan mikroba antagonis Pf (Pseudomonas fluorescens) dengan dosis 20 mi/l air, dan memanfaatkan Trichoderma spp dan Gliociadium spp", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "yang mempunyai mekanisme pengendalian melalui hiperparasit, antibiosis dan lisis serta melalui persaingan. Aplikasi pada kantong persemaian sebanyak 5 grm per kantong, diaplikasikan 3 hari sebelum benih ditanam atau bersamaan dengan penanaman benih.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "- 7) Apabila cara-cara pengendalian lainnya tidak dapat menekan serangan penyakit ini dapat digunakan baktrisida yang efektif dan sesuai anjuran yang terdaftar dan diizinkan Mentan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "## 3. Bercak Daun (Cercospora melongenae)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "- a. Gejala serangan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "Bercak-bercak berwarna kelabu kecoklatan pada daun: bercak kering melingkar pada daun: bercak-bercak hitam pada daun. Penyebaran penyakit ini adalah melalui tanaman inang yang sakit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "## b. Pengendalian :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "- 1) Sanitasi dengan cara memusnahkan daun atau sisa-sisa tanaman yang terinfeksi\n- 2) Menanam benih yang bebas patogen pada lahan yang tidak terkontaminasi oleh patogen, baik dipersemaian maupun di lapangan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "- 3) Waktu tanam yang tepat adalah musim kemarau dengan irigasi yang baik.\n- 4) Aplikasi fungisida efktif yang dianjurkan terdaftar dan diizinkan Mentan, apabila cara pengendalian lain tidak mampu menekan serangan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "## 4. Layu fusarium (Fusarium oxysporium)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "- a. Gejala serangan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "Tulang-tulang daun tampak menguning yang dimulai dari daun yang tumbuh di batang bawah (daun tua). Cendawan menyerang pembuluh kayu sehingga menyebabkan bekas pada pembuluh berwarna cokelat. Apabila batang yang terinfeksi dipotong dan dimasukkan ke dalam air, tidak tampak adanya lendir.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "## . Pengendalian :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "- 1) Sanitasi dengan mengeradikasi tanaman yang terserang kemudian dicabut dan dimusnahkan.\n- 2) Memperbaiki drainase air agar tidak terjadi genangan air dan kelmbaban tinggi,\n- 3) Menggunakan benih yang sehat\n- 4) Melakukan pergiliran tanaman dengan tanaman bukan inang dan memusnahkan gulma Cyperus sebagai inang 'perfect stage' dari cendawan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "- 5) Perendaman benih selama 6 jam dalam larutan mikroba antagonis Pf (Pseudomonas fluorescens) dengan dosis 20 ml/l air, dan memanfaatkan Trichoderma spp dan Gliocladium spp. Aplikasi pada kantong persemaian sebanyak 5 grm per kantong, diaplikasikan 3 hari sebelum benih ditanam atau bersamaan dengan penanaman benih.\n- 6) Apabila cara lain tidak dapat menekan serangan penyakit ini dapat digunakan fungisida efektif sesuai anjuran yang terdaftar dan diizinkan Mentan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "## 5. Busuk buah Phytophthora melonggenae Saw", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "## a. Gejala serangan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "Bercak-bercak kebasahan bergaris tengah & 0,5 cm pada kulit buah dan menyebabkan bagian dalam buah menjadi busuk berwarna coklat sampai hitam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "## b. Pengendalian :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "- 1) Penggunaan benih sehat, di rendam selama 6 jam dalam larutan mikroba antagonis Pf (Pseudomonas fluorescens) dengan dosis 20 mI/I air, dan memanfaatkan Trichoderma spp dan Gliocladium spp yang diaplikasi pada kantong persemaian sebanyak 5 grm per kantong, diaplikasikan 3 hari sebelum", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "benih ditanam atau bersamaan dengan penanaman benih.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "- 2) Sanitasi rumput-rumput/gulma dan bagian tanaman yang terserang penyakit busuk buah dikumpulkan kemudian dimusnahkan.\n- 3) Melakukan pergiliran tanam dengan tanaman famili kubis-kubisan,\n- 4) Aplikasi fungsida efektif terdaftar dan diizinkan Mentan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "## 6. Antraknose (Gloesporium Melongena ElI Halst.)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "- a. Gejala serangan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "Bercak-bercak melekuk dan bulat pada buah terung, kemudian bersatu menjadi bercak besar berwarna coklat dengan titik-titik hitam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "## Pengendalian :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "- 1) Penggunaan benih sehat, di rendam selama 6 jam dalam larutan mikroba antagonis Pf (Pseudomonas fluorescens) dengan dosis 20 mil/l air, dan memanfaatkan Trichoderma spp dan Gliocladium spp yang diaplikasi pada kantong persemaian sebanyak 5 grm per kantong, diaplikasikan 3 hari sebelum benih ditanam atau bersamaan dengan penanaman benih. Dan perlakuan biji dengan cara merendam biji dalam air panas (55' C) selama 30 menit atau perlakuan dengan fungisida sistemik golongan Triazole dan Pyrimidin (0.05 - 0.196).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "- 2) Sanitasi rumput-rumput/gulma dan buah cabai rawit yang terserang penyakit busuk buah dikumpulkan kemudian dimusnahkan.\n- 3) Melakukan pergiliran tanam dengan tanaman yang bukan solanaceae\n- 4) Melakukan perbaikan drainase,\n- 5) Aplikasi fungsida protektif Bion M1/48 WP seminggu sekali mulai saat keluar putik buah, dan apabila gejala serangan penyakit pada buah semakin meluas dapat digunakan fungisida anjuran lain yang efektif terdaftar dan diizinkan mentan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "## 7. Rebah semai Rhizoctonia Solani Kuhn", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "- a. Gejala serangan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "Batang bibit muda menjadi kebasah-basahan, mengkerut dan akhirnya mati.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "## b. Pengendalian :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "- 1) Penggunaan benih sehat, di rendam selama 6 jam dalam larutan mikroba antagonis Pf (Pseudomonas fluorescens) dengan dosis 20 mi/l air, dan memanfaatkan Trichoderma spp dan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "Gliocladium spp yang diaplikasi pada kantong persemaian sebanyak 5 grm per kantong, diaplikasikan 3 hari sebelum benih ditanam atau bersamaan dengan penanaman benih. Dan perlakuan biji dengan cara merendam biji dalam air panas (55 C) selama 30 menit atau perlakuan dengan fungisida sistemik golongan Triazole dan Pyrimidin (0.05-0.194).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "- 2) Sanitasi rumput-rumput/gulma bagian tanaman yang terserang penyakit busuk buah dikumpulkan kemudian dimusnahkan.\n- 3) Melakukan pergiliran tanam dengan tanaman yang bukan solanaceae\n- 4) Melakukan perbaikan drainase,\n- 5) Aplikasi fungsida efektif yang terdaftar dan diizinkan Mentan.\n8. irus Mosaik Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) atau Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV).\n- a. Gejala serangan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "Timbulnya bercak kuning hijau mosaik. Daun yang terinfeksi akan berkerut dan mengecil, sehingga pertumbuhan tanaman menjadi lambat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "- b. Pengendalian :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "## b. Pengendalian :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 55 } }, { "text": "- 1) Penggunaan mulsa plastik perak di dataran tinggi dan jerami di dataran rendah untuk mengurangi infestasi serangan aphid yang berperan sebagai vektor virus,\n- 2) Memasang perangkap likat kuning 40 lembar/ha,\n- 3) Eradikasi tanaman inang jenis terung-terungan untuk mengurangi sumber inokulum, dan tanaman sakit lalu dimusnahkan dengan dibakar,\n- 4) Pengendalian vektor dengan insektisida efektif yang terdaftar dan diizinkan Mentan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 55 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Terung IX' | Tanggal Dibuat sesbonneonoaeias |\n|--------------------------------|------------------------|-----------------------------------|\n| p an | Halaman 50-52 | Revisi ke ... Tgl. ...... |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "## IX. PANEN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "- A. Definisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "Kegiatan memetik buah yang telah siap panen sesuai dengan permintaan pasar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "Gambar 8. Panen terung", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "- B. Tujuan : Untuk mendapatkan buah dengan tingkat kematangan sesuai permintaan pasar dengan mutu buah-yang baik sesuai standar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "pasar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi/referensi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 57 } }, { "text": "1. Anas D Susila (2006), Panduan Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran, Bagian Produksi Tanaman Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, IPB.\n2. Budidaya Terung Hibrida. Budi Samadi. Kanisius 2005\n3. Pengalaman Petani Jawa Timur\n4. Referensi dari berbagai sumber", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 57 } }, { "text": "## D. Bahan dan Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 57 } }, { "text": "1. Keranjang plastik atau kontainer plastik\n2. Gunting/pisau\n3. Gudang", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 57 } }, { "text": "## E. Fungsi Bahan dan Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 57 } }, { "text": "1. Keranjang plastik atau kontainer plastik digunakan sebagai wadah hasil panen.\n2. Gunting/pisau digunakan untuk memetik buah selain mengunakan tangan\n3. Gudang digunakan sebagai tempat menyimpan buah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 57 } }, { "text": "## F. Prosedur Pelaksanaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 57 } }, { "text": "1. Hentikan penyemprotan pestisida 1-2 minggu sebelum panen.\n2. Lakukan panen pada umur 50-60 HST dengan interval 3-7 hari.\n3. Petik buah dengan ciri-ciri warna buah cerah/mengkilat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 57 } }, { "text": "4. Cara panen dilakukan dengan memotong tangkai buah 2 cm dari pangkal batang dengan menggunakan pisau/ gunting.\n5. Tempatkan hasil panen di keranjang plastik atau kontainer plastik dan bawa ke tempat penampungan sementara.\n6. Lakukan sortasi buah yang terserang OPT kemudian musnahkan\n7. Catat semua kegiatan panen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "## G. Sasaran", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "Mendapatkan buah dengan tingkat kematangan sesuai preferensi pasar dengan mutu buah yang sesuai dengan permintaan pasar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "## B. Tujuan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "Menjamin kesegaran, keseragaman ukuran dan mutu buah sesuai dengan permintaan pasar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi/referensi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "1. Anas D Susila (2006), Panduan Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran, Bagian Produksi Tanaman Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, IPB.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Terung X | Tanggal Dibuat sananannnnnaniennnnnannnnan |\n|--------------------------------|----------------------|----------------------------------------------|\n| Pesea Penari | Halaman 53 - 54 | Revisi ke ... Tgl. ...... |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "## X. PASCA PANEN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "- A. Definisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "Kegiatan penanganan buah setelah dipanen hingga siap didistribusikan ke konsumen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "Gambar 9. Terung yang telah dipanen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "2. Pengalaman Petani Jawa Timur\n3. Referensi dari berbagai sumber", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 60 } }, { "text": "## . Bahan dan Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 60 } }, { "text": "1. Kotak karton, kotak kayu, karung plastik/waring\n2. Kertas koran", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 60 } }, { "text": "## . Fungsi Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 60 } }, { "text": "1. Kotak karton, kotak kayu, karung plastik/waring digunakan untuk wadah hasil panen\n2. Kertas Koran digunakan sebagai alas", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 60 } }, { "text": "## . Prosedur pelaksanaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 60 } }, { "text": "1. Lakukan sortasi sesuai dengan kriteria yang dikehendaki pasar.\n2. Lakukan pembersihan buah dengan menggunakan lap bersih kering.\n3. Tempatkan produk dalam ruangan dengan sirkulasi udara yang baik.\n4. Lakukan pengemasan sesuai permintaan/ tujuan pasar. Gunakan kemasan yang memiliki daya lindung yang tinggi terhadap kerusakan, aman dan ekonomis.\n5. Catat semua kegiatan pasca panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 60 } }, { "text": "## . Sasaran", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 60 } }, { "text": "Terjaminnya kesegaran, keseragaman ukuran dan mutu buah sesuai dengan permintaan pasar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya Terung.pdf", "page_number": 60 } }, { "text": "## Seri Pertanian Perkotaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## BUDIDAYA CABE DI PERKOTAAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Sebuah Panduan Teknis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) Jakarta Balai Besar Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian Kementerian Pertanian 2018", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "BUDIDAYA CABE DI PERKOTAAN Sebuah Panduan Teknis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Ikrarwati", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Susi Sutardi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Kartika Mayasari", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Emi Sugiartini", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Yudi Sastro", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Tata Letak & Design Grafi s:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Sheila Savitri", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Dokumentasi BPTP Jakarta", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Cetakan I 2015", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Cetakan II 2016", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Cetakan III 2018", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) Jakarta Jl. Raya Ragunan No. 30 Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan Telp./Fax. (021) 78839949 / 7815020", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "email : bptp-jakarta@cbn.net.id", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Daftar Isi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "| | Halaman |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|\n| Daftar Isi .................................................................. | i |\n| Kata Pengantar ......................................................... | ii |\n| 1. Pendahuluan ......................................................... | 1 |\n| 2. Mengenal Jenis-Jenis Cabe .................................. | 2 |\n| 3. Teknis Budidaya Cabe di Lahan Sempit .............. | 5 |\n| Pemilihan benih .............................................. | 5 |\n| Pembibitan/Persemaian .................................. | 7 |\n| Pengolahan lahan ........................................... | 9 |\n| Penanaman ..................................................... | 10 |\n| Pemeliharaan .................................................. | 11 |\n| Pemanenan ..................................................... | 13 |\n| 4. Budidaya Cabe Dalam Pot/Polybag .................... | 14 |\n| Penyiapan media tanam ................................. | 14 |\n| Pembibitan dan Penanaman | ........................... 15 |\n| Pemeliharaan .................................................. | 16 |\n| Pemanenan ..................................................... | 18 |\n| 5. Produksi dan Prosesing Benih ............................. 6. Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman Cabe | 20 ..................... 23 |\n| 7. Penutup ................................................................ | 29 |\n| Daftar Pustaka ......................................................... | 30 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Kata Pengantar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "C abe merupakan salah satu komoditas strategis yang menentukan nilai infl asi mata uang di Indonesia. Pada saat tertentu, cabe mengalami lonjakan permintaan yang luar biasa. Saat musim kemarau yang masih cukup air maka ketersediaannya menjadi berlimpah, sedangkan di musim hujan ketersediaannya menjadi sangat langka dan harganya akan membumbung tinggi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Budidaya cabai di lahan terbatas baik langsung ataupun dalam pot dapat menjadi salah satu jalan keluar mengatasi kebutuhan cabe di saat langka, terutama untuk memenuhi kebutuhan keluarga. Cara ini tepat untuk diaplikasikan di perkotaan dengan lahan pertanian yang terbatas seperti Jakarta.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Sebagai upaya mendukung pengembangan budidaya cabe di pekarangan dan lahan terbatas serta banyaknya permintaan tentang petunjuk teknis budidaya cabe dari berbagai pihak, maka disusunlah buku Budidaya Cabe di Perkotaan: Sebuah Panduan Teknis. Semoga buku yang berisikan teknis budidaya cabe ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Jakarta, Oktober 2018 Kepala Balai", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Ir. Etty Herawati, MSi NIP. 19610203 198503 2 001", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## 1. Pendahuluan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "C abe merah merupakan salah satu komoditas pertanian yang penting untuk dikembangkan karena memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi, merupakan komoditas unggulan nasional dan daerah, serta memiliki posisi penting dalam menu pangan karena dikonsumsi setiap hari oleh hampir seluruh penduduk Indonesia walaupun dalam jumlah yang sedikit. Selain itu, cabe merupakan komoditas yang memiliki fl uktuasi harga cukup besar dan mempengaruhi infl asi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Permasalahan yang kerap muncul pada komoditas cabe adalah belum terwujudnya kesinambungan pasokan yang sesuai dengan permintaan pasar. Pada satu saat ketersediaannya melimpah hingga harganya turun, sedangkan disaat lain ketersediaannya menjadi sangat langka hingga harganya melonjak naik. Kesenjangan antara pasokan dan permintaan lebih dipengaruhi oleh faktor pasokan. faktor permintaan cenderung stabil kecuali pada saat-saat tertentu seperti hari raya sedangkan faktor pasokan mengalami turun naik karena dipengaruhi kondisi iklim yang kerap tidak sesuai untuk budidaya cabe seperti kekeringan, kebanjiran, dan serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Guna mengatasi kondisi demikian, budidaya cabe di perkotaan harus dilakukan untuk mendorong mandiri produksi cabe diperkotaan karena sebagian besar konsumen cabe berada di perkotaan, tidak terkecuali Jakarta. Kondisi iklim di Jakarta sangat cocok untuk budidaya cabe.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Tanaman ini dapat tumbuh dengan baik di dataran rendah maupun dataran tinggi sampai ketinggian mdpl, tetapi pertumbuhannya di dataran rendah lebih baik. Suhu udara yang baik untuk pertumbuhan tanaman cabe adalah yang baik untuk pertumbuhan tanaman cabe adalah 18-27 o C (Wien 1997). Suhu di bawah 16 o C dan di atas 32 o C dapat menggagalkan pembuahan (Knott dan Deanon 1970). Curah hujan yang baik untuk pertumbuhan tanaman cabe adalah sekitar 6001200 mm/tahun. Curah hujan yang tinggi sesuai untuk pertumbuhan tanaman cabe karena pada keadaan tersebut tanaman akan mudah terserang penyakit terutama yang disebabkan oleh cendawan. Cahaya matahari yang penuh di Jakarta sangat sesuai untuk budidaya cabe. Selain itu, tanaman cab edapat tumbuh pada berbagai jenis tanah, asalkan drainase dan aerasi terjaga dengan baik dan air cukup tersedia selama pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Faktor pembatas dalam budidaya cabe di perkotaan adalah keterbatasan lahan pertanian yang ada, sehingga hal ini harus disiasati dengan pemanfaatan sisa-sisa lahan yang ada terutama pemanfaatan pekarangan. Buku budidaya cabe di perkotaan ini disusun dengan tujuan memberi panduan teknis untuk melakukan budidaya cabe di lahan yang terbatas mulai dari persiapan media semai hingga panen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## 2. Mengenal Jenis-jenis Cabai", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "D i Indonesia dikenal tiga jenis cabe yang paling banyak dibudidayakan yakni cabe keriting, cabe besar, dan cabe rawit. Selain ketiga jenis cabe konsumsi tersebut, terdapat beberapa jenis cabe yang dibudidayakan tidak untuk dikonsumsi tetapi sebagai tanaman hias karena warna buahnya yang menarik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## Cabe keriting", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Cabe keriting memiliki ukuran yang panjang dengan diameter kecil. Ujung buah berbentuk lancip. Kulit buahnya licin dengan bentuk yang bergelombang atau keriting. Pada umumnya cabe keriting dipanen saat sudah berwarna merah. Akan tetapi, pada kondisi tertentu cabe keriting kadang dipanen saat masih hijau. Pemanenan dini ini biasanya untuk mendapat hasil yang lebih cepat atau di beberapa lokasi memang sulit untuk dipanen saat sudah cabe sudah merah. Untuk daerah-daerah yang memiliki curah hujan dan kelembaban tinggi relatif lebih sulit untuk memanen cabe", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "hingga berwarna merah sempurna. Cabe hijau tidak sepedas cabe merah dan harganya pun lebih murah. Tanaman cabe ini cukup sensitif terhadap cuaca, hama dan penyakit. Budidayanya memerlukan keterampilan dan pengalaman khusus, terutama untuk hamparan yang luas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## Cabe besar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Cabe besar berbentuk lonjong panjang dengan ujung melancip. Kulit dan agak buah licin tebal seperti mempunyai lapisan lilin. Cabe besar memiliki diameter buah yang lebih besar dibanding cabe keriting. Pemanenan cabe besar juga dapat dilakukan saat masih berwarna hijau atau saat sudah masak dan berwarna merah. Cabe besar banyak dimanfaatkan untuk bumbu atau menghias hasil masakan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Cabe keriting dan cabe besar memiliki umur yang pendek, setelah periode panen selesai yaitu 5 bulan setelah semai, maka tanaman cabe", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "harus diganti karena produktivitas nya akan sangat rendah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Cabe rawit", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Cabe rawit ( Capsium frutescens ) merupakan cabe dengan ukuran kecil, memiliki panjang sekitar 2-5 cm. Rasa cabe ini relatif lebih pedas dari cabe besar dan cabe merah keriting. Cabai rawitpun terdiri atas beberapa jenis, yaitu cabe rawit hijau-merah dan cabe rawit putih-merah. Cabe rawit hijau-merah adalah cabe rawit yang saat muda berwarna hiaju dan saat masak berwarna merah. Cabe ini biasa dikonsumsi saat masih berwarna hijau dan banyak dijumpai dikonsumsi bersama dengan gorengan. Cabe rawit putih-merah adalah cabe rawit yang saat muda berwarna putih, kemudian berangsur berubah menjadi oranye, dan saat masak berwarna merah. Cabai rawit ini banyak digunakan saat sudah berwarna oranye atau merah dan digunakan sebagai bumbu untuk olahan masakan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Cabe rawit bisa berbuah sepanjang tahun tanpa mengenal musim. Tanaman cabai rawit cukup tahan terhadap segala cuaca dan dapat beradaptasi dengan baik di dataran tinggi maupun rendah. Kebanyakan jenis cabe rawit yang ditanam di Indonesia merupakan varietas lokal. Selain benih komersil,", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "benih yang digunakan banyak yang diproduksi sendiri oleh para petani dari hasil panen sebelumnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## 3. Teknis Budidaya Cabe di Lahan Sempit", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## Pemilihan benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Pemilihan varietas cabe yang akan dibudidayakan harus sesuai dengan agroklimat lokasi budidaya agar dapat memberikan hasil yang optimal. Benih untuk budidaya cabe bisa didapatkan dengan dua cara, yaitu membeli di toko benih atau membenihkan sendiri. Benih cabe hibrida sebaiknya dibeli dari industri benih terpercaya yang menerapkan teknologi pemuliaan terkendali. Sedangkan benih cabe lokal (bukan hibrida) bisa didapatkan dengan cara menyeleksi sendiri dari hasil panen sebelumnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Menyeleksi sendiri cabe sebagai benih untuk penanaman selanjutnya harus dilakukan dengan hati-hati. Tanaman yang dipilih adalah tanaman yang tumbuhnya prima dan sehat (bebas dari serangan hama dan penyakit). Dari tanaman tersebut dipilih buah yang pertumbuhannya sempurna. Gunakan buah dari hasil panen ke-4 hingga ke-6. Buah yang dihasilkan pada periode panen ini biasanya memiliki biji yang optimal. Pada hasil panen pertama hingga ketiga, biji dalam buah cabe biasanya masih sedikit. Sedangkan menjelang periode akhir panen jumlah biji banyak tapi ukurannya kecil-kecil. Untuk mendapatkan benih cabe yang baik, ada bebera tahap yang harus dilakukan dan akan disampaikan pada bab prosesing benih.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Beberapa contoh varietas cabe yang dihasilkan oleh Balai Penelitian Sayuran - Badan Litbang Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "##  Tanjung 1", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "-  Umur mulai panen 58 hari setelah tanam\n-  Warna buah matang merah cerah\n-  Panjang buah rata-rata 10 cm dan diameter ratarata 1,5 cm, dengan ujung buah agak tumpul.\n-  Penampang melintang buah rata\n-  Potensi hasil mencapai 18 ton/ha\n-  Peka terhadap antraknose, toleran terhadap hama pengisap daun\n-  Dapat ditanam di dataran rendah sampai tinggi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "##  Tanjung 2", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "-  Umur mulai panen 58 hari setelah tanam\n-  Warna buah matang merah\n-  Panjang buah rata-rata 11 cm dan diameter rata-", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "- rata 1,3 cm, dengan ujung buah runcing\n-  Penampang melintang buah agak bergelombang\n-  Potensi hasil mencapai 12 ton/ha\n-  Agak toleran terhadap antraknose", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": " Dapat ditanam di dataran rendah sampai tinggi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "##  Lembang 1", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "-  Umur panen 63 hari setelah tanam\n-  Warna buah matang merah\n-  Panjang buah rata-rata 15 cm dan diameter rata-rata 0,8 cm, dengan ujung buah runcing.\n-  Penampang melintang buah bergelombang\n-  Potensi hasil mencapai 9 ton/ha\n- Cabe Varietas Lembang 1  Dapat ditanam di dataran rendah sampai tinggi (lebih baik di dataran medium sampai tinggi)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## Pembibitan/Persemaian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Kebutuhan untuk 100 m 2 lahan budidaya cabe sekitar 140 bibit cabe atau setara dengan 1g benih. Benih tersebut harus disemaikan terlebih dahulu untuk dijadikan bibit sebelum dipindah tanam ke lahan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Penyemaian untuk budidaya cabe sebaiknya menggunakan polybag ataupun tray semai. Apabila disemai dengan ditabur, dikhawatirkan banyak biji yang tumbuh berhimpit sehingga tidak semua bibit tanaman bisa dimanfaatkan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "-  Media semai terdiri dari campuran tanah, arang sekam dan kompos/pupuk kandang dengan perbandingan 2:1:1. Atau, jika tidak ada arang sekam gunakan tanah dan kompos dengan perbandingan 1:1. Ayak media sebelum dicampur.\n-  Buat naungan di tempat penyemaian untuk menghindari terik matahari dan air hujan yang deras. Lin dungi dengan jaring pelindung hama atau serangga. Basahi media semai agar kelembabannya terjaga.\n-  Setelah media semai siap, rendam benih cabe dengan air\n- hangat selama kurang lebih 3 jam. Jangan gunakan biji yang mengapung. Masukkan setiap biji cabe ke dalam polybag sedalam 0,5 cm dan tutup dengan kompos halus.\n-  Siram polybag pembibitan setiap pagi dan sore hari dengan menggunakan gembor yang halus agar air siraman tidak terlalu besar dan menyebabkan benih terlontar keluar media.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "-  Selanjutnya siram secara rutin dan awasi pertumbuhannya. Bibit cabe siap untuk dipindahkan setelah 4 minggu disemaikan atau setelah tumbuh 4-5 helai daun.\n-  Lebihkan 10% dari kebutuhan bibit. Misalnya untuk lahan satu hektar dibutuhkan sekitar 14.000 bibit cabe, maka lebihkan 10 persen untuk tindakan penyulaman tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## Pengolahan lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Pengolahan lahan dimulai bersamaan dengan pembibitan. Sehingga ketika bibit cabe siap tanam, lahan sudah siap untuk dipakai. Lahan yang diperlukan untuk budidaya cabe adalah lahan dengan tanah yang gembur dan memiliki porositas yang baik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "-  Pengolahan diawali dengan mencangkul atau membajak lahan sedalam 40 cm. Bersihkan dari batu atau kerikil dan sisasisa akar tanaman.\n-  Apabila lahan terlalu asam, netralkan dengan dolo mit 1-4 ton/ha tergantung tingkat keasaman tanah. Budidaya cabe menghendaki tanah dengan pH 6-7. Apabila terlalu (asam), daun tanaman cabe merah akan terlihat pucat dan mudah terserang virus.\n-  Buat bedengan dengan lebar 100-110 cm, tinggi 30-40 cm dan panjang sesuai kondisi lahan. Jarak antar bedengan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "- 60cm. Buat saluran drainase yang baik karena tanaman cabe merah tidak tahan terhadap genangan air.\n-  Campurkan pupuk organik, bisa berupa kompos atau pupuk kandang pada setiap bedengan secara merata. Kebutuhan pupuk organik untuk budidaya cabe merah adalah 20 ton per hektar. Selain pupuk organik tambahkan juga urea 350 kg/ha dan KCl 200kg/ha.\n-  Untuk budidaya cabe intensif, bedengan sebaiknya ditutup dengan mulsa plastik perak hitam untuk mempertahankan kelembaban, mengendalikan gul ma dan menjaga kebersihan kebun.\n-  Buat lubang tanam sebanyak dua baris dalam setiap bedengan dengan jarak 6070 cm. Sebaiknya lubang tanam dibuat zig zag, tidak sejajar. Hal ini berguna untuk mengatur sirkulasi angin dan penetrasi sinar matahari. Diameter dan kedalaman lubang tanam kurang lebih 10 cm, atau disesuaikan dengan ukuran polybag semai.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## Penanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "-  Pemindahan bibit cabe dari area persemaian dilakukan setelah umur bibit sekitar 1 bulan atau bibit memiliki 3-4 helai daun permanen. Pilih bibit yang baik dan sehat.\n-  Penanaman sebaiknya dilakukan pada pagi hari dan sore hari untuk menghindari stress. Usahakan\n- penanaman dilakukan serentak dalam satu hari.\n-  Cara menanamnya adalah dengan membuka atau menyobek polybag semai. Kemudian masukkan bibit cabe merah beserta media tanamnya kedalam lubang tanam. Jaga agar media semai jangan sampai terpecah. Kemudian siram tanaman secukupnya untuk mempertahankan kelembaban.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## Pemeliharaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "-  Penyiraman bisa dilakukan dengan menggunakan gembor atau dengan penggenangan. Penyiraman harus dilakukan dengan hati-hati disaat tanaman belum terlalu kuat. Penggenangan bisa dilakukan setiap satu minggu sekali.\n-  Periksa tanaman pada satu sampai dua minggu pertama untuk melakukan penyulaman tanaman. Apabila ada tanaman yang mati atau pertumbuhannya tidak normal segera cabut dan ganti dengan bibit yang baru.\n-  Pemasangan ajir (tongkat bambu) harus dilakukan untuk menopang tanaman berdiri tegak. Tancapkan ajir dengan jarak 5 cm dari pangkal batang. Pemasangan ajir sebaiknya dilakukan pada satu minggu sejak bibit pindah tanam. Apabila tanaman terlalu besar dikhawatirkan saat ajir\n- ditancapkan akan melukai perakaran dan menyebabkan mudah terserang penyakit. Pengikatan tanaman pada ajir dilakukan setelah tanaman tumbuh tinggi atau berumur diatas satu bulan.\n-  Perompesan atau pemotongan tunas dilakuan setelah 3 minggu hingga munculnya cabang utama. Potong tunas yang tumbuh pada ketiak daun dengan gunting yang bersih. Perompesan dilakukan sampai terbentuk cabang utama, ditandai dengan kemunculan bunga pertama atau kedua.\n-  Pupuk susulan 1 diaplikasikan saat 2 minggu setelah tanam dengan dosis 5g per tanaman. Pupuk susulan 2 diaplikasikan pada 4 minggu setelah tanam. Pupuk diberikan dengan membuat garitan melingkar disekeliling batang tanaman.\n-  Setelah masuk fase generatif yang ditandai dengan munculnya bunga, maka ditambahkan pupuk growmore\n- 6-30-30 untuk mencegah kerontokan bunga dan buah. Aplikasi dengan dosis 2g/l dan disemprotkan ke bagian tanaman atau disiramkan ke media tanam sebanyak 100ml/tanaman. Pemupukan dilakukan seminggu sekali. Pengaplikasian dilakukan saat pagi hari dan matahari belum terik.\n-  Pembumbunan dilakukan dengan cara menaikkan\n- media tanam untuk menutup perakaran yang muncul ke permukan karena media yang tererosi. Pembumbunan pertama dilakukan satu bulan setelah tanam. Pembumbunan selanjutnya dilakukan saat 2 bulan setelah tanam.\n-  Penyiangan gulma dilakukan apabila diperlukan saja. Pengendalian hama dan penyakit dalam budidaya cabe cukup vital. Banyak kasus budidaya yang gagal karena serangan hama dan penyakit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## Pemanenan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "-  Budidaya cabe mulai bisa dipanen setelah berumur 7585 hari setelah tanam. Proses pemanenan dilakukan beberapa kali, tergantung dengan jenis, varietas, teknik budidaya dan kondisi lahan.\n-  Pemanenan bisa dilakukan setiap 2-5 hari sekali, disesuaikan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "dengan kondisi kematangan buah. Buah cabe sebaiknya dipetik sekaligus dengan tangkainya untuk memperpanjang umur simpan. Untuk cabe merah, buah yang dipetik adalah yang berwarna jingga hingga merah. Lakukan pemetikan pada pagi hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "## 4. Budidaya Cabe Dalam Pot/Polybag", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "B udidaya cabe dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan pot ataupun polybag untuk menyiasati lahan yang terbatas. Tanaman cabe yang ditanam di dalam pot/polybag dapat diletakkan di pekarangan, di tingkat atas, ataupun di sisa-sisa lahan yang masih ada. Yang terpenting dan perlu diperhatikan dalam meletakkan pot/polybag adalah kecukupan sinar matahari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## Penyiapan media tanam", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "-  Gunakan pot/polybag berukuran lebih dari 35 cm, agar media tanam cukup untuk menopang pertumbuhan tanaman cabe.\n-  Buat media tanam. Ada beberapa komposisi media tanam, antara lain:\n- (1) Campuran tanah dengan kompos 2:1,\n- (2) Campuran tanah dan pupuk kandang 2:1.\n- (3) Campuran tanah, pupuk kandang, dan arang sekam dengan komposisi 1:1:1.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Pupuk kandang atau kompos yang digunakan harus sudah matang agar tidak mengganggu pertumbuhan tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "-  Media tanam dibuat sehalus mungkin dengan cara mengayaknya.\n-  Bagian dasar pot/polybag dilapisi dengan sabut kelapa, pecahan genteng, atau kerikil untuk membantu aerasi pada media bagian bawah.\n-  Campurkan sekitar 3 sendok NPK dalam setiap polybag sebagai pemupukan dassar. Aduk hingga campuran tersebut benar-benar rata.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## Pembibitan dan Penanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "-  Jika jumlah cabe yang akan ditanam tidak terlalu banyak, maka tidak perlu dibibitkan di dalam polybag kecil atau tray tetapi bisa ditanam langsung di pot/ polybag. Letakkan di tempat yang teduh.\n-  Jika jumlah yang akan ditanam cukup banyak, pembibitan dapat dilakukan menggunakan polybag ataupun tray dengan media semai tanah:sekam 1:1.\n-  Setelah bibit tanaman dan media tanam siap, pindahkan bibit tanaman cabe dari tempat persemaian kedalam polybag. Lakukan pekerjaan ini saat pagi hari atau sore hari, saat matahari tidak terlalu terik untuk menghindari stres pada tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "-  Lakukan pemindahan bibit dengan hati-hati, jangan sampai terjadi kerusakan pada perakaran tanaman.\n-  Buat lubang tanam pada pot/polybag sedalam ±5cm.\n-  Apabila persemaian dilakukan di atas polybag, copot polybag lalu masukan seluruh tanah dalam tempat persemaian kedalam lubang tanam.\n-  Apabila persemaian dilakukan di tray, pindahkan dengan tanah yang menempel pada perakaran dan masukkan kedalam lubang tanam.\n-  Selesai pindah tanam, pot/polybag diletakkan di tempat yang teduh. Setelah tanaman terlihat kuat dan sudah beradaptasi, pot/polybag dapat dipindahkan ke tempat yang mendapat sinar matahari secara penuh", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## Pemeliharaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "-  Pemupukan, berikan pemupukan tambahan dengan dosis satu sendok makan NPK 16-16-16 per", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "polybag setiap bulannya. Saat memasuki fase generatif yang ditandai dengan munculnya bunga, selain pupuk NPK, dapat ditambahkan pemberian growmore 6-30-30 dengan dosis 2g/l air dan disemprotkan ke bagian tanaman atau disiramkan ke tanah. Aplikasi growmore dilakukan 1 minggu sekali.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Penyiraman, tanaman cabe disiram setiap hari dan sebaiknya disiram sekurangkurangnya 3 hari sekali apabila matahari bersinar terik. Penyiraman pada siang hari dapat dilakukan dengan cara menyiram di media tanam dan tidak mengenai bagian tanaman terutama daun.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "-  Pengajiran, tanaman dalam pot/polybag tetap membutuhkan ajir untuk", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "menyangga berdirinya tanaman. Ajir bambu dipasang saat pindah tanam, dan tanaman diikatkan ke ajir saat berumur 3 minggu setelah tanam . Ajir ini berguna untuk menopang tanaman agar berdiri tegak.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "-  Perompesan, tunas-tunas muda yang tumbuh di ketiak daun sebaiknya dihilangkan (dirompes). Perompesan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "- dimulai pada hari ke-20 setelah tanam dilakukan hingga terbentuknya cabang utama.\n-  Hama dan penyakit, pengendalian hama dan penyakit untuk tanaman skala pekarangan dapat dilakukan secara mekanis, yaitu mengambil ulat yang ditemui atau mematikan kutu daun menggunakan tangan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Jika jumlah tanaman banyak, pengendalian secara mekanis sukar dilakukan, maka penggunaan pestisida dapat dilakukan apabila tanaman terlihat terserang hama atau sakit. Seperti adanya serangan hama putih,ulat atau jamur.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## Pemanenan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "-  Pemanenan sebaiknya dilakukan pada pagi hari. Caranya dengan memetik buah beserta tangkainya.\n-  Umur cabe dari mulai tanam hingga panen bervariasi tergantung jenis varietas dan lingkungan. Cabe sudah mulai berbuah dan bisa dipanen setelah berumur 2,5-3 bulan sejak bibit pindah tanam\n-  Masa panen terbaik untuk cabe merah adalah saat buah belum sepenuhnya berwarna merah, masih ada garis hijaunya.\n- Buah seperti ini sudah masuk bobot yang optimal dan buah cabe masih bisa tahan 2-3 hari. Periode panen bisa berlangsung selama 2 bulan.\n-  Untuk tanaman cabe rawit, umurnya bisa mencapai 24 bulan dan terus berproduksi. Namun semakin tua tanaman, produktivitasnya semakin rendah.\n-  Untuk budidaya intensif, biasanya tanaman cabe rawit dipelihara hingga berumur 12 bulan. Budidaya yang baik bisa menghasilkan total produksi hingga 30 ton/ha.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## 5. Produksi dan Prosesing Benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "B enih cabai lokal (bukan hibrida) dapat diproduksi sendiri dari pertanaman sebelumnya. Namun benih cabai ini hanya untuk digunakan sendiri/ kelompok dan tidak diperjualbelikan karena tidak memiliki sertifi kasi sebagai penangkar benih, dan benih yang dihasilkan tidak bersertifi kat. Tahapan yang harus dilakukan untuk memperoleh benih cabe sendiri:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "-  Pilih beberapa tanaman yang sehat dan kuat. Dari tanaman tersebut pilih buah yang bentuknya sempurna, bebas dari hama dan penyakit. Kemudian biarkan buah tersebut masak di pohon.\n-  Setelah buah dipetik, simpan buah selama 3-4 hari. Hal itu akan lebih memudahkan dalam prosesing benih secara manual.\n-  Perontokan benih dapat dilakukan secara manual untuk buah yang jumlahnya sedikit.\n- -Potong secara membujur kulit buahnya.\n- -Buang biji yang terdapat pada bagian pangkal dan ujung buah.\n- ambil biji pada bagian tengah. Biji pada bagian tengah biasanya yang paling berkualitas.\n- -Rendam biji cabe dalam air bersih. Buang biji yang mengambang, biji yang cocok jadi benih adalah yang berisi dan tenggelam dalam air.\n-  Untuk buah yang jumlahnya banyak dapat menggunakan 2 cara:\n- -Menggunakan alat bantu seperti penggiling daging yang telah dimodifi kasi, ujung pisau ditumpulkan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "- untuk mengekstrak benih cabai. Untuk itu benih perlu dibersihkan dengan enggunakan air yang mengalir.\n- -Dapat pula dilakukan perendaman buah, yaitu buah cabai yang sudah dibelah direndam dalam tong/ember yang berisi air bersih, selama 1 malam. Setelah itu buah dicuci dengan air yang bersih.\n-  Alat - alat yang akan digunakan dalam prosesing benih harus bersih dan bebas dari kemungkinan campuran benih dari varietas - varietas lain\n-  Tiap cara mempunyai kelebihan dan kelemahan. Prosesing benih cabai dengan cara manual akan menghasilkan benih dengan kualitas yang lebih baik, warna benih kuning jerami, kerusakan benih hampir tidak ada dan daya kecambah lebih tinggi. Kelemahannya adalah waktu prosesing lebih lama dibandingkan prosesing dengan bantuan alat\n-  Setelah prosesing, benih dikeringanginkan tidak di bawah sinar matahari langsung, atau dikeringkan di ruang pengering dengan suhu 34 ⁰ C selama kurang lebih 5 - 6 hari hingga kadar air mencapai 10%. Untuk penyimpanan jangka panjang, sebaiknya benih dikeringkan sampai kadar airnya mencapai 7-8% (ISTA 2010).\n-  Setelah pengeringan, lakukan sortasi benih yaitu pemilihan benih yang berukuran normal dan bernas. Benih yang hampa, rusak, dan yang berwarna hitam atau coklat dibuang.\n-  Berikan fungisida untuk menghindari serangan jamur (contoh: fungisida yang mengandung Metalaxyl", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "- dengan konsentrasi 0,2%)\n-  Benih disimpan dalam kantung almunium foil atau dalam wadah yang terbuat dari kaca atau metal. Tempat menyimpanan benih harus tertutup sangat rapat agar udara tidak dapat masuk ke dalam wadah tersebut. Kemudian simpan benih ditempat yang kering. Bila penyimpanannya benar, benih cabe bisa bertahan hingga dua tahun.\n-  Benih yang baik mempunyai daya tumbuh minimal 80%. Semakin lama benih disimpan, daya tumbuhnya akan terus berkurang. Jangan gunakan benih jika daya tumbuhya kurang dari 50%.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Budidaya cabe di perkotaan: Sebuah panduan teknis 23", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## 6. Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman Cabe", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "S erangan hama dan penyakit merupakan salah satu faktor penting dan memegang pengaruh yang besar terhadap keberhasilan budidaya cabe. Serangan hama dan penyakit bisa menurunkan produktivitas tanaman, bahkan dapat mengakibatkan gagal panen. Berikut ini beberapa jenis hama dan penyakit utama yang sering menyerang tanaman cabe di Jakarta beserta cara pengendaliannya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "1. Thrips ( Thrips parvispinus Karny) (Thripidae : Thysanoptera), bersifat polifag atau dapat menyerang banyak jenis tanaman lainnya dan dapat menjadi vektor (pembawa) penyakit virus mosaik & virus keriting.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "Gejala serangan : Adanya bercak keperak-perakan pada permukaan bawah daun, daun yang terserang berubah warna menjadi coklat tembaga, dan mengeriting. Pada serangan berat menyebabkan daun, tunas atau pucuk menggulung ke dalam dan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "pertumbuhan tanaman terhambat dan kerdil.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "Pengendalian : Menggunakan tanaman perangkap (kenikir kuning), mulsa perak, sanitasi lingkungan dengan memotong tanaman yang terserang, menggunakan perangkap kuning, pemanfaatan musuh alami (predator kumbang Coccinellidae, patogen Entomophthora sp.), pestisida nabati dengan menggunakan tanaman piretrum, jika serangan trips berlanjut dilakukan penyemprotan dengan insektisida, antara lain Abamectin (Agrimec 18 EC, 0,5 ml/l), Spinosad (Tracer 120 SC, 0,5 ml/l), Imidakloprid (Confi dor 50 SC, 0,5 ml/l)), Diafentiuron (Pegasus 500 SC, 1-2 ml/l), atau Karbosulfan (Marshal 200 EC, 1-2 ml/l).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "2. Kutu Kebul ( Bemisia tabaci ) (Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae), bersifat polifag, mengeluarkan embun madu dan dapat menjadi vektor virus kuning dll serta bersifat persisten atau dapat bertahan lama pada tubuh vektor tersebut.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "Gejala serangan : Bercak nekrotik pada permukaan bawah daun disebabkan oleh rusaknya sel-sel dan jaringan daun akibat serangan nimfa dan serangga dewasa. Embun madu yang dikeluarkan oleh kutu kebul dapat menimbulkan serangan jamur jelaga yang berwarna hitam,", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "keberadaan embun jelaga menyebabkan terganggunya proses fotosintesis pada daun.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "Pengendalian : Pemanfaatan musuh alami, predator Menochilus sexmaculatus , parasitoid Encarcia adrianae , patogen Bacillus thuringiensis, perangkap kuning, tanaman perangkap (jagung), tumpang sari", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "dengan tagetes, pestisida nabati seperti Pyrethrin (dari chrysanthemum ), nimba dan tembakau. Insektisida berbahan aktif Tefl ubenzuron 50 EC, Permetrin 25 EC, Imidaklorpid 200 SL, dan Metidation 25 WP.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "3. Kutu daun hijau / Aphids ( Aphis gossypii ) (Homoptera : Aphididae), bersifat polifag, mengeluarkan embun madu dan dapat menjadi vektor virus.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "Gejala serangan : Kutu berada di bawah permukaan daun, tanaman yang terserang A. gossypii tampak bercak-bercak pada daun, tanaman menjadi kerdil, daun keriting dan layu, serangan berat dapat menyebabkan matinya tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "Pengendalian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "Pemanfaatan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "musuh alami, parasitoid Aphelinus gossypi (Timberlake), Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), predator Coccinella transversalis atau cendawan entomopatogen Neozygites fresenii, pestisida nabati seperti sirsak, srikaya, daun pepaya dan kecubung, jika serangan cukup tinggi dapat digunakan insektisida berbahan aktif Imidaklorpid 200 SL.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "4. Lalat buah ( Bactrocera spp.) (Diptera : Tephritidae) Gejala serangan : Adanya titik hitam bekas tusukan pada permukaan buah, berwarna kuning pucat dan buah menjadi layu. Buah yang terserang akan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "membusuk dan kemudian jatuh ke tanah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Pengendalian : Sanitasi lingkungan (membuang buah yang terserang), menggunakan perangkap atraktan metil eugenol/pertogenol dengan dosis 1 ml/l perangkap sebanyak 40 buah/ha, rotasi tanaman bukan inang, pemanfaatan musuh alami parasitoid larva dan pupa ( Biosteres sp, Opius sp), predator semut, Arachnidae (laba-laba), Staphylinidae (kumbang) dan Dermatera (Cecopet).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "5. Penyakit Antraknosa ( Colletotrichum gloeospoiroides ). Seed borne (penyakit dapat terbawa oleh benih).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "dari persemaian sampai berbuah. Gejala penyakit : Terdapat titik gelap pada permukaan kulit buah, bercak bulat panjang sedikit cekung dan bergaris tengah/lingkaran konsentris 1mm, berwarna merah kecoklatan. Menyerang", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Pengendalian : Menggunakan mulsa hitam perak, sanitasi dengan membuang buah yang terserang, menggunakan benih sehat, perendaman/perlakuan benih, pestisida nabati (ekstrak daun mimba, cengkeh, kencur, kunyit), dan menggunakan varietas tahan. Jika kerusakan tanaman cukup berat, dilakukan penyemprotan fungisida yang dianjurkan, misalnya Difenokonazol (Score 250 EC, 2ml/l), atau KI orotalonil (Daconil 500 F, 2 g/l).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## 6. Penyakit virus kuning (Gemini Virus).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "Gejala penyakit : Daun menggulung, mengecil dan berwarna kuning, produksi buah menurun bahkan tidak berbuah, bila serangan sejak tanaman belum berbunga. Pada serangan berat, hamparan cabai bisa berubah menjadi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "kuning.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "Pengendalian : Mengendalikan vektor penyebab penyakit (kutu kebul), menggunakan varietas tahan, sanitasi (membersihkan tanaman di sekitar lahan dari tanaman atau gulma yang menjadi inang, menggunakan bibit tanaman yang sehat dan eradikasi (mencabut/memusnahkan) tanaman yang terserang.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "7. Layu Fusarium / Fusarium wilt ( Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.). Gejala penyakit : Daun yang terserang mengalami kelayuan mulai dari bagian bawah, menguning dan menjalar ke atas ke ranting muda. Bila infeksi berkembang tanaman menjadi layu. Warna jaringan akar dan batang menjadi coklat. Tempat luka infeksi tertutup hifa putih seperti kapas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "Pengendalian : Menggunakan agen antagonis Trichoderma spp. dan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "Gliocladium spp. yang diaplikasikan bersamaan dengan pemupukan dasar, sanitasi dan eradikasi (tanaman yang terserang dicabut dan dimusnahkan),", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "- agar serangannya tidak meluas, dapat menggunakan pestisida nabati diantaranya cengkeh dan nimba.\n8. Layu bakteri ( Ralstonia solanacearum ). Penyakit tular tanah. Gejala penyakit : Gejala layu mulai tampak pada daun bagian atas tanaman. Setelah beberapa hari gejala layu diikuti oleh layu yang tibatiba dan seluruh daun tanaman menjadi layu permanen, sedangkan warna daun tetap hijau, kadang-kadang sedikit kekuningan. Bila batang dipotong melintang dan dicelupkan kedalam air akan mengeluarkan cairan putih keruh. Pengendalian : Kultur teknis dengan pergiliran tanaman, penggunaan benih sehat dan sanitasi dengan mencabut dan memusnahkan tanaman sakit, menggunakan agen antagonis Trichoderma spp. dan Gliocladium spp. yang diaplikasikan bersamaan dengan pemupukan dasar. Pestisida nabati dapat menggunakan nimba.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## 7. Penutup", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "P emanfaatan lahan sempit dan pekarangan untuk budidaya cabe perlu ditingkatkan guna mewujudkan mandiri produksi cabe di perkotaan. Kegiatan tersebut pada akhirnya diharapkan dapat berkontribusi menekan nilai infl asi yang disebabkan meningkatnya fl uktuasi harga komoditas. Budidaya cabe di perkotaan dapat dilakukan di lahan ataupun dalam pot yang dapat diletakkan di teras ataupun balkon rumah. Petunjuk teknis dibuat sebagai panduan ringkas untuk melakukan budidaya cabe di lahan yang terbatas. Diharapkan dengan meningkatnya pemahaman masyarakat tentang budidaya cabe, dapat mendorong minat dan kemauan untuk melakukan budidaya cabe.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## Daftar Pustaka", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "- A Muharam dan W. Setiawati. 2007. Teknik Perbanyakan Masal Predator Menochilus sexmaculatus Pengendali Serangga Bemisia tabaci Vektor Virus Kuning pada Tanaman Cabai. J. Hort. 17 (4) : 365-373.\n- Herlinda S, Toton Irwanto, Triani Adam, dan Chandra Irsan. 2009. Perkembangan Populasi Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) dan Kumbang Lembing pada Tanaman Cabai Merah dan Rawit di Inderalaya. Seminar Nasional Perlindungan Tanaman, Bogor 5-6 Agustus 2009.\n- [ISTA] International Seed Testing Association. 2010. International Rules for Seed Testing. Zurich. Switzerland.\n- Knott, J.E. and J.R. Deanon. 1970. Vegetable production in Southeast Asia. Univ. of Phillipines College of Agricultural College. Los Banos, Laguna, Phillipines. P : 97-133.\n- Moekasan Tonny K, Laksminiwati Prabaningrum, dan Meitha Lussia Ratnawati. 2005. Penerapan PHT pada Sistem Tanaman Tumpang Gilir Bawang Merah dan Cabai . Cetakan kedua. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, Pusat Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Hortikultura, Badan Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Lembang, Bandung.\n- Riyanto, Siti Herlinda, Chandra Irsan, dan Abu Umayah. 2011. Kelimpahan dan Keanekaragaman Spesies", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "- Serangan Predator dan Parasitoid Aphis gossypii di Sumatera Selatan. J.HPT Tropika 11 (1) : 5768.\n- Sastro Y dan Lestari IP. 2012 Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Buah. Mendukung Terciptanya Kawasaan Rumah Pangan Lestari (KRPL) di perkotaan.\n- Setiawati W, R Murtiningsih, T Handayani, GA Sopha. 2007. Katalog teknologi inovatif sayuran. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, Pusat Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Hortikultura, Badan Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pertanian.\n- Sumarni, N. 1996. Budidaya tanaman cabai merah. hal. 36-47. Dalam Teknologi produksi cabai merah. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran. Puslitbanghort, Badan Litbang Pertanian.\n- Suryaningsih E dan Widjaja W. Hadisoeganda. 2004. Pestisida Botani untuk Mengendalikan Hama dan Penyakit pada Tanaman . Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, Pusat Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Hortikultura, Badan Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Lembang, Bandung.\n- Sutopo, L. 1993. Teknologi benih Fakultas Pertanian UNIBRAW. Rajawali Pers, Jakarta.\n- Wien, H.C. 1997. The physiology of vegetable crops. Cab. International.\n- Yenni Kusandriani dan Agus Muharam. 2005. Produksi Benih Cabe. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, Pusat Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Hortikultura, Badan Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pertanian.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Budidaya-cabe-di-perkotaan_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## BUKU SAKU BROKOLI & KEMBANGKOL", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Dr. Ir. Muhammad Taufik Ratule (Sekretaris Direktur Jenderal Hortikultura)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Andi Muhammad Idil Fitri, SE, MM (Direktur Sayuran dan Tanaman Obat)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- Ernawati HR, SP, MM (Direktorat Sayuran dan Tanaman Obat) -\n- Heny Novriyanti, SP, M.AP (Direktorat Sayuran dan Tanaman Obat) b\n- Asima Napitupulu, SP, MP (Direktorat Sayuran dan Tanaman Obat)\n- Wita Khairia, SP, M. Si (Direktorat Pelindungan Hortikultura)\n- Maslihatul Hasanah, SP, MP (Direktorat Perbenihan Hortikultura)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Nishimura Tsutomu: Expert Indonesia Japan of Horticulture Public Private Partnership Project (IJHOP4)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "'Yamazaki Masaru: Expert Indonesia Japan of Horticulture Public Private Partnership Project (IJHOP4)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Petani Cianjur", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Muhammad Taufik: Petani Bandung Barat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Ikhsanudin: Petani Magelang", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Ir. Tonny Koestoni Moekasan (BRIN)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Diterbitkan Oleh:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura, Kementerian Pertanian bekerjasama dengan Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA Indonesia) JI. AUP No.3 Pasar Minggu Jakarta Selatan 12520", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Website: http://hortikultura.pertanian.go.id", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## TIM PENYUSUN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## KATA PENGANTAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Kembang kol (Brassica oleracea var. Botrylis) dan Brokoli (Brassica Oleracea var, ltalita) merupakan tanaman semusim yang memiliki banyak manfaat dan bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Lokasi produksinya tersebar cukup luas di Indonesia, sehingga peluang pengembangannya mempunyai prospek yang cukup baik. Komoditas ini diminati oleh masyarakat dan mempunyai harga yang relatif tinggi untuk pasar domestik maupun ekspor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Untuk memproduksi Kembang Kol dan Brokoli yang bermutu dan aman konsumsi sangat diperlukan adanya buku panduan lapang bagi petugas, petani dan pelaku usaha agar dapat diterapkan dalam melakukan budidaya kembang kol dan brokoli yang baik dan benar. Buku panduan budidaya kembang kol dan brokoli ini disusun dalam bentuk Standar Prosedur Operasional (SOP) yang merupakan hasil kerjasama antara Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura dengan JICA Semoga dengan adanya buku panduan ini dapat bermanfaat dan berdampak positif terhadap peningkatan produksi serta mutu kembang kol dan brokoli yang dihasilkan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Jakarta, Mei 2025 Direktur Sayuran dan Tanaman Obat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Andi Muhammad idil Fitri, S.E., M.M", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## KATA PENGANTAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Welcome to this pocketbook, a comprehensive guide on broccoli and cauliflower cultivation. This book is developed as part of the Public-Private-Partnership Project for the Improvement of the Agricultural Marketing and Distribution System Phase 2, or what we usually call the IJHOP4-2 Project. As we near the conclusion of this project, we are excited to share the insights and practical tips gathered along the way during the implementation of the project activities. Broccoli and cauliflower, both cruciferous family members, are more than just nutritious staples in our kitchen. They are rich in nutrients, have deep historical roots, and play a significant role in sustainable farming.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "These pages contain practical information and tips for growing and harvesting broccoli and caulifower, including the cultivation technique by JICA IJHOP4-2 Method, and details on how to package them properly. Whether you are a farmer, gardener, or culinary enthusiast, this guide offers something for everyone who seeks to appreciate and cultivate these vegetables with more excellent knowledge and care.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "As you explore this pocketbook, we hope you'll discover the joy of growing broccoli and cauliflower and a deeper understanding of how these crops can contribute to healthier diets and more sustainable food systems.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "We hope this book inspires you to embrace these versatile vegetables and contribute to extending the knowledge to more extensive parts of Indonesia. Thank you.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Chief Representative, JICA Indonesia", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "TAKEDA Sachiko", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR ISI", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "| KATA PENGANTAR. Y | KATA PENGANTAR. Y |\n|---------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|\n| I. | PENDAHULUAN . T |\n| . | PERSIAPAN TANAM. |\n| | Syarat tumbuh dan jenis tanah T |\n| | Pemilihan varietas ..... a |\n| = | Persiapan benih .... |\n| | Pengolahan tanah dan persiapan tanam.... |\n| D | Penanaman...... |\n| Ill. | PEMELIHARAAN TANAMAN DAN PENGENDALIAN OPT ... |\n| a | Pemeliharaan Tanaman |\n| P | Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan dan Pengelolaannya..... |\n| O | Pengelolaan OPT |\n| D | Pengendalian OPT Secara Kimiawi .. |\n| IV. | PANEN, PENANGANAN SEGAR, DAN PENGEMASAN..... |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## I. PENDAHULUAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Tanaman sayuran merupakan komoditas hortikultura yang memiliki prospek untuk dikembangkan dan dapat memberikan nilai tambah untuk petani. Dalam budidaya komoditas hortikultura, masing-masing memiliki karakteristik dan spesifik cara berbudidayanya. Komoditas sayuran dataran tinggi akan berbeda cara budidayanya dengan komoditas sayuran dataran rendah. Kembang kol (Brassica oleracea var. Botrylis) dan brokoli (Brassica Oleracea var, Italita) merupakan jenis komoditas sayuran yang tumbuh dan berkembang di wilayah dataran tinggi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Terdapat perbedaan yang terletak pada warna bunganya. Brokoli memiliki warna hijau, sedangkan kembang kol berwarna putih.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Brokoli dan kembang kol memiliki kandungan serat, vitamin c, vitamin k, zat besi, dan kalium. Selain itu, brokoli dan kembang kol dinyatakan mengandung komponen indole-3-carbinol (I3C) yang sangat bermanfaat untuk anti kanker.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Rata rata produksi nasional brokoli dan kembang kol adalah 185.124 ton per tahun (Data BPS 2018-2023) dengan luas panen 14.414 hektar. Sentra produksi kembang kol dan brokoli berada di Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Sumatera Barat, dan Bengkulu.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Permintaan brokoli dan kembang kol akhir-akhir ini terus meningkat baik di pasar lokal maupun ekspor. Untuk itu, perlu ada panduan bagi petani dan praktisi pertanian dalam melakukan budidaya brokoli dan kembang kol yang baik dan benar. Panduan budidaya brokoli dan kembang kol disusun dalam bentuk buku saku. Buku saku ini diharapkan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan petani/praktisi pertanian dalam upaya meningkatkan produktivitasnya dan dapat meningkatkan pendapatan petani brokoli dan kembang kol.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## Il. PERSIAPAN TANAM", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## Syarat tumbuh dan jenis tanah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Kembang kol dapat tumbuh pada daerah yang mempunyai ketinggian mulai dari 1 mdpl - 1000 mdpl, sedangkan brokoli hanya dapat tumbuh pada ketinggian di atas 1000 mdpl.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Tanah lempung berpasir cocok untuk budidaya kembang kol dan brokoli dengan kisaran pH 5,5-6,5. Pada musim penghujan, penanaman brokoli dan kembang kol harus menggunakan naungan atau sungkup plastik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## Pemilihan varietas", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Jumlah varietas kembang kol dan brokoli yang telah terdaftar di Kementerian Pertanian adalah sebanyak 64 varietas, masing-masing sebanyak 16 varietas brokoli dan 48 varietas kembang kol.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Pemilihan varietas disesuaikan dengan permintaan minat pasar dan disesuaikan dengan karakteristik kesesuaian varietas dengan lahan yang akan ditanami.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Beberapa varietas brokoli dan kembang kol yang sudah terdaftar dan beredar di masyarakat adalah sebagai berikut:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## 1. Kembang Kol", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Varietas", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Potensi hasil", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Produsen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Umur panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Kecocokan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "tempat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": ": White Shot", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": ": Sakata Seed Co & PT. Winon", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Intercontinental", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Varietas Potensi hasil Produsen Umur panen Kecocokan tempat Kecocokan musim : : :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "PT. East West Seed Indonesia", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "10-400 mdpl", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": ": kemarau", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "- : Aguina\n- : 17,2-20 ton/ha\n- : PT. East West Seed Indonesia\n- : 58-60 HST\n- : 800-1.400 mdpi\n- : kemarau dan penghujan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Varietas", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Potensi hasil", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Produsen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Umur panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Kecocokan tempat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Kecocokan musim", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Varietas", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "- Potensi hasil", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Produsen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Umur panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Kecocokan tempat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Kecocokan musim", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "- : PT. East West Seed", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Indonesia", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "- : kemarau dan penghujan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Pertiwi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Potensi hasil | :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "PT. Agri Makmur Pertiwi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Umur panen |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Kecocokan tempat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": ": dataran menengah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "| Varietas | : Green Magic | Varietas | : Lucky |\n|----------------------|------------------------------|----------------------|------------------------------|\n| Potensi hasil | :9,5-9,9 ton/ha | Potensi hasil | 1173 ton/ha |\n| Produsen | : Sakata Seed Co & PT. Winon | Produsen | : PT. Primasid Andalan Utama |\n| Umur panen Kecocokan | Intercontinental : 53-64 HST | Umur panen Kecocokan | : 48-59 HST |\n| tempat | :1.050-1.200 | tempat | : 1.200-1.350 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## 3. Persiapan benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "- e Media semai terdiri atas campuran tanah, arang sekam, dan cocopeat (2 : 1: 1)\n- e Dalam setiap media semai (10 kg/10 L) memerlukan 5 gr NPK Mutiara dan 10 gr dolomit yang dilarutkan dalam 10 L air.\n- e Media semai tersebut dapat digunakan baik pada baki persemaian maupun polybag pindah tanam.\n- e Semai benih brokoli/kembang kol per biji untuk setiap cell pada baki persemaian. Untuk mengantisipasi kekurangan benih yang siap tanam, maka persemaian dapat dilebihkan 10% dari kebutuhan benih.\n- e Pemupukan susulan pada benih dilakukan mulai umur 10 hst (hari setelah tumbuh) yaitu dengan cara menyiramkan larutan pupuk NPK (2 gr/1 L air).\n- e Umur semaian 7-14 hari dipindahkan ke dalam polybag yang berdiameter 7-10 cm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "- e Untuk mencegah penyakit rebah kecambah, lakukan penyemprotan fungisida berbahan aktif benomyl secara preventif (1 gr/L) dengan interval 7 hari sampai dengan pindah tanam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## Pengolahan tanah dan persiapan tanam", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "- a. Pengolahan tanah dilakukan sampai tanah menjadi gembur dan dibuat bedengan tanam dengan lebar 1-1,2 m. Panjang disesuaikan dengan keadaan lahan.\n- b. Bedengan dibuat sesuai dengan arah sinar matahari (barat timur).\n- c. Bahan organik (pupuk kandang) diberikan di atas bedengan. Selanjutnya, bahan organik tersebut diaduk secara merata dengan tanah di atas bedengan.\n- d. Mulsa plastik perak dipasang di atas bedengan\n- e. Jarak tanam dibuat sesuai dengan tujuan produksi yaitu sebagai berikut", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## 5. Penanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "- a. Penanaman dan pemupukan\n2. e Penanaman brokoli dan kembang kol dilakukan sebagai berikut:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "- e Jenis-jenis pupuk yang dianjurkan untuk tanaman brokoli atau kembang kol seluas 10.000 m2 adalah sebagai berikut:\n- e Pupuk diberikan di antara 2 tanaman dengan cara membuat lubang pemupukan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "| Pupuk Dasar (7 hari sebelum tanam) | Pupuk Dasar (7 hari sebelum tanam) | Pupuk Dasar (7 hari sebelum tanam) | Pupuk Dasar (7 hari sebelum tanam) |\n|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|\n| Jenis Pupuk | Alternatif 1 | Alternatif 2 | Alternatif 3 |\n| Urea | 55 kg | z | & |\n| ZA | 120 kg | \" | - |\n| SP 36 | 250 kg | 250 kg | 250 kg |\n| KCL | 200 kg | 200 kg | 200 kg |\n| NPK Mutiara | - | 312 kg | - |\n| NPK Phonska | - | - | 334 kg |\n| Pupuk Susulan (30 hari setelah tanam) | Pupuk Susulan (30 hari setelah tanam) | Pupuk Susulan (30 hari setelah tanam) | Pupuk Susulan (30 hari setelah tanam) |\n| Urea | 55 kg | 55 kg | 55 kg |\n| ZA | 120 kg | 120 kg | 120 kg |\n| SP 36 | - | - | - |\n| KCL | - | - | - |\n| NPK Mutiara | z | - | - |\n| NPK Phonska | - | - | - |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## b. Pengairan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Penyiraman dilakukan secara rutin di pagi hari sebelum pukul 10.00 atau sore hari setelah pukul 15.00 Di musim kemarau, penyiraman dilakukan 1 sampai 2 hari sekali, terutama saat fase pertumbuhan awal. Sedangkan pada musim hujan, penyiraman bisa dikurangi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## PEMELIHARAAN TANAMAN DAN PENGENDALIAN OPT", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## 1. Pemeliharaan Tanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Pemeliharaan tanaman brokoli dan kembang kol meliputi penyiangan, penyulaman, perempelan dan pengikatan serta pemupukan susulan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## A. Penyiangan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Penyiangan dilakukan untuk menghilangkan gulma yang tumbuh di sekitar tanaman kembang kol atau brokoli. Penyiangan dilakukan secara hati -hati bersamaan dengan penggemburan tanah agar akar tanaman dapat berkembang maksimal. Penyiangan ini dihentikan pada saat tanaman memasuki masa pembungaan atau menjelang pemupukan susulan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## B. Perempelan dan Pengikatan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Perempelan atau pembuangan tunas daun dilakukan sedini mungkin agar kualitas dan ukuran bunga yang akan terbentuk optimal. Setelah berbunga selanjutnya ikat daun yang berada disekitar bunga untuk menutupi bunga agar bunga terlindungi dari sinar matahari matahari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## C. Pemupukan Susulan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Pemupukan susulan dilakukan sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kondisi lahan. Lakukan pemupukan susulan pada tanaman saat tanaman berumur 30 HST. Cara pemupukan diberikan dengan cara ditabur disekeliling tanaman dengan jarak 10 15 cm dari batang.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## 2. Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan dan Pengelolaannya", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Faktor penting yang mempengaruhi perkembangan OPT (Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan) pada tanaman antara lain adalah kondisi lingkungan, inang dan patogen penyebab penyakitnya. Pengelolaan OPT sangat perlu dilakukan mulai dari tahap budidaya sampai ke pasca panen. Penerapan prinsip prinsip pengelolaan hama terpadu (PHT) sangat dianjurkan untuk mengatasi serangan hama dan penyakit di lapangan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Beberapa OPT penting yang menyerang tanaman brokoli dan kembang kol adalah sebagai berikut:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## a. Hama", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "1. Ulat Daun (Plutella xylostella)\n4. Ulat Graya Litura (Spodoptera litura)\n1. | Gambar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Nama Spesies", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Nama Umum", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "2. Ulat Krop (Crocidolomia binotalis)\n5. Kutu daun Persik (Myzus persicae)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Plutella xylostella", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Diamondback moth", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Ulat daun merupakan serangga kosmopolitan yang menyerang tanaman Cruciferae atau Brassicaceae (kubis, sawi, kembang kol, pakchoi, selada, dan caisin) dan tanaman lain yang bijinya mengandung minyak mustard. Di daerah tropik, ulat daun kubis mempunyai 14 -20 generasi per tahun dibandingkan dengan 2 -7 generasi di daerah beriklim sedang. Dengan demikian, perkembangan populasinya di daerah tropik lebih cepat dan intensitas serangannya lebih berat dibandingkan di daerah yang beriklim sedang.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Ulat daun kubis dapat menyerang semua stadia tumbuh baik vegetatif maupun generatif. Serangga hama ini menyerang pucuk dan daun tanaman kubis mulai dari pembibitan hingga panen. Bagian tanaman yang diserangnya adalah daun dengan gejala berlubanglubang. Selain itu, tanaman budidaya dan gulma yang termasuk Famili Cruciferae dapat menjadi inang dari ulat daun kubis.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "- /6. Siput (Parmalion pupilaris)\n- Gambar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Nama Spesies", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Nama Umum", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## Crocidolomia binotalis/pavonana", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "- e Cabbage cluster caterpillar\n- e large cabbage moth (LCM)\n- e large cabbage-heart caterpillar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Ulat krop merupakan salah satu hama yang menyerang tanaman Brassicaceae seperti kubis, brokoli, kol bunga, sawi dan lobak. Ulat krop memakan daun yang masih muda sampai habis kemudian bergerak menuju ke bagian titik tumbuh, dan apabila diserang penyakit maka tanaman akan mati karena bagian dalamnya menjadi busuk.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## Gejala Serangan:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Larva ulat krop memakan daun baru di bagian tengah tanaman kubis sehingga tanaman gagal membentuk krop. Apabila bagian tengah tanaman kubis telah hancur maka larva pindah ke bagian ujung daun dan kemudian turun ke daun yang lebih tua. Apabila tidak dikendalikan akan mengakibatkan kerusakan parah hingga 100%.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Pengendalian ulat krop ini dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan pestisida nabati seperti ekstrak kulit jeruk terutama jeruk purut, ekstrak daun temblekan (Lantana camara), kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata) dan widelia (Wedelia trilobata).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "- Gambar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Nama Spesies", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Nama Umum Black cutworm, greasy cutworm", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Agrotis ipsilon", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Ulat tanah merupakan serangga polifag yang menyerang beragam tanaman seperti krisan, tomat, jagung, padi, tembakau, tebu, bawang, kubis, tembakau, kacangkacangan, jarak dan kentang. Serangga dewasa maupun larvanya aktif pada senja dan malam hari. Serangga dewasa berupa ngengat yang tidak menyukai cahaya matahari langsung, sehingga sering dijumpai bersembunyi di permukaan daun bagian bawah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## Gejala Serangan:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Ulat tanah menyerang tanaman dengan cara memotong titik tumbuh atau pangkal batang dan perakaran sehingga tanaman rebah dan nampak layu pada siang hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Pergerakan ulat tanah sangat cepat dan dapat menempuh jarak puluhan meter sehingga menimbulkan kerusakan yang besar pada tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "1. Secara fisik/mekanis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Menggali tanaman yang terserang, lalu mengambil ulat tanah dan membunuhnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## 2. Secara kultur teknis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "- -Membersihkan lahan dari rerumputan atau sisa-sisa tanaman yang dijadikan tempat bertelur ulat tanah.\n- -Pemasangan mulsa plastik hitam perak juga dapat dilakukan untuk memutus siklus hidup ulat yang berpupa di dalam tanah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## 3. Secara Hayati", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "- -Menggunakan pestisida nabati untuk menekan perkembangan serangga hama misalnya tanaman mimba.\n- -Menggunakan parasitoid: Apanteles marginiventris (Cresson), Microplitis feltiae Muesebeck, Microplitis kewleyi Muesebeck, Muesebeck, Meterorus leviventris (Wesmael) (semuanya termasuk Hymenoptera: Braconidae); Campoletis argentifrons (Cresson), Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead), Hyposoter annulipes (Cresson), dan Ophion flavidus Brulle (semuanya tergolong Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae).\n- -Menggunakan predator: kumbang ground beetles atau carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "| Gambar | |\n|--------------|-------------------|\n| Nama Spesies | Spodoptera litura |\n| Nama Umum | Armyworm |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Ulat grayak merupakan hama polyphagus yang menyerang banyak tanaman pertanian (sekitar 200 jenis tanaman inang) misalnya tembakau, tomat, sawi, kol bunga, kentang, bawang merah, merica, pepaya, padi, jeruk, pisang, jagung, cabai, tebu, kacangkacangan (kacang tanah, kedelai), kubis, buncis, terung, kangkung, bayam, dan tanaman hias. Kehilangan hasil akibat serangan ulat grayak dapat mencapai 80%, bahkan gagal panen apabila tidak dikendalikan. Hama ini juga memiliki kisaran distribusi yang cukup luas di Asia meliputi Jepang, Cina, Taiwan, India dan Asia Tenggara. Ulat grayak menmiliki siklus hidup yang sempurna meliputi telur, larva, pupa dan imago.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## Gejala Serangan:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Kerusakan daun yang diakibatkan larva yang masih kecil merusak daun dan meninggalkan sisa-sisa daun bagian atas, transparan dan tinggal tulang-tulang daun saja. Larva instar lanjut merusak tulang daun dan buah. Pada serangan berat menyebabkan gundulnya tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "1. Secara fisik/mekanis\n2. -Mengambil ulat dan membunuhnya lalu membuang daun yang terserang tersebut.\n2. Secara kultur teknis\n4. -Membersihkan lahan dari inang lain sekitar pertanaman kubis.\n3. Secara Hayati\n6. -Menggunakan pestisida nabati untuk menekan perkembangan serangga hama misalnya tanaman mimba.\n5. | Gambar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Nama Spesies", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Nama Umum Myzus persicae Green peach aphid", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Hama ini termasuk jenis polifag atau memakan segala jenis tanaman, bahkan tercatat lebih dari 100 jenis tanaman inangnya. Hama ini juga menjadi vektor penyakit bahkan mampu menularkan lebih dari 100 jenis virus kepada tanaman inangnya. Kutu daun persik berkembang biak sangat cepat karena memiliki sistem reproduksi partenogenesis dimana telurnya mampu menetas dalam tubuh betina.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "## Gejala Serangan:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Serangan kutu daun persik dapat menyebabkan daun keriting, pucuk berkerut sehingga pertumbuhan tanaman terganggu. Pada serangan berat dapat menyebabkan daun rontok dan akhirnya mati.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "## b. Penyakit utama pada kembang kol dan brokoli", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "1. Penyakit Akar gada (Plasmodiophora brassicae)\n2. Penyakit Busuk Lunak (Soft Rot) (Erwinia caratovora)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "3. Penyakit Bercak Daun (Alternaria brassicae)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "4. Penyakit Busuk Hitam (Xanthomonas campestris)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "5. Penyakit Rebah Batang (Rhizoctonia solani)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## 1; Penyakit Akar Gada (Plasmodiophora brassicae)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh Plasmodiophora brassicae yang merupakan cendawan tingkat rendah yang dapat bertahan selama lebih dari 20 tahun di tanah setelah infeksi ditemukan. Kerugian yang ditimbulkan oleh penyakit ini mencapai 25-60% kehilangan hasil. Akar gada tidak hanya menginfeksi kubis, namun seluruh tanaman dari famili Brassicaceae rentan terhadap penyakit ini, seperti brokoli, sawi, kembang kol, pakcoy, kale, lobak dan lain-lain.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## Gejala Penyakit", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Gejala akar gada adalah tanaman yang layu pada saat panas di siang hari dan tanaman kembali pulih setelah matahari terbenam. Patogen masuk ke dalam rambut akar dan membentuk bengkak seperti gada yang semakin membesar. Akar tidak dapat berfungsi secara optimal dan menjadi lebih lemah terhadap serangan patogen terbawa tanah lainnya. Tanaman yang terkena akar gada menjadi kerdil dan pertumbuhannya tidak normal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Infeksi muncul ketika tanaman terpapar oleh spora patogen dari akar yang terinfeksi. Penyebaran spora dapat melalui air irigasi, alat pertanian, bahkan alas kaki yang digunakan oleh petani. Kubis yang ditanam pada tanah asam dengan pH <6,5 lebih mudah terinfeksi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## . Busuk Lunak Pectobacterium carotovorum", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Penyakit busuk lunak pada kubis disebabkan oleh bakteri Pectobacterium carotovorum yang sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Erwinia carotovora. Infeksi patogen ini menyebabkan kerugian yang besar karena merusak krop kubis. Penyakit busuk lunak tidak hanya menjadi masalah di lapangan namun juga pada pasca panen terutama saat pengangkutan. P. carotovorum merupakan bakteri yang bersifat paling merusak kubis dibandingkan bakteri patogen tanaman lainnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## Gejala Penyakit", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Gejala penyakit busuk lunak diawali dengan bercak basah pada daun yang kemudian melebar menjadi cekung dan lunak, jaringan yang terinfeksi hancur, berwarna cokelat kehitaman dan berbau. Kelembaban dan suhu yang tinggi mempercepat tingkat multiplikasi (perbanyakan) patogen ini sehingga kerusakan yang ditimbulkan akan lebih parah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Bakteri ini menginfeksi melalui lubang alami atau melalui luka yang disebabkan oleh alat pertanian, serangga, hewan atau kerusakan akibat cuaca. Sumber inokulum awal berasal dari tanah atau sisa-sisa tanaman sakit. Penularan penyakit busuk lunak dari tanaman sakit ke tanaman sehat dapat melalui air, alat pertanian yang terkontaminasi, dan serangga.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## . Bercak Alternaria sp.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Alternaria adalah cendawan penyebab bercak daun pada banyak komoditas sayuran. Pada tanaman kubis, cendawan ini dapat mengakibatkan kehilangan hasil hingga 6096 (sumber). Bahkan bercak kecil yang muncul pada krop kubis dapat menyebabkan penurunan nilai jual.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## Gejala Penyakit", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Bercak daun akibat cendawan Alternaria menunjukkan gejala awal bercak berwarna kuning dan meluas dan membentuk cincin bulat di sekelilingnya. Jaringan di dalamnya menghitam dan mengering lalu rontok dan meninggalkan lubang pada daun. Pada gejala yang semakin parah, bercak daun meluas dan menyatu satu sama lain dan membentuk jaringan mati yang semakin lebar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Benih yang terinfeksi adalah sumber inokulum utama dari penyakit bercak Alternaria. Pada benih yang sakit, patogen dapat ditemukan pada permukaan maupun pada bagian dalam benih. Sumber inokulum lain dari penyakit ini adalah sisa-sisa tanaman yang mati dan gulma dari famili Brassicaceae. Pada sisa tanaman, Alternaria dapat bertahan hidup dan bahkan berkecambah. Penyebaran cendawan ini melalui angin, air hujan dan serangga.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## . Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Xanthomonas campestris adalah bakteri patogen yang memiliki kisaran inang yang luas atau dapat menginfeksi berbagai jenis tanaman. X. campestris dapat menginfeksi kubis, brokoli, kale, lobak, gulma dan tanaman hias. Infeksi patogen ini menyebabkan kehilangan hasil 10 -5096 (Dhar dan Singh 2014). Gejala Penyakit Pada Famili Brassicaceae, gejala penyakit ditandai dengan tepi daun yang berwarna kuning yang meluas ke arah tengah daun membentuk 'V'. Tulang daun pada area tersebut menjadi kecoklatan atau menghitam. Pada gejala yang parah jaringan vaskular menghitam dan infeksi menyebar ke seluruh bagian tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Bakteri X. campestris dapat menginfeksi melalui stomata pada daun atau luka yang ada pada tanaman. Bakteri ini sangat mudah menyebar melalui serangga, irigasi, hujan, dan peralatan pertanian. Suhu optimal untuk perkembangannya berkisar antara 24 - 300C. Pada suhu yang sesuai dan kelembaban tinggi, patogen semakin mudah memperbanyak diri sehingga memperparah infeksi di lapangan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## . Karat Putih (Albugo sp.)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Karat putih yang disebabkan oleh cendawan Albugo sp. merupakan salah satu penyakit yang umumnya ditemui pada tanaman krisan dan kangkung, Pada Famili Brassicaceae pathogen ini ditemukan menginfeksi brokoli, kubis, bunga kol, dan lobak. Albugo sp. juga dapat menginfeksi gulma yang tumbuh di sekitar tanaman dan menularkannya ke tanaman utama.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## Gejala Penyakit", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Gejala penyakit ini dimulai dengan munculnya titik putih pada permukaan daun. Titiktitik tersebut kemudian membentuk bintil (pustul) putih pada bagian bawah daun atau terjadi lekukan-lekukan yang mendalam pada daun bagian atas. Albugo dapat bertahan di tanah, sisa tanaman, dan benih yang terinfeksi. Penyebaran cendawan ini melalui spora yang memencar melalui percikan air, angin dan serangga.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Gambar 10. Karat Putih (Albugo sp.)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## 6. Patogen pada persemaian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Patogen penyakit yang umum menyerang persemaian adalah Fusarium sp., Pythium, Rhizoctonia solani, dan Phytophthora penyebab rebah kecambah (damping off). Ketiga patogen ini dapat menyerang ketika tanaman sudah besar namun paling penting dan perlu diwaspadain adalah pada saat persemaian. Infeksi pada masa persemaian menyerang bagian akar dan batang yang menyebabkan tanaman rebah dan mati.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "## a. Fusarium sp.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Patogen ini menyerang sistem pembuluh pada tanaman kubis. Tanaman mulai menunjukkan gejala pada umur 2 - 4 minggu.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Gejala terlihat pada daun yang berwarna kekuningan pada tepi daun. Bagian daun bawah menguning terlebih dahulu kemudian gejala mulai terlihat pada daun bagian atas. Bagian bawah tangkai daun layu atau mati terlebih dahulu sehingga mengakibatkan pelepah terlihat melengkung. Semakin lama daun akan berubah dari kuning menjadi cokelat dan jaringan daun menjadi kering dan rapuh.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Cendawan Fusarium masuk ke dalam tanaman melalui akar tanaman muda atau luka pada akar saat pindah tanam (transplanting).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "## b. Rhizoctonia solani", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "R.solani pada kubis menyebabkan rebah kecambah, busuk pangkal batang, busuk akar, dan busuk pada krop. Gejala rebah kecambah terlihat pada tanaman yang baru berkecambah menunjukkan batang yang berwarna cokelat dan agak lunak.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Rebah kecambah dapat terjadi pada tanah yang basah dan diperparah oleh hujan deras dan pengairan berlebih. Pada pangkal batang kubis yang sudah berukuran besar, bagian pangkal batang atau di pangkal daun terlihat menghitam dan busuk. Gejala juga dapat muncul pada krop yang dimulai dengan gejala layu pada daun terluar yang kemudian berubah menjadi pucat dan menjadi kecoklatan pada bagian dekat batang utama.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "R. solani menyukai suhu yang optimal pada >23° C sehingga daerah tropis sangat mendukung pertumbuhan dan penyebaran cendawan ini.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "## c. Pythium", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "75% tanaman yang terinfeksi Pythium adalah tanaman yang masih dalam masa persemaian. Pythium pada kubis menyerang akar tanaman muda yang menghasilkan bercak nekrotik dan lesio kering pada bagian bawah hipokotil, hal menghambat transportasi hara dari akar. Gejala yang terlihat adalah tanaman yang layu, kerdil, lesio melingkar pada bagian bawah hipokotil, dan busuk akar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## d. Phytophthora", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Sama seperti Pythium, Phytophthora juga merupakan cendawan yang tersebar luas di tanah. Cendawan ini menginfeksi jaringan muda dan mengakibatkan kematian. Infeksi Phytophthora dapat langsung terjadi pada saat tanaman baru berkecambah terutama pada persemaian yang rapat dan lembab.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Penyakit rebah kecambah yang disebabkan oleh Pythium dan Phytophthora lebih mudah terjadi pada kondisi tanah yang asam, tanah dengan bahan organik tinggi namun drainasenya buruk, dan pada penanaman yang dilakukan pada saat cuaca hujan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Sumber inokulum dari cendawan patogen penyebab rebah kecambah adalah tanah yang terinfeksi dan sisa-sisa tanaman sakit. Cendawan tersebut dapat bertahan di tanah pada waktu yang lama dan memiliki kisaran inang yang luas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Selain patogen utama yang telah disebutkan, ada juga patogen-patogen yang ditemukan juga di lapang namun belum diverifikasi lebih lanjut dan perlu diwaspadai.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## e. Stemphylium sp.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Stemphylium sp. adalah cendawan yang menyerang daun pada banyak komoditas sayuran dan menyebabkan hawar daun. Patogen ini banyak menyerang bawang- bawangan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## Gejala", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Stemphylium pada tanaman kubis menunjukkan gejala bercak cokelat tidak teratur pada bagian daun. Bercak tersebut dapat melebar dan menyatu satu sama lain membentuk gejala hawar pada daun. Daun yang terinfeksi pada gejala berat akan berwarna coklat, layu dan mati.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Gambar 11. Stemphylium sp.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## 7. Penyakit Akibat Virus", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## a. Turnip Mosaic Virus", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "TuMV adalah virus pada kubis yang disebarkan oleh vector kutu daun Myzus persicae. Virus ini dapat menginfeksi tanaman inang seperti bit, bayam, tembakau, lobak, dan tanaman famili kubis-kubisan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## Gejala", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Muncul mosaic pada daun atau warna yang tidak merata pada daun (belang), bagian tulang daun menguning sedangkan bagian daun yang berwarna hijau akan menjadi lebih gelap dan tidak beraturan. Tanaman kubis yang terinfeksi menunjukkan daun yang melengkung, berbentuk tidak normal, dan pertumbuhan tanaman akan terhambat dan kerdil.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## b. Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) menunjukkan gejala mosaik, menguning pada tulang daun, titik-titik nekrotik pada daun dan tanaman yang kerdil. Virus ini ditularkan oleh berbagai jenis kutu pada kubis. CaMV sering ditemukan menginfeksi bersama Turnip Mosaic Virus sehingga menyebabkan gejala yang lebih parah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## 3. Pengelolaan OPT", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## A. Prinsip Pengendalian Pengelolaan Hama Terpadu (PHT)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "- i. Dalam penerapan konsep PHT pada tanaman brokoli dan kembang kol, ada empat prinsip yang harus diterapkan, yaitu : (1) budidaya tanaman sehat; (2) pemanfaatan dan pelestarian musuh-musuh alami; (3) pengamatan tanaman secara mingguan atau rutin; dan (4) pembinaan petani sebagai pakar PHT.\n- ii. Budidaya tanaman sehat mulai dari persiapan tanam dengan memperhatikan pengolahan tanah, pemilihan varietas yang cocok pada ekosistem setempat, pemupukan sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan oleh tanaman, dan pemeliharaan tanaman yang intensif seperti penyulaman, penyiraman, pengendalian gulma dan pengamatan OPT secara rutin sesuai prinsip Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT).\n3. fii. Pemanfaatan dan pelestarian musuh alami yang sudah ada di alam untuk mengedalikan hama seperti ulat daun seperti menggunakan parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum. Parasitoid lainnya adalah Tabuhan Inareolata sp. yang merupakan parasitoid C. binotalis. Selain itu ada juga predator seperti kumbang ground beetles atau Carabid beetles (Coleoptera : Carabidae). Penggunaan insektisida pada tanaman brokoli dan kembang kol harus berdasarkan ambang kendali, agar eksistensi parasitoid tersebut tetap terjaga.\n4. Pengamatan rutin dan pemantauan harus dilakukan secara rutin dan berkala sehingga perkembangan populasi hama, kondisi tanaman serta populasi musuh alaminya dapat diketahui. Hasil dari pemantauan dan pengamatan nantinya digunakan sebagai dasar tindakan pengendalian yang tepat untuk dilakukan.\n5. Petani adalah penanggung jawab, pengelola dan penentu keputusan di lahan pertaniannya. Oleh karena itu sebagai ahli PHT petani harus mampu menjadi pengamat, penganalisis ekosistem, pengambil keputusan pengendalian dan pelaksana teknologi pengendalian sesuai dengan prinsip PHT.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## B. Pemeliharaan dan Pengelolaan OPT", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "- Pengamatan rutin dilakukan sesuai prinsip PHT\n- Penyiraman tanaman sesuai dengan kebutuhan secara hati -hati untuk menghindari percikan air yang dapat membuat tanah naik dan menempel pada daun sehingga mempercepat penyebaran patogen.\n- fii. Pengaturan irigasi dan drainase yang baik agar air tidak tergenang.\n- Tanaman yang mati terserang OPT segera dimusnahkan lalu dilakukan penyulaman.\n- Melakukan sanitasi lahan untuk menghilangkan inang alternatif, desinfeksi peralatan pertanian dan menjaga kebersihan diri (seperti alas kaki) untuk menghindari penyebaran patogen.\n- Meninggikan guludan juntuk mencegah genangan air diperakaran tanaman.\n- Vii. Pemupukan susulan dilakukan sesuai kebutuhan tanaman dan kondisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "lahan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "- viii. Untuk menekan serangan hama ulat daun kubis pada tanaman brokoli dan kembang kol, dapat dilakukan tumpangsari dengan tanaman tomat dan sawi jabung. Tanaman tomat dan sawi jabung dapat digunakan sebagai penolak (repellent) terhadap ngengat P. xylostella betina yang akan bertelur pada tanaman kembang kol dan brokoli, karena kandungan bahan kimia yang ada pada daun-daun tomat dan sawi jabung tersebut. Tumpang sari tomat atau sawi jabung (satu baris) dengan kembang kol dan brokoli (dua baris) dapat mengurangi serangan hama P. xylostella pada tanaman brokoli dan kembang kol. Agar peranannya sebagai penolak hama nyata, tomat atau sawi jabung ditanam kira-kira satu bulan sebelum penanaman kembang kol dan brokoli.\n- ix. Mengumpulkan kelompok telur dan ulat daun serta siput yang ditemukan pada tanaman dan dimusnahkan.\n3. Pemasangan perangkap seperti perangkap lampu sebanyak 30 buah/ha atau pemasangan perangkap berferomon untuk mematikan ngengat P. xylostella sebanyak 20 buah/ha dan perangkap likat kuning untuk memonitoring populasi kutu daun.\n4. Xi. Tanaman brokoli dan kembang kol yang terserang penyakit layu, akar gada yang ditandai dengan warna daun kelabu dan layu pada waktu terik dan busuk hitam oleh bakteri Xanthomonas campestris harus dicabut dan dimusnahkan.\n5. Xii. Aplikasi agens pengendali hayati seperti Trichoderma dan Bacillus subtilis, B. thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, dan PGPR.\n6. Xiii. Menggunakan parasitoid seperti Diadegma semiclausum, predator seperti kumbang ground beetles dan tabuhan Inareolata\n7. Xiv. Menggunakan pestisida nabati untuk menekan serangga hama seperti tanaman mimba, ekstrak bawang putih, dan daun kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## 4. Pengendalian OPT Secara Kimiawi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Berdasarkan konsep, PHT pestisida hanya digunakan kalau memang benar-benar diperiukan yaitu bila populasi OPT atau tingkat kerusakan tanaman sudah mencapai ambang pengendalian. Penggunaan pestisida yang sangat intensif pada budidaya sayuran dapat mengakibatkan dampak negatif bagi lingkungan, mahluk lain di sekitarnya dan resistensi hama dan penyakit. Untuk mencegah hal tersebut beberapa hal yang bisa dilakukan antara lain penggunaan pestisida harus selektif dengan memperhatikan enam kaidah : yaitu tepat sasaran, tepat mutu, tepat jenis, tepat waktu, tepat dosis/konsentrasi dan tepat cara penggunaan serta melakukan pergiliran pestisida berdasarkan Mode of Action (MoA)/ atau cara kerja pestisida yaitu cara kerja bahan aktif pada bagian tubuh OPT tersebut yang menimbulkan gangguan terhadap OPT hingga mengalami kematian. Beberapa kemasan pestisida telah mencantumkan cara kerjanya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## aStrategi penggunaan fungisida secara preventif (preventif)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "Strategi penggunaan fungisida berbeda dengan stretegi penggunaan insektisida. Penggunaan insektisida dilakukan jika populasi hama telah mencapai ambang pengendalian, sedangkan stretagi penggunaan fungisida harus dilakukan secara preventif sebelum ada serangan. Hal ini disebabkan penyebab penyakit pada tanaman tidak dapat dilihat oleh mata telanjang. Oleh karena itu penggunaan fungisida harus dilakukan secara preventif. Strategi penggunaan fungisida pada budidaya kembang kola tau berokoli dapat dilakukan sebagai berikut:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "- -Selama priode tiga minggu pertama diaplikasikan fungisida sistemik (dengan kode cara kerja selain M1 s.d M12)\n- -Selanjutnya diaplikasikan fungisida non sistemik yang bersifat protektif (pelindung) dengan cara kerja M1\n- -Jika ditemukan ada serangan penyakit, diaplikasikan fungisida sistemik (sebagai pemukul) yang dicampur dengan fungisida protektif (sebagai pelindung). Selanjutnya diaplikasikan Kembali fungisida non sistemik (protektif) dari golongan M1 s.d M912.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "Umur 0 -30 hari (Fungisida Sistemik)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "| Umur 30 - 90 hari (Fungisida Protektif/Kontak)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "## b. Strategi penggunaan insektisida", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "- -Selama periode tiga minggu pertama diaplikasikan insektisida dengan cara kode yang sama (Misal 6)\n- -Selama periode tiga minggu kedua diaplikasikan insektisida yang kode cara kerjanya berbeda dengan kode cara kerja pada periode tiga minggu pertama (Misal 1B).\n- -Selama periode tiga minggu ketiga diaplikasikan insektisida yang kode cara kerjanya berbeda dengan kode cara kerja pada periode tiga minggu pertama dan kedua (Misal 3A).\n- -Selama priode tiga minggu keempat dan selanjutnya Kembali mengikuti pola seperti diatas (dapat Kembali menggunakan kode cara kerja 6).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "## V. PANEN, PENANGANAN SEGAR, DAN PENGEMASAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "- Tanaman Brokoli dan kembang kol dipanen antara umur 81 -90 Hst tergantung varietas yang ditanam, kondisi cuaca dan ketinggian tempat. Brokoli dan bunga kol sebaiknya dipanen ketika ukuran kepala bunga sudah optimal dengan ukuran biasanya 7 - 10 cm dan berwarna hijau tua seluruhnya untuk brokoli dan berwarna putih seluruhnya untuk bunga kol\n- Pemanenan yang keliru dan penanganan yang tidak hati - hati dapat menurunkan mutu tanaman seperti memar, luka, dan bercak berwarna kuning kehitaman.\n- Panen dilakukan pada waktu cuaca terang dan kering, pengangkutan hasil panen ke tempat pengumpulan dilakukan sesegera mungkin dan usahakan agar terlindungi dari panas/terik matahari dan hujan.\n- Pemanenan yang terlambat akan mengakibatkan krop pecah dan berwarna kuning atau cokelat. Tanaman kembang kol dan brokoli sudah cukup dipanen bila krop sudah cukup keras.menata hasil panen ke dalam wadah pengumpulan dan tidak melewati batas maksimum wadah. Hindari menumpuk brokoli terlalu banyak dalam satu wadah untuk mencegah kerusakan.\n- Pengolesan dengan kapur tohor pada bagian tangkai krop dapat mengurangi infeksi bakteri busuk lunak pada pengangkutan.\n- Untuk menghindari kerusakan krop, sebaiknya dibungkus menggunakan kertas.\n- Simpan brokoli atau kembang kol di tempat yang sejuk dan teduh untuk menjaga kesegarannya.\n- Lakukan penimbangan dan pencatatan hasil panen untuk mengetahui produksi yang dihasilkan dari suatu luasan penanaman.\n- Brokoli dan Kembang kol harus dikemas dengan benar agar produknya terlindungi. Bahan yang digunakan di dalam kemasan harus bersih dan berkualitas baik, sehingga tidak menyebabkan kerusakan eksternal atau internal pada produk. Penggunaan bahan, khususnya kertas yang memuat spesifikasi dagang diperbolehkan, asalkan pencetakan atau pelabelan telah dilakukan dengan tinta atau lem yang tidak beracun.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Budidaya-Brokoli-Kembang-Kol_cropped_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "## Buku Pedoman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Pengelolaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Secara Ramah Lingkungan Pada Tanaman Melon", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "1. Nelly Saptayanti, SP", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "2. Ami Cahyani Ratnaningrum, SP", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "3. Evy Octavia, SP", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Tim Pengarah:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "1. Ir. Anik Kustaryati", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "2. Issusilaningtyas Uswatun Hasanah, S.Sos., M.Si", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "DIREKTORAT PERLINDUNGAN HORTIKULTURA DIREKTORAT JENDERAL HORTIKULTURA KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## BUKU PEDOMAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## PENGELOLAAN ORGANISME PENGGANGGU TUMBUHAN SECARA RAMAH LINGKUNGAN PADA TANAMAN MELON", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Tim Penyusun", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "1. Nelly Saptayanti, SP\n2. Ami Cahyani Ratnaningrum, SP\n3. Evy Octavia, SP", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Tim Pengarah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "1. Ir. Anik Kustaryati\n2. Issusilaningtyas Uswatun Hasanah, S.Sos., M.Si", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## CETAKAN PERTAMA TAHUN 2015", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Kontributor foto dalam buku ini: Dr. Suputa (Jurusan Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan UGM), Ir. Paryoto, MP (Kepala Laboratorium Pengamatan Hama dan Penyakit DI Yogyakarta), Nelly Saptayanti, SP (POPT Direktorat Perlindungan Hortikultura), Haryadi (UPTPH DIY)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "DITERBITKAN OLEH: DIREKTORAT PERLINDUNGAN HORTIKULTURA DIREKTORAT JENDERAL HORTIKULTURA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA 2015", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## KATA PENGANTAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Mengenal jenis Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan (OPT) merupakan suatu langkah penting untuk dapat mengambil keputusan dalam mengelola pertanaman buah melon. Sesuai dengan prinsip Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) ramah lingkungan yang harus melakukan pengamatan dan pencatatan terhadap kondisi lahan pertanaman secara rutin, maka perlu panduan untuk mengenali dan mengambil keputusan dalam pengendalian OPT di lahan budidaya melon. Selain itu, buku ini juga mendukung budidaya tanaman melon yang sesuai dengan Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) karena juga langsung berhubungan dengan pengelolaan OPT secara terpadu di lahan pertanaman, yaitu mulai dari pengolahan tanah hingga panen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Atas diterbitkannya Pedoman Pengelolaan Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman Secara Ramah Lingkungan Pada Tanaman Melon, kami menyampaikan terimakasih yang tulus kepada semua pihak yang telah berkontribusi memberikan informasi, pengalaman, maupun gambar untuk melengkapi buku ini. Semoga semua itu dapat dirasakan manfaatnya serta mendapat balasan terbaik dari Tuhan Yang Maha Esa.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Kami berharap, buku ini dapat menjadi acuan bagi petugas perlindungan hortikultura dan pihak terkait dalam melakukan bimbingan teknis pengelolaan OPT secara ramah lingkungan pada tanaman melon.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Jakarta, Juni 2015", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Direktur Perlindungan Hortikultura", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Ir . Soesilo, M.Si.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR ISI", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "| | | | Hal |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------|\n| Kata Pengantar ................................................................................ | Kata Pengantar ................................................................................ | Kata Pengantar ................................................................................ | i |\n| Daftar Isi .......................................................................................... | Daftar Isi .......................................................................................... | Daftar Isi .......................................................................................... | iii |\n| Daftar Gambar ............................................................................ | Daftar Gambar ............................................................................ | Daftar Gambar ............................................................................ | v |\n| PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................... | PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................... | PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................... | 1 |\n| PERSIAPAN LAHAN ...................................................................... | PERSIAPAN LAHAN ...................................................................... | PERSIAPAN LAHAN ...................................................................... | 4 |\n| A. | | Tanah .................................................................................. | 4 |\n| B. | | Iklim ................................................................................... | 6 |\n| C. | | Syarat Lokasi ....................................................................... | 6 |\n| D. | | Manipulasi Ramah Lingkungan .......................................... | 7 |\n| E. | | Pemasangan Ajir ................................................................. | 8 |\n| PERBENIHAN ............................................................................... | PERBENIHAN ............................................................................... | PERBENIHAN ............................................................................... | 9 |\n| | A. | Media Semai ...................................................................... | 9 |\n| | B. | Perlakuan Benih ................................................................. | 10 |\n| | C. | Penyemaian Benih ............................................................. | 10 |\n| PENANAMAN .............................................................................. | PENANAMAN .............................................................................. | PENANAMAN .............................................................................. | 12 |\n| PENGENALAN DAN PENGENDALIAN OPT MELON ........................ | PENGENALAN DAN PENGENDALIAN OPT MELON ........................ | PENGENALAN DAN PENGENDALIAN OPT MELON ........................ | 14 |\n| A. HAMA .................................................................................. | A. HAMA .................................................................................. | A. HAMA .................................................................................. | 14 |\n| 1. Kutu Daun ( Aphis gossypii Glover) ..................................... | 1. Kutu Daun ( Aphis gossypii Glover) ..................................... | 1. Kutu Daun ( Aphis gossypii Glover) ..................................... | 14 |\n| | 2. | Aulacophora indica ............................................................ | 16 |\n| | 3. | Lalat Pengorok Daun ( Liriomyza huidobrensis ) ................... | 18 |\n| | 4. | Thrips ................................................................................. | 19 |\n| | 5. | Lalat Buah ( Bactrocera cucurbitaceae ) .............................. | 21 |\n| | 6. | Ulat Grayak ( Spodoptera litura ) ......................................... | 23 |\n| 7. | | Ulat Daun ( Agrotis segetum) .............................................. | 25 |\n| | 8. | Lalat Tomat ( Atherigona orientalis Schiner) ....................... | 27 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "| B. | PENYAKIT .............................................................................. | 28 |\n|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|\n| 1. | Embun Bulu ( Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Erysiphe cichoraseaum ) .................................................................... | 28 |\n| 2. | Layu Fusarium .................................................................... | 30 |\n| 3. | Bacterial Stem Rot .............................................................. | 33 |\n| 4. | Angular Leaf Spot ............................................................... | 35 |\n| 5. | Watermelon Mosaic Virus dan Muskmelon Mosaic Virus .. | 36 |\n| 6. | Virus Kuning ....................................................................... | 38 |\n| C. GULMA ................................................................................. | C. GULMA ................................................................................. | 40 |\n| 1. | Gulma Berdaun Lebar ........................................................ | 40 |\n| 2. | Gulma Berdaun Sempit (Rumput) ...................................... | 41 |\n| 3. | Rumput Teki ........................................................................ | 41 |\n| Pembuatan PGPR ........................................................................ | Pembuatan PGPR ........................................................................ | 44 |\n| Pembuatan Pestisida Nabati ........................................................ | Pembuatan Pestisida Nabati ........................................................ | 45 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR GAMBAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "| | | Hal |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------|\n| Gambar 1. | Melon berdaging buah putih kehijauan (a), orens (b) atau putih kekuningan (c) ......................................... | 1 |\n| Gambar 2. | Netted melon (a) dan winter melon (b) ................... | 2 |\n| Gambar 3. | Lahan yang sudah dibuat bedengan (a), bedengan yang sudah ditutup dengan mulsa PHP (b) .............. | 5 |\n| Gambar 4. | Pemasangan mulsa Plastik Hitam Perak (PHP) ......... | 7 |\n| Gambar 5. | Ukuran lahan bedengan melon ................................ | 8 |\n| Gambar 6. | Persemaian benih melon dalam sungkup kasa ........ | 10 |\n| Gambar 7. | Penanaman melon di bedengan dengan sistem turus ........................................................................ | 7 |\n| Gambar 8. | Kutu daun muda ...................................................... | 14 |\n| Gambar 9. | Imago oteng-oteng .................................................. | 16 |\n| Gambar 10. | Akar melon yang rusak dimakan ulat oteng-oteng ... | 17 |\n| Gambar 11. | Ulat pengorok daun dan bekas korokannya ............. | 18 |\n| Gambar 12. | Fase imago L. huidobrensis ...................................... | 18 |\n| Gambar 13. | Imago Thrips ............................................................ | 19 |\n| Gambar 14. Imago lalat buah B. cucurbitaceae (a) dan gejala serangannya (b,c) ..................................................... | Gambar 14. Imago lalat buah B. cucurbitaceae (a) dan gejala serangannya (b,c) ..................................................... | 21 |\n| Gambar 15. | Gejala lanjut serangan lalat buah ............................. | 22 |\n| Gambar 16. | Bekas serangan ulat grayak pada buah melon .......... | 23 |\n| Gambar 17. | A. segetum pada saat pagi hari masuk ke dalam tanah; pengambilan ulat dapat dilakukan dengan menggalitanahdisekitartanaman ............................ | 25 |\n| Gambar 18. | A. orientalis sedang meletakkan telur pada buah melon yang masih muda .......................................... | 27 |\n| Gambar 19. | Gejala awal embun bulu .......................................... | 29 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "| Gambar 20. | Gejala layu fusarium di lahan melon ........................ | 31 |\n|--------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|\n| Gambar 21. | Gejala layu fusarium pada pangkal batang melon .... | 31 |\n| Gambar 22. | Layu fusarium atau defisiensi unsur hara menunjukkan gejala yang mirip sehingga perlu diperiksa lebih lanjut ................................................ | 32 |\n| Gambar 23. | Gejala busuk batang bakteri pada batang melon ..... | 33 |\n| Gambar 24. | Gejala bercak daun bersudut: gejala ringan (a) dan gejala berat (b) ......................................................... | 35 |\n| Gambar 25. | Gejala ringan bercak daun bersudut ........................ | 36 |\n| Gambar 26. | Gejala lanjut pada buah : bentuk net tidak beraturan (a), terjadi malformasi, tidak terbentuk atau bentuk tidak beraturan ........................................................ | 37 |\n| Gambar 27. | Gejala virus kuning pada daun melon ...................... | 38 |\n| Gambar 28. | Gulma berdaun lebar : bayam berduri (a), krokot (b) dan babadotan (c) .................................................... | 40 |\n| Gambar 29. | Gulma berdaun sempit : rumput gerintingan (a), kekawatan (b), dan sunduk gangsir (c) ...................... | 41 |\n| Gambar 30. | Gulma teki : Cyperus iria (a) , C. rotundus (b) , dan C. compressus (c) ......................................................... | 42 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## PENDAHULUAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Melon mulai dikembangkan di Indonesia pada tahun 1980-an di daerah Cisarua (Bogor, Jawa Barat) dan Kalianda (Lampung). Tetapi, dalam perkembangannya, melon juga banyak ditanam di Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur, bahkan di wilayah lain di Indonesia. Budidaya melon semakin diminati petani karena permintaan yang tinggi dan harga yang relatif stabil. Selain itu, melon yang ditanam di daerah tropis memiliki umur yang cukup pendek (75 - 120 hari) sehingga relatif cepat dipanen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Gambar 1. Melon berdaging buah putih kehijauan (a), orens (b) atau putih kekuningan (c)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Mayoritas masyarakat Indonesia sangat menyukai buah melon. Melon yang menjadi primadona konsumen adalah melon dengan penampilan menarik yang memiliki jaring yang tebal dan rapat, aroma khas yang kuat serta rasa yang manis dan legit. Namun, pasokan buah secara kontinu masih terbatas. Selain itu, kualitasnya juga masih beragam sehingga diperlukan inovasi teknis budidaya terhadap melon yang cukup rentan terhadap Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan (OPT).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Petani di Indonesia umumnya menanam jenis netted melon yang mempunyai buah yang berkulit kasar dan berjaring serta biasanya memiliki daya simpan pendek. Tetapi ada juga yang menanam jenis winter melon yang berkulit halus dan daya simpannya lama.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Gambar 2. Netted melon (a) dan winter melon (b)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Awalnya, budidaya melon diperkenalkan dengan sistem menjalar di tanah seperti halnya tanaman semangka. Tetapi, tanaman melon sangat peka terhadap penyakit yang ditularkan lewat tanah sehingga banyak yang rusak atau mati sebelum berbuah. Untuk itu, petani mulai menerapkan sistem turus agar daun-daun dan buah tidak bersentuhan langsung dengan tanah. Dengan penanaman sistem turus ini, kualitas buah yang diproduksi jauh lebih bagus dibandingkan dengan sistem dijalarkan di atas tanah serta memperkecil resiko kegagalan panen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Pemerintah Indonesia sangat mendukung perbaikan kualitas maupun kuantitas produksi buah melon. Walaupun sudah banyak petani yang melakukan budidaya melon, tetapi petugas perlindungan tanaman maupun petani masih memerlukan panduan mengenai budidaya maupun pengelolaan OPT pada melon. Dalam kaitan dengan kebijakan dari Direktorat Perlindungan Hortikultura yang mengarahkan agar pertanaman hortikultura dilakukan secara ramah lingkungan, maka perlu diterbitkan pedoman mengenai pengenalan dan pengelolaan OPT pada tanaman melon secara ramah lingkungan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Penyusunan pedoman pengenalan dan pengelolaan OPT pada tanaman melon secara ramah lingkungan harus melalui tahap koordinasi dengan pihak terkait budidaya melon, diantaranya petani melon, petugas perlindungan hortikultura, serta pakar di bidang perlindungan tanaman. Pedoman ini diharapkan dapat dimanfaatkan oleh petani dan petugas di seluruh Indonesia, sehingga menghimpun masalah penting OPT melon dari berbagai wilayah budidaya di Indonesia.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## PERSIAPAN LAHAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Tanaman melon memerlukan syarat pertumbuhan khusus dan tidak dapat ditanam di sembarang tempat sebagaimana tanaman introduksi dari jenis labu-labuan (Cucurbitaceae) lainnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## A. Tanah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Pertumbuhan tanaman melon akan optimal jika dibudidayakan pada tanah dengan kisaran pH 6,0 - 6,8. Tetapi, tanaman melon masih mampu tumbuh dan berproduksi pada pH 5,6 - 7,2. Tanaman melon tidak akan berproduksi optimal jika ditanam pada tanah masam (pH < 5,6). Pada kondisi tanah masam, beberapa unsur hara terutama Posfor (P), Kalsium (Ca), dan beberapa unsur mikro sulit terserap oleh tanaman karena terikat oleh beberapa unsur lain seperti Aluminium (Al), Mangan (Mn), dan Besi (Fe). Selain itu, tanah masam juga merupakan media yang baik bagi perkembangan patogen tular tanah seperti cendawan Fusarium atau Pythium .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Melon mempunyai sistem perakaran yang dangkal sehingga memerlukan tanah yang gembur, mempunyai lapisan olah yang tebal, berporus (berpasir) dan kaya bahan organik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Berdasarkan fakta di lapangan, tanaman melon dapat ditanam pada berbagai jenis tanah terutama tanah andosol, latosol, regosol, dan grumosol, asalkan kekurangan dari sifat-sifat jenis tanah tersebut dapat dimanipulasi dengan pengapuran, penambahan bahan organik, maupun pemupukan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Gambar 3. Lahan yang sudah dibuat bedengan (a), bedengan yang sudah ditutup dengan mulsa PHP (b)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## -Pembersihan dan Pembajakan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Tanah dibersihkan dari sisa-sisa perakaran tanaman sebelumnya ataupun dari serasah lain. Jika lahan yang digunakan adalah bekas tanaman padi maka tidak harus dibajak karena masih cukup gembur. Sedangkan jika tanah yang lama tidak digunakan maka sebaiknya dibajak. Lahan yang akan dibajak digenangi dengan air terlebih dahulu selama semalam kemudian keesokan harinya baru dilakukan pembajakan dengan kedalaman balikan sekitar 30 cm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## Pembentukan Bedengan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Setelah dibajak, lahan dibiarkan kering selama 4-7 hari. lalu dilakukan pembuatan bedengan dengan panjang maksimum 15m, tinggi 40-6- cm, lebar bedengan 120 cm, lebar parit 60 cm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Jika tanah masam, perlu dilakukan pemberian kapur pertanian (dolomit) dengan dosis yang disesuaikan dengan pH tanah setempat, rata-rata 2 ton/ha. Kapur yang telah dihaluskan, ditaburkan ke bedengan kemudian diaduk agar merata dengan tanah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## B. Iklim", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Tanaman melon membutuhkan curah hujan antara 2000 - 3000 mm per tahun. Hujan yang terus menerus akan menggugurkan calon buah yang terbentuk dan menyebabkan kelembapan yang tinggi di sekitar pertanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Ketinggian tempat yang optimal untuk budidaya melon adalah 200 900 m dpl. Tetapi, tanaman melon masih dapat berproduksi dengan baik pada ketinggian 0 - 900 m dpl. Melon yang ditanam di dataran menengah mempunyai umur panen yang lebih panjang daripada melon hasil penanaman di dataran rendah. Namun, kualitas buah dari tekstur dan rasa melon di dataran menengah lebih baik daripada melon dataran rendah. Melon dataran menengah mempunyai daging buah yang tebal dengan sedikit rongga, meskipun ukuran buahnya tidak sebesar melon dataran rendah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Intensitas sinar matahari yang diperlukan tanaman melon berkisar antara 10 - 12 jam sehari. Lokasi penanaman harus diusahakan di daerah terbuka dengan sedikit penguapan. Sinar matahari membantu proses pembentukan gula (pati) yang menyebabkan ukuran buah melon menjadi besar dan manis. Jika pada awal pertumbuhannya tanaman melon kurang mendapatkan sinar matahari, maka batangnya akan tumbuh memanjang, lunak, mudah roboh, dan buah yang terbentuk sering rontok. Sedangkan jika tanaman melon kekurangan sinar matahari pada saat berbuah, maka buahnya akan berukuran kecil dan kurang manis.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## C. Syarat Lokasi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Untuk menunjang keberhasilan budidaya melon, sebaiknya dilakukan pencarian lokasi penanaman yang :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "- Bukan bekas pertanaman melon atau tanaman lain yang satu keluarga dengan melon (Cucurbitaceae)\n- Dekat dengan sumber air\n- Dapat dijangkau alat transportasi darat dengan leluasa", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## D. Manipulasi Ramah Lingkungan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Tanah yang sehat merupakan modal penting dalam budidaya tanaman. Prinsip Pengelolaan Tanaman Secara Ramah Lingkungan menganjurkan untuk melakukan persiapan lahan dengan menambahkan agens hayati yang dapat memperkuat ketahanan tanaman terhadap OPT, misalnya menambahkan Trichoderma sp. yang dicampur dengan pupuk kandang dan tanah di bedengan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Mulsa plastik hitam perak (PHP) (lebar 120 cm) juga baik digunakan untuk menjaga kelembapan tanah dan dapat mengusir hama seperti Thrips. Bagian plastik berwarna perak menghadap ke atas sedangkan yang berwarna hitam menghadap ke bawah. Pemasangan mulsa dilakukan pada saat terik matahari agar mulsa memuai sehingga rapat menutup bedengan dan tanah dalam keadaan basah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Gambar 4. Pemasangan mulsa Plastik Hitam Perak (PHP)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Setelah mulsa terpasang, dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan lubang tanam pada mulsa menggunakan kaleng susu bekas berdiameter 10 cm yang dipanaskan. Jarak antar lubang 50 - 60 cm x 70 cm (50 - 60 cm dalam barisan dan 70 cm antarbarisan). Kegiatan ini dilakukan seminggu sebelum tanam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Gambar 5. Ukuran lahan bedengan melon", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## E. Pemasangan Ajir", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Pemasangan ajir dilakukan sebelum tanam dengan tinggi 150 cm pada setiap lubang tanam. Bagian ajir yang masuk ke dalam tanah sekurang-kurangnya sedalam 25 cm. Ajir ini bermanfaat untuk menyokong batang tanaman dan menjaga agar buah tidak langsung bersentuhan dengan tanah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## PERBENIHAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## A. Media Semai", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "- Luas tanam 1 (satu) hektar dengan populasi 16.000 - 18.000 tanaman, diperlukan 450-500 gr benih melon. Perhitungan kebutuhan benih didasari dengan pertimbangan bahwa daya kecambah benih sekitar 90%.\n- Komposisi media semai terdiri dari :\n1. Tanah sehat (misalnya yang berasal dari sekitar rumpun bambu)\n2. Pupuk organik / kompos (dengan perbandingan tanah : pupuk organik / kompos 1 : 1) ditambahkan Trichoderma sp. (100 gram untuk setiap 50 kg media semai)\n- Disamping itu, dapat ditambahkan juga dengan pasir atau pupuk SP-36 / NPK. Tanah media semai maupun pupuk kandang yang digunakan untuk campuran harus diayak agar bersih dari serabut-serabut akar atau kotoran lainnya. Pupuk yang digunakan (misalnya NPK atau SP-36) harus dilembutkan terlebih dahulu agar mudah diserap perakaran bibit.\n- Media yang sudah siap dimasukkan dalam polybag ukuran 8 x 10 cm atau media semai berbahan organik (daun pisang, daun kelapa, daun lontar, dll) sebagai alternatif polybag plastik. Kemudian diletakkan di dalam sungkup. Sungkup terbuat dari rangka bambu lebar bawah 1 - 1,25 m, tinggi 0.5 - 0.6 m, berbentuk melengkung setengah lingkaran. Panjang sungkup disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan. Sungkup harus berada di tempat terbuka dan sirkulasi udaranya baik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Gambar 6. Persemaian benih melon dalam sungkup kasa", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## B. Perlakuan Benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "- Benih melon perlu dicuci agar selaput lendir yang menghalangi air dan oksigen ke dalam benih dapat dihilangkan. Selanjutnya, benih dimasukkan ke dalam plastik yang telah diberi lubanglubang untuk penirisan kemudian direndam ke dalam larutan PGPR.\n- Perendaman benih dengan PGPR selama 2 jam sebelum disemai. Konsentrasi 3 sendok makan (10-15 cc) PGPR dalam 200 ml air untuk 1 bungkus (sachet) (sekitar 400 biji) benih melon. Kemudian langsung disemai dalam media semai.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## C. Penyemaian Benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "- Pesemaian disungkup menggunakan kain kasa untuk menciptakan suasana hangat agar segera berkecambah.\n- Benih disemai sedalam 1,5 cm dengan posisi 'tidur' dan ujung calon akarnya menghadap ke bawah. Setelah itu, ditutup dengan campuran abu sekam dan tanah dengan perbandingan 2:1.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "- Benih disiram setiap pagi hari dengan tekanan air yang tidak terlalu kuat. Jika cuaca panas, dapat diulangi pada sore hari. Tetapi, jangan menyiram pada sianghari karena air akan menguap dan menyebabkan benih layu akibat stres.\n- Setelah 10 - 14 hari disemai, bibit dipindahkan ke lahan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Catatan: Jumlah benih yang diperlakukan dengan PGPR umumnya tumbuh lebih sedikit (kandungan fluorescens dalam PGPR secara alami melakukan seleksi terhadap benih dengan kualitas kurang baik).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "## PENANAMAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Sebagai patokan, benih yang siap tanam mempunyai 2 (dua) hingga 3 (tiga) helai daun sejati (sekitar umur 10 - 14 hari setelah semai). Penanaman benih sebaiknya dilakukan pada pagi hari sebelum pukul 09:00 atau sore setelah pukul 15:30 untuk menghindari stres karena sinar matahari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## Prosedur penanaman:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "1. Sehari sebelum pindah tanam, bedengan direndam (dileb) agar bedengan basah atau lubang tanam disiram sampai basah apabila air tidak mencukupi.\n2. Sebelum tanam, media semai disiram sampai basah agar tidak pecah saat dibuka.\n3. Lepaskan polybag plastik atau media semai jenis lain (tergantung yang digunakan) secara hati-hati. Usahakan media tanah pada benih tetap kompak atau tidak pecah.\n4. Posisi benih diletakkan dalam keadaan tegak setelah ditanam agar bagian tanaman tidak menyentuh mulsa PHP. Kotiledon searah dengan bedengan sehingga memudahkan pengaturan sulur pada ajir\n5. Setelah itu tanaman disiram untuk mengurangi tingkat kelayuan.\n6. Jika akan dilakukan penyulaman, harus dilakukan paling lambat 3 (tiga) hari setelah tanam. Setelah 3 (tiga) hari penyulaman tidak perlu dilakukan karena tidak akan tumbuh normal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Gambar 7. Penanaman melon di bedengan dengan sistem turus", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## Pengairan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Tanaman melon memerlukan banyak air dalam pertumbuhannya. Sistem pengairan yang biasa dilakukan pada budidaya melon sistem turus adalah dengan penggenangan. Tetapi, kelebihan air perlu dibuang tuntas jika dirasa tanaman sudah cukup air agar tanah tidak terlalu lembap sehingga dapat mencegah perkembangan patogen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Pada masa awal pertumbuhan, pengairan biasanya dilakukan 3 - 4 hari. Walau dilakukan penggenangan, tetapi tanaman muda masih perlu dibantu dengan cara menyiramkan air ke lubang tanamnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Mulai minggu ke-3, pengairan agak dikurangi atau diperpanjang selang pemberiannya menjadi 5 - 7 hari dengan tujuan untuk merangsang pembentukan bunga. Pada masa pemeliharaan buah, selang waktu pengairan diperpendek lagi menjadi 3 - 4 hari karena pada fase pembesaran buah ini tanaman memerlukan banyak air. Pada saat tanaman mulai membentuk jaring ( net ), interval pengairan diperpanjang lagi menjadi 5 - 7 hari. Setelah itu, frekuensi penyiraman dikurangi sejak umur 48 HST (minggu 6 - 7 MST) untuk mencegah terjadinya pecah buah dan agar pembentukan net lebih teratur.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## Penyiangan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Penyiangan pada budidaya melon sistem mulsa PHP hanya dilakukan pada lubang tanam dan parit di antara 2 (dua) bedengan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## PENGENALAN DAN PENGENDALIAN ORGANISME PENGGANGGU TUMBUHAN PADA TANAMAN MELON", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## A. HAMA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Gambar 8. Kutu daun muda", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Nama umum: kutu daun", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## Biologi dan Morfologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Aphis muda berwarna kuning, sedangkan yang dewasa mempunyai sayap dan berwarna agak kehitaman. Bersifat kosmopolit dan polifag (menyerang banyak tanaman). Tipe alat mulut penusukpengisap. Serangga ini pertama terlihat di dekat ujung sulur atau pada titik tumbuh. Kutu daun lebih senang mengisap pada permukaan bawah daun dan berkelompok dalam jumlah besar sehingga daun berubah bentuk/berkeriput.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## Gejala", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "- Daun tanaman menggulung, pucuk tanaman menjadi kering akibat cairan daun diisap hama.\n- Serangan berat ditandai dengan daun mengkerut dan menguning ( yellowing ).\n- Hama ini merupakan vektor virus (dicari virus spesifik untuk melon. Daun juga tampak menghitam karena ditumbuhi cendawan Capnodium sp. (penyebab embun jelaga).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "## Pengendalian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "- Kultur teknis:\n-  Sanitasi gulma agar tidak menjadi inang hama\n-  Penanaman pacar air (pacar banyu) di sekitar tanaman utama (bersifat inundative (mengacaukan hama untuk mengenal tanaman utama)\n- Fisik mekanis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "- Menggunakan perangkap likat kuning (2 perangkap untuk 500 m 2 , diganti 2 minggu sekali)\n- Biologi\n- \n- Predator : Coccinelidae\n-  Parasitoid : Apilinus, Apidius\n-  Agens hayati : Beauveria bassiana (2-5 gram (bentuk tepung) per liter; 100 gram untuk 14 liter (bentuk semi padat di media beras) - untuk luasan 300-350 m 2 (atau 3 tangki untuk 1000 m 2 ).\n- Pestisida nabati : mimba, sirsak, cabe rawit", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "2. Aulacophora indica (imago berwarna hitam), Aulacophora femoralis (imago berwarna kuning)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Gambar 9. Imago oteng-oteng ©Suputa UGM", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Nama umum : kumbang daun", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Nama lokal : oteng-oteng (Jogja), kukuyaan (Sunda), Amo Kecukuk (Jawa)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## Biologi dan Morfologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Larva berwarna putih. Tipe alat mulut larva dan imago adalah penggigit-pengunyah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## Gejala", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "- Daun berlubang akibat aktivitas fisik kumbang (stadia imago)\n- Akar rusak diserang larva\n- Pada serangan berat karena larva, mengakibatkan tanaman layu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Gambar 10. Akar melon yang rusak dimakan ulat oteng-oteng ©Haryadi UPTPH DIY", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Catatan: serangga ini menjadi hama pada stadia larva maupun imago.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## Pengendalian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "- Kultur teknis\n-  Pengolahan tanah untuk mematikan telur, larva dan pupa di dalam tanah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "- Pergiliran tanam dengan tanaman yang bukan inang hama.\n- Fisik mekanik\n-  Tanaman layu segera dicabut, larva dikumpulkan untuk dibakar.\n- Biologi\n-  Predator : Cicindela aurontela (kumbang macan), Suclineus palives.\n-  Agens hayati : Beauveria bassiana (sumber: Kalshoven)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## 3. Lalat Pengorok Daun ( Liriomyza huidobrensis )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Gambar 11. Ulat pengorok daun dan bekas korokannya", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Nama umum : lalat pengorok daun, grandong (Jogja)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## Biologi dan Morfologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Bersifat polifag . Imago menyerupai lalat bibit, berwarna hitam mengkilat dengan skutelum tampak jelas berwarna kuning. Aktif bertelur pada pagi hari (sekitar pukul 09:00-10:00). Telur bisa diletakkan pada bagian atas maupun bawah daun (lebih menyukai daun muda) yang akan menetas setelah 2-4 hari. Larva berwarna putih, berukuran ± 2 mm x 0.3 mm. Stadia larva sekitar 13 hari. Larva instar terakhir jatuh ke tanah sebelum menjadi pupa. Stadia pupa mencapai 9 hari dan stadia imago sekitar 9-24 hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Gambar 12. Fase imago L. huidobrensis ©Suputa UGM", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## Gejala", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "- Terdapat bintik-bintik putih akibat tusukan ovipositor\n- Terdapat alur-alur korokan berwarna putih pada daun\n- Serangan berat dapat menyebabkan daun gugur", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## Pengendalian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "- Fisik mekanis\n-  Menggunakan perangkap likat kuning sebanyak 5-20 perangkap tiap 1000 m 2\n-  Menggunakan mulsa plastik sejak awal tanam\n- Kultur teknis\n-  Melakukan pergiliran tanam dengan tanaman bukan inangnya (misalnya jagung, padi)\n- Biologi\n-  Parasitoid : Hemiptarsenus longicornis\n-  Predator : laba-laba\n4. Thrips (Thrips tabaci, Thrips palmi, Thrips parvispinus )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Gambar 13. Imago Thrips", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Nama umum : Trips", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## Biologi dan Morfologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "- Menyerang saat fase pembibitan sampai tanaman dewasa. Nimfa berwarna kekuning-kuningan dan dewasa berwarna coklat kehitaman. Serangan banyak terjadi saat musim kemarau.\n- Bersifat polifag, aktif sore dan malam hari ( nocturnal ). Pada siang hari, hama ini berlindung di dalam mahkota bunga.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## Gejala", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "- Daun muda atau tunas baru menjadi keriting penuh dengan bintik putih tampak keperakan.\n- Tanaman keriting dan kerdil serta tidak dapat membentuk buah secara normal.\n- Secara umum, gejala serangan terlihat setelah fase berbunga.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## Pengendalian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "- Fisik mekanis\n-  Menggunakan mulsa plastik dengan warna perak di atas sangat efektif untuk menekan populasi (karena sifatnya yang ( negative phototactic ).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "- Menggunakan perangkap likat kuning sebanyak 5-20 perangkap tiap 1000 m 2 .\n- Kultur teknis\n-  Melakukan pergiliran tanam dengan tanaman bukan inangnya (misalnya jagung, padi).\n- Biologi\n- \n- ", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "- Predator : Orius similis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "- Agens hayati :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Paecylomyces sp., Beauveria bassiana", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## 5. Lalat Buah ( Bactrocera cucurbitae )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "Gambar 14. Imago lalat buah B. cucurbitaceae (a) dan gejala serangannya (b,c) ©Suputa UGM", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "Nama umum : lalat buah melon", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "## Biologi dan Morfologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "- Ukuran tubuh sedikit lebih kecil dari lalat rumah, tetapi lebih panjang.\n- Sayap selalu terbuka, ciri khasnya adalah terdapat pola sayap cross vein .\n- Imago meletakkan telur di dalam buah dengan cara menusukkan ovipositor pada kulit buah muda (masa kritis saat buah seukuran diameter 3-4 cm ±35 hari setelah tanam).\n- Telur akan menetas menjadi larva setelah empat hari.\n- Larva hidup di buah (± 17-21 hari), pupa di tanah (± 13 hari), imago (± 24 hari) mampu terbang 50-100 km.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "## Gejala", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "- Pada buah muda, terdapat bekas tusukan ovipositor. Tetapi, tidak tampak jelas (sebaiknya menggunakan kaca pembesar).\n- Pada gejala lanjut, buah membusuk. Jika buah dibelah, biasanya ditemukan larva.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "Gambar 15. Gejala lanjut serangan lalat buah ©Paryoto,LPHP DIY", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "## Pengendalian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "- Kultur teknis\n-  Sanitasi lingkungan dengan mengumpulkan buah terserang, baik yang jatuh maupun yang masih di batang, kemudian dimusnahkan dengan cara memasukkan buah yang terserang ke dalam gentong yang ditutup kain kassa sehingga tidak memungkinkan larva/imago lalat lepas (sedangkan jika ada musuh alami/parasitoid masih memungkinkan untuk keluar karena ukurannya jauh lebih kecil daripada lalat buah).\n-  Penggunaan tanaman perangkap yang ditanam di pinggiran lahan pertanaman.\n- Fisik mekanis\n-  pembungkusan buah dengan kertas, plastik hitam, anyaman daun kelapa, karung dan sebagainya.\n-  Penggunaan perangkap beratraktan metil eugenol, cue lure , ekstrak selasih, protein bait saat tanaman berbunga sampai panen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "## · Biologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "-  pemanfaatan musuh alami parasitoid: famili Braconidae ( Biosteres sp. dan Opius sp.).\n-  pemanfaatan predator: semut ( Odontoponera denticulata ), semut rang-rang ( Oecophyla smaragdina ), laba-laba, kumbang stafilinid (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), atau cocopet (Dermaptera).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "## 6. Ulat Grayak ( Spodoptera litura )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "Gambar 16. Bekas serangan ulat grayak pada buah melon ©Paryoto,LPHP DIY", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "Nama umum : ulat grayak", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "## Biologi dan Morfologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "- Larva yang baru menetas biasanya hidup bergerombol dan memakan daun di dekatnya hingga tinggal tulang-tulang daun saja.\n- Larva instar akhir hidup sendiri-sendiri, aktif pada malam hari, memakan daun maupun buah.\n- Pada siang hari, larva menyelinap di dalam tanah atau dalam tumpukan serasah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "- Imago mampu bertelur hingga 300 butir. Telur diletakkan pada permukaan bawah daun. Imago berwarna coklat kehitaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## Gejala", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "- Daun berlubang atau habis (tergantung tingkat populasi).\n- Buah berlubang.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## Pengendalian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "- Kultur teknis\n-  Menggunakan lampu perangkap pada malam hari (dengan panjang gelombang 240-320 nm).\n- Fisik mekanis\n-  Mengumpulkan kelompok telur kemudian dimusnahkan.\n- Biologi\n-  Predator : Polydicus, Andrallus pinadens, Ameothia malabarica, Phylidivus javanus\n-  Parasitoid : Apantheles colemani, Cotessia sp. ( parasitoid larva ), Bravimeria lasus ( parasitoid pupa )\n-  \n- Menggunakan Feromonoid\n- Entomopatogen : Sl NPV ( Spodoptera litura Nuclear Polyhidrosis Virus ), Nomuraea rileyi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## 7. Ulat Daun ( Agrotis segetum Denis & Schiffermüller)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "Gambar 17. A. segetum pada saat pagi hari masuk ke dalam tanah; pengambilan ulat dapat dilakukan dengan menggali tanah di sekitar tanaman ©Suputa, UGM", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "Nama umum: Turnip moth, Cutworm, Black cutworm, Common cutworm", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "## Biologi dan Morfologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "- Serangga ini meletakkan telur sejumlah 200 - 2.000 butir telur per betina.\n- Telurnya berdiameter 0,5 mm berwarna kuning pucat keputih-putihan. Telur diletakkan pada bagian tanaman lapuk atau pada tanah dengan bahan menyerupai dempol yang dikeluarkan oleh induknya.\n- Larva memakan bagian batang tanaman, khususnya tanaman muda biasanya terpotong dan mati akibat serangan ulat ini.\n- Larva instar terakhir berukuran relatif besar; panjang tubuhnya hingga mencapai 45 mm.\n- Pupa berada dalam tanah panjang pupa antara 20 - 30 mm berdiameter 5 - 8 mm.\n- Imagonya berupa ngengat yang aktif pada malam hari; ngengat keluar dari pupa pada siang hari dan akan aktif setelah sore hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "- Bentangan sayap ngengat mencapai 40 - 45 mm, secara umum ngengat jantan tampak lebih gilig dibandingkan ngengat betina.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## Gejala", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "- Akar dan batang tanaman terpotong.\n- Buah tergerek berlubang-lubang apabila menyerang buah atau buah rusak parah dan rontok ketika buah yang diserang masih muda (ini khusus buah melon yang berada di permukaan tanah saja, ulat ini tidak menyerang buah yang posisinya tidak bersentuhan dengan tanah).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## Pengendalian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "- Kultur teknis\n-  Menanam bawang merah di sekitar tanaman karena dilaporkan serangga ini tidak menyukai bau yang dikeluarkan oleh bawang merah.\n- Mekanis\n-  Langsung menggali tanah di sekitar pertanaman dan membunuh ulat ketika ditemukan secara langsung.\n-  Menggenangi pertanaman selama kurang-lebih 15 menit akan mematikan ulat yang hidup di dalam tanah.\n- Feromonoid", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Metode mating disruption dilaporkan cukup efektif untuk mengendalikan hama ini.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "- Biologi\n-  Pemanfaatan agens hayati seperti predator dan parasitoid pada beberapa tempat dilaporkan efektif\n-  Predator: Broscus punctatus, Chlaenius javanus\n-  Parasitoid telur: Trichogramma spp.\n-  Parasitoid larva: Cotesia congregata, Ctenichneumon panzeri, Gonia bimaculata, Ichneumon sarcitorius, Macrocentrus collaris", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## 8. Lalat Tomat ( Atherigona orientalis Schiner)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Gambar 18. A. orientalis sedang meletakkan telur pada buah melon yang masih muda ©Suputa UGM", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Nama umum :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Tomato fly, Pepper fruit fly", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## Biologi dan Morfologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "- Lalat ini bersifat polifag dan melon adalah salah satu inang utamanya.\n- Telur diletakkan pada jaringan buah melon, telur tersebut akan menetas menjadi larva (belatung).\n- Larva segera menggerek masuk ke dalam jaringan buah.\n- Larva lalat ini sangat mudah bisa dibedakan dengan lalat buah Bactrocera cucurbitae yaitu pada warna bagian ujung posterior spiracle nya; A. orientalis berwarna hitam sedangkan B. cucurbitae berwarna sama dengan tubuhnya yaitu putih pucat.\n- Larvanya tidak melenting sehingga ketika fase prapupa biasanya tetap pada jaringan buah yang membusuk kemudian berpupa pada buah tidak jatuh ke tanah.\n- Imagonya berwarna hitam abu-abu seperti layaknya lalat rumah tetapi berukuran kecil; panjang sayapnya antara 2.53.0 mm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## Gejala", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "- Buah busuk berair di dalamnya terdapat banyak larva lalat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## Pengendalian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "- Kultur teknis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Sebaiknya dihindari penggunaan pupuk kotoran ayam yang belum sempurna karena akan mengundang lalat ini untuk dating.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "- Sanitasi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Pembersihan lingkungan pertanaman dari sampah-sampah organic perlu dilakukan mengingat lalat ini juga bersifat semi saprofag.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "- Biologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Pemanfaatan agens hayati seperti predator dan parasitoid pada beberapa tempat dilaporkan efektif.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "-  Predator: burung walet , Philodicus spp.\n-  Parasitoid pupa: Brachymeria minuta, B. podagrica, Exoristobia philippinensis, dan Spalangia endius", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## B. PENYAKIT", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## 1. Embun Bulu ( Pseudoperonospora cubensis , Erysiphe cichoraseaum )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## Epidemiologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "- Penyakit berkembang pada musim kemarau maupun penghujan\n- Suhu dingin dan lembap dapat mempercepat penyebaran patogen\n- Kemunculan patogen Pseudoperonospora adalah pada awal masa generatif (bunga akan menjadi buah)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## Gejala", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "- Gejala pertama kali berupa bercak kecil berwarna kuning (plesionekrosis) berbentuk tidak beraturan, dibatasi oleh tulang daun. Bercak tersebut kemudian membesar dan segera terjadi nekrosis pada pusatnya. Daun-daun akhirnya mengering dan mati. Permukaan bawah daun yang menunjukkan gejala plesionekrosis ditutupi oleh kumpulan konidia berwarna hitam, sedangkan pada bercak nekrosis, kumpulan konidia hanya didapatkan pada pinggir bercak.\n- Gejala penyakit biasanya muncul pertama kali pada daun terbawah, kemudian menyebar ke daun-daun di atasnya.\n- Dapat mengakibatkan tanaman kerdil atau mati. Walaupun buah tidak menunjukkan gejala embun bulu, tapi pertumbuhannya terganggu sehingga ukuran buah menjadi kecil, pembentukan pola jaring pada buah tidak sempurna dan kualitasnya sangat rendah.\n- Penyakit dapat terjadi sejak tanaman di pembibitan hingga siap dipanen. Pada keadaaan yang sesuai, penyakit dapat terjadi setiap saat setelah tanaman berumur 2 (dua) minggu atau sebelum tanaman berbunga, sedangkan gejala penyakit di lapang timbul sebelum tanaman membentuk buah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "Gambar 19. Gejala awal embun bulu ©Paryoto, LPHP DIY", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## Pengendalian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "## · Kultur Teknis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "-  Pergiliran tanam dengan tanaman yang bukan inangnya (misalnya dengan jagung, kedelai, cabe, sayuran daun)\n-  Sanitasi lingkungan, khususnya dari gulma (dianjurkan dengan penyiangan manual atau mesin)\n- Fisik Mekanis\n-  Menghilangkan sumber inokulum (misalnya membakar bekas-bekas tanaman sebelumnya).\n-  Pemangkasan cabang dan daun tua yang sakit.\n- Biologi\n-  Agens hayati : Aplikasi PGPR 2 minggu sekali, konsentrasi PGPR (5 cc per liter).\n- (L.)\n2. Layu Fusarium ( Fusarium oxysporum f. melonis Epidemiologi\n- Patogen Fusarium merupakan patogen tular tanah.\n- Banyak ditemukan pada musim kemarau.\n- Fusarium dapat hidup saprofitik pada sisa-sisa tanaman dan mampu bertahan di dalam tanah dalam jangka waktu yang lama.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "Patogen masuk ke dalam tanaman melalui ujung-ujung akar atau akar yang terluka. Miselium cendawan berkembang di dalam jaringan tanaman, sehingga menyebabkan penyumbatan secara fisik pada jaringan xylem. Akibatnya, translokasi air terhalang dan tanaman menjadi layu. Disamping itu, cendawan ini dapat menghasilkan toksin yang menghambat metabolisme sel dan mengganggu permeabilitas membran sel tanaman terhadap air. Sel-sel tanaman kehilangan kemampuan menahan air sehingga tanaman menjadi layu.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "Gambar 20. Gejala layu fusarium di lahan melon ©Paryoto, LPHP DIY", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## Gejala", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "- Gejala khas menunjukkan layu pada siang hari dan kembali segar pada sore hari (pagi hari juga segar). Petani sering menduga tanaman kekurangan air dan melakukan penggenangan lahan (Jogja: dilep ), sehingga memperparah dan mempercepat penyebaran patogen.\n- Daun layu dan menguning.\n- Tanaman yang layu jika dicabut, akan menunjukkan gejala khas yaitu terjadi busuk kering pada pangkal batang.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "Gambar 21. Gejala layu fusarium pada pangkal batang melon ©Paryoto, LPHP DIY", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "- Serangan berat menyebabkan seluruh bagian tanaman mengering dan mati.\n- Serangan pada tanaman yang telah membentuk buah, akan menyebabkan penurunan kualitas. Penampilan buah menjadi tidak menarik dan rasa serta keharuman khas melon juga menghilang.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "Gambar 21. Layu fusarium atau defisiensi unsur hara menunjukkan gejala yang mirip sehingga perlu diperiksa lebih lanjut. ©Paryoto, LPHP DIY)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "## Pengendalian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "- Kultur teknis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "- Penyehatan lahan, menghindari lokasi endemik patogen (sekurang-kurangnya 5 tahun).\n-  Memilih bibit yang sehat.\n-  Pergiliran tanam dengan tanaman yang bukan tergolong Famili Cucurbitaceae.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "## · Fisik mekanis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "-  Mencabut tanaman terserang dan mengisolasi bekas tanaman tersebut dalam lubang khusus. Kemudian dalam lubang tersebut ditambahkan Urea, pupuk organik dan Trichoderma secara merata.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "## · Biologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "-  Merendam benih dengan PGPR.\n-  Menggunakan Trichoderma, Gliocladium pada awal tanam.\n-  Menginfus tanaman dengan Fusarium avirulen pada bibit melon.\n-  Aplikasi PGPR sebanyak 3 kali (umur 14 HST, 28 HST, 42 HST) dengan konsentrasi 5 cc per liter (kebutuhan volume larutan sebanyak 360 liter per hektar).\n3. Bacterial Stem Rot ( Pseudomonas sp. atau Erwinia carotovora )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "Nama umum : Busuk batang bakteri", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "Gambar 22. Gejala busuk batang bakteri pada batang melon ©Paryoto, LPHP DIY", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "## Epidemiologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "- Hujan di siang hari mempercepat dan memperparah penyebaran patogen.\n- Patogen dapat meyebar melalui alat-alat pertanian, manusia dan serangga.\n- Kemunculan patogen Pseudomonas sp. adalah pada awal masa generatif (bunga akan menjadi buah).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "## Gejala", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "- Bagian tanaman (daun, batang, buah) yang terinfeksi menjadi busuk basah dan mengeluarkan bau yang tidak sedap.\n- Umumnya, bila busuk menjalar sampai ke buah, maka besar kemungkinan patogennya adalah Erwinia carotovora, sedangkan jika hanya menyerang daun dan batang saja, maka kemungkinan patogennya adalah Ps eudomonas sp.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "## Pengendalian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "- Kultur teknis\n-  Pengaturan jarak tanam agar tidak terlalu rapat.\n-  Menghindari penggunaan pupuk N terlalu tinggi.\n-  Sterilisasi alat yang digunakan\n- Fisik mekanis\n-  Pemangkasan bagian tanaman terserang (alat yang digunakan disterilisasi (direndam Clorox atau Alkohol 70%) sebelum digunakan untuk pemangkasan tanaman lainnya).\n-  Mencabut tanaman terserang dan mengisolasi bekas tanaman tersebut dalam lubang khusus. Kemudian dalam lubang tersebut ditambahkan Urea, pupuk organik dan Trichoderma secara merata.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "## Biologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "-  Aplikasi PGPR sebanyak 3 kali (umur 14 HST, 28 HST, 42 HST) dengan konsentrasi 5 cc per liter (kebutuhan volume larutan sebanyak 360 liter per hektar).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "## 4. Angular Leaf Spot ( Pseudomonas lachymans )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "Nama umum : Penyakit bercak daun bersudut", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "Gambar 23. Gejala bercak daun bersudut: gejala ringan (a) (©Nellysapta, Ditlinhor) dan gejala berat (b) (©Paryoto, LPHP DIY)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "## Epidemiologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "- Termasuk golongan seed borne (terbawa benih).\n- Penyebaran terjadi pada suhu dan kelembapan yang tinggi.\n- Penggunaan pupuk Nitrogen (N) yang berlebihan akan memperparah penyakit.\n- Infeksi berat mengakibatkan gagal panen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "## Gejala", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "- Gejala awal berupa bercak kebasahan menyerupai terkena air panas.\n- Bercak berkembang membentuk sudut, terjadi klorosis (perubahan warna), kemudian mengering berwarna coklat.\n- Serangan berat menyebar ke seluruh bagian daun, bercak bisa sobek dan berlubang (perforasi).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "## Pengendalian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "- Kultur teknis\n-  Penggunaan benih sehat.\n-  Penambahan kapur pertanian (dolomit) 50 kg per 1000 m 2 .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "- Fisik mekanis\n-  Pemangkasan daun terserang.\n-  Pemangkasan ranting dan penjarangan daun untuk mengurangi kelembapan mikro.\n- Biologi\n-  Merendam benih dengan PGPR.\n5. Watermelon Mosaic Virus (WMV) dan Muskmelon Mosaic Virus (MMV)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "Gambar 24. Gejala ringan bercak daun bersudut ©Paryoto, LPHP DIY; ©Nellysapta Ditlinhor", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "## Epidemiologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "- Vektor virus adalah kutu daun ( Aphis gossypii atau Myzus persicae ).\n- Tanaman yang sakit mudah diinfeksi sekunder oleh patogen lain.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "## Gejala", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "- Daun tanaman belang-belang, pucat, dan tulang daun tampak menonjol.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "- Pertumbuhan tanaman terganggu dan menjadi kerdil.\n- Tanaman terserang yang mampu membentuk buah, akan menunjukkan gejala malformasi (perubahan bentuk).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "Gambar 25. Gejala lanjut pada buah : bentuk net tidak beraturan (a), terjadi malformasi, tidak terbentuk atau bentuk tidak beraturan ©Paryoto, LPHP DIY", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "## Pengendalian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "- Kultur teknis\n-  Pergiliran tanam dengan tanaman yang bukan inangnya (misalnya jagung, kedelai).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "- Menanam pacar air (kelompok Refugia) di pinggir lahan (sebagai tanaman barrier ),", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "- Sanitasi gulma yang menjadi inang vektor.\n- Fisik mekanis\n-  Mencabut dan memusnahkan tanaman terserang.\n- Biologi\n-  Mengendalikan vektor dengan parasitod dan predator.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "## 6. Virus Kuning", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "Patogen : Begomovirus ( Bean golden mosaic virus", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "Gambar 26. Gejala virus kuning pada daun melon ©Nellysapta, Ditlinhor", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "## Epidemiologi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "- Masa inkkubasi singkat dan jika menyerang tanaman, tidak bisa pulih kembali.\n- Termasuk salah satu genus dari Famili Geminiviridae yang memiliki vektor spesifik yaitu serangga kutu kebul ( Bemisia tabaci ).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "## Serangga Vektor", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "## Bemisia tabaci", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "-  Imago berwarna putih, bersifat polifag.\n-  Aktif terbang antara pukul 07:00 s.d. 10:00.\n-  Mempunyai tingkat keperidian tinggi sehingga mudah berkembang dan disebarkan oleh angin, manusia, maupun alat pertanian.\n- Tanaman yang sudah terinfeksi sejak pesemaian, pertumbuhannya akan terganggu (seluruh bagian tanaman menguning) dan tidak akan berbuah. Sedangkan jika infeksi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "terjadi setelah tanam, maka intensitas penyakit lebih kecil (hanya sebagian daun tanaman menguning) dan masih mampu berbuah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "- Masa inkubasi 35 hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "## Gejala :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "- Daun muda (pucuk) mengalami mosaic kuning atau hijau muda mencolok.\n- Tampak keriting ( curling ), diikuti belaian daun menyempit atau cekung.\n- Tanaman tumbuh tidak normal, kerdil dibanding dengan tanaman sehat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "- Kultur teknis\n-  Pengerodongan benih melon dengan kelambu/kain kasa.\n-  Menggunakan perangkap likat kuning sebanyak 5 perangkap per 500 m 2 (100 perangkap per hektar).\n-  Menggunakan mulsa plastik hitam perak (MPHP), dengan warna perak di atas untuk meningkatkan intensitas sinar ( negative phototactic ).\n- Fisik mekanis\n-  Mencabut tanaman terserang dan dimusnahkan.\n- Biologi\n-  Pengendalian vektor dengan kumbang Coccinellidae ( Menochilus sexmaculatus Fab.).\n- Pestisida nabati : gadung, mimba.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "## C. GULMA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "Pengendalian gulma umumnya masih menggunakan tenaga manual dengan cara mencabuti gulma pada lubang tanam dan mengored gulma yang tumbuh di parit. Keberadaan gulma juga tergantung pada pengolahan tanah yang dilakukan, jenis tanaman sebelumnya pada lahan, tingkat keasaman tanah dan kebersihan lahan. Jenis gulma yang ada di pertanaman melon bervariasi, diantaranya:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "## 1. Gulma Berdaun Lebar", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "- a. Bayam berduri ( Amaranthus lividus )\n- b. Krokot ( Portulaca oleracea )\n- c. Babadotan ( Ageratum conyzoides )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "Gambar 27. Gulma berdaun lebar : bayam berduri (a), krokot (b) dan babadotan (c)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "## 2. Gulma Berdaun Sempit (Rumput)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "- a. Rumput Gerintingan ( Cynodon dactylon )\n- b. Rumput Kekawatan ( Paspalum distichum )\n- c. Rumput Sunduk Gangsir ( Digitaria ciliaris )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "Gambar 28. Gulma berdaun sempit : rumput gerintingan (a), kekawatan (b), dan sunduk gangsir (c)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "## 3. Rumput Teki", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "- a. Cyperus iria\n- b. Cyperus rotundus\n- c. Cyperus compressus", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "Gambar 29. Gulma teki : Cyperus iria (a) , C. rotundus (b) , dan C. compressus (c)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "Pengendalian gulma tidak sama dengan pemberantasan gulma. Prinsipnya adalah dengan meningkatkan daya saing tanaman pokok dan melemahkan daya saing gulma.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "Pelaksanaan pengendalian gulma sebaiknya didasari dengan pengetahuan yang memadai mengenai gulma yang banyak terdapat di suatu lahan budidaya. Beberapa identifikasi penting diantaranya mengenai siklus hidup (annual, biennal atau perennial), cara berkembang biak, cara adaptasi dengan lingkungan, pola penyebaran dan reaksi terhadap lingkungan. Selain itu, pengendalian gulma juga harus memperhatikan teknis pelaksanaannya di lapang, biaya yang dibutuhkan, dan kemungkinan dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "## Beberapa upaya pengendalian gulma diantaranya:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "## 1. Preventif / pencegahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "- Menjaga sanitasi dan meniadakan sumber inokulum dengan cara:\n-  Menggunakan benih tanaman yang bersih dan tidak tercampur biji-biji gulma.\n-  Menghindari penggunaan pupuk kandang yang belum matang.\n-  Menyaring air pengairan agar tidak membawa biji-biji gulma ke petak-petak pertanaman yang diairi.\n-  Mencegah pengangkutan tanaman beserta tanahnya dari tempat-tempat lain karena pada bongkahan tanah tersebut kemungkinan mengandung biji-biji gulma.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "## 2. Mekanis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "- Melakukan pengolahan tanah dengan baik.\n- Penyiangan pada saat pertumbuhan aktif dari gulma, Penyiangan sebaiknya tidak dilakukan terlalu sering.\n- Pencabutan dengan tangan saat sebelum membentuk biji.\n- Pembakaran lahan saat pembuatan bedengan.\n- Penggenangan dengan tinggi 15-25 cm selama 3-8 minggu. Kegiatan ini efektif untuk mengendalikan gulma tahunan (annual).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "## 3. Kultur Teknis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "- Pengaturan jarak tanam dengan membiarkan gulma tumbuh terlebih dahulu kemudian dikendalikan dengan praktik budidaya tertentu.\n- Pengaturan jarak tanam sesuai SOP.\n- Pemulsaan untuk menghambat sampainya cahaya sampai ke permukaan tanah sehingga kecambah gulma atau berbagai jenis gulma dewasa mati.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "## Pembuatan PGPR", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "## 1. Eksplorasi PGPR", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "- Cari rumput liar/ rumput gajah yang sehat atau serasah di bawah rumpun bambu;\n- Cabut dan rontokkan tanah yang menempel pada akar, tetapi sisakan sedikit;\n- Potong akarnya dan rendam dalam air masak selama 2 - 4 hari;\n- Air rendaman dapat digunakan sebagai bahan sumber bakteri ;\n2. Pembuatan Biang/Starter (Penyiapan Media Tumbuh)\n- Siapkan bahan berupa:\n-  air bersih 20 liter\n-  terasi tanpa bahan pengawet 100 gram\n-  bekatul 0,5 kg atau leri 1 liter\n-  gula 200 gram\n-  kapur mati/enjet 1 sendok teh;\n- Panaskan air hingga mendidih.\n- Masukkan bahan satu per satu dan aduk hingga merata.\n- Setelah masak, dinginkan sampai suhu larutan sama dengan suhu kamar.\n- Saring untuk mendapatkan larutan yang siap digunakan sebagai media tumbuh .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "## 3. Perbanyakan PGPR", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "- Masukkan bahan sumber bakteri ke dalam larutan media tumbuh bakteri.\n- Masukkan biang sebanyak 50 - 100 gram per 20 liter media. Aduk hingga merata.\n- Lakukan pengadukan setiap hari atau gunakan aerator.\n- Tunggu antara 5 - 7 hari, PGPR siap digunakan dengan tanda munculnya bau masam/busuk dan cairan terlihat lebih keruh.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "## Pembuatan Pestisida Nabati", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "## 1. Bahan Gadung", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "- Siapkan 1 kg gadung kemudian dicuci dan diparut.\n- Peras parutan gadung dengan kain bersih.\n- Ambil larutan dengan dosis 5 - 10 ml/liter air.\n- Semprotkan ke seluruh tanaman pada pagi atau sore hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "## 2. Bahan Gadung dan Mimba", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "- Siapkan 2 kg gadung dan 1 kg mimba kemudian dicuci.\n- Bahan gadung dan mimba ditumbuk halus.\n- Tambahkan dengan 20 liter air dan 10 gram deterjen, lalu aduk hingga merata.\n- Diamkan selama 24 jam, kemudian disaring dengan kain bersih.\n- Semprotkan ke seluruh tanaman pada pagi atau sore hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Organisme-Pengganggu-Tumbuhan-Secara-Ramah-Lingkungan-Pada-Melon_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "## Pengarah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Direktur Buah dan Florikultura Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura Kementerian Pertanian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Penyusun", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "1. Ir. Sri Haryati\n2. Nurli Eriza, S.P ., M.M.\n3. Henry Simbolon, S.P., M.Si.\n4. Yudhi Catur Putra Tama, S.P .\n5. Etty Riana Yuliastuti, S.P ., M.P .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Penyunting", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "1. Ir. Sri Haryati\n2. Nurli Eriza, S.P ., M.M.\n3. Yudhi Catur Putra Tama, S.P .\n4. Etty Riana Yuliastuti, S.P ., M.P .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Kontributor", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sobir, M.Si.\n2. Kuswandi, S.P., M.Si.\n3. Kadohir", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## DITERBITKAN OLEH:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Kementerian Pertanian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 20, Kota Bogor, 16122, Indonesia Telp. (0251) 8321746, Fax (0251) 8326561", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Hak Cipta dilindungi oleh Undang-Undang", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Dilarang mencetak dan menerbitkan Sebagian atau seluruh isi buku", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "ini dengan cara dan dalam bentuk apapun tanpa seizin penerbit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Buku Pedoman Budidaya Semangka", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Tim Penyusun", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "6. Efa Krisna Dewi\n7. Rafik Sudiaz, S.P .\n8. Tri Erza Apriyadi, S.T.P ., M.P .\n9. Rokhmi Afifah Baroroh, A.Md.\n10. Rama Wijaya, S.P .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## KATA PENGANTAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Semangka ( Citrullus Vulgaris Schard) merupakan salah satu jenis buah semusim yang mempunyai nilai komersial tinggi, semangka menjadi komoditas strategis untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani, menjadi buah yang dapat diandalkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasokan buah masyarakat dan memenuhi kebutuhan horeka, dapat berbuah/ dibudidayakan sepanjang tahun dengan umur tanaman yang relatif singkat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Potensi pengembangan semangka nasional cukup luas dengan kesesuaian agroklimat, ketersedian luasan lahan serta beragamnya varietas unggul.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Semangka yang dominan dikembangkan di Indonesia, yaitu semangka merah dan kuning. Permintaan pasar masih didominasi semangka berdaging merah dengan bentuk lonjong dengan kulit gelap.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Penanaman semangka di Indonesia masih menghadapi banyak permasalahan. Beberapa permasalahan yang ada seperti : 1) Masih minimnya pengetahuan dan keterampilan petani, 2) Masih tingginya penggunaan pestisida dalam penanganan OPT, dan 3) Lemahnya kelembagaan tani hingga belum tertatanya rantai pasok distribusi. Hal ini disebabkan masih terbatasnya informasi dan pengetahuan petani tentang budidaya dan penanganan semangka.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Mengacu pada permasalahan tersebut, Direktorat Buah dan Florikultura menginisiasi penyusunan buku pedoman budidaya semangka dengan melibatkan perguruan tinggi, petugas lapangan dan pelaku usaha/ petani produsen semangka.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Buku pedoman Budidaya Semangka ini diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi tentang tata cara penanganan budidaya semangka dengan baik dan benar yang mudah dipahami dan praktis sebagai acuan petani dalam melakukan budidaya sesuai teknologi anjuran, sehingga dapat meningkatkan produksi, produktivitas dan kualitas semangka yang dihasilkan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Penyusunan Buku Pedoman Budidaya Semangka ini mengacu pada sistem jaminan mutu antara lain Penerapan Pedoman Budidaya Buah dan Sayur ( Good Agricultural Practices for Fruit and Vegetables )/GAP yang baik dan Standard Operating Procedure (SOP ) komoditas semangka sesuai dengan kondisi di Indonesia.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Kami menyadari bahwa buku saku ini masih jauh dari sempurna, oleh karena itu diharapkan sumbang saran dari pembaca bagi penyempurnaan pada penyusunan selanjutnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Semoga Buku Pedoman Budidaya Semangka ini dapat memberi manfaat dalam menunjang keberhasilan pengembangan buah-buahan khususnya semangka di Indonesia", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Jakarta, Juli 2022 Direktur Buah dan Florikultura", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Dr. Liferdi, S.P ., M.Si. NIP. 19701007 199803 1 001", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR ISI", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "| TIMPENYUSUN KATAPENGANTAR | ................................................................. | i |\n|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................. | DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................. | v |\n| DAFTARTABEL . ....................................................................... | DAFTARTABEL . ....................................................................... | vii |\n| DAFTARGAMBAR ................................................................... | DAFTARGAMBAR ................................................................... | viii |\n| PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................... 1 | PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................... 1 | PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................... 1 |\n| I. | Syarat Tumbuh................................................................. | 2 |\n| II. | Varietas Semangka......................................................... | 3 |\n| III. | Sentra Pengembangan................................................. | 5 |\n| TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA ........................................................ | TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA ........................................................ | 7 |\n| I. | Penyiapan Lahan............................................................... | 8 |\n| II. | Pembibitan ......................................................................... | 11 |\n| III. | Penanaman ........................................................................ | 14 |\n| IV. | Pengairan............................................................................. | 16 |\n| V. Pemangkasan Cabang ................................................... | V. Pemangkasan Cabang ................................................... | 18 |\n| VI. | Penyerbukan buatan....................................................... | 21 |\n| VII. | Penjarangan (seleksi) buah .......................................... | 23 |\n| VIII. Pembalikan Buah ............................................................ | VIII. Pembalikan Buah ............................................................ | 24 |\n| IX. | Sanitasi Lahan ................................................................... | 26 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "| X. Pemupukan........................................................................ | 27 |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| XI. Pengendalian OPT ........................................................... | 29 |\n| XII. Panen ................................................................................... | 45 |\n| | PENUTUP .................................................................................... |\n| 49 50 | DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................. |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR TABEL", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR GAMBAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "| Gambar 1. | Jadwal Budidaya Semangka secara umum.................................................................. | 7 |\n|-------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|\n| Gambar 2. | PolaTanam Sistem Kupu-kupu tarung ... | 10 |\n| Gambar 3. | PolaTanam Sistem Searah ........................... | 10 |\n| Gambar 4. | Benih umur 7 - 10 HST ................................. | 14 |\n| Gambar 5. | Bentuk bedengan semangka ..................... | 15 |\n| Gambar 6. | Pola Pemangkasan ......................................... | 20 |\n| Gambar 7. | Bunga Jantan dan betina ............................. | 23 |\n| Gambar 8. | Contoh pemasangan bambualas buah... | 25 |\n| Gambar 9. | Pembalikan buah semangka ...................... | 26 |\n| Gambar 10. | Kutu Thrips ( Thrips palmi Karny) ................ | 30 |\n| Gambar 11. | Kutu Daun ( Aphis ghossyipii ) ...................... | 32 |\n| Gambar 12. | Ulat Tanah ( Agrotis ipsilon Hufn) ................ | 34 |\n| Gambar 13. | Layu Fusarium( Fusarium oxysporum f. niveumS&H ). ..................................................... | 36 |\n| Gambar 14. | Antraknosa ( Colletotricum langenarium (Pass) Ell. est Halst) ......................................... | 37 |\n| Gambar 15. | Busuk Buah Phytophtora ( Phytopthora nicotianae ).......................................................... | 39 |\n| Gambar 16. | Kresek/embun bulu (Downy Mildew)...... | 42 |\n| Gambar 17. | Penyakit Virus ................................................... | 44 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "viii Buku Pedoman Budidaya Semangka", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## PENDAHULUAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Semangka ( Citrullus Vulgaris Schard) merupakan salah satu komoditas buah semusim yang cukup strategis dan penting di daerah tropis. Semangka termasuk dalam keluarga buah labu-labuan ( Cucurbitaceae ) yang berasal dari Afrika Selatan dan saat ini sudah dapat dijumpai di seluruh dunia, pada daerah asalnya sangat disukai oleh manusia/ binatang yang ada di benua tersebut.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Buah Semangka mengandung vitamin A, vitamin C dan vitamin lainnya serta mengandung antioksidan yang tinggi yang bermanfaat bagi kesehatan, dan dapat mencegah dehidrasi karena banyak mengandung air.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Daya Tarik buah semangka terletak pada warna daging buahnya yang berwarna merah dan kuning, konsistensinya yang remah berair banyak, serta rasa buahnya yang manis. Saat ini semangka juga mempunyai penampilan yang semakin beraneka ragam, sebagai buah meja, jus segar, sirup rasa semangka, permen dan lain sebagainya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Pada tahun 2021 produksi semangka sebesar 414.242 Ton. Sentra produksi semangka mulai dari Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah, Sumatera Utara, NTB, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Bali, Kalimantan Selatan, Sulawesi Selatan dan Lampung.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## I. Syarat Tumbuh", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "- a. Iklim\n- Tipe iklim : A, B, dan C (basah sampai sedang) berdasarkan klasifikasi Schmidt-Fergusson.\n- Curah hujan yang sesuai untuk produksi semangka adalah 40 - 50 mm perbulan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "- Temperatur optimum untuk pertumbuhan semangka 25° - 30° C. · Ketinggian optimum dari dataran rendah 0 sampai 400 meter dpl.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## b. Tanah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "- ·\n- pada tanah yang (>1.2%).\n- Tanaman\tsemangka\takan\ttumbuh\tbaik gembur, berpasir (porus/sarang) dan kaya bahan organik\n- pH\ttanah\toptimum\t:\t5,5\t-\t6,5.\n- Pada\t lahan\t gambut\t optimum\t pada kedalaman kurang dari 50 cm dengan tingkat kematangan sapric", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## II. Varietas Semangka", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Semangka ( Citrullus vulgaris Schard) merupakan salah satu tanaman hortikultura yang cukup penting di daerah tropik bahkan di daerah sub tropik karena tanaman semangka dapat memberikan keuntungan yang cukup besar. Menurut asal usulnya, tanaman semangka konon berasal dari Gurun Kalahari di Afrika, kemudian menyebar ke segala penjuru dunia, terutama di daerah tropis dan sub tropis mulai dari Jepang, Cina, Taiwan, Thailand, India, Jerman, Belanda bahkan Amerika.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Kualitas buah semangka yang baik adalah buah dengan penampilan yang menarik disertai dengan kandungan gula yang tinggi. Semangka diyakini mengandung suatu senyawa yang cukup efektif dalam membunuh sel-sel kanker. Semangka juga mengandung suatu zat tertentu yang mampu meningkatkan aktivitas dan fungsi sel darah putih sehingga meningkatkan sistem keke-balan tubuh.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Semangka punya keragaman varietas yang tinggi, dan dapat berdasarkan kriteria:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "- a. Keberadaan biji\n2.  berbiji (Praya, Corina, Jenar, Kanigara, Serif Saga Agrihorti/SSA)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "-  tidak berbiji/seedless (Marina, Wonderful, Aroma)\n- b. Ukuran\n-  besar (Praya, Corina, Bali Flower)\n-  kecil (Santang, Inden, Dianti)\n- c. Pola warna kulit buah\n-  bercorak (Nagaku, Bianca, Andromeda)\n-  gelap (Danish, Bumaning, Winda, Legyta)\n-  kuning (Santang, Inden, Dianti)\n- d. Warna daging buah\n-  merah (Topaz, Winda, Saloka)\n-  orange/kuning (Limas, Pasport, Medali, Andromeda)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## III. Sentra Pengembangan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Sentra produksi semangka di Indonesia yaitu seperti pada tabel 1. :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Tabel 1. Sentra Produksi Semangka", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "| No | Provinsi | Kabupaten/Kota |\n|------|--------------------|------------------------------------------------------|\n| 1. | Jawa Timur | Jember, Banyuwangi, Lamongan |\n| 2. | Jawa Tengah | Grobogan, Kendal, Pati |\n| 3. | NTB | LombokTengah, LombokTimur |\n| 4. | Sumatera Barat | Pesisir Selatan, Agam |\n| 5. | Sumatera Utara | Serdang Bedagai, Deli Serdang, simalungun, Batu Bara |\n| 6. | Kalimantan Selatan | Hulu sungai Selatan, Tanah Laut, Kotabaru |\n| 7. | Lampung | LampungTengah,Tulang Bawang |\n| 8. | Riau | Kampar, Siak, Rokan Hulu |\n| 9. | Kalimantan Tengah | Kotawaringin Barat, Kapuas |\n| 10. | Sumatera Selatan | Musi Banyuasin, Ogan Komering Ulu, Muara Enim |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Sumber: Sistem Penyediaan Data Satistik Pertanian Hortikultura (2021).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Budidaya Semangka terdiri beberapa", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Budidaya Semangka terdiri beberapa tahapan mulai dari persiapan lahan hingga panen. Jadwal Budidaya semangka secara umum dapat dirangkum pada bagan di bawah ini tahapan mulai dari persiapan lahan hingga panen. Jadwal Budidaya semangka secara umum dapat dirangkum pada bagan di bawah ini", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Gambar 1. Kesesuaian Lahan Gambar 1. Jadwal Budidaya Semangka secara umum", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "I. Persiapan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Lahan dibersihkan dari sisa tanaman,", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "pembalikan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "selanjutnya dilakukan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## I. Persiapan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "- a. Lahan dibersihkan dari sisa tanaman, selanjutnya dilakukan pembalikan tanah, dan dapat segera dilakukan pembuatan bedengan setengah jadi.\n- b. Pembuatan bedengan dilakukan dengan cara tanah dibalik dan digemburkan sampai sedalam ± 30 cm, kemudian dibuat bedengan dengan lebar 100 cm, tinggi bedengan 30 cm, jarak antar bedengan terdekat 50 cm, jarak antar dua bedengan selanjutnya 250-300 cm untuk system kupu-kupu tarung dan Lebar bedengan 60 cm, dengan lebar lari sulur 180-200cm untuk system searah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Pemberian pupuk dasar. Keringkan lahan 4-7 hari, tambahkan pupuk dasar (Bahan Organik/Pupuk kan-dang/kompos, NPK", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "dan Kapur/do-lomit) sesuai dengan tingkat kesu-buran tanah, kemudian dicampur dan diaduk rata di dalam bedengan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "- d. Pemasangan mulsa plastik hitam perak (PHP) dipasang pada bedeng-an dengan menggunakan pasak penjepit dari bambu yang ditan-capkan ke bedengan di bagian pinggir mulsa agar tidak mudah lepas ditiup angin. Pemasangan mulsa PHP sebaiknya pada siang hari, karena pada siang hari plastik lentur dan mudah pemasangannya.\n- e. Pembuatan lubang tanam. Lubang tanam dibuat jarak 60 cm dengan cara mulsa PHP dilubangi menggunakan kaleng susu dengan diameter ± 10 cm yang diisi bara nyala. Setelah itu ditugal sedalam ± 10 cm, denga alat tugal berdiameter ± 5 cm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Gambar 2 . Pola Tanam Sistim kupu-kupu tarung", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Gambar 3. Pola Tanam Sistem searah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## II. Pembibitan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "- a. Untuk mempermudah perkecambah-an, karena kulit biji beberapa varietas cukup tebal maka perlu dilakukan peretakan biji atau mengurangi ketebalan kulit, dengan cara diamplas atau dipecah dengan penjepit kuku.\n- b. Benih direndam air hangat (suhu ± 40 o C) dicampur fungisida berbahan aktif Propamokarb hidroklorida konsentrasi 2 ml/l, atau Benomyl konsentrasi 0,5 g/l selama 4 - 6 jam sebelum pengecambahan. Untuk benih yang sudah diberi perlakuan fungisida (biasanya berwarna merah), maka perlakuan dengan fungisida tidak diperlukan lagi.\n- c. Benih ditiriskan untuk pengecamba-han dengan diletakkan di atas kertas koran basah/kain/tissue selama 24 - 36 jam pada", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "suhu hangat. Untuk benih varietas yang tebal akan lebih baik diletakkan di ruang gelap sampai benih mulai keluar bakal calon akar (Radicle).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "- d. Siapkan media tanam bibit dapat berupa campuran tanah dan bahan organik dengan perbandingan 1:1 yang diletakkan ke dalam polybag (diameter 5 cm) atau dengan membuat bulatan Tanah liat seukuran bola pingpong dan buat lubang pada bagian tengah bulatan sedalam 0,5cm. Letakkan media bibit pada tempat yang terlindungi dari air hujan dan panas langsung (naungan paranet).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Penanaman kecambah benih dilaku-kan dengan cara membuat lubang pada media sedalam ± 1 cm dengan bakal tunas akar berada di sebelah bawah kemudian ditutup dan disiram. Untuk bulatan tanah penutupan dapat dilakukan menggunakan arang sekam, abu atau serbuk gergaji. Untuk mempercepat perkecambahan dan menjaga dari gangguan hama maka media yang telah ditanami ditutup dengan karung/daun pisang selama 2 - 3 hari sampai muncul kotiledon.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "- f. Pemeliharaan benih dilakukan dengan penyiraman media Benih hari.\n- g. Setelah benih berumur ± 7 - 10 hari sampai terbentuk daun sempurna, benih siap dipindahkan untuk ditanam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Gambar 4. Benih umur 7 - 10 HST", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## III. Penanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "- a. Sebelum penanaman bibit, bedengan disiram sampai basah.\n- b. Waktu pindah tanam dianjurkan sore hari setelah jam 14.00 hal ini untuk menghindari tanaman mengalami stres/cekaman.\n- c. Buat lubang tanam dengan cara ditugal sedalam 3-5 cm", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "- d. Masukkan bibit kedalam lubang dan lubang ditutup dengan tanah yang basah untuk menjaga kelembaban bibit.\n- e. Setelah dilakukan penanaman sebaiknya ditabur pestisida berbahan aktif karbofuran butiran secukupnya di sekitar lubang tanam, untuk menghindari serangan serangga.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Gambar 5. Bentuk Bedengan Semangka", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## IV. Pengairan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "- a. Setelah tanam, tanaman disiram cukup basah, penyiraman dilakukan setiap hari sampai dengan 7 HST, karena pada saat ini akar tanaman belum tumbuh dan masih pada tahap penyesuaian dari lingkungan penye-maian yang terlindung ke lahan yang panas menyengat, sehingga tanaman sedikit layu apabila kekurangan air.\n- b. Pemberian air dilakukan berdasar-kan fase pertumbuhan tanaman dan curah hujan. Pada musim kemarau diairi setiap hari selama semingu setelah itu disiram 2 hari sekali sampai terbentuk buah sebesar telur ayam (4 minggu setelah tanam).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Menjelang pembungaan atau sebelum bunga mekar, perlu dilaku-kan penyiraman atau diairi setiap hari, agar bunga tidak gugur. Setelah tanaman membentuk buah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "(selama pembungaan) kurang lebih 5 7 hari sebaiknya tidak diairi agar proses pembentukan buah tidak terganggu dan buahnya tidak mudah pecah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Catatan : pengairan sangat dipengaruhi musim dan tekstur tanah (tekstur tanah yang ringan membutuhkan pengairan yang lebih intensif).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "- d. Pada saat buah sebesar telur ayam, sebelum dilakukan seleksi buah perlu dilakukan pengairan. Ini untuk menjaga kebasahan lahan agar tetap stabil dan besar buahnya bisa maksimal. Setelah seleksi buah perlu dijaga kelembaban lahan sampai ± umur 23 hari dari bunga mekar. Fase ini merupakan fase pembesaran buah, apabila terjadi kekurangan air kulit buah akan mengeras kemudian setelah diairi selanjutnya buah akan banyak yang pecah dan busuk.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "- e. Setelah seleksi buah perlu dijaga kabasahan (kelembaban) lahan. Karena pada fase pembesaran buah, apabila terjadi kekurangan air kulit buah akan mengeras kemudian setelah diairi selanjutnya buah akan banyak yang pecah dan busuk.\n- f. Setelah umur 24 hari dari pembungaan, pengairan sedikit demi sedikit kita kurangi. Hingga 10 hari menjelang panen pengairan dihentikan (agar lahan menjadi kering), dengan maksud untuk memperoleh kadar gula dalam buah yang tinggi, serta memudahkan pemanenan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## V. Pemangkasan Cabang", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Pemotongan cabang utama perlu dilakukan. Hal ini bertujuan Agar pertumbuhan cabang sampingnya seragam. Selain itu tujuan pemotongan cabang utama ini agar buah semangka dapat seragam ukurannya dan besar optimal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "- o Pada umur 12 - 14 hari setelah tanam mulai tumbuh 5 - 6 helai daun sejati atau Panjang batang sudah mencapai 30 cm. akan lebih baik apabila pemotongan titik tumbuh dilakikan dengan menggunakan gunting yang dicelup larutan fungisida/ larutan pemutih 10%.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "- Setelah potong pucuk, tumbuh banyak cabang, sekitar 4 - 5 cabang. Untuk semangka tanpa biji sebaiknya dilakukan Pemangkasan setelah terbentuk 3 - 4 ruas. Untuk hasil yang optimum, pilih cabang utama yang tumbuh kuat dan seragam, dipelihara 3 cabang utama per tanaman. Ketiga cabang itu diatur membentuk huruf", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "'W' dengan jarak antar cabang 15 20 cm, diarahkan menjalar sesuai arah kemiringan bedengan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "- b. Pembuangan tunas air. Seluruh cabang sekunder di bawah daun ke-14 dipotong dengan gunting yang dicelup larutan fungisida.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "Gambar 6. Pola pemangkasan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "## VI. Penyerbukan buatan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "- a. Untuk mengoptimalkan bentuk dan ukuran buah sebaiknya dilakukan penyerbukan buatan terutama untuk semangka tanpa biji.\n- b. Dilakukan pada bunga mulai ruas ke-9 sampai ke-18 dari pangkal batang umumnya terjadi pada umur 24 30 HST. Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang memuaskan, 1 bunga jantan digunakan untuk menyerbuki pada 1 bunga betina semangka tanpa biji, namun dapat juga 1 bunga jantan untuk 2 bunga betina.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "- Untuk semangka tanpa biji Bunga jantan diambil dari semangka berbiji. bunga dari semangka berbiji dikumpulkan dalam satu wadah khusus, misalkan ember kecil atau wadah plastik. Bunga jantan sebaiknya", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "diambil pada 1 hari sebelumnya pada sore hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "- d. Penyerbukan dilakukan pada pagi hari antara pukul 05.30 - 09.00 pada saat bunga betina sedang mekar. Apabila penyerbukan telah lewat pukul 09.00, biasanya bunga betina sudah layu\n- e. Usapkan bunga jantan semangka penyerbuk pada bunga betina semangka tanpa biji Tangan kiri memegang cabang yang ada bunga betinanya, sedangkan tangan kanan memegang bunga jantan sebagai polinator/penyerbuk.\n- f. Pada semangka berbiji penyerbukan dilakukan dengan menggunakan bunga jantan dari pohon yang sama dengan cara yang mirip dengan semangka tanpa biji.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Gambar 7. Bunga Jantan dan betina (a), cara penyerbukan bunga jantan dan betina (b)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "## VII. Penjarangan (seleksi) buah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "Untuk melakukan seleksi buah dapat dilakukan diantara 3 cabang, dilakukan pada saat buah sebesar telur ayam dan dipilih buah yang paling baik pertumbuhannya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "Setelah 3-5 hari dilakukan penyerbukan dapat diketahui keberhasilan dar penyerbukan tersebut. Ciri penyerbukan yang berhasil yaitu bunga yang pada saat diserbuki menghadap keatas menjadi terbalik menghadap kebawah dan bakal buah berkembang. Jumlah buah yang dipelihara tergantung dari kondisi tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## VIII. Pembalikan Buah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Pembalikan buah. Pembalikan buah bertujuan agar warna kulitnya merata (tidak ada yang putih) rasa buahnya lebih manis.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "- o Pembalikan buah perlu hati-hati agar tangkai buah tidak putus.\n- o Pembalikan buah yang pertama dilakukan 15 hari setelah dilakukan penyerbukan bantuan buatan, dengan posisi buah miring.\n- o Pembalikan berikutnya pada umur 25 hari setelah penyerbukan buatan atau 10 hari", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "setelah pembalikan buah pertama, dengan posisi buah berdiri.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Untuk menghindari pembalikan buah yang sudah cukup besar diletakkan diatas alas berupa bambu di belah atau botol minuman mineral bekas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Dapat juga dilakukan dengan cara diletakkan diatas stearyfoam yang diberi lubang agar tidak langsung bersentuhan dengan tanah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Gambar 8. Contoh pemasangan bambu alas buah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Pembalikan buah dapat dilakukan dengan memutar 90° ke kiri, tengah, dan kanan untuk menghindari tangkai buah putus karena sering dibalik. Pembalikan sangat perlu dilakukan pada musim hujan untuk menghindari permukaan kulit buah yang terlalu lembab, dan rawan busuk (Gambar 9).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Gambar 9. Pembalikan buah semangka (Kuswandi&Marta 2021)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## IX. Sanitasi Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Pengendalian gulma. Dilakukan pada saat gulma mulai tumbuh. Gulma yang tumbuh di sepanjang parit di luar lubang tanam dibersihkan dengan kored, cangkul atau manual (tangan) minimal seminggu sekali atau tergantung kondisi gulma di lahan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Gulma yang ada pada lubang tanam dibersihkan secara manual dan intensif, tergantung kondisi gulma di sekitar batang tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "Kebersihan kebun dapat dilakukan dengan :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "- a. Membuang bagian-bagian tanaman yang mati/kering, daun-daun, dan ranting bekas pangkasan.\n- b. Pangkas daun dan ranting yang sakit atau yang menunjukkan tanda-tanda terserang hama dan penyakit.\n- c. Bekas pangkasan dikumpulkan di suatu tempat yang telah disiapkan kemudian ditimbun dalam tanah atau dibakar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## X. Pemupukan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "Pupuk susulan yang digunakan adalah NPK (15 : 15 : 15) diberikan dengan cara dikocor, aplikasinya:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "- a. Pupuk susulan I pada saat tanaman berumur", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "- 5 HST dengan dosis 100 L air + 2 kg NPK atau setiap tanaman dikocorkan 250 cc.\n- b. Pupuk susulan II pada saat tanaman berumur 2 minggu setelah tanam dengan dosis 100 L air + 2 kg NPK + 1 kg ZA (hanya diberikan pada tanaman yang kurang baik pertumbuhannya) setiap tanaman 250 cc.\n- c. Pupuk susulan III diberi setelah seleksi buah, dengan perlakuan seperti pada aplikasi pupuk susulan I.\n- d. Pada umur 7 - 10 hari setelah pemupukan susulan III, dilakukan pemupukan susulan IV dengan aplikasi sama seperti pemupukan susulan I.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "Catatan : Untuk tanah PMK (Podsolik merahkuning) dapat menggunakan NPK ( 16 : 16 : 16)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "## XI. Pengelolaan Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman (OPT)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "Pengelolaan Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman (OPT) dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan pengamatan tanaman secara rutin dan mengutamakan pengendalian secara mekanis dan kultur teknis (tanaman yang terserang hama/ penyakit dicabut dengan tangan atau pisau, dibuang dan dibakar atau dikubur sejauh mungkin dari lokasi kebun).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "Apabila tanaman terserang hama atau penyakit maka dilakukan prosedur pengendalian dengan cara penyemprotan pestisida secara selektif. Penyemprotan harus dihentikan minimal 2 minggu sebelum panen. Pencampuran pestisida dengan air dilakukan secara hati-hati dan tidak menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## b. Pengendalian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "##  Cara kultur teknis :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "- o Melakukan pergiliran tanaman dengan tanaman tidak satu famili .\n- o Mengurangi kelembaban dengan pengaturan jarak tanam dan memperlancar sirkulasi udara.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "aktif simoksanil hidroksida,", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "-  Cara kimiawi Aplikasi fungisida dengan bahan simoksanil + klorotalonil, + mancozeb, tembaga dimetomorf, hexakonazol", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "## 9. Penyakit Virus", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "Gejala : Pertumbuhan tanaman menjadi kerdil, daun menjadi keriting, dengan warna bercak-bercak kuning tidak teratur dan daun menjadi bergelombang. Pada tingkat serangan yang berat umumnya", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "tanaman gagal membentuk buah, kalaupun terbentuk, bentuknya kerdil dan abnormal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "Gambar 17. Penyakit Virus", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "- b. Pengendalian\n2.  Cara kultur teknis :\n3. o Lakukan sanitasi kebun dengan memusnahkan gulma di sekitar pertanaman yang menjadi tanaman inangnya .\n4. o Musnahkan bagian tanaman dan tanaman yang terserang parah dan dibakar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "##  Cara kimiawi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "- o pengendalian serangga vektor ( Myzus persicae , Aphis) dengan insektisida beerbahan aktif sipermetrin atau dimetoat sesuai dosis anjuran.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "## XII. PANEN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "## a. Panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "Panen merupakan kegiatan memetik buah yang telah mencapai kematangan fisiologis sesuai persyaratan yang telah ditentukan. Pemanenan yang tepat akan menjamin produksi maksimal dengan mutu buah yang tinggi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "## Kriteria buah siap panen :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "-  Umur panen antara 60 - 70 HST\n-  Warna dan tekstur kulit buah terlihat bersih, jelas dan mengkilat.\n-  Sulur kecil yang terletak di belakang tangkai buah telah berubah warna menjadi coklat tua serta mengering.\n-  Suara buah bila diketuk dengan jari akan bersuara agak berat.\n-  Tangkai buah mengecil hingga terlihat tidak sebandingi dengan ukuran buah itu sendiri.\n-  Bagian buah yang terletak di atas landasan berubah warna dari putih menjadi kuning tua.\n-  Buah ditimbang dan dipisahkan menurut ukuran atau berat buah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Buku-Saku-Budidaya-Semangka_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "Food Plant Production August 2016 FPP-02", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Chinese Kale ( Brassica oleracea ), Cultivar Group alboglabra A Potential Commercial Crop for Guam", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Joe Tuquero, Cooperative Extension & Outreach College of Natural & Applied Sciences, University of Guam", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Introduction", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Chinese kale is a vegetable crop that originated from China. It is also known as Chinese broccoli, Kailan, or Gai-lan (Anonymous, 1993). Chinese kale belongs to the same species as common kale, common broccoli, cauliflower, and head cabbage, Brassica oleracea , but is in the cultivar group alboglabra (Fig. 1).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Fig. 1. Brassica oleracea from its uncultivated form to several examples of cultivated forms. Source: https://www. geneticliteracyproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ V8XnPeQ.jpg", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Chinese kale is a popular vegetable in Asia and now is being sold fresh and cooked in restaurants on Guam. This green vegetable is sold in bunches consisting of bolts/shoots with flower buds and young leaves. Chinese kale sells for about $2.65/lb at stores (Bamba, personal communication). Young leaves, stems and flower head bolts are widely used in Chinese cuisines, usually as a stir-fry dish. It is also cooked in soups, steamed, or eaten as fresh greens. Chinese kale can be slightly bitter, but generally has a sweeter and nuttier taste than common broccoli.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Chinese kale is rich in Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin K, Folic Acid, Calcium, and Dietary Fiber (HealthiestFoods.com, 2015). Fig. 2 shows basic nutrition facts of cooked Chinese kale as provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Fig. 2. Nutrition facts of cooked Chinese kale. Source: USDA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Published by the College of Natural & Applied Sciences (CNAS), University of Guam, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Dr. Lee S. Yudin, Director/Dean. University of Guam, CNAS, UOG Station, Mangilao, Guam 96923. Copyright 2016. For reproduction and use permission, contact CNASMedia.events@gmail.com, (671) 735-2000. The University of Guam is an equal opportunity/affirmative action institution providing programs and services to the people of Guam without regard to race, sex, gender identity and expression, age, religion, color, national origin, ancestry, disability, marital status, arrest and court record, sexual orientation, or status as a covered veteran. Find CNAS publications at CNAS-RE.uog.edu.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Growing Chinese Kale", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Chinese kale can be transplanted from a seedling or direct-seeded into the ground (Choo and Kee, 1974). Seeds germinate in 5-15 days in the nursery or ground. Commercially, seedlings can be spaced 6 inches apart initially and thinned to 1-2 feet apart in about three weeks. Thinned plants are harvested for fresh young leaves, while remaining plants are mainly harvested for bolt/shoot harvest (Anonymous, 1993).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Plants grow to about 1-2 feet tall. Chinese kale is a perennial plant (can grow for more than one season), but is often grown commercially as an annual crop (one season) (Kopta and Pokluda, 2009).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "A general fertilizer recommendation for one growing season for Chinese kale is 500 lbs. of 8:11:10 (N-P2O5K2O) per acre, or approximately 1 lb. of the same nutrient ratio for every 100 sq. ft. (Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, 2010).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Irrigation of Chinese kale should consist of light, frequent watering. During dry periods, ensure soils are kept moist and not saturated. During extended rainfall events, watering may not be necessary until soils are nearly dried up.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Chinese kale grows best in temperatures of 64-82°F (18-28°C) (Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, 2010), but can tolerate Guam's hotter temperatures, and can be cultivated year round on the island. Preferably, Chinese kale should be grown in fertile soils that consist of good drainage such as Akina silty clay, Guam-Saipan complex, Guam-Yigo complex, Pulantat clay, and Togcha soils. Guam cobbly clay loam is a shallow limestone soil that is not very fertile, but with proper management, Chinese kale can be productive in this soil.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Common Pests and Diseases", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Aphids (Family: Aphididae), butterfly caterpillars (Order: Lepidoptera), and whiteflies (Family: Aleyrodidae) are commonly observed insects on almost all Brassica species, but the one of the most damaging insects is the diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella ) (Ekman et al, 2014). Larvae of the diamondback moth feed on all parts of the plant. Registered insecticides can help control insect infestations. The use of or- ganic pesticides like Dipel is also an option to control Diamondback moth larvae. Planting trap crops like mustard and collards on the perimeter of fields may reduce diamondback moth larvae infestations on Chinese kale (Bamba, personal communication).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Common diseases that are problematic for Chinese kale and other Brassica include fungi, particularly Black leaf rot ( Alternaria spp. ) and Black rot ( Xanthomonas campestris ). Registered fungicides can control the spread of such fungal problems associated with Chinese kale. Some prevention measures to reduce chances of diseases and avoid pesticide use include growing Chinese kale in full sunlight, avoid long periods of soil saturation, keep farm tools clean, and choose disease resistant varieties if possible.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Plant Care", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "It is always good practice to consistently monitor plants for pests and diseases. If a pest or disease is unknown, collect samples if possible and submit to your local extension service for correct identification and treatment recommendations.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Weeding and mulching around plants will reduce weed competition and conserve soil moisture.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "It is also advisable to keep good records of all field activities. Good record-keeping will identify good practices and mistakes, along with identifying desired varieties of plants. This will improve decision-making for future crops.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Harvest", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Young leaves can be harvested approximately 5070 days after germination. Initial bolts (shoots with young leaves and flower buds) generally are ready to harvest 80-95 days after germination to the heaviest harvest time. Bolts should be harvested when flower buds are unopened or slightly opened (Fig. 3). Bolts average 6-10 inches in height. Some varieties of Chinese kale can be harvested earlier.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Following first harvest of initial bolds, new bolts will arise and harvesting can continue about one week after first harvest. These bolts average 5-10 inches in height, and are usually lighter in weight than initial harvested bolts.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Plants can produce a quality harvest for at least 2 months. Chinese kale is a perennial plant, but commercially grown as an annual crop (one growing season).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Fig. 3. Bolts/Shoots with young leaves and flower buds.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Post-Harvest Handling", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Like most cabbage ( Brassica ) family crops, Chinese kale should be cooled immediately after harvest and stored at 33-39°F (1-4°C) at 90-95 percent relative humidity to slow down water loss and decay (ZongQi, 2007). Avoid losing moisture in storage rooms. This will provide a longer shelf life in stores.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## 2016 Chinese Kale Variety Trial on Guam", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "There are numerous varieties of Chinese kale available on the internet from seed companies such as Baker Creek Heirloom Seed Co. (http://www.rareseeds. com/), Kitazawa Seed Co. (http://www.kitazawaseed. com/), and Asian Vegetable Seeds-Evergreen Seeds (http://www.evergreenseeds.com/index.html).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "A variety trial was conducted at the Western Pacific Tropic Research Center, Yigo Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Natural & Applied Sciences, University of Guam (Fig. 4). On March 24, 2016, four varieties of Chinese kale were transplanted in Guam Cobbly Clay Loam soil, a commonly cultivated soil in northern Guam, after growing in plant trays for 18 days. The four varieties were Peth Nam Eak, Yhod Fa, Emperor, and Green Leaf. Growth characteristics were observed and marketable yield data from harvested bolts was collected.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Fig 4. Chinese kale varieties grown in Guam Cobbly Clay Loam in Yigo, Guam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Two insect pests, an unidentified whitefly species (Family: Aleyrodidae) and the diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella ) were observed and controlled until the last harvest. One fungal disease, either Black leaf rot ( Alternaria spp. ) or Black rot ( Xanthomonas campestris ) was observed and also controlled until last harvest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "All four varieties, except Green Leaf, grew to their potential with similar marketable yields. Green Leaf produced early quality harvest of young leaves and bolts, but were clearly lower in yield weight than the other three varieties. Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show harvested bolts/shoots from two varieties from the Chinese kale variety trial.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Green Leaf produced early ready-to- harvest bolts starting on April 21, 2016, about 35 days after transplanting. Green Leaf harvests were quite short in size and light in weight compared to the other varieties, averaging 14 cm (5 in) in height and 51 g (0.1 lbs) in weight. The average size and weight of Green Leaf were clearly lower than the average size and weight Chinese kale bolts generally sold in markets on Guam. Green Leaf may not be suitable for commercial production, but may be suitable for home gardens. Yhod Fa, Emperor, and Peth Nam Eak produced ready-toharvest bolts on May 16-19, 2016, about 54-57 days after transplanting. Average size and weights of these harvests (approximately 25 cm (9-10 in) in height and 150 g (0.33 lbs) in weight were consistent with average size and weight Chinese kale bolts generally sold in markets on Guam (Bamba, personal communication). Yhod Fa, Emperor, and Peth Nam Eak are potential varieties that can be locally grown commercially and/ or subsistence. Fig. 7 consists of bar graphs depicting results from yield data measured from the variety trial.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Fig 5. Peth Nam Eak, 1st shoot harvest (left), 2nd shoot harvest (right).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Fig 6. Emperor (1st shoot harvest).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## References", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Anonymous. 1993. Chinese Kale. Sunrise Enterprises. 2pp.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Bamba, J., Extension Associate, Cooperative Extension & Outreach, College of Natural & Applied Sciences, University of Guam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Choo, W.K. and Kee, L. E.. 1974. Effects of Seeding Method, Spacing and Fertilizer on Chinese Kale , Mal. Agric. Res (1974),3, pp 214-221.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government. 2010 (Last Updated). Chinese Broccoli . https://www.daf. qld.gov.au/plants/fruit-andvegetables/vegetables/asian-vegetables/ chinese-broccoli. (Accessed August 2, 2016).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Ekman, J., Tesoriero, L., and Grigg, S. 2014. Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Brassica Vegetables. A Field Identification Guide . Horticulture Australia Ltd. 67p.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Fig 7. Bar graphs depicting results of harvest data recorded from Chinese kale variety trial. Harvest data was collected from April 21-June 20, 2016.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Discussion", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Chinese kale is a nutritious vegetable that is served in several restaurants on Guam. Because it is primarily used in Chinese cuisines, there is a market for this vegetable as there are many Chinese restaurants on island. It can be grown in Guam's climatic conditions, and it is fairly easy to cultivate. It can be grown as a home garden plant and commercially. Chinese kale may be a potential commercial crop for Guam growers.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "HealthiestFoods.com. 2015. Chinese Broccoli . http://www.healthiestfoods.com/healthyfoods/vegetables/chinesebroccoli/ (Accessed August 3, 2016)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Kopta, T. and Pokluda, R. 2009. Evaluation of Chinese Broccoli Under Organic Growing Conditions . Agriculture and Environment, 1 (2009) 5-10.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "ZongQi, C. 2007. Postharvest Technologies for Fresh Leafy Vegetables in Yunnan, China. Best Practices in Postharvest Management of Leafy Vegetables in Greater Mekon Subregion Countries . Proceedings, October 25-27, Hanoi, Vietnam. AVDRC The World Vegetable Center. pp 28-36.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "This work is supported by the USDA National Insitute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch Project No. 1008885. Project title: Evaluation of Important Vegetable Varieties Grown in a Local Soil Type in the Tropical Environment of Guam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Acknowledgements: Hertin Gabiriel, Joshua Sylvia, Berry Barnabas, Jason Andrew, Edwin Paulino, Gonzaga Ganong, Jesse Bamba, and Hagen Elias for assistance in field preparation and field maintenance. Joshua Sylvia and Cyann-Marie Valera, and for data collection and recording, and data analysis.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea), Cultivar Group.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Cornell Controlled Environment Agriculture", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Hydroponic Spinach Production Handbook", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Baby spinach has become a very popular produce item in the last decade. Hydroponic production methods allows for the production of consistent high quality produce anywhere in the world. This handbook describes the method we have developed for the production of spinach whose leaves are small enough to be considered 'baby spinach'. A significant barrier to hydroponic spinach production is a water-borne pathogen called Pythium aphanadermatum that attacks the roots and causes poor crop quality and crop death. We have devoted significant time to investigating ways to prevent and treat this disease and that method is described in this handbook.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Dr. Melissa Brechner and Dr. David de Villiers", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Contents", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "| Chapter 1: Greenhouse | Hardware................................................................................................... 6 |\n|-------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| 1.1 | Germination Area............................................................................................................. 6 |\n| 1.2 | Pond Area.............................................................................................................................. 8 |\n| Lighting | ................................................................................................................................... 9 |\n| Lighting | Configuration and High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps ................................... 11 |\n| | Temperature Monitoring/Aspirated Box............................................................................... 11 |\n| Chapter 2: System | Components.................................................................................................... 13 |\n| System | Component Information ............................................................................................... 13 |\n| 2.1 Dissolved Oxygen | Sensor ................................................................................................... 13 |\n| 2.2 | Flow Meters......................................................................................................................... 13 |\n| Chapter | 3: Computer Technology and Monitoring....................................................................... 14 |\n| 3.1 | Biological Significance of Environmental Parameters ....................................................... 14 |\n| | Temperature........................................................................................................................... 14 |\n| Relative | Humidity.................................................................................................................. 14 |\n| Carbon | Dioxide or CO 2 ......................................................................................................... 14 |\n| | Lights..................................................................................................................................... 15 |\n| Dissolved | Oxygen.................................................................................................................. 15 |\n| | pH.......................................................................................................................................... 15 |\n| Electrical | Conductivity.......................................................................................................... 15 |\n| | Monitoring................................................................................................................................. 16 |\n| 3.3 | Set-points............................................................................................................................. 17 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "| Chapter 4: Spinach Production ..................................................................................................... | 18 |\n|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|\n| Chapter 5: Packaging and Post-Harvest Storage .......................................................................... | 22 |\n| Chapter 6: Crop Health ................................................................................................................. | 23 |\n| Disease ...................................................................................................................................... | 23 |\n| Pests........................................................................................................................................... | 23 |\n| Chapter 7: References................................................................................................................... | 24 |\n| Appendix....................................................................................................................................... | 25 |\n| Stock Solutions.......................................................................................................................... | 25 |\n| Figure 1. Pythium aphanidermatum damage to baby leaf spinach................................................. | 6 |\n| Figure 2. Flats stacked during germination. Note sheets of plastic between flats and plastic in background used to cover the entire stack to keep humidity high.................................................. | 7 |\n| Figure 3. Flats in a wooden rack inside a room that can be either cooled or warmed.................... | 7 |\n| Figure 4 Empty pond with liner...................................................................................................... | 8 |\n| Figure 5. Edge of pond detail. The inside edges of two separate ponds made of wood and separated by structural members is shown on left. The right hand picture shows a concrete pond. ......................................................................................................................................................... | 9 |\n| Figure 6. High Pressure Sodium lamp for supplemental lighting................................................. | 11 |\n| Figure 7. Aspirated box with digital output screen in greenhouse (left). The picture on the right shows the opening for the box that allows the fan in the bottom of the box to draw air over the | 11 |\n| sensors for a more accurate temperature reading.......................................................................... Figure 8. Flow meter for monitoring oxygen addition to ponds................................................... | 13 |\n| Figure 9. PAR meter for measureing instantaneous PAR and calculating DLI............................ | 16 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "| Figure 10. Dissolved oxygen sensor. DO levels should be greater than 4 ppm to prevent growth inhibition. Visible signes of stress may be observed at 3 ppm.................................................... 16 |\n|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Figure 11. Underside of dibble on left and dibble compressing soil on right............................... 18 |\n| Figure 12. Pelleted seed being spread on a vacuum seeder. ......................................................... 19 |\n| Figure 13. Seed adhered to vacuum seeder plate being inverted over flat. .................................. 19 |\n| Figure 14.Pelleted seed on dibbled media ready for additional media to be added...................... 19 |\n| Figure 15. Newly germinated seedlings just after floating in the pond. Note the cotyledons just poking through media. .................................................................................................................. 20 |\n| Figure 16. Comparitive size of seeds: Basil, pelleted basil, spinach (left to right). ..................... 21 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Table of Abbreviations and Units", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "| A | Area | Square feet or square meter. |\n|------------|------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| CEA | Controlled Environment Agriculture | Producing plants in a greenhouse or other space. |\n| cm | centimeter | A unit of length |\n| CWF | Cool White Fluorescent | A type of supplemental lighting |\n| DLI | Daily Light Integral | The sum of photosynthetic (PAR) light received by plants in a day. |\n| DO | Dissolved Oxygen | Oxygen concentration in nutrient solution measured in parts per million. |\n| EC | electrical conductivity | An indirect measurment of the strength of a nutrient solution. |\n| HID | High Intensity Discharge | A type of HID supplemental lighting |\n| hp | horsepower | A unit of power |\n| HPS | High Pressure Sodium | A high intensity discharge lamp/luminare type for supplemental lighting |\n| kPa | kilopascals | A unit of pressure, force per unit area |\n| MH | Metal Halide | A type of HID supplemental lighting |\n| mol | pronounced 'mole' | A number of anything equal to 6.02 x 10^23 items. Weuse it to quantify the number of photons between 400-700 nm of PAR light plants receive. |\n| mol/m 2 /d | moles per square | Integrated PAR light |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "| | meter per day | |\n|-------------|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| mol/m 2 /s | moles per square meter per second | Instantaneous PAR light |\n| nm | nanometer | Unit of length in SI, one billonth of a meter |\n| PAR | Photosynthetically Active Radiation | The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between 400-700 nm plants use for photosynthesis |\n| ppm | parts per million | A unit that describes dimensionless quantities such as mass fractions |\n| SI | System Internationale | International system of units aka metric system - built around 7 basic units of measurements |\n| µmol/m 2/ s | micro-mole per square meter per second | Instantaneous PAR light |\n| uS/cm | microsiemens per centimeter | A unit of measurement for electrical conductivity |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## Chapter 1: Greenhouse Hardware", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Of fundamental importance to hydroponic spinach production are the physical components of both the germination area and the pond area. It is necessary to have not only an idea of the physical components associated with each area, but also a good understanding of their purposes. The germination area is designed to promote uniform germination in a predictable length of time. The pond area is designed to house plants while they grow to a marketable size.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "IMPORTANT DISEASE NOTE: Hydroponic spinach production on any scale has historically been limited because of a water-born oomycete pathogen called Pythium aphanadermatum . We have spent many years at Cornell working on ways to remove and/or manage this risk so that baby spinach can be grown to harvestable size. We have evaluated every control measure that seemed even slightly reasonable. We guarantee that if you take no special precautions to avoid Pythium damage and attempt to grow your hydroponic spinach as you would grow any other leafy green crop, you WILL eventually lose the entire crop due to Pythium damage. The disease is ubiquitous and may arrive in your facility on seed or in dust.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Figure 1. Pythium aphanidermatum damage to baby leaf spinach.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## 1.1 Germination Area", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "This section details environmental requirements to ensure optimal germination. For details about seeding the crop see Chapter 4: Spinach Production. The location where germination is to take place must have the ability to control temperature (72-79 F, 22-26 C) and humidity as close to 100% as possible. The germination area can be in a corner of the greenhouse or in a separate climate-controlled room that receives no sunlight. The flats should be kept warm and humid. The temperature the seedlings are exposed to will change the time to emergence. Often the flats are stacked for the first 24 hours to use germination space efficiently. The stack of flats is then covered with plastic to keep humidity levels high (See Figure 2). Be sure that all of the flats are put into the germination facility at the same temperature or temperature stratification will occur within the stack of flats and contribute to non-uniform germination. If flats are put in racks for germination (see Figure 3) care should be taken because the evaporative cooling from top flats results in them behaving differently than bottom flats (due to temperature differences between the flats).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Figure 2. Flats stacked during germination. Note sheets of plastic between flats and plastic in background used to cover the entire stack to keep humidity high.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Figure 3. Flats in a wooden rack inside a room that can be either cooled or warmed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "If seedlings are floated before germination occurs then the additional moisture added to the media will prohibit further germination, this is why uniform germination is essential.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Some seeds need illumination to germinate. Spinach is not one of these crops. It will, however, stretch if there is not enough photosynthetically reactive radiation (PAR) as the seedlings emerge. After 24 hours, must be able to provide enough PARs that plants do not stretch, at least 50 µmol/m 2 /s.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## 1.2 Pond Area", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Concepts involved in the pond area are the following:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Pond Size", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Pond Solution", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Construction", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Pond Design", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Lighting", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Temperature Monitoring/Aspirated Box", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## Pond Size", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "The spinach plants are grown in the pond area for 14 days .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## Pond Solution", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Equal portions of Stock Solutions A and B (see formulas in appendix) are added to reverseosmosis (RO) or water in which salts have been removed to achieve an EC of 1300 (+/- 100) µS/cm or 1.2 dS/cm above the background level of salts. Untreated water can be used but the buffering capacity of most water makes pH and nutrient management extremely difficult. This system endeavors to use nutrient solution for long periods of time (years) without total solution replacement.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## Construction", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Figure 4 Empty pond with liner.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Figure 5. Edge of pond detail. The inside edges of two separate ponds made of wood and separated by structural members is shown on left. The right hand picture shows a concrete pond.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "There are three main options for pond construction.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "- The pond may be sunken in the greenhouse floor, with the pond surface just above the floor (not pictured).\n- A containerized pond with concrete or wooden walls (Figure 5) can be constructed on top of the floor of the greenhouse.\n- The pond can be built on an island of fill with the ponds built into the fill so that the water level is closer to waist level to lessen the amount of bending that must be performed when working with the crop. An important note is that a greenhouse that uses this system must be sufficiently tall so that supplemental lighting is not too close to the plants (not pictured).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "In any case, the pond floor can be layered with sand to cushion any sharp edges from puncturing the polyethylene lining. A heavy plastic (for example, 0.5 mm poly) liner is then installed as the major barrier for leak protection. Proper precautions should be taken to avoid leaks.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Design", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Each crop will be harvested 14 days after planting. The pond should be deep enough so that the roots do not drag on the bottom and tear. We have found that around 10 or 11 inches is an optimum depth.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Lighting", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Configuration and Intensity of Supplemental Lighting", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "The total light integral received by spinach once plants are floated in the ponds should be at least 17 mol/m 2 /d. Supplemental light must be used if this amount of PAR cannot be obtained with sunlight only (because of the time of year, light reduction due to shading by greenhouse components, or decreased light transmission because of greenhouse covering).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Lamps should be configured for a uniform distribution of light over the entire growing area. Light intensity is maintained at no less than 50 µmoles/m 2 /s 1 of PAR during the first 24 hours the seeds are kept in the germination area. This level of illumination prevented stretching of the seedlings while minimizing the tendency of supplemental lighting to dry out the surface of the medium. Instantaneous light intensity can be measured with a PAR meter, see Chapter 3 under 'monitoring'.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "The following calculation may be used for determination of hourly PAR. Substitute your actual instantaneous PAR measurement for the '100 µmol' below:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Sum the accumulated hourly PAR values for a daily PAR value which is called the Daily Light Integral or DLI.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "For the remaining 10 days, the light intensity is maintained at no less than 200 µmol/m 2 /s 1 . The photoperiod (or day length) may be up to 24 hours. Shorter photoperiods are acceptable if the light intensity is increased to provide the same total daily accumulated light (~17 mol/m 2 /d 1 ).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Note for germination rooms: Light output of cool white fluorescent (CWF) lamps decays over time. Thus, it is important to measure the light output of the lamps regularly. If the light intensity drops below an acceptable level (e.g. 200 µmol/m2/s1), new lamps should be installed. A quantum sensor can be used to measure the amount of PAR.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Uniform light distribution is required in the Pond Growing Area. A supplemental light intensity within the range of 100-200 µmol/m 2 /s 1 (for a total of 17 moles m -2 d -1 of both natural and supplemental lighting) at the plant level is recommended. It should be noted that we did not experimentally optimize daily light integral. High pressure sodium (HPS) lamps are a type of High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamp, and are used to supply light. These lamps are relatively efficient, have a long life (~25,000 hours, generally these lamps lose 1% output for every 1000 hours), and slowly decay in output over time. There is a recent development in the manufacturing process for metal halide lamps that gives them a lifetime similar to high pressure sodium lamps. Metal halide lamps have a spectrum that is slightly more efficient for plant growth than high pressure sodium lamps. A new bulb produced by the Philips Corporation has exaggerated the benefits of metal halide lamps including shifting more light production to the blue and red portions of the spectrum and decreasing the heat output of the luminare. Independent lighting consultants have specialized software to determine proper number and placement of lamps needed for a specific and uniform light intensity. It is critical to have the correct lighting system installation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Because the CEA spinach program is production-intensive, lighting and electrical power usage is high. Local utility companies should have information on special rates and rebate programs for new industries and Controlled Environment Agriculture facilities.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## Lighting Configuration and High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "The number and position of the lamps are determined using a specialized lighting configuration computer program.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Figure 6. High Pressure Sodium lamp for supplemental lighting.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Figure 6 shows a high pressure sodium (HPS) lamp and luminaire used for supplemental lighting. These lamps provide the recommended PAR needed to supplement natural light. The computer control program records the irradiance and adjusts (on and off) the supplemental lighting system to achieve a predetermined total light level each day. For the spinach production the recommended level is 17 µmol/m 2 /s 1 though a higher DLI can be tolerated. If given less PAR than the target DLI, the crop will take longer to mature and the pythium pathogen may have enough time to destroy the crop.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## Temperature Monitoring/Aspirated Box", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Figure 7. Aspirated box with digital output screen in greenhouse (left). The picture on the right shows the opening for the box that allows the fan in the bottom of the box to draw air over the sensors for a more accurate temperature reading.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "This is an example of an aspirated box (Figure 7) which houses and protects the sensors the computer uses to make control decisions from light or localized temperature fluxes. Most greenhouse control systems supply their own aspirated boxes with sensors included that will be used for environmental monitoring. Aspirated boxes can be home-made but care must be taken so that the air is drawn over the sensors so that heat is not added to the air from the fans. The position of the box should be close to the plant canopy to measure the environmental parameters at the plant level. This may not be possible in all germination areas. The box is equipped with a small fan which draws air past the sensors. Sensors are located upstream from the fan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## Sensors", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "See \"Sensors\" under Chapter 3: Computer Technology for full details.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## Chapter 2: System Components", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## System Component Information", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Note: References to company and brand names are used for identification purposes only and do not necessarily constitute endorsements over similar products made by other companies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## 2.1 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Most manufacturers recommend that dissolved oxygen sensors be calibrated daily. Modern sensors are fairly stable and will probably not go out of calibration in such a short time period. Remember that your data is only as good as your calibration, so be sure to calibrate all sensors on a regular basis.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "A hand-held sensor (~$600 in 2013) is always an essential trouble-shooting tool and should always be available. If the facility is one acre or larger, an in-line sensor may be a worthwhile investment.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Model: Orion 820, hand held, battery operated", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Manufacturer: Orion Research Inc., Boston, MA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Some other manufacturers that make this same quality meter are YSI, Oakton and Extech", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## 2.2 Flow Meters", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Figure 8. Flow meter for monitoring oxygen addition to ponds.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Model: H-03216-04: 65 mm variable area aluminum flow meter with valve and glass float for O2 Manufacturer: Cole Parmer Instrument Co., Niles, IL", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Specifications: Max. flow rate for O2 = 46 ml/min", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## Chapter 3: Computer Technology and Monitoring", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Computer technology is an integral part in the production of hydroponic spinach. A computer control system (example: Argus, Hortimax, Priva) should be used to control the abiotic environment. Different sensors are used to monitor greenhouse environment parameters. These parameters include temperature of greenhouse air and nutrient solution, relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentration of greenhouse air, light intensities from both sunlight and supplemental lighting. Nutrient solution parameters such as pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels, and Electrical Conductivity (EC) can be monitored and controlled with a computer control system but are often managed manually. Sensors will communicate the environmental conditions to the control computer which will activate environmental control measures such as heating, ventilation, shade, and lighting.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## 3.1 Biological Significance of Environmental Parameters", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## Temperature", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Temperature controls the rate of plant growth. Generally, as temperatures increase, chemical processes proceed at faster rates. Most chemical processes in plants are regulated by enzymes which, in turn, perform at their best within narrow temperature ranges. Above and below these temperature ranges, enzyme activity starts to deteriorate and as a result chemical processes slow down or are stopped. At this point, plants are stressed, growth is reduced, and, eventually, the plant may die. The temperature of the plant environment should be kept at optimum levels for fast and successful maturation. Both the air and the nutrient solution temperature must be monitored and controlled. A chiller must be purchased to maintain the water temperature at a sufficiently cool level. Water temperature should be maintained at 50-68 F (15-20 C). Temperature control of the nutrient solution is critical to controlling the pathogen population so that the entire crop is not lost to disease (See Chapter 1).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## Relative Humidity", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "The relative humidity (RH) of the greenhouse air influences the transpiration rate of plants. High RH of the greenhouse air causes less water to transpire from the plants, which causes less transport of nutrients from roots to leaves and less cooling of the leaf surfaces. High humidities can also cause disease problems in some cases.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## Carbon Dioxide or CO2", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "The CO2 concentration of the greenhouse air directly influences the amount of photosynthesis (growth) of plants. Normal outdoor CO2 concentration is around 390 parts per million (ppm). Plants in a closed greenhouse during a bright day can deplete the CO2 concentration to 100 ppm, which severely reduces the rate of photosynthesis. In greenhouses, increasing CO2 concentrations to 1000-1500 ppm speeds growth. We have conducted experiments with CO2 concentrations ranging from 400-1600 ppm and can confirm that spinach is consistently responsive to increased CO2 concentrations even with the short crop cycles associated with this spinach production protocol. CO2 is supplied to the greenhouse by adding liquid CO2. Heaters that provide carbon dioxide as a by-product exist but we do not recommend these because they often provide air contaminants that slow the growth of the spinach.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## Lights", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Light measurements are taken with a quantum sensor, which PAR in the units µmol/m 2 /s. PAR is the light which is useful to plants for the process of photosynthesis. Measurements of PAR give an indication of the possible amount of photosynthesis and growth being performed by the plant. Foot-candle sensors and lux meters are inappropriate because they do not directly measure light used for photosynthesis.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## Dissolved Oxygen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements indicate the amount of oxygen available in the pond nutrient solution for the roots to use in respiration. Spinach will grow satisfactorily at a DO level of at least 4 ppm. If no oxygen is added to the pond, DO levels will drop to nearly 0 ppm. The absence of oxygen in the nutrient solution will stop the process of respiration and seriously damage and kill the plant. Pure oxygen is added to the recirculation system in the ponds. Usually the level is maintained at 8 ppm (between 7-10, no advantage to raising to 20). For sufficiently small systems, it is possible to add air to the solution through an air pump and aquarium air stone but the dissolved oxygen level achieved will not be as high as can be achieved with pure oxygen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "The pH of a solution is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions. The pH of a solution can range between 0 and 14. A neutral solution has a pH of 7. That is, there are an equal number of hydrogen ions (H + ) and hydroxide ions (OH -). Solutions ranging from pH 0 - 6.9 are considered acidic and have a greater concentration of H + . Solutions with pH 7.1 - 14 are basic or alkaline and have a greater concentration of OH -. This is important because a laboratory test of the nutrient solution may show that the micro and macroelements required by the crop are within the appropriate concentration range but if the pH is not correct then the nutrients are unavailable to the crop.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "The pH of a solution is important because it controls the availability of the fertilizer salts. A pH of 5.8 is considered optimum for the described spinach growing system, however a range of 5.66.0 is acceptable. Nutrient deficiencies may occur at ranges above or below the acceptable range.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## Electrical Conductivity", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Electrical conductivity (EC) is a measure of the dissolved salts in a solution. As nutrients are taken up by a plant, the EC level is lowered since there are fewer salts in the solution. Alternately, the EC of the solution is increased when water is removed from the solution through the processes of evaporation and transpiration. If the EC of the solution increases, it can be lowered by adding pure water, e.g., reverse osmosis water). If the EC decreases, it can be increased by adding a small quantity of a concentrated nutrient stock solution. When monitoring the EC concentration, be sure to subtract the base EC of your source water from the level detected by your sensor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## Monitoring", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "The following parameters should be monitored. Specific sensor recommendations will not be made here.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Temperature, see Figure 7.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Relative Humidity, see Figure 7.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Carbon Dioxide Concentration(Infra Red Carbon Dioxide Sensor)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Light (Quantum PAR sensor), see Figure 12.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Dissolved Oxygen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Electrical Conductivity (EC)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Figure 9. PAR meter for measureing instantaneous PAR and calculating DLI.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Figure 10. Dissolved oxygen sensor. DO levels should be greater than 4 ppm to prevent growth inhibition. Visible signes of stress may be observed at 3 ppm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## 3.3 Set-points", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "| Air Temperature | 24 C Day/19 C Night (75 F/65 F) |\n|-------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Water Temperature | No higher than 25C, cool at 26C, heat at 24C |\n| Relative Humidity | minimum 50 and no higher than70% |\n| Carbon Dioxide | 1000-1500 ppm if light is available, ambient (~390 ppm) if not |\n| Light | 17 - 22 mol/m 2 /d combination of solar and supplemental light |\n| D O | 7 mg/L or ppm, crop failure if less than 3 ppm |\n| pH | 5.6-6 |\n| EC | 1300 +/- 100 µS/cm above the source water |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## Chapter 4: Spinach Production", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## Spinach Production", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "This handbook is directed toward baby leaf spinach. The production of the spinach crop is separated into two growing areas. Seeds are started in a germination area where they germinate for 2 days. They should be shaded from full sun on the first day after germination, but can then be exposed to full light (17 mol/m 2 /d) or slightly greater. On Day 14 the plants are harvested by shearing the crop above the media. Do not attempt a second harvest with the same plants as this will eventually allow pathogens in the nutrient solution to build to a lethal level and destroy both the plant material in the pond and future plant material placed in the same solution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## Germination Area Stage", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Germination Area stage is scheduled for production days 0-2 and may occur in a growth chamber or nursery area in the greenhouse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## Sowing", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Production begins with the making of the germination media. Media should be moistened to an optimal moisture before sowing occurs. Cornell mix or a commercial product that approximates the mixture of peat/perlite in CU mix should be used. Fill the flat with media. Use a dibble to compress media (Figure 11). Place seed on top of media by hand or with automatic seeder (vacuum seeder, Figure 12). Add additional media and compact. Place in humid environment for germination.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Figure 11. Underside of dibble on left and dibble compressing soil on right.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Figure 12. Pelleted seed being spread on a vacuum seeder.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Figure 13. Seed adhered to vacuum seeder plate being inverted over flat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Figure 14.Pelleted seed on dibbled media ready for additional media to be added.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Figure 15. Newly germinated seedlings just after floating in the pond. Note the cotyledons just poking through media.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "We recommend an expanded polystyrene plug tray for baby spinach production. These roughly 0.52 square meter trays come in many different densities (for example, arrays of 12 x 24, 14 x 28, 13 x 26) and we have trialed densities between 1000-3000 plants per square meter. We find that a plug tray that allows 1500 plants per square meter is optimal. The two companies whose trays we have experience are Speedling (1.75' deep) and Beaver Plastics (2.5' deep). Custom trays can be ordered and manufactured such that every other cell is Styrofoam so that only half the media is needed and cells would be double seeded. Please note that if trays are double seeded they need to be harvested when a little smaller or plants become brittle.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Trays are filled with a peat/perlite mixture, we use Sungro Redi-Earth seedling germination mix. The moisture content of this media is critical to seedling germination. Please note that media CANNOT be re-used because of the risk of disease. Also note that media cannot be autoclaved to reduce disease risk because that process damages the physical properties of the media. Media should be moistened before seeding (3:1 water: media for peat-based) to ensure proper moisture content and consistent and predictable germination. Both the moisture and air content of the media are critical for uniform and consistent germination. Attempting to add moisture to the top or bottom of the flats will often result in uneven germination.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Trays must be kept in a high-humidity environment until plants emerge from the soil. Roots will exit the bottom of the flat before the shoots emerge from the top. The time this takes can change based on the temperature the trays are kept in. We suggest a temperature range between 22 and 26C and humidity as close to 100% as possible. Many different ways may be used to create the high humidity condition including putting plastic sheeting on top of stacked floats or adding humidity to the germination chamber.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Seeding depth Spinach seed is large which makes it easy to handle (Figure 16). Seeds must be planted at least ½' deep so that the outer covering of the seed (called the pericarp) is removed by the friction of the media as the hypocotyl emerges.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Figure 16. Comparitive size of seeds: Basil, pelleted basil, spinach (left to right).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "When trays are placed into a temperature controlled chamber until seedling emergence careful attention should be given so that temperature stratification (ex. Warmer at top and bottom of rack, see Figure 3) does not occur. To help avoid this issue, allow all trays to arrive at an even temperature before placing in the germination chamber.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Light should be provided at a minimum intensity of 100 µmol/m 2 /s to prevent stretching after 24 hours.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Float the flats in the pond after cotyledons appear (Figure 15). We recommend a two pond system so that the growth of the product is faster than the reproduction of the pathogen. If the spinach is allowed to remain in the same pond for the entire crop cycle, the asexual form of the pathogen can reproduce and spread to the younger plants. Because the nutrient solution is not changed regularly, eventually concentrations of the pathogen will be large enough to infect young plants and kill them before they reach maturity.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Monitor pH and EC daily and DO not less than once per week. Harvesting is conducted on day 16 and is often performed manually with scissors or an automatic knife. Commercial harvesting machines are not widely available.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## Chapter 5: Packaging and Post-Harvest Storage", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Packaging can be a significant cost and many grocery stores are requesting clamshell style hard plastic packaging. The type of packaging will affect the shelf life of the product. Re-sealable bags are the most inexpensive packaging option.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "After being packaged, the spinach should be stored at 40F (4C). Penn State researchers have performed experiments investigating the", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## Chapter 6: Crop Health", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "## Disease", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "As mentioned previously, hydroponic spinach is particularly susceptible to a water-borne pathogen called Pythium aphanadermatum that will attack the crop roots slowing growth and eventually killing the plants. A review of the life cycle of this pathogen is beyond the scope of this handbook but an excellent and classic resource is Plant Pathology by G.N. Agrios. We feel that hydroponic spinach can be grown successfully by following the protocol outlined above that includes controlling the temperature of the pond water, duration of the crop in each pond, and daily light integral. You must keep the crop rapidly growing by providing adequate light, nutrients, and other environmental conditions at all times.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "If root disease does occur, the ponds and solution tanks should be drained and the crop sacrificed. The ponds and tanks should be cleaned with a 2% bleach solution. It is possible the disease started in the Germination Area, and that area, including the benches and solution tanks, should be cleaned, as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Wash the Styrofoam floats, trays, and other equipment with a 2% bleach solution (sodium hypochlorite). The equipment should be washed between each use, to prevent the spread of disease.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Do not bring other plant material or soil into the greenhouse. This material may contain pests and pathogens likely to infect your crop. Keep visitors to the greenhouse to a minimum or allow them to view the production area from the outside of the greenhouse only.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Keep the solution tanks shaded in some manner. Algae flourish in wet, well-lit locations, and the solution tank is ideal for algal growth. Shading the tanks, input and output pipes, and other \"wet\" equipment will inhibit algal growth. The algae will not harm the crop directly, but may act to weaken the crop to potential disease.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "## Pests", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Pests in hydroponic spinach production have not been a major problem. Fast plant growth rates make pest population establishment difficult. With continuous crop production, pest populations may have the opportunity to establish themselves. Precautions can be taken to exclude pests from the facility, such as screening potential entry points (ventilation inlets). Keeping the grass and weeds mowed outside the greenhouse or removing all vegetation entirely can reduce pest pressure inside the greenhouse. Few pesticides have been labeled for use on greenhouse vegetables. Biological insect control is a viable but less used alternative.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "## Chapter 7: References", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Albright, L.D., deVilliers, D.S., Shelford, T.J., Johnson, C.J.2007. Root disease treatment methods for commercial production of hydroponic spinach. Final report for NYSERDA. 127 pp.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## Appendix", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## Stock Solutions", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Two stock solutions are prepared which will be added separately to RO water and will supply nutrients to the spinach plants while in the pond area. Two separate stock solutions are prepared to prevent certain chemical reactions. These chemical reactions will cause some of the chemicals to form a precipitate and become inactive. The precipitates will not form if mixed one after another with a large volume of RO water. Note: Some salts have different waters of hydration. If you do not plan to use the salt with the exact formula in this protocol, be sure to adjust the weight accordingly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "| STOCK A | STOCK A |\n|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|\n| These chemicals are added to 300 L of RO water | These chemicals are added to 300 L of RO water |\n| Calcium Nitrate | 29160.0 g |\n| Potassium Nitrate | 6132.0 g |\n| Ammonium Nitrate | 840.0 g |\n| Sprint 330 Iron - DTPA (10% Iron) | 562.0 g |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "| STOCK B | STOCK B |\n|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|\n| These chemicals are added to 300L of RO water | These chemicals are added to 300L of RO water |\n| Potassium Nitrate | 20378.0 g |\n| Monopotassium Phosphate | 8160.0 g |\n| Potassium Sulfate | 655.0 g |\n| Magnesium Sulfate | 7380.0 g |\n| Manganese Sulfate*H 2 O (25% Mn) | 25.6 g |\n| Zinc Sulfate*H 2 O (35% Zn) | 34.4 g |\n| Boric Acid (17.5% B) | 55.8 g |\n| Copper Sulfate*5H 2 O (25% Cu) | 5.6 g |\n| Sodium Molybdate*2H 2 O (39% Mo) | 3.6 g |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## Final Fertilizer Solution Concentrations", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "| Macro-nutrients: | Macro-nutrients: | Micro-nutrients: | Micro-nutrients: | Micro-nutrients: |\n|--------------------|-----------------------------|--------------------|--------------------|--------------------|\n| N | 8.9 millimol l -1 (125 ppm) | Fe | 16.8 micromol l -1 | (0.94 ppm) |\n| P | 1.0 millimol l -1 ( 31 ppm) | Mn | 2.5 micromol l -1 | (0.14 ppm) |\n| K | 5.5 millimol l -1 (215 ppm) | B | 15.0 micromol l -1 | (0.16 ppm) |\n| Ca | 2.1 millimol l -1 ( 84 ppm) | Cu | 0.4 micromol l -1 | (0.03 ppm) |\n| Mg | 1.0 millimol l -1 ( 24 ppm) | Zn | 2.0 micromol l -1 | (0.13 ppm) |\n| S | 1.1 millimol l -1 ( 35 ppm) | Mo | 0.3 micromol l -1 | (0.03 ppm) |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-baby-spinach-handbook.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## Cornell Controlled Environment Agriculture", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Hydroponic Lettuce Handbook", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "This hydroponic greenhouse production system was designed for small operations to provide local production of head lettuce as well as employment to the proprieters. Our research group has experimented with many forms of hydroponics but have found this floating system to be the most robust and forgiving of the available systems. This system is built around consistent produciton 365 days of the year. This requires a high degree of environmental control including supplemental lighting and moveable shade to provide a target amount of light which, in turn, results in a predictable amount of daily growth.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "by Dr. Melissa Brechner, Dr. A.J. Both, CEA Staff", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Table of Contents", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "| Chapter 1: Greenhouse Hardware................................................................................................... 6 |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| 1.1 Nursery or Seedling production Area.................................................................................... 6 |\n| Ebb and Flood Benches........................................................................................................... 6 |\n| Solution Tank and Plumbing................................................................................................... 8 |\n| Lighting ................................................................................................................................... 9 |\n| 1.2 Pond Area............................................................................................................................ 12 |\n| Lighting ................................................................................................................................. 13 |\n| Lighting Configuration and High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps ................................... 14 |\n| Paddle Fan ............................................................................................................................. 14 |\n| Aspirated Box........................................................................................................................ 15 |\n| System Component Information ............................................................................................... 16 |\n| 2.1 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor ................................................................................................... 16 |\n| 2.3 Compact Submersible Centrifugal Pump............................................................................ 16 |\n| 2.4 Flow Meters......................................................................................................................... 16 |\n| Chapter 3: Computer Technology and Monitoring....................................................................... 17 |\n| 3.1 Biological Significance of Environmental Parameters ....................................................... 17 |\n| Temperature........................................................................................................................... 17 |\n| Relative Humidity.................................................................................................................. 17 |\n| Carbon Dioxide or CO 2 ......................................................................................................... 17 |\n| Lights..................................................................................................................................... 17 |\n| Dissolved Oxygen.................................................................................................................. 18 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "| Electrical Conductivity.......................................................................................................... 18 |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Monitoring................................................................................................................................. 18 |\n| 3.3 Set-points............................................................................................................................. 19 |\n| Chapter 4: Lettuce Production ...................................................................................................... 20 |\n| Chapter 5: Packaging and Post-Harvest Storage .......................................................................... 26 |\n| Chapter 6: Crop Health ................................................................................................................. 27 |\n| Disease ...................................................................................................................................... 27 |\n| Pests........................................................................................................................................... 27 |\n| Chapter 7: References................................................................................................................... 28 |\n| Appendix....................................................................................................................................... 47 |\n| Table of Figures |\n| Figure 1.This is a photo of an empty Ebb and Flood bench while the bench is flooding for sub- irrigation.......................................................................................................................................... 6 |\n| Figure 2. Bench for seedlings. ........................................................................................................ 7 |\n| Figure 3. Seedling area on edge of pond in greenhouse. ................................................................ 7 |\n| Figure 4. Breaker on the end of a wand for hand-watering. ........................................................... 7 |\n| Figure 5.Humidity cover propped against a sheet of rockwool...................................................... 8 |\n| Figure 6.Nutrient solution reservoir fiberglass tank (A), Pump (B), Piping (C), and Valve (D). The bottom of the germination bench can be seen in (E). .............................................................. 8 |\n| Figure 7.Fluorescent (A) and incandescent (B) lighting in the growth room. Fluorescent lighting is used for plant biomass production and incandescent lighting is used for photoperiod control. . 9 |\n| ©Cornell University CEA Program 2013 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "| Figure 8. High Pressure Sodium (A) and Metal Halide (B) lamps in a growth chamber............... 9 |\n|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Figure 9. High Intensity Discharge (HID) luminaire in a greenhouse.......................................... 10 |\n| Figure 10.Aspirated box in a greenhouse. A fan draws air from the bottom of the box over the sensors........................................................................................................................................... 11 |\n| Figure 11. Aspirated box opening on bottom of box.................................................................... 11 |\n| Figure 12. Empty pond with liner................................................................................................. 12 |\n| Figure 13.Edge of pond detail. The inside edges of two separate ponds made of wood and separated by structural members is shown on left. The right hand picture shows a concrete pond. ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 |\n| Figure 14. Paddle fan to increase vertical air movement and therefore evapotranspiration. This is important for the prevention of tipburn. ....................................................................................... 14 |\n| Figure 15. Aspirated box with digital output screen in greenhouse. ............................................ 15 |\n| Figure 16. Model: H-03216-04: 65 mmvariable area aluminum flow meter with valve and glass float for O2. Manufacturer: Cole Parmer Instrument Co., Niles, IL ............................................ 16 |\n| Figure 17. Quantum PAR sensor to measure light available for photosynthesis. Foot-candle sensor and lux meters are inappropriate because they are designed to quantify the sensitivity of the human eye and overestimate (~25%) the light available for photosynthesis.......................... 19 |\n| Figure 18. Dissolved oxygen sensor. DO levels should be greater than 4 ppm to prevent growth inhibition. Visible signs of stress may be observed at 3 ppm....................................................... 19 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Table of Abbreviations and Units", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "| A | Area | Square feet or square meter. |\n|-------------|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| CEA | Controlled Environment Agriculture | Producing plants in a greenhouse or other space. |\n| cm | centimeter | A unit of length |\n| CWF | Cool White Fluorescent | A type of supplemental lighting |\n| DLI | Daily Light Integral | The sum of photosynthetic (PAR) light received by plants in a day. |\n| DO | Dissolved Oxygen | Oxygen concentration in nutrient solution measured in parts per million. |\n| EC | electrical conductivity | An indirect measurment of the strength of a nutrient solution. |\n| HID | High Intensity Discharge | A type of HID supplemental lighting |\n| hp | horsepower | A unit of power |\n| HPS | High Pressure Sodium | A high intensity discharge lamp/luminare type for supplemental lighting |\n| kPa | kilopascals | A unit of pressure, force per unit area |\n| MH | Metal Halide | A type of HID supplemental lighting |\n| mol | pronounced 'mole' | A number of anything equal to 6.02 x 10 23 items.We use it to quantify the number of photons between 400-700 nm of PAR light plants receive. |\n| mol/m 2 /d | moles per square meter per day | Integrated PAR light |\n| mol/m 2 /s | moles per square meter per second | Instantaneous PAR light |\n| nm | nanometer | Unit of length in SI, one billonth of a meter |\n| PAR | Photosynthetically Active Radiation | The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between 400-700 nm plants use for photosynthesis |\n| ppm | parts per million | A unit that describes dimensionless quantities such as volume fractions. For describing carbon dioxide concentrations it is a molar basis. |\n| SI | System Internationale | International system of units aka metric system - built around 7 basic units of measurements |\n| µmol/m 2/ s | micro-mole per square meter per second | Instantaneous PAR light |\n| µS/cm | microsiemens per centimeter | A unit of measurement for electrical conductivity |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## Chapter 1: Greenhouse Hardware", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Of fundamental importance to hydroponic lettuce production are the physical components of both the germination area and the pond area. It is necessary to have not only an idea of the physical components associated with each area, but also a good understanding of their purposes.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## 1.1 Nursery or Seedling production Area", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "The first 11 days of lettuce production takes place in the seedling production area. Seedlings develop best under constant lighting conditions with specific, closely controlled temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide, and irrigation. These conditions can only be met in a controlled area, whether that is a greenhouse or a growth room, with the following equipment:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Ebb and Flood Benches, Tables, or Ponds Solution Tank and Plumbing Supplemental Lighting Aspirated sensor Box Sensors", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## Ebb and Flood Benches", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Figure 1.This is a photo of an empty Ebb and Flood bench while the bench is flooding for sub-irrigation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "To uniformly supply the germinating seedlings with water and nutrients, Ebb and Flood benches (approximately 2.5 by 1.3 m or 8 by 4 foot) are periodically (2 to 4 times per day for approximately 15 minutes) flooded. These benches were specifically designed to supply water and nutrients through sub-irrigation . Through a pump and piping, the fertilizer solution is pumped into the Ebb and Flood bench. The solution is then automatically drained after a given time period.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Figure 2. Bench for seedlings.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## Ponds", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Figure 3. Seedling area on edge of pond in greenhouse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Figure 4. Breaker on the end of a wand for hand-watering.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Alternately, the rockwool slabs in trays sitting on a bench (Figure 2) or the edge of a pond (Figure 3) may be overhead watered with a hose that has a breaker (see Figure 4 above) on it that slows the flow of high velocity water so that fragile seedlings are not damaged.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Figure 5.Humidity cover propped against a sheet of rockwool.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Humidity covers (Figure 5) are used to provide a high humidity environment around the germinating seeds. They are required if seeding with bare (not pelleted) seed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## Solution Tank and Plumbing", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Figure 6.Nutrient solution reservoir fiberglass tank (A), Pump (B), Piping (C), and Valve (D). The bottom of the germination bench can be seen in (E).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "A fiberglass tank (A) see Figure 6, holds the nutrient solution used for sub-irrigating the seedlings. A plastic tank could also be used but may not be as strong as the fiberglass. Care must be taken to procure a plastic vessel that will not degrade quickly in sunlight if germination area is in a greenhouse. Any vessel that is used should be sufficiently opaque to prevent algae growth. Approximately 250 L (66 gallons) of nutrient solution is sufficient to prime the system (given above-listed bench size), fill the bench, and provide nutrient solution for the first 11 days of growth for approximately 2000 seedlings. A small (1/50 h.p.) pump (B) is used to pump the solution to the bench. The piping (C) should be flexible to adjust to individual germination area needs. A throttling or gate valve (D) is included to control the flow of the nutrient solution to the Ebb and Flow bench. The bottom of the sub-irrigation bench (E) is visible in the photo above.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "The pump may be operated on a time clock so that irrigation can occur without human intervention.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Lighting", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Figure 7.Fluorescent (A) and incandescent (B) lighting in the growth room. Fluorescent lighting is used for plant biomass production and incandescent lighting is used for photoperiod control.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Figure 8. High Pressure Sodium (A) and Metal Halide (B) lamps in a growth chamber.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Germination Room", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "In general, a separate room for germination of seedlings is very energy intensive. Our experience was that the improvement in growth obtained by utilizing a germination room was not worth the large amount of energy such a room used and its' use was discontinued. Cool white fluorescent (CWF) lamps (A, see Figure 7) or High Pressure Sodium/Metal halide (A,B, see Figure 8) are recommended. Heat generated by the lamps must be dissipated from the germination area in order to maintain the temperature set points. Use of incandescent lamps (B) is discouraged because the red light emitted from these lamps causes the seedlings to 'stretch'. Fluorescent lamps are rich in blue light, which cause compact and sturdy seedlings.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Greenhouse", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Figure 9. High Intensity Discharge (HID) luminaire in a greenhouse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "If germination of seedlings is performed in a greenhouse, high intensity discharge (HID) luminaires such as high pressure sodium (HPS) of metal halide (MH) are recommended (Figure 9).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## Configuration and Intensity", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Lamps should be configured for a uniform distribution of light over the entire growing area. Light intensity is maintained at no less than 50 µmol/m 2/ s of PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) during the first 24 hours the seeds are kept in the germination area. This level of illumination prevented stretching of the seedlings while minimizing the tendency of supplemental lighting to dry out the surface of the medium.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "The following calculation may be used for determination of hourly PAR.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Sum the accumulated hourly PAR values for a daily PAR value.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "For the remaining 10 days, the light intensity is maintained at 250 µmol/m 2/ s. The photoperiod (or day length) is 24 hours. Shorter photoperiods are acceptable if the light intensity is increased to provide the same total daily accumulated light (~22 mol/m 2 /d). Anecdotal evidence shows that some lettuce seedlings can tolerate 30 mol/m 2 /d.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Note for germination rooms: Light output of CWF and HID lamps decays over time. Thus, it is important to measure the light output of the lamps regularly. If the light intensity drops below an acceptable level (e.g. 200 µmol/m 2/ s), new lamps should be installed. A quantum sensor can be used to measure the amount of PAR.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Figure 10.Aspirated box in a greenhouse. A fan draws air from the bottom of the box over the sensors.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Figure 11. Aspirated box opening on bottom of box.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "This is an example of an aspirated box (Figure 10) which houses and protects the sensors the computer uses to make control decisions from light or localized temperature fluxes. Most greenhouse control systems supply their own aspirated boxes with sensors included that will be used for environmental monitoring. Aspirated boxes can be home-made but care must be taken so that the air is drawn over the sensors so that heat is not added to the air from the fans. The position of the box should be close to the plant canopy to measure the environmental parameters at the plant level. This may not be possible in all germination areas. The box is equipped with a small fan which draws air past the sensors (Figure 11). Sensors are located upstream from the fan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## Sensors", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "See \"Sensors\" under Chapter 3: Computer Technology for full details.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## 1.2 Pond Area", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "The concepts involved in the pond area are the following:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Pond Size", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Pond Solution", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Construction", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Pond Design", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Lighting", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Paddle Fan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Aspirated Box", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## Pond Size", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "For example, for the production of 1245 heads per day a 660 m 2 growing area is required. The lettuce plants are grown in the pond area for 24 days. This includes one re-spacing of the plants at Day 21, from 97 plants m -2 to 38 plants/sq m.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## Pond Solution", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Equal portions of Stock Solutions A and B (see formulas in appendix) are added to reverseosmosis RO water to achieve an EC of 1200 µS/cm or 1.2 dS/cm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## Construction", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Figure 12. Empty pond with liner.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Figure 13.Edge of pond detail. The inside edges of two separate ponds made of wood and separated by structural members is shown on left. The right hand picture shows a concrete pond.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "There are three main options for pond construction.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "- The pond may be sunken in the greenhouse floor, with the pond surface just above the floor (not pictured).\n- A containerized pond with concrete or wooden walls (Figure 12) can be constructed on top of the floor of the greenhouse.\n- The pond can be built on an island of fill with the ponds built into the fill so that the water level is closer to waist level to lessen the amount of bending that must be performed when working with the crop. An important note is that a greenhouse that uses this system must be sufficiently tall so that supplemental lighting is not too close to the plants (not pictured).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "In any case, the pond floor can be layered with sand to cushion any sharp edges from puncturing the polyethylene lining. A heavy plastic (for example, 0.5 mm poly) liner is then installed as the major barrier for leak protection. Proper precautions should be taken to avoid leaks.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## Design", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "The pond area is designed to allow for one plant spacing (also called re-spacing) on Day 21. To facilitate the spacing process, multiple ponds run in parallel. The plants are grown in one of the ponds between days 11 and 21. After re-spacing (from 97 plants m -2 to 38 plants m -2 ) the plants are moved to one of the remaining ponds where they will be grown for two weeks (day 21 through day 35).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## Lighting", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Uniform light distribution is required in the Pond Growing Area. A supplemental light intensity within the range of 100-200 µmol/m 2 /s (for a total of 17 mol/m 2 /d 1 of both natural and supplemental lighting) at the plant level is recommended. It should be noted that 17 mol/m 2 /d is the light integral that worked best for the particular cultivar of boston bibb lettuce that we used. For some cultivars, 15 or mol/m 2 /d is the maximum amount of light that can be used before the physiological condition called tipburn occurs. High pressure sodium (HPS) lamps are a type of High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamp, and are used to supply light. These lamps are relatively efficient, have a long life (~25,000 hours, generally these lamps lose 1% output for every 1000 hours), and slowly decay in output over time. There is a recent development in the manufacturing process for metal halide lamps that gives them a lifetime similar to high pressure sodium lamps. Metal halide lamps have a spectrum that is slightly more efficient for plant growth than high pressure sodium lamps. A new bulb produced by the Philips corporation has exaggerated the benefits of metal halide lamps including shifting more light production to the blue and red portions of the spectrum and decreasing the heat output of the luminare. Independent lighting consultants have specialized software to determine proper number and placement of lamps needed for a specific and uniform light intensity. It is critical to have the correct lighting system installation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Because the CEA lettuce program is production-intensive, lighting and electrical power usage is high. Local utility companies should have information on special rates and rebate programs for new industries and Controlled Environment Agriculture facilities.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## Lighting Configuration and High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "The number and position of the lamps were determined using a specialized lighting configuration computer program.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Figure 9 shows a high pressure sodium (HPS) lamp and luminaire used for supplemental lighting. These lamps provide the recommended Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) needed to supplement natural light. The computer control program records the irradiance and adjusts (on and off) the supplemental lighting system to achieve a predetermined total light level each day. For the lettuce production the recommended level is 17 mol/m 2 /d.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## Paddle Fan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Figure 14. Paddle fan to increase vertical air movement and therefore evapotranspiration. This is important for the prevention of tipburn. A 17 mol/m 2 /d DLI target has to be matched with sufficient downward air flow to prevent tip burn. Without the air flow, we were not able to go over 12 mol/m 2 /d.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "An overhead fan (paddle fan - Figure 14) is used to blow air vertically down onto the lettuce plants at the rate of 140 cubic feet per minute per square foot of pond area. The airflow increases plant transpiration. This increase in transpiration increases the transport of nutrients, especially calcium, from the roots to the young, fast-growing lettuce leaves. The greater rate of nutrient transport provides sufficient amounts of calcium to the leaves and, therefore, prevents tipburn . Without this airflow, lettuce must be grown under reduced light levels (for example at 12 mol/m 2 /d instead of 17 mol/m 2 /d but realize that this data is only for cultivar Ostinata which is no longer available), which slows the rate of growth. The actual daily light integral target that can be achieved with and without vertical airflow before tip burn occurs is a function of cultivar selection, spacing and airflow. The numbers given above are examples of what has been", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "successful in our situation and are not the only solution and no attempt was made to establish airflow maxima and minima.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## Aspirated Box", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Figure 15. Aspirated box with digital output screen in greenhouse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "The aspirated box located in the pond area has the same function as the aspirated box in the germination area.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Chapter 2: System Components", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## System Component Information", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Note: References to company and brand names are used for identification purposes only and do not necessarily constitute endorsements over similar products made by other companies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## 2.1 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Most manufacturers recommend that dissolved oxygen sensors be calibrated daily. Modern sensors are fairly stable and will probably not go out of calibration in such a short time period. Remember that your data is only as good as your calibration, so be sure to calibrate all sensors on a regular basis.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "A hand-held sensor (~$600 in 2013) is always an essential trouble-shooting tool and should always be available. If the facility is one acre or larger, an in-line sensor may be a worthwhile investment.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Model: Orion 820, hand held, battery operated", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Manufacturer: Orion Research Inc., Boston, MA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Some other manufacturers that make this same quality meter are YSI, Oakton and Extech", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## 2.3 Compact Submersible Centrifugal Pump", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Specifications: 0.02 HP, 75 W, max 1.5 Amps", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## 2.4 Flow Meters", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Figure 16. Model: H-03216-04: 65 mm variable area aluminum flow meter with valve and glass float for O2. Manufacturer: Cole Parmer Instrument Co., Niles, IL", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Specifications: Max. flow rate for O2 = 46 ml/min.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## Chapter 3: Computer Technology and Monitoring", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Computer technology is an integral part in the production of hydroponic lettuce. A computer control system (example: Argus, Hortimax, Priva) should be used to control the abiotic environment. Different sensors are used to monitor greenhouse environment parameters. These parameters include temperature of greenhouse air and nutrient solution, relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentration of greenhouse air, light intensities from sunlight and supplemental lighting, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels, and Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution. Sensors will communicate the environmental conditions to the control computer which will activate environmental control measures such as heating, ventilation, and lighting.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## 3.1 Biological Significance of Environmental Parameters", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## Temperature", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Temperature controls the rate of plant growth. Generally, as temperatures increase, chemical processes proceed at faster rates. Most chemical processes in plants are regulated by enzymes which, in turn, perform at their best within narrow temperature ranges. Above and below these temperature ranges, enzyme activity starts to deteriorate and as a result chemical processes slow down or are stopped. At this point, plants are stressed, growth is reduced, and, eventually, the plant may die. The temperature of the plant environment should be kept at optimum levels for fast and successful maturation. Both the air and the water temperature must be monitored and controlled.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## Relative Humidity", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "The relative humidity (RH) of the greenhouse air influences the transpiration rate of plants. High RH of the greenhouse air causes less water to transpire from the plants, which causes less transport of nutrients from roots to leaves and less cooling of the leaf surfaces. High humidities can also cause disease problems in some cases. For example, high relative humidity encourages the growth of botrytis and mildew.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## Carbon Dioxide or CO2", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "The CO2 concentration of the greenhouse air directly influences the amount of photosynthesis (growth) of plants. Normal outdoor CO2 concentration is around 390 parts per million (ppm). Plants in a closed greenhouse during a bright day can deplete the CO2 concentration to 100 ppm, which severely reduces the rate of photosynthesis. In greenhouses, increasing CO2 concentrations to 1000-1500 ppm speeds growth. CO2 is supplied to the greenhouse by adding liquid CO2. Heaters that provide carbon dioxide as a by-product exist but we do not recommend these because they often provide air contaminants that slow the growth of the lettuce.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## Lights", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013 Light measurements are taken with a quantum sensor, which measures Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) in the units µmol/m 2 /s. PAR is the light which is useful to plants for the", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "process of photosynthesis. Measurements of PAR give an indication of the possible amount of photosynthesis and growth being performed by the plant. Foot-candle sensors and lux meters are inappropriate because they do not directly measure light used for photosynthesis.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## Dissolved Oxygen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements indicate the amount of oxygen available in the pond nutrient solution for the roots to use in respiration. Lettuce will grow satisfactorily at a DO level of at least 4 ppm. If no oxygen is added to the pond, DO levels will drop to nearly 0 ppm. The absence of oxygen in the nutrient solution will stop the process of respiration and seriously damage and kill the plant. Pure oxygen is added to the recirculation system in the ponds. Usually the level is maintained at 8 (7-10, no advantage to 20) ppm. For sufficiently small systems, it is possible to add air to the solution through an air pump and aquarium air stone but the dissolved oxygen level achieved will not be as high as can be achieved with pure oxygen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "The pH of a solution is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions. The pH of a solution can range between 0 and 14. A neutral solution has a pH of 7. That is, there are an equal number of hydrogen ions (H + ) and hydroxide ions (OH -). Solutions ranging from pH 0-6.9 are considered acidic and have a greater concentration of H + . Solutions with pH 7.1-14 are basic or alkaline and have a greater concentration of OH -.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "The pH of a solution is important because it controls the availability of the fertilizer salts. A pH of 5.8 is considered optimum for the described lettuce growing system, however a range of 5.66.0 is acceptable. Nutrient deficiencies may occur at ranges above or below the acceptable range.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## Electrical Conductivity", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Electrical conductivity (EC) is a measure of the dissolved salts in a solution. As nutrients are taken up by a plant, the EC level is lowered since there are fewer salts in the solution. Alternately, the EC of the solution is increased when water is removed from the solution through the processes of evaporation and transpiration. If the EC of the solution increases, it can be lowered by adding pure water, e.g., reverse osmosis water). If the EC decreases, it can be increased by adding a small quantity of a concentrated nutrient stock solution. When monitoring the EC concentration, be sure to subtract the base EC of your source water from the level detected by your sensor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## Monitoring", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "The following parameters should be monitored. Specific sensor recommendations will not be made here.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Temperature, see Figure 12.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Relative Humidity, see Figure 12. Carbon Dioxide Concentration (Infra Red Carbon Dioxide Sensor) Light (Quantum PAR sensor), see Figure 13. Dissolved Oxygen, see Figure 14. pH", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## Electrical Conductivity (EC)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Figure 17. Quantum PAR sensor to measure light available for photosynthesis. Foot-candle sensor and lux meters are inappropriate because they are designed to quantify the sensitivity of the human eye and overestimate (~25%) the light available for photosynthesis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Figure 18. Dissolved oxygen sensor. DO levels should be greater than 4 ppm to prevent growth inhibition. Visible signs of stress may be observed at 3 ppm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "## 3.3 Set-points", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Air Temperature", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "24 C Day/19 C Night (75 F/65 F)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Water Temperature", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "No higher than 25C, cool at 26C, heat at 24C", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Relative Humidity", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "minimum 50 and no higher than70%", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Carbon Dioxide", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "1500 ppm if light is available, ambient (~390 ppm) if not", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Light", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "17 mol m 2 /d combination of solar and supplemental light", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "7 mg/L or ppm, crop failure if less than 3 ppm", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "## Chapter 4: Lettuce Production", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Lettuce Production", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "This handbook is directed toward a daily production of 5 ounce (150 grams) heads of leaf lettuce. The production of the lettuce crop is separated into two growing areas. Seeds are started in a germination area where they germinate and grow for 11 days. They should be shaded from full sun on the first day after germination, but can then be exposed to full light (17 mol/m 2 /d) or slightly greater. On Day 11, the plants are transported to the greenhouse and transplanted into the pond area where they are grown until re-spacing on day 21 and finally harvested on Day 35.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## Germination Area Stage", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Germination Area stage is scheduled for Production Days 0-11 and may occur in a growth chamber or nursery area in the greenhouse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## Day 0 - Sowing", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Production begins with the making of the germination media. The media fills 7 plug trays of 200 plugs each (1' rockwool cubes that are 10 x 20 cells per sheet). One lettuce seed is placed into each plug. This can be done with an automated seeding machine such as a drum seeder or a vacuum seeder. Rockwool should be moistened with nutrient solution that has a relatively low pH such as 4.5 to remove pockets of high pH contaminants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "The trays are placed into the germination area which may be an Ebb and Flood bench, a table, or on a float in the pond. Trays on an Ebb and Flood bench are sub-irrigated with RO water for 1/4 hour every 12 hours. For the initial 24 hours, lighting is maintained at 50 µmol/m 2 /s with a photoperiod (day length) of 24 hours to ensure good germination if a germination room is used. The temperature is set for 20C (68F) in the germination room. The seed trays may be covered with plastic humidity covers to ensure a high relative humidity which prevents desiccation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Day 1 - Environmental Adjustment", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "A fertilizer solution is added to the top or sub-irrigation water 24 hours after sowing. The EC of the water is maintained at 1200 µS/cm 1 above source water EC. The pH of the solution is adjusted to 5.8 with possible addition of a base, potassium hydroxide (KOH) and nitric acid when it is too high.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "The temperature is raised to 25C and the lights increased to 250 µmol/m 2 /s. These environmental factors are maintained for the remainder of the crops' time in the germination area. Sub-irrigation continues for 1/4 hour every 12 hours until Day 6. The photoperiod remains at 24 hours. If hand-watering is used the same watering frequency does not need to be used but care must be takes so that the media does not dry out.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Day 2 - Decreasing Humidity", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "The humidity covers in place on Days 0 and 1 are removed on Day 2. At this time, the seed has germinated and the radicle has started to penetrate into the soil, as can be seen in the above photo. High humidity levels during the first two days of germination are to ensure the seed does not desiccate. Low lights levels during the first 24 hours work in conjunction with the high humidity to prevent excessive seed drying.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Day 3 - Removing Double Seedlings", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Any double seedlings should be removed from the plugs on Days 3 or 4 to ensure a uniform crop. Any seedlings that are particularly large should be removed so they do not suppress the growth of neighboring plants. Also, germination percentage can be determined to monitor seed", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "quality and proper growing conditions at this stage. It is critical to have consistent environmental conditions and consistent plant growth during this stage.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Day 6 - Increasing Watering Frequency", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013 The lettuce seedlings have grown to such a size that they now require watering more frequently. The sub-irrigation system if using an ebb and flood table is scheduled for flooding four times per", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "day, or every six hours, for 1/4 hr (15 min). If top watering with a breaker once a day should suffice.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "The following is a series of photos showing the growth of an individual lettuce seedling over a 5 day period.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "At this time, the leaves are beginning to overlap. The roots of the seedlings have grown through the bottom of the plug tray. When transporting the plugs to the pond area, avoid damaging these exposed roots.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "This photo shows the plants just after transplanting into the floats.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## Transplanting", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "On Day 11, the seedlings are transported to the greenhouse and transplanted into the pond. Prior to transplanting, the seedlings are thoroughly sub-irrigated. Transplanting can be scheduled to follow normal sub-irrigation periods in order to prevent desiccation during transfer.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "The seedling plugs float in the pond in Styrofoam floats. Each float is hand-drilled from 1' insulation. A wooden template placed over the Styrofoam board to be drilled hastens the drilling process. A drill press may be used if board geometry allows. Several holes can be drilled simultaneously if a clever drill press apparatus is created. A pneumatic drill may be used and will make a cleaner hole as it operates at a higher speed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## Styrofoam Floats", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Day 21 - Transplant", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Day 35 - Harvest", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## Post-Harvest", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Styrofoam floats are cleaned between each growing cycle with a weak bleach (2%) solution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## Chapter 5: Packaging and Post-Harvest Storage", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Packaging can be a significant cost depending on what materials customers demand. Often both a package for the product as well as a box to transport product in must be purchased.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "In clamshell with or without roots", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "In lettuce boquet with or without roots - clamshell or bag", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Post-Harvest Storage", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "After being packaged, the lettuce should be stored at 40F.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## Chapter 6: Crop Health", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## Disease", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Maintaining a healthy crop is vital. Powdery mildew can be a problem during winter production of lettuce. A plan should be in place for the treatment of mildew and appropriate chemical controls should be obtained before the crop is planted.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "The following are suggestions for maintaining a healthy greenhouse environment:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Keep the crop rapidly growing by providing adequate light, nutrients, and other environmental conditions at all times.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "If root disease does occur, the ponds and solution tanks should be drained and the crop sacrificed. The ponds and tanks should be cleaned with a 2% bleach solution. Other sanitation products exist and are easily available such as Greenshield. It is possible the disease started in the Germination Area, and that area, including the benches and solution tanks, should be cleaned, as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Wash the Styrofoam floats, trays, and other equipment with a 2% bleach solution. The equipment should be washed between each use, to prevent the spread of disease.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Do not bring other plant material or soil into the greenhouse. This material may contain pests and pathogens likely to infect your crop. Keep visitors to the greenhouse to a minimum or allow them to view the production area from the outside of the greenhouse only.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Keep the solution tanks shaded in some manner. Algae flourish in wet, well-lit locations, and the solution tank is ideal for algal growth. Shading the tanks, input and output pipes, and other \"wet\" equipment will inhibit algal growth. The algae will not harm the crop directly, but may act to weaken the crop to potential disease.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## Pests", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Pests in hydroponic lettuce production can be a problem though they are not generally a major problem. Insect pests that may be found coupled with hydroponic lettuce production include shore flies, fungus gnats, thrips, and aphids. Fast plant growth rates make pest population establishment difficult. With continuous crop production, pest populations may have the opportunity to establish themselves. Precautions can be taken to exclude pests from the facility, such as screening potential entry points (ventilation inlets). Keeping the grass and weeds mowed outside the greenhouse or removing all vegetation entirely can reduce pest pressure inside the greenhouse. Few pesticides have been labeled for use on greenhouse vegetables. Biological insect control is a viable but less used alternative. The CEA group tried nicotine as an aphid deterrent but not only did it not control aphids, but it also left a discernible taste on the lettuce.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## Chapter 7: References", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Albright, L.D. 1997.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Ventilation and shading for greenhouse cooling.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Protected Cultivation in India, December 18-19, Bangalore, India. pp. 17-24.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Albright, L.D. 1997.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "TITLE: Specifications, functioning and maintenance of equipment for forced cooling of greenhouses.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Protected Cultivation in India, December 18-19, Bangalore, India. pp. 25-32.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Albright, L.D. 1997.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Greenhouse thermal environment and light control .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "WHERE: In Plant Production in Closed Ecosystems, E. Goto et al. (eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands. pp. 33-47.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "ABSTRACT: Greenhouse thermal environment results from the interactions among numerous factors: solar insolation; structural thermal characteristics; operation of heating, ventilation, and cooling systems; supplemental lighting; and properties of the greenhouse crop are among the most important. As greenhouse technology and sophistication evolve and environmental control becomes more complete, the importance of supplemental lighting increases. Luminaires contribute a sensible cooling load directly, and a latent cooling load indirectly by influencing transpiration. The objectives of this paper are to provide a general overview of greenhouse thermal environment, outline a methodology for greenhouse supplemental lighting control, and explore the interactions of supplemental lighting and the thermal environment. The approach used is based on modeling of greenhouse thermal processes, and simulations of supplemental lighting system control.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Albright, L.D. 1996.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Controlled environment lettuce-production modules.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Proceedings of the 26th National Agricultural Plastics Congress and the American Greenhouse Growers Association Conference, June 14-18, Atlantic City, NJ. pp. 265-270.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Albright, L.D. 1996.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "TITLE: The importance of design and control of light in high-productivity controlled environment agriculture (CEA).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Keynote paper, presented at the International Conference on Agricultural and Biological Environment (ICABE), August 15-19, Beijing, China. China Agricultural University Press, Beijing, China. 6 pp.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "ABSTRACT: Of the numerous environmental parameters important for plant growth, light (PAR) is arguably the second most important (with the first being, thereby, temperature). Light is the basis for plant g-rowth, timing and quality. If CEA facilities are to move to a higher level of sophistication and productivity, lighting systems must be designed as carefully as are heat-ing systems and light must be con-trolled as carefully as is temperature. Commercial com-puter", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "programs exist that can be used to design supplemental lighting systems to a-chieve uniformity of PPF. New algorithms are being developed that can con-trol supplemental lights and movable shade mechanisms either by PPF level as a function of the stage of growth, or to achieve the same total integrated PPF each day. This presentation describes the importance of light control for con-sistent plant growth and recent work that shows the benefits of controlling light to a consistent daily integral. The report also describes computer programs that can be used for design and then control to achieve that goal. The technical details form the basis for a wider vision of the potential for Con-trolled Environment Agriculture.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Albright, L.D., and H.I. Henderson, Jr. 1996.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "TITLE: Air conditioning greenhouses to increase effectiveness of carbon dioxide enrichment .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "WHERE: ASAE paper 964007. ASAE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659. 15 pp. ABSTRACT: Greenhouse lettuce, and other crops, can benefit from supplemental lighting to enhance growth on dark days. When carbon dioxide is added during lighted hours, growth may be enhanced further. Unfortunately, heat added by lights may initiate venting and waste carbon dioxide. This paper presents a simulation model that suggests a modest degree of air conditioning may be economically beneficial in permitting carbon dioxide enrichment without venting to substitute for supplemental lighting to enhance growth. The simulations suggest the savings of lighting costs may compensate for operating a simple air conditioning system during days of moderate cooling load and limited solar input.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Albright, L.D. 1995.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "Controlling greenhouse ventilation inlets by pressure difference.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "WHERE: HortTechnology 5(3):260-264.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "ABSTRACT: Computerized control of the greenhouse climate has increased the importance of air distribution and mixing. This report reviews the fluid mechanics of air flow through ventilation inlets and external pressures imposed by winds and applies the analyses to suggest methods of inlet control that improve traditional greenhouse ventilation. The suggested improved control has been implemented in a five-section research greenhouse on the Cornell University campus and has improved climate control significantly during ventilation. Potential pitfalls in implementing the improved control methods are discussed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Albright, L.D. 1995.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "TITLE: Greenhouse lighting control to a daily PPF integral, with energy and cost consequences .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "WHERE: ASAE paper 954487. ASAE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659. 22 pp. ABSTRACT: A methodology is described and, from it, an accompanying computer model has been developed to calculate the yearly operating cost of a supplemental lighting system for commercial greenhouses based on reaching a prescribed daily integral of PPF. The model is sensitive to time-of-day rates (including application of those rates to weekends and holidays), weather, greenhouse characteristics, luminaire characteristics, and greenhouse location.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Albright, L.D. 1994.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "Predicting greenhouse ventilating fan duty factors and operating costs .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "WHERE: ASAE paper 944576. ASAE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659. 20 pp. ABSTRACT: A methodology is described and, from it, an accompanying computer model has been developed to calculate the yearly operating cost of a mechanical ventilation system for commercial greenhouses having no installed evaporative (or other) cooling system. The model is sensitive to time-of-day rates (including application of those rates to weekends and holidays), thermal parameters, fan characteristics, environmental control set points, and weather.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Albright, L.D. 1994.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "Fan operating costs for controlled environment agriculture.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Proceedings of the 5th annual CAEP Agricultural Demand-Side Management Conference. Albany, NY. May 3-5, 1994. A Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service Publication. Riley-Robb Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. pp. 51-60.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Albright, L.D., and A.J. Both 1994.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "Comparison of luminaires: efficacies and system design.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Proceedings of the International Lighting for Plants in Controlled Environments Workshop. University of Wisconsin, WI. March 27-30, 1994. NASA Conference Publication CP-3309. pp.281-297.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "ABSTRACT: The trust of this report suggests supplemental lighting design processes that might be used to achieve desired PAR levels and adequate uniformity over a lighted space. Measured PAR distribution patterns from eight commercially available 400 W HPS luminaires are used in three design examples, implemented through a commercially-available lighting design computer program. Results suggest that PAR uniformity within ±10% is achievable at intensities of 200 and 300 micromol/sq. m/s in greenhouses and plant growth chambers. When PAR intensity is significantly lower (e.g., 50 micromol/sq. m/s), uniformity is more difficult to achieve. This study suggests the desirability of developing computer data file standards for PAR, rather than vision lighting, for commercial luminaires, and obtaining a consensus data base of surface reflectance values for materials used in plant growth chambers and greenhouses. Results also suggest that luminaire selection can have a significant effect on lighting energy use and operating cost because of different numbers of various models of luminaires required to meet a design goal, not just luminaire-to-luminaire efficacy differences.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Both, A.J., S.S. Scholl, L.D. Albright, and R.W. Langhans. 1998.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "TITLE: Comparing continuous lettuce production in nutrient film technique and floating hydroponics.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Proceedings of the 15th International Lettuce Conference and Leafy Vegetable Crops Workshop. September 23-26, 1998. Atlantic City, NJ. pp. 16-17.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Both, A.J., L.D. Albright, and R.W. Langhans. 1998.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "TITLE: Coordinated management of daily PAR integral and carbon dioxide for hydroponic lettuce production .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Acta Horticulturae 456:45-51.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "ABSTRACT: The interaction between daily integrated photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and elevated aerial CO2 concentra-tion was studied during plant growth experi-ments with leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., cv. Vivaldi) in a controlled environ-ment agriculture facility", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "(greenhouse) using the nutrient film technique. Accurate control of all environment parameters (except relative humidity) and four identical greenhouse sections constituted the experimental setup. Supplemental lighting (high pressure sodium lamps) was used to provide additional PAR to the lettuce on days when too little sunlight was available to reach the required daily light integral. Two experiments with four treatments each were performed to investigate six integrated PAR/CO2 concentration combinations:-- 11/1500; 12/1250; 13/1000; 14/750, 15/530, and 16/400 (mol per sq. m per d/ppm). Lettuce plants were grown for 24 days under these conditions after being grown in a growth room under optimum condi-tions for 11 days. Periodic harvests during the greenhouse growing phase provided shoot dry mass data. Shoot fresh mass and number of leaves per plant were determined at the final harvest: 35 days after seeding. Plant growth under the six different treatments was virtually identical and resulted in an average shoot fresh mass of 190 g with a dry matter percent-age of 3.7%. The results of the described experiments show a flexible management strategy regarding daily integrated PAR level and aerial CO2 concentration can be employed for the most economical lettuce production.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Both, A.J., C.A. Chou, L.D. Albright, and R.W. Langhans. 1997.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "TITLE: A microwave powered light source for plant irradiation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Acta Horticulturae 418:189-194.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "ABSTRACT: A new high intensity electrodeless light source, powered by two microwave generating units, was evaluated and compared with fluorescent and air- and water- cooled high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. Radiation measurements were taken in the following wavebands: 400-700 nm (photosynthetically active radiation or PAR), 700-800 nm (far red), 800-2,800 nm (near infrared) and 2,800-50,000 nm (far infrared), for all four light sources. The distribution of the radiation output of the microwave lamp over the various wavebands closely resembled the output of a water-cooled HPS lamp, although the microwave lamp was capable of delivering much higher light intensities. The relatively small amount of radiation emitted in the infrared waveband makes the microwave lamp a promising light source for plant irradiation in growth rooms (phytotrons).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Both, A.J., L.D. Albright, R.W. Langhans, B.G. Vinzant, and P.N. Walker. 1997.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "TITLE: Electric energy consumption and PPFi output of nine 400 watt high pressure sodium luminaires and a greenhouse application of the results.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Acta Horticulturae 418:195-202.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "ABSTRACT: The PPFi (instantaneous photosynthetic photon flux, in micromol/sq. m/s) output and electric energy consumption of nine different 400 watt high pressure sodium (HPS) luminaires were measured at six mounting heights from 0.5 to 3.0 m in 0.5 m increments. Differences in luminaire efficacy and PPFi distribution patterns were found, but too few luminaires were tested to reach statistically valid conclusions. The most efficient luminaire proved 25% more energy efficient than the least efficient luminaire. PPFi data from one of the luminaires tested was used to design a research greenhouse which required uniform PPFi distribution patterns at various PPFi levels.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Both, A.J., L.D. Albright, R.W. Langhans, R.A. Reiser, and B.G. Vinzant. 1997. TITLE: Hydroponic lettuce production influenced by integrated supplemental light levels in a controlled environment agriculture facility: Experimental results.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "## WHERE: Acta Horticulturae 418:45-51.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "ABSTRACT: Bibb lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., cv. Ostinata) was grown in peat-vermiculite plugs placed in a recirculating hydroponic (NFT) system. Supplemental lighting was used to reach different PPFtarget levels in each of 35 treatments. A second order exponential polynomial was developed to predict DW accumulation for PPFtarget levels between 8 and 22 mol m-2 d-1. Little difference in DW production was noted between lettuce grown under daytime and nighttime lighting. Tipburn was prevented using a fan blowing greenhouse air vertically down onto the lettuce plants. Marketable (150 g FW) lettuce heads were produced in 24 days after transplant while receiving an average PPFintegral of 17 mol/sq. m/d.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Both, A.J., A.R. Leed, E. Goto, L.D. Albright, and R.W. Langhans. 1996.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Greenhouse spinach production in a NFT system.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Greenhouse spinach production in a NFT system.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Acta Horticulturae 440:187-192", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "ABSTRACT: Primed spinach (Spinacia oleracea L., cv. Nordic) seed was started in rockwool slabs in a growth room for eight days before the seedlings were transplanted into a controlled environment greenhouse equipped with five identical, but separate, NFT systems. The day and night temperatures in the greenhouse were maintained at 24 and 18°C, respectively, with the daytime starting at 06:00 and ending at 22:00 hr. A photoperiod of 16 hrs was maintained, to prevent early bolting, and different target daily integrated light levels (PPF, in mol/sq. m/d) were studied to observe dry weight production. HPS lamps were used as the supplemental light source. Thirty-three days after seeding a final harvest was performed. Using the expolinear growth equation, dry weight production can be predicted based solely on target daily integrated light levels. Total chlorine residuals in the nutrient solution higher than 1 ppm were observed to be toxic. Root disease (rot) in the plant crown was found to be caused by Fusarium. Several remedies, including three biofungicides and potassium silicate, were tried but none proved to be consistently successful.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Both, A.J.; 1995.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "TITLE: Dynamic simulation of supplemental lighting for greenhouse hydroponic lettuce production .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "WHERE: PHD Dissertation, Cornell University Libraries, Ithaca, NY 14853. 172 pp. ABSTRACT: During an eight month period, hydroponic lettuce growth experiments, consisting of 35 different supplemental lighting treatments, were conducted in five identical greenhouse sections in order to: (1) determine how supplemental lighting can be used to ensure consistent and timely year-round greenhouse lettuce production in New York State, and (2) provide greenhouse growers and researchers with a computer simulation program to study the effects of different daily integrated light levels, indoor temperature, and plant spacing on the growth and development of lettuce. The daily integrated photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was kept constant during each of the treatments by supplementing the solar PAR with PAR from 400 Watt high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. Among treatments, daily PAR varied between 4 and 22 mol/sq. m/d. The indoor greenhouse environment was computer controlled and carbon dioxide enrichment (up to 1000 ppm) was used during the light period, but only when no ventilation was needed to maintain the temperature set point. The temperature was maintained at 24 and 18.8 deg C during the light and dark periods respectively. During the first 11 days, the lettuce seedlings were kept in a growth chamber under fluorescent lamps. After transplant, the plants remained 24", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "days in the greenhouse. Maintaining a daily PAR of 17 mol/sq. m/d in the greenhouse resulted in a marketable lettuce head with a fresh weight of 150 grams (nearly 7 grams of dry weight) at 35 days after seeding. Lettuce tipburn was prevented using an overhead fan which blew ambient air downward onto the lettuce plants. The computer simulation program predicts dry weight production based on environment conditions in the greenhouse and plant parameters extracted from the literature. The universal crop growth model SUCROS87 was adjusted and incorporated in the simulation program. Using long-term average daily solar radiation data collected for Ithaca, NY, the simulation model successfully predicted dry weight production compared to plant dry weights measured during growth trials which were performed at Cornell University. The simulation program will be a helpful tool for commercial lettuce growers and future research.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Both, A.J. 1994.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "HID Lighting in Horticulture: a short review.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Greenhouse Systems, Automation, Culture and Environment. International Conference. Hyatt Regency Hotel, New Brunswick, NJ. July 20-22, 1994. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service, Publication 72. Riley-Robb Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. pp. 208-222.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Both, A.J., L.D. Albright, R.W. Langhans, B.G. Vinzant, and P.N. Walker. 1992. TITLE: Research on energy consumption of HID Lighting.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Proceedings of the 4th National CAEP Agricultural Demand-Side Management Conference. Syracuse, NY. October 20-22, 1992. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service, Publication 65. Riley-Robb Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. pp. 125-134.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Chiu, A.J. 1996.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "TITLE: Computer control of shade and supplemental lights for greenhouse hydroponic lettuce production .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "WHERE: MEng Report. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. 44 pp.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "ABSTRACT: The purpose of this project was to design and test a computer-controlled shade and supplemental lighting system for hydroponic lettuce production. The code was based on a Pascal algorithm, written by Dr. Louis D. Albright, whose work was a computer simulation study of this study. The goal was to determine how well theoretical and actual computations agree, and to control a physical system to achieve prescribed daily light integrals. The system consisted of a PS/2 computer, interfaced to high pressure sodium lamps, a horizontal shade curtain, and a LiCor quantum light sensor. A limited number of experiments were completed to test the algorithm's performance. The first set of experiments involved the use of an event recorder and theoretical events. The second set of experiments, however, tested the actual operation of the luminaires and the shade cloth. Difficulties were encountered in tuning the system for accurate light control, because some code parameters and constants needed to be altered by empirical means. The daily integrated photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was achieved by supplementing the solar PAR with that from 400 Watt high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps, and by deploying the shade cloth to limit solar PAR on bright days. Both the operation of the lights and shade were used to try to achieve the target PAR goal of 17 mols per square meter per day.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "Lettuce crops were not grown in the greenhouse area, since extensive studies have shown that an accumulation goal of 17 mols per square meter per day is the optimum light level for quality Ostinata lettuce production. Therefore, it was assumed that if the system was able to maintain this desired daily PAR, then lettuce crops can be grown with this shade and lighting system. The control system was reliable for short-term experimentation, but long-term reliability has yet to be tested. Testing occurred during several days in the month of April. However, testing during the summer months, the period of greatest light insolation, still needs to be performed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Ciolkosz, D.E., L.D. Albright, and J.C. Sager. 1998.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Microwave lamp characterization.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Journal of Life Support and Biosphere Science Vol. 5:00-00. 18 pp. In Press. ABSTRACT: The operating properties of the SAA microwave lamp, developed by Fusion Lighting Inc., were determined with reference to its usefulness in Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS). Lamp flux density in several wavelength ranges, spectral output, and temperature response (-10 to +40 deg C) were determined by mounting the lamp and sensors in a controlled environment chamber. Lamp intensity distribution was also measured using a swing arm apparatus with a 1m radius. A model was developed to characterize the intensity distribution of the lamp as a function of lamp geometry and output properties. The lamp was found to produce a spectral output similar to that of earlier models, but with a higher photosynthetic output per lumen and per input watt. Radiant energy output was measured to be 0.399 radiant watts per micromol/s PAR compared with 0.56 radiant watts per micromol/s PAR for high pressure sodium lamps. Total lamp output dropped approximately 0.4% for every degree C rise in ambient temperature, with little change in light quality. The intensity distribution of the lamp was found to produce a fairly uniform flux density (+/- 22%) in a 40 degree cone from lamp nadir. the advantages and drawbacks of this light source for use in BLSS are discussed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Ciolkosz, D.E. and J.C. Sager. 1998.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Imaging of LED array flux densities.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Journal of Life Support and Biosphere Science Vol. 5:00-00. 15 pp. In Press. ABSTRACT: Arrays of light emitting diodes (LEDs) are being used in life science plant flight experiments and show promise for use in Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS). However, the small volume and short distances from the LED array necessary in these applications create several unique problems. The discrete LEDs are small and the spatial nonuniformity of the lamps near the array results in significant irradiance variation on surfaces near the array. These irradiance variations make it difficult to use traditional hand held sensors to measure the light levels under the array accurately. The usefulness of rear projection video camera imaging is investigated for the analysis of uniformity of irradiance from an LED array. Irradiance measurements were taken at a high mounting height from the array using both a 400700 nm quantum sensor and a video camera. Additionally, video images were recorded at different mounting heights from the array. The rear projection imaging technique was suitable for analyzing the irradiance from LED arrays. Comparison of the readings from the video image and the sensor suggests that there is a non linear relationship between video image reading and sensor value (R sq. = 0.884). These data also show that the average photosynthetically active radiation level (PAR) does not change as mounting height varies, but that the spatial uniformity", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "of the PAR does increase as mounting height increases. These results are consistent with geometrical analyses of the system.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Ciolkosz, D.E., and L.D. Albright. 1997.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "TITLE: Evaluation of whole plant transpiration as affected by greenhouse air movement .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "WHERE: ASAE paper No. 974029. ASAE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659, USA. 18 pp.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "ABSTRACT: Investigations were conducted to determine the degree to which evaporation of reverse osmosis treated water from petri dishes can be used to predict evapotranspiration in hydroponic greenhouses and, in turn, to evaluate airflow systems for their ability to induce evapotranspiration. The relationship between crop evapotranspiration and dish evaporation was found to be linear, with an R sq. (adj) of 0.592. Adding CO2 concentration to the relationship improved the R sq. (adj) to 0.895. Severity of tipburn also evinced a relationship with dish evaporation rate, but as a step function. Dish evaporation rates greater than 2 cm per day resulted in the least tipburn on the crops. The crop coefficient, Kc, varied in a manner consistent to that of field crops, except for a sharp drop at the time of plant respacing. The pan coefficient, Kc, showed no noticeable trends with respect to time, and had an average of 0.215. Side by side comparisons of different air distribution systems suggested that air distribution has a large effect on dish evaporation (and, hence, plant evapotranspiration) and that unit heaters placed in a collision flow or shear flow configuration can achieve a greater level of uniformity of evaporation than use of overhead turbulator fans. The application of this information to the design of air distribution systems for greenhouses is discussed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Ciolkosz, D.E., L.D. Albright, and A.J. Both. 1998.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Characterizing evapotranspiration in a greenhouse lettuce crop.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Acta Horticulturae 456:255-261.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "ABSTRACT: Tipburn, a physiological disorder of lettuce, has been linked to insufficient evapotranspiration (ET). Better understanding of ET in greenhouse lettuce crops may be useful as a management tool to control tipburn. A regression model is presented to characterize ET from greenhouse lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., cv. \"Vivaldi\") based on data from twelve crops grown in a nutrient film technique (NFT) system. Several CO2 concentrations and daily light integrals were applied to the lettuce crops and the resulting daily ET integrals were measured. A regression model was derived for daily ET as a function of growth rate and the resulting daily and cumulative ET values were calculated and compared to measured values. ET rate was found to vary linearly with growth rate (R sq. (adj) = 0.63) but higher CO2 levels were associated with lesser values of the slope of the relationship. Modeled and measured data were in good agreement even though relative humidity was not included in the model. An equation is presented that may be useful to calculate daily ET targets that must be achieved to prevent tipburn in hydroponic lettuce.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Controlled Environment Agriculture Program. 1996.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Controlled environment agriculture scoping study.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "WHERE: Electric Power Research Institute Publication CR-107152. EPRI, 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304. 70 pp.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Dalrymple, K. D. 1998.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "TITLE: Study of the water-jacketed high pressure sodium lamp: bare lamp flux density experiments, reflector design, and placement within a growth chamber.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "WHERE: MEng Report. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. 120 pp.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "ABSTRACT: Horticultural lighting systems are used in growth chambers to produce high flux density, uniform lighting conditions for plant growth. However, infrared radiation (heat) generated by these lighting systems must be removed from the growth chamber for temperature control. Heat rejection via mechanically cooling growth chamber air can be costly. In waterjacketed lamps, water is circulated around the lamp as a mechanism for heat removal from the lamps. A water-jacketed high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamp made by Bhalla Lighting, Inc. was tested for light output. A photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensor was used to record flux density readings at varying angles from 0 to 90 degrees along a path 1.0 m from the lamp. Readings were taken along the front, sides, and back of the lamp. The inverse square law was used to convert the flux density data into lamp PAR intensity distributions. The light intensity distribution of the water-jacketed HPS lamp was compared to light intensity distributions of two non-water-jacketed HPS lamps. Tests were also conducted to determine if lamp efficiency was temperature dependent. Wattage through the ballast was measured for non-water-jacketed and water-jacketed lamp situations. Light output and wattage of the water-jacketed lamp were less than those of the non-water-jacketed lamps. Lamp intensity distributions were used to create a luminaire data file for use in Photopia, a reflector design software package created by Lighting Technologies, Inc. Water-jacketed HPS lamp and reflector designs were created using AutoCAD R13 and then tested in Photopia. The most suitable luminaire (lamp and reflector combination) was then used in Lumen Micro, another lighting program developed by Lighting Technologies, Inc., to generate a lighting plan for a plant growth room at the Cornell University CEA Demonstration Greenhouse Facility. The lighting grid was designed to deliver maximum light uniformity at the plant growth surface. The advantages and disadvantages of water-jacketed HPS lamps are discussed. Recommendations for further development of water-jacketed HPS lamps are made. Useful practical advice is given on the use of the water-jacketed lamp in the Cornell University CEA Demonstration Greenhouse Facility.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): Danish, W.E. 1994.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "TITLE: A growers' guide to lettuce crop production using nutrient film technique in controlled environment agriculture facilities .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "WHERE: MPS Project Report. Cornell University Libraries, Ithaca, NY 14853. 68 pp. ABSTRACT: The purpose of this project is to provide a summary of the present level of technology in the production of lettuce in Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) and a stepby-step practical growers' guide to greenhouse lettuce crop production using nutrient film technique. The CEA research program began several years ago at Cornell to develop and demonstrate new technologies and cultural methods aimed at improving the profitability of horticultural crop production in controlled environments. CEA is not a completely new idea, but an optimization of all know elements affecting plant growth. When the usual environmental factors for crop production are optimized, temperature, water, and nutrients, the limiting factor to plant growth is light. Plants need light to grow, and in the North East growers must rely on supplemental lighting during the winter months to produce a finished crop in a reasonable time.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Now, the cost of electricity is the largest component of variable costs. This guide leads growers through lettuce crop production using nutrient film technique. In order for CEA to be successful. the grower must be vigilant in adherence to the recommended principles shown here. Without the buffering advantage of a crop grown in soil, any mistake, however small, can be fatal to the lettuce crop. For all this trouble, the rewards can be great. The lettuce can grow from seed to a marketable 5 ounce head in just 35 days by following directions.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "AUTHOR(S): de Villiers, D.S. 1997.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## TITLE: Vegetable cultivar evaluation and crop selection for controlled environment agriculture and advanced life support systems .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "WHERE: MSc Thesis. Cornell University Libraries, Ithaca, NY 14853. 176 pp. ABSTRACT: Cultivar evaluation for controlled environments is a lengthy and multifaceted activity. The chapters of this thesis cover eight steps preparatory to yield trials, and the final step of cultivar selection after data are collected. The steps are as follows: (1) Examination of the literature on the crop cultivars to access the state of knowledge. (2) Selection of standard cultivars with which to explore crop response to major growth factors and determine set points for screening and, later, production. (3) Determination of practical growing techniques for the crop in controlled environments. (4) Design of experiments for determination of crop responses to the major growth factors, with particular emphasis on photoperiod, daily light integral and air temperature. (5) Developing a way of measuring yield appropriate to the crop type by sampling through the harvest period and calculating a productivity function. (6) Narrowing down the pool of cultivars and breeding lines according to a set of criteria and breeding history. (7) Determination of environmental set points for cultivar evaluation through calculating production cost as a function of set points and size of target facility. (8) Design of screening and yield trial experiments emphasizing efficient use of space. (9) Final evaluation of cultivars after data collection, in terms of production cost and value to the consumer. For each of the steps, relevant issues are addressed. In selecting standards to determine set points for screening, set points that optimize cost of production for the standards may not be applicable to all cultivars. Production of uniform and equivalent-sized seedlings is considered as a means of countering possible differences in seed vigor. Issues of spacing and re-spacing are also discussed. In mapping crop response to growth factors, it is proposed that a first set of experiments examine daylength sensitivity and light intensity effects by holding daily light integral constant while varying photoperiod and light intensity. A second set of experiments would vary daily light integral at a fixed photoperiod appropriate to the crop to explore limits on productivity. Temperature would be varied in both sets of experiments. For most vegetable crops, comparison of cultivars of different maturity date requires discovery of the yield function over the harvest period, from which can be ascertained when productivity is maximum. At least three harvests timed to bracket the peak in productivity are advised. Arguments are presented that the most likely and feasible source of superior materials for controlled environments will be from breeding lines currently under evaluation. Fast screening procedures are proposed to ascertain plant characteristics other than yield performance when information is lacking. Set points for yield trials need to be those for production; appropriate set points cannot be determined without economic analysis of facility cost, labor cost, and cost of supplying inputs. To economize on space needed for yield trials, I have proposed use of opaque, reflective side walls between cultivars and sample harvest units to replace guard rows and accommodate staggered harvests. The cost of production index (COPI) is", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "© Cornell University CEA Program 2013", "metadata": { "source_file": "Cornell-CEA-Lettuce-Handbook-.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## Mustard Greens", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Brassica juncea", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Recommended Varieties:", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "- Tendergreen\n- Southern Giant\n- Florida Broadleaf", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Common Pest(s):", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Mustard greens don't have many problems but can be subject to cabbage loopers, armyworms and flea beetles.", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## [Bonnie Plants](https://bonnieplants.com/how-to-grow/growing-mustard-greens/)", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Master Gardener Handbook", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Photos: Creative Commons", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Growing Information", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Cool Season Plant", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "A rapid grower, mustard greens are ready to harvest at 45-50 days. Planting mustard greens is done either from seed or from seedlings. Growing mustard greens from seed is so easy, this is the most common way to plant mustard greens.", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Ideal Planting Window", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Inland Valley - August; April Desert - October - December", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Growing Guidance", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "When planting mustard greens seeds, plant each seed just under the soil about a half inch apart. After the seeds sprout, thin the seedlings to 3 inches apart.", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Further information:", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "[Gardening Know How](https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/greens/growing-mustard-greens.htm)", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "[MG Santa Clara.ucanr.edu](http://mgsantaclara.ucanr.edu/garden-help/vegetables/mustard-greens/)", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Interesting Facts", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Mustard plant is an herbaceous plant that belongs to the cabbage family. It originates from Europe, Asia, Mediterranean region and Himalayas. Cultivation of mustard plant started 3.000 years BC in India. There are around 40 types of mustard plants. White, black and brown varieties of mustard plants are the best known and most commonly used today. Mustard plants grow in colder climates, on the moist ground in areas that provide enough sun. Besides being one of the most popular condiments in the world, mustard is used in treatment of numerous disorders in traditional medicine .", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Many people don't realize that a mustard seed plant is the same plant as a mustard greens plant (Brassica juncea). This versatile plant can be grown as a vegetable and eaten like other greens or, if allowed to flower and go to seed, mustard seeds can be harvested and used as a spice in cooking or ground into a popular condiment. Learning how to grow mustard seeds is easy and rewarding.", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## [Soft Schools](https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/mustard_facts/1207/)", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "[Gardening Know How](https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/herbs/mustard/growing-mustard-seed.htm)", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Contact Information", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "RIVERSIDE COUNTY MASTER GARDENERS", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "anrmgriverside@ucanr.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Nutritional Information", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Nutritional Value A cup of chopped raw mustard greens provides:", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Calories: 15, Protein: 2 grams, Fat : less than 1 gram, Carbs: 3 grams, Fiber: 2 grams, Sugar: 1 gram, Vitamin A : 9% of the Daily Value (DV), Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine): 6% of the DV, Vitamin C : 44% of the DV, Vitamin E: 8% of the DV, Vitamin K: 120% of the DV, Copper: 10% of the DV", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "[Healthline](https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/mustard-greens-nutrition)", "metadata": { "source_file": "FactSheet_FruitVeg_Mustard Greens_2021.03.22.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Hydroponics in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs)", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "A COLLECTION OF BEST PRACTICES AND INSIGHTS", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "With case studies from: Turkana Basin Institute (TBI), Kakuma Kalobeyei refugee settlement (GIZ/SRHC project), Hydroponic Africa Limited (HAL), and the World Food Program (WFP)", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## PREFACE", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Climate change and related increased climate variability is straining existing food production systems across Kenya, and especially in Arid and Semi Arid Lands (ASALs), which are already characterized by high temperatures and harsh environmental conditions with high levels of temporal and spatial variability.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Agriculture in ASALs has historically been practiced in limited regions with access to flood waters, which provide both nutrients and irrigation. Changes in population distribution, river dynamics and seasonality have placed increasing pressure on this and livestock based food production systems. Therefore complementary novel, climate smart, agricultural methods that maximize water efficiency and can withstand climate shocks could have huge potential in diversifying both income generation and food production in these historically marginalized regions.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Hydroponic agriculture is practiced globally and is increasing in prevalence in conditions where space is scarce or where environmental conditions are not conducive to traditional farming methods. Its application in ASALs could overcome challenges associated with poor soils, soil salinization, water demand and high temperatures that have plagued earlier externally driven agricultural efforts. Furthermore, hydroponic agriculture is well suited to provide access to nutritious crops that are largely unavailable, and in so doing could contribute to broader societal issues such as malnutrition.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Through this guide, we seek to share experience of the implementation of hydroponic agriculture in the ASALs of northern Kenya, in order to inform future adoption for both commercial and subsistence initiatives. The experience of GIZ, Hydroponics Africa, the World Food Program and the Turkana Basin Institute will be described, demonstrating the techniques used, the inputs required, the challenges faced, and potential for further development in this locally nascent practice. The overall intent is to explore the potential avenues of developing strategies to improve and sustain the feasibility of adopting hydroponic farming not only in the ASALs of Kenya but across the ASALs in other countries.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "This handbook was developed by a diverse community of experts, with the financial support of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the European Union (EU), through the international initiative Water and Energy for Food (WE4F). The handbook captures the outcomes of a partnership between WE4F and the Turkana Basin Institute (TBI) and the experience done by other institutions in the field of hydroponic agriculture in arid and semi arid lands.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## CONTRIBUTIONS", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "This handbook was produced through the knowledge, experience, and hard work of a diverse community of experts based on the experience done with hydroponic agriculture in arid and semi arid lands. The main authors were Acacia Leakey and Kilian Blumenthal, coordinators of a project between the Turkana Basin Institute (TBI) and GIZ Water and Energy for Food (WE4F).", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "The following were major contributors to the content in this publication.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "1. Turkana Basin Institute (TBI)\n- Michael Kitumba\n- Shadrack Nyawanga\n2. Hydroponic Africa Ltd (HAL)\n- Wahongo Ayub James\n3. Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)\n- Paul Mwangi\n- Christopher Aletia Imana", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "The conceptual and preparatory work was laid out during workshops organized by the TBI in Turkwel (July 2022) and Ileret (December 2022). Participants were the above authors and contributors as well as:", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "1. World Food Programme (WFP)\n- Tatenda Shoko\n- Carol Mukami Njoroge\n- Augustinella Loiton\n- Evans Mose\n2. Hydroponic Africa Limited (HAL)\n- James Wainaina\n3. Turkana Basin Institute (TBI)\n- Onesmus Kyalo\n- Joseph Mutuku", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Disclaimer", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "The information provided in this document is based on currently available literature and a collection of experiences done by various organisations involved in Hydroponic Projects in ASALs. Although every possible care has been taken in the production of this document, the authors, contributors and funding partners cannot accept any responsibility for the accuracy or correctness of the information provided nor for the consequences of its use or misuse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## CREATIVE COMMONS", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "This license enables reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "[More information on www.creativecommons.org](http://www.creativecommons.org/)", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## TABLE OF CONTENTS", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "| PREFACE | PREFACE | 2 |\n|----------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|\n| Contributions | Contributions | 4 |\n| CHAPTERI: INTRODUCTION | CHAPTERI: INTRODUCTION | 8 |\n| 1.1 | WhyHydroponic Agriculture? | 9 |\n| 1.2 | Comparison of Hydroponic Agriculture and Conventional Farming Methods. | 9 |\n| 1.3 | Misconceptions about hydroponic farming. | 10 |\n| 1.4 | Types of Hydroponic Agriculture Systems | 11 |\n| 1.5 | Types of Plants Grown in Hydroponic Agriculture | 17 |\n| CHAPTERII: HYDROPONICAGRICULTURE IN ASALs | CHAPTERII: HYDROPONICAGRICULTURE IN ASALs | 18 |\n| 2.1 | Introduction | 19 |\n| 2.2 | Characteristics of ASALs | 21 |\n| 2.3 | Hydroponic Agriculture in ASALs | 22 |\n| CHAPTERIII: FACTORSTO CONSIDER BEFORE STARTINGAHYDROPONIC FARM | CHAPTERIII: FACTORSTO CONSIDER BEFORE STARTINGAHYDROPONIC FARM | 23 |\n| 3.1 | Site Selection | 24 |\n| 3.2 | Human Capital | 26 |\n| 3.3 Inputs | 3.3 Inputs | 27 |\n| CHAPTERIV: ESTABLISHINGANDRUNNINGAHYDROPONIC FARM | CHAPTERIV: ESTABLISHINGANDRUNNINGAHYDROPONIC FARM | 34 |\n| 4.1 | Introduction to Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) | 35 |\n| 4.2 | Hydroponic growing media | 36 |\n| 4.3 | Plant Nutrition | 39 |\n| 4.4 | Types of Crops Suitable in ASALs | 44 |\n| 4.5 | Crop Protection | 52 |\n| 4.6 | Sensors and data collection | 55 |\n| 4.7 | Harvest and Postharvest management | 57 |\n| CHAPTERV: ECONOMICS | CHAPTERV: ECONOMICS | 60 |\n| 5.1 | Budgeting for a Hydroponic Farm | 61 |\n| 5.2 | Making Hydroponics More Accessible | 63 |\n| 5.3 | Value Chain Integration and Financing a Hydroponic Farm | 63 |\n| 5.4 | Financing for Hydroponic Farming Initiatives | 64 |\n| CHAPTERVI: CAPACITYBUILDING | CHAPTERVI: CAPACITYBUILDING | 65 |\n| 6.1 | Introduction | 66 |\n| 6.2 | Designing Hydroponic Farming Capacity Building | 68 |\n| CHAPTERVII: ECOSYSTEM | CHAPTERVII: ECOSYSTEM | 69 |\n| 7.1 | Introduction | 70 |\n| 7.2 | Public awareness and communication | 71 |\n| 7.3 | Education, Research and Development | 71 |\n| 7.4 | Stakeholder collaboration | 74 |\n| 7.5 | Policy regulations | 76 |\n| CHAPTERVIII: RESEARCH (KNOWLEDGE GAPS) | CHAPTERVIII: RESEARCH (KNOWLEDGE GAPS) | 77 |\n| CHAPTERIX: CONCLUSION | CHAPTERIX: CONCLUSION | 80 |\n| Annexes | Annexes | 82 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## CHAPTER I", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## INTRODUCTION", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "This chapter provides basic background information on hydroponic agriculture, including how it can be leveraged to address food security and what hydroponic agriculture actually consists of - through a comparison with traditional soil based agriculture, by introducing the different types of growing systems and the different crops that can be produced in hydroponic farms.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## 1.1 Why Hydroponic Agriculture?", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "The challenge of a changing climate dominates all discourse around food production systems. Increasing environmental variability directly results in worsened floods, more extreme droughts and higher temperatures, and indirectly impacts broader ecosystem functions. Agricultural practices must be resilient in the face of these challenges, while remaining productive within the limits of planetary boundaries.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Hydroponic agriculture, also referred to simply as 'hydroponics' in this guide, is an efficient cultivation method which allows for a high level of environmental control. It is a form of soilless agriculture that uses different configurations to deliver nutrients and water to plant roots, usually in protected and controlled conditions. When compared to conventional farming methods, this results in less polluting surface runoff, reduced destruction of arable land, increased space and water efficiency and reduction in the use of chemical pesticides and herbicides.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "In a changing climate hydroponic agriculture is a critical methodology of food production which is protected from climate shocks and can enable food production in diverse contexts with minimal environmental impact.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## 1.2 Comparison of Hydroponic Agriculture and Conventional Farming Methods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "The major difference between conventional farming methods and hydroponic agriculture is the absence of soil in the latter. This has two major implications, the first is that any nutrients required by crops must come directly from the nutrient solution used to irrigate crops. The second is that the water used in hydroponic systems is recycled, maintaining maximum water efficiency. The consequences of these and other differences are discussed below.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## The benefits of hydroponic agriculture when compared to traditional farming methods include:", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "- High water efficiency due to recycling of water that is not taken up by plants.\n- High space efficiency in systems where plants are grown in vertical systems.\n- Systems with protective structures result in reduced incidence of pests.\n- The highly controlled nature of hydroponic systems means that there are no weeds, and therefore no herbicides are required.\n- The absence of soil means that there are no soil borne disease threats.\n- Hydroponic agriculture does not result in land degradation, soil erosion, soil salinization or depletion of nutrients in soil.\n- Due to the nature of water and nutrient delivery, and the structures used in most hydroponic systems, crops are somewhat protected from unfavorable weather and other environmental conditions.\n- This removal from dependency on seasonality means that hydroponic agriculture systems are better suited to growing crops throughout the year.\n- The nature of hydroponic systems means that food can be grown in otherwise non-arable locations, such as arid lands or urban environments.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## The disadvantages of hydroponic agriculture when compared to traditional farming methods include:", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "- Depending on the type of the hydroponic farm, the system installation does usually have slightly elevated costs when compared to basic traditional farming methods.\n- There is a limited range of crops that can be grown in hydroponic agriculture systems. This applies especially to calorific grains and some other key crops.\n- When hydroponic systems are not well managed, they can fail more rapidly than other systems because they do not have any 'cushion' of latent moisture or nutrients stored in soil.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Biological nutrients can be affordably produced from readily available ingredients.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## 1.3 Misconceptions about hydroponic farming.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "As with all novel technological systems, there are misconceptions about hydroponic agriculture. This section addresses some of the most common misconceptions, discusses the validity of these assumptions and proposes the ways in which these challenges can be addressed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "'It is expensive to set up a hydroponic farm' - this can be true in that hydroponic farms usually require structures to deliver and recycle water and to hold growing media. However, these structures need not be prohibitively expensive, as they can often be made from relatively affordable materials. Additionally, any investments required in hydroponic farms should also be weighed against the potential income generated.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "'Hydroponic farms are difficult and complicated to operate' - hydroponic farms can be very complicated, even relying on programmed automation that requires very technical skills. However, hydroponic setups can also be entirely manual, with no more technical expertise required than very basic traditional farming methods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "'Hydroponic farms require a lot of system maintenance' - this is true of all agricultural infrastructure. However, well designed and properly used systems will not have prohibitively expensive system maintenance costs.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "'Hydroponic farming nutrients are complicated to use and hard to come by' - due to the nature of nutrient delivery through irrigated water, the nutrients in the system need to be readily available to the roots, unlike soil based systems where nutrients can continue to break down after application before being absorbed by roots. This is easily addressed through an understanding of the plants' nutritional requirements and the local water chemistry. Biological nutrients can be affordably produced from readily available ingredients.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "'Consumers won't want to eat hydroponic produce' - this is not something we have experienced in practice. Hydroponically grown vegetables are healthy, and often have fewer blemishes due to the more controlled conditions with fewer pests.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "'Hydroponic farming is not natural' - some plants grow hydroponically naturally, these include plants such as water hyacinth, which floats on the surface of lakes or rivers and extracts nutrients from the water.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "As these points demonstrate, a large factor in misunderstanding of hydroponic farming is the anticipation of high levels of cost and complexity, which is largely a result of the wide breadth of types of hydroponic farming systems - and particularly the association of hydroponic agriculture only with high-tech, highly mechanized and controlled systems often used in high-value markets.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## 1.4 Types of Hydroponic Agriculture Systems", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "The main objective of a hydroponic system is to deliver a nutrient solution to the root zone of the plant in order to enable growth while ensuring the plant has the appropriate light, air circulation and temperature. There are many configurations of hydroponic systems, the main ones of relevance to applications in ASALs are discussed below. There are also combinations of different configurations, and adaptations of configurations based on factors such as local conditions and material availability so this list is not exhaustive.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "The basic setup of an NFT - system. Nutrient-enriched water circulates through horizontal pipes.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "In order to introduce types of hydroponic systems, some key terms must be introduced and defined:", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "External structure - this is the framework around the rest of the farm, and may include large structures such as a greenhouse, or smaller structures such as a simple fence. Media - this is the substance that provides structure for roots to grow and become established.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Nutrient Solution this is a mixture of water and nutrients, and is the main mechanism of delivery of both to the plants' roots. Reservoir - this contains the nutrient solution, and is used for mixing, storing and recycling nutrient solution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "NFT systems are comprised of horizontal pipes which hold containers of media in which plants are grown. The roots of the plants access water which flows through the pipes, and when healthy grow together to form a mat or film in the horizontal pipes. Water is flooded through the pipes, and can either be continuously circulated or held in place before being recycled to the reservoir tank. NFT systems are best suited for shallow rooted leafy vegetables.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "NFT systems, and vertical growing systems (discussed below) can be arranged in different ways, depending on factors such as the availability of space or the preference of the farmer. Adaptations might include A-frame systems where NFT pipes are designed to flow into each other, these maximize space. Or A-frame vertical systems where the tilt allows for more light for the bottom plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## Drip Irrigated Troughs", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Trough systems are comprised of impermeable containers of media that hold plants, which are irrigated usually with drip lines. These systems are usually ground based, the nutrient solution is delivered through drip lines or in some cases manually, before recirculating to the reservoir tank. Trough systems are best suited to relatively deep rooted systems, such as tomatoes, and some tubers, such as beetroot.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "A simplified variation of the drip irrigated troughs are trough-systems that are manually watered. Instead of a drip system the user would water the troughs once or twice a day.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "The water circulates through the substrate and root system back into a bucket located beneath from where it can be used for the next watering, removing the need for an electric pumping system.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## Vertical Growing Systems", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "The basic setup of a Vertical Growing System. Nutrient-enriched water is pumped to the top of vertical pipes, in which it moves to the bottom and feeds the plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Vertical systems consist of pipes or other containers which hold media in which plants grow. These systems are usually irrigated by releasing nutrient solution at the top of the system, and allowing gravity to move it through the whole system. This configuration is especially space efficient, and is well suited to shallow to moderately deeply rooted plants such as spinach and kales.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## Aeroponics", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Aeroponic agriculture systems deliver nutrient solution in the form of mist on the roots, which are suspended from a growing structure. This system is ordinarily more technologically complex.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## Aquaponics", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Aquaponic systems combine the cultivation of crops hydroponically with fish farming. In these systems, plants can either have direct root access to a fish pond or water container, or they can be grown hydroponically, utilizing the fish pond as a nutrient-rich reservoir.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "One key advantage of this setup is that fish waste serves as a natural fertilizer for the plants' roots, promoting their growth and health. There are many other types of hydroponic systems that are not described here, these include Capillary Wick Systems and Ebb and Flow Systems among others.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## 1.5 Types of Plants Grown in Hydroponic Agriculture", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "This section reviews the different types of plants grown in hydroponic agriculture systems. In general, it is possible to grow almost any plant in the right hydroponic system with the requisite setup, however, it may not be practical or economical to do so. This section divides crops into three categories; leafy greens, fruiting plants and tubers, the focus is put on the crops that have been most productive in Hydroponic Agriculture in ASALs so far. The hydroponic production of fodder crops is also reviewed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "The crops that are most extensively grown hydroponically globally are leafy greens such as lettuce, chard, herbs and kales. Hydroponically grown leafy greens can be very high quality without the use of herbicides or pesticides.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Fruiting plants are also widely grown, especially tomatoes, cucumbers, capsicum peppers, aubergines, pumpkins and fruits such as berries.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "These are generally slightly more complicated to grow as the nutritional requirements of the plants change through transition from vegetative, to flowering, to fruiting stages. These crops can be very profitable.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Tubers and bulb crops are not as widely grown in hydroponic farms, however some varieties can grow very well, and these include beetroots, sweet potatoes and onions.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## Hydroponic Agriculture Fodder Crops", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "In order to meet the demand for fodder, especially in arid areas, fodder can be grown hydroponically by germinating cereals such as barley, maize and alfalfa. This process results in shoots that can be consumed by livestock within a short period of time, usually less than 2 weeks. The resultant product is very high in fibre, starch, vitamins and minerals. Hydroponically grown fodder can be grown in very basic systems with shallow troughs in which grain is kept hydrated.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Hydroponically grown fodder from cereal grains. The fodder has higher weight and nutritional value than the grains.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## AGRICULTURE CHAPTER II", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "HYDROPONIC IN ASALs", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "The environmentally dynamic environments make up 89% of Kenya's land mass, and are home to 39% of Kenya's population .", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "## 2.1 Introduction", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "ASALs are defined by their aridity, with consistently high temperatures and low rainfall with a propensity for drought. The annual rainfall ranges between 150 mm to 550 mm for arid areas and between 550 mm to 850 mm for semi-arid areas per year (Government of the Republic of Kenya, 2012). Temperatures in arid areas are high throughout the year, with high rates of evapotranspiration. This is the degree to which a climate lacks effective and life-promoting moisture. These environmentally dynamic environments make up 89% of Kenya's land mass, and are home to 39% of Kenya's population. 1", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "The communities in ASALs rely on an array of livelihood systems including rearing livestock, fishing and farming, all of which are heavily dependent on ecosystem services and are therefore particularly vulnerable to changes in climate. In this chapter the characteristics of ASALs of most significance to hydroponic farming in Kenya are discussed, and why hydroponic farming has particular relevance in these settings, and in ASALs of other countries.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "[1 https://www.asals.go.ke/](https://www.asals.go.ke/)", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Arid and Semi Arid Lands (ASALs) are characterized by sparse vegetation and limited water availability; nevertheless, livestock production frequently serves as a primary means of livelihood.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "## 2.2 Characteristics of ASALs", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "The ASAL counties of Kenya have shared characteristics that are critical to understanding the potential performance and impact of successful hydroponic agriculture, especially on historically marginalised communities. Some of the most relevant characteristics are listed below, these are highlighted to identify the policy and development relevance of hydroponic agriculture, what challenges might be faced in the implementation of new initiatives and also the scope for significant beneficial impact.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## History", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Much of the arid lands of northern Kenya were neglected by successive colonial and postcolonial governments, leading to limited infrastructural and economic development. The process of reversing this marginalisation began in earnest with devolution brought about by Kenya's new constitution, but the legacy of decades of lack of investment is still evident through relatively low literacy levels, especially among women, and limited infrastructure. This has implications on the implementation and impact of hydroponic agriculture in these areas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## Geography", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "The ASALs cover a huge area, with very large counties, for example Turkana and Marsabit counties are the largest and second largest in Kenya at around 70,000 km2 each. This has implications for infrastructure and logistics, with relatively limited road networks and connections to markets, and especially to the large food producing regions in the south and centre of the country. The decentralised production of fresh produce, particularly perishable items, could meet demand that is difficult to serve due to these logistical constraints.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## 1 Million", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "ASALs have rapidly growing and very youthful populations, for example the population of Turkana county surpassed 1 million people in 2023.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## Demographics", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "ASALs have rapidly growing and very youthful populations, for example the population of Turkana county surpassed 1 million people in 2023.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "These growing populations are beginning to shift from being almost all rural, to having large urban and peri urban populations through the growth of existing urban centres and the development of rural villages around key infrastructure. Therefore, the provision of both new high productivity food systems and jobs is critical to meeting the growing needs of the region.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Additionally, ASALs host a large number of refugees, with Turkana County's Kakuma Refugee Camp and Kalobeyei Settlement exceeding a quarter of a million people. These communities are often in high density settings, with a high demand for fresh produce.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## Climate", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "By definition, rainfall in arid lands is limited and temperatures are high, however an additional key environmental factor which is often overlooked is the high level of spatial and temporal variability. The food production systems of flood irrigation agriculture, mobile livestock rearing and fishing are well suited to these conditions and are adaptable to interseasonal variation. As new less flexible modes of living in ASALs emerge in villages and urban areas, new stable and predictable food production systems are required to meet growing demands.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## Soils", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Soils in the ASALs are typically thin, lacking distinct soil horizons, which limits their ability to support vegetation and organic matter buildup. ASAL soils tend to have low clay content because mineral breakdown is limited due to arid conditions. Additionally, they often have a high salt content, making them infertile and impermeable. This saltiness hinders air penetration, crucial for healthy plant growth. As a result, ASAL soils present significant challenges for agriculture and plant life in these arid environments, creating a niche for hydroponics as a soilless form of agriculture.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "2 https://turkana.go.ke/download/final-turkanacidp-iii-2023-2027/", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## 2.3 Hydroponic Agriculture in ASALs", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## Potential Impact of Hydroponic Agriculture in ASALs", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "The potential beneficial impact of hydroponic agriculture has been alluded to throughout sections of this publication. Here are listed the specific direct benefits that successful hydroponic agriculture could have.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "- Improved nutrition - malnutrition is a chronic issue in both urban and rural communities in ASALs. Hydroponically grown fresh produce could provide one solution to help alleviate this, especially in urban areas where undernutrition due to unbalanced diets is increasingly a challenge.\n- Income generation and empowerment - hydroponics could provide consistent income generation, especially for women and youth, in urbanising contexts where other forms of employment are limited.\n- Environmentally sensitive agriculture - hydroponic systems are partly isolated from environmental systems, especially rainfall and soil. As such, they are less vulnerable to environmental shocks such as extreme droughts, while also limiting the potential for negative impacts which have been associated with soil based agriculture, such as soil salinization.\n- Local, distributed food production - Hydroponic agriculture can offer a new solution to provide perishable vegetables and fruits throughout the year without necessitating expensive transport or logistics.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## Hydroponic System Design for ASAL Suitability", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "The field of hydroponic agriculture is immense and there is a great diversity of practice of hydroponic agriculture across the world, from basements in large cities to massive purpose built farms. Here, some of the considerations relevant to working specifically in ASALs are highlighted, especially in the type of systems employed, the types of crops grown and how best to adapt to the often harsh environmental conditions.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Types of hydroponic agriculture systems best suited to arid conditions. Troughs, NFT and vertical systems can all perform well in arid conditions with the right management. However, it was found that troughs are particularly well adapted, both to the climatic conditions and to the level of technical capacity of available labour.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## Crops best suited to environmental conditions.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "All plants that are grown in arid conditions need to be reasonably resilient to heat, especially as the temperature can rise to above 40°C. It was found that in these conditions popular leafy vegetables such as chard, kales and amaranthus can thrive. Fruiting vegetables such as tomatoes, capsicum peppers and okra also grow well, and some tuberous vegetables such as beetroot will also grow. In addition to the temperature, the low humidity and pests that thrive in these conditions should be considered as well, these all need specialised management techniques, discussed below.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## Managing arid conditions.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Hydroponic farming can be highly technical, at this end of the spectrum, farms may be completely isolated from the outside environment through containerization with specially controlled air temperature, humidity, light levels and more. The hydroponic agriculture discussed here is at the lower end of the spectrum, with smaller investments, and as such it is more exposed to weather extremes. In ASALs, most farm environmental controls consist of some form of shading, to reduce the impact of harsh direct sunlight. In the case study farms shade nets with 60 - 75% were used. Additional measures taken to create a more favourable growing climate include windbreaks and wetting - the process of increasing the moisture available for evaporation in a growing space, both to reduce dust and to reduce the temperature through evaporative cooling.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## CHAPTER III", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "## FACTORS TO CONSIDER BEFORE STARTING A HYDROPONIC FARM", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "The aim of this chapter is to enable prospective hydroponic farmers to maximize their investments before even starting, by providing a summary of the factors that influence how, when, where and what hydroponic farming technologies should be used. This section covers the site selection, the human capital, and the input requirements required for hydroponic farming.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "## 3.1 Site Selection", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "One of the major advantages of hydroponic farms is that they can be installed almost anywhere, provided the appropriate technology and investment is available. However, when capital for investment in equipment and structures is limited the site should be carefully considered to ensure that the farm is as successful as possible with the available resources. Listed here are some of the key environmental, physical and economic factors to consider, some fundamental factors such as water are discussed in further sections.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Space: One of the greatest advantages of hydroponic agriculture is the capacity to grow crops using vertical space, maximizing the plants, and therefore productivity, per unit area. This however required increased investment in structures, and can also require more pumping infrastructure.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Where the availability or cost of space is not a limiting factor, farms can be designed to reduce the investment required.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Slope: Most hydroponic farms utilize gravity to recirculate water through the growing spaces and back to the reservoir tank. Therefore, having a site with a slight incline is often advantageous for facilitating this process.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Microclimate: If a hydroponic farm can be situated within a favorable microclimate, the impact on crops can be significant, especially when extreme high temperatures are reduced.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "However, large amounts of vegetation around your farm may harbor pests and diseases.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Orientation: In low-tech hydroponic farms, the contextual environmental conditions can still have a large impact on the temperature and other conditions for the plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "As a result, it is important to consider the orientation relative to the sun - a north/south oriented growing space will heat up differently from an east/west oriented building.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "The local prevailing wind direction can also be very impactful as high wind can impact the wear and tear on your structure, it can have a big impact on the temperature inside the growing space, the amount of dust brought into the structure, as well as directly physically impacting plants - for example by causing dropping of flowers or by damaging leaves.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Proximity to markets: A key economic consideration is the accessibility of the farm to key markets, both in terms of proximity and the reliability of transport links. A farm near a large population center will benefit from both a market to consume produce and labor availability. A specific discussion on human resources and skills, below.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Security: The security of the site will impact the level of investment required to protect the farm and crops. Where there is a risk of theft, or even of consumption of crops by livestock and wildlife, investment should be made in protecting the crops.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## Case Study 1 - TBI site selection", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "The location and orientation of a farm can make a huge difference in the productivity and health of any crops grown. Based on the experiences of TBI Ileret and TBI Turkwel, here are some of the factors to consider as you decide where and how to build a farm:", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Proximity to vegetation: nearby vegetation can be beneficial in providing a cooling effect from the local micro-climate. However, vegetation can also increase pest load, especially for plants that produce large amounts of blossom.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Orientation and structure: the layout and structure of a greenhouse relative to the sun and prevailing wind can have a large impact on the light intensity and the temperature of a greenhouse. The graph below shows the temperature difference between two greenhouses, (1) rectangular with an east/west configuration and (2) domed with a north/ south orientation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## 3.2 Human Capital", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "As a novel technology, hydroponic agriculture requires skills beyond those required for traditional farming techniques. While in Chapter 6, capacity building is discussed more broadly. Here the focus lies on the key skills and human capacity requirements for hydroponic farming.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "The most critical characteristic of a good hydroponic farmer is a high level of attentiveness. Hydroponic farms can experience rapid changes as a result of variation in conditions, for example a change in water or a new pest threat, as such careful and continual observation is required to ensure that any issues are caught and addressed as quickly as possible.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "In a lot of traditional soil-based agriculture settings, there may be periods when crops are growing with little input or oversight from the farmer. By comparison, non-automated hydroponic farms need at least daily attention for watering and monitoring. This is compounded by the hydroponic farming's potential to produce food on a continual basis, without seasonal periods of minimal labor requirements. This has implications especially for wholly mobile populations.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "An understanding of plants' growth is also very important for a potential farmer, regardless of the farming method.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "This intuition allows the farmer to anticipate progress, quickly identify issues and best care for plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "One potential barrier for hydroponic farming's application more broadly is the need for literacy in most farming applications. This is due to the need to measure especially the total dissolved solids (TDS), the pH and the salinity or electrical conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution. While some visual measurement systems exist, such as litmus paper, these are limited and proper measurements require meters and the capacity to read numbers. The prevalence of mobile phones means many people are capable of using meters, however this may still act as a barrier to more marginalized members of society.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "In addition to capacity required for farm operation, additional capacity is usually required to construct and set up a hydroponic farm. This can include welding or carpentry for the external structure, and plumbing capacity for the internal growing structures and water system.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## 3.3 Inputs", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "As with all agricultural activities, hydroponics requires inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. This section reviews some key considerations, and is broken down into the requirements for farm installation and those required for farm operation. A case study of use of locally available materials by the Turkana Basin is also presented.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## Capital (Initial) Inputs", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## External Structure", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Hydroponic farming development has largely been driven to date by the production of high value crops. This has accompanied large investments in growing structures such as green houses or even converted shipping containers.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "The external structure can have different forms heavily influencing the cost of materials.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "In the case studies in this publication, the farms usually have some form of structure, the functions of which are to provide shade, protect from pests, provide a wind break and to keep the crops secure.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "These structures should ideally be robust and low maintenance, requiring only minimal attention after construction. As such, many systems use metal structures with some form of metal mesh to support shade net, which is especially important in ASAL contexts where solar irradiance and ambient temperatures are high. However, it is possible to use locally available materials such as local timber and thatching, though consideration should be given to the life span of these materials and the risk that they might harbor pests.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## Plumbing", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "The delivery and recycling of nutrients and water is the most important aspect of hydroponic system setups, for this reason the plumbing in hydroponic systems is really critical.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Plumbing systems should be robust, low maintenance and built to avoid leaks and blockages. The plumbing system should also be able to withstand high temperatures of ASALs, with particular sensitivity to the potential for pollution of nutrient solution due to breakdown of plastics releasing chemicals and microplastic particles into nutrients which may be taken up by plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "A complicated plumbing system is not always required, and systems can be designed to simply operate with manual water provision and basic water recycling driven only by gravity.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## Case Study 2 - Use of Locally Available Materials", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "At TBI Ileret, wind is a major challenge, as such, reeds washed onto the shore of Lake Turkana, were used as a windbreak, utilizing the same techniques used in making houses locally.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Reeds collected from the nearby lake are used to create a windbreak.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## Growing Structure", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "In addition to the external structure, support for growing systems may be required. These can include platforms for the pipes in NFT systems, support for vertical pipes, or even vertical support for plants themselves such as tomatoes growing in troughs. As above, these can be made from metal for longlasting systems where capital for investment is available, or from locally available materials.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "## Case Study 3 -Use of Locally Available Materials", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "Growing beds or pipes can be a source of high cost in hydroponic farming. We have experimented with using broken water containers, such as water tanks and drums, to grow crops. By adding a drain, we maintain the water recirculation that is key to efficiency in hydroponic agriculture.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "## Operating Inputs", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "## Seeds", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "The quality of the crops grown is underpinned by the genetics of the plants, and the quality of the seeds or seedlings procured. The key crops discussed in this publication are usually grown from seed, some readily available varieties that work best in these conditions for each crop are identified, this is presented in Chapter 4, Good Agricultural Practices.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "In addition to the types of seed grown, it is important in ASAL conditions to consider the risk that high temperatures for prolonged periods will cause seeds to lose their viability. This is especially a challenge in supply constrained contexts.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "## Growing Media", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "Growing media provides the structure for root growth, and is critical for successful hydroponic farms. Good media ensures that roots are able to physically support the rest of the plant, while being aerated and receiving sufficient water and nutrients, without harboring pests and diseases or reacting with the nutrient solution (being inert). There are many different types of growing media, in the case studies presented here there are a few main types discussed:", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "- Coco-peat: this is derived from broken down coconut husks, and is especially good for nursery applications as it holds water very well.\n- Pumice: this is a form of volcanic rock, which is very light weight due to the large quantity of air bubbles in its structure. It is very effective in all hydroponic applications.\n- Gravel: in some cases locally available gravels can be used for hydroponic farming, provided they are inert and relatively porous. These can be advantageous if other growing media is not readily available.\n- Synthetic foams: recycling foam for use as hydroponic media has been trialed widely and been shown to work effectively. However, care must be taken to ensure that there is no breakdown of synthetic chemicals that can result in contamination of produce.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "## Fertilizers", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "Fertilizers are particularly sensitive in hydroponic farming, as the nutrients must be biologically available to the roots when delivered through the nutrient solution. This is unlike soil based crops, where the nutrients can be delivered and undergo further breakdown in the soil before being absorbed by roots.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "Commercially available nutrient mixes are available and can be used with great success. These usually come in the form of macronutrients, consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and micronutrients, consisting of sulfur, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, molybdenum, chlorine, copper, and nickel.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "These commercial nutrient mixes or compounds can be hard to come by, especially in contexts with limited agricultural supply chains. As such, biologically produced nutrient solutions can be a great way to address this shortage, while also cutting costs. These consist of various components, such as manure, compost, ash and molasses, and ordinarily need to be fermented, in order to allow the nutrients in the constituent parts to break down so that they can be absorbed by the roots of the plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "During the lifetime of plants, the nutrient requirements evolve, this is especially true of fruiting plants. As such, specialized feeds may be required, this is discussed further in Chapter 4, Good Agricultural Practices.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "## Pesticides", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Control of pests is critical for healthy plants. Ideally, pests should be prevented rather than controlled. Once established, however, this is not always possible, and chemicals are required to neutralize pests. These can either be commercially manufactured chemicals, or locally made solutions derived from plants or readily available supplies. In this publication, the focus is on the latter due to the risk of contamination and toxicity from commercial chemicals, and due to economic factors such as cost and supply chain constraints.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## Case Study 4 - Use of Locally Available Materials", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "The capital cost for Hydroponic farm installation can be prohibitively large. This document presents some of the ways in which the Turkana Basin Institute has innovated with locally available materials to demonstrate how they can be utilized to reduce cost.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Use of discarded plastics as insect traps. A piece of 'mutungi' (yellow jerry can) or (as the image below shows) an old oil bottle is coated in grease and hung up as an insect trap. We have found these highly effective in attracting and trapping insects, especially white flies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## Water", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Water is self-evidently critical to any agricultural enterprise. In most traditional soil based farming methods in ASALs, water is either derived from rain or surface water sources such as rivers, and crops are grown in sync with seasonal availability of water. Commercial irrigated agriculture enables crop production to be more decoupled from seasonal variations, and hydroponic agriculture's water efficiency takes this advantage further.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Water quality and reliability is key to any hydroponic farm, due to the nature of nutrient delivery hydroponically grown crops are more vulnerable to poor water quality than soil based crops. However, due to the water efficiency of hydroponics and the reduction in water consumption per unit of output, it can be economical to use more 'expensive' sources of water, such as water treated by reverse osmosis systems.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Water quality within hydroponic farms can be carefully monitored and controlled to maximize the health of plant roots and the uptake of required nutrients. Important factors include electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH. The latter can be manipulated by adding acid or alkali solutions to reach an optimum pH of approximately 6.5.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## Electricity", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "Hydroponic farming setups that use pumps are almost exclusively reliant on electric power. This may come from grid or alternative power sources such as specifically installed solar power installations. It is important to note that manual hydroponic systems do not require electricity.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "In more commercial operations, electric power might also be used for artificial lighting to accelerate growth, or in automation, these applications are not discussed further in this publication.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "## Data Collection and Monitoring", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "It is useful to monitor aspects of hydroponic farms, this necessitates some specialist equipment, such as TDS, EC and pH meters. In commercial operations, equipment to weigh produce can also be helpful for monitoring output.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "A basic solar power system, supporting 600m2 of hydroponic farm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "## CHAPTER IV", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## ESTABLISHING AND RUNNING A HYDROPONIC FARM", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "The aim of this chapter is to outline the basic activities involved in successfully managing a hydroponic farm, with special consideration for factors that are specific to ASALs. Here, 'success' is defined as the production of healthy, in demand produce in a manner that is economical, environmentally friendly and socially acceptable. This chapter will draw heavily on case studies to demonstrate each practice, and begin by giving a general overview of two of the farms that have informed this work. The chapter will then review the basics of media, plant nutrition, types of crops, crop protection, data collection and post harvest activities. In order to further illustrate the points made, three crops of relevance to hydroponic farming in ASALs are focused on, specifically, 'spinach' (also commonly known as swiss chard), kales (sukuma wiki) and tomatoes. This chapter is not designed to be a comprehensive guide to farming, but rather will provide an in depth review of the range of factors that underpin success.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## 4.1 Introduction to Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "This chapter draws upon case studies from work conducted by GIZ, Hydroponics Africa and TBI in Turkana and Marsabit Counties. To situate this work, the chapter starts with an introductory case study of a day in the life of a hydroponic farmer, informed by work at TBI Ileret.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## Case Study 5 - A day in the life of a hydroponic farmer: Good Agricultural Practices, TBI", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) are key to maintaining a healthy and productive farm. By presenting the day in the life of a farmer, this case study will present GAP in action. In ASALs, it is particularly important to bear in mind the impact of heat on crops, and to plan accordingly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Before heading to the farm, the farmer must consider hygiene. This is critical to ensure there is no spread of disease to crops, and also to maximize the cleanliness of the food produced at the farm. This is especially important to consider where there is limited WASH infrastructure.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "The first activity the farmer must conduct at the farm is scouting. This is an inspection of the farm checking for any changes, especially those that would be indicative of a new issue. The farmer checks the crops and infrastructure, looking for pests, signs of disease or structural issues such as leaks.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "When the scouting is complete, the farmer will conduct the bulk of the day's work. This will include irrigating crops, in most hydroponic systems this is relatively easy, as only the pump or water source needs to be switched on, and the system will do the hard work. The farmer will check that water is flowing and draining as it should, that no plants get too little or too much water. The water can be left running for a long period of time in well drained systems, and can be turned on and off several times a day - depending on the crops and environmental conditions. Or is conducted once a day or less for flooded systems.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "The farmer will periodically need to mix new nutrient solutions. This usually involves removal of the remaining nutrients from the last batch, flushing of the nutrient tank, refilling the tank with clean water, adding the concentrated nutrient solution, and finally, checking the TDS, EC and pH to ensure the mixture is as desired.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Before the heat of the day, the farmer will conduct any general farm maintenance such as:", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Gapping: the thinning of crops to ensure the right distribution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Formulation and application of pesticides as required. Formulation of fertilisers, This is especially key where bionutrients are being utilised, as the mixture can take up to 1 month to produce.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Planting: seeds are placed either directly in growing structures, or more often into a nursery comprising cocopeat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "At the peak heat of the day, the farmer might conduct wetting or misting. This is the use of water to reduce the temperature of the growing space through evaporative cooling by spraying water on the canopy of the plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "The farmer will harvest some crops for consumption or sale. In hydroponic farming, crops can be grown through the year, so harvesting is usually an ongoing activity, dictated as much by demand as it is by supply. The farmer harvests during the coolest part of the day; early morning or late afternoon, because during the heat of the day the crops will be dehydrated or wilted.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## 4.2 Hydroponic growing media", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "By definition, hydroponic agriculture does not use soil. As a result, some other mechanism must be found for providing structural support to the roots of plants as they provide nutrients and water to facilitate growth. This usually comes in the form of 'media'.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "This section discusses media, introducing the characteristics to consider the different types of media, how to prepare and utilise media, and some case studies of experience in ASALs.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Growing media, shown here with watermelon plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## Media Characteristics", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Good hydroponic media has the following characteristics:", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "- Porosity: allowing both air and water or nutrient solution to reach the roots, enabling them to respire without drying out, and absorb the required nutrients and water for the whole plant.\n- Anchorage: healthy root systems provide the support for the rest of the plant. In some farm set ups and with some crops, some extra structural support can be provided, however a stable root structure ensures healthy undisrupted growth.\n- Chemical inert: the media and nutrient solution are in very close contact, as such, inert media is preferable as it won't alter the solution, for example by changing the pH or leaching minerals that may inhibit growth or harm plants.\n- Easy to clean: being able to clean media reduces disease or nutrient build up, and is a key requirement of a healthy hydroponic farm. Media that can withstand flushing and drying is key to being able to 'reset' and continue farming without having to buy new materials.\n- Robust: the media used must not degrade. Any media that breaks apart can decrease porosity and clog the hydroponic system.\n- Affordable: in order to be feasible, media must be reasonably affordable and accessible.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "While these criteria are all desirable, in practice there are usually some compromises that need to be made, especially for farming set ups with limited financial resources. These alternatives can be found, and success with a range of available media is key to successfully scaled hydroponic farming.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## Types of Hydroponic Media", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "There are many types of media in use across the world, the list below is not comprehensive, but focuses on the media most commonly found and used in low resource contexts. The media is described with its characteristics.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "| Media Type | Sourcing | Characteristics, Performance and Considerations. |\n|------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Pumice (Volcanic Rock) | Commercially available and used, but usually not in ASALs. | Highly porous and usually chemically inert (though this depends on the specific source site). Widely used in commercial farms. |\n| Cocopeat | Commercially available and used, but usually not in ASALs. | Less porous but inert and highly water retentive, very good for use with seedlings and in nurseries. |\n| Riversand | Locally available, depending on farm site. | Usually chemically inert and water retentive, but may compact around roots, blocking air, and may also block parts of the farming system. |\n| Gravel | Locally available, depending on farm site. | Not as porous as pumice, but in the right sizes, usually 5-15mm, this will hold space for roots and air. |\n| Charcoal | Locally available, depending on farm site. | Porous and usually chemically inert, though it may adsorb some nutrients initially. Care must be taken to source sustainable charcoal, such as that made from invasive species |", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "Combinations: the media types listed here can be used in combination. For example mixing coco peat and pumice to maximise both water retention and aeration.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## Case Study 6 - Locally Available Media Kakuma River Sand", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "GIZ Kakuma tested the utilization of locally available materials while adhering to the technical design. The most used mediums for hydroponic agriculture are pumice and cocopeat. The substrates are not available in Kakuma and were sourced for Naivasha @ KSh 20/kg. The cost increases to KSh 30/kg when it reaches Kakuma due to transportation. This rendered hydroponics very expensive for refugees and host communities in Kakuma. To mitigate against this high cost, the project tested the use of local river sand as low-cost, and locally available material.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "The local river sand supported growth of all the pilot crops i.e., tomatoes, kales, and Swiss chard. The sand particles were tightly packed together. This reduced the amount of air available to the roots. It is therefore critical for the sand to be mixed with other media for an improved air circulation. It was also observed that the local river sand retained more moisture when compared to pumice making irrigation less frequent. However, the higher retention of moisture favoured mould growth on the surfaces and regulated water application is required. There was no significant difference in the performance of the crops grown on local river sand when compared to crops grown on pumice.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## Case Study 7 - TBI Local Media Use", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "The most commonly used mediums for hydroponic agriculture are pumice and cocopeat. As these are not widely available locally, TBI has tested some other media. Pumice is available between KSh 1-20/kg in Nairobi, but costs an additional KSh 18/kg to transport to Ileret.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "In Ileret TBI has experimented with a local gravel, sourced from a quarry used for road making materials. This gravel is dense, has a particle size of approximately 2mm - 15mm and is fairly inert. The gravel is used either alone, or mixed with pumice, for example at a ratio of 1:5 (pumice to gravel) in troughs. The gravel beds have performed well, with productive cultivation of fruiting, vegetative and tuber crops.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "In TBI Turkwel further experimentation has been carried out with the use of pumice and charcoal mixtures, with a view to increasing aeration and moisture retention in the medium.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "The charcoal was sourced from Prosopis Juliflora - so as not to promote deforestation - and was broken into 5mm - 2mm pieces, rinsed and then mixed with pumice at a ratio of 1:1, pumice and charcoal, and used in troughs. This mixture has worked well, although direct comparison to other troughs has not been possible due to differing shading.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "Other experimentation with different media has included the use of foam, inspired by work in the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan. 3", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "This was effective, though the foam held moisture more effectively than pumice and needed a different, less frequent, watering regime. This was also not explored further due to concerns about the type of foam, and the potential for uptake of harmful chemicals by the crops grown.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "[3 https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/research/features/sheffield-zaatari-andback-feeding-world-foam](https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/research/features/sheffield-zaatari-and-back-feeding-world-foam)", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## Preparation and Maintenance of Media", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "Plant health is contingent on clean and supportive media. It is therefore necessary to take steps to ensure media is appropriately maintained. This can be done between each crop or less frequently, depending on the ease of access and the need for sanitation, for example NFT cups are very easy to replace, as the media can be taken right out after each crop, where as vertical pipes are a bit more difficult to clean and can be cleaned at a longer interval such as every 3 years.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "The steps that can be taken to ensure media is optimal are listed below.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "- Flushing with clean water. This removes build up of salts from water or nutrients that might make increasingly toxic growing conditions for plants.\n- Drying in the sun. Drying the media will disrupt the cycle of microorganisms that rely on wet environments to propagate, such as algae or mould, and the UV rays in direct sunlight will help to sanitise the media by neutralising pests and diseases such as nematodes. This is especially easy to do in ASALs with ample sunlight!\n- Sieving. Sieving media through even a rudimentary mesh can help remove small particulates or even the residues of pests and diseases. This removal of dust and other small organic matter between growing cycles helps reduce clogging of pipes and enables the media to stay more aerated.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## 4.3 Plant Nutrition", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "In hydroponic agriculture, the vast majority of the nutrients that plants need are provided through the nutrient solution that is passed through or saturates the growing media. Crucially, the nutrients must be bioavailable - that is to say readily absorbed by roots for use by the plant - when they are in the solution, as the hydroponic setup does not allow for further processing of nutrients, unlike soil, which enables further breakdown of nutrients over time. Additionally, the nutrient solution must meet other requirements of the plants, such as having enough dissolved oxygen, having the right pH, the right temperature and the right electrical conductivity (EC).", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "Formulating and delivering the nutrient solution is the most challenging aspect of hydroponic farming, and is further complicated by ASAL specific factors such as poor water quality - especially higher salinity - and high ambient temperatures, which cause increased nutrient interactions, concentration due to evaporation and reduced dissolved oxygen with increased temperature. For example, at 20°C water holds 11.29 mg/L of dissolved Oxygen, whereas at 40°C, this level drops to 6.41 mg/L. 4", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "4 Genc, Yusuf, Julie Hayes, and Yuri Shavrukov. 'Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches,' December 19, 2012.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## Nutrient Types", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "Nutrient requirements can broadly be categorised as either macro or micro nutrients, depending on the quantity of each nutrient required by the plant. Some of the main nutrients required are listed in the table below, this is not a comprehensive list, but illustrates the breadth of requirements and diverse range of quantities of nutrients required. These requirements will change between different plants, and for the same plant will also change through different stages of growth.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "| Nutrient | Symbol | Range (mg/L, ppm) |\n|------------|----------|---------------------|\n| Nitrogen | N | 168 - 236 |\n| Phosphorus | P | 31 - 60 |\n| Sodium | K | 156 - 300 |\n| Calcium | Ca | 160 - 185 |\n| Magnesium | Mg | 34 - 50 |\n| Sulphur | S | 48 - 336 |\n| Iron | Fe | 2 - 12 |\n| Copper | Cu | 0.02 - 0.1 |\n| Zinc | Zn | 0.05 - 0.11 |\n| Manganese | Mn | 0.5 - 2 |\n| Boron | B | 0.3 - 0.5 |\n| Molybdenum | Mo | 0.01 - 0.2 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "Adapted from: Genc, Yusuf, Julie Hayes, and Yuri Shavrukov. 'Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches,' December 19, 2012. p8.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "It is also really important to be aware of nutrient interactions, an excess of one nutrient might inhibit the absorption of another by the plant, or conversely, a lack of one nutrient might result in an inability to utilize a different nutrient. These relationships are complex, and further complicated by the sensitive nature of hydroponic agriculture which lacks the broad reservoir of nutrients provided by soil.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "## Sources of Nutrients", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "Nutrient solutions can either be made locally or purchased from commercial suppliers, both of these avenues have advantages and disadvantages, below are two case studies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "## Case Study 8 - Commercial Nutrients: Hydroponics Africa", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "Hydroponic nutrient solution is the sole source of nutrients for plants grown hydroponically because the media used to replace soil is virtually inert. Consequently, hydroponic nutrient solution must have the full spectrum of nutrients needed by the plant. This comprises 23 elements, three being major elements since they are needed in large quantities and the other being trace elements since they are needed in a smaller quantity.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "Hydroponically grown plants require nutrients in a form that is ready for absorption because the media and water are inert. Nutrients in soil-based fertiliser are first broken down to ionic forms which can be absorbed by the plant. In contrast, a hydroponic nutrient solution has nutrients which are already in their ionic form hence are readily available to the plant.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "In addition, since there is no microbiota to regulate the pH and EC of the media, a hydroponic farmer must periodically check and adjust the pH and EC.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "The raw materials of making hydroponic nutrients are not available in the local Kenyan market but can easily be imported. The major challenge of making the nutrients is in the ever-rising cost of raw materials for the last five years. Hydroponics Africa Limited is able to maintain a constant price for the nutrients for the local market since it imports the raw materials in bulk.", "metadata": { "source_file": "giz2024-en-hydroponic-report-final.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "Have you thought about making the move toward controlled environment vegetable growing? Here are some things to consider.", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "BY NEIL MATTSON", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "L eafy greens such as lettuce, arugula, kale, mustard and spinach are among the most popular locally grown vegetables. They can be produced locally year-round in controlled environment greenhouses in hydroponics. This article will cover some of the basics of hydroponic systems and production methods for these crops.", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## CHOOSE YOUR SYSTEM", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "The two most common hydroponic growing systems for leafy greens are deep water culture (DWC) and nutrient film technique (NFT). In DWC, also referred to as raft or pond culture, seedlings are transplanted into Styrofoam rafts which are floated on a 6- to 12-inch constructed pond containing a large volume of nutrient solution (Figure 1). A pump is used to circulate water through the pond and an air pump or injection with oxygen is used to keep the pond aerated.", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Figure 1. Lettuce growing in deep water culture (DWC) ponds", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "In NFT, seedlings are transplanted onto shallow channels where a thin film of nutrient solution is continuously circulated (Figure 2). The channels are sloped at 1 to 4 percent away from a center aisle and drained at the ends back to the water reservoir. An advantage of the DWC system is because a large volume of water is used rapid changes are avoided in water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and nutrient solution composition.", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## HEAD LETTUCE", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "The Cornell University Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) group has a long history of research to optimize production of hydroponic lettuce. When proper growing conditions are maintained a 5- to 6-ounce head of lettuce can be produced from seed in 35 days. Seeds are surface sown into trays with 1-inch cells of rockwool, oasis or other substrate (Figure 3).", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Figure 2. Lettuce in nutrient film technique (NFT) channels", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Figure 3. Lettuce seedlings", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "During germination (first 24 hours) the temperature is kept at 68° F with a minimum instantaneous light intensity no less than 50 µmol·m -2 ·s -1 or a daily light integral (DLI) of 4 mol·m -2 ·d -1 . This level of irradiance prevents stretching of the seedlings while minimizing the tendency of supplemental lighting to dry out the surface of the medium.", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "During the seedling stage (days 1 to 11+) greenhouse day/night temperatures are maintained at 75/66° F. A high DLI (22 mol·m 2 ·d -1 ) is maintained using a combination of sunlight and supplemental light to push growth of seedlings. The DLI target can be met by lighting to 250 µmol·m -2 ·s -1 with a 24-hour photoperiod or 375 µmol·m -2 ·s -1 for a 16-hour photoperiod. Seedlings are ready to transplant into the hydroponic system when they have three to four true leaves (Figure 4). We have found this is at about day 11 when the temperature and light conditions are optimal (as described above). If half the DLI is used, seedlings will take twice as long (22 days) from seeding to transplant stage. Beginning at day 0 seedlings should be fertilized at each irrigation cycle at 100- to 150-ppm nitrogen using a complete fertilizer (see below).", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Figure 4. Lettuce seedling ready to transplant", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "The seedlings are then transplanted into the DWC or NFT system. During the growing on", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Growing Media for Microgreens", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "stage temperatures are maintained at 75/66° F day/night temperature with a relative humidity of 50 to 70 percent. The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of the nutrient solution should be about 7 to 8 ppm. We have found crop failure when DO is less than 3 ppm. Optimal light is critical to shorten crop cycles and maximize the number of crop turns per year. When DLI is maintained at 17 mol·m -2 ·d -1 , 5- to 6-ounce heads are ready to harvest 24 days after transplanting. Lettuce can be respaced part way through the growing on stage to maximize space use efficiency. In DWC we initially transplant to foam boards with a spacing of 9 plants per square foot. At day 21, plants are respaced to their final spacing of 3.5 plants per square foot.", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Many crops lend themselves well to hydroponic baby leaf production including: lettuce, arugula, upland cress, kale, mizuna and mustard.", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Growth of lettuce is directly proportional to the amount of light received, so if DLI is half of optimal (8.5 mol·m -2 ·d -1 ) plants will take twice as long (48 days) to finish. For head lettuce varieties, growth cannot be pushed too quickly with DLI, otherwise tipburn, a physiological disorder resulting from inadequate calcium supply to the growing point can occur. Symptoms of tipburn are necrotic (brown) spots on the edges of young leaves in the center of the head.", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "To help avoid tipburn, we highly recommend vertical airflow (paddle) fans which direct air downward over the developing lettuce heads. With proper airflow a DLI target of 17 mol·m -2 ·d -1 can be used, without proper airflow a lower DLI target such as 13 to 14 mol·m -2 ·d -1 is needed with its correspondingly longer crop cycle. Use of shade compound or ideally a retractable shade curtain is necessary when growing lettuce during the high light months due to the issue with tipburn at high DLI. Lettuce responds well to carbon dioxide enrichment to increase photosynthesis rates and this can be used to achieve similar plant growth with lower DLIs.", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Regarding fertilizer, we have successfully used for many years Sonneveld's hydroponic lettuce recipe supplied at 150-ppm nitrogen (Table 1). The nutrient solution is maintained at a pH of 5.5 to 6.0 to maximize nutrient availability to the plant. The fertilizer electrical conductivity (EC) is about 1.5 mhos/cm 2 .", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Our state-of-the-art facility houses more than 3,300 seed variety/product-form combinations-annuals, perennials, grasses, herbs and vegetables.", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Altogether. Better.", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "We're serious about seed quality: Inventory monitoring and regular performance testing ensure every variety meets its full potential, from the greenhouse to the garden center.", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "The above method for growing head lettuce can be similarly used for grow growing kale, swiss chard, pak choi or bunches of herbs.", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## BABY LEAF GREENS", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Many crops lend themselves well to hydroponic baby leaf production including: lettuce, arugula, upland cress, kale, mizuna and mustard. One method for producing baby leafy greens is to adapt the head lettuce production system described above by sowing multiple seeds per cell (for example, six to 12 depending on crop) and then transplanting to the high density spacing (nine cells per square foot).", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "An alternative production method in DWC is to use foam Speedling trays (Figure 5). The Speedling trays are 13 inches wide by 26 inches long and 1.75 inches deep and contain 336 cells. Other types of multi-cell foam trays can be used and care could be taken to select cell configurations which reduce the volume of potting mix needed. The cells are filled with a soilless potting mix such as commercial peat/perlite or coir substrate. One seed per cell is sown. Plants are germinated for about three days and then floated on the pond for about 10 to 14 days (Figure 6). We have not experimentally researched optimum light and temperature but have found good performance with a DLI of 17 mol·m -2 ·d -1 and day/night temperatures of 75/66° F.", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "For example, in recent trials the saleable fresh weight of arugula 'Astro', kale 'Red Russian' and lettuce 'Outredgeous' was 12, 14 and 15 ounces per square foot, respectively, when germinated Table 1. Nutrient solution concentration for Sonneveld's hydroponic lettuce recipe as used by Cornell CEAt for three days and floated for 10 days in DWC prior to harvesting. Baby leaf spinach can also be grown hydroponically however we have found it to be much more susceptible to Pythium root rot than other crops.", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "| Element | Name | ppm |\n|-----------|------------|-------|\n| N | Nitrogen | 150 |\n| P | Phosphorus | 31 |\n| K | Potassium | 210 |\n| Ca | Calcium | 90 |\n| Mg | Magnesium | 24 |\n| S | Sulfur | 32 |\n| Fe | Iron | 1.0 |\n| Mn | Manganese | 0.25 |\n| Zn | Zinc | 0.13 |\n| B | Boron | 0.16 |\n| Cu | Copper | 0.023 |\n| Mo | Molybdenum | 0.024 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Figure 5. Speedling trays used to grow baby leaf greens", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Figure 6. Baby leaf spinach production in Speedling trays on a small Deep Water Culture (DWC) pond", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Neil Mattson, Ph.D., is associate professor and greenhouse Extension specialist and director of the Controlled Environment Agriculture group at Cornell University. We acknowledge Hort Americas for supporting our work. For more information, contact Mattson at nsm47@cornell.edu.", "metadata": { "source_file": "GPNOctober2016_LeafyGreens.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## GREENHOUSE LIGHTING", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Neil Mattson, Associate Professor and Floriculture Extension Specialist Cornell University, 134A Plant Science Building, Ithaca, NY 14853", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "email: nsm47@cornell.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "phone: (607) 255-0621", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## 3 ways to think about light", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "- Light quantity also referred to as light intensity, is the total amount of light supplied to the plant, which is then used for photosynthesis; up to a point the higher light quantity the more energy a plant can sequester in photosynthesis\n- Light quality refers to the wavelengths of light supplied (i.e. color of light), for example red light has wavelengths between about 630-700 nanometers, far red light is 705-740 nm, blue light is at 400-450 nm, and ultraviolet A is 315-400 nm. Plants can respond to different colors of light by changing their growth form (phytomorphology) - a high fraction of far-red light (from incandescent lamps or as shaded by other plants) causes plants to stretch excessively. High fraction of blue light (such as from fluorescent or metal halide lights) can cause shorter plants\n- Light photoperiod is the day length or number of hours a day plants receive light. For example, when sunrise is at 6am and sets at 8:00pm there is a 14 hour photoperiod (actually a bit longer as plants perceive light at twilight). Photoperiod controls flowering in many plants. Scientists found it is actually the duration of darkness that is important.\n- o Long day plants (petunia, fuchsia, pansy) flower when the day length is longer (actually night length is shorter) than a critical photoperiod.\n- o Short day plants (chrysanthemum, poinsettia, African marigold) flower when the day length is shorter (actually night length is longer) than a critical photoperiod\n- o Day-neutral plants (garden impatiens, New Guinea impatiens, fibrous begonia) flower under all photoperiods, flowering is not regulated by photoperiod.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## How to measure LIGHT QUANTITY", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Humans and plants see light differently. Humans see green light most easily (peak at 550 nm) and it takes a relatively small amount of light for us to see well. For photosynthesis, plants use light between 400-700 nm, and the more light the more photosynthesis (up to a point). Because of this, ways of measuring light for humans (example foot candles) are not appropriate for plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Units for human vision (380-750 nm) (Don't use these units for referring to greenhouse lighting):", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "- candela : total light output of a 'standard candle'", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "- foot candles : intensity at a surface, includes area (lumens/ft 2 )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "- lumens : output of a light source; 12.57 lumens = 1 candela", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "- lux : intensity at a surface, includes area, lumens/m 2 (10.76 lux/ft-candle)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Measure of light for plants (400 to 700 nm):", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), this is measured in the range of 400-700 nm\n- o The unit for measuring instantaneous light incident upon a surface is micromoles per square meter per second (or µmol/m 2 /s ) - this is the amount of energy (photons or particles of light) hitting a square meter every second. (The term mole is a really large number, 6.02x10 23 photons, a micromole (µmol) is one-millionth of a mole).\n- o Daily light integral (DLI) is the accumulation of all the PAR received during a day. The unit for cumulative light or daily light integral (DLI) is - moles per square meter per day (or mol/m2/day)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "To convert instantaneous light intensity to light integral, remember, that an hour has 3600 seconds and 1 million µmol = 1 mol", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Calculation Example:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "You install a high pressure sodium lamp that supplies 100 µmol/m 2 /s. How much light will it supply if kept on for 12 hours?", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- Multiply instantaneous light by 3,600 seconds/hour and multiply by the number of hours on.\n- Then divide by 1 million (1,000,000)\n- o 100 µmol/m 2 /second x 3,600 seconds/hour x 12 hours = 4,320,000 µmol /m 2 /day\n- o 4,320,000 µmol /m 2 /day divided 1,000,000 = 4.32 mol /m 2 /day", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## How much light does the sun provide?", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "This varies greatly based on the season, and from day to day as cloud cover changes", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- On a sunny day in summer, at noon there will be about 2,000 µmol/m 2 /second of instantaneous light; over the course of that sunny day about 65 mol/m 2 /day\n- At noon on a cloudy winter day, there may be only 50 µmol/m 2 /second of instantaneous light, over the course of that cloudy day about 1 mol/m 2 /day", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Below is outdoor daily light integral (DLI of PAR in mol/m 2 /day) for a 14-year period for Ithaca, NY (each dot is the reading for one day) . Note the large difference between the very darkest and brightest measurements, and the fact that some summer days can be just as dark as some of the darker winter days. Depending on the greenhouse, 50-70% of this light will be transmitted into the greenhouse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Benefits of optimum light", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Bedding and potted plants grown under optimum light will have a better plant form - more compact, more branching, and more plant biomass. Most bedding plants will be marketable sooner under optimum light. If you propagate your own plants, adding lighting to liners and plugs in mid-winter (when natural light is poor) will help them root and establish faster, allowing you more crop turns or to begin propagation later (saving greenhouse heating costs). Lighting during the propagation stage can be more economical because plants are being grown relatively densely, so a large number of plants can be treated in a small area.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## How much light do plants need?", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "This depends on each species, but some general rules of thumb (More detailed information is provided in the references below)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "- Propagation of plugs and cuttings: 8-12 mol/m 2 /day (after callus)\n- Bedding plants: 10-12 mol/m 2 /day or greater\n- Vegetables\n- o Hydroponic lettuce 15-17 mol/m 2 /day if vertical airflow fans are used (greater than this can cause leaf tip burn, a physiological disorder from calcium deficiency that occurs under high light)\n- o Tomatoes 20-30+ mol/m 2 /day (for maximum yield)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Comparing lamps for supplemental lighting", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Several different types of lamps are available for supplemental lighting.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "- Fluorescent lights are often used for germination shelves because they can be placed close to plants without overheating them. They are usually not used for supplemental lighting in the greenhouse as their fixture causes excessive shading). Lifespan to 80% light output is about 10,000 hours.\n- High intensity discharge (HID) lamps are most often used for greenhouse supplemental light because of their high light output and relatively little shading - there are two main types: high pressure sodium (HPS) which look yellow/orange and metal halide (MH) which look bluish. Lifespan is about 20,000 hours for MH and 30,000 hours for HPS.\n- Light emitting diode (LED) lamps are becoming more affordable and higher output. For plants they are often red and blue to target spectra where photosynthesis is slightly more efficient. They produce heat but out of the back of the fixture (not with the light) therefore they can be placed close to the plant (similar to fluorescent). Lifespan is 25,000-50,000 but this is very temperature dependent (lower lifespan at warmer temperatures).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Calculating the costs of supplemental lighting", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Two factors are used to calculate lighting costs - the initial cost of the lamp (capital) cost and the operating (electrical) cost. The operating cost can be compared in terms of wall plug efficacy - light output (PAR) per kW of total electricity consumed (including electricity for the power supply, ballast, and cooling). A recent comparison of greenhouse lighting fixtures reported that the best LED lamps had a similar efficacy to the best high pressure sodium (HPS) fixtures (Nelson and Bugbee, PLOS ONE, June 2014.). The same paper reported that the capital cost of LED fixtures was five to ten times more than HPS fixtures when calculated per unit of light delivered. Due to the high capital costs the five-year electric plus fixture cost was 2.3 times higher for LED fixtures. Overtime LED fixtures will become more economically viable as capital costs decrease and efficacy further increases.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Table comparing the wall-plug efficacy, capital cost per unit light output, and 5 year operating cost (capital plus electrical operating cost) of several different lamps (adapted from select fixtures from Nelson and Bugbee, 2014).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "| Fixture | Type of Lamp | Electrical input (W) | Light output (µmol/s) | Wall-plug efficacy (µmol/J) | Wall-plug efficacy (mol/kWh) | Purchase cost of one fixture | Fixtures needed for 1,000 µmol/s | Capital cost per unit light ($ per mol/s) | Five-year cost of fixture plus electric $/(µmol/s)yr |\n|----------------------|----------------------------------------------|------------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------|------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|\n| High Pressure Sodium | High Pressure Sodium | High Pressure Sodium | High Pressure Sodium | High Pressure Sodium | High Pressure Sodium | High Pressure Sodium | High Pressure Sodium | High Pressure Sodium | High Pressure Sodium |\n| Sunlight Supply | HPS 400W magnetic ballast | 443 | 416 | 0.94 | 3.38 | $200 | 2.40 | $0.48 | $0.40 |\n| PAR Source GLXI | HPS 1000W magnetic ballast | 1004 | 1161 | 1.16 | 4.18 | $350 | 0.86 | $0.30 | $0.31 |\n| PAR Source GLXI | HPS 1000W electronic ballast | 1024 | 1334 | 1.30 | 4.68 | $380 | 0.75 | $0.29 | $0.28 |\n| Gavita | HPS (double- ended) 1000W electronic ballast | 1033 | 1751 | 1.70 | 6.12 | $500 | 0.57 | $0.29 | $0.23 |\n| LED | LED | LED | LED | LED | LED | LED | LED | LED | LED |\n| LSG | LED red/blue | 384 | 653 | 1.70 | 6.12 | $1,200 | 1.53 | $1.84 | $0.54 |\n| BML | LED red/white | 326 | 541 | 1.66 | 5.98 | $1,000 | 1.85 | $1.85 | $0.54 |\n| Lumigrow Pro 325 | LED red/white/blue | 304 | 390 | 1.29 | 4.64 | $1,000 | 2.56 | $2.56 | $0.73 |\n| Apache | LED red/white | 169 | 163 | 0.96 | 3.46 | $860 | 6.14 | $5.28 | $1.35 |\n| Hydrogrow | LED red/white | 423 | 378 | 0.89 | 3.20 | $1,300 | 2.64 | $3.44 | $1.01 |\n| Fluorescent | Fluorescent | Fluorescent | Fluorescent | Fluorescent | Fluorescent | Fluorescent | Fluorescent | Fluorescent | Fluorescent |\n| T8 | Fluorescent 60W | 58 | 48 | 0.84 | 3.02 | $40 | 20.77 | $0.83 | $0.51 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## RESOURCES", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Lighting: Light Emitting Diodes vs. High Intensity Discharge Fixtures. Nelson, J. A., & Bugbee, B. 2014.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0099010](http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0099010)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Interactive Cost Calculator for Plant Lighting (related to above article) Nelson, J.A. & Bugbee, B.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "[2014. Interactive http://cpl.usu.edu/htm/publications/file=15575](http://cpl.usu.edu/htm/publications/file=15575)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Managing photoperiod in the greenhouse https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/HO/HO253-W.pdf", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Measuring daily light integral in the greenhouse", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "[https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/HO/HO-238-W.pdf](https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/HO/HO-238-W.pdf)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Flower induction of annuals. Currey, Lopez, and Mattson.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "[https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/HO/HO-249-W.pdf](https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/HO/HO-249-W.pdf)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Daily Light Integral Calculator - calculates moles of light per day a lamp provides based on instantaneous light measurement and how many hours per day the lamp is on http://extension.unh.edu/Agric/AGGHFL/dlicalc/dlicalc\\_home.cfm", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Evaluating supplemental light for your greenhouse. Fisher and Donnelly, 2014.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "[http://www.greenhouse.cornell.edu/crops/factsheets/SuppLight.pdf](http://www.greenhouse.cornell.edu/crops/factsheets/SuppLight.pdf)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Some thoughts on supplemental lighting for greenhouse crop production. Both, 2000. http://aesop.rutgers.edu/~horteng/ppt/papers/SUPPLIGHTINGPAPER.PDF", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Use of lighting to accelerate crop timing. Runkle and Blanchard.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "[http://www.hrt.msu.edu/energy/Notebook/pdf/Sec1/Runkle%20and%20Blanchard,%20Us e\\_of\\_Lighting.pdf](http://www.hrt.msu.edu/energy/Notebook/pdf/Sec1/Runkle%20and%20Blanchard,%20Use_of_Lighting.pdf)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## Some light meters", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "- Apogee Instruments: http://www.apogeeinstruments.com/quantum/#models makes instantaneous measurements or can be set to measure every 30 seconds then average these every half hour and save up to 99 values\n- o MQ-100 Handheld - $325\n- o MQ-200 Handheld meter with separate sensor (sensor comes with a cable and can be located several feet from meter) - $375\n- LI-COR http://www.licor.com/env/products/light/light\\_meter.html\n- o LI-250A Light meter - measure instantaneous light with separate sensor\n- o LI-1500 Light Sensor Logger, logger with 1GB of memory\n- [Spectrum Technlogies http://www.specmeters.com/](http://www.specmeters.com/)\n- o WatchDog 2475 Plant Growth Station (monitors and logs: PAR, DLI, temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure deficit) - $895", "metadata": { "source_file": "Greenhouse-Lighting.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## INTRODUCTION", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Pak-choi; ( Brassica rapa subsp chinensis) belongs to the family Cruciferae. Other members of this family include cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli and others.", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Pak-choi is eaten either cooked or raw. It contains carbohydrate, protein, fat, dietary fibre, vitamin C and sodium.", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Just a few plants planted weekly will provide a constant supply of this vegetable for the household.", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## VARIETIES OF PAK-CHOI", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Some of the varieties grown are Joi Choi, Gracious and Pak Choy White.", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## SOIL PREPARATION", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "The soil should be well tilled and sufficiently drained but must allow for good water retention. This is because pak-choi requires a plentiful and uniform supply of clean water. To prepare the soil for planting, till the soil with a garden fork. Form beds if needed; about 1 m (3 ft) wide. Pak-choi responds well to organic manure and does not tolerate acid soils. Mix one handful of well-rotted manure in the soil and incorporate 5 g (1 tsp) of hydrated agricultural lime in each planting hole.", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## PLANTING", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "In a home garden situation, plants may also be planted in containers. See factsheet on 'Container Planting' Pak-choi may also be intercropped with herbs and other vegetables.", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Pak-choi seeds germinate in 1-2 days and is ready for transplanting in about 10-14 days after germination.", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "If producing your own seedlings, see the factsheet 'Producing Seedlings for the Home Garden'. If purchasing seedlings, select healthy seedlings, making sure they are not too old. A healthy seedling is characterized by", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "-  A shoot: root ratio of about 2:1.\n-  Having about 3-4 leaves and the outer leaves should be at least 5cm (2 in).\n-  White roots", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "When several plants are planted in the same area, plants should be placed about 25 cm (10 in) apart within rows and 38-45 cm (15-18 in) between rows. Seedlings should be transplanted late in the afternoon. This will prevent the plants from wilting.", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "When transplanting, observe the following steps:", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "-  Place one seedling into each planting hole and be careful not to cover the base of the first leaves with soil.\n-  Ensure that the seedlings are firmly positioned by pressing the soil around it with your hand.\n-  After transplanting, apply a soil insecticide and soil fungicide at the recommended rates to protect the seedling in its early stages\n-  Keep the plants free from weeds at all times.", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## WATERING", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Water the plants immediately after transplanting. Thereafter, water daily if there is not sufficient rainfall. When watering, add water to the ground at the base of the plant so as to avoid splashing soil unto the leaves . Remember to use clean water to irrigate the plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## FERTILIZER APPLICATION", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "-  Immediately after transplanting, apply 5g (1 tsp) of a granular NPK fertilizer such as 12:24:12 to each plant to encourage root growth. Be sure to place this fertilizer at least 5 cm (2 in) away from the plant.\n-  On the 7 th , 14 th and 21 st days after transplanting apply a granular NPK fertilizer e.g. 20:10:10, at a rate of about 1-3 tsp (5-15 g) per plant depending on the health of the plant.\n-  Alternatively a foliar fertilizer can be used weekly e.g. 20:20:20 at a rate of 5g (1 tsp) to 4 litres (1 gal) of water. Apply 125 ml (1/2 cup) of this mixture in the leaves and root area of each plant.", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## PEST AND DISEASES", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is the best approach to controlling pests and diseases in a home garden. In this method, pesticides are not heavily relied upon and cultural, as well as biological methods are used.", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "For further information on IPM see the factsheet entitled", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "'Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners' .", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "The following table highlights some of the major pests and diseases that attack pakchoi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## HARVESTING", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Most varieties mature in about 4-5 weeks after transplanting although it is not unusual to harvest earlier than this. Harvest by cutting the entire head from the soil and trimming off old, dead leaves. When harvesting is delayed, the leaves are characteristically bitter and purplish streaks are seen on the stems.", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Do not harvest just after rain or if dew is present in order to avoid cracking of the leaves. Pak-choi can be placed in perforated plastic bags and kept in the refrigerator for 2 - 3 weeks.", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "natural", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "| PEST/DISEASE | SYMPTOMS | CONTROL |\n|--------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Black rot Xanthomonas campestris |  This is a bacterial disease.  The first sign observed is V - shaped yellow to brown lesions on the outer edges of the older leaves  The leaf veins become black in colour. |  Black rot can be controlled by use of resistant varieties  Good weed control  Proper drainage ensuring that the soil is not acidic  Spraying plants with a copper based fungicide |\n| Leafminers Liriomyza sp as seen on Cabbage |  This is an insect that tunnels its way through the leaves and makes unsightly marks |  Leafminers are controlled by good weed control, avoiding excessive use of fertilizers and if necessary, use insecticides that are safe to human health and the environment |\n| Budworm Hellula phidealis as seen on Cabbage |  This is a caterpillar that bores holes into the leaf stalks, growing point and main stem of the plant.  The plant usually responds by forming smaller heads, which are unusable |  Budworms are controlled by mixed cropping encouraging natural enemies such as wasps  Plants known to ward off insects may be planted nearby, such as marigold and chive  If necessary, use insecticides that are safe to human health and the environment |\n| Diamond back moth Plutella xylostella as seen on cauliflower |  This is a small green caterpillar, which feeds on the underside of the leaves and create many tiny 'windows' and shotholes all over the leaves.  The holes do not extend through the leaves so that the leaves have a skeletonized appearance |  Control of the diamond back moth is similar to that for budworm |", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Technical content edited by - David Ram", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "\"All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means reproduced without permission in writing, of the Ministry of Food Production Land and Marine Affairs.\"", "metadata": { "source_file": "how-to-grow-pakchoi.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Seri Pertanian Perkotaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## PETUNJUK TEKNIS", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## BUDIDAYA BAWANG MERAH DI LAHAN DAN DI DALAM POT/POLYBAG", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "BALAI PENGKAJIAN DAN TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN JAKARTA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## BADAN PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN PERTANIAN 2018", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Judul :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Bawang Merah di Lahan dan di Dalam Pot/Polybag", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Cetakan I 2015", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Cetakan II 2016", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Cetakan III 2018", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Balai Pengkajian teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) Jakarta", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Jl. Raya Ragunan No. 30 Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan - 12540 Telp./Fax. (021) 78839949 / 7815020", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Website: http://jakarta.litbang.pertanian.go.id", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "E-mail : bptp-jakarta@cbn.net.id", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## KATA PENGANTAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "P ertanian perkotaan terus mengalami perkembangan sejalan dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan masyarakatnya. Saat ini, bawang merah mulai marak dibudidayakan di perkotaan. Bawang merah merupakan salah satu tanaman yang tidak saja berfungsi sebagai bumbu penyedap, tetapi juga memiliki berbagai berkhasiat untuk berbagai pengobatan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Permintaan bawang merah setiap tahunnya selalu mengalami peningkatan, bahkan pada waktu-waktu tertentu permintaan bawang merah sangat tinggi. Dengan umur panen yang pendek dan permintaan yang selalu meningkat, praktis menjadikan bawang merah sebagai salah satu komoditas yang bernilai ekonomis tinggi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Banyaknya permintaan akan petunjuk teknis budidaya bawang merah dari berbagai pihak, maka disusunlah brosur Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Bawang Merah di Lahan dan i Dalam Pot/Polybag.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Jakarta, Oktober 2018 Kepala Balai,", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Ir. Etty Herawati, M.Si. NIP. 19610203 198503 2 001", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR ISI", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "| | | Halaman | Halaman |\n|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|\n| KATA PENGANTAR ................................................... | KATA PENGANTAR ................................................... | i | |\n| DAFTAR ISI ............................................................... | DAFTAR ISI ............................................................... | ii | |\n| PENDAHULUAN ....................................................... | PENDAHULUAN ....................................................... | 1 | |\n| BUDIDAYA BAWANG MERAH DI LAHAN ............... | BUDIDAYA BAWANG MERAH DI LAHAN ............... | 3 | |\n| A. | PEMILIHAN LOKASI ....................................... | 4 | |\n| B. | PENENTUAN WAKTU TANAM ....................... | | 5 |\n| C. | PENYIAPAN | BENIH ......................................... | 5 |\n| D. | PENYIAPAN | LAHAN ........................................ | 7 |\n| E. | PENANAMAN ................................................... | | 9 |\n| F. | PEMUPUKAN ................................................... | | 11 |\n| G. | PENGAIRAN | .................................................... | 12 |\n| H. | PEMELIHARAAN TANAMAN .......................... | | 13 |\n| BUDIDAYA BAWANG MERAH DI DALAM POT/ POLYBAG .................................................................. | BUDIDAYA BAWANG MERAH DI DALAM POT/ POLYBAG .................................................................. | 15 | |\n| A. PENYIAPANMEDIATANAM............................. | A. PENYIAPANMEDIATANAM............................. | | 16 |\n| B. C. | PERLAKUAN BENIH ........................................ | PENANAMAN ................................................... | 17 |\n| | | ............................................. | 17 |\n| D. | | PEMELIHARAAN | 18 |\n| E. | PANEN DAN | PASCAPANEN........................... | 20 |\n| DAFTAR PUSTAKA | DAFTAR PUSTAKA | ................................................... | |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## PENDAHULUAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "B awang merah merupakan salah satu jenis sayuran rempah yang biasa digunakan sebagai bumbu atau penyedap masakan sehari-hari, selain itu juga dapat digunakan sebagai obat. Di Indonesia, tanaman bawang merah telah lama diusahakan oleh petani. Usaha taninya bersifat komersil, karena sebagian besar produksinya ditujukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasar (Dirjen tanaman pangan 1994). Permintaan bawang merah tersebut terus meningkat setiap tahunnya (abu haerah dan Praktiknyo,1986). Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa bawang merah mempunyai peran yang cukup strategis terhadap perekonomian Indonesia. Kelebihan dalam berbudidaya bawang merah diantaranya adalah tingginya nilai ekonomi komoditas dan umur panen relatif pendek sehingga memberikan peluang untuk meningkatkan pendapatan petani.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Rachmat (2012), melaporkan bahwa kebutuhan bawang merah nasional diperkirakan 1116.17 ton/tahun, sedangkan produksi bawang merah nasional tahun 2010 sebesar 1048,93 ton. Oleh sebab itu, dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan bawang merah dalam negeri, diperlukan upaya peningkatan produksi yang bukan hanya dilakukan di sentra produksi bawang merah, namun juga di wilayah lain, termasuk diantaranya Provinsi Jakarta. Jakarta merupakan kota metropolitan yang memiliki lahan sawah kurang lebih mencapai 800 hektar yang potensial untuk ditanami bawang merah. Masing-masing tersebar di wilayah Jakarta Utara, Jakarta Barat dan Jakarta Timur. Sejauh ini, terdapat 1,5 Ha lahan di Jakarta Barat yang telah dimanfaatkan untuk berusahatani bawang merah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Banyak tantangan yang dihadapi dalam meningkatkan produksi bawang merah terutama di wilayah Jakarta. Oleh karena itu, kegiatan pendampingan dan pengawalan dalam rangka penerapan inovasi teknologi penting untuk dilakukan. Salah satu wujud pendampingan dan pengawalan kepada petani, khususnya untuk komoditas bawang merah adalah tersedianya buku panduan atau pedoman dalam berbudidaya bawang merah di lahan dan dalam pot/polybag.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## BUDIDAYA BAWANG MERAH DI LAHAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## A. PEMILIHAN LOKASI", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Pemilihan lokasi dilakukan untuk memilih lokasi yang sesuai dengan syarat tumbuh bawang merah. Pemilihan lokasi dimaksudkan untuk mencegah terjadinya kegagalan pada saat proses produksi, diperolehnya lahan yang sesuai dengan syarat tumbuh tanaman bawang merah. Sehingga diharapkan dapat menghasilkan produksi bawang merah yang optimal. Beberapa hal yang dilakukan sebelum pelaksanaan dilakukan antara lain:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "1. Tanaman bawang merah cocok untuk dibudidayakan pada dataran rendah dan dataran tinggi (0 -1000 m dpl), tetapi akan tumbuh secara optimal pada ketinggian 0-450 m dpl.\n2. Usaha tani bawang merah dapat dilakukan pada lahan sawah atau lahan kering. Tetapi sebaiknya dilakukan di lahan kering atau tegalan.\n3. pH tanah yang diperlukan oleh tanaman bawang merah untuk tumbuh optimal adalah 5,6 sampai 6,5. Jika pH tanah, kurang dari 5,5 maka diperlukan pemberian dolomit lebih kurang 1,5 ton/ha.\n4. Tanaman bawang merah membutuhkan intensitas sinar yang maksimal, dibutuhkan 70%, dan tidak terlindung oleh tanaman yang ada disekitarnya.\n5. Suhu udara yang optimal yang dibutuhkan 25 - 32 0 C.\n6. Tanaman bawang merah memerlukan tanah berstruktur", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "- remah, sedang sampai liat, aerasi yang baik dan mengandung cukup bahan organik .\n7. Jenis tanah yang cocok adalah tanah alluvial atau kombinasinya dengan tanah Glei humus atau latosol.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## B. PENENTUAN WAKTU TANAM", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Untuk penentuan waktu tanam, dilakukan untuk menetapkan waktu tanam yang tepat untuk penanaman bawang merah, sehingga tanaman bawang merah dapat tumbuh dengan baik, mulai dari awal pertumbuhannya sampai saat panen. Waktu tanam bawang merah yang baik adalah pada musim kemarau dengan ketersediaan air yang cukup (April/Mei dan Juli/Agustus). Penanaman bawang merah pada musim kemarau biasanya dilaksanaan pada bekas lahan padi sawah. Sedangkan pada musim penghujan dilakukan penanaman pada lahan tegalan. Untuk memastikan perkiraan waktu tanam yang tepat, diperlukan data curah hujan dilokasi penanaman sebelumnya, minimal selama 5 tahun sebelumnya serta data pola tanam yang disepakati sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Selain itu pula waktu tanam juga sebaiknya memperhatikan varietas bawang merah yang diperlukan sesuai dengan saat tanam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## C. PENYIAPAN BENIH", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Bawang merah mempunyai banyak jenis dan varietas. Beberapa varietas bawang merah yang dianjurkan (Balitsa), antara lain adalah varietas Bima Brebes, Bima Curut, Maja, Kramat 1, Kramat 2, Kuning, Pikatan, Pancasona, Trisula, Katumi, Maja dan Mentes. Beberapa varietas yang pernah ditanam di wilayah Jakarta antara lain , Bima, Pikatan, Trisulla, Mentes dan Kramat. Dari empat varietas tersebut, ternyata varietas Bima sangat mudah beradaptasi dan banyak diminati oleh masyarakat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Tanaman bawang merah, sangat peka terhadap curah hujan yang tinggi dan membutuhkan intensitas sinar matahari minimal 70%. Namun demikian terdapat beberapa varietas yang mampu beradaptasi di musim hujan antara lain, varietas Pikatan, Pancasona, Trisulla dan Mentes.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Tanaman bawang merah dapat diperbanyak dengan menggunakan umbi (vegetatif) maupun dari benih/biji/ TSS (generatif). Tetapi sampai saat ini pada umumnya perbanyakan tanaman bawang merah yang banyak digunakan adalah berasal dari umbi. Perbanyakan dengan umbi mempunyai keuntungan yaitu, lebih mudah dan lebih cepat pertumbuhannya dan umur panen yang lebih pendek dibandingkan dengan pertumbuhan tanaman bawang merah dengan menggunakan benih. Kebutuhan benih dari umbi bawang merah untuk tiap hektar memerlukan 800 s/d 1500 kg.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Umbi bawang merah. Penyiapan benih bermutu varietas unggul dilakukan untuk menjamin benih yang ditanam berkualitas (memiliki keseragaman, kekuatan tumbuh, dan sehat). Beberapa hal yang dilakukan untuk menyiapkan benih yang berasal dari umbi bawang merah antara lain adalah: a) memilih benih yang benar - benar bermutu. Umbi benih biasanya berasal dari tanaman bawang merah yang memang dipersiapkan untuk benih. Berbeda dengan umbi yang digunakan untuk konsumsi, karena untuk konsumsi dipanen 10 hari lebih awal dari umbi bawang merah yang digunakan untuk benih. Perolehan benih dari umbi bawang merah ini berasal dari penangkar benih dan telah disimpan selama 2-4 bulan dan benih siap untuk ditanam. b) memilih umbi bawang merah berukuran sedang (3-5 g/umbi) atau besar (5-7 g/umbi), jika terlalu kecil sebaiknya tidak ditanam sebagai bibit, atau ditanam untuk panen konsumsi, c) membersihkan kulit benih yang kering dari kotoran maupun penyakit/ hama, d) memotong pada bagian ujungnya (1/3 bagian).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Benih/biji bawang merah. Salah satu alternatif yang dapat digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan TSS (True Shallot Seed). Akan tetapi, karena TSS baru berkembang, maka penggunaan benih selama ini masih banyak menggunakan umbi bawang merah. Kelebihan penggunaan TSS adalah kebutuhan benih adalah lebih sedikit (7,5 kg/ ha), bebas pathogen penyakit, memberikan umbi yang lebih besar. Biaya penyediaan benih, yaitu sekitar 40% dari total biaya produksi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## D. PENYIAPAN LAHAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## Pembersihan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Pembersihan lahan dilakukan agar pertumbuhan tanaman tidak terganggu, sehingga diperoleh lahan yang siap diolah dan terbebas dari batu-batuan maupun gulma atau sisa-sisa tanaman. Pembersihan pada lahan kering, dilakukan dengan mencangkul, membajak dan membersihkan lahan dari batu-batuan, gulma, semak yang mengganggu pertumbuhan tanaman, membenamkan sisa-sisa tanaman, mengumpulkan dan membuang batu batuan pada tempat tertentu yang aman di luar areal tanam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## Pembuatan Bedengan dan Pemberian Pupuk Organik", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Pembuatan bedengan untuk penanaman bawang merah di lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Setelah dilakukan pembersihan lahan, untuk selanjutnya adalah dilakukan pengolahan tanah sampai gembur dan selanjutnya pembuatan bedengan dengan bentuk yang searah (membujur), agar diperoleh lahan pertanaman yang sesuai bagi pertumbuhan tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Pembuatan bedengan dilakukan dengan lebar 1-1,2 m, dengan tinggi guludan 25 cm, panjangnya menyesuaikan kondisi lahan. Pengolahan tanah dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan cangkul dan traktor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## PemBuatan Lubang Tanam Dengan Jarak Tanam", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Pembuatan lubang tanam dengan jarak tanam yang sesuai untuk penanaman benih, agar diperoleh lubang tanam dengan jarak yang sesuai rencana. Pembuatan blak, sosrok dan tali yang telah diberi tanda sesuai dengan jarak yang direncanakan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Penyiraman di lakukan di lahan pertanaman secukupnya dan dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan larikan dan lubang tanaman dengan sosrok dengan kedalaman ¾ umbi benih. Jarak tanam antar baris 15 - 20 cm untuk benih ukuran sedang dan 20 - 25 cm untuk benih ukuran besar. Jarak tanam dalam barisan 10 cm untuk benih ukuran sedang dan 15 cm untuk benih ukuran besar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## E. PENANAMAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Penanaman dilakukan dengan membenamkan umbi bawang merah, pada lubang tanam yang telah disiapkan. Lubang tanam untuk tanaman bawang merah yaitu 1 cm, dengan jarak tanam antar umbi 20 x 20 cm atau 20 x 15 cm. Untuk penanaman, setiap satu lubang tanam, ditanam 1 umbi bawang merah, yaitu dengan membenamkan ¾ bagian umbinya ke dalam lubang tanam, Sebelum ditanam, dilakukan pemotongan pada bagian ujung umbi bawang merah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Tujuan dilakukan pemotongan pada bagian ujung umbi tersebut, antara lain: untuk memecah masa dormansi, mempercepat dan menyerempakkan pertumbuhan daun bawang, untuk mengetahui apakah umbi tersebut pada bagian dalamnya busuk atau berjamur, serta untuk mengurangi pertumbuhan bawang merah yang kurang bagus. Untuk penanaman pada skala luas, setelah dilakukan pemotongan pada bagian ujungnya, sebaiknya diberikan fungisida Mankozep pada bagian ujungnya, hal ini untuk mencegah serangan penyakit. Pada saat penanaman dilakukan sebaiknya pada saat musim kemarau tetapi yang harus diperhatikan adalah pengairan yang cukup.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Penanaman bawang merah dengan membenamkan benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## F. PEMUPUKAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Pemberian pupuk pada tanaman bawang merah diberikan sebanyak 3 kali, yaitu pemberian pupuk dasar, pupuk susulan 1 dan pupuk susulan 2. Pemberian pupuk dasar dilakukan pada 1 sampai 2 hari sebelum tanam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Pemberian pupuk dasar terdiri dari pemberian pupuk organik dan TSP. Pupuk organik yang diberikan, yaitu berasal dari pupuk kandang sapi sebanyak 15-20 t/ha, sedangkan jika digunakan pupuk dari kotoran ayam sebanyak 5-6 ton/ha dan TSP sebanyak 120-200 kg/ha. Pemberian pupuk organik maupun pupuk kimia dapat dilakukan dengan cara disebar dan diaduk rata dengan tanah di bedengan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Pemberian pupuk pada tanaman bawang merah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Setelah tanaman bawang merah berumur 2 minggu (10 - 15 hari setelah tanam), dilakukan pemupukan susulan 1. Pupuk yang diberikan yaitu: Urea sebanyak 100-150 kg/ ha, KCl sebanyak 50-100 kg/ha dan ZA 200-250 kg/ha. Sedangkan pemupukan ke 2, dilakukan pada saat tanaman berumur 20 - 25 hari setelah tanam. Pupuk yang diberikan yaitu: Urea 100-150 sebanyak kg/ha, KCl sebanyak 50100 kg/ha dan ZA 200-250 kg/ha. Untuk pemberian pupuk susulan yang 1 dan 2, dilakukan dengan cara mencampur pupuk yang akan ditaburkan dengan mencampur rata, kemudian ditaburkan secara merata. Untuk pemberian pupuk susulan ke 2 dilakukan 3 hari setelah pendangiran dengan cara ditaburkan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Tanaman bawang merah berumur 2 minggu, siap diberikan pupuk susulan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## G. PENGAIRAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Yaitu mengatur pemberian air untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air bagi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman bawang merah. Pengairan merupakan salah satu faktor yang sangat menentukan keberhasilan panen tanaman bawang merah. Jumlah dan waktu pengairan yang diberikan tergantung pada iklim, kandungan air tanah, tingkat pertumbuhan tanaman dan sifat perakaran tanaman. Pada tanaman bawang merah, pada awal pertumbuhan sampai tanaman bawang merah berumur 3 minggu, harus dilakukan penyiraman secara rutin secara rutin pagi dan sore hari. Selain itu pula, kebutuhan air/ penyiraman pada umumnya sangat diperlukan terutama pada saat periode kritis, yaitu pada saat pembentukan umbi, karena jika kebutuhan air ini tidak terpenuhi, akan dapat menurunkan produksi umbi bawang merah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Penyiraman selanjutnya dilakukan dilakukan setiap pagi dan sore hari. Penyiraman ini dilakukan mulai sejak tanam sampai satu minggu menjelang panen. Penyiraman disesuaikan pada masing - masing jenis tanah. Pada tanah dengan jenis debu berpasir, pemberian air dilakukan dengan di leb/digenangi sampai rata dengan permukaan bedengan selama 15 menit. Untuk tanah lempung berpasir, pemberian air dilakukan dengan penyiraman dengan ember.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Untuk usaha budidaya bawang merah di beberapa wilayah Jakarta, untuk penyiraman sebaiknya memperhatikan kondisi iklim lokasi penanaman. Di wilayah Jakarta Utara dan Jakarta Barat, dengan penyiraman yang hanya dilakukan 1 kali, masih belum mencukupi untuk pertumbuhan tanaman bawang merah. Karena kondisi iklim yang cukup panas dan kering, dibandingkan dengan wilayah Jakarta yang lain, maka untuk wilayah Jakarta barat dan Jakarta Utara, dianjurkan penyiraman 2 kali sehari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## H. PEMELIHARAAN TANAMAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Penyulaman dilakukan yaitu dengan mengganti benih yang rusak atau tidak tumbuh. Penyulaman dapat dilakukan pada 7-10 hari setelah tanam. Sedangkan, penyiangan dapat dilakukan dengan cara mencabut dan membersihkan gulma pada lahan pertanaman agar struktur tanah dan kebersihan lahan tetap terjaga sehingga pertumbuhan tanaman optimal. Penyiangan juga dilakukan sekaligus untuk membersihkan lahan dari akar rumput yang masih tertinggal pada saat penyiangan dan dilakukan pada umur pertanaman 25 hari. Pembubunan, bertujuan untuk memperbaiki struktur tanah, menutup akar tanaman bawang merah yang terbuka, dan membuat pertumbuhan tanaman menjadi tegak dan kokoh. Pembubunan dilakukan dengan menaikkan dan menimbunkan tanah pada pokok tanaman. Pada saat pembubunan dilakukan pendangiran tanah di sekitar tanaman untuk memperbaiki/meninggikan bedengan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Penyiangan perlu dilakukan untuk mebersihkan lahan dari akar rumput", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## BUDIDAYA BAWANG MERAH DALAM POT/POLYBAG", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## A. PENYIAPAN MEDIA TANAM", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Bawang merah selain dapat dibudidayakan di lahan, dapat juga dibudidayakan dalam pot/polybag. Media tanam yang baik untuk pertumbuhan tanaman bawang merah adalah bertekstur sedang sampai liat, berstruktur gembur. Mengandung bahan organik yang cukup, dengan pH tanah yang idela adalah 5.6 - 6.5. Wadah tanam yang diperlukan:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Penyiapan media tanam dalam polybag", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "- Polybag/Pot : 30 x 30 cm (3 umbi/ tanaman)\n- Polybag/Pot : 25 x 25 cm (1 umbi/ tanaman)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Media tanam yang dapat digunakan sebagai campuran media tanam , antara lain:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "-  Tanah gembur 3-4 kg (keringangin)\n-  Pemberian dolomit sekitar 13 gr (1-1,5 t/ha), jika tanah bersifat masam (pH <5,6)\n-  Pupuk organik yang dapat digunakan adalah pupuk kandang ayam 130gr (10 t/ha) atau pupuk kandang domba 260 gr (20 t/ha)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "atau kompos 65 gr (dosis 5 t/ha)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "-  Pemberian SP-36 (3 gr) (dosis 250 kg SP-36/ha) dan Furadan 1 sendok kecil\n-  Diaduk merata, disiram dan dibiarkan seminggu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## B. PENANAMAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Sebelum dilakukan penanaman, dilakukan pencampuran sekam, tanah dan pupuk kandang dengan perbandingan 1:1:2, kemudian dimasukkan dalam polybag, kemudian diberikan pupuk dasar yaitu SP-36 sebanyak 3 gram/polybag. Polybag yang digunakan untuk wadah penanaman berukuran 25 x 25 cm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## C. PERLAKUAN BENIH", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Bibit bawang merah yang akan ditanam, berasal dari umbi benih bawang merah yang sudah sudah disimpan selama 2,5-4 bulan, karena titik tumbuhnya sudah mencapai 80%. Kondisi umbi bawang merah dalam kondisi sebagai benih dalam kondisi umbi benih masih segar, kekar, tidak cacat dan bebas dari hama dan penyakit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Bibit umbi varietas Bima", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Perlakuan benih bawang merah sebelum tanam", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Bibit sudah diprotol dan dibersihkan dari kulit luar yang mengelupas (yang sudah disimpan/kering angin selama umur 3 bulan). Sebelum dilakukan penanaman, dilakukan pemotongan pada bagian ujung umbi dan dicampur fungisida (antracol) dan dibiarkan untuk beberapa jam sebelum dilakukan penanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## D. PEMELIHARAAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Pemeliharaan antara lain meliputi penyiraman, pemupukan susulan, penyiangan dan pengendalian OPT.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "- a. Tanaman bawang merah memerlukan pengairan setiap pagi dan sore hari. Pada musim kemarau, penyiraman dapat dilakukan sebanyak dua kali. Selain pagi dan sore, penyiraman juga dilakukan setelah hujan turun untuk membasuh percikan air hujan yang menempel pada daun. Tujuannya untuk menghilangkan embun tepung pada daun dan untuk mengurangi resiko serangan penyakit tular tanah dan fusarium. Setelah tanaman berumur 2 bulan, penyiraman harus dikurangi, agar diperoleh umbi yang berwarna merah cerah. Untuk mempercepat penuaan umbi, setelah tanaman berumur lebih dari 55 hari, lakukan penyiraman pada siang hari.\n- b. Pemupukan dasar diberikan pada saat tanam, yaitu dengan memberikan 3 gram TSP/SP- 36 per polybag. Pemupukan susulan I dilakukan saat tanaman berumur 14 hari dengan memberikan NPK ½ sendok makan (3 gram). Untuk pemupukan susulan II dilakukan pada saat tanaman berumur 1 bulan setelah tanam, yaitu dengan pemberian NPK sebanyak 3 gram.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "- c. Penyiangan tanaman bawang merah di pot. Lakukan dengan mencabut rumput/gulma yang tumbuh di sekitar tanaman bawang merah. Lakukan satu sampai dua kali penyiangan sebelum pemupukan kedua.\n- d. Pengendalian OPT. Pengendalian dapat menggunakan pestisida nabati. Penggunaan pestisida kimia hanya dilakukan sebagai tindakan terakhir. Penyemprotan insektisida dianjurkan menggunakan sprayer kipas, karena butiran yang dihasilkan lebih halus serta menghemat insektisida lebih dari 40% (Koestoni, 1992). Penyemprotan sebaiknya dilakukan pada sore hari, karena hama pada bawang merah ini aktif pada malam hari. Tindakan yang dilakukan terhadap hama yang menyerang tanaman bawang merah antara lain:\n- a) Pemetikan secara manual (dipetik) dan dibuang. Kondisi ini dilakukan jika ditemui telur dan daun-daun bawang menunjukkan gejala serangan. Jika jumlah telur telah melebihi batas yang telah ditentukan, maka lakukan penyemprotan dengan menggunakan 2ml/l curacron 500 EC, 2ml/l Buldok 25EC, dll).\n- b) Serangan trips dapat dikendalikan menggunakan insektisida, yaitu 0,5 ml/l Tracer 120 SC; 0,5 ml/l Agrimec 18 EC; 0,5 ml/l Pegasus 500 SC; dan 1-2 ml/l Marshal 200 EC.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Jika ditemui gejala serangan penyakit bercak ungu/ trotol, lakukan tindakan pengendalian, antara lain:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "- a) Jika pada siang hari, setelah hujan rintik-rintik, harus dilakukan penyiraman (untuk mencuci sisa-sisa air", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "hujan dan percikan tanah yang menempel pada daun). Jika kerusakan telah melebihi ambang batas, maka lakukan penyemprotan fungisida dengan menggunakan 2 ml/l Score 250 EC, 2g/l Daconil 500F, 2g/lantracol 70 WP, atau 2 g/l Dithane M-45 80 WP.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "- b) Jika tanaman terkena layu fusarium, lakukan pencabutan dan musnahkan agar tidak menular.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## E. PANEN DAN PASCA PANEN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Bawang merah siap panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Umur panen bawang merah sangat ditentukan oleh jenis varietasnya. Pemanenan sendiri dilakukan sesuai dengan penggunaan bawang merah tersebut nantinya. Untuk varietas Bima, panen bawang merah untuk konsumsi dapat dilakukan saat tanaman berumur 60 hari, dan jika akan digunakan sebagai umbi bibit, dilakukan pada saat umur tanaman 70 sampai 90 hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Ciri-ciri tanaman bawang merah yang siap dipanen diantaranya: a) Jika", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "dipegang, pada bagian pangkal daun sudah lemas, b) 70 80% bagian daunnya berwarna kuning pucat dan 80% telah rebah, c) sebagian umbi sudah terlihat dipermukaan tanah, d) Umbi bawang berwarna merah tua/keunguan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Pemanenan sebaiknya dilakukan pada saat cuaca cerah. Caranya dengan mencabut seluruh tanaman secara hati-hati lalu ikat menjadi satu. Setiap ikatan terdiri dari 10 - 15 tanaman yang diikat pada 1 / 3 bagian ujung daunnya. Hal yang perlu diperhatikan saat pemanenan adalah hindari luka pada umbi akibat gesekan dengan tanah dan umbi yang tertinggal dalam tanah. Untuk menghindari pelukaan pada umbi bawang merah, lakukan penyiraman 1-2 hari sebelum panen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## Pelayuan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Tujuan proses pelayuan dan pengeringan umbi bawang merah adalah untuk mengurangi kadar air terutama pada daun dan leher umbi bawang merah. Dengan pelayuan daun, dapat menghasilkan warna umbi yang lebih mengkilat. Pelayuan dilakukan dengan menjemur bawang merah di bawah sinar matahari selama 2-3 hari setelah panen atau sampai daun setengah kering. Usahakan umbi bawang tidak terkena sinar matahari secara langsung, namun hanya bagian daun dan leher umbi bawang merah saja.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Bila cuaca tidak memungkinkan, lakukan pelayuan dengan cara mekanis yaitu dengan menghembuskan udara panas bersuhu 46 0 C selama 16 jam dengan kelembaban nisbi 70-80%. Proses pelayuan juga dimaksudkan untuk mengurangi proses pembusukan. Selain itu, pengurangan bobot umbi jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan umbi yang disimpan tanpa proses pelayuan. Melalui proses pelayuan, dapat menurunkan susut bobot umbi 3-5%.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## Pengeringan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Tujuan proses pengeringan adalah untuk mengurangi kadar air umbi bawang merah sampai batas dimana perkembangan mikro organisme dan kegiatan enzimatis. Umumnya, proses pengeringan hampir sama dengan pelayuan, hanya waktunya lebih lama yaitu 7-14 hari. Proses pengeringan dilakukan dengan cara menggantung di atas para para dan dibalik setiap 2 hari, namun cara ini sangat tergantung pada kondisi cuaca. Penjemuran dilakukan dengan menyusun barisan 5-7 baris, posisi daun pada bagian atas. Pembalikan dilakukan 2-3 hari sekali. Proses pengeringan dihentikan pada saat umbi telah mencapai susut bobot 25-40% dan kadar air umbi telah mencapai 80-84%.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## Prosesing hasil panen untuk bibit", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Prosesing hasil panen umbi bawang merah untuk bibit dilakukan dengan menjemur bawang merah di bawah matahari langsung selama 7-14 hari. Penjemuran dilakukan pada pagi hari sampai jam 11 siang (kadar air berkisar 80 - 84% dan bobot umbi telah susut 25-40%). Kemudian lakukan penyimpanan dengan membentuk ikatan terlebih dahulu kemudian gantung pada rak-rak penyimpanan. Suhu ruang penyimpanan diatur berkisar 30-33 0 C dengan kelembaban nisbi 65-70%. Setelah disimpan sesuai dengan waktu yang ditentukan (2-3 bulan), maka umbi bawang merah dapat digunakan sebagai benih sumber sampai umbi siap digunakan sebagai benih sebar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR PUSTAKA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "- Anonymous, 2012. Menanam Bawang Merah Dalam Pot. Puslitbanghort. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Jakarta.\n- Gunadi, N. Dam suwandi, 1989. Pengaruh dosis dan waktu aplikasi penumpuksn fosfat pada tanaman bawang merah kulvitar Sumenep I. Pertumbuhan dan hasil. Bull. Panel. Hort. XVIII (2):98-106.\n- Hidayat, A. Dan R. Rosliani. 2003. pengaruh jarak tanam dan ukuran umbi bibit bawang merah terhadap hasil dan distribusi ukuran umbi bwang merah. Lap. Hasil penel. Balitsa Lembang.\n- Hidayat, A. 2004. Budidaya bawang merah. Beberapa hasil penelitian di Kabupaten Brebes. Makalah disampaikan pada Temu Teknologi Budidaya bawang merah. Direktorat tana. Sayuran dan bio farmaka, brebes, 3 september 2004.\n- Hidayat, A, dan R. Rosliani. 1996. Pengaruh pemupukan N, P dan K pada pertumbuhan dan produksi bawang merah kulvitar sumenep. J. Hort 5(5):39-43.\n- Hidayat, A., R. Rosliani , N. Sumarni, T.K. Moekasan, E. S. Suryaningsih dan S. Putusambagi 2004. Pengaruh varietas dan paket pemupukan terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil bawang merah. Lap. Hasil Penel. BalistaLembang.\n- Hilman, Y. dan suwandi. 1990. Pengaruh penggunaan pupuk nitrogen dan fosfat pada bawang merah. Kerjasama Balai Penelitian Hortikultura dengan Petrokimia Gresik.\n- Marid E. E. and M. R. Vega. 1971. Duration of weed control ad wild competition and the eff ect on yield. Phil. Agric. 55: 216-220.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "- Muhammad, H., S. Sabihan, A. Rachim, H. Adijuraina. Penentuan batas kritis sulfat untuk bawang merah di tanah Vertisol, Inexprosal dan Entisal di Kabupaten Jeneponto. J. Hort. 11(2): 110-118.\n- Nazaruddin 1999. Budidaya dan pengaturan panen sayuran dataran rendah Penebar Swadaya.\n- Nurmalinda dan Suwandi 1995. Potensi wilayah pengembangan bawang merah. Teknologi produksi bawang merah. Puslitbang Hortikultura. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan pertanian. Jakarta.\n- Rahman Rukman. 1994. Bawang mrah, budidaya dan pengolahan pasca panen. Penerbit kanisius Yogyakarta.\n- Rachmat, Muchjidin., Bambang Sayaka, & Chairul Muslim. 2012. Produksi, Perdagangan, dan Harga Bawang Merah. www.pse.litbang.pertanian.go.id. Diakses pada 20 Januari 2015.\n- Suwandi, N. Sumarni, W. Setyawati, 2013. Tehknologi Budi Daya Bawang Merah di Luar Musim. Puslitbanghort. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Jakarta", "metadata": { "source_file": "Juknis-bawang-merah_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Teknologi Budidaya Kubis Dataran Rendah", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## PETUNJUK TEKNIS", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Penyusun :", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Destiwarni Kurnia Tanjung Sari Reni Astarina Umar", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Ade Yulfida", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Sampul dan Tata Letak :", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Andi", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Diterbitkan oleh :", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) Balitbangtan Riau, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Alamat Penerbit :", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Jl. Kaharuddin Nasution, No. 341, Km. 10 Marpoyan Pekanbaru-Riau", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "e-mail : bptpbalitbangtanriau@gmail.com", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Hak Cipta Dilindungi Undang-undang Dilarang mengutip atau memperbanyak sebagian Atau seluruh isi buku ini tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Cetakan Pertama, Agustus 2021", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## KATA PENGANTAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan Rahmat dan Hidayah-Nya sehingga Petunjuk Teknis (Juknis) Teknologi Budidaya Kubis Dataran Rendah ini dapat diselesaikan tepat pada waktunya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Adapun tujuan dari penulisan Juknis ini adalah untuk menjadi panduan teknis dalam membudidayakan kubis dataran rendah yang sangat potensi untuk dikembangkan oleh masyarakat karena peluang pasar yang terbuka lebar apalagi disaat pandewi covid 19 permintaan sayur semakin meningkat untuk pemenuhan gizi masyarakat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Kami mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dan telah membagi sebagian pengetahuannya dalam penyusunan Juknis ini sehingga dapat memperkaya wawasan dan mempermudah action di lapangan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Untuk penyempuranaan dimasa yang akan datang kritik dan saran yang membangun dari pembaca sangat diharapkan. Semoga Juknis ini bermanfaat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Penulis", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR ISI", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Halaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "| KATA PENGANTAR | KATA PENGANTAR | i |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|\n| ..................................................................................... DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................... | ..................................................................................... DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................... | ii |\n| DAFTAR GAMBAR ......................................................................................... | DAFTAR GAMBAR ......................................................................................... | iii |\n| I. | PENDAHULUAN ..................................................................................... | 1 |\n| II. | PERSIAPAN BENIH KUBIS...................................................................... | 3 |\n| III. | PENYEMAIAN DAN PEMELIHARAAN BIBIT SEMAI ........................... | 4 |\n| IV. | PENGOLAHAN LAHAN DANCARA TANAM KUBIS ....................... | 6 |\n| V. | PERAWATAN TANAMAN KUBIS .......................................................... | 8 |\n| VI. | PESTISIDA NABATI ................................................................................ | 12 |\n| VII. | PROSES PANEN ..................................................................................... | 14 |\n| VIII.PERLAKUAN PASCAPANEN KUBIS .................................................... | VIII.PERLAKUAN PASCAPANEN KUBIS .................................................... | 15 |\n| DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................ | DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................ | 44 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR GAMBAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## Halaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "| 1. | Media semai dan bibit yang telah siap tanam ...................................... | 4 |\n|------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|\n| 2. | Proses pengolahan lahan .................................................................................... | 7 |\n| 3. | Pertumbuhan tanaman kubis umur 1 bulan, setelah penyiangan dan pemupukan susulan........................................................................................ | 9 |\n| 4. | Proses panen dan pascapanen kubis ............................................................ | 15 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## I. PENDAHULUAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Kubis ( Brassica oleracea L.) merupakan jenis tanaman semusim atau dua musim. Bentuk daunnya bulat telur sampai lonjong dan lebar seperti kipas. Sistem perakaran kubis agak dangkal, akar tunggangnya segera bercabang dan memiliki banyak akar serabut. Kubis mengandung protein, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2 dan Niacin. Kandungan protein pada kubis putih lebih rendah dibandingkan pada kubis bunga, namun kandungan vitamin A-nya lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kubis bunga.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Kubis dapat tumbuh pada dataran rendah sampai dataran tinggi. Pada umumnya kubis ditanam di daerah yang berhawa sejuk di dataran tinggi antara 800-1000 m dpl dan bertipe iklim basah, namun ada juga varietas kubis yang dapat ditanam di dataran rendah sekitar 0-200 m dpl. Pada dataran rendah kubis merupakan salah satu tanaman sayuran yang memiliki potensi besar untuk dikembangkan, karena peluang pasar yang terbuka lebar. Pertumbuhan optimum didapatkan pada tanah yang banyak mengandung humus, gembur, porus, pH tanah antara 6-7. Waktu tanam yang baik pada awal musim hujan atau akhir musim kemarau. Namun kubis dapat ditanam sepanjang tahun dengan pemeliharaan lebih intensif.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Kubis segar mengandung banyak vitamin seperti Vitamin A, beberapa Vitamin B, Vitamin C, dan Vitamin E. Kandungan Vitamin C cukup tinggi pada kubis dapat bermanfaat untuk mencegah skorbut atau sariawan akut. Kubis juga banyak mengandung mineral seperti kalium, kalsium, fosfor, natrium, dan besi. Kubis segar juga mengandung sejumlah senyawa yang dapat merangsang pembentukan glutation, zat yang diperlukan untuk menonaktifkan zat beracun dalam tubuh manusia.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Kini semakin banyak orang yang mencoba peruntungan dengan melakukan budidaya kubis di dataran rendah. Berikut adalah cara budidaya kubis dataran rendah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## II. PERSIAPAN BENIH KUBIS", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Varietas yang dianjurkan adalah Green Coronet, KK - Cros, atau Gloria Osena. Kebutuhan benih untuk luasan satu hektar adalah 200-250 g. Pilihlah benih yang berkualitas agar kubis yang dihasilkan juga berkulitas. Benih kubis dataran rendah bisa didapatkan dengan membeli di toko pertanian. Setelah benih didapat selanjutnya disterilisasi dengan cara direndam dalam air hangat (50 0 C) atau larutan fungisida/larutan Previcur N (1 cc/l) selama sekitar 30-60 menit. Buang benih yang mengapung kerena benih tersebut tidak berkualitas baik. Kemudian benih yang baik, direndam selama semalam atau sekitar 12 jam agar benih berkecambah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## III. PENYEMAIAN DAN PEMELIHARAAN BIBIT SEMAI", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Sebelum dilakukan penanaman di lahan, biji kubis harus disemaikan terlebih dahulu yaitu dengan cara biji kubis yang sudah berkecambah disebar merata pada bedengan/tempat penyemaian yang telah disiapkan yaitu berupa media campuran antara tanah dan pupuk kandang/kompos dengan perbandingan (1:1), lalu ditutup dengan daun pisang selama 2-3 hari. Bedengan/tempat persemaian sebaiknya diberi naungan/atap dari screen/kasa/plastik transparan. Setelah semaian berumur 7-8 hari, bibit kubis tersebut dipindahkan ke dalam bumbunan daun pisang/polibag kecil dengan media yang sama berupa campuran tanah dan pupuk kandang dengan perbandingan (1:1). Bibit siap ditanam dilapangan setelah berumur 3-4 minggu atau sudah memiliki 4-6 helai daun.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Gambar 1. Media semai dan bibit yang telah siap tanam", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Selama penyemaian lakukan pemeliharaan terhadap bibit semai seperti :", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## -Penyiraman", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Penyiraman dilakukan secara rutin sebanyak 2 kali sehari yaitu pagi dan sore hari. Usahakan jangan sampai media semai kering karena hal tersebut dapat menghambat pertumbuhan benih.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "- -Penyiangan", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Lakukan penyiangan dengan cara membersihkan gulma atau tanaman pengganggu lainnya yang ada di sekitar bibit agar tidak mengganggu pertumbuhan bibit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "- -Pemupukan Susulan", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Beri pupuk susulan pada bibit semai berupa pupuk NPK yang telah dilarutkan dalam air lalu disiramkan, pemberian pupuk selama masa semai cukup sekali.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## IV. PENGOLAHAN LAHAN DAN CARA TANAM KUBIS", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Lahan yang akan digunakan untuk budidaya kubis sebaiknya dibersihkan terlebih dahulu dari gulma dan tanaman pengganggu lainnya, kemudian lahan tersebut digemburkan dengan cara dicangkul atau dibajak dengan kedalaman sekitar 20-30 cm. Setelah itu, biarkan selama 1 minggu agar terkena sinar matahari yang cukup. Selanjutnya, buatlah bedengan dengan ukuran lebar sekitar 1 meter, tinggi sekitar 20-30 cm dan panjang disesuaikan dengan lahan serta beri jarak antar bedengan sekitar 30-40 cm. Jika pH tanah kurang dari 5,5 maka lakukan pengapuran dengan menggunakan dolomit dengan dosis 1,5 ton/ha. Lubang tanam dibuat dengan jarak 60 cm (antar barisan) x 40 cm (dalam barisan) atau 50x50 cm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Setelah bibit kubis dan lahan sudah siap, selanjutnya lakukan penanaman. Penanaman kubis sebaiknya dilakukan pada waktu pagi atau sore hari dengan kondisi cuaca cerah. Adapun cara menanamnya yaitu dengan cara bibit tanaman kubis yang siap dimasukkan ke dalam lubang tanam hingga leher akar ikut tertanam sedikit kedalam tanah, sehingga pada saat tanaman sebelum membentuk krop dapat tumbuh tinggi dan tidak mudah rebah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## V. PERAWATAN TANAMAN KUBIS", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## -Penyulaman Tanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Penyulaman dilakukan jika terdapat bibit tanaman kubis yang mati atau lambat pertumbuhannya. Penyulaman dihentikan setelah tanaman kubis berumur 15 hst. Bibit kubis yang digunakan untuk menyulam dapat diperoleh dari cadangan pada persemaian dengan umur yang sama. Sebelum tanaman berumur 2 minggu, jika tanaman mati atau tumbuh tidak normal maka lakukan penyulaman atau penggantian tanaman yang mati atau yang tumbuh tidak normal tersebut dengan tanaman yang baru.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## -Penyiraman Tanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Pada saat tanaman kubis masih usia awal tanam, penyiraman tanaman kubis perlu dilakukan secara rutin setiap pagi dan sore hari, namun apabila terjadi hujan maka tidak perlu dilakukan penyiraman. Setelah tanaman kubis berumur sekitar 30 hst, maka lakukan penyiraman tanaman kubis dengan cara lebih dan lakukan setiap 2-3 hari sekali atau disesuaikan dengan kondisi lahan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## Pendangiran", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Pendangiran harus dilakukan dengan hati-hati, dan tak perlu terlalu dalam karna bisa merusak akar. Pada saat pendangiran bisa langsung dilakukan penyiangan terhadap tumbuhan atau rumputrumpur liar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## -Penyiangan Tanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Selama masa pertumbuhan tanaman kubis, penyiangan gulma cukup dilakukan sebanyak 2-3 kali. Penyiangan dilakukan bersamaan pada saat melakukan pemupukan susulan atau tergantung dengan kondisi gulma yang tumbuh, biasanya pendangiran dan pembumbunan dilakukan bersamaan dengan penyiangan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Gambar 3. Pertumbuhan tanaman kubis umur 1 bulan, setelah penyiangan dan pemupukan susulan", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## -Pemupukan Tanaman Kubis", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Tanaman kubis memerlukan unsur N, P, dan K, yang perlu diberikan secara berimbang supaya diperoleh hasil kubis yang optimal. Pemberian pupuk N yang terlalu tinggi akan mengakibatkan tanaman kubis rentan terhadap serangan OPT. Potensi hasil panen kubis selain dipengaruhi oleh dosis pemupukan fosfat (P), juga sangat dipengaruhi oleh macam sumber pupuk N yang diberikan. Penggunaan kombinasi pupuk N yang berasal dari Urea dan ZA (masing-masing setengah dosis) dapat meningkatkan hasil panen. Pemberian pupuk dalam budidaya kubis dilakukan sebanyak 2 kali diantaranya pemupukan dasar dan pemupukan susulan. Pemupukan dasar diberikan bersamaan dengan olah tanah, adapun pupuk yang diberikan yaitu berupa pupuk kandang bisa sapi atau ayam sebanyak 20-30 ton/ha dan NPK sebanyak 300 kg/ha (10", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "g/lubang tanam) cara pemupukannya yaitu dengan menaburkan secara merata seluruh dosis pupuk kandang tersebut bersamaan dengan pengolahan lahan. Setelah itu dibiarkan selama kurang lebih 1-2 minggu sebelum tanam. Pemupukan susulan dilakukan pada usia 25-30 hst atau setelah melakukan penyiangan gulma. Adapun pupuk yang diberikan yaitu NPK 300 kg/ha (10 g/tanaman). Cara aplikasi pupuk tersebut yaitu dengan membuat alur melingkar mengelilingi pada tanaman kubis dengan jarak 5-7 cm dari tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Pemberian pupuk tambahan yaitu berupa pupuk cair bio-urine sapi yang diberikan pada saat tanaman berumur 10, 20, 35 dan 45 hst. Formulasi campuran 1 : 10 (100 ml bio- urine/liter air). Untuk lebih praktisnya 10 liter bio-urine dicampur/ditambah 100 liter air di dalam drum plastik. Cara aplikasinya yaitu dengan cara disiram/kocor atau disemprotkan disekitar batang atau daerah perakaran tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## -Pengendalian Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan (OPT)", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Hama dan penyakit yang menyerang tanaman kubis diantaranya Ulat Plutella ( Plutella xylostella L), Ulat Croci ( Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller), Ulat tanah ( Agrotis ypsilon Hufn), Kutu daun ( Aphis brassicae ), Ulat jengkal ( Trichoplusiana sp.), Ulat grayak ( Spodoptera sp), Penyakit Busuk hitam (penyebab bakteri Xanthomonas campestris Dows), Busuk lunak (penyebab bakteri Erwinia carotovora Holland), dan Akar bengkak (penyebab Jamur Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.). Pengendalian hama dan penyakit dapat dilakukan secara manual ataupun penggunaan bahan kimia.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "OPT penting yang menyerang tanaman kubis antara lain ulat daun kubis, ulat krop kubis, bengkak akar, busuk hitam, busuk lunak, bercak daun dan penyakit embun tepung. Pengendalian OPT tergantung yang menyerang. Beberapa cara yang dapat dilakukan antara lain adalah :", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "1. Bila terdapat serangan bengkak akar pada tanaman muda, tanaman dicabut dan dimusnahkan\n2. Penggunaan musuh alami (parasitoid diadegma semiclausum)\n3. Tumpangsari kubis-tomat\n4. Penggunaan pestisida kimia sesuai kebutuhan dengan dosis sesuai petunjuk", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Penggunaan pestisida tersebut harus dilakukan dengan benar baik pemilihan jenis, dosis, volume semprot, cara aplikasi, interval dan waktu aplikasi. Selain pestisida kimia, pilihan penggunaan pestisida nabati dalam pengendalian hama dan penyakit pada tanaman kubis merupakan suatu tindakan yang sangat bijak.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## VI. PESTISIDA NABATI", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## 1. Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus)", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Kenikir tergolong dalam kelas: Dicotyledonae, family: Asteraceae dan genus: Cosmos berasal dari Amerika tropis yang tersebar luas di daerah tropis dengan nama binomial C caudatus . Nama ini disampaikan oleh Karl Sigismund Kunth di tahun 1820 dan dianggap sebagai nama yang sah telah dipublikasikan. Tinggi kenikir bisa mencapai 2,5 m, merupakan tanaman setahun dengan daun-daun yang sederhana. Daun tersusun bergantian sepanjang batang tanaman dengan bentuk oval atau bulat telur dan anak-anak daun tidak terpisah secara nyata pada tulang daun utama. Bunga-bunga mempunyai banyak petal, di negara subtropis berbunga dari bulan Juni sampai dengan Oktober, sedangkan di daerah tropis, bisa sepanjang tahun. Kenikir menyukai tempat tumbuh yang langsung terkena sinar matahari dengan tanah berpasir atau berbatu, berlempung, liat berpasir atau berlempung dengan kelembaban sedang atau lebih. Menurut penelitian yang dilakukan Rahayu (2012) daun kenikir dapat digunakan sebagai pestisida nabati dalam mengendalikan ulat penggulung daun (Lamprosem indica). Cairan perasan daun kenikir dengan konsentrasi 20 ml/l air sangat aktif, karena dapat menyebabkan mortalitas ulat penggulung daun ( Lamprosema indica ) sebesar 66,66%.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Sedangkan Saleh et al., (2013) mengatakan bahwa pemberian ekstrak daun kenikir dalam berbagai konsentrasi (ekstrak daun kenikir 20 g/100 g beras, ekstrak daun kenikir 40 g/100 g beras, ekstrak daun kenikir 60 g/100 g beras, dan ekstrak daun kenikir 80 g/100 g beras) berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap mortalitas kutu beras (Sitophilus oryzae L ).", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## 2. Wedusan ( Ageratum conyzolides )", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Wedusan termasuk dalam kelas : Dicotyledone, famili : Asteraceae dan genus : Ageratum, adalah tumbuhan herba setahun yang dapat mencapai tinggi 30-90 cm dan tumbuh tegak. Batang bulat bercabang dan memiliki bulu atau rambut halus, daun tunggal berwarna hijau, bertangkai, berbentuk bulat telur dan memiliki tepian bergerigi, bagian ujungnya meruncing, Panjang 3-4 cm, lebar 1-2,5 cm, bunga majemuk terletak pada ketiak daun berwarna putih dan ungu dan tiap tangkai berkumpul 3 atau lebih kuntum bunga, memiliki akar tunggang, wedusan mampu tumbuh hingga ketinggian 2.100 m dpl. Daun wedusan digunakan untuk insektisida nabati, selain itu juga dapat digunakan untuk obat seperti luka baru, wasir, sakit dada, mata dan perut, sementara akarnya digunakan untuk obat demam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Menurut penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Lumowa (2011), semakin tinggi kosentrasi ekstra wedusan yang diberikan maka semakin tinggi tingkat mortalitas larva uji. Pada uji pendahuluan 10 % ektrak bandotan mengakibatkan kematian larva Spodoptera litura F sebesar 60%, sedangkan pada uji lanjutan 20% ekstrak wedusan mengakibatkan kematian larva uji sebesar 100% dengan waktu kurang dari 1 jam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## VII. PROSES PANEN", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Pemanenan dilakukan setelah tanaman kubis memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut : krop daunnya besar, berisi penuh dan padat (cirinya : apabila dijentik dengan jari-jari berbunyi nyaring). Daun berwarna hijau mengkilap dan daun paling luar sudah layu. Hal ini biasanya terjadi pada saat tanaman kubis berumur 75-90 hst, atau tergantung varietas dan daerah penanamannya. Pemanenan kubis dilakukan dengan cara memotong krop daunnya beserta dengan sebagian batang serta 4-5 lembar daun luarnya, agar tidak mudah rusak. Bila waktu pemanenan terlambat maka krop daun kubis akan pecah dan kadang-kadang busuk. Adapun pontensi produksi yang dihasilkan dari budidaya kubis dataran rendah yaitu sebanyak 20-40 ton/ha. Setelah panen, tanaman kubis harus segera disimpan di tempat teduh. Suhu yang tepat untuk menyimpan kubis adalah 32 hingga 40°F derajat (04°C), diperlukan tempat yang dingin dan lembab dengan kelembaban sekitar 95%.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "## VIII. PERLAKUAN PASCAPANEN KUBIS", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Pasca panen dan pengemasan meliputi kegiatan : a) Sortasi dimana dipilih kubis berdasarkan bobot krop, dan b) Pengemasan, sebelum kubis dikemas pada pangkal kubis dilapis kapur terlebih dahulu, kemudian dikemas dalam kertas koran dan dimasukkan kedalam karung jaring dengan kapasitas 40 kg.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Gambar 4. Proses panen dan pascapanen kubis", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Hal hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam perlakuan pasca panen kubis adalah sebagai berikut :", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "##  Indeks Kemasakan", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Indeks kemasakan kubis dilihat dari kepala atau mahkota yang mulai mengeras dan padat. Sedangkan pada kubis muda dapat dilihat dari ruang antar daun yang lebih longgar. Kubis dengan varietasvarietas dataran rendah, memiliki indeks kematangan yaitu ketika krop siap dipanen setelah tanaman berumur 62-110 hari, sedangkan untuk varietas-varietas dataran tinggi memiliki umur lebih panjang, yaitu berkisar 81-125 hari. Namun demikian kriteria yang lazim digunakan adalah tingkat kepadatan dan ketegaran krop (bonggol) kubis. Kriteria yang mudah dilihat untuk kubis dapat dipanen adalah telah terjadi berubahan warna pada daun terluar yang membentuk krop ke arah hijau terang dan nampak lapisan lilin berkurang. Tanda yang paling mudah adalah pada ujung daun terluar yang membentuk krop telah menggulung ke arah luar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "##  Indeks Kualitas", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Indeks kualitas dilihat dari ukuran, warna, dan kekompakan daun. Kubis dengan kualitas yang baik yaitu ditandai dengan krop kubis yang kompak dan mengeras dapat dilihat dengan cara menekan krop kubis, daun berwarna hijau mengkilap, daun bagian terluar sudah layu, dan besar krop kubis telah terlihat maksimal", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "##  Temperatur Optimum dan Freezing Injury", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Penyimpanan kubis harus dilakukan ditempat yang sedingin mungkin tanpa proses pembekuan hal tersebut bertujuan untuk memaksimalkan potensi penyimpanan kubis. Suhu untuk penyimpanan kubis yaitu 0°C. dengan suhu tersebut kubis dapat tahan disimpan dalam jangka waktu ± 5-6 bulan. Sebelum penyimpanan, bonggol kubis harus dipangkas dengan daun-daun yang longgar. Beberapa gangguan fisiologis atau freezing injury (kerusakan akibat pembekuan/ pendinginan) dapat terjadi pada saat penyimpanan yaitu yang ditandai dengan bintik-bintik coklat pada bagian bawah daun dan teksturnya menjadi kasar. Kerusakan-kerusakan tersebut dapat dicegah dengan melakukan penyimpanan atmosfer terkendali, yaitu dengan melakukan penyimpanan pada suhu 0-1°C.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "##  Kelembaban Optimum", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Penyimpanan untuk kubis yaitu pada kelembaban relatif 98100%. Namun kubis yang ditujukan untuk penyimpanan jangka panjang sangat dianjurkan untuk dilakukan penyimpanan dengan Controlled Atmosphere (CA) untuk menghasilkan kubis dengan kualitas terbaik dan dapat meningkatkan harga jual kubis. Penyimpanan kubis dengan CA dilakukan pada kelembaban relatif 95-98% dengan proporsi oksigen 3-5% dan CO2 5-7%.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "##  Laju Respirasi", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Kader (2003), mengklasifikasikan komoditas hortikultura berdasarkan laju respirasinya dan kubis termasuk dalam kelas tinggi dengan laju respirasi pada 5°C atau 41°F berkisar 20 - 40 mg CO2/kg-jam. Subekti (1998) menyatakan bahwa laju respirasi kubis pada suhu kamar atau suhu 30°C adalah sebesar 7.3926 ml CO2/kgjam dan 4.3767 ml O2/kg-jam, serta pada suhu 5°C sebesar 1.2922 ml CO2 /kg-jam dan 0.8081 ml O2/kg-jam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "##  Laju Produksi Etilen", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Karena berdasarkan laju respirasinya, kubis termasuk dalam kelas tinggi maka laju produksi etilennya pun tinggi. Hal ini disebabkan karena etilen dapat meningkatkan kegiatan-kegiatan enzim karatalase, peroksidase, dan amilase dalam buah. Selain itu juga, etilen dapat menghilangkan zat-zat serupa protein yang menghambat pemasakan buah. Respirasi merupakan proses pemecahan komponen organik (zat hidrat arang, lemak dan protein) menjadi produk yang lebih sederhana dan energi. Aktivitas ini ditujukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi sel agar tetap hidup.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "##  Respon Terhadap Etilen", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Penyimpanan kubis haruslah terpisah dari komoditas lain. Karena beberapa komoditas seperti buah dan sayuran akan melepaskan etilen selama proses penyimpanan. Hal tersebut memicu kubis untuk lebih cepat mengalami proses kerusakan. Selain itu, etilen juga memacu kubis untuk menghasilkan asam absisat yang membuat lapisan-lapisan daunnya terkelupas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "##  Respon Terhadap Controlled Atmosphere", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Penentuan komposisi gas terbaik pada penyimpanan sayuran campuran terolah minimal dilakukan dengan mengetahui pengaruh berbagai komposisi gas terhadap masing-masing parameter yang diamati. Komposisi atmosfer penyimpanan yang terpilih berdasarkan pada nilai rata-rata tertinggi pengujian selama penyimpanan. Presentase susut bobot terkecil adalah pada komposisi 1 (1-3% O2 dan 2-4% CO2) yaitu sebesar 3,82% dari berat awal bahan sebelum dilakukan penyimpanan. Susut bobot tertinggi terjadi pada komposisi atmosfer 2 (3-5% O2 dan 6-8% CO2) yaitu sebesar 5,78%. Urutan perlakuan komposisi atmosfer yang menimbulkan susut bobot dari yang terkecil ke yang terbesar setelah hari ke-12 adalah : komposisi 1 (1-3% O2 dan 2-4% CO2) sebesar 3,82%, komposisi 5 (21% O2 dan 0,03% CO2) sebesar 4,31%, komposisi 4 (7-9% O2 dan 14-16% CO2) sebesar 4,54%, komposisi 3 (5-7% O2dan 10-12 %CO2) sebesar 4,62%, dan komposisi 2 (3-5% O2 dan 6-8% CO2) sebesar 5,78%.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "##  Kerusakan Fisik dan Fisiologis", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Kerusakan fisiologis dapat terjadi selama proses penyimpanan, seperti ditandai dengan adanya bintik-bintik coklat pada permukaan bagian bawah daun serta teksturnya menjadi kasar. Hal ini kemungkinan disebabkan karena penyiraman yang tidak teratur. Beberapa minggu setelah penyimpanan akan muncul bintik-bintik hitam. Garis-garis atau bercak-bercak juga dapat terjadi pada bagian pelepah daun terluar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "##  Kerusakan Karena Penyakit", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Beberapa penyakit pada tanaman kubis, gejala serta cara pengendaliannya yaitu sebagai berikut :", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## Akar Gada", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Akar gada atau Clubroot merupakan penyakit terpenting pada tanaman kubis-kubisan yang disebabkan oleh jamur Plasmodiophora brassicae . Penyakit ini menyebabkan kerusakan parah pada tanaman, tanaman akan rentan tumbuh pada tanah yang terinfeksi. Hal ini disebabkan karena pathogen menginfeksi tanah kemudian menjadi saprofit pada tanah sehingga kubis-kubisan akan kurang cocok untuk dibudidayakan lagi di tanah atau tempat tersebut.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Gejala dari serangan penyakit ini yaitu akar halus akan mengalami pembesaran dan akar sekunder akan membentuk seperti gada. Bentuk gadanya melebar di tengah dan menyempit di ujung. Akar yang terinfeksi tidak dapat menyerap nutrisi dan air dari tanah sehingga tanaman akan menjadi kerdil dan layu. Gejala dipermukaan dapat dilihat dari menguningnya daun dan layu pada siang hari namun akan kembali segar pada malam hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Penyakit ini dapat menyebar melalui tanah, air tanah, ataupun tanaman yang telah terinfeksi. Pengendalian dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan bibit yang bebas hama dan penyakit. Pengapuran tanah untuk meningkatkan pH tanah menjadi 7,2 sangat efektif untuk mengurangi perkembangan penyakit, karena pada 7-8 spora jamur tersebut akan gagal berkembang dan tidak akan berkecambah. Penyiraman dengan fungisida seperti Promefon 250EC pada lubang tanam yang dicampur dengan air dapat mengurangi perkembangan penyakit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## Busuk Hitam", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Penyebab : bakteri Xanthomonas campestris Dows., dan merupakan patogen tular benih ( seed borne ), dan dapat dengan mudah menular ketanah atau ke tanaman sehat lainnya (Anonim, 2012). Gejala: (1) tanaman semai rebah (damping off), karena infeksi awal terjadi pada kotiledon, kemudian menjalar keseluruh tanaman secara sistematik; (2) bercak coklat kehitam-hitaman pada daun, batang, tangkai, bunga maupun massa bunga yang diserang; (3) gejala khas daun kuning kecoklat-coklatan berbentuk huruf 'V', lalu mengering. B atang atau massa bunga yang terserang menjadi busuk berwarna hitam atau coklat, sehingga kurang layak dipanen. Pengendalian: (1) memberikan perlakuan pada benih seperti telah dijelaskan pada poin pembibitan sub poin penyiapan benih; (2) pembersihan kebun dari tanaman inang alternatif; (3) rotasi tanaman selama ± 3 tahun dengan tanaman tidak sefamili.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## Busuk Lunak / busuk basah", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Penyakit ini bisa menyerang tanaman kubis pada saat di kebun sampai pasca panen dan dalam penyimpanan. Disebabkan oleh bakteri Erwinia carotovora Holland. Gejala: (1) luka pada pangkal bunga yang hampir siap panen; (2) luka akar tanaman secara mekanis, serangga atau organisme lain; (3) luka saat panen; (4) penanganan atau pengepakan yang kurang baik (Anonim, 2012). Pengendalian: (1) Pra panen: membersihkan sisa-sisa tanaman pada lahan yang akan ditanami; menghindari kerusakan tanaman oleh serangga pengerek atau sewaktu pemeliharaan tanaman; menghindari bertanam kubiskubisan pada musim hujan di daerah basis penyakit busuk lunak. (2) Pasca panen: menghindari luka mekanis atau gigitan serangga menjelang panen; menyimpan hasil panen dalam keadaan kering, atau kalau dicuci dengan air bersih, harus dikeringkan terlebih dahulu sebelum disimpan; berhati-hati dalam membawa atau mengangkut hasil panen ketempat penyimpanan untuk mencegah luka atau memar; menyimpan hasil ditempat sejuk dan mempunyai sirkulasi udara baik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR PUSTAKA", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "- Anonim. 2012. Penuntun Pratikum Mikrobiologi. Laboratorium Biologi UMS. Surakarta\n- BPTP Kalimantan Barat. 2019. Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Tanaman Kubis di Dataran Rendah.\n- Direktorat Jendral Hortikultura Kementan. 2016. Standar Operasional Pelaksanaan Budidaya Tanaman Kubis Dataran rendah.\n- Kader AA. 2003. Mangosteen, Reccommendation Maintaining Postharvest Quality.\n- Lumowa,S.V.V. 2011. Efektivitas Ekstrak Babadotan ( Agerantum conyzoides L.) Terhadap Tingkat Kematian Larva Spodoptera litura F. Universitas Mulawarman Samarinda. Jurnal Eguenia, 17(13): 186-192.\n- Pracaya. 2019. Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman, Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.\n- Rahayu, et al. 2012. A Preliminary Ethnobotanical Study on Useful Plants by Local Communities in Bodogol Lowland Forest, Sukabumi, West Java. J Trop Biol Conserv 9 (1): 115-125\n- Saleh, et al. 2013. Seminar Nasional Pengembangan Teknologi Hortikultura.\n- Samad, M. Yusuf. 2006. Pengaruh Penanganan Pasca Panen Terhadap Mutu Komoditas Hortikultura . jurnal sains dan teknologi indonesia. Vol. 8 no. 1: 31-36.\n- Untung, K. 2006. Pengantar Pengelolaan Hama Terpadu (edisi revisi) Gadjahmada University Press.", "metadata": { "source_file": "JUKNIS-KUBIS_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## www.phytojournal.com", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "JPP 2025; 14(3): 625-627", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Received: 15-03-2025", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Accepted: 20-04-2025", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Merry Rime", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Department of Agriculture, Himalayan University, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Milcah Mol", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Department of Agriculture, Himalayan University, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Tadu Bagang", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Department of Agriculture, Himalayan University, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Kipa Mania", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Department of Agriculture, Himalayan University, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Tasso Miibi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Department of Agriculture, Himalayan University, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Lokam Nanya", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Department of Agriculture, Himalayan University, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Kasinam Doruk", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Department of Agriculture, Himalayan University, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Corresponding Author: Merry Rime Department of Agriculture, Himalayan University, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Marigold: A multifunctional garden plant", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Merry Rime, Milcah Mol, Tadu Bagang, Kipa Mania, Tasso Miibi, Lokam Nanya and Kasinam Doruk", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2025.v14.i3h.15416", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Abstract", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Marigold ( Tagetes spp.) is cultivated extensively across India and plays a prominent role among commercial flower crops because of its versatility and ease of cultivation. Widely used as a cut flower, loose flower, and pot plant, it is an integral component in religious ceremonies, social functions, and landscape decoration. Marigold also contributes to sustainable agriculture by acting as a companion plant that repels pests, attracts beneficial insects, and improves soil health. In addition, its rich phytochemical profile- including compounds such as lutein, Tagetes oil, and quercetagetin, supports various medicinal, cosmetic, and industrial applications. With strong market demand during festivals marigold's economic viability is further enhanced by efficient marketing and post-harvest management systems.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Keywords: Marigold, companion planting, phytochemicals, pest management, floriculture, sustainable agriculture, medicinal properties, market demand", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Introduction", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Floriculture has evolved into an essential branch of agriculture characterized by its economic and cultural significance. Marigold ranks among the top commercial flowers in India, coming third only to roses and chrysanthemums. Historically, the Aztec civilization prized marigold for its spiritual, medicinal, and ornamental attributes, and its cultivation spread after Spanish explorers introduced the flower to Europe in the 1500s, later reaching North America postRevolution. In India, marigold holds a sacred status in Hindu traditions, where it is used extensively to adorn deities and embellish festive celebrations (Richa et al ., 2019) [5] .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Modern agricultural practices recognize marigold as an effective companion plant. Its ability to attract pollinators and predatory insects, repel pests through its strong aroma, and enhance soil health by suppressing nematode populations makes it invaluable in vegetable gardens. The plant's dual role in ornamental horticulture and sustainable farming accentuates both its cultural and economic importance (Shikha,2017) [6] .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Cultural and Commercial Significance", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Marigold is one of the most commonly grown flowers owing to its easy cultivation, wide adaptability, and aesthetic appeal. It is widely employed in garden decoration and is the flower of choice for crafting garlands and loose arrangements used in religious and social events. The vibrant colors and variable heights of marigold make it ideal for mass displays in garden beds, container planting, hanging baskets, and edging in urban landscapes. During major festivals such as Dashara and Diwali, the demand for marigold flowers spikes, underlining its critical role in the floral market.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "There are two main cultivated types:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "- African Marigold (Tagetes erecta) : This type is typically tall (up to 90 cm) with large, double, globular flower clusters in hues ranging from lemon and yellow to golden yellow, primrose, and orange. Dwarf varieties (20 to 30 cm) are also available. Notable cultivars include Giant Double African Orange, Giant Double African Yellow, Cracker Jack, Climax, Dubloon, Golden Age, Chrysanthemum Charm, Crown of Gold, and Spun Gold (Bhatt et al .,2016) [1] .\n- French Marigold (Tagetes patula) : French marigold is generally compact and earlyflowering, with dainty single or double blooms in shades of yellow, orange, primrose, mahogany, rusty red, tangerine, or deep scarlet. Although several varieties exist such as Red Borracade, Rusty Ted, Butterscotch, Valencia, Sussana, the market tends to favor the African giant double orange variety for its striking appearance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Fig 1: African marigold, Himalayan university botanical garden, A.P., Itanagar, India", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Phytochemical Composition and Therapeutic Applications Belonging to the Asteraceae family, marigold is not only valued for its ornamental beauty but also for its extensive use in cosmetics and traditional medicine. The flowers are predominantly yellow and are processed to extract valuable compounds (Hinai et al .,2022) [4] . Notable among these is lutein -an oxycarotenoid with a C-40 isoprenoid backbone -which provides vibrant coloration and antioxidant benefits. Other phytochemicals include a strongly aromatic essential oil (Tagetes oil), quercetagetin and its glucoside derivatives, syringic acid, methyl-3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy benzoate, quercetin, thienyl compounds, and ethyl gallate. These constituents contribute to various pharmacological properties, including antibacterial, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, insecticidal, mosquitocidal, nematicidal, wound-healing, antioxidant, and analgesic activities. Traditionally, marigold leaves are used to address piles, kidney disorders, muscular pain, ulcers, and wounds, while the flowers are applied in managing fevers, epileptic fits (per Ayurvedic practices), digestive issues, and liver complaints (Cetkovic et al .,2004) [2] .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Materials and Methods", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Plant Selection and Cultivation", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- Species: African marigold ( Tagetes erecta ).\n- Variety: Giant Double African Marigold.\n- Planting Location: Boundary of the vegetable garden.\n- Number of Plants: 40 marigold plants.\n- Age at Planting: 6 weeks old.\n- Spacing: 12-16 inches apart.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Climate and Soil Requirements", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Marigolds are hardy and adaptable, capable of thriving in a wide variety of soils and climatic conditions. The ideal soil for cultivation is deep, fertile, and friable, with good waterholding capacity and excellent drainage. A near-neutral pH (7.0-7.5) is most desirable for optimal growth. Although marigolds can grow in almost all seasons, they are susceptible to frost, making very cold weather unsuitable. Marigolds flourish in mild climates that allow luxuriant growth and profuse flowering. The optimum temperature for seed germination ranges from 18 °C to 30 °C. Planting activities are typically carried out during the rainy, winter, and summer seasons, enabling the production of marigold flowers almost throughout the year (Cevallos and Reid, 2001) [3] .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Purpose of Marigold Cultivation", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "1. Attraction of Pollinators: The vibrant and aromatic flowers attract bees and other beneficial insects essential for vegetable production.\n2. Encouraging Predatory Insects: Marigold supports a habitat that nurtures natural pest control agents.\n3. Pest Repellent Function: Its strong fragrance deters pests such as nematodes and whiteflies.\n4. Companion Planting: Proximity to vegetables improves their growth and overall health.\n5. Soil Health Improvement: Allelopathic root exudates help suppress nematode populations, enhancing soil quality.\n6. Aesthetic Contribution: The bright blooms add visual appeal to garden landscapes (Yogendra et al .,2020) [8] .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Results and Discussion", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Integrating marigold as a companion plant yields numerous benefits:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- Pest Management: The inherent repellent properties reduce the reliance on chemical pesticides.\n- Soil Enhancement: The allelopathic effects improve soil structure and fertility, particularly through nematode suppression.\n- Biodiversity: By attracting both pollinators and natural predators, marigold fosters a balanced ecosystem in vegetable gardens.\n- Market Appeal: Due to its extensive use in religious and social functions, along with its versatile applications in decoration and landscaping, marigold enjoys significant market demand -especially during festivals like Dashara and Diwali (Vikas et al .,2024) [7] .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "In addition, the extraction of valuable phytochemicals not only enhances its role in the cosmetic and medicinal industries but also reinforces its utility as a natural pesticide, contributing further to integrated pest management strategies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Conclusion", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Marigold cultivation, particularly that of Tagetes erecta , offers multifaceted advantages by serving as a companion plant that enhances pollination, suppresses pests, and enriches soil health. Its significant cultural, commercial, and therapeutic attributes make marigold an indispensable crop in both ornamental horticulture and sustainable agriculture. The plant's adaptability to various climatic conditions and soil types, along with its year-round availability, underscores its economic and ecological importance. The diverse varieties available also cater to varying consumer preferences and landscape requirements.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## References", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "1. Bhatt D, Desai JR, Bhakta D. Effect of bio inoculants on growth and yield of African Marigold ( Tagetes erecta L.) cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda. Int Quarterly J Life Sc. 2016;11(1):331-334.\n2. Cetkovic GS, Djilas SM, Brunet JM, Tumbas VT. Antioxidant properties of marigold extracts. Food Research. 2004;237:643-650.\n3. Cevallos JC, Reid MS. Effect of dry and wet storage at different temperatures on the vase life of cut flowers. Hort Technol. 2001;11:199-202.\n4. Hinai A, Jayasuriya H, Pathare PB, Shukaili T. Present status and prospects of value addition industry for agricultural produce: A review. Open Agriculture. 2022;7(1):207-216.\n5. Richa S, Pooja G, Pratibha B. Marigold: a flower for worship, beauty and décor. 2019;14(1):3-6.\n6. Shikha M. Post harvesting and value addition in marigold. 2017;3(1):323-326.\n7. Vikas AW, Kirankumar G, Rudragouda P, Naveen M. Production of marigold in Northern Karnataka: An economic analysis. SP. 2024;8(3):132-135.\n8. Yogendra S, Amit G, Pushpendra K. Tagetes erecta (Marigold) -A review on its phytochemical and medicinal properties. Arch. 2020;4:1.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold A multifunctional garden plant.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## PRODUCTION GUIDELINES FOR MARIGOLD FLOWER", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Source: http://www.plantinfo.co.za/aphids", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## PART I: GENERAL ASPECTS", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## 1. CLASSIFICATION", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Family name: Asteraceae", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "( also known as Compositae family)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Tagetes erecta and Tagetes patula", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Common names: African marigold and French marigold", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## 2. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Marigold flowers are native to North and South America but the first garden plants introduced into Europe came from Northern Africa. Marigold flower is widely cultivated around the world. The African marigold is native to Mexico and other American tropics, where about 50 species occur. The French marigold is native to Mexico, Nicaragua and Guatemala (South America). The major producers of Tagetes erecta are Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina and Venezuela while the minor producers are India ( Calcutta region), South Africa and Zambia. Other countries planting marigold flowers include the United State of America, Switzerland, France, Germany, and China.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Most of the South African garden centers featured the marigold flowers. There are two basic species of marigold flowers such as the large-flowered marigold called Africa marigold ( Tagetes erecta ) and the smaller-flowered called French marigold ( Tagetes patula ) dwarf plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## 3. PRODUCTION LEVELS", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## 3.1 INTERNATIONALLY", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "The leading countries in producing marigold flowers are China, India, and Peru while the major marigold flowers importing countries include the United State of America and Europe. The production level of marigold flower in these countries is not well documented.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## 3.2 SOUTH AFRICA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Marigold production in South Africa is mostly limited to small gardens with few farms in KwaZulu-Natal producing the flower on a scale average of 2 to 3 hectares.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## 4. MAJOR PRODUCTION AREAS IN SOUTH AFRICA", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "The flower is grown within most garden centers, homes and small farms which are mostly found in KwaZulu-Natal. They prefer to grow in disturbed areas, such as old lands on farms, abandoned gardens, roadsides and waste places.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## 5. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Both Tagetes patula (French marigold) and Tagetes erecta (African marigold) are robust, hardy annuals (can be perennial) , mostly herbaceous plants. The French type is dwarf and grow up to 30 cm tall compared with 60 cm for African type.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## 5.1 Leaves", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Leaves are pinnately divided and leaflets are lanceolate and serrated. The leaves are dark green in colour with reddish stem.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## 5.2 Flowers", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "French marigold flowers appear small, either single or double borne on uniformly long peduncles with the colour varying from orange, yellow, gold, maroon, mahogany, flame red and light creamy-yellow. Floral heads consists of both ray and disc florets.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "African marigold features single to fully double with large globular heads flowers and colour varies from lemon yellow to yellow, golden yellow or orange.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## 6. CULTIVARS", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Some of the described names of some of marigold varieties around the world are as follow:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## 6.1 Africa marigold ( Tagetes erecta )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Giant Double African Orange, Giant Double African Yellow, Crackerjack, Climax, Doubloon, Golden Age, Chrysanthemum Charm, Crown of Gold and Spun Gold.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## 6.2 French marigold ( Tagetes patula )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Red Brocade, Rusty Red, Butter Scotch, Valencia and Succana.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## 7. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## 7.1 TEMPERATURE", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Tagetes erecta prefers sunny positions and thrives best in hot, dry as well as humid weather conditions. The plants can survive in almost all seasons except in very cold weather, as they are susceptible to frost. The ideal temperature for seed germination ranges between 18 to 30°C and for optimal growth, 15 to 29 °C temperature is required. Marigold flowers are resistant to hot summer seasons and high temperature above 26°C affects flowering.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## 7.2 RAINFALL", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "It is not well documented/specified on how much annual rainfall is suitable for marigold production in South Africa.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## 8. SOIL REQUIREMENTS", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Marigold plant is adaptable to different types of soil conditions but they prefer lightly composted and well-drained soil. However, a deep, fertile and friable soil having good water holding capacity and nearer to neutral in reaction with pH of 7.0 - 7.5 is most desirable. Very rich soil can result in more leaves and fewer flowers.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "PART II: CULTIVATION PRACTICES", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## 1. PROPAGATION", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Marigold flowers are propagated by seeds and cuttings. Marigold seeds can be sown directly on the field or in seedling trays, with direct propagation whereby the seeds are broadcasted 2 cm apart on a prepared bed at a depth of 1 cm during spring and summer. Marigold seeds are sown indoors in trays only when there is danger of frost in the area.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "The seed germinates between four to seven days after planting, few days after seed emergence, seedlings are thinned to reduce competition for soil nutrients and water. Unlike other plants, marigold flowers are easily grown from seed and grow very fast. The plant starts to flower after 8 to 10 weeks from planting.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "The cuttings are mainly used for maintaining purity of varieties and are not commonly used as growers that prefer propagating with seed; the reason for seed preference is probably that the crop raised from seeds is tall, vigorous and heavy bloomer than cuttings raised plant. The presence of adventitious roots along the stem helps in the cutting establishment. The cutting should be about 10 to 15 cm long, treated with a registered rooting powder for simulation of prolific root development and should be planted preferably in the lighter/sand soils to strike root penetration easily.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## 2. SOIL PREPARATION", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "For small garden, seedbed can be prepared using hand tools (spade, forks, hoes etc.) while for large scale production mechanised implements can be used to prepare the land before planting.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Soil needs to be prepared thoroughly prior planting. The available vegetation should be killed off by pre-emergence herbicides, removed or smothered before beginning to work on the soil or loosen it and prepare the flower bed area for planting. This can be done with a tiller or by hand, using a spade and garden fork. If the soil is compacted or has never been tilled before, a tractor can be used to plough the field for initial passes. Thereafter, a lightweight tiller or a spade should be sufficient. Ridges and furrow should be made properly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## 3. PLANTING", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "The marigold seedlings can be planted with inter-row and intra-row spacing of 45 and 35 cm respectively. Seeds are sown in a hole with depth of 46 cm in spring after frost has passed. Prior transplanting marigold seedlings, organic compost or well-aged manure should be mixed with the garden soil. This mixture improves the health of marigold plants by giving them the nutrients they need.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Marigold seeds should be planted during warm day. Marigold planting is done in late spring and summer. Thirty days (30) days after planting terminal portion should be tipped/removed to encourage the branching nipping/tipping.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "The French (dwarf) marigold is planted within row and inter-row spacings of 20 X 20 cm while African type is planted within row and inter-row spacings of 40 X 30 cm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## 4. FERTILISATION", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Marigold plants perform best in light organic composted soil, but can survive and produce satisfactory in soil with low nutrition, high fertilisation should be avoided as it encourages vegetative growth on the expense of flowering hence large plants with few/poor flowering. Growth of Tagetes erecta is influenced by chemical fertilisers, particularly phosphate fertilisers.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "For production of quality flowers and green leaves proper fertilizers application is important. The three major nutrients which are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential for plant growth and flowering. These also play a key role in the production of higher quality flowers. Application of balanced fertiliser every six weeks can give good results. Fertilisers such as NPK (200:100:100) kg/ha should be applied to get highest flower yield depending on soil analysis results. NPK (100:100:100) kg/ha should be applied at time of land preparation and the other 100 kg N/ha should be applied one month after seedlings are transplanted. Addition of potassium fertiliser prolongs flowering.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "5. IRRIGATION", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Marigold requires constant moisture in the soil starting from bud formation to", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "harvesting stage of flowers. Marigold takes about approximately 55 to 60 days to", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "complete vegetative growth and to enter into reproduction phase depending on the", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "planted cultivar and the area. Sufficient amount of moisture in soil during vegetative", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "and flowering stages is essential. Frequency of irrigation differs with flower growth", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "stages and reduces as flower approaches maturity. Irrigation should be done once or", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "twice in a week and is also depending upon soil and climatic conditions. Initial irrigation", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "should take place immediately after planting in the field and regular irrigation is", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "recommended on every third or fourth day after planting. Marigold plant is sensitive to", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "waterlogging and it should be avoided.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "6. WEED CONTROL", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "The suitable time to control weeds is when doing soil preparation. Weeding should be", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "done to avoid competition for nutrients and water between marigold plants and weeds.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Weeds can be controlled manually in marigold gardens. Pre-emergence herbicides", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "can be applied to control weeds that appear before planting but herbicides instructions", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "should be followed to avoid contamination. Registered chemicals should be preferably", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "used for effective weed control. Add a layer of mulch between marigold plants to", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "suppress weeds and conserve soil moisture, especially when plants are young.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "6. PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "6.1 Pests", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "- (a) Red spider mite ( Tetranycus sp. )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Mites appear on the plants near flowering stage which show dusty appearance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Mites are controlled by application of registered pesticides.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "(b) Hairy caterpillar (", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Diacrizai obliqua", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "This pest infests foliage of marigold plant.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Control measure: The pest is controlled by application of registered pesticides.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## 6.2 Diseases", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "The diseases that infect the plants include dumping off, leaf spots and blight and powdery mildew.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## (a) Damping off ( Rhizoctonia solani )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Brown necrotic spots appear on young seedlings, girdling the radical which later on extend to plumule and cause pre-emergence mortality. Post-emergence symptom appears as water soaked brown necrotic ring, leading to collapse of seedlings/plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Control measure: proper drainage and ventilation should be provided in the nursery beds.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## (b) Leaf spots and blight ( Alternaria , Cercospora and Septoria )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Minute brown circular spots on lower leaves and enlarge at later stage of infection leading to premature defoliation and ultimate death of the plant.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Control measure: Spraying infected marigold plant with registered fungicide following the label instruction is recommended starting from the first appearance of disease symptoms.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## (c) Powdery mildew ( Oidium sp and Leveillula taurica )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "The whitish tiny superficial spots appeared on leaves which later on result in the coverage of whole aerial parts of plant with whitish powder.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Control measure: Spraying infected marigold plant with registered fungicide following the label instructions is recommended.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## 8. OTHER CULTIVATION PRACTICES", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "The bud pinch technique works very well in marigold production to contribute to higher flower yields. The technique is where one cut or pinch the very top of buds to stimulate further vertical growth of buds which will would provide more scope to bear flowers. Pinch off tops or the terminal parts of the plants flower to encourage branching /bushier growth to promote high flowering points. Flower head that start to bloom should be removed to give a way for new flowering heads. Pinch off the first flowers before they open.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## 9. HARVESTING", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Marigold flowers can be picked up once in 03 days after 60 days of planting. French marigold starts flowering in 45 days after transplanting seedlings. African marigold starts flowering in 60 days after transplanting seedlings. The number of days are given as guidelines as the maturity size and date rare dependent on the planted variety. Harvesting should take place in cool hours of the day that is either in the morning or evening. To strengthen better flower quality, it is important to irrigate the field before harvesting. A basket can be used to collect the flowers.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## PART III: POST-HARVEST HANDLING", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Flowers are transported to market immediately after harvesting in basket or buckets.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "PART IV: PRODUCTION SCHEDULES", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "PART V: UTILISATION", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Marigold flower is popularly used for decoration in gardens, bedding, potting and house", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "ornamental. African marigold is very good bedding plants with globe shaped large", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "flower. Flowers can be used as fresh and cut flower bunched in bouquet. Marigold is", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "naturally used as companion plant to deter pests, so planting marigold flowers next to", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "vegetable garden is essential. Marigold flowers are also used as summer border in the", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "flower garden. The dwarf varieties make excellent edging plants and combine", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "beautifully with other annuals in containers.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Marigold flower oil is extracted and used in the perfume manufacturing industry. They", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "have phytochemical and medicinal benefits which can be used in various ceremonies", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "and rituals depending on beliefs of the consumers.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "It is widely used in making", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "garlands, floral decorations, flower baskets and in different kinds of spiritual rites and", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "rituals.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "REFERENCE", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "1. Ahmad, S., Khan, J., and A. Jamal. 2019. Response of pot Marigold to different", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "applied levels of humic acid.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Journal of Horticulture and Plant ResearchVol. 5, pp 57-", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Accessed 26 April 2019.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "http://www.drysrhu.edu.in/crops/marigold.html. Accessed: 26 April 2019", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "https://www.essentials.co.za/diy/marigolds-mother-marys-gold: Accessed on 26", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "April 2019.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "officinalis. Accessed 26 April 2019.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "GardeninginSouthAfrica.https://www.gardeninginsouthafrica.co.za/bedding-", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "plants/11-bedding-plants/marigoldtagetes-erecta.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Accessed on 26 April 2019.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "7. Dhakal M., and S., Bhattarai. 2017. Marigold ( Tagetes species) winter-spring production at Kavre District of Nepal. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Ornamental Plants 3(1): 053-058.\n8. Jyothi, K., Raja Goud, C.H., Girwani, A., and T., Suresh Kumar. 2018. Studies on the effect of planting dates and Levels of pinching on growth, flowering and yield in Marigold ( Tagetes erecta ) cv. Arka Agni. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 7 (11): 2705-2713\n9. Karuppaiah. P., and P.S. Kumar. 2010. Correlation and path analysis in african marigold ( Tagetes erecta L.). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(2): 217-220\n10. Komalpreet K., and K., Ramninder. 2013. Marigold: Beyond beauty and décor. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics Vol. 1: Issue 5 pp 480-485\n11. Latha, S. and Dharmatti, P.R. 2018. Genetic variability studies in Marigold. Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6(3): 525-528. (doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.5381\n12. Marigold growing guide. https://www.growveg.co.za/plants/south-africa/how-togrow-marigold/. Accessed 26 April 2019.\n13. Pest and disease, 2015 .Aphids. http://plantinfo.co.za/aphids/ Accessed 26 April 2019\n14. Shetty L.J., Sakr F.M., Al-Obaidy K., Patel M.J., and H. Shareef. 2015. A brief review on medicinal plant Tagetes erecta Linn. J App Pharm Sci , Vol. 5 (Suppl 3): 091-095.\n15. Watson. B. 2015 Marigold - Mother Mary's Gold December's Plant of the Month is the marigold, December 2014 Marigolds.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## Further information can be obtained from:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Directorate Plant Production Private Bag X250 PRETORIA 0001", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Tel.: +27 12 319 6072", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Fax: +27 12 319 6353", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "E-mail: Thabo.Ramashala@daff.gov.za", "metadata": { "source_file": "Marigold flower production guideline.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## V e g e t a b l e S p o t l i g h t", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## MUSTARD GREENS", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## VEGETABLE SUMMARY", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "SYG Varieties", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": ": Tendergreen, Red Giant", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Growing Seasons", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": ": Spring & Fall", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Fast or Slow Crop", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": ": Fast (3-5 weeks from seed to harvest)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Maintenance : Mustard greens can get pretty spicy and pungent in flavor the longer they mature, so if you prefer a more mild flavor, harvest when plants are about 4 inches and continually harvest leaves throughout the season. Be sure to also watch for bolting. Learn more in our Bolting 101 video.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Harvest : Watch our quick \"How to Harvest Mustard Greens\" video.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "FULLY GROWN PLANTS", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "SEEDLINGS", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Nutrition Facts : Mustard Greens are a great source of vitamin A . Vitamin A among many other benefits, helps support healthy vision and skin. It also plays a very important role in helping our brain stay healthy so we can think and problem solve. Mustard Greens are also a good source of vitamins C, K, and folate as well as the mineral manganese and many phytonutrients.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Recipes : Try this Mustard Green and Roasted Beet Salad or add mustard greens to this recipe for Garden Veggie Wraps", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Book Recommendations :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Plant a Little Seed by Bonnie Christensen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## GARDEN ACTION MOVEMENTS (MUSTARD GREENS)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- Garden Actions List (provided)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "In the book, Plant a Little Seed by Bonnie Christensen, the characters show us a lot of different actions one might perform when planting, taking care of, and harvesting a garden. Let's see if we can act out some of these gardening movements ourselves!", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- Review the Garden Actions List with students reminding them how to perform the different gardening actions if necessary. 1.\n- Let students take turns acting out an action of their choice from the provided list and let the rest of the class guess what the student is acting out. 2.\n- Once each student has had a turn acting out an action, let students brainstorm more actions that are performed in the garden. 3.\n- Make your own list of actions as a class and take turns acting them out. 4.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## KELS AND MISSOURI EARLY LEARNING GOALS:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "CA.p4.3a: Creates movement based on imagery from pictures, books or other ideas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "CA.p4.4a: Able to listen and carry out instruction.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "CA.p4.4b: Able to create movement and discovery.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "VIII.2.a.:Explores and experiments with a range of media through sensory exploration and using whole body. VIII.2.d.: Uses creative art to express thoughts, feelings, experiences, or knowledge.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## GARDEN ACTION LIST (MUSTARD GREENS)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Garden Actions:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "- Planting a seed 1.\n- Pulling out weeds 2.\n- Watering the garden 3.\n- Looking for bugs 4.\n- Digging with a trowel 5.\n- Harvesting a vegetable from the garden 6.\n- Tasting a vegetable from the garden 7.\n- Mulching with straw 8.\n- Picking pests off a plant 9.\n- Planting a transplant 10.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Found in the Garden:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "- Pretend to be a butterfly 1.\n- Pretend to be a caterpillar 2.\n- Pretend to be a bee 3.\n- Pretend to be a seed 4.\n- Pretend to be the sun 5.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Mustard-Greens.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "P e t u n j u k T e k n i s", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## PETUNJUK TEKNIS", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## BUDIDAYA SAYURAN DATARAN RENDAH", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Penyusun", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": ": Suhendri Saputra Sri Swastika", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Editor", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": ": Yogawati Dwi Agustina Rachmiwati Yusuf Taufik Hidayat", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": ": Andi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Oplah", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN BADAN PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN PERTANIAN BALAI PENGKAJIAN TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN RIAU 2014", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## KATA PENGANTAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Puji dan syukur kehadirat Allah SWT, berkat rahmatnya Petunjuk Teknis (Juknis) Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah ini dapat diselesaikan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah ini disusun secara sederhana, ringkas dan terinci agar lebih mudah dipahami oleh pembaca. Dalam Juknis ini dibahas tentang budidaya 7 (tujuh) komoditas sayuran yaitu Bayam, Caisin, Kangkung, Selada, Pakchoi, Bawang Daun dan Seledri", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Semoga Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah ini bermanfaat untuk kita semua.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Kepala Balai,", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Prof. Dr. Ir. Masganti, M.S. NIP. 19590506 198803 1 001", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR ISI", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "| KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................ | i |\n|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|\n| DAFTAR I SI .......................................................................... | ii |\n| DAFTAR GAMBAR .............................................................. | iii |\n| I. PENDAHULUAN ............................................................... | 1 |\n| II.BUDIDAYA SAYURAN DATARAN RENDAH ................... | 4 |\n| A.Bayam( Amaranthus spp) .................................... | 4 |\n| B. Caisin/Sawi ( Brassica sinensis L.) .......................... | 9 |\n| C.Kangkung ( Ipomoea spp . ) .................................. | 14 |\n| D. Selada (Lactuca sativa L.) .................................. | 19 |\n| E. Pakchoi (Brassica sinensis L.) ................................ | 23 |\n| F. Bawang Daun (Allium fistulosum L.) .................... | 27 |\n| G.Seledri (Apiumgraveolens L.) ............................... | 32 |\n| DAFTAR PUSTAKA................................................................ | 36 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR GAMBAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "| 1. | Bayam............................................................................ | 4 |\n|------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|\n| 2. | Caisin/Sawi.................................................................... | 9 |\n| 3. | Kangkung...................................................................... | 14 |\n| 4. | Selada............................................................................ | 19 |\n| 5. | Pakchoi.......................................................................... | 23 |\n| 6. | Bawang Daun............................................................... | 27 |\n| 7. | Seledri............................................................................. | 32 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## I. PENDAHULUAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Sayur mayur merupakan jenis makanan penting bagi manusia untuk menjaga kesehatan. Sayuran hijau seperti daun selada, bayam, pak choy, kangkung, daun singkong, daun pepaya, dan yang lainnya ternyata memiliki beragam manfaat kesehatan. Kandungan zat gizi alami dalam sayuran hijau sangat banyak. Selain kaya dengan vitamin A dan C, sayuran hijau juga mengandung berbagai unsur mineral seperti zat kapur, zat besi, magnesium dan fosfor. Sayuran yang berwarna hijau tua merupakan sumber karotenoid (pigmen dalam tanaman yang terdapat pada tumbuhan) terbaik dan tergolong penting untuk memerangi radikal bebas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Berdasarkan dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) tahun 2013, menyebutkan, impor sayur dan buah Indonesia kurun Januari sampai Juni 2013, masing-masing mencapai US$ 287.354.504 dengan volume 393.151.409 kilogram. Selain mengimpor Indonesia juga mengekspor sayuran ke berbagai negara. China adalah negara tujuan ekspor sayur terbesar Indonesia dengan nilai ekspor pada periode Januari-Juni 2013, sebesar US$ 169.313.521 dengan volume sebesar 212.585.984 kg. Selain China, Indonesia juga mengekspor sayuran ke negara Myanmar senilai US$ 34.012.836, I ndia US$ 15.215.013, Australia US$ 13.258.642, Kanada US$ 12.487.620 dan lainnya US$ 43.066.872.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Kendala pada sistem pertanian di Indonesia terjadi karena Indonesia merupakan negara tropis dengan kondisi lingkungan yang kurang menunjang, seperti curah hujan yang tinggi. Kondisi tersebut dapat mengurangi keefektifan penggunaan pupuk kimia di lapangan karena pencucian hara tanah, sehingga menyebabkan pemborosan dan mengakibatkan tingkat kesuburan tanah yang rendah dengan produksi yang rendah secara kuantitas maupun kualitas. Suhu dan kelembaban udara tinggi sepanjang tahun cenderung menguntungkan perkembangan gulma, hama, dan penyakit. Di dataran tinggi, masalah erosi tanah dan persistensi organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT) merupakan faktor pembatas produktivitas tanaman petani.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Yang dimaksud dengan dataran rendah dalam konteks ini adalah kawasan dengan ketinggian 0-500 m di atas permukaan laut (dpl). Ciri khasnya adalah udaranya yang panas dan tanahnya yang subur sehingga penduduknya lebih banyak dibandingkan daerah pegunungan. Umumnya jenis sayuran yang sengaja dibudidayakan di dataran rendah hanyalah yang nilai komersialnya relatif baik, mulai dari cabai, selada, caisim, bayam cabut, kangkung cabut, kacang panjang, mentimum, oyong, terung dan paria.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Dataran rendah terjadi akibat proses sedimentasi. Di indonesia dataran rendah umumnya hasil sedimentasi sungai. Dataran rendah ini disebut dengan dataran aluvial. Dataran aluvial biasanya berhadapan dengan pantai landai laut dangkal. Jenis-jenis tanah pada dataran rendah:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "1. Tanah humus : tanah yang sangat subur terbentuk dari lapukan daun dan batang pohon di hutan hujan tropis yang lebat.\n2. Tanah pasir : tanah yang bersifat kurang baik bagi pertanian yang terbentuk dari batuan beku serta batuan sedimen yang memiliki butir kasar dan berkerikil.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "3. Tanah aluvial : tanah yang terbentuk dari lumpur sungai yang mengendap di dataran rendah yang memiliki sifat tanah yang subur dan cocok untuk lahan pertanian.\n4. Tanah laterit : tanah tidak subur yang tadinya subur dan kaya akan unsur hara, namun unsur hara tersebut hilang karena larut terbawa oleh air hujan yang tinggi.\n5. Tanah gambut : jenis tanah yang kurang subur untuk bercocok tanam yang merupakan hasil bentukan pelapukan tumbuhan rawa.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## II. BUDIDAYA SAYURAN DATARAN RENDAH", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## A. Bayam ( Amaranthus spp)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Gambar 1. Bayam", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Bayam merupakan sayuran yang banyak mengandung vitamin dan mineral, dapat tumbuh sepanjang tahun pada ketinggian sampai dengan 1000 m dpl dengan pengairan secukupnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Terdapat 3 jenis sayuran bayam, yaitu :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "1. Bayam cabut, batangnya berwarna merah dan juga ada berwarna hijau keputih-putihan.\n2. Bayam petik, pertumbuhannya lebih tegak serta berdaun lebar, warna daun hijau tua dan ada yang berwarna kemerah-merahan.\n3. Bayam yang biasa dicabut dan juga dapat dipetik. Jenis bayam ini tumbuh tegak, berdaun besar berwarna hijau keabu-abuan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Jenis bayam yang biasanya dibudidayakan adalah jenis bayam cabut.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Syarat Tumbuh", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Bayam termasuk sayuran dataran tinggi, tetapi dapat hidup di dataran rendah. Bayam menghendaki tanah yang subur dan gembur. Derajat kemasaman (pH) yang diinginkan berkisar 6-7. Tanah yang pHnya lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah, tanaman bayam tidak dapat tumbuh dengan baik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## Teknologi Budidaya", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## 1. Benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Bayam dikembangkan melalui biji. Biji bayam yang dijadikan benih harus cukup tua (± 3 bulan). Benih yang muda, daya simpannya tidak lama dan tingkat perkecambahannya rendah. Benih bayam yang tua dapat disimpan selama 1 (satu) tahun. Benih bayam tidak memiliki masa dormansi dan kebutuhan benih adalah sebanyak 5-10 kg tiap hektar atau 0,5-1 g/m 2 .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## 2. Persiapan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Lahan dicangkul sedalam 20-30 cm supaya gembur. Selanjutnya buat bedengan dengan arah membujur dari Barat ke Timur agar mendapatkan cahaya penuh. Lebar bedengan sebaiknya 100 cm, tinggi 30 cm dan panjang sesuai kondisi lahan. Jarak antar bedengan 30-50 cm. Pengolahan untuk semua jenis bayam hampir sama. Namun untuk bayam tahunan atau bayam petik agak akar lebih panjang dari bayam cabut sehingga pencangkulan tanah lebih dalam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## 3. Pemupukan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Setelah bedengan diratakan, 3 (tiga) hari sebelum tanam berikan pupuk dasar kotoran ayam yang telah difermentasi dengan dosis 4 kg/m 2 . Sebagai starter tambahkan Urea 150 kg/ha (15 g/m 2 ) diaduk dengan air dan disiramkan kepada tanaman pada sore hari 10 hari setelah penaburan benih, jika perlu berikan pupuk cair 3 liter/ha (0,3ml/m 2 ) pada umur 2 minggu setelah penaburan benih.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## 4. Penanaman/Penaburan Benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Untuk keperluan benih bayam biasanya sekitar 5 - 10 kg per hektar. Penanaman dapat dilakukan dengan 3 (tiga) cara, yaitu:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "- a. Ditebar langsung di atas bedengan, yaitu biji dicampur dengan pasir/abu/pupuk organik yang telah dihancurkan dengan perbandingan 1 bagian benih : 10 bagian pasir/abu/pupuk organik. Benih bayam bisa ditabur/ditebar secara merata dan tidak bertumpuk di atas bedengan.\n- b. Ditebar pada larikan/barisan/garitan dengan jarak 20 cm, kemudian ditutup dengan lapisan tanah.\n- c. Disemai.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Benih yang sudah ditabur segera ditutup tanah tipis secara merata kemudian disiram dengan menggunakan gembor. Penyiraman dilakukan 2 (dua) kali sehari yaitu pada setiap pagi dan sore hari kecuali hujan turun.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## 5. Pemeliharaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Aspek penting dalam pemeliharaan adalah penyiangan, penggemburan, pemberian pupuk susulan dan pengendalian organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT). Penyiangan dan penggemburan tanah dilakukan 2 (dua) minggu setelah tanam dan selanjutnya dilakukan 2 (dua) minggu sekali.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Bayam cabut adalah jenis bayam yang jarang terserang penyakit (yang ditularkan melalui tanah). Bayam dapat berproduksi dengan baik asalkan kesuburan tanahnya selalu dipertahankan, misalnya dengan pemupukan organik yang teratur dan kecukupan air. Untuk tanaman muda (sampai satu minggu setelah tanam) membutuhkan air 4 l/m 2 /hari dan menjelang dewasa tanaman ini membutuhkan air sekitar 8 l/m 2 /hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## 6. Pengendalian Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan (OPT)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Jenis hama yang sering menyerang tanaman bayam diantaranya ulat daun, kutu daun, penggorok daun dan belalang. Penyakit yang sering dijumpai adalah rebah kecambah ( Rhizoctonia solani ) dan penyakit karat putih ( Albugo sp.). Untuk pengendalian OPT gunakan pestisida yang aman mudah terurai seperti pestisida biologi, pestisida nabati atau pestisida piretroid sintetik . Penggunaan pestisida tersebut harus dilakukan dengan benar baik pemilihan jenis, dosis, volume semprot, cara aplikasi, interval dan waktu aplikasinya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## 7. Panen dan Pasca Panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "- \n- Bayam cabut Panen dilakukan sekaligus dengan penjarangan. Biasanya bayam cabut dipanen apabila tinggi tanaman kirak-kira mencapai 20 cm. Pemanenan awal dilakukan pada saat bayam berumur 20 hari setelah tanam kemudian hari ke-25, 30 dan seterusnya hingga semua selesai panen. Bayam dipanen dengan cara dicabut dengan akarnya atau dipotong pangkalnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "##  Bayam Petik/Tahunan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "- Apabila bayam tumbuh terlalu dekat, pengaturan jarak tanam dapat dilakukan bersamaan panen dengan cara dicabut, sehingga menghasilkan jarak tanam 50 x 40 cm. Pemanenan dapat dilakukan sekitar umur 3 (tiga) minggu setelah tanam dengan cara memetik ujung-ujung atau pucukpucuk cabang daun. Selanjutnya pemanenan dapat dilakukan sewaktuwaktu dengan interval pemetikan seminggu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "sekali.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Tempatkan bayam yang baru dipanen di tempat yang teduh atau merendamkan bagian akar ke dalam air dan pengiriman produk ketempat tujuan secepatnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## B. Caisin/Sawi ( Brassica sinensis L.)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Gambar 2. Caisin/Sawi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Caisin atau sawi merupakan salah satu jenis sayuran daun yang memiliki kandungan pro vitamin A dan asam askorbat yang tinggi. Caisin termasuk ke dalam famili Brassicaceae . Tanaman ini dapat tumbuh di dataran rendah maupun di dataran tinggi. Tanaman caisin/sawi terdiri dari dua jenis yaitu sawi putih dan sawi hijau. Tanaman caisin/sawi banyak ditanam di pekarangan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## Persyaratan Tumbuh", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Tanaman caisin/sawi dapat tumbuh dan beradaptasi pada hampir semua jenis tanah, baik pada tanah mineral yang bertekstur ringan sampai pada tanah-tanah bertekstur liat berat dan juga pada tanah organik seperti tanah gambut. Kemasaman (pH) tanah yang optimal bagi pertanaman caisin adalah antara 6-6,5. Sedangkan temperatur yang optimum bagi pertumbuhan caisin adalah 15-20 0 C.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## Teknologi Budidaya", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## 1. Varietas yang Dianjurkan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Beberapa varietas caisin/sawi yang dianjurkan ditanam di dataran rendah atau tinggi adalah LV.145 dan Tosakan, dan kebutuhan benih per hektar sebesar 450-600 g.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## 2. Persemaian / Pembibitan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Sebelum benih disebar, direndam dengan larutan hangat Previcur N dengan konsentrasi 0,1% selama ± 2 jam. Selama perendaman, benih yang mengapung dipisahkan dan dibuang. Benih yang tenggelam yang digunakan, dipisahkan dan dikering anginkan. Kemudian benih disebar secara merata pada bedengan persemaian, dengan media semai setebal ± 7 cm dan disiram.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Rumah bibit/persemaian dibuat tergantung kondisi cuaca, jika curah hujan tinggi dan suhu tinggi, rumah bibit/persemaian dapat dibuat dari bambu dengan atap plastik polietilen, lebar 1,5 meter. Tinggi bagian depan 1,3 meter dan bagian belakang 1 (satu) meter dan panjang sesuai dengan keperluan. Panjang bedengan 1-3 meter atau tergantung dengan kebutuhan yang akan ditanam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Bedengan persemaian ditaburi dengan 2 (dua) kg pupuk kandang yang telah ditambah dengan 20 gr urea, 10 gr TSP dan 7,5 gr KCl. Persemaian yang menggunakan polybag kecil, media persemaian dibuat dari pupuk kandang dan tanah yang telah dihaluskan dengan perbandingan 1:1. Benih yang telah disebar atau ditabur ditutup dengan media semai kira-kira setebal 1 cm, kemudian ditutup dengan daun pisang atau karung goni selama 2-3 hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Lakukan pemeliharaan dengan penyiraman menggunakan sprayer . Benih yang baik akan tumbuh setelah 3-5 hari. Setelah semaian berumur 12-14 hari atau sudah ada 3-4 daun, siap dipindah ke lahan siap tanam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## 3. Persiapan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Pengolahan tanah dilakukan 3-4 minggu sebelum tanam. Tanah dicangkul sedalam 30 cm, dibersihkan dari gulma dan sambil tanah diratakan buat bedengan dengan ukuran lebar 100-120 cm, tinggi 20-30 cm, panjang sesuai dengan ukuran petak tanah serta jarak antar bedeng 30 cm. Bila pH terlalu masam, digunakan kapur Dolomit sebanyak 0,75 - 1,23 ton/ha pada pH 5,9-6 dan diaplikasikan 3 minggu sebelum tanam dengan cara disebar dan diaduk rata dengan tanah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## 4. Pemupukan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Pupuk dasar berupa pupuk kandang sebanyak 10 ton/ha diberikan merata di atas bedengan dan diaduk merata dengan tanah. Hal tersebut dilakukan ± 3 hari sebelum tanam. Sedangkan pemupukan susulan menggunakan pupuk Urea 130 kg/ha yang diberikan setelah penyiangan atau ± 2-3 minggu setelah tanam dengan cara menabur dalam larikan dan kemudian ditutup tanah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## 5. Penanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Bibit yang telah berumur 12-14 hari setelah semai diangkut ke lapangan. Selanjutnya bibit ditanam dalam lubang tanam yang telah disediakan dengan jarak baris dalam bedengan 15 cm dan jarak tanam dalam baris 10-15 cm. Tanam satu lubang dengan satu bibit. Pemindahan bibit dilakukan secara hatihati jangan sampai akar/daun rusak.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## 6. Pemeliharaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Penyiraman (disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan) dilakukan sejak pindah tanam sampai umur tanaman menjelang panen. Penyiraman tanaman perlu dilakukan rutin apabila ditanam pada musim kemarau atau di lahan yang sulit air. Penyulaman tanaman yang mati biasanya diambil dari bibit tanaman yang masih tersisa di bedeng pembibitan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Penyiangan gulma dilakukan secara manual pada umur ± 2 minggu setelah tanam. Kemudian dilakukan penyiangan susulan setiap dua minggu sekali, terutama pada musim hujan atau sesuai dengan pertumbuhan gulma. Biasanya penyiangan, penggemburan dan pengguludan dilakukan sekaligus untuk menghemat tenaga kerja. Apabila penanaman dilakukan dengan cara menyebarkan benih langsung di lapangan, dilakukan penjarangan tanaman 10 hari setelah tanam atau bersamaan dengan waktu penyiangan gulma.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## 7. Pengendalian Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan (OPT)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Untuk mencegah timbulnya hama dan penyakit, perlu diperhatikan sanitasi lahan, drainase yang baik dan apabila diperlukan tanaman dapat disemprot dengan menggunakan pestisida. OPT utama yang menyerang tanaman caisin adalah ulat daun kubis ( Plutella xylostella ). Pengendaliannya dapat dilakukan dengan cara pemanfaatan Diadegma semiclausum sebagai parasitoid hama Plutella xylostella , penggunaan pestisida nabati, biopestisida, dan juga pestisida kimia.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## 8. Panen dan Pascapanen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Panen dapat dilakukan setelah tanaman berumur 45-50 hari dengan cara mencabut atau memotong pangkal batangnya. Pemanenan yang terlambat dilakukan menyebabkan tanaman cepat berbunga. Tanaman yang baru dipanen ditempatkan di tempat yang teduh, dan dijaga agar tidak cepat layu dengan cara diperciki air. Penyimpanan bisa menggunakan wadah berupa keranjang bambu, wadah plastik atau karton yang berlubang-lubang untuk menjaga sirkulasi udara.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## C. Kangkung ( Ipomoea spp . )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Gambar 3. Kangkung", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Kangkung ( Ipomoea spp . ) merupakan jenis tanaman sayuran daun, termasuk ke dalam famili Convolvulaceae . Daun kangkung merupakan sumber pro-vit A yang sangat baik. Kangkung dapat dibedakan menjadi dua macam berdasarkan tempat tumbuhnya, yaitu: 1) kangkung air, hidup di tempat yang basah, dan 2) kangkung darat, hidup di tempat yang kering.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "## Persyaratan Tumbuh", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Salah satu syarat tumbuh yang penting adalah air yang cukup, terutama untuk kangkung air. Bagi kangkung darat apabila kekurangan air pertumbuhannya akan mengalami hambatan, sehingga perlu dilakukan penyiraman. Kangkung dapat ditanam di dataran tinggi maupun di dataran rendah. Pada dataran rendah, biasanya kangkung ditanam di kolam atau rawa-rawa atau di atas timbunan bekas sampah dan juga di tegalan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "## Teknologi Budidaya", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## 1. Benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Varietas yang dianjurkan adalah varietas Sutra dan varietas lokal, seperti lokal Subang dsb. Kangkung air diperbanyak dengan stek batang yang panjangnya 20-25 cm. Gunakan batang kangkung yang besar, tua dan daunnya besar. Untuk kebutuhan stek dalam 1 m 2 yaitu sekitar 16 stek. Jenis kangkung darat dapat diperbanyak dengan biji. Biji dapat diambil dari tanaman tua dan dipilih benih yang kering serta berkualitas baik. Kebutuhan benih untuk luasan satu hektar sekitar 10 kg.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## 2. Pengolahan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Penanaman kangkung air biasanya tanpa pengolahan lahan, stek kangkung dapat langsung ditanam pada lumpur di kolam atau sawah yang dangkal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Sebelum melakukan penanaman kangkung darat, tanah tegalan dapat diolah 3 minggu sebelum penanaman dengan cara dicangkul sedalam 30 cm. Buat bedengan dengan lebar 60-100 cm, tinggi 15-20 cm, jarak antar bedeng 50 cm dan panjang disesuaikan dengan keadaan lahan yang tersedia.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## 3. Penanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Stek-stek kangkung air ditanam dengan jarak tanam 25 cm x 25 cm atau 30 cm x 30 cm. Pada pertanaman kangkung air, pemberian pupuk kandang jarang dilakukan. Pupuk buatan berupa 50-100 kg N/ha diberikan setelah tanaman tumbuh. Penanaman sebaiknya dilakukan pada sore hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Biji kangkung darat ditanam pada bedengan di tanah tegalan yang telah diolah dan dipersiapkan. Bedengan diberi pupuk kandang kuda atau domba sebanyak 1 kg/m 2 atau 10 ton/ha. Ratakan pupuk kandang dengan tanah. Pada bedengan-bedengan tersebut dibuat lubang-lubang tanam dengan jarak 20 cm antar barisan dan 20 cm antara tanaman. Tiap lubang diberi 2-7 biji kangkung. Penanaman juga dapat dilakukan dengan sistem zig-zag atau sitem garitan (baris). dengan pemupukan yang digunakan yaitu Urea 200 kg, TSP 200 kg dan KCl 100 kg per hektar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## 4. Pemeliharaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Pemeliharaan yang perlu dilakukan terutama adalah menjaga ketersediaan air pada kangkung darat. Apabila tidak turun hujan, harus segera dilakukan penyiraman. Hal lain yang perlu diperhatikan yaitu pengendalian gulma pada waktu tanaman masih muda atau belum menutup tanah dan menjaga tanaman dari serangan OPT.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Penyiraman dilakukan teratur yaitu dua kali sehari pada pagi dan sore hari, terutama pada saat musim kemarau. Pemupukan susulan dapat diberikan berupa pupuk N dan K. Sebelum pemupukan susulan pada kangkung air sebaiknya lahan dikeringkan dahulu selama 4-5 hari kemudian diairi kembali. Pemberian pupuk susulan dapat dilakukan dengan cara ditebar, usahakan jangan sampai butir pupuk mengenai daun karena dapat menyebabkan daun layu. Penyiangan dilakukan setiap 2 minggu. Penjarangan, penyiangan, penyulaman (kangkung air) dan pembubunan dapat dilakukan bersamaan atau sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Untuk kangkung air agar pertumbuhan subur, sebaiknya seminggu setelah atau sesudah panen, tanaman dipupuk urea kembali.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## 5. Pengendalian Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan (OPT)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Hama yang menyerang tanaman kangkung antara lain ulat grayak ( Spodoptera litura F), kutu daun ( Myzus persicae Sulz ) dan Aphis gossypii . Sedangkan penyakit yang dapat menyerang batang tanaman kangkung antara lain penyakit karat putih yang disebabkan oleh Albugo ipomoea reptans . Gejala penyakit ini berupa pustul-pustul (bintik berwarna putih) di sisi daun sebelah bawah batang. Apabila diperlukan penggunaan pestisida/fungisida, sebaiknya digunakan pestisida/fungisida yang benar-benar aman dan cepat terurai seperti pestisida biologi, pestisida nabati ataupun insektisida piretroid sintetik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Penyemprotan pestisida dilakukan jika dirasakan perlu saja. Pada kangkung air, penyemprotan pestisida sebaiknya lahan dikeringkan selama 405 hari, kemudian diairi kembali.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## 6. Panen dan Pascapanen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Setelah tanaman berumur 30-40 hari, kangkung yang berasal dari stek mulai dapat dipangkas ujungnya sepanjang kurang lebih 20 cm, agar nantinya tanaman banyak bercabang. Cara memanen menggunakan alat pemotong dengan memangkas batang. Sisakan sekitar 2-5 cm di atas permukaan tanah atau meninggalkan 2-3 buku/ruas tua. Pangkasan ini merupakan hasil panen pertama yang dapat dijual. Pemungutan hasil selanjutnya dilakukan dengan jalan memangkas ujung cabang-cabangnya pada tiap setengah bulan sekali. Tanaman berumur satu atau dua tahun perlu dibongkar atau diganti dengan tanaman baru, karena produksi akan menurun baik kuantitatif maupun kualitatif. Untuk tanaman yang berasal dari biji atau kangkung darat, panen dimulai setelah berumur 60 hari. Panen dapat dilakukan dengan cara mencabut sampai akar. Selama panen usahakan lahan tetap lembab.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Secara komersial pertanaman kangkung menghasilkan sekitar 15 ton/ha sepanjang beberapa panenan berturut-turut sekitar 160 kg/tahun/10 m 2 .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Kangkung hasil panen dikumpulkan sebanyak 15-20 batang dalam 1 (satu) ikatan atau sesuaikan dengan permintaan pasar. Dalam penyimpanan (sebelum dipasarkan) agar tidak cepat layu, kangkung yang telah diikat dicelupkan dalam air bersih dan ditiriskan dengan menggunakan para-para.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "## D. Selada (Lactuca sativa L.)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Gambar 4. Selada", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Selada merupakan sayuran daun dan termasuk dalam famili compositae . Selada tumbuh baik di dataran tinggi maupun rendah, pertumbuhan optimal di lahan subur yang banyak mengandung humus, pasir atau lumpur dengan pH tanah 5-6,5. Di dataran rendah kropnya kecil-kecil dan cepat berbunga. Waktu tanam terbaik pada akhir musim hujan, walaupun demikian dapat juga ditanam pada musim kemarau dengan pengairan atau penyiraman yang cukup. Selada ada yang dapat membuat krop dan ada yang tidak. Jenis yang tidak membentuk krop daun-daunnya berbentuk 'rosete'. Warna daun hijau terang sampai putih kekuningan. Selada biasanya hanya dibuat salad dan lalapan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## Teknologi Budidaya", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## 1. Benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Jenis selada yang banyak dibudidayakan adalah :", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "- -Selada mentega disebut juga dengan selada bokor atau selada daun, bentuk kropnya bulat tapi lepas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "- -Selada ( heading lettuce ) atau selada krop, bentuk krop bulat dan lonjong, kropnya padat atau kompak.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Kebutuhan benih ± 400 gram biji per hektar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## 2. Pengolahan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Lahan diolah dengan cangkul sedalam 20-30 cm supaya gembur. Selanjutnya dibuat bedengan dengan arah membujur dari Barat ke Timur untuk mendapatkan cahaya penuh. Lebar bedengan 100-120 cm, tinggi 30 cm dan panjang 15 m. Jarak antar bedeng 30 cm. Lahan yang asam (pH rendah) lakukan pengapuran dengan kapur kalsit atau dolomite, 3-4 minggu sebelum tanam, dosis 1,5 t/ha, kapur diaduk rata dengan tanah permukaan bedengan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## 3. Persemaian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Biji dapat langsung ditanam di lapangan, tetapi lebih baik melalui persemaian. Sebelum disemai, benih direndam dalam larutan Previcur N dengan konsentrasi 0,1 % selama ± 2 jam kemudian dikeringkan. Benih disebar merata pada bedengan persemaian dengan media berupa campuran tanah dengan pupuk organik (1:1), kemudian ditutup dengan alang-alang atau jerami kering selama 2-3 hari. Sebaiknya bedengan persemaian diberi naungan/atap. Setelah berumur 7-8 hari, bibit dapat juga dipindahkan kedalam bumbunan yang terbuat dari daun pisang/pot plastik dengan media yang sama.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## 4. Penanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Setelah berumur 3-4 minggu atau sudah memiliki 4-5 helai daun tanaman dapat dipindahkan ke bedengan yang sudah dipersiapkan dengan jarak tanam 20 x 20 cm atau 25 x 25 cm tergantung varietas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## 5. Pemupukan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Tiga hari sebelum tanam diberikan pupuk organik (kotoran ayam yang telah difermentasi) dengan dosis 2-4 kg/m 2 . Dua minggu setelah tanam lakukan pemupukan susulan Urea 150 kg/ha (15gr/m 2 ) supaya pemberian pupuk lebih merata maka pupuk Urea diaduk dengan pupuk organik kemudian diberikan secara larikan disamping barisan tanaman. Selanjutnya dapat ditambahkan pupuk cair 3 liter/ha (0,3 ml/m 2 ) pada umur 10 dan 20 hari setelah tanam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## 6. Pemeliharaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Penyiraman dilakukan tiap hari sampai selada tumbuh normal, kemudian diulang sesuai kebutuhan. Bila ada tanaman yang mati, segera disulam, penyulaman dilakukan sebelum tanaman berumur 10 hari. Penyiangan dilakukan sesuai dengan pertumbuhan gulma.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## 7. Pengendalian Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan (OPT )", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Hama yang sering ditemui adalah ulat daun, belalang, dan nyamuk kecil bila keadaan lembab. Pengendalian hama dapat dilakukan secara mekanik yaitu dipungut dengan tangan, jika terpaksa gunakan pestisida yang aman mudah terurai seperti pestisida biologi, pestisida nabati atau pestisida piretroid sintetik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## 8. Panen dan Pasca Panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Tanaman selada dapat dipanen setelah berumur ± 2 bulan, dengan cara mencabut batang tanaman atau memotong pangkal batang. Selada cepat layu sehingga untuk menjaga kualitasnya agar kelihatan tetap segar dan kualitasnya baik, segera setelah panen lakukan dengan merendam bagian akar tanaman dalam air dan pengiriman produk ke tempat tujuan secepatnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## E. Pakchoi (Brassica sinensis L.)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Gambar 5. Pakchoi", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Pakchoi merupakan tanaman sayuran berumur pendek (+ 45 hari), termasuk dalam famili Brassicaceae . Pakchoi jarang dimakan mentah, umumnya digunakan untuk bahan sup atau sebagai hiasan ( garnish ). Bisa ditanam di dataran rendah dan dataran tinggi, tetapi yang baik di dataran tinggi, cukup sinar matahari, aerasi sempurna (tidak tergenang air) dan pH tanah 5,5-6.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## Teknologi Budidaya", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## 1. Persemaian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Siapkan tempat persemaian, berupa bedengan dengan media semai setebal ± 7 cm. Media semai dibuat dari pupuk organik dan tanah yang telah dihaluskan dengan perbandingan 1:1. Benih direndam dengan larutan Previkur N dengan konsentrasi 0,1% selama ± 2 jam, kemudian dikeringkan. Selanjutnya benih disebar merata di atas bedengan persemaian yang telah disiram terlebih dahulu, kemudian ditutup kembali dengan media semai setebal 1-2 cm. Ukuran persemaian 1 x 10 m atau sesuaikan dengan ukuran lahan, selanjutnya ditutup dengan alang-alang atau jerami kering selama 2-3 hari. Kebutuhan benih 400-1000 gr/ha. Benih yang baik biasanya akan tumbuh setelah 3-4 hari. Setelah berdaun 3-5 helai (3-4 MST) tanaman dipindah ke bedengan penanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## 2. Persiapan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "Lahan untuk pertanaman perlu diolah dengan cangkul sedalam 20-30 cm supaya gembur. Penggemburan tanah dilakukan 2-4 minggu sebelum lahan ditanami. Selanjutnya buat bedengan dengan arah membujur dari Barat ke Timur agar mendapatkan cahaya penuh. Lebar bedengan sebaiknya 100-120 cm, tinggi 30 cm dan panjang sesuai lahan, sebaiknya tidak lebih 15 m, jarak antar bedengan 30 cm. Jika pH tanah terlalu rendah (asam), lakukan pengapuran dengan dolomit atau kalsit untuk menaikkan derajat keasaman tanah dosis 1,5 t/ha, pengapuran dilakukan sebelum penanaman, yaitu 2-4 minggu sebelum tanam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "## 3. Pemupukan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "Tiga hari sebelum tanam berikan pupuk organik (kotoran ayam yang telah difermentasi) dengan dosis 2-4 kg/m 2 . Dua minggu setelah tanam berikan pupuk susulan berupa Urea 100 kg/ha (10 gr/m 2 ) atau NPK Mutiara 50 kg/ha (0,5 gr/m 2 ), agar pemberian pupuk lebih merata terlebih dahulu aduk dengan pupuk organik kemudian berikan secara larikan disamping barisan tanaman. Selanjutnya dapat ditambahkan pupuk cair 3 liter/ha (0,3 ml/m 2 ) pada umur 10 dan 20 hari setelah tanam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "## 4. Penanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "Bibit yang telah berumur + 21-30 hari setelah tanam atau telah berdaun 3-4 helai, dipindahkan ke bedengan yang telah disiapkan dengan jarak tanam 30 x 30 cm atau 30 x 25 cm. Bibit yang akan dipindah tanam dipilih yang batangnya tumbuh tegak, daun warna hijau segar dan tidak terserang hama atau penyakit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "## 5. Pemeliharaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "Pada musim kemarau lakukan penyiraman secara teratur, sejak awal tanam sampai waktu panen. Penyulaman pada tanaman yang mati dilakukan paling lambat 1 minggu setelah tanam dan penyiangan gulma pada umur 2 minggu setelah tanam. Penyiangan dapat dilakukan 2-4 kali sampai tanaman siap panen. Pemupukan tambahan berupa unsur N dapat dilakukan pada saat tanaman berumur 3 MST, Cara pemberian pupuk dilakukan dengan ditabur pada larikan lalu ditutup dengan tanah atau larutkan N dalam air kemudian disiram pada bedengan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "## 6. Pengendalian Organisme Penggangu Tumbuhan (OPT)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "Pemeliharaan dilakukan mulai dari persemaian hingga panen. Untuk mencegah serangan hama dan penyakit tanaman, yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sanitasi lahan dan draenase, jika terpaksa gunakan jenis pestisida yang aman mudah terurai seperti pestisida biologi, pestisida nabati atau pestisida piretroid sintetik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "## 7. Panen dan Pasca Panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "Pakchoi dapat dipanen pada umur ± 45 hari setelah tanam. Sayuran ini tidak tahan disimpan lama dan pengangkutan jarak jauh. Jika disimpan pada suhu 0 o C dan RH 95 % pakchoi mempunyai umur simpan sekitar 10 hari. Untuk mempertahankan kualitas sebaiknya ditempatkan dalam wadah yang berlubang.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "## F. Bawang Daun (Allium fistulosum L.)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Gambar 6. Bawang Daun", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Bawang daun ini mempunyai aroma dan rasa yang khas, sehingga banyak digunakan untuk campuran masakan seperti soto, sop dan lainnya, selain itu juga banyak dibutuhkan oleh perusahaan produsen mie instan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## Persyaratan Tumbuh", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Bawang daun cocok tumbuh di dataran rendah maupun dataran tinggi dengan ketinggian 2501500 m dpl, meskipun hidup di dataran rendah anakan bawang daun tidak terlalu banyak. Daerah dengan curah hujan 150-200 mm/tahun dan suhu harian 18-25 ºC sangat cocok untuk pertumbuhan bawang daun. Tanaman ini menghendaki pH netral (6,5 - 7,5) dengan jenis tanah Andosol (bekas lahan gunung berapi) atau tanah lempung berpasir.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## Teknologi Budidaya", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## 1. Benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Benih bawang daun dapat berasal dari biji atau daru tunas anakan (stek tunas). Tunas anakan diperoleh dengan cara memisahkan anakan yang sehat dan bagus pertumbuhannya dari induknya. Penanaman menggunakan biji waktu panen lebih lama dibandingkan dengan tunas anakan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## 2. Persemaian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "-  Pembibitan dengan Persemaian Benih disemaikan dalam bedengan dengan lebar 100-120 cm dan panjang sesuaikan dengan lahan. Tanah diolah sedalam 30 cm campur pupuk kandang yang telah diayak sebanyak 2 kg/m. Bedengan diberi atap dari plastik bening setinggi 100 - 150 cm di sisi Timur dan 60 - 80 cm di sisi Barat. Benih disemai dengan cara ditabur dalam larikan sedalam 1 cm dengan jarak antar larikan 10 cm. Penyiraman dilakukan setiap hari. Pemupukan dapat dilakukan menggunakan pupuk daun dengan dosisi 1/3 -½ dosis anjuran dengan cara disemprot. Bibit umur 2 bulan (tinggi kira-kira 10-15 cm) siap dipindah ke lahan yang telah disiapkan.\n-  Pembibitan dari anakan Rumpun yang akan diambil bibitnya sebaiknya berumur 2,5 bulan dan dalam keadaan sehat. Rumpun dibongkar dan bersihkan tanah yang menempel pada akar/daun tua. Pisahkan rumpun menjadi 3 rumpun yang terdiri dari 1-3 anakan. Buang sebagian daun dan bibit disimpan di tempat yang lembab dan teduh selama 5-7 hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "## 3. Persiapan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Lahan untuk pertanaman perlu diolah dengan cangkul sedalam 20-30 cm supaya gembur. Pengolahan lahan dilakukan 15-30 hari sebelum tanam. Selanjutnya buat bedengan dengan arah membujur dari Barat ke Timur agar mendapatkan cahaya penuh. Lebar bedengan 80-100 cm, tinggi 30 cm dan panjang sesuai lahan sebaiknya tidak lebih 15 m, jarak antar bedengan 25-30 cm. Jika pH tanah terlalu rendah < 6,5 (asam), lakukan pengapuran dengan dolomit atau kalsit untuk menaikkan derajat keasaman tanah dosis 1 - 2 t/ha, campur pengapuran dilakukan sebelum penanaman, yaitu 2-4 minggu sebelum tanam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## 4. Pemupukan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Tiga hari sebelum tanam berikan pupuk organik (kotoran ayam yang telah difermentasi) dengan dosis 2-4 kg/m 2 . Dua minggu setelah tanam berikan pupuk susulan berupa Urea 100 kg/ha (10 gr/m 2 ) atau NPK Mutiara 50 kg/ha (0,5 gr/m 2 ), agar pemberian pupuk lebih merata terlebih dahulu aduk dengan pupuk organik kemudian berikan secara larikan disamping barisan tanaman. Selanjutnya dapat ditambahkan pupuk cair 3 liter/ha (0,3 ml/m 2 ) pada umur 10 dan 20 hari setelah tanam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## 5. Penanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Biasanya bawang daun ditanam dengan pola tumpang sari. Bibit bawang daun ditanam di antara tanaman utama yang berumur lebih panjang dari bawang daun. Sebelum kanopi tanaman utama menutup bagian bawah, bawang daun harus sudah dipanen. Biasanya tumpang sari dilakukan dengan tanaman cabai atau sayuran daun lainnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Waktu penanaman terbaik adalah pada awal musim hujan (oktober) atau awal kemarau (Maret). Lubang tanam dibuat pada jarak 20 x 20 cm. Sebelum pindah tanam, bibit dari persemaian dicabut dengan hati-hati, sebaiknya sebagian akar dan daun dipotong. Untuk penggunaan bibit dari pemisahan rumpun, sebagian akar dan daun juga perlu dikurangi. Tanam bibit dalam lubang tanam dan padatkan tanah di sekitar pangkal bibit pelan-pelan. Penyiraman dilakukan setelah pindah tanam selesai.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## 6. Pemeliharaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Penyulaman dilakukan 15 hari setelah pindah tanam. Penyiangan gulma dilakukan dua kali, yaitu umur 3-4 minggu dan 6 minggu atau frekuensi penyiangan disesuaikan dengan kondisi gulma. Pembumbunan bagian dasar tunas dilakukan 4 minggu sebelum panen. Tangkai bunga dan daun tua sebaiknya dipotong untuk merangsang pertumbuhan anakan. Lakukan penyiraman, sejak awal tanam sampai waktu panen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## 7. Pengendalian Organisme Penggangu Tumbuhan (OPT)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Pengendalian OPT dilakukan mulai dari persemaian hingga panen. Untuk mencegah serangan hama dan penyakit tanaman, yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sanitasi lahan dan drainase, jika terpaksa gunakan jenis pestisida yang aman mudah terurai seperti pestisida biologi, pestisida nabati atau pestisida piretroid sintetik. Pergiliran tanaman dengan tanaman bukan famili Liliaceae dapat dilakukan untuk mengendalikan hama dan penyakit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Jenis hama dan penyakit bawang daun adalah ulat bawang/ulat grayak ( Spodoptera exiqua Hbn.), ulat tanah ( Agrotis ypsilon Hufn), Thrip/kutu loncat ( Thrips tabbaci Lind), bercak ungu ( Alternaria porri (Ell.) Cif.), busuk daun/embun tepung ( Peronospora destructor (Berk) Casp), busuk leher batang ( Bortrytis alli Munn.), antraknose ( Collectotrichum gleosporiodes penz).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## 8. Panen dan Pasca Panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Umur panen tanaman bawang daun adalah 2,5 bulan setelah tanam atau biasanya jumlah anakan mencapai 7-10 anakan dan daun tua mulai menguning. Panen dilakukan dengan cara membongkar rumpun bawang daun. Waktu panen yang baik adalah pada sore atau pagi hari. Sebelum diangkat dan ditempatkan dalam wadah sebaiknya bersihkan akar dari tanah yang menempel.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## G. Seledri (Apiumgraveolens L.)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "Gambar 7. Seledri", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "Seledri termasuk dalam famili Umbelliferae dan merupakan salah satu komoditas sayuran yang banyak digunakan untuk penyedap dan penghias hidangan. Biji seledri juga digunakan sebagai bumbu dan penyedap serta ekstrak minyak bijinya berkhasiat sebagai obat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## Teknologi Budidaya", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## 1. Persemaian", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "Sebelum disemai benih direndam dengan air hangat selama 15 menit dengan suhu 50-60 ºC. Benih disemai pada bedengan persemaian dengan ukuran lebar 100-120 cm, tinggi 30 - 40 cm dan panjangnya sesuai dengan lahan yang ada. Bedengan dinaungi dengan plastik benih atau anyaman daun kelapa. Tinggi naungan persemaian di sisi Timur 120-150 cm dan di sisi barat 80 - 100 cm. Kebutuhan benih untuk 1 Ha kira-kira 250 gr.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "Benih disemai di dalam alur sedalam 0,5 cm dengan jarak antar alur 10-20 cm. Tutup benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Rendah.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## INTRODUCTION", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin) is believed to have originated in South America, while the other species became differentiated in the southern U.S.A, Mexico and Central America. Pumpkins are now grown all over the world with the exception of Antarctica.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Pumpkin belongs to the Cucurbitacae family, which includes cucumber, melon and squash. Within this family is the genus Cucurbita which includes all varieties of pumpkin.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Pumpkin plants are hardy creepers or soil surface runners, but able to climb where there are supports. The fruits vary in shape, colour and sizes. They are monoecious and can be bred from pure lines.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Pumpkins are cultivated for their ripe fruit with the seeds in the central cavity and the yellow or orange flesh being eaten. Pumpkin contains an important antioxidant, beta-carotene, which is converted to vitamin A in the body. In the conversion to vitamin A, beta-carotene performs many important functions in overhall health. Research suggests that pumpkin seeds have unique nutritional and health benefits.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Varieties", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "There are numerous pumpkin varieties. The basic types of pumpkins are", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- (1) American pumpkins - very long, soft and rounded. Some have trailing stems of 3m long while some are non-runners.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Three types of fruits are produced within this category:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- (1)Two layered or turban type (mainly red, with green, yellow or orange markings). These pumpkins weigh up to 5 kg: (ii) a yellow, white or red colour and weighs up to 40 kg and (iii) hubbard green, squash-dark green and pear shaped.\n- (2) Butternut squash is called 'butternut pumpkin' and neck pumpkin. These are annuals with soft leaves and stems 3-5 m with branched tendrils. Fruits are orangish, ovoid or rounded. Fruits weigh about 1 kg. The flesh is white without yellow or red. It is best suited for the tropics. It is hardy and disease resistant. Some are non-runner types and late maturing,> 1 00 days.\n- (3) Marrows- these are variable species both in vegetative growth and fruit structure. Stems are elongated, thin and trailing or sometimes short and thick (non-runner type). Fruits are very large, green mottled, ovoid and non ribbed. They may also be pear shaped and rounded.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Environmental Requirements", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Cultivated cucurbita species are photoperiod neutral, with differing thermal optima. The area where pumpkin is cultivated should receive maximum sunshine to maximize the photosynthetic process, and therefore, produce the largest plant and fruit. The crop grows best with altitude up to 2000m and temperature of 22-25 o C, though some are well adapted to high temperatures. Low humidity reduces the incidence of diseases such as mildew. Heavy rain adversely affects flowering and delays development. Pumpkins grow well on soil that is high in organic matter, has good moisture retention capability and is easily drained. Soil pH ranges between 5.5 - 6.8 are ideal for cultivation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Productive Area", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Pumpkin is grown commercially in Guyana for local consumption and also for export. The main Regions of production are Regions 3 and 4. Other Regions producing pumpkin are Regions 1,2,5 and 6.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## CULTIVATION", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Land Preparation:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Soil preparation of the bed where pumpkin is to be planted and where the main root exist is very important. Preparation of the soil around the whole area where the pumpkin vines will spread is equally important, and may be the difference between a large pumpkin and a prize winner. Start land preparation by digging out a one meter pit, about one meter deep. Fill the pit with manure and compost. By using a lot of rich materials, a nutrient rich and soft composition for the pumpkin roots to be grown in will result. Be careful not to compact the soil which make it difficult for the roots to spread. The material should be well composted, otherwise, it can be harmful to the plant, burning the roots or robbing the soil of nitrogen. Manures and compost should be added to the soil in generous portions. These amendments should be thoroughly mixed into the soil.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Sowing", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Pumpkin seeds may be sown on mounds (creating a hill or raised area) or on the level bed. Mounding allows for better drainage. Excessive moisture can promote bacterial growth, damping off disease or 'drowning' of the roots by depriving the root of oxygen. Plant seeds three centimetres (one inch) deep (four or five seeds per hill). Allow two metres (six feet) between hills, spaced in rows three metres (ten feet) to four metres (fifteen feet) apart. When the young plants are established, thin each hill to the best two or three plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Semi-bush varieties - one meter between hills and 2.5 metres between rows. Miniature varieties - 0.75 metres in a row and three to four metres between rows. Bush varieties - one single plant every meter and one to two metres between rows", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Fertilizer Application", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Pumpkins are very heavy feeders. They thrive in rich soil with a lot of manure and compost. They grow even larger when fertilizer is added to the soil. The three basic plant nutrients are required at higher or lower levels depending upon the growth stage of the pumpkins. These basic nutrients are Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Apply higher concentrations of Nitrogen at the early growth stage. It provides for leaf, root and vine growth. Avoid direct contact to leaves and vines. Excessive nitrogen can burn the plants and reduce or delay the emergence and number of flowers and fruits.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "As the crop moves towards fruit set stage, higher phosphorus levels should be used (5-10-5 or 5-15-5 are good ratios). Phosphorus will promote fruit set and development.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Potassium will promote fruit growth. After fruit set, a high potassium fertilizer should be used. Over application can cause your pumpkin to grow so quickly that it outgrows its skin and splits or explodes. Over application should be avoided and the other essentials of good soil management and plenty of water should not be overlooked. Micro nutrients contribute to and are essential to plant growth. These can be applied in the form of liquid fertilizer. Liquid fertilizer can be applied to secondary roots, and included in the water supply.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Insect Pest Management", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Vegetable production occurs within a relatively short time frame and as such yield losses due to pests may be substantial if the problem is not identified early, and remedial action not implemented in a timely manner. Correct identification of the pest and an understanding of its behaviour, including its most vulnerable stages, would provide insights into its management.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "The early maturity of vegetables and short intervals between harvests during the cropping season impose constraints on the pest control strategy option. Care must be then taken if pesticide application is contemplated, since there is the likelihood of high residual levels remaining in the product after harvest if an inappropriate formulation is used.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Pumpkin is subjected to, attack from many insect pests and diseases. The following is a detailed description the major pests and the appropriate management strategies that may be employed for control.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## 1. Cricket", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Gryllotalpa spp. (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Acheta spp. (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Sumptoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Cricket attacks seedlings of all vegetables. Fully grown crickets are brown in colour and are about 2.5 - 3.5 cm long. The various species of these insects usually live either in the soil, bushes and under decaying crop residues and vegetation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Mole crickets , which have heavily sclerotised front legs that are adapted for digging, are usually common in sandy soils (Figure 1). All crickets are nocturnal, feeding at night and secluded by day, under the soil. They feed at or slightly below the soil surface and can cause considerable damage before being discovered. Seedlings may be denuded of leaves or cut below the soil surface without any trace of insect on them. Crickets spend their entire life cycle below the soil, which may be for a period of approximately 28 -35 days. They are termed soil insects.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Control", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "- Good field sanitationrid the field of weeds and plant residues from previous crops.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Cultural control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "- The areas where vegetables are grown should receive full sunlight, kept clean of weeds and all crop residues should be removed and burnt.\n- Proper land preparation serves to control weeds, diseases, and soil insects, and also helps in the destruction of large soil clods, which act as hiding places for cricket. Fig 1. Mole crickets", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Chemical control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "- Any approved soil insecticide at the recommended rate may be applied, such as Basudin 60% E.C (Diazinon) or Vydate L 40%E.C at the rate of 10 mls to 4500 mls water, to seed beds and cultivated cropping areas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## 2. Cut worm", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Agrotis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## Symptoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "These are the caterpillars of various species of moth. They have a greasy appearance, are grey to brown in colour with faint lighter-colored strips, and when fully grown are usually the colour of the soil in which they live.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "They can be found on the soil surface, beneath leaves and under large soil clods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Cutworms are surface feeders and cut seedlings at or slightly above the soil surface. Evidence of cutworm presence will be greenish-black excreta pellets below the seedling. Most of its lifecycle is spent below the soil which is for a period of approximately. 21-28 days.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## Control", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "- Good field sanitationrid the field of weeds and plant residues from previous crops.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## Cultural control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "- The areas where vegetables are grown should receive full sunlight, kept clean of weeds and all crop residues should be removed and burnt.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "(a) Larva", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "- Proper land preparation serves to control weeds, diseases, and soil insects and also helps in the destruction of large soil clods, which acts as hiding places for cutworms. (b) Adult Fig. 2. Larva & adult cutworm", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## Chemical control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "- Any approved soil insecticide at the recommended rate may be applied, such as Basudin 60% E.C (Diazinon) or Vydate L 40%E.C at the rate of 10 mls to 4500 mls water, to seed beds and cultivated cropping areas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## 3. Aphids", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## Symptoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "This pest attacks all vegetables. They are commonly known as 'plant lice' or 'nit' and are small, yellow, green or black pinhead-size insects (Figure 3). They are soft bodied, slow, moving and multiply rapidly within a short time span. These insects attack plants at all stages of growth and are usually found in dense clusters on the under surface of the young leaves and also on young tender stems and growing points. They suck plant sap and make the plant weak. Some also act as vectors of plant diseases. Seedlings are weakened and killed when the infestation is high and growth of older infested plants is retarded. Infested leaves curl, shrivel and may turn brown and die.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Aphids secrete a sweet substance known as 'honey dew' while they feed. This substance attracts ants and serves as a substrate for sooty mould (black fungus) thus impairing photosynthesis. The lifecycle ranges between 21-28 days.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Good field sanitation- rid the field of weeds and plant", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "residues from previous crops.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "The natural predator lady bird beetle, frequently feeds on", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "aphids. When aphid population is low and lady bird beetles", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "are present, there is no need for chemical control.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Chemical may be applied when the population is high. A", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "contact or stomach insecticide may be used such as Fastac,", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Decis or Karate at 6mls to 4500mls water, Sevin 85% W.P.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "(Carbaryl) at 6g to 4500 mls water or Malathion 57% E.C. at 15 mls", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "to 4500 mls water.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Fig. 3: Nymph and Adult", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "aphids", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Sprays should be directed to underside/surfaces of leaves. When Sevin or Malathion is used, crops", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "should not be harvest until 7 -10 days after application of the chemical. In the case of Fastac, Decis or", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Karate, crops can be harvested within 3-5 days after chemical application.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "4. White flies", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "These insects are in fact bugs. The adults are white, moth-like", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "insects that fly upwards from the plant when disturbed. They are", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "about 2 mm in length and their wings are covered with a white waxy", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "powder (Figure 4).", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "The pinhead size nymphs are oval and flattened, and are attached to", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "the leaf surface until maturity. All stages of this pest can be found on", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "the underside of leaves. Nymphs and adults feed by sucking plant sap,", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "resulting in leaves becoming mottled, yellow and brown before dying.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Feeding whiteflies excrete honey dew on leaf surface which encourages", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "the growth of sooty mould, thus hampering photosynthesis. Ants are", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "also attracted to the honey due. This pest is also a vector of viral", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "diseases. The life cycle may be completed in about 28-35 days.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Do not plant a new crop next to one which is mature. The common practice of having", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "mature crops adjacent to newly planted ones makes management of the pest very difficult", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "since the cycle of the pest is never broken.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "An integrated control strategy is necessary for the effective management of this pest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Good farm sanitation, including the removal of weeds around the cultivation is recommended", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "since weeds act as hosts for white flies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Several new generation insecticides are now available for the effective control of white", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "flies. Targeting both nymphs and adults with soap based products", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": ", should be applied", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "very early in the morning or late in the evening. Other chemicals which may be used", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "include Admire, Pegasus and/or Basudin/ Vydate L at 10 mls to 4500 mls water.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Fig. 4:White flies", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## 5. Mites", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Tetranychus spp. (Acarina: Tetranychidae)", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## Symptoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Mites are arachnids and are not insects (adults have four pairs of legs and two pairs of eyes). They are", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "extremely tiny and appear as dust- like particles on the underside of leaves (Figure 5). Their colour", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "ranges from red, translucent fawn to green. Eggs are laid on the underside of leaves and hatch beneath a web, which is spun by the adults. Both immature and mature stages suck plant sap, resulting in leaves becoming yellow and eventually turning reddish. Fruits may also be affected; especially by the rust mite.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "- Good field sanitationrid the field of weeds and plant residues from previous crops.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## Chemical control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## 6. Thrips", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Fig. 5: Adult mite", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "- During severe infestations chemical control may become necessary. Any miticide may be used for their control, such as Abamectin, Newmectin or, Vertimec at 5mls to 4500mls water.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Frankiniella sp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## Symptoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Thrips are yellow, tiny, elongated insects about 1mm in length and can be found on the upper and lower surfaces of leaves (Figure 6). Infestations are more severe in the dry season.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Both young and adult suck the sap from leaves and cause them to loose their colour (Figure 6). If attack occurs early, the young leaves become distorted. Older tissues become blotched and appear silvery or leathery in affected areas, thus hindering photosynthesis. Flowers and fruits are also affected, thus yields are reduced. Infected fruits are discoloured, distorted and hardened. Thrips are also vectors or major viral diseases. The lifecycle maybe completed in about 14-21 days.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "- Good field sanitationrid the field of weeds and residues of all previous crops.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## Cultural control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "- Crop rotation - cultivation of crops (vegetables) which are not host to the pest.\n- Overhead irrigation will help in reducing the population of infestation during the dry season.\n- An integrated approach is recommended for the management of thrips", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## Chemical control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Among the insecticides which may be used are Regent (Fipronil), Admire, Abamectin and Vydate L at 5 mls to 4500 mls water, to both surfaces of leaves for effective control", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "(a) Adult thrip", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "(b) Damage Fig. 6: Adult thrips and damage caused", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## 7. Fruit sucking bugs", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Nezara viridula: (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Phthia picta: (Hemiptera: Coreidae)", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "These are various species of plants bugs (Figure 7). They actually do the same type of damage, by puncturing and sucking the sap from leaves, flowers and fruits.Affected fruits become discoloured, hardened and deformed, thus the market value of the fruits is reduced. Nezara commonly known as 'stink bugs' is green in colour and about 1.5 - 2 cm and is recognized by its shield shape body, and awful protective odors emitted when molested. The Phthia are brownish - black bugs with a red band across the back of the thorax, and are about 2-2.5 cm in length. Both the adult and nymphs of this pest incur economic losses. The Life cycle ranges from 35-70 days.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "- Good field sanitationrid the field of weeds and plant residues from previous crops. Fig. 7: Nymphs & adults fruit sucking bugs", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## Chemical control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "- Among the insecticides which may be used are Fastac, Decis, Karate and Ambush at 6 mls to 4500 mls water or Sevin at 10 gms to 4500 mls water.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## 8. Striped Cucurbit Beetle", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "(Acalymma vittata)", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## Symptoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Striped cucurbit beetle (Figure 8) feeds on wild hosts until cucurbits are planted. Once cucurbits are present, adults can appear in a matter of hours in a field. They move from fence rows and wooded areas into the first few rows.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Once in the field, beetles congregate on a few plants in large numbers.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Beetles are most active in the morning and the late afternoon as they first begin to move into cucurbit fields. After a few days of massing and mating, beetles disperse throughout the field where they continue to feed (Figure 9).", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Fig. 8: Striped cucurbit beetle", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "After dispersing, females begin to lay eggs in the soil near the base of cucurbit plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Eggs hatch in 6-9 days into larvae that begin to feed on the roots and stems of plants. The lifecycle ranges between 28-35 days.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## Chemical Control", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "- When the insect population is very high, chemical control may\n- be required. An appropriate contact insecticide may be used such as Malathion, Sevin, Fastac, Decis, and Karate at 6ml to 4500ml water. Spraying should start as soon as plants are in the field and at intervals once every two weeks up to harvest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Fig. 9: Damage to pumpkin leaves from striped cucurbit beetle", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "(a) Nymphs", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "(b) Adult", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## 9. Pickle Worm", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "(Diaphania hyalinata)", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Symptoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Pickleworm moths are nocturnal fliers, and mating does not begin until the onset of scotophase. Mating in this species is mediated by a female-produced sex pheromone.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Moths typically mate within three days after emergence.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Pickleworms have several generations each season, and generations overlap to form continuous pest populations in some locations.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "The caterpillar (Figure 10) feeds on leaves and flowers of the cucurbit cultivars and often bores into the developing fruits, usually the side touching the ground.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Adults are strong, swift fliers and live up to 35-40 days.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Chemical Control", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "When the insect population is very high, chemical control may be required; an appropriate contact insecticide may be used such as Malathion, Seven, Fastac, Decis, and Karate at 6ml to 4500ml water Spraying starts as soon as plants are in the field and once every two weeks up to harvest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Major Diseases of Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) And Management Strategies", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## 1. Sclerotinia Stem Rot", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "(Sclerotium rolfsii)", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Symptoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "The Sclerotinia fungus affects a wide variety of crop plants. Many vegetables including tomatoes, beans, and carrots, as well as cucurbits, are susceptible. The pathogen produces resilient structures, called sclerotia that survive in our soils indefinitely (Figure 11).", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Cultural control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "- Rotations with non-host crops will limit the potential for damage to subsequent vegetable crops.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Chemical control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "- Fungicides may be effective if applied to young plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Fig. 10: Caterpillar of pickle worm", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Fig. 11: Symptom of sclerotinia stem rot", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Phytophthora Blight", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "(Phytophthora infestans)", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Plants infected with this fungus express several symptoms depending on the plant part affected and the stage of disease development. The following are some common symptom types:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "1. Damping off of seedlings\n2. Leaf spots that are dark brown and large (up to 5cm) and in some cases with a yellow halo.\n3. Water-soaked, oily, sticky decay and collapse of stem and petiole.\n4. Root rot and crown rot causing the entire plant to collapse and then die.\n5. A white downy fungal growth may first appear on the surface of the fruit (Figure 12). This will quickly expand and cover the entire surface of the fruit, especially in moist humid conditions and may consist of fungal mycelia and numerous sporangia mixed with saprophytic bacteria (Figure 13)\n6. Fruit symptoms first appear as a small water-soaked spot, usually on the under side in contact with the soil. These spots are soft and easily punctured when handle. These water--soaked spots increase in size rapidly and the entire fruit collapses in a short time (Figure 13).\n7. Stem end infection can be seen as decay with dark exudates around the affected area.\n8. Affected fruits are soft, mushy and watery when opened (Figure 14).", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Fig 13. Fruit completely covered with fungal mycelia", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Fig 12: White mycelia of P. capsici on infected pumpkin fruit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Fig 14: Destruction of pumpkin fruit tissues by P. capsici.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## Control", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Since no single procedure will effectively control phytophthora blight, an integrated management programme is essential.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "1. Prevention is the first step in managing this disease since this disease is difficult to suppress once it gets started in the fields.\n- Decontaminate all equipment when moving from infested areas to non--infested areas\n- Workers should disinfect hands and boots after handling infected plants or visits to an infested field.\n- Use only pathogen free seeds and transplants. Seeds from affected fields should never be used for planting.\n2. Fungicides should be used preventively. Two fungicides, Ridomil and Aliette have shown to be effective in managing this disease. Soil infested with P. capsici can be treated with Ridomil or Aliette. Fields should be routinely scouted and plants should be treated with Ridomil or Aliette at first sign of the disease. These two fungicides should be used in rotation since the P capsici can develop resistance to these fungicide over time.\n3. Crop rotation should be the practice, especially in areas with a history of phytophthora blight. Do not rotate with crops such as tomatoes, peppers or boulangers since these crops are also susceptible to P capsici.\n4. Provide proper drainage in fields in order to prevent water logging following heavy rainfall or irrigation.\n5. When available, plant pumpkin varieties with a hard rind. Mature fruits of these varieties are less susceptible than varieties with softer rinds.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Contact your local agricultural officers as soon as an outbreak of this disease is observed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## 3. Powdery Mildew", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "(Erysiphe cichoracearum)", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## Symtoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Powdery mildew can result in serious losses on pumpkin. The pathogen produces airborne spores that enable new infections to increase rapidly throughout an unprotected field.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "The white, powdery mold first appears on lower stems and petioles (Figure 15). As the disease continues to develop, the white moldy spots occur on the underside of leaves. Symptoms on the upper leaf surfaces usually signal a severe outbreak.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## Cultural control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Fig. 15: Symptoms of powdery mildew", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "- Normal rotations with non-cucurbit crops will help prevent serious epidemics.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## Chemical control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "- Several fungicides are effective against powdery mildew. Systemic fungicides can be effective if applied at appropriate times during the season, even if symptoms are not obvious.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## 4. Downy Mildew", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "(Peronospora cubensis)", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## Symptoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Downy mildew is a fungal disease often identified on pumpkin crops. Yield loss associated with downy mildew is most likely related to soft rots that occur after plant canopies collapse and sunburn occurs on fruit. Initial symptoms include large, angular or blocky yellow areas visible on the upper surface (Figure 16). As lesions mature, they expand rapidly and turn brown. The under surface of infected leaves appears water soaked.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## Cultural options:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "- Planting early season may further reduce the already minor threat posed by downy mildew.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## Chemical control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "- Broad spectrum protectant fungicides such as Mancozeb are at least somewhat effective in protecting against downy mildew infection.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## 5. Black Rot", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "(Xanthomonas campestris)", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## Symptoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Black rot is caused by a fungus that attacks pumpkins. It causes the disease known as 'gummy stem blight' on cucumbers and melons. Yield loss due to black rot occurs as a result of rapid defoliation of vines and fruit infection and subsequent decay. Black rot affects leaves, stems, and fruit of pumpkins.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Stem infections result in irregular, tan lesions that have a corky texture and often exude an orangered- brown gummy substance (Figure 17). The key diagnostic feature of black rot is the presence of small black fungal structures called pycnidia embedded in the diseased tissue.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## Cultural control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "- Implementing cultural control options alone will not result in satisfactory control of black rot. However, employing options such as rotating fields with non-susceptible crops for at least two years is recommended.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## Chemical control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "- Apply protectant fungicides at 10- to 14-day intervals beginning when vines form a complete canopy within rows. A fungicide recommended for use on pumpkins is Mancozeb.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Fig. 17: Symptoms of black rot", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Fig. 16: Symptoms of downy mildew", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## 6. Fusarium Crown & Fruit Rots", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "(Fu1sarium oxysporum)", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## Symptoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Fusarium crown rot is caused by different Fusarium pathogens than those that cause Fusarium wilt diseases, even though wilting is part of the disease syndrome. Some crown rot fungi also are responsible for a characteristic fruit rot that occurs on pumpkins. Initial symptoms on pumpkins include a general yellowing of the entire plant; over the subsequent 2-4 weeks, the entire plant will wilt, collapse, and decay. Fruit symptoms vary dependent upon the specific Fusarium pathogen involved. Lesions may be small, dry, and pitted, or larger sunken areas covered with gray or white mold.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## Cultural control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "- Rotations of non-cucurbit crops will help to reduce Fusarium populations in soil.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## Chemical control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "- None.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## 7. Bacterial Wilt", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "(Erwinia tracheiphila)", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## Symptoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Bacterial wilt is one of the most important diseases of pumpkins. The bacterial pathogen responsible for this disease is spread from plant to plant by the feeding activities of striped and spotted cucumber beetles. Wilting of one or a few leaves is the first symptom of this disease (Figure 18).", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "In the early stages of the disease, plants with wilt symptoms may recover during the night, and wilt again in the heat of the day. After several days, the wilt becomes permanent, and the plant turns yellow and dies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## Cultural control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "- Avoid planting pumpkins next to other cucurbits, which may increase disease pressure.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## Chemical control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "- Insecticides aimed at reducing cucumber beetle populations are recomemded.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## 7. Viral Diseases", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Viral diseases of pumpkins may be caused by any of several different pathogens: cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), squash mosaic virus (SqMV) and watermelon mosaic virus (WMV).", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "WMV is the most common virus diseases of pumpkins. Leaves of virus-infected plants often appear mottled and distorted (Figure 19). The extent of crop loss due to virus disease is highly correlated with the crop growth stage at which the virus becomes established in the field.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Fig 18. Symptoms of bacterial wilt", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## Cultural control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "- Control weeds within and around fields.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## Chemical control:", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "- Attempts to control insects for virus disease control may be futile, because insects may transmit the virus before insecticides are effective.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## Harvest Maturity Indices", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Pumpkins should be harvested when the fruit are completely mature. Several different indices can be", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "used to determine harvest maturity, including time after planting, external appearance, hardness of the rind, stem texture, die-back of the tendril nearest the fruit, and internal colour. The number of days after planting can be used as a guide to predict the beginning of harvest. Pumpkin fruit are usually fully mature and ready for harvest about 3 months after sowing, or approximately 45 days after flowering.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "External appearance of the fruit changes with maturity. Immature fruit typically have a bright surface sheen. As the fruit matures, the amount of shine diminishes. The rind of mature pumpkins has a dull waxy appearance that has lost much of its gloss. The fruit surface should have a good colour, characteristic of the cultivar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Fig 19. Leaves of virus infested plants", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Fig. 20: Mature pumpkin", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Also, there will usually be a noticeable lighter coloured ground spot on the fruit underside (Figure 20).", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Hardness of the rind is a good indicator of harvest maturity. As pumpkins mature, the rind tissue becomes noticeably tougher and harder. When the rind is sufficiently hard to resist puncture from the thumbnail or from fingernail scratches, the fruit is mature enough for harvest. At this stage of development the seeds are also mature. Stem texture can be used to determine when to harvest pumpkins. As the fruit matures, the area of the stem attached to the fruit will change from a uniform green colour and fairly succulent texture to a brownish colour and hard dry texture. Die-back of the tendril nearest to the fruit can also be used to determine harvest maturity. The tendril is a small curly appendage which grows on the vine in the node (joint) nearest the fruit. A green actively growing tendril indicates the fruit is immature. When the tendril starts to dry from natural senescence, the fruit is nearly mature. When the tendril completely dries, the pumpkin fruit nearest that node is mature and ready", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "for harvest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Fig. 21: Immature fruit", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Internal flesh colour is also an indicator of fruit maturity. Immature fruit have a cream or light orange-coloured flesh (Figure 21). As the fruit matures, the content of carotenoid pigments increases and the flesh becomes a deep orange colour. An orange flesh colour is required for successful domestic and export marketing of pumpkins (Figure 22). Dead vines are not an indication of fruit maturity. When vines die prematurely from disease, stress, or lack of water, the fruit is usually immature and of low quality. Immature fruit will not store as successfully as fully matured fruit produced on a healthy vine. The rind colour of immature pumpkins will not be as well-developed as matured fruit. Pumpkins do not all mature at the same time on the plant, but will continue to colour up over a period of three to four weeks if diseases and insects are held in check. Do not harvest fruit that are immature, injured, seriously blemished, or beginning to decay.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## Harvest Methods", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Pumpkins are manually harvested when they have reached maturity. Pumpkins should be picked only when the fruit surface is completely dry. The fruit should be carefully clipped off the vine, leaving about a 2.5 cm (1 inch) stem attached to the fruit (Figure 23).", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "A pair of sharp pruning shears is needed to sever the stem and create an attractive, smooth, clean cut. Do not pick up the pumpkin by the stem, as it may separate from the fruit and provide an easy access for", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "decay organisms. A short length of stem should always remain attached to the fruit. Once removed from the vine, the pumpkins should be put in wooden or strong plastic field crates for transport to the collection site or packinghouse. Out-grading is required in the field to remove pumpkins affected by disease, insects, or physical damage. During harvesting, handling, and field transport, every effort should be made to avoid bruising or puncturing the rind. Also, harvested pumpkins should not be exposed to direct sunlight or rainfall. Ideally, pumpkins should not be stacked on top of each other. Stacking is a sure way to create bruises. Padding material, such as grain straw, should be used liberally if fruits have to be stacked during harvest. Spread out a layer of dry straw on the ground and set the pumpkins on this. Keep the fruit dry at all times and never store pumpkins on moist bare ground. If the pumpkins must", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Fig. 23: Method of harvesting pumpkin", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "be stacked for transport, the pile should not be more than 1 meter (3 ft) deep.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Fig. 22: Mature fruit", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## Sorting/Grading", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Pumpkin fruit are quite variable in size, shape, and colour; therefore it is difficult to obtain consistent uniformity of product from a single harvest. However, grading for uniformity of appearance is important to meet market requirements. There are 3 established size categories (small, medium, and large) for domestic marketing of pumpkins, based on fruit weight. Small sized pumpkins weigh between 1.4 to 3.2 kg (3 to 7 lbs), medium sized pumpkins weigh between 3.3 to 5.5 kg (7 to 12 lbs) and large sized pumpkins weigh 5.6 kg (12 lbs) or more. Export markets accept a range in fruit size, although large sized fruit weighing between 5.6 to 8 kg (12 to 18 lbs) are preferred. Fruit shape may vary from round, to oval, to slightly flat (Figure 24). Similarly, rind colour ranges from green, to blue-green, to tan. The striping pattern or mottling of the rind also varies, although the striations are typically white or cream coloured. The rind may be smooth or sutured. Domestic consumers and importers prefer uniformly regular shaped fruit that have a smooth, tough rind (Figure 25).", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Fig. 24: Various types of pumpkin", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "All fruit should be examined for external maturity characteristics, and only mature pumpkins should be packed. The fruit should be free of noticeable skin blemishes. The rind should not be discoloured or have any surface mould growth. Fruit should be free of insect or mechanical damage and any partially decayed fruit should be discarded. The fruit must have a closed blossom end and be free of cracking in order to avoid serious decay problems. The flesh should be thick and dark orange, since many pumpkins are sold as cut fruit in the market (Figure 26). Randomly selected fruit should occasionally be cut open for assessment of internal colour.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## Packing", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Fig. 25: Uniformly shaped fruit", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Packages used to market pumpkins vary depending on market destination. Fruit sold in the domestic market and nearby Caribbean export destinations is usually packed in mesh sacks (Figure 27). The sacks typically contain from 3 to 7 fruit and weigh around 23 kg (50 lbs). However, mesh sacks provide little or no protection against Fig. 26: Pumpkin sold as cut fruit", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "bruising and physical injury. Variability in fruit size will also cause bulging problems of the mesh sack. Smaller sized pumpkins intended for more distant export markets should be packed in strong, wellventilated fiberboard cartons containing 19 kg (42 lbs) of fruit. The cartons should have a minimal bursting strength of 275 psi and internal dividers should be used to separate and protect the fruit. Large wooden bulk bins holding from 360 to 410 kg (800 to 900 lbs) of fruit may be used for marine transport to export market destinations. Pumpkins packed in cartons and transported by marine container should include an additional 5% weight to ccount for moisture and respiratory weight loss that will occur during transport.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Fig. 27: Pumpkin packed in mesh socks", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## Preparation for Market", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## Cleaning", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Any adhering soil in the ground spot area or other surface stains should be removed at the time of harvest with a soft cloth or cotton gloves. Washing is usually not desirable. However, if washing is required to remove excess soil or to enhance the appearance for a particular market, the wash water should be clean and properly sanitized to reduce the potential for spread of disease. Sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) is commonly", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "used since it is an inexpensive and readily available wash water sanitizing agent. It is effective against decay organisms when added to the wash water at a concentration of 150 ppm and the water is maintained at a pH of 6.5. 150 ppm is equal to 2 oz of household bleach (such as Marvex) per 5 gallons of water, or .3 liters of bleach per 100 liters of water. As the wash water becomes contaminated with soil and organic matter, the", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "sanitizing ability of the hypochlorous acid is diminished. Therefore, the wash water tank should be changed when the hypochlorous acid concentration cannot be maintained. The washed fruit should be placed on a flat surface or table to air dry prior to grading.", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## Temperature Management", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Pumpkins not intended for immediate sale should be held in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area. The optimum temperature for pumpkin storage is 12°C (54°F). Sound fruit can be stored for up to 3 months at this temperature without a significant loss in quality. Storage at ambient temperature will result in excessive weight loss, loss of surface colour intensity, and a decline in culinary quality. Green-skinned cultivars will gradually turn yellow at high temperature and the flesh will become dry and stringy. Storage life of pumpkins at ambient temperatures is limited to several weeks. On the other hand, the fruit should not be stored at cold temperatures. Pumpkins are susceptible to chilling injury (CI) and should never be stored below 10°C (50°F).", "metadata": { "source_file": "pumpkin cultivation.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## GROWING SPINACH", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "What was it about ordinary canned spinach that made Popeye's biceps bulge? Spinach is a nutritional powerhouse, and if you're willing to indulge its finicky nature, the rewards are great.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Spinach and other dark leafy greens like kale and silverbeet are packed with calcium, folates, vitamin K and iron. Spinach is also rich in lutein, vitamins A and C, fibre and carotenoids. So, not only did spinach make him super-strong, Popeye may also have been protecting himself against osteoporosis, heart disease, colon cancer, arthritis, memory loss and cataracts. Imagine if he'd eaten fresh spinach!", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Site and soil", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Spinach likes good drainage, a rich soil with plenty of compost and will tolerate light shade. Try to remove stones and weeds and turn the soil well before planting. Spinach is best suited to cool climates and (in the right spot) will be productive throughout Winter and Spring. You can use a cloche to protect young seedlings from frost in late autumn and to protect mature plants from the heat in late Spring.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Planting", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Spinach can be successfully grown from seeds or seedlings. Germination of seeds is possible in temperatures as low as 5°C, although 10-16° is preferable. Sow seeds 1cm deep either directly or in punnets. Each seed produces two or three seedlings and it is suggested that these clumps be planted together.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Seedlings should be planted or thinned to around 30cm apart. Spinach does not respond well to root disturbance, so plan your final position in advance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Cultivating", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Weeding and mulching are important to reduce competition and to create stable (cool and moist) growing conditions. Spinach grown in poorer soils will benefit from application of organic liquid fertiliser or mulch enriched with nutrients, particularly nitrogen. Fertilize with Talborne Organics 6:3:4 or 3:1:5.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Harvesting", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Pick individual leaves as you need them, from the outside of the plant, but make sure you leave enough for the plant to be able to photosynthesise. It is better to cut (rather than pull) the leaves to avoid damage to the root system. Alternatively, cut the whole plant once it's large enough to use. Harvest can usually start 4-6 weeks from planting.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Problems", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "The biggest problem with spinach is its tendency to bolt to seed as soon as conditions become even slightly unfavourable. This is particularly an issue in late Spring when days become longer and temperatures increase. Spinach also tends to bolt under water or nutrient stress. Mature spinach plants don't suffer from too many pests, but can be occasionally attacked by slugs and snails.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Choosing and using", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Although spinach is available to buy all year round, it is best (and cheapest) in Winter and Spring. When buying spinach, choose bright green, fresh-looking leaves. Use them as soon as possible after purchase, or keep them for a few days only in a plastic bag in the fridge. Don't wash them until you're ready to use them. The leaves need very little water to cook and if you want to retain all the good Popeye-sustaining nutrients, cook them only until they are wilted and bright green. Baby leaves are great for salads.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Starke Ayres Garden Centre Rosebank - Tel: 021 685 4120 & West Coast Village Shopping Centre - Tel: 021 554 8450", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## RECIPE: Greek Spinach Pies (Spanakopita)", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Ingredients for 8 triangles: 2 tablespoons olive oil 1 cup green onion, chopped (100 g) 420 g fresh spinach 4 cloves garlic, chopped 1 cup feta cheese (225 g) ½ cup ricotta cheese (110 g) ¼ cup fresh dill, chopped (10 g) ¼ cup fresh parsley, chopped (5 g) 1 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon pepper 8 sheets phyllo dough", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Preheat oven to 180˚C. / In a large pan over medium heat, cook the green onions and garlic in the olive oil until soft. / Add half the spinach, giving time for some to cook down before adding the rest. / Once the spinach has cooked down, transfer to a medium mixing bowl to cool slightly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Add the feta, ricotta, egg, dill, parsley, salt and pepper, and mix until evenly spread. / Set in refrigerator. Lay out one sheet of phyllo dough on a dry surface. Using a pastry brush, coat evenly with olive oil. Add another sheet of phyllo dough on top of the oiled sheet and repeat the oiling process. Continue until there is a stack of 4 oiled sheets. Repeat process on a new stack with remaining 4 sheets. / Cut your dough into 4 sections using a pizza cutter. / With a single section, add a spoonful of your spinach mix and begin folding over your pastry, brushing each fold with oil. Repeat this process for the remaining sections. / Bake in a preheated oven for 25-30 minutes or until golden brown. / Enjoy!", "metadata": { "source_file": "SAGC-growing-spinach2.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## STANDAR OPERASIONAL PROSEDUR (SOP) bUDIDAyA", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## TOMAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN DIREKTORAT JENDERAL HORTIKULTURA DIREKTORAT SAyURAN DAN TANAMAN ObAT 2021", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## STANDAR OPERASIONAL PROSEDUR (SOP) bUDIDAyA TOMAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## TIM PENyUSUN", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Dr. Ir . Yul H. Bahar Dr. Ir . Ani Andayani, MAgr Diny Djuariah Subhan Ir . Yogawati Dwi Agustini", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## PENyUNTING", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Ir . M. Tahir , MP", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## TIM REVISI", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "1. Ir . T ommy Nugraha, MM\n2. Ir . Dessy Rahmaniar, M.Si\n3. Dr. Awang Maharijaya\n4. Ir . Nur Eva Hayati, M.Sc\n5. Hanang Dwi Atmojo, SP.M.Sc\n6. Ir . Sri Setiati\n7. Subardi, STP, M.Si\n8. M. Syaifudin Abdurrohim, SP,M.Si\n9. Budi Hartono, SP, M.Si,\n10. Lili, STP\n11. Fajar Istiqomah, SE", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN Diterbitkan Oleh : DIREKTORAT JENDERAL HORTIKULTURA DIREKTORAT SAyURAN DAN TANAMAN ObAT 2021", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Ir . M. Tahir , MP Enung Hartati Suwarno, SP Novia Yosrini, SP, MP Popy Suryani S, SKom Adityo Utomo, SE Jamin Waludin", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "12. Nur Laili Rahmawati, SP, ME\n13. Junika Megawaty Pasaribu,SP,MSi\n14. Nur Azmi, SP\n15. Citra Lestari, SP\n16. Diana Herlina, SE\n17. Rukiyat\n18. Juhara, KT. Sauyunan, Marga Mekar, Pengalengan, Bandung\n19. Teguh, KT. Setia Tani, Karanggondang, Karangkobar, Banjarnegara", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## KATA PENGANTAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Untuk meningkatkan produksi dan mutu tomat yang bermutu, sesuai permintaan pasar, dan dibudidayakan secara berkelanjutan, serta ramah lingkungan perlu dilakukan upaya penerapan budidaya yang mengikuti Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) yang baik sesuai dengan pedoman budidaya yang ditetapkan dalam Good Agricultural Practice (GAP).", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Buku SOP Budidaya Tomat ini merupakan pedoman bagi petani dan para petugas dan penyuluh dalam melakukan bimbingan dan pembinaan di lokasi binaannya masing-masing. Ruang lingkup SOP ini spesifik pada produksi tomat di lapangan dan tomat noncherry .", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Buku SOP Budidaya Tomat ini merupakan revisi 2 dari buku SOP tahun 2010. Dalam menyusun SOP Budidaya Tomat ini, kami telah melakukan konsultasi dengan berbagai pihak yang berkompeten, juga sumber informasi lainnya seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi. Ke depan penyempurnaan senantiasa diperlukan terkait dengan perkembangan teknologi yang semakin maju dan dinamika yang terjadi. Kepada semua pihak yang telah mendorong dan membantu pembuatan buku ini, kami ucapkan terima kasih.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR ISI", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "| | | Hal |\n|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|\n| KATA PENGANTAR...................................................................................... | KATA PENGANTAR...................................................................................... | i |\n| DAFTAR ISI...................................................................................................... | DAFTAR ISI...................................................................................................... | iii |\n| DAFTAR TABEL............................................................................................. | DAFTAR TABEL............................................................................................. | v |\n| DAFTAR GAMBAR........................................................................................ | DAFTAR GAMBAR........................................................................................ | vii |\n| PENDAHULUAN............................................................................................ | PENDAHULUAN............................................................................................ | 1 |\n| TARGET............................................................................................................ | TARGET............................................................................................................ | 3 |\n| KEGIATAN ....................................................................................................... | KEGIATAN ....................................................................................................... | 7 |\n| STANDAR OPERASIONAL PROSEDUR | STANDAR OPERASIONAL PROSEDUR | STANDAR OPERASIONAL PROSEDUR |\n| I. | Penyediaan Benih.............................................................................. | 9 |\n| II. | Persiapan Lahan................................................................................. | 15 |\n| III. | Penanaman........................................................................................... | 23 |\n| W. | Pemasangan Ajir ................................................................................ | 27 |\n| V. | Perempelan/Wiwil............................................................................ | 31 |\n| VI. Pengairan.............................................................................................. | VI. Pengairan.............................................................................................. | 33 |\n| VII. Pemupukan.......................................................................................... | VII. Pemupukan.......................................................................................... | 39 |\n| VIII. Pengendalian OPT............................................................................. | VIII. Pengendalian OPT............................................................................. | 43 |\n| IX. | Panen...................................................................................................... | 63 |\n| X. | Pasca Panen.......................................................................................... | 67 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR GAMbAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "| | | Halaman |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|\n| Gambar 1. | Bedengan pesemaian....................................................... | 12 |\n| Gambar 2. | Penyiapan Lahan ............................................................... | 15 |\n| Gambar 3. | Alat Pelubang Mulsa......................................................... | 18 |\n| Gambar 4. | Lahan yg siap ditanam .................................................... | 21 |\n| Gambar 5. | Pembuatan Lubang tanam pada mulsa.................... | 22 |\n| Gambar 6. | Ulat tanah, A. ipsilon ......................................................... | 46 |\n| Gambar 7. | Lalat buah, Bactrocera spp ............................................. | 48 |\n| Gambar 8. | Ulat buah, H. armigera ..................................................... | 49 |\n| Gambar 9. | Kutu kebul. B.tabaci .......................................................... | 50 |\n| Gambar 10. | Ulat grayak. Spodoptera litura ...................................... | 52 |\n| Gambar 11. | Pengorok daun. Liriomyza huidobrensis .................. | 53 |\n| Gambar 12. | Gejala penyakit busuk daun.......................................... | 59 |\n| Gambar 13. | Panen Tomat........................................................................ | 64 |\n| Gambar 14. Sortasi Tomat...................................................................... | Gambar 14. Sortasi Tomat...................................................................... | 69 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## I. PENDAHULUAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Tomat ( Solanum lycpersicum ) berasal dari kawasan pegunungan Andes dari Meksiko sampai Peru. Semua varietas tomat, baik yang ditanam di Eropa maupun Asia berasal dari biji yang dibawa dari", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Amerika Latin oleh pedagang bangsa Spanyol dan Portugis pada abad ke -16. Data produksi tomat dunia menunjukkan bahwa negara-negara maju seperti Amerika Serikat dan Eropa budidaya di rumah kaca mampu menghasilkan tomat dengan produksi melebihi 100 ton/ha. Di Indonesia rata-rata produksi tomat nasional dengan budidaya di lapang baru mencapai 19,62 ton/ha atau 23,24 ton/ha untuk Pulau Jawa dan 16,61 ton/ha untuk Luar Jawa (Sumber: ATAP 2020, Ditjen Hortikultura). Produksi ini sesungguhnya masih dapat ditingkatkan dengan ditemukannya varietas-varietas unggul baru dan hibrida yang berproduksi tinggi, tahan hama dan penyakit, dan melalui penerapan budidaya yang baik. Potensi produksi tomat yang ditanam di lapangan berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat mencapai 60 ton/ha, hasil ini sudah sering dicapai oleh petani-petani maju.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Tanaman tomat dapat beradaptasi luas mulai dari dataran rendah sampai dataran tinggi tergantung dari varietas yang dibudidayakan. Berdasarkan jenis tanah, daerah penanaman yang paling luas adalah pada tanah Inseptisol (31,93%), diikuti oleh Andisol (27,59%) dan Aluvial (13,75%).", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Sedangkan berdasarkan tipe iklim (agroklimat) secara umum yang sesuai bagi pertanaman tomat adalah tipe iklim B2/C2, 7-9 bulan basah dan 2-4 bulan kering sampai 5-7 bulan basah dan 2-4 bulan kering. Tipe iklim yang lainnya yang sesuai bagi usahatani tomat adalah Bl/Cl dengan 7-9 bulan basah dan 0-2 bulan kering sampai 5-7 bulan basah dan 0-2 bulan kering .", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Pengembangan tomat dengan menerapkan berbagai aspek terkait dalam sistem industrinya akan dapat memacu usaha agribisnis tomat secara berkelanjutan. Untuk mengantisipasi hal tersebut, salah satu usahanya adalah dengan membuat suatu standar/acuan, yaitu Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) sebagai acuan dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan produksi tomat. Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) memuat alur proses budidaya dari on-farm sampai penanganan pascapanen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## II. TARGET", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Target yang akan dicapai dalam kerangka penerapan Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) ini adalah tercapainya produksi optimal dengan budidaya di lapangan, mutu produksi sesuai standar mutu yang telah ditetapkan (SNI 01-3162-1992 dan Draft Standar Codex) dan meningkatnya ekspor buah tomat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "- a. Target produksi yang akan dicapai untuk tomat adalah 50 ton/ha.\n- b. Target mutu buah yang akan dicapai dengan penerapan SOP ini antara lain:\n- 1) Ukuran buah yang dihasilkan seragam tergantung permintaan pasar.\n- 2) Kesamaan sifat varietas seragam\n- 3) Keseragaman tingkat kematangan buah (60% -90% masak tergantung permintaan pasar)\n- 4) Utuh, bebas dari bercak, tidak memar, tidak pecah, busuk, terbelah atau terkupas\n- 5) Berat/buah yang dihasilkan rata-rata besar 65% (diatas 100 gram) dan kecil 35% (dibawah 100 gram).\n- 6) Menurut jenis mutunya, tomat segar digolongkan dalam 2 jenis mutu yaitu Mutu I dan Mutu II (Tabel 1)\n- 7) Buah aman untuk dikonsumsi\n- 8) Rasa segar buah cukup baik", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Tabel 1. Spesifikasi Persyaratan Mutu", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "| No | Jenis Uji | Satuan | Persyaratan | Persyaratan |\n|------|----------------------------|----------|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|\n| No | Jenis Uji | Satuan | Mutu I | Mutu II |\n| 1. | Kesamaam sifat, varietas | - | Seragam | Seragam |\n| 2. | Tingkat ketuaan | - | Tua, tapi tidak terlalu matang dan tidak lunak | Tua, tapi tidak terlalu matang dan tidak lunak |\n| 3. | Ukuran | - | Seragam | Seragam |\n| 4. | Kotoran | - | Tidak ada | Tidak ada |\n| 5. | Kerusakan, (jumlah/jumlah) | % | Maks. 5 | Maks. 10 |\n| 6. | Busuk, (jumlah/ jumlah) | % | Maks. 1 | Maks. 1 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## Catatan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "dinyatakan rusak apabila mengalami kerusakan atau cacat oleh sebab fisiologis, mekanis dan Iain-lain yang terlihat pada permukaan buah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Busuk", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "dinyatakan busuk apabila mengalami pembusukan akibat kerusakan biologis.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Draft Standar Codex 184-1993", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## III. KEGIATAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Untuk peningkatan produksi dan mutu produksi buah tomat yang dibudidayakan di lapangan, diperlukan penanganan khusus meliputi perbaikan manajemen dan aplikasi budidaya pra-panen dan pasca panen. Aplikasi budidaya prapanen dengan sistem konvensional saat ini sudah banyak ditinggalkan dan beralih ke sistem yang lebih maju, misalnya penanaman dengan menggunakan mulsa plastik hitam perak.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Tanaman tomat dapat beradaptasi luas dari mulai dataran rendah sampai ke dataran tinggi tergantung dari varietas yang digunakan. Untuk mencapai hasil buah yang optimal selain dengan menggunakan varietas yang tahan terhadap penyakit dan hama juga perlu diperhatikan teknologi budidaya yang tepat. Kegiatan budidaya yang dinilai berkaitan erat pada tujuan dan target yang ditetapkan pada tahap pemangkasan, pemupukan, pengairan, pengendalian hama dan penyakit, panen dan penanganan pasca panen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Varietas tomat yang telah terdaftar dan mendapat SK Menteri Pertanian dapat dilihat pada data base varietas hortikultura terdaftar yang dapat diakses pada tautan http://www. varietas.net.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## STANDAR OPERASIONAL PROSEDUR (SOP)", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Tomat I | Tanggal ..................... |\n|--------------------------------|---------------------|---------------------------------|\n| Penyediaan benih | Halaman 6 - 10 | Revisi ke 2 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## I. PENyEDIAAN BENIH", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## A. Definisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Penyemaian benih merupakan rangkaian kegiatan menumbuhkan biji tomat di tempat persemaian hingga dihasilkan tanaman yang siap ditanam ke lahan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## B. Tujuan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "1. Menyiapkan benih tomat bermutu dari varietas yang dianjurkan dalam jumlah yang cukup dan pada waktu yang tepat untuk siap ditanam ke lahan.\n2. Menyeleksi benih yang murni secara genetik, sehat, daya tumbuhnya baik dan mempunyai daya adaptasi yang baik di lahan yang akan ditanami.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "1. Teknologi Produksi Tomat, (Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, 1997)\n2. Bertanam Tomat (Bernardinus T. Wahyu Wiryanta, 2002)\n3. Budidaya Tomat, Direktorat (Bina Produksi Hortikultura, 2002)", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "4. Awang Maharijaya, Pusat Kajian Hortikultura Tropika - IPB, 2021\n5. Pengalaman petani tomat di Kabupaten Bandung dan Banjarnegara, 2021", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## D. Alat dan Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "1. Alat\n- a. Bambu/kayu\n- b. Plastik transparan/screen\n- c. Pisau/gunting\n- d. Gembor\n- e. Handsprayer", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## 2. Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "- a. Benih\n- b. Tanah/media tanam\n- c. Pupuk organik\n- d. Polybag/kantong plastik/baki pesemaian\n- e. Pestisida\n- f. Pupuk daun", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## E. Fungsi Alat dan Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "1. Bambu/kayu untuk membuat tiang naungan tempat pembenihan\n2. Plastik transaparan/ screen digunakan untuk menaungi persemaian\n3. Pisau/gunting untuk melubangi polybag", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "4. Gembor untuk menyiram\n5. Handsprayer digunakan untuk aplikasi penyiraman media semai\n6. Benih digunakan sebagai bahan untuk perbanyakan tanaman\n7. Tanah dan atau media lain digunakan sebagai media semai\n8. Pupuk organik digunakan untuk memperbaiki sifat fisik tanah (tekstur dan struktur tanah)\n9. Polybag, kantong plastik atau baki untuk wadah media semai\n10. Pestisida untuk mengendalikan serangan OPT\n11. Pupuk daun untuk menambah unsur hara melalui daun", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## F. Prosedur Pelaksanaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "1. Pemilihan benih\n- a. Gunakan benih dari varietas yang sudah dilepas oleh Menteri Pertanian dan tersedia di pasaran, sesuai dengan agroklimat di lokasi tanam\n- b. Gunakan benih dalam kondisi baik dan tidak kadaluarsa\n- c. Simpan label benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## 2. Persemaian", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "- a. Media tanam Gunakan media tanam berupa campuran tanah dan pupuk kandang dengan perbandingann 1:", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "1 yang disterilisasi. Masukan media ke dalam polybag /baki persemaian.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## b. Menyemai benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "- 1) Hitung kebutuhan benih berdasarkan daya kecambah yang tertulis pada kemasan benih dan 10% kebutuhan penyulaman\n- 2) Rendam benih dengan air hangat\n- 3) Tiriskan benih dan letakkan di atas kertas\n- 4) Siram media semai dengan air sebelum dilakukan penyemaian;\n- 5) Tanam benih tomat satu persatu ke dalam polybag/baki persemaian;\n- 6) Letakan polybag/baki persemaian di dalam rak atau bedengan;\n- 7) Penyemaian (rak atau bedengan) sebaiknya berada di tempat terbuka dan sirkulasi udaranya baik serta dinaungi dengan dengan plastik bening.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Gambar 1. Persemaian Tomat", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "- c. Pemeliharaan semaian Siram persemaian untuk menjaga kelembaban media\n- d. Pindahkan bibit dari persemaian ke lahan/ lapangan setelah berumur 15 - 20 hari atau 2 - 4 helai daun sudah tumbuh.\n- e. Pilih tanaman yang normal dan sehat\n- f. Lakukan penanaman tanaman di lahan/ lapangan pada pagi atau sore hari.\n3. Setiap kegiatan yang dilaksanakan harus dicatat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## G. Sasaran", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "1. Digunakannya benih bermutu dari varietas unggul untuk mendapatkan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman yang baik.\n2. Digunakannya benih yang mempunyai tingkat kemurnian, daya tumbuh yang tinggi dan sehat (tidak membawa dan atau menularkan OPT) untuk pertanaman seragam dan produktivitas yang tinggi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Tomat II | Tanggal ..................... |\n|--------------------------------|----------------------|---------------------------------|\n| Persiapan Lahan | Halaman 11 - 18 | Revisi ke 2 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## II. PERSIAPAN LAHAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## A. Definisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Kegiatan persiapan lahan adalah kegiatan mempersiapkan lahan yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan tanaman, meliputi kegiatan persiapan/pengolahan lahan, pemupukan dasar dan pemasangan mulsa plastik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Gambar 2. Penyiapan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## B. Tujuan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Menyiapkan lahan yang baik agar pertumbuhan tanaman optimal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "1. Teknologi Produksi Tomat, (Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, 1997)\n2. Bertanam Tomat (Bernardinus T. Wahyu Wiryanta, 2002)\n3. Budidaya Tomat, Direktorat (Bina Produksi Hortikultura, 2002)\n4. Awang Maharijaya, Pusat Kajian Hortikultura Tropika - IPB, 2021\n5. Pengalaman petani tomat di Kabupaten Bandung dan Banjarnegara, 2021", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## D. Alat dan Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "- a. Bambu/golok/pisau\n- b. Cangkul/sekop/garpu/cultivator\n- c. Mulsa plastik\n- d. Pelubang mulsa plastik\n- e. Tali rafia/tambang plastik", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## 2. Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "- a. Pupuk kandang\n- b. Dolomit/kapur pertanian Pupuk anorganik", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "## E. Fungsi Alat dan Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "1. Bambu/golok/pisau, digunakan sebagai bahan dan alat membuat ajir dan pasak penjepit mulsa.\n2. Cangkul/sekop/garpu/cultivator digunakan sebagai alat dalam proses pengolahan tanah yaitu membersihkan sisa-sisa perakaran tanaman, menggemburkan, menghaluskan/meratakan dan membuat guludan/ bedengan.\n3. Mulsa plastik untuk menutup permukaan atas bedengan yang bermanfaat untuk merangsang perkembangan akar, mempertahankan struktur, mempertahankan suhu dan kelembaban tanah, mencegah erosi tanah, menekan pertumbuhan gulma, meningkatkan proses fotosintesa dan mengurangi penguapan air dan pupuk.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Pelubang mulsa plastik berdiameter 10 cm yang dipanaskan, digunakan untuk membuat lubang tanam pada mulsa plastik dengan jarak tanam yang sudah ditentukan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "5. Tali rafia, digunakan untuk mengikat ajir dan mengikat batang.\n6. Pupuk kandang digunakan untuk memperbaiki sifat fisik tanah serta menambah bahan organik dan unsur-unsur hara yang diperlukan tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "7. Dolomit/kapur pertanian digunakan untuk meningkatkan pH pada tanah masam hingga mendekati pH 6 (diberikan 1 bulan sebelum tanam).\n8. Pupuk anorganik baik pupuk tunggal atau pupuk majemuk.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Gambar 3. Alat pelubang mulsa", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## F. Prosedur Pelaksanaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "1. Pemilihan Lahan\n- a. Pilih lokasi lahan yang sebelumnya tidak ditanami tanaman dari famili yang sama ( solanaceae ) seperti cabai, terong, tembakau; minimal satu musim tanam.\n- b. Dianjurkan memilih lokasi lahan bekas ditanami dari family graminae seperti padi, jagung, tebu atau dari family liliaceae seperti bawang merah, bawang bombay, dll.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## 2. Pengolahan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "- a. Lakukan pembersihan lahan dari sisa tanaman dan sampah.\n- b. Lakukan penggemburan lahan dengan cara mencangkul sampai kedalaman 30 - 40 cm. Lahan dibiarkan terkena sinar matahari selama 2 (dua) minggu.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Lakukan pembuatan bedengan dengan lebar 90 -100 cm. Panjang bedengan disesuaikan dengan panjang lahan yang dikehendaki. Tinggi bedengan saat musim kemarau 20-30 cm dan pada saat musim penghujan ( off-season ) 20-40 cm agar perakaran tanaman tidak terendam air. Jarak antar bedengan atau lebar parit adalah 30-40 cm. Pada musim penghujan, jarak antar bedengan atau lebar parit diperlebar untuk menghindari penyebaran penyakit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## 3. Pemberian kapur tanah", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Lakukan pemberian kapur dengan kaptan/ zeolit/dolomit (disesuaikan dengan rekomendasi spesifik lokasi) yang diberikan bersamaan dengan pengolahan tanah pada lahan bila derajat keasaman (pH) rendah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## 4. Pemberian Pupuk dasar", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Berikan pupuk dasar berupa pupuk kandang sebanyak 20 ton dan pupuk anorganik berupa NPK 16:16:16 sebanyak 500 kg bersamaan dengan pembuatan bedengan/guludan dengan cara disebarkan merata ke seluruh bedengan/guludan, diaduk-aduk dengan cangkul agar pupuk bercampur dengan tanah kemudian disiram air sampai basah merata.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "5. Ratakan/haluskan permukaan bedengan untuk mencegah kerusakan mulsa plastik karena terkoyak bongkahan tanah/batu.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Gambar 4. Pemberian Dolomit/Kapur", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "6. Pemasangan mulsa plastik hitam-perak.\n- a. Gunakan mulsa plastik hitam perak dengan lebar 120 cm.\n- b. Lakukan pemasangan mulsa pada saat panas terik matahari agar mulsa memuai sehingga memudahkan mulsa tersebut ditarik menutup rapat bedengan. Bagian plastik berwarna perak menghadap ke atas sedangkan yang berwarna hitam menghadap ke tanah/bawah.\n- c. Tarik ujung mulsa, kaitkan pasak penjepit (terbuat dari bambu) pada sisi-sisi mulsa dengan bedengan agar mulsa tidak mudah lepas.\n- d. Hindari rongga di sekitar lubang tanam agar tanaman tidak mati karena akarnya kepanasan.\n- e. Lakukan pemasangan secara bertahap dari satu ujung bedengan hingga ujung berikutnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "7. Setelah mulsa terpasang dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan lubang tanam pada mulsa menggunakan alat pelubang mulsa berdiameter 10 cm yang dipanaskan. Hal ini dapat tidak dilakukan apabila menggunakan mulsa yang telah dilubangi sebelumnya oleh toko. Lubang tanam dibuat sesuai dengan jarak tanam yaitu jarak lubang antar barisan 60-80 cm, jarak lubang dalam barisan 50 cm. Jumlah tanaman per hektar berkisar antara 20.000 - 25.000 tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "## 8. Setiap kegiatan yang dilaksanakan harus tercatat", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Gambar 5. Pemasangan dan pembuatan lubang tanam pada mulsa.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## G. Sasaran", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "1. Tersedianya lahan berupa bedengan untuk pertanaman tomat dengan struktur tanah, pupuk dasar dan perlakuan lain sesuai kebutuhan.\n2. Terpasangnya mulsa plastik dengan lubang tanam yang mengikuti jarak tanam sesuai anjuran.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Tomat III | Tanggal ..................... |\n|--------------------------------|-----------------------|---------------------------------|\n| Penanaman | Halaman 19-21 | Revisi ke 2 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## III. PENANAMAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## A. Definisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Merupakan rangkaian kegiatan memindahkan bibit dari tempat penyemaian ke lahan atau areal penanaman hingga tanaman berdiri tegak dan siap tumbuh di lapangan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## B. Tujuan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Menumbuhkan tanaman tomat di lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "1. Teknologi Produksi Tomat, (Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, 1997)\n2. Bertanam Tomat (Bernardinus T. Wahyu Wiryanta, 2002)\n3. Budidaya Tomat, Direktorat (Bina Produksi Hortikultura, 2002)\n4. Awang Maharijaya, Pusat Kajian Hortikultura Tropika - IPB, 2021\n5. Pengalaman petani tomat di Kabupaten Bandung dan Banjarnegara, 2021", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## D. Alat dan Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "1. Alat\n- a. Ember\n- b. Gayung", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## 2. Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "- a. Tanaman tomat\n- b. Insectisida berbahan aktif karbofuran dalam bentuk granul", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## E. Fungsi Alat dan Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "1. Ember dan gayung untuk mengambil dan menyiram air ke tanaman\n2. Tanaman tomat dari persemaian digunakan sebagai bahan yang akan ditanam pada lubang tanam yang telah disiapkan\n3. Insektisida berbahan aktif karbofuran dalam bentuk granul digunakan sebagai pengendali hama yang ada di dalam tanah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## F. Prosedur Pelaksanaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "1. Lakukan penanaman pada pagi atau sore hari agar tanaman tidak layu akibat panasnya cahaya matahari.\n2. Bibit diletakkan di dekat lubang tanam Bibit dikeluarkan dari polybag/baki semai secara hatihati agar tanah tidak pecah dan perakaran tidak rusak/terpotong. Sebaiknya bibit disiram terlebih dahulu agar tanah tidak pecah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "3. Bibit dikeluarkan dari polybag/baki semai secara hati-hati agar tanah tidak pecah dan perakaran tidak rusak/terpotong. Sebaiknya bibit disiram terlebih dahulu agar tanah tidak pecah.\n4. Periksa bibit yang akan ditanam terlebih dahulu. Batang bibit harus tumbuh lurus, perakarannya banyak dan pertumbuhannya normal.\n5. Tanam bibit di bedengan pada mulsa yang telah dilubangi sebatas leher akar. Sebelum ditutup ditambahkan insektisida berbahan aktif karbofuran.\n6. Waktu menanam usahakan daun tomat tidak menyentuh mulsa plastik agar tanaman tidak terbakar panas yang disebabkan oleh mulsa plastik.\n7. Lakukan penyiraman setelah penanaman.\n8. Lakukan penyulaman maksimal satu minggu setelah tanam.\n9. Setiap kegiatan yang dilaksanakan harus tercatat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## G. Sasaran", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Bibit dari persemaian tertanam pada lokasi dan jarak tanam yang telah ditentukan sehingga tanaman tumbuh dengan baik dan optimal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Gambar 6. Penanaman Tomat", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Tomat IV | Tanggal ..................... |\n|--------------------------------|----------------------|---------------------------------|\n| Pemasangan Ajir | Halaman 22-24 | Revisi ke 2 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## IV. PEMASANGAN AJIR", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## A. Definisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Merupakan kegiatan memasang penyangga/penopang dekat dengan tanaman tomat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## B. Tujuan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Membantu tanaman tumbuh tegak, mengurangi kerusakan fisik tanaman yang disebabkan beban buah dan tiupan angin, memperbaiki pertumbuhan daun dan tunas serta mempermudah pemeliharaan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "1. Teknologi Produksi Tomat, (Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, 1997)\n2. Bertanam Tomat (Bernardinus T. Wahyu Wiryanta, 2002)\n3. Budidaya Tomat, Direktorat (Bina Produksi Hortikultura, 2002)\n4. Awang Maharijaya, Pusat Kajian Hortikultura Tropika - IPB,2021\n5. Pengalaman petani tomat di Kabupaten Bandung dan Banjarnegara, 2021", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## D. Alat dan Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "1. Alat\n- a. Golok\n- b. Tali rafia", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "## 2. Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "Bambu/kayu/ajir pabrikan dengan panjang 100 cm untuk tomat tipe determinate (biasa ditanam di dataran rendah) atau panjang 225 cm untuk tomat tipe indeterminate (biasa ditanam di dataran tinggi)", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "## E. Fungsi Alat dan Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "1. Golok digunakan untuk meruncingkan ajir bambu/ kayu dan memotong tali rafia.\n2. Tali rafia digunakan untuk mengikat tanaman pada ajir.\n3. Bambu/kayu/ajir pabrikan digunakan sebagai penyangga/penopang tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "## F. Prosedur Pelaksanaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "1. Pemasangan ajir dilakukan maksimal satu minggu setelah pindah tanam\n2. Mendistribusikan ajir ke dekat tanaman\n3. Meruncingkan ujung ajir\n4. Memasang ajir 10 cm dari tanaman tomat dengan bagian ajir yang masuk ke dalam tanah sekurangkurangnya sedalam 20 cm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "5. Mengikat antar ajir yang sudah terpasang di lapangan dengan sistem segitiga dan sistem tunggal menggunakan tali rafia.\n6. Mengikatkan tanaman tomat pada ajir menggunakan tali rafia pada umur tanaman 30 hari setelah tanam atau ditandai setelah adanya cabang pertama.\n7. Setiap kegiatan yang dilaksanakan harus tercatat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Tomat V | Tanggal ..................... |\n|--------------------------------|---------------------|---------------------------------|\n| Perempelan/ wiwil | Halaman 25-27 | Revisi ke 2 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "## V. PEREMPELAN/WIWIL", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "## A. Definisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "1. Merupakan rangkaian kegiatan membuang tunas air atau tunas samping yang tidak produktif dalam rangka pembentukan tanaman untuk tanaman tomat di dataran tinggi.\n2. Kegiatan membuang daun tua, daun terserang penyakit dan buah yang cacat/rusak atau terserang hama dan penyakit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "## B. Tujuan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "1. Mengatur keseimbangan nutrisi dan asimilat untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman.\n2. Untuk membentuk tajuk tanaman yang ideal sehingga terjadi partisi sinar matahari yang efektif untuk energi fotosintesis.\n3. Mempermudah pemeliharaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "1. Teknologi Produksi Tomat, (Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, 1997)\n2. Bertanam Tomat (Bernardinus T. Wahyu Wiryanta, 2002)\n3. Budidaya Tomat, (Direktorat Bina Produksi Hortikultura, 2002)", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "4. Awang Maharijaya, Pusat Kajian Hortikultura Tropika - IPB, 2021\n5. Pengalaman petani tomat di Kabupaten Bandung dan Banjarnegara, 2021", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## D. Alat dan Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "1. Alat\n- a. Gunting/cutter\n- b. Wadah/ember\n2. Bahan\n- a. Fungisida dan bakterisida", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## E. Fungsi Alat dan Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "1. Gunting/cutter digunakan untuk memotong tunas air atau tunas samping, daun tua, daun yang terserang penyakit dan buah yang cacat/rusak atau terserang hama dan penyakit.\n2. Wadah/ember digunakan untuk menampung wiwilan\n3. Fungisida dan bakterisida untuk sterilisasi gunting/ cutter", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## F. Prosedur Pelaksanaan:", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "1. Lakukan perempelan/wiwil pada waktu pagi hari pada umur 15 - 30 hari setelah tanam\n2. Rendam gunting/cutter sebelum dan setelah digunakan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "3. Potong tunas air atau tunas samping, daun tua, daun yang terserang penyakit dan buah yang cacat/rusak atau terserang hama dan penyakit.\n4. Setiap kegiatan yang dilaksanakan harus tercatat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "## G. Sasaran", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "1. Terbentuk keseimbangan nutrisi dan asimilat untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman.\n2. Terbentuk tajuk tanaman yang ideal sehingga terjadi partisi sinar matahari yang efektif untuk energi fotosintesis.\n3. Mempermudah pemeliharaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "Gambar 8. Perempelan Tunas Ketiak", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Tomat VI | Tanggal ..................... |\n|--------------------------------|----------------------|---------------------------------|\n| Pengairan | Halaman 28-30 | Revisi ke 2 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## VI. PENGAIRAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## A. Definisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Memberikan air di daerah perakaran untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air pada tanaman tomat. dengan air yang memenuhi standar pada waktu, cara dan jumlah yang tepat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## B. Tujuan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Menjamin ketersediaan air bagi tanaman untuk mengganti air yang hilang akibat penguapan, hanyut, air yang meresap ke dalam tanah ( infiltrasi ), air aliran permukaan ( run-off ) dan lainnya, sehingga pertumbuhan dan proses produksinya optimal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "1. Teknologi Produksi Tomat, (Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, 1997)\n2. Bertanam Tomat (Bernardinus T. Wahyu Wiryanta, 2002)\n3. Budidaya Tomat, (Direktorat Bina Produksi Hortikultura, 2002)\n4. Awang Maharijaya, Pusat Kajian Hortikultura Tropika - IPB, 2021\n5. Pengalaman petani tomat di Kabupaten Bandung dan Banjarnegara, 2021", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## D. Alat dan bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "1. Air. Air yang digunakan adalah air dalam yang bebas dari cemaran zat-zat berbahaya\n2. Pompa air.\n3. Selang plastik.\n4. Peralatan irigasi sistem drip\n5. Cangkul.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## E. Fungsi Alat dan Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "1. Pompa air digunakan untuk menaikkan air (apabila sumber air lebih rendah dari pertanaman) dengan menggunakan selang.\n2. Selang digunakan untuk mendistribusikan air ke tanaman\n3. Cangkul untuk membuka dan menutup saluran air.\n4. Peralatan irigasi sistem drip untuk mengalirkan air ke dekat perakaran dan menghemat air.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## F. Prosedur pelaksanaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "1. Lakukan penyiraman sesuai dengan kebutuhan. 2.\n2. Lakukan penyiraman secara rutin terutama pada fase awal pertumbuhan dan media dijaga jangan sampai kekeringan.\n3. Lakukan penyiraman dengan menggunakan selang yang dimasukkan ke dalam mulsa plastik atau menggunakan irigasi tetes.\n4. Aturlah sistem pembuangan pada musim penghujan supaya aliran air lancar sehingga akar tanaman tidak tergenang air terlalu lama. Akar atau bedengan yang sering terendam air menyebabkan kelembaban", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "- tinggi sehingga akan mengundang penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri dan cendawan.\n5. Jika memungkinkan dapat dilakukan dengan sistem drip. Terutama jika ketersediaan air rendah (langka).\n6. Setiap kegiatan yang dilaksanakan harus tercatat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## G. Sasaran", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Gambar 9. Penyiraman", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Tomat VII | Tanggal ..................... |\n|--------------------------------|-----------------------|---------------------------------|\n| Penyiangan | Halaman 31-32 | Revisi ke 2 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## VII. PENyIANGAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## A. Definisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "Penyiangan adalah kegiatan mengendalikan gulma dengan mencabut gulma dan membuangnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## B. Tujuan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "1. Mengurangi persaingan penyerapan hara antara tanaman dan gulma yang tumbuh di sekitar tanaman.\n2. Mengurangi risiko penularan penyakit", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "1. Teknologi Produksi Tomat, (Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, 1997)\n2. Bertanam Tomat (Bernardinus T. Wahyu Wiryanta, 2002)\n3. Budidaya Tomat, (Direktorat Bina Produksi Hortikultura, 2002)\n4. Awang Maharijaya, Pusat Kajian Hortikultura Tropika - IPB, 2021\n5. Pengalaman petani tomat di Kabupaten Bandung dan Banjarnegara, 2021", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## D. Alat", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "1. Sarung tangan\n2. Kored\n3. Cangkul", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "## E. Fungsi Alat dan Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "1. Sarung tangan untuk melindungi pekerja dan untuk menghindari penyebaran penyakit\n2. Kored digunakan untuk membersihkan gulma yang tumbuh dan mendangir tanah di sekitar tanam.\n3. Cangkul digunakan untuk membersihkan gulma yang tumbuh di saluran drainase atau jarak antar bedengan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "## F. Prosedur Pelaksanaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "1. Lakukan penyiangan pada saat tanaman berumur 30-40 hari setelah tanam atau jika diperlukan\n2. Cabut gulma di sekitar tanaman dengan tangan. Jika diperlukan dapat dibantu dengan kored\n3. Bersihkan gulma yang tumbuh di saluran antar bedeng dengan cangkul\n4. Lakukan pencatatan seluruh proses penyiangan yang dikukan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "## G. Sasaran", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "Tanaman terbebas dari gulma dan kegemburan tanah terjaga, sehingga tanaman tumbuh optimal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "| Standar Operasional Prosedur | Nomor SOP Tomat VIII | Tanggal ..................... |\n|--------------------------------|------------------------|---------------------------------|\n| Pemupukan | Halaman 33-35 | Revisi ke 2 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## VIII. PEMUPUKAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## A. Definisi", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "Penambahan unsur hara ke dalam tanah apabila kandungan unsur hara dalam tanah tidak mencukupi untuk mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman secara optimal", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## B. Tujuan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "Mempertahankan status hara tanah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hara tanaman untuk menjamin pertumbuhan tanaman secara optimal dan menghasilkan produksi dengan mutu yang baik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## C. Validasi", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "1. Teknologi Produksi Tomat, (Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, 1997)\n2. Bertanam Tomat (Bernardinus T. Wahyu Wiryanta, 2002)\n3. Budidaya Tomat, (Direktorat Bina Produksi Hortikultura, 2002)\n4. Awang Maharijaya, Pusat Kajian Hortikultura Tropika - IPB, 2021\n5. Pengalaman petani tomat di Kabupaten Bandung dan Banjarnegara, 2021", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## D. Alat dan Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "1. Alat\n- a. Tugal\n- b. Ember/gayung", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "## 2. Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "- a. Pupuk organik\n- b. Pupuk anorganik (Unsur N, P, K, S)\n- c. Pupuk pelengkap cair", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "## E. Fungsi Alat dan Bahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "1. Tugal untuk membuat lubang pupuk.\n2. Ember sebagai tempat/wadah air\n3. Pupuk organik digunakan untuk memperbaiki tekstur dan struktur tanah\n4. Pupuk anorganik, digunakan sebagai unsur tambahan hara/nutrisi yang dibutuhkan tanaman dalam bentuk pupuk tunggal maupun majemuk\n5. Pupuk pelengkap cair digunakan untuk mengatasi kekurangan jumlah unsur hara mikro yang diperlukan tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "## F. Prosedur Pelaksanaan", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "1. Gunakan pupuk berdasarkan dosis yang telah ditentukan sesuai dengan rekomendasi setempat.\n2. Pupuk anorganik dilarutkan di dalam ember sesuai konsentrasi untuk aplikasi (5 gram/L)\n3. Larutan pupuk dimasukkan ke dalam ember atau handsprayer", "metadata": { "source_file": "SOP-BUDIDAYA-TOMAT-2021_watermark.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "## Substrate pH: Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Neil Mattson", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Assistant professor and Floriculture Extension Specialist, Department of Horticulture Cornell University, 134A Plant Sciences Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "pH affects the ability of nutrients to dissolve in water (solubility). The graph below shows nutrient solubility in container media as pH varies from 4 to 8. Solubility is important because roots can only take up nutrients that are dissolved in solution and cannot take up the solid form of the nutrient.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Source of figure:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Alkalinity control for irrigation water used in greenhouses by Douglas Bailey, North Carolina State University", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/ floriculture/plugs/alkalinity.pdf", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Problems with Low pH", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "The micronutrients iron, manganese, zinc, and boron are highly soluble at low pH (pH 5.0-6.0). Therefore, at low pH these nutrients are available and readily taken up by roots. If pH is too low, typically below 5.0 for most plants, the nutrients become so soluble that they may be taken up at harmful or toxic concentrations. A classic symptom of this is iron toxicity which appears as leaf bronzing and chlorosis (yellowing) which appear first on lower leaves (Photograph 1). Certain plants that are especially efficient at taking up iron, such as seed and zonal geraniums and marigolds, can exhibit iron toxicity when pH is below 6.0.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Problems with High pH", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "At high media pH the low solubility of iron, manganese, zinc, and boron makes these nutrients less available to be taken up by roots and so deficiency symptoms can occur. Certain plants are less efficient at absorbing micronutrients (especially iron and manganese). These plants require a slightly lower pH to be able to absorb enough of these nutrients. A classic example of this is iron deficiency is petunia. Affected plants show yellowing between the veins on the upper leaves (Photograph 2). Often there is enough iron provided in the fertilizer/container media, but the pH is too high for roots to absorb it.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## pH Guidelines", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Based on the above problems, excessively high and excessively low pH should be avoided. For many plants a pH of 5.5-6.5 typically allows the various mineral nutrients to be absorbed at adequate levels; and not at levels too high that toxicity can result. As stated above, certain plants are more efficient at absorbing iron and other micronutrients. For this group, referred to as the 'Iron-Efficient' or Geranium Group the optimal pH is slightly higher (6.0-6.6) so that iron toxicity does not occur. Conversely, Snapdragon, Caibrachoa, and Petunia are considered 'Iron Inefficient' and so a lower pH is desired (5.4-6.2) so that enough iron can be absorbed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Media pH guidelines for some common greenhouse plants. *", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "* Adapted from Managing pH for Container Media by Paul Fisher, Chapter 4 in Ball Redbook Crop Production, Volume 2, 17 th Edition, Ball Publishing.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "| Iron Inefficient Plants pH 5.4 to 6.2 | General Group pH 5.8 to 6.4 | Iron Efficient Plants pH 6.0 to 6.6 |\n|-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------|\n| bacopa | chrysanthemum | geranium (seed and zonal) |\n| calibrachoa | geranium (ivy) | marigold |\n| nemesia | impatiens | New Guinea impatiens |\n| pansy | poinsettia | lisianthus |\n| petunia | | |\n| snapdragon | | |\n| scaevola | | |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "For more information on suggested pH ranges for specific greenhouse crops, see the publication: Monitoring and Managing pH and EC Using the Pour Thru Extraction Method. North Carolina State University. Online at: http://www.pourthruinfo.com/", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Long-Term Monitoring Examples", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Sampling container media for pH and EC is most effective when samples are taken periodically during crop production as opposed to measuring at only 1 time point. This allows you to look for trends. If pH or EC begin to creep outside of the preferred range, then action can be taken to bring these under control. For example:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Bedding plants were grown with a commercial fertilizer mix at 150 ppm N. The PourThru method was used to measure container media pH. The pH tended to increase over time during the first 28 days, so on day 28 an acidic fertilizer (21-7-7 acid special) was used for 7 days. pH began to creep up again, so on day 58, the acidic fertilizer was used again for another 7 days. (Data from Neil Mattson)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## CORRECTING pH", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Before we look at specific ways to lower or raise pH of the container medium, we will first look at some factors that affect pH.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "The container medium that we use has an initial pH. Acidic media (pH less than 7) include: sphagnum peat, pine bark, coir, and many composts. Neutral media (pH around 7) include: perlite, sand, and polystyrene. Alkaline media (pH greater than 7) include: bark from hardwood trees, vermiculite, rockwool, and rice hulls. Many of our commercial container media mixes are comprised of a combination of peat, perlite/vermiculite, and some may contain bark or sand. These peat-based media are usually quite acidic initially so the manufacturers have added limestone to them to correct for pH. If you mix your own container media you can control the amount of limestone that you add to set your initial pH.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Effect of Water Alkalinity", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Most of our water sources naturally contain some impurities in the form of dissolved alkalis: Ca(HCO3)2, NaHCO3, Mg(HCO3)2, CaCO3. These dissolved alkalis tend to raise the pH of the container medium over time. The more often a container is water and the more dissolved alkalis it contains the more the pH will increase over time. Alkalinity is reported in terms of ppm CaCO3 (or meq, in which case: 50 ppm = 1 meq CaCO3). For greenhouse water sources, the alkalinity typically varies from 50 to 500 ppm. A moderate alkalinity (80-120 ppm) is considered optimal as it adds to the buffering capacity of the container medium. If the alkalinity is too low (typically less than 100-120 ppm) then pH fluctuations can occur very quickly. If alkalinity is too high, it can cause container medium pH to rise out of the optimal range. It is recommended that growers test their water alkalinity once or twice a year. Testing can be done by a qualified nutrient diagnostic laboratory; or home kits are available which will give you the approximate range. If your alkalinity is greater than about 100 ppm you can expect that pH of the container medium will tend to increase over time unless preventative measures are taken such as injecting acid to neutralize the alkalinity or using a more acidic fertilizer. Once you know your water's alkalinity an Extension Educator or a representative from the diagnostic lab can help you design a fertilizer program or acid injection program to control for pH drift.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Why does pH not equal alkalinity?", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "To put it simply pH measures the amount of hydrogen ions dissolved in water; while alkalinity measures the amount of dissolved alkalis (carbonates/bicarbonates of calcium, magnesium, or sodium) in the water. Therefore by definition, pH measures one thing, while alkalinity measures another. However, there is some connection between pH and alkalinity because the alkalis in water can react with the hydrogen ions to bring about a rise in pH. The chemical formula for this is: H + + HCO3 - H2O + CO2 (i.e. the hydrogen ions combine with carbonates to form water and carbon dioxide which is bubbled away). Because of this reaction water with high alkalinity typically has a high pH (7 or above), but water with high pH doesn't always have high alkalinity. Another reason that alkalinity and not pH is more important for your water source is that the pH in a water sample can rise the longer it is shake around with open air. When a water sample is shake around (or air is bubbled in) some of the oxygen will dissolve in the water which will create some new hydroxyl (OH -) ions which will raise the pH. Conversely if you bubble carbon dioxide into water (from a soda fountain or by blowing into it with a straw) some CO2 will dissolve in water and some carbonic acid (H2CO3) will form. The carbonic acid will decrease the water pH. While this changes pH it has little effect on alkalinity. In the long run, it is your water's alkalinity that has the most effect on substrate pH changes. The alkalinity in your water can be thought of as liquid limestone, the more you water a pot with alkaline water the more liquid limestone", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "you are adding to that pot and the more you will cause pH to increase.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Injecting Acid", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Using a fertilizer injector to add acid to your water directly reduces the alkalinity. A hydrogen ion from the acid will combine with a bicarbonate molecule (from the alkali) to form carbon dioxide and water. (For the chemists: H + + HCO3 - CO2 + H2O). Different types of acids can be used, including: sulfuric, phosphoric, nitric, and citric. Typically, a grower will add enough acid to reduce the pH of the water to 5.8. The amount of acid that you need to add depends on your water's alkalinity level. An excellent article with more detailed information is available online at:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "[http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/floriculture/plugs/alkalinity.pdf](http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/floriculture/plugs/alkalinity.pdf)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Selecting a Fertilizer to Correct pH", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Plants have the ability to take up several forms of nitrogen (ammonium, nitrate, and urea). Ammonium and urea are acidic forms of nitrogen, meaning they tend to decrease the pH of container medium. Nitrate is a basic form on nitrogen, meaning that it tends to increase the pH of the container medium. Most commercial fertilizer mixes contain a combination of all three forms of nitrogen. The fertilizer label will provide the percentage of each type and will tell you if the net effect is to increase pH or decrease pH; this is reported as the fertilizer's potential acidity or basicity. The table on the following page lists the potential acidity or basicity of several commercial fertilizers.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "High pH can be corrected by switching to a more acidic fertilizer. One example is 21-5-20 fertilizer which has a potential acidity of about 400. In other words, application of one ton of 21-5-20 causes acidification which would require 400 lbs of calcium carbonate limestone to counteract. Similarly, 15-0-15 has 420 lbs of potential basicity and can be used to increase low pH. For crops that are known to have issues with pH decline, using a nitrate based fertilizer such as 15-5-15 may aid in slowing or halting pH decline over time. The greater the potential acidity or basicity the more pH change occurs.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "The following table lists approximate guidelines for selecting a water soluble fertilizer. Remember to Consult your extension educator or fertilizer supply representative to select the appropriate fertilizer based on your water supply, container medium and specific crops.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Souce: Paul Fisher and William Argo, Managing the pH of container media: http://extension.unh.edu/agric/AGGHFL/pHarticl.pdf", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## Potential Acidity/Basicity", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Table 1. Some commercially available fertilizers, their percentage of total nitrogen as nitrate or ammonium plus urea, and potential acidity or basicity a .", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "| Fertilizer | %Nitrate (NO 3 ) | %(NH 4 b ) | Potential acidity or basicity d |\n|------------------------|--------------------|--------------|-----------------------------------|\n| Ammonium sulfate | 0 | 100 | 2200 a |\n| Urea | 0 | 100 | 1680 a |\n| 21-7-7 acid | 0 | 100 | 1539 a |\n| 21-7-7 acid | 0 | 100 | 1518 a |\n| Diammonium phosphate | 0 | 100 | 1400 a |\n| Ammonium nitrate | 51 | 49 | 1220 a |\n| Monoammonium phosphate | 0 | 100 | 1120 a |\n| 18-9-18 | 47.7 | 53.3 | 708 a |\n| 20-20-20 | 27.5 | 72.5 | 532 a |\n| 21-5-20 | 62.3 | 37.7 | 407 a |\n| 20-10-20 | 59.5 | 40.5 | 404 a |\n| 20-10-20 | 60 | 40 | 401 a |\n| 21-5-20 | 60 | 40 | 390 a |\n| 17-5-17 | 70.6 | 29.4 | 106 a |\n| 20-0-20 | 54 | 46 | 0 |\n| 15-0-20 | 76.7 | 23.3 | 38 b |\n| 15-5-15 | 80 | 20 | 69 b |\n| 15-5-15 | 78.7 | 21.3 | 131 b |\n| 15-0-14 | 82.7 | 17.3 | 165 b |\n| 15-0-15 | 86.7 | 13.3 | 221 b |\n| 15-0-15 | 80.8 | 18.8 | 319 b |\n| Calcium nitrate | 100 | 0 | 400 b |\n| Potassium nitrate | 100 | 0 | 520 b |\n| Sodium nitrate | 100 | 0 | 580 b |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## Ways to Lower pH", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "As we have seen, there are several tools we have available to adjust container medium pH. The specific the method you choose will depend on whether or not you need a quick fix or a gradual method to control pH over time.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## Quick methods to lower pH", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "- Apply a one-time phosphoric acid drench (3.5 ounces of 75-85% phosphoric acid in 100 gallons of water) or\n- Apply a one-time sulfuric acid drench (1.8 ounces of 90-95% sulfuric acid in 100 gallons of water) or\n- as a last resort, apply an iron sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O) drench (3 lbs per 100 gallons of water). Be sure to mist off the foliage immediately after application or foliage burning can occur.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## Gradual methods to lower pH", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "- Switch to a fertilizer that has a greater potential acidity (consider long-term fertilizer changes if pH is a continual problem).\n- Continual acid injection to decrease water alkalinity to 120 ppm (or to bring the water source pH down to 5.8", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "When using ammonium/urea to decrease pH watch out for ammonium toxicity. That is, under cool wet conditions (typical in winter and early spring), plants can absorb too much ammonium which cause the symptoms of upward or downward curing of lower leaves (depending on plant species); and yellowing between the veins of older leaves which can progress to cell death. To avoid ammonium toxicity it is recommended that growers use a fertilizer with 40% or less ammonium/urea nitrogen when growing conditions are cool and wet.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## Ways to Raise pH", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## Quick methods to raise pH:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "- Apply a flowable lime or potassium bicarbonate drench. A nice set of instructions available online at: http://extension.unh.edu/agric/AGGHFL/pHarticl.pdf", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## Gradual methods to raise pH:", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "- Stop acidifying water if acid is being injected\n- Alternate to a nitrate based fertlizer", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Note: The information given herein is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by Cooperative Extension is implied. Cornell Cooperative Extension and its employees assume no liability for the effectiveness or results of any product.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Photograph 1. This marigold displays symptoms of Iron Toxicity: which includes leaf bronzing and yellowing of leaf edges that occurs first on the lower leaves.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Photograph 2. Petunias and snapdragons are less efficient at absorbing iron, and will often display iron deficiency symptoms before other plants. Symptoms are yellowing between the veins on upper leaves.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## K EY TO VISUAL DIAGNOSIS OF NUTRIENT DISORDERS", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Key adapted from: Diagnosing nutrient disorders in fruit and vegetable crops. Peter Bierman and Carl Rosen, University of Minnesota. Available online: http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/M1190.html", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Note: This diagnostic key is based on the most common symptoms. Plants vary in how they express nutrient disorders. Analysis of tissue or container media samples by a qualified laboratory is required to confirm the symptoms.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Substrate pH, Getting it Right for Your Greenhouse Crops.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Research Update", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "October 2015, #2015.09", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "by Neil Mattson and Tanya Merrill", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "M anaging the nutrient solution of hydroponic crops can be much more challenging than container grown crops because: 1) hydroponic solutions are often captured and reused which can, overtime, lead to deficiencies of some elements and excess of others; and 2) pH changes much more quickly in hydroponics than in container-grown plants. Hydroponic growers should monitor nutrient solution pH and EC daily as well as periodically have their nutrient solution tested by a laboratory to make sure nutrient supply meets plant needs. Monitoring plants to look for visual symptoms is another tool that can be used to detect nutrient deficiencies. Lettuce is one of the most commonly grown hydroponic vegetables. Currently there are few resources in the literature regarding photographs and descriptions of common nutrient disorders in hydroponic lettuce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to grow butterhead lettuce in nutrient solutions deficient of individual macro- and micro-nutrients to document visual symptoms of nutrient deficiencies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Materials and Methods", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Pelleted 'Flandria' lettuce seeds were sown in 1-inch (200-cell) rockwool cubes that were previously soaked in reverse osmosis water for 5 minutes and then drained and soaked and drained in a Sonneveld's nutrient solution for lettuce (Mattson and Peters, 2014). Seedlings were placed in a greenhouse at 68-72 °F with ambient light and hand watered daily (or as needed) with the Sonneveld's nutrient solution. 14-20 days after seeding the lettuce seedlings in rockwool were placed in the lid of 1 gallon buckets filled with the Sonneveld's solution and with an airline from an aquarium pump with an airstone on each end. There was 1 plant per bucket. After the plants had been established in hydroponics for 1 week the nutrient solutions for each bucket were replaced with either a control solution prepared in reverse osmosis water (Table 1) or the control solution minus 1 nutrient element of interest (-N, -P , -K, etc.). Every other day reverse osmosis water was used to raise the solution level in each container back to 1 gallon. Every week the nutrient solution in each container was completely replaced with new solution. Plants were monitored every week and visible symptoms of nutrient deficiency (with reference to the control plants) were noted. There was 1 plant for each nutrient deficiency condition, the experiment was repeated over time for a total of 3 replications.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Neil Mattson nsm47@cornell.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Tanya Merrill tm463@cornell.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Summary of Findings", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "- Our experimental design led to noticeable deficiency symptoms of N, P , K, and Mg on mature leaves.\n- Deficiency of Ca, Fe, and B affected new growth and for Fe was eventually also apparent on recently mature leaves.\n- S defiency led to uniform chlorosis along leaves, first evident on new growth and eventually affecting the entire plant.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Nitrogen (N)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Nitrogen deficiency initially resulted in lighter green color which proceeded to uniform chlorosis (yellowing) of older leaves. Reduced growth was noticeable within the first two weeks of exposure to the deficient conditions (A). Severe chlorosis of older leaves was observed after three weeks of deficient conditions (B).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Phosphorus (P)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Phosphorous deficient plants were shorter and exhibited much reduced growth compared with control plants, evident within two weeks of deficiency (A). Leaf margins of older leaves exhibited chlorotic regions (B) followed by necrotic spots present after 4 weeks of deficiency (C).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Potassium (K)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Potassium deficiency initially resulted in small necrotic spots on margins of old leaves which advanced to larger necrotic regions as the deficiency continued (A). By the 4th week of deficient conditions, large scattered necrotic regions had developed on mature leaves and leaves began to curl downward (B)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Calcium (Ca)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Within the first week of exposure to the calcium deficient solution there were numerous scattered necrotic spots on young leaves (A) and marginal necrosis and distortion of the youngest leaves (B). The growing tip was completely dead by the third week. Symptoms were much more dramatic than leaf tipburn which typically occurs when there is enough calcium in the nutrient solution but environmental conditions (high humidity, rapid growth) do not allow enough calcium to reach the growing point and new leaves (C). For more on this topic see the e-Gro Alert Vol. 4, No. 31, April, 2015.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## Magnesium (Mg)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "About 10 days after deficient conditions mature leaves exhibited light interveinal chlorosis (A) and shortly thereafter marginal necrosis was visible (B). After three weeks of Mg deficient conditions, all lower leaves exhibited severe interveinal chlorosis as well as marginal necrosis and some scattered necrotic spots along the leaf blade (C).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## Sulfur (S)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Within 10 days of sulfur deficiency, plants exhibited uniform chlorosis across the entire leaf blade. While the whole plant was affected, chlorosis was most pronounced on recently mature leaves and newer growth (A). After 4 weeks of deficient conditions the entire plant was uniformly chlorotic and plant size was much reduced to control plants (B).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## Iron (Fe)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Iron deficiency resulted in interveinal chlorosis of new growth within 10 days of exposure to deficient conditions (A). By the third week similar symptoms became more advanced on the plant and were presented on recently mature and younger leaves (B).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## Boron (B)", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Early symptoms of B deficiency included distorted new growth with slight marginal necrosis and leaves cupping upward (A), as symptoms advanced the growing point became crowded with new leaves that were not properly unfolding/expanding (B). The root system was much smaller than control plants with short primary roots (C).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Discussion", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "The timeline for development of symptoms may vary based on your environmental conditions. Many nutrient disorders are similar in appearance, therefore laboratory analysis of leaves is necessary to verify symptoms (Table 2). Periodic laboratory nutrient solution analysis is an important proactive tool to detect nutrient disorders earlier than when visible symptoms appear on the plant. In many cases nutrient deficiencies may be due to environmental causes rather than to lack of nutrients in the fertilizer solution. For example calcium deficiency, (i.e. tipburn of lettuce) occurs at high relatively humidity and light and temperature conditions that favor fast plant growth.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "All images were taken by Tanya Merrill and are copyright 2015.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "| Table 1. Control nutrient | Element | ppm |\n|-----------------------------|------------|-------|\n| solution used during the | Nitrogen | 210 |\n| experimental period, single | Phosphorus | 31 |\n| elements were removed | Potassium | 235 |\n| to imposed the nutrient | Calcium | 200 |\n| deficiencies. | Magnesium | 49 |\n| | Sulfur | 64 |\n| | Iron | 4.0 |\n| | Manganese | 0.5 |\n| | Zinc | 0.1 |\n| | Boron | 0.5 |\n| | Copper | 0.10 |\n| | Molybdenum | 0.01 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Table 2. Average tissue analysis range of healthy greenhouse butterhead lettuce. Tissue samples taken from most recently mature leaves. (From H.A. Mills and J. Benton Jones, Jr. 1996. Plant Analysis Handbook II. MicroMacro Publishing, Inc.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "| Macronutrients (%) | Macronutrients (%) | Micronutrients (ppm) | Micronutrients (ppm) |\n|----------------------|----------------------|------------------------|------------------------|\n| N | 4.20-5.60 | Fe | 168-223 |\n| P | 0.62-0.77 | Mn | 55-110 |\n| K | 7.82-13.68 | B | 32-43 |\n| Ca | 0.80-1.20 | Cu | 6-16 |\n| Mg | 0.24-0.73 | Zn | 33-196 |\n| S | 0.26-0.32 | Mo | 0.29-0.58 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Symptoms of Common Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Teknologi Budidaya Kubis Dataran Rendah", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## PETUNJUK TEKNIS", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Penyusun :", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Destiwarni Kurnia Tanjung Sari Reni Astarina Umar", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Ade Yulfida", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Sampul dan Tata Letak :", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Andi", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Diterbitkan oleh :", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) Balitbangtan Riau, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Alamat Penerbit :", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Jl. Kaharuddin Nasution, No. 341, Km. 10 Marpoyan Pekanbaru-Riau", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "e-mail : bptpbalitbangtanriau@gmail.com", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Hak Cipta Dilindungi Undang-undang Dilarang mengutip atau memperbanyak sebagian Atau seluruh isi buku ini tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Cetakan Pertama, Agustus 2021", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## KATA PENGANTAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan Rahmat dan Hidayah-Nya sehingga Petunjuk Teknis (Juknis) Teknologi Budidaya Kubis Dataran Rendah ini dapat diselesaikan tepat pada waktunya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Adapun tujuan dari penulisan Juknis ini adalah untuk menjadi panduan teknis dalam membudidayakan kubis dataran rendah yang sangat potensi untuk dikembangkan oleh masyarakat karena peluang pasar yang terbuka lebar apalagi disaat pandewi covid 19 permintaan sayur semakin meningkat untuk pemenuhan gizi masyarakat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Kami mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dan telah membagi sebagian pengetahuannya dalam penyusunan Juknis ini sehingga dapat memperkaya wawasan dan mempermudah action di lapangan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Untuk penyempuranaan dimasa yang akan datang kritik dan saran yang membangun dari pembaca sangat diharapkan. Semoga Juknis ini bermanfaat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Penulis", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR ISI", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Halaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "| KATA PENGANTAR | KATA PENGANTAR | i |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|\n| ..................................................................................... DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................... | ..................................................................................... DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................... | ii |\n| DAFTAR GAMBAR ......................................................................................... | DAFTAR GAMBAR ......................................................................................... | iii |\n| I. | PENDAHULUAN ..................................................................................... | 1 |\n| II. | PERSIAPAN BENIH KUBIS...................................................................... | 3 |\n| III. | PENYEMAIAN DAN PEMELIHARAAN BIBIT SEMAI ........................... | 4 |\n| IV. | PENGOLAHAN LAHAN DANCARA TANAM KUBIS ....................... | 6 |\n| V. | PERAWATAN TANAMAN KUBIS .......................................................... | 8 |\n| VI. | PESTISIDA NABATI ................................................................................ | 12 |\n| VII. | PROSES PANEN ..................................................................................... | 14 |\n| VIII.PERLAKUAN PASCAPANEN KUBIS .................................................... | VIII.PERLAKUAN PASCAPANEN KUBIS .................................................... | 15 |\n| DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................ | DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................ | 44 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR GAMBAR", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## Halaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "| 1. | Media semai dan bibit yang telah siap tanam ...................................... | 4 |\n|------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|\n| 2. | Proses pengolahan lahan .................................................................................... | 7 |\n| 3. | Pertumbuhan tanaman kubis umur 1 bulan, setelah penyiangan dan pemupukan susulan........................................................................................ | 9 |\n| 4. | Proses panen dan pascapanen kubis ............................................................ | 15 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## I. PENDAHULUAN", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Kubis ( Brassica oleracea L.) merupakan jenis tanaman semusim atau dua musim. Bentuk daunnya bulat telur sampai lonjong dan lebar seperti kipas. Sistem perakaran kubis agak dangkal, akar tunggangnya segera bercabang dan memiliki banyak akar serabut. Kubis mengandung protein, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2 dan Niacin. Kandungan protein pada kubis putih lebih rendah dibandingkan pada kubis bunga, namun kandungan vitamin A-nya lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kubis bunga.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Kubis dapat tumbuh pada dataran rendah sampai dataran tinggi. Pada umumnya kubis ditanam di daerah yang berhawa sejuk di dataran tinggi antara 800-1000 m dpl dan bertipe iklim basah, namun ada juga varietas kubis yang dapat ditanam di dataran rendah sekitar 0-200 m dpl. Pada dataran rendah kubis merupakan salah satu tanaman sayuran yang memiliki potensi besar untuk dikembangkan, karena peluang pasar yang terbuka lebar. Pertumbuhan optimum didapatkan pada tanah yang banyak mengandung humus, gembur, porus, pH tanah antara 6-7. Waktu tanam yang baik pada awal musim hujan atau akhir musim kemarau. Namun kubis dapat ditanam sepanjang tahun dengan pemeliharaan lebih intensif.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Kubis segar mengandung banyak vitamin seperti Vitamin A, beberapa Vitamin B, Vitamin C, dan Vitamin E. Kandungan Vitamin C cukup tinggi pada kubis dapat bermanfaat untuk mencegah skorbut atau sariawan akut. Kubis juga banyak mengandung mineral seperti kalium, kalsium, fosfor, natrium, dan besi. Kubis segar juga mengandung sejumlah senyawa yang dapat merangsang pembentukan glutation, zat yang diperlukan untuk menonaktifkan zat beracun dalam tubuh manusia.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Kini semakin banyak orang yang mencoba peruntungan dengan melakukan budidaya kubis di dataran rendah. Berikut adalah cara budidaya kubis dataran rendah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## II. PERSIAPAN BENIH KUBIS", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Varietas yang dianjurkan adalah Green Coronet, KK - Cros, atau Gloria Osena. Kebutuhan benih untuk luasan satu hektar adalah 200-250 g. Pilihlah benih yang berkualitas agar kubis yang dihasilkan juga berkulitas. Benih kubis dataran rendah bisa didapatkan dengan membeli di toko pertanian. Setelah benih didapat selanjutnya disterilisasi dengan cara direndam dalam air hangat (50 0 C) atau larutan fungisida/larutan Previcur N (1 cc/l) selama sekitar 30-60 menit. Buang benih yang mengapung kerena benih tersebut tidak berkualitas baik. Kemudian benih yang baik, direndam selama semalam atau sekitar 12 jam agar benih berkecambah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## III. PENYEMAIAN DAN PEMELIHARAAN BIBIT SEMAI", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Sebelum dilakukan penanaman di lahan, biji kubis harus disemaikan terlebih dahulu yaitu dengan cara biji kubis yang sudah berkecambah disebar merata pada bedengan/tempat penyemaian yang telah disiapkan yaitu berupa media campuran antara tanah dan pupuk kandang/kompos dengan perbandingan (1:1), lalu ditutup dengan daun pisang selama 2-3 hari. Bedengan/tempat persemaian sebaiknya diberi naungan/atap dari screen/kasa/plastik transparan. Setelah semaian berumur 7-8 hari, bibit kubis tersebut dipindahkan ke dalam bumbunan daun pisang/polibag kecil dengan media yang sama berupa campuran tanah dan pupuk kandang dengan perbandingan (1:1). Bibit siap ditanam dilapangan setelah berumur 3-4 minggu atau sudah memiliki 4-6 helai daun.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Gambar 1. Media semai dan bibit yang telah siap tanam", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Selama penyemaian lakukan pemeliharaan terhadap bibit semai seperti :", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## -Penyiraman", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Penyiraman dilakukan secara rutin sebanyak 2 kali sehari yaitu pagi dan sore hari. Usahakan jangan sampai media semai kering karena hal tersebut dapat menghambat pertumbuhan benih.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "- -Penyiangan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Lakukan penyiangan dengan cara membersihkan gulma atau tanaman pengganggu lainnya yang ada di sekitar bibit agar tidak mengganggu pertumbuhan bibit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "- -Pemupukan Susulan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Beri pupuk susulan pada bibit semai berupa pupuk NPK yang telah dilarutkan dalam air lalu disiramkan, pemberian pupuk selama masa semai cukup sekali.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "## IV. PENGOLAHAN LAHAN DAN CARA TANAM KUBIS", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Lahan yang akan digunakan untuk budidaya kubis sebaiknya dibersihkan terlebih dahulu dari gulma dan tanaman pengganggu lainnya, kemudian lahan tersebut digemburkan dengan cara dicangkul atau dibajak dengan kedalaman sekitar 20-30 cm. Setelah itu, biarkan selama 1 minggu agar terkena sinar matahari yang cukup. Selanjutnya, buatlah bedengan dengan ukuran lebar sekitar 1 meter, tinggi sekitar 20-30 cm dan panjang disesuaikan dengan lahan serta beri jarak antar bedengan sekitar 30-40 cm. Jika pH tanah kurang dari 5,5 maka lakukan pengapuran dengan menggunakan dolomit dengan dosis 1,5 ton/ha. Lubang tanam dibuat dengan jarak 60 cm (antar barisan) x 40 cm (dalam barisan) atau 50x50 cm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Setelah bibit kubis dan lahan sudah siap, selanjutnya lakukan penanaman. Penanaman kubis sebaiknya dilakukan pada waktu pagi atau sore hari dengan kondisi cuaca cerah. Adapun cara menanamnya yaitu dengan cara bibit tanaman kubis yang siap dimasukkan ke dalam lubang tanam hingga leher akar ikut tertanam sedikit kedalam tanah, sehingga pada saat tanaman sebelum membentuk krop dapat tumbuh tinggi dan tidak mudah rebah.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## V. PERAWATAN TANAMAN KUBIS", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## -Penyulaman Tanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Penyulaman dilakukan jika terdapat bibit tanaman kubis yang mati atau lambat pertumbuhannya. Penyulaman dihentikan setelah tanaman kubis berumur 15 hst. Bibit kubis yang digunakan untuk menyulam dapat diperoleh dari cadangan pada persemaian dengan umur yang sama. Sebelum tanaman berumur 2 minggu, jika tanaman mati atau tumbuh tidak normal maka lakukan penyulaman atau penggantian tanaman yang mati atau yang tumbuh tidak normal tersebut dengan tanaman yang baru.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## -Penyiraman Tanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Pada saat tanaman kubis masih usia awal tanam, penyiraman tanaman kubis perlu dilakukan secara rutin setiap pagi dan sore hari, namun apabila terjadi hujan maka tidak perlu dilakukan penyiraman. Setelah tanaman kubis berumur sekitar 30 hst, maka lakukan penyiraman tanaman kubis dengan cara lebih dan lakukan setiap 2-3 hari sekali atau disesuaikan dengan kondisi lahan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## Pendangiran", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Pendangiran harus dilakukan dengan hati-hati, dan tak perlu terlalu dalam karna bisa merusak akar. Pada saat pendangiran bisa langsung dilakukan penyiangan terhadap tumbuhan atau rumputrumpur liar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## -Penyiangan Tanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Selama masa pertumbuhan tanaman kubis, penyiangan gulma cukup dilakukan sebanyak 2-3 kali. Penyiangan dilakukan bersamaan pada saat melakukan pemupukan susulan atau tergantung dengan kondisi gulma yang tumbuh, biasanya pendangiran dan pembumbunan dilakukan bersamaan dengan penyiangan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Gambar 3. Pertumbuhan tanaman kubis umur 1 bulan, setelah penyiangan dan pemupukan susulan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## -Pemupukan Tanaman Kubis", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Tanaman kubis memerlukan unsur N, P, dan K, yang perlu diberikan secara berimbang supaya diperoleh hasil kubis yang optimal. Pemberian pupuk N yang terlalu tinggi akan mengakibatkan tanaman kubis rentan terhadap serangan OPT. Potensi hasil panen kubis selain dipengaruhi oleh dosis pemupukan fosfat (P), juga sangat dipengaruhi oleh macam sumber pupuk N yang diberikan. Penggunaan kombinasi pupuk N yang berasal dari Urea dan ZA (masing-masing setengah dosis) dapat meningkatkan hasil panen. Pemberian pupuk dalam budidaya kubis dilakukan sebanyak 2 kali diantaranya pemupukan dasar dan pemupukan susulan. Pemupukan dasar diberikan bersamaan dengan olah tanah, adapun pupuk yang diberikan yaitu berupa pupuk kandang bisa sapi atau ayam sebanyak 20-30 ton/ha dan NPK sebanyak 300 kg/ha (10", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "g/lubang tanam) cara pemupukannya yaitu dengan menaburkan secara merata seluruh dosis pupuk kandang tersebut bersamaan dengan pengolahan lahan. Setelah itu dibiarkan selama kurang lebih 1-2 minggu sebelum tanam. Pemupukan susulan dilakukan pada usia 25-30 hst atau setelah melakukan penyiangan gulma. Adapun pupuk yang diberikan yaitu NPK 300 kg/ha (10 g/tanaman). Cara aplikasi pupuk tersebut yaitu dengan membuat alur melingkar mengelilingi pada tanaman kubis dengan jarak 5-7 cm dari tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Pemberian pupuk tambahan yaitu berupa pupuk cair bio-urine sapi yang diberikan pada saat tanaman berumur 10, 20, 35 dan 45 hst. Formulasi campuran 1 : 10 (100 ml bio- urine/liter air). Untuk lebih praktisnya 10 liter bio-urine dicampur/ditambah 100 liter air di dalam drum plastik. Cara aplikasinya yaitu dengan cara disiram/kocor atau disemprotkan disekitar batang atau daerah perakaran tanaman.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## -Pengendalian Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan (OPT)", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Hama dan penyakit yang menyerang tanaman kubis diantaranya Ulat Plutella ( Plutella xylostella L), Ulat Croci ( Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller), Ulat tanah ( Agrotis ypsilon Hufn), Kutu daun ( Aphis brassicae ), Ulat jengkal ( Trichoplusiana sp.), Ulat grayak ( Spodoptera sp), Penyakit Busuk hitam (penyebab bakteri Xanthomonas campestris Dows), Busuk lunak (penyebab bakteri Erwinia carotovora Holland), dan Akar bengkak (penyebab Jamur Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.). Pengendalian hama dan penyakit dapat dilakukan secara manual ataupun penggunaan bahan kimia.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "OPT penting yang menyerang tanaman kubis antara lain ulat daun kubis, ulat krop kubis, bengkak akar, busuk hitam, busuk lunak, bercak daun dan penyakit embun tepung. Pengendalian OPT tergantung yang menyerang. Beberapa cara yang dapat dilakukan antara lain adalah :", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "1. Bila terdapat serangan bengkak akar pada tanaman muda, tanaman dicabut dan dimusnahkan\n2. Penggunaan musuh alami (parasitoid diadegma semiclausum)\n3. Tumpangsari kubis-tomat\n4. Penggunaan pestisida kimia sesuai kebutuhan dengan dosis sesuai petunjuk", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Penggunaan pestisida tersebut harus dilakukan dengan benar baik pemilihan jenis, dosis, volume semprot, cara aplikasi, interval dan waktu aplikasi. Selain pestisida kimia, pilihan penggunaan pestisida nabati dalam pengendalian hama dan penyakit pada tanaman kubis merupakan suatu tindakan yang sangat bijak.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## VI. PESTISIDA NABATI", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## 1. Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus)", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Kenikir tergolong dalam kelas: Dicotyledonae, family: Asteraceae dan genus: Cosmos berasal dari Amerika tropis yang tersebar luas di daerah tropis dengan nama binomial C caudatus . Nama ini disampaikan oleh Karl Sigismund Kunth di tahun 1820 dan dianggap sebagai nama yang sah telah dipublikasikan. Tinggi kenikir bisa mencapai 2,5 m, merupakan tanaman setahun dengan daun-daun yang sederhana. Daun tersusun bergantian sepanjang batang tanaman dengan bentuk oval atau bulat telur dan anak-anak daun tidak terpisah secara nyata pada tulang daun utama. Bunga-bunga mempunyai banyak petal, di negara subtropis berbunga dari bulan Juni sampai dengan Oktober, sedangkan di daerah tropis, bisa sepanjang tahun. Kenikir menyukai tempat tumbuh yang langsung terkena sinar matahari dengan tanah berpasir atau berbatu, berlempung, liat berpasir atau berlempung dengan kelembaban sedang atau lebih. Menurut penelitian yang dilakukan Rahayu (2012) daun kenikir dapat digunakan sebagai pestisida nabati dalam mengendalikan ulat penggulung daun (Lamprosem indica). Cairan perasan daun kenikir dengan konsentrasi 20 ml/l air sangat aktif, karena dapat menyebabkan mortalitas ulat penggulung daun ( Lamprosema indica ) sebesar 66,66%.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Sedangkan Saleh et al., (2013) mengatakan bahwa pemberian ekstrak daun kenikir dalam berbagai konsentrasi (ekstrak daun kenikir 20 g/100 g beras, ekstrak daun kenikir 40 g/100 g beras, ekstrak daun kenikir 60 g/100 g beras, dan ekstrak daun kenikir 80 g/100 g beras) berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap mortalitas kutu beras (Sitophilus oryzae L ).", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## 2. Wedusan ( Ageratum conyzolides )", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Wedusan termasuk dalam kelas : Dicotyledone, famili : Asteraceae dan genus : Ageratum, adalah tumbuhan herba setahun yang dapat mencapai tinggi 30-90 cm dan tumbuh tegak. Batang bulat bercabang dan memiliki bulu atau rambut halus, daun tunggal berwarna hijau, bertangkai, berbentuk bulat telur dan memiliki tepian bergerigi, bagian ujungnya meruncing, Panjang 3-4 cm, lebar 1-2,5 cm, bunga majemuk terletak pada ketiak daun berwarna putih dan ungu dan tiap tangkai berkumpul 3 atau lebih kuntum bunga, memiliki akar tunggang, wedusan mampu tumbuh hingga ketinggian 2.100 m dpl. Daun wedusan digunakan untuk insektisida nabati, selain itu juga dapat digunakan untuk obat seperti luka baru, wasir, sakit dada, mata dan perut, sementara akarnya digunakan untuk obat demam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Menurut penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Lumowa (2011), semakin tinggi kosentrasi ekstra wedusan yang diberikan maka semakin tinggi tingkat mortalitas larva uji. Pada uji pendahuluan 10 % ektrak bandotan mengakibatkan kematian larva Spodoptera litura F sebesar 60%, sedangkan pada uji lanjutan 20% ekstrak wedusan mengakibatkan kematian larva uji sebesar 100% dengan waktu kurang dari 1 jam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## VII. PROSES PANEN", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Pemanenan dilakukan setelah tanaman kubis memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut : krop daunnya besar, berisi penuh dan padat (cirinya : apabila dijentik dengan jari-jari berbunyi nyaring). Daun berwarna hijau mengkilap dan daun paling luar sudah layu. Hal ini biasanya terjadi pada saat tanaman kubis berumur 75-90 hst, atau tergantung varietas dan daerah penanamannya. Pemanenan kubis dilakukan dengan cara memotong krop daunnya beserta dengan sebagian batang serta 4-5 lembar daun luarnya, agar tidak mudah rusak. Bila waktu pemanenan terlambat maka krop daun kubis akan pecah dan kadang-kadang busuk. Adapun pontensi produksi yang dihasilkan dari budidaya kubis dataran rendah yaitu sebanyak 20-40 ton/ha. Setelah panen, tanaman kubis harus segera disimpan di tempat teduh. Suhu yang tepat untuk menyimpan kubis adalah 32 hingga 40°F derajat (04°C), diperlukan tempat yang dingin dan lembab dengan kelembaban sekitar 95%.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "## VIII. PERLAKUAN PASCAPANEN KUBIS", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Pasca panen dan pengemasan meliputi kegiatan : a) Sortasi dimana dipilih kubis berdasarkan bobot krop, dan b) Pengemasan, sebelum kubis dikemas pada pangkal kubis dilapis kapur terlebih dahulu, kemudian dikemas dalam kertas koran dan dimasukkan kedalam karung jaring dengan kapasitas 40 kg.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Gambar 4. Proses panen dan pascapanen kubis", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Hal hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam perlakuan pasca panen kubis adalah sebagai berikut :", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "##  Indeks Kemasakan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Indeks kemasakan kubis dilihat dari kepala atau mahkota yang mulai mengeras dan padat. Sedangkan pada kubis muda dapat dilihat dari ruang antar daun yang lebih longgar. Kubis dengan varietasvarietas dataran rendah, memiliki indeks kematangan yaitu ketika krop siap dipanen setelah tanaman berumur 62-110 hari, sedangkan untuk varietas-varietas dataran tinggi memiliki umur lebih panjang, yaitu berkisar 81-125 hari. Namun demikian kriteria yang lazim digunakan adalah tingkat kepadatan dan ketegaran krop (bonggol) kubis. Kriteria yang mudah dilihat untuk kubis dapat dipanen adalah telah terjadi berubahan warna pada daun terluar yang membentuk krop ke arah hijau terang dan nampak lapisan lilin berkurang. Tanda yang paling mudah adalah pada ujung daun terluar yang membentuk krop telah menggulung ke arah luar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "##  Indeks Kualitas", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Indeks kualitas dilihat dari ukuran, warna, dan kekompakan daun. Kubis dengan kualitas yang baik yaitu ditandai dengan krop kubis yang kompak dan mengeras dapat dilihat dengan cara menekan krop kubis, daun berwarna hijau mengkilap, daun bagian terluar sudah layu, dan besar krop kubis telah terlihat maksimal", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "##  Temperatur Optimum dan Freezing Injury", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Penyimpanan kubis harus dilakukan ditempat yang sedingin mungkin tanpa proses pembekuan hal tersebut bertujuan untuk memaksimalkan potensi penyimpanan kubis. Suhu untuk penyimpanan kubis yaitu 0°C. dengan suhu tersebut kubis dapat tahan disimpan dalam jangka waktu ± 5-6 bulan. Sebelum penyimpanan, bonggol kubis harus dipangkas dengan daun-daun yang longgar. Beberapa gangguan fisiologis atau freezing injury (kerusakan akibat pembekuan/ pendinginan) dapat terjadi pada saat penyimpanan yaitu yang ditandai dengan bintik-bintik coklat pada bagian bawah daun dan teksturnya menjadi kasar. Kerusakan-kerusakan tersebut dapat dicegah dengan melakukan penyimpanan atmosfer terkendali, yaitu dengan melakukan penyimpanan pada suhu 0-1°C.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "##  Kelembaban Optimum", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Penyimpanan untuk kubis yaitu pada kelembaban relatif 98100%. Namun kubis yang ditujukan untuk penyimpanan jangka panjang sangat dianjurkan untuk dilakukan penyimpanan dengan Controlled Atmosphere (CA) untuk menghasilkan kubis dengan kualitas terbaik dan dapat meningkatkan harga jual kubis. Penyimpanan kubis dengan CA dilakukan pada kelembaban relatif 95-98% dengan proporsi oksigen 3-5% dan CO2 5-7%.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "##  Laju Respirasi", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Kader (2003), mengklasifikasikan komoditas hortikultura berdasarkan laju respirasinya dan kubis termasuk dalam kelas tinggi dengan laju respirasi pada 5°C atau 41°F berkisar 20 - 40 mg CO2/kg-jam. Subekti (1998) menyatakan bahwa laju respirasi kubis pada suhu kamar atau suhu 30°C adalah sebesar 7.3926 ml CO2/kgjam dan 4.3767 ml O2/kg-jam, serta pada suhu 5°C sebesar 1.2922 ml CO2 /kg-jam dan 0.8081 ml O2/kg-jam.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "##  Laju Produksi Etilen", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Karena berdasarkan laju respirasinya, kubis termasuk dalam kelas tinggi maka laju produksi etilennya pun tinggi. Hal ini disebabkan karena etilen dapat meningkatkan kegiatan-kegiatan enzim karatalase, peroksidase, dan amilase dalam buah. Selain itu juga, etilen dapat menghilangkan zat-zat serupa protein yang menghambat pemasakan buah. Respirasi merupakan proses pemecahan komponen organik (zat hidrat arang, lemak dan protein) menjadi produk yang lebih sederhana dan energi. Aktivitas ini ditujukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi sel agar tetap hidup.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "##  Respon Terhadap Etilen", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Penyimpanan kubis haruslah terpisah dari komoditas lain. Karena beberapa komoditas seperti buah dan sayuran akan melepaskan etilen selama proses penyimpanan. Hal tersebut memicu kubis untuk lebih cepat mengalami proses kerusakan. Selain itu, etilen juga memacu kubis untuk menghasilkan asam absisat yang membuat lapisan-lapisan daunnya terkelupas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "##  Respon Terhadap Controlled Atmosphere", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Penentuan komposisi gas terbaik pada penyimpanan sayuran campuran terolah minimal dilakukan dengan mengetahui pengaruh berbagai komposisi gas terhadap masing-masing parameter yang diamati. Komposisi atmosfer penyimpanan yang terpilih berdasarkan pada nilai rata-rata tertinggi pengujian selama penyimpanan. Presentase susut bobot terkecil adalah pada komposisi 1 (1-3% O2 dan 2-4% CO2) yaitu sebesar 3,82% dari berat awal bahan sebelum dilakukan penyimpanan. Susut bobot tertinggi terjadi pada komposisi atmosfer 2 (3-5% O2 dan 6-8% CO2) yaitu sebesar 5,78%. Urutan perlakuan komposisi atmosfer yang menimbulkan susut bobot dari yang terkecil ke yang terbesar setelah hari ke-12 adalah : komposisi 1 (1-3% O2 dan 2-4% CO2) sebesar 3,82%, komposisi 5 (21% O2 dan 0,03% CO2) sebesar 4,31%, komposisi 4 (7-9% O2 dan 14-16% CO2) sebesar 4,54%, komposisi 3 (5-7% O2dan 10-12 %CO2) sebesar 4,62%, dan komposisi 2 (3-5% O2 dan 6-8% CO2) sebesar 5,78%.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "##  Kerusakan Fisik dan Fisiologis", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "Kerusakan fisiologis dapat terjadi selama proses penyimpanan, seperti ditandai dengan adanya bintik-bintik coklat pada permukaan bagian bawah daun serta teksturnya menjadi kasar. Hal ini kemungkinan disebabkan karena penyiraman yang tidak teratur. Beberapa minggu setelah penyimpanan akan muncul bintik-bintik hitam. Garis-garis atau bercak-bercak juga dapat terjadi pada bagian pelepah daun terluar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "##  Kerusakan Karena Penyakit", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Beberapa penyakit pada tanaman kubis, gejala serta cara pengendaliannya yaitu sebagai berikut :", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## Akar Gada", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Akar gada atau Clubroot merupakan penyakit terpenting pada tanaman kubis-kubisan yang disebabkan oleh jamur Plasmodiophora brassicae . Penyakit ini menyebabkan kerusakan parah pada tanaman, tanaman akan rentan tumbuh pada tanah yang terinfeksi. Hal ini disebabkan karena pathogen menginfeksi tanah kemudian menjadi saprofit pada tanah sehingga kubis-kubisan akan kurang cocok untuk dibudidayakan lagi di tanah atau tempat tersebut.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Gejala dari serangan penyakit ini yaitu akar halus akan mengalami pembesaran dan akar sekunder akan membentuk seperti gada. Bentuk gadanya melebar di tengah dan menyempit di ujung. Akar yang terinfeksi tidak dapat menyerap nutrisi dan air dari tanah sehingga tanaman akan menjadi kerdil dan layu. Gejala dipermukaan dapat dilihat dari menguningnya daun dan layu pada siang hari namun akan kembali segar pada malam hari.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Penyakit ini dapat menyebar melalui tanah, air tanah, ataupun tanaman yang telah terinfeksi. Pengendalian dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan bibit yang bebas hama dan penyakit. Pengapuran tanah untuk meningkatkan pH tanah menjadi 7,2 sangat efektif untuk mengurangi perkembangan penyakit, karena pada 7-8 spora jamur tersebut akan gagal berkembang dan tidak akan berkecambah. Penyiraman dengan fungisida seperti Promefon 250EC pada lubang tanam yang dicampur dengan air dapat mengurangi perkembangan penyakit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## Busuk Hitam", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Penyebab : bakteri Xanthomonas campestris Dows., dan merupakan patogen tular benih ( seed borne ), dan dapat dengan mudah menular ketanah atau ke tanaman sehat lainnya (Anonim, 2012). Gejala: (1) tanaman semai rebah (damping off), karena infeksi awal terjadi pada kotiledon, kemudian menjalar keseluruh tanaman secara sistematik; (2) bercak coklat kehitam-hitaman pada daun, batang, tangkai, bunga maupun massa bunga yang diserang; (3) gejala khas daun kuning kecoklat-coklatan berbentuk huruf 'V', lalu mengering. B atang atau massa bunga yang terserang menjadi busuk berwarna hitam atau coklat, sehingga kurang layak dipanen. Pengendalian: (1) memberikan perlakuan pada benih seperti telah dijelaskan pada poin pembibitan sub poin penyiapan benih; (2) pembersihan kebun dari tanaman inang alternatif; (3) rotasi tanaman selama ± 3 tahun dengan tanaman tidak sefamili.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## Busuk Lunak / busuk basah", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Penyakit ini bisa menyerang tanaman kubis pada saat di kebun sampai pasca panen dan dalam penyimpanan. Disebabkan oleh bakteri Erwinia carotovora Holland. Gejala: (1) luka pada pangkal bunga yang hampir siap panen; (2) luka akar tanaman secara mekanis, serangga atau organisme lain; (3) luka saat panen; (4) penanganan atau pengepakan yang kurang baik (Anonim, 2012). Pengendalian: (1) Pra panen: membersihkan sisa-sisa tanaman pada lahan yang akan ditanami; menghindari kerusakan tanaman oleh serangga pengerek atau sewaktu pemeliharaan tanaman; menghindari bertanam kubiskubisan pada musim hujan di daerah basis penyakit busuk lunak. (2) Pasca panen: menghindari luka mekanis atau gigitan serangga menjelang panen; menyimpan hasil panen dalam keadaan kering, atau kalau dicuci dengan air bersih, harus dikeringkan terlebih dahulu sebelum disimpan; berhati-hati dalam membawa atau mengangkut hasil panen ketempat penyimpanan untuk mencegah luka atau memar; menyimpan hasil ditempat sejuk dan mempunyai sirkulasi udara baik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR PUSTAKA", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "- Anonim. 2012. Penuntun Pratikum Mikrobiologi. Laboratorium Biologi UMS. Surakarta\n- BPTP Kalimantan Barat. 2019. Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya Tanaman Kubis di Dataran Rendah.\n- Direktorat Jendral Hortikultura Kementan. 2016. Standar Operasional Pelaksanaan Budidaya Tanaman Kubis Dataran rendah.\n- Kader AA. 2003. Mangosteen, Reccommendation Maintaining Postharvest Quality.\n- Lumowa,S.V.V. 2011. Efektivitas Ekstrak Babadotan ( Agerantum conyzoides L.) Terhadap Tingkat Kematian Larva Spodoptera litura F. Universitas Mulawarman Samarinda. Jurnal Eguenia, 17(13): 186-192.\n- Pracaya. 2019. Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman, Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.\n- Rahayu, et al. 2012. A Preliminary Ethnobotanical Study on Useful Plants by Local Communities in Bodogol Lowland Forest, Sukabumi, West Java. J Trop Biol Conserv 9 (1): 115-125\n- Saleh, et al. 2013. Seminar Nasional Pengembangan Teknologi Hortikultura.\n- Samad, M. Yusuf. 2006. Pengaruh Penanganan Pasca Panen Terhadap Mutu Komoditas Hortikultura . jurnal sains dan teknologi indonesia. Vol. 8 no. 1: 31-36.\n- Untung, K. 2006. Pengantar Pengelolaan Hama Terpadu (edisi revisi) Gadjahmada University Press.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA KUBIS DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Seledri ( Apium graveolens L. Dulce) termasuk dalam famili Umbelliferae dan merupakan komoditas sayuran yang banyak digunakan untuk penyedap makanan dan penghias hidangan. Biji seledri juga digunakan sebagai bumbu dan penyedap. Ekstrak minyak bijinya berkasiat sebagai obat.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Budidaya seledri sangat baik di dataran tinggi 1000-1200 m dpl, juga bisa di dataran rendah dengan memberi naungan berupa atap alang-alang atau jerami, yang berfungsi sebagai penahan sinar matahari dan menjaga kelembaban. Seledri kurang tahan hujan oleh karena itu curah hujan optimum berkisar 60-100 mm/bulan. Tanaman seledri dapat dibagi menjadi seledri tangkai, seledri umbi dan seledri daun", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## 1. Benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Seledri dapat diperbanyak secara generatif dengan biji atau vegetatif dengan anakan. Untuk tujuan komersil tanaman seledri dapat diperbanyak dengan biji. Benih berasal dari varietas unggul dengan daya kecambah > 90%.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## 2. Pengolahan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "-  Lahan ideal adalah tanah yang subur, gembur, mengandung bahan organik, mampu menahan air dan berdrainase baik dengan pH tanah antara 5,5-6,5.\n-  Tanah dicangkul sedalam 20-30 cm biarkan selama 15 hari, jika pH tanah kurang dari 6.5 campurkan kapur kalsit atau dolomit dengan tanah olahan, dosis kapur 1-2 ton/ha tergantung pH tanah dan jumlah Alumunium di dalam tanah, pemberian 2-3 minggu sebelum tanam.\n-  Buat bedengan dengan lebar 100 cm, tinggi 30 cm, panjang sesuai lahan, dan jarak antar bedengan 50 cm.\n-  Bedengan diberi naungan berupa alangalang atau jerami dengan tinggi 1-1,5 m.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## 3. Persemaian", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "-  Benih disemai pada bedengan di dalam alur/larikan sedalam 0,5 cm dengan jarak antar alur 10-20 cm, sebelum disemai, benih direndam dalam air hangat (50 o C) atau dalam larutan Frevicur N dengan konsentrasi 0,1 % selama + 2 jam, kemudian dikeringkan.\n-  Tutup benih dengan tanah tipis dan siram permukaan bedengan sampai lembab.\n-  Untuk menjaga kelembaban persemaian ditutup dengan alang-alang atau jerami dan ditinggikan tutup tersebut apabila kecambah telah tumbuh.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## 4. Penanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "-  Setelah + 40 hari atau telah berdaun 3-4 helai cabut bibit seledri yang sehat dengan akarnya.\n-  Potong sebagian akar, selanjutnya akar direndam kedalam larutan pestisida Benlate atau Derosol pada konsentrasi 50% sekitar 15 menit.\n-  Pindahkan bibit pada bedengan yang telah dipersiapkan, satu bibit per lobang tanam, dengan jarak tanam: 25 x 30 cm; 20 x 20", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "- cm atau 15 x 20 cm (tergantung varietas) dan padatkan tanah disekitar batang.\n-  Siram bedengan sampai lembab.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## 5. Pemeliharaan Tanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "-  Jika ada tanaman yang mati lakukan penyulaman 7-15 hari setelah tanam.\n-  Penyiangan gulma dilakukan bersamaan dengan penggemburan tanah pada umur 2 dan 4 minggu setelah tanam, penyiangan berikutnya disesuaikan dengan keadaan gulma.\n-  Di awal masa pertumbuhan, penyiraman dilakukan 1-2 kali sehari, berikutnya dikurangi menjadi 2-3 kali seminggu tergantung dari cuaca. Tanah tidak boleh kekeringan atau tergenang air (becek).", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## 6. Pemupukan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "-  Pupuk dasar diberikan 3 hari sebelum tanam, yaitu pupuk kotoran ayam dengan dosis 20.000 kg/ha sebaiknya pupuk kompos organik hasil fermentasi dengan dosis 4 kg/m 2 , diaduk dengan tanah permukaan bedengan.\n-  Pada umur 2 minggu setelah tanam berikan pupuk N 300 kg, P 75 kg dan K 250 kg/ha secara larikan dibarisan tanaman.\n-  Pupuk susulan berikutnya larutkan 2-3 kg pupuk NPK Mutiara ke dalam 200 liter air dan berikan secara kocor diantara barisan tanaman, hal ini dapat dilakukan selama tanaman masih produksitf dengan interfal 7 hari satu kali pemberian.\n-  Dapat juga diberikan pupuk cair dengan dosis 0,3 ml/m 2 yang dimulai pada umur 3 minggu setelah tanam dengan interval 10 hari satu kali.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## 7. Pengendalian Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan (OPT)", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "-  Hama yang ditemui seperti ulat tanah, keong, kutu daun tungau. Hama dapat\n- dihilangkan secara mekanik yaitu dipungut dengan tangan.\n-  Penyakit yang sering menyerang tanaman yaitu bercak cercospora, bercak septoria, virus aster yellow. Pengendalian dilakukan mulai dari persemaian hingga panen, jika terpaksa gunakan pestisida yang aman dan mudah terurai seperti pestisida biologi, pestisida nabati atau pestisida piretroid sintetik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## 8 . Panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "-  Seledri dapat dipanen setelah berumur 40 sampai dengan 150 hari setelah tanam (tergantung varietas).\n-  Saledri daun dipanen 4-8 hari sekali..\n-  Seledri potong dipanen dengan memotong tanaman pada pangkal batang secara periodik sampai pertumbuhan anakan berkurang.\n-  Seledri umbi dipanen dengan memetik daun-daunnya dan dilakukan secara periodik sampai tanaman kurang porduktif.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## 9. Pasca Panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "-  Hasil panen diseleksi dengan cara membuang tangkai daun yang cacat atau terserang hama.\n-  Untuk membersihkan dari kotoran/tanah dan residu pestisida, seledri dicuci dengan air mengalir atau disemprot kemudian tiriskan di rak-rak.\n-  Sortasi perlu dilakukan terutama jika seledri akan dipasarkan di swalayan atau untuk eksport. Sortasi dilakukan berdasarkan ukuran dan jenis yang seragam dan sesuai dengan permintaan pasar.\n-  Seledri diikat pada berat tertentu yang disesuaikan dengan permintaan pasar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "No: 20 /Syafri Edi/2009", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA SELEDRI DATARAN RENDAH.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG ( Ipomoea Reptans Poir )", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Pendahuluan Di Indonesia dikenal dua tipe kangkung yaitu kangkung darat dan kangkung air. Kangkung tergolong sayuran yang sangat populer, karena banyak peminatnya. Kangkung disebut juga Swamp cabbage , Water convovulus , Water spinach , berasal dari India yang kemudian menyebar ke Malaysia, Burma, Indonesia, China Selatan Australia dan bagian negara Afrika. Kangkung terdapat di seluruh kepulauan Indonesia dan dikenal kultivar-kultivar lokal yang memiliki kualitas yang tinggi, antara lain daunnya berwarna hijau muda cerah dan menarik. Daun lebar (kangkung air) atau sempit (kangkung darat) dan berbatang renyah. Klasifikasi Tanaman Kangkung: Kingdom : Plantae Subkingdom : Tracheobionta Super Devisi : Spermatophyta Divisi : Magnoliophyta Kelas : Magnoliopsida Sub Kelas : Asteridae Ordo : Solanales Famili : Convulvulace Genus : Ipomoea Spesies : Ipomoea reptans Poir", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Kangkung darat ( Ipomea reptans Poir ) merupakan salah satu tanaman hortikultura yang sangat digemari oleh masyarakat Indonesia karena rasanya yang gurih. Selain rasanya yang gurih, gizi yang terdapat pada sayuran kangkung cukup tinggi, seperti vitamin A, B dan C serta berbagai mineral terutama zat besi yang berguna bagi pertumbuhan badan dan kesehatan.Tanaman ini termasuk kelompok tanaman semusim dan berumur pendek yang tidak memerlukan areal luas untuk membudidayakannya sehingga memungkinkan dibudidayakan di kota yang pada umumnya lahannya terbatas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Persiapan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- Bedengan. Tanah dicangkul sedalam 20-30 cm, dibersihkan dari akar, batu, kerikil, dan gulma. Haluskan tanah dan bentuk bedengan berukuran tinggi 10-20 cm dengan lebar 1 m dan panjang sesuai ketersediaan lahan. Tebarkan pupuk kandang atau kompos sebanyak satu karung per 10m² bedengan. Tambahkan kapur pertanian jika tanah memiliki pH tergolong masam (pH<5). Ciri-ciri tanah masam adalah berwarna kuning kemerahan. Siram lahan tersebut secara merata dengan air dan biarkan selama 5-7 hari. Setelah dibiarkan selama 5-7 hari lahan siap ditanami.\n- Pot/Vertikultur. Buat media tanam yang terdiri atas campuran tanah, pupuk kandang/kompos, dan sekam bakar/sekam segar dengan perbandingan 1:1:1. Tanah dan pupuk kandang/kompos yang digunakan sebaiknya disaring terlebih dahulu menggunakan saringan pasir sebelum dicampur dengan komponen media yang lain. Siram wadah tanam yang telah ditempatkan dalam pot atau rak vertikultur dan berakan (diamkan) selama 57 hari sebelum ditanami.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Persiapan Benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Penyiapan benih kangkung secara mandiri juga dapat dilakukan, namun proses dan waktu yang dibutuhkan sangat banyak. Untuk itu, benih sebaiknya dibeli di tokotoko pertanian terdekat. Sebelum disebar, benih kangkung direndam menggunakan air. Benih yang mengapung di pisahkan dan dibuang, sedangkan benih yang tenggelam dikering angin kan. Setelah kering angin, maka benih siap untuk disebar atau di tanam dalam pot, wadah vertikultur, atau bedengan di pekarangan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Penanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Penanaman kangkung di bedengan atau rak vertikultur dapat dilakukan melalui dua cara, yaitu:", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- Cara sebar benih langsung di bedengan atau wadah tanam, biasanya diperuntukan untuk kangkung cabut. Biji disebar langsung secara merata di atas bedengan dan selanjutnya ditutup tipis menggunakan tanah/kompos/ pukan halus setebal 1-2 cm.\n- Biji dapat juga disebar langsung dalam larikan/barisan. Jarak antar larikan atau barisan adalah 10 cm. Selanjutnya benih ditutup menggunakan tanah/kompos/pupuk kandang halus setebal 1-2 cm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Penyiraman", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Penyiraman dilakukan setiap hari, dengan intensitas penyiraman sebanyak dua kali, yakni pada pagi dan sore hari. Penyiraman sebaiknya tetap dilakukan meskipun telah tersiram hujan, tujuannya untuk menghindari penyakit tular tanah akibat percikan curah hujan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Pemupukan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Pemupukan menggunakan pupuk urea atau KNO, sebanyak 10 g atau satu sendok makan yang dilarutkan dalam 10 liter air. Pupuk yang telah dilarutkan disiramkan pada wadah pertanaman secara merata seminggu sekali yang berbarengan dengan penyiraman rutin tanaman. Pelaksanaan pemupukan dimulai dua minggu setelah penyebaran benih hingga panen. Untuk kangkung petik, pemupukan dapat dilakukan menggunakan pupuk urea yang ditaburkan disekitar tajuk tanaman. Setelah pemupukan tersebut maka perlu dilakukan penyiraman menggunakan air secukupnya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Pengendalian Hama dan Penyakit", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Serupa dengan bayam, hama yang biasa menyerang tanaman kangkung umumnya adalah belalang sedangkan serangan penyakit jarang dijumpai. Pengendalian belalang sebaiknya dilakukan secara fisik, hindari penggunaan pestisida kimia.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Pengumpulan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "1. Hasil panen kangkung dari lahan diangkut dan dikumpulkan ke tempat yang teduh menggunakan keranjang.\n2. Pengumpulan sebaiknya dilakukan sesegera mungkin untuk mencegah kelayuan karena terlalu lama di lapang.\n3. Kangkung dikumpulkan pada tempat yang cukup luas dan tidak boleh ditumpuk terlalu tinggi karena dapat menyebabkan kangkung yang berada di bawah menjadi rusak.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Sortasi", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Setelah kangkung dikumpulkan, dilakukan sortasi atau pemisahan. Proses ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan tanaman kangkung yang memiliki kualitas terbaik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "1. Memisahkan bagian ujung-ujung batang kangkung yang daunnya rusak dan memilih hasil panen kangkung yang kualitasnya baik.\n2. Dipilih kangkung yang mulus, ukuran merata, bentuknya normal, tidak luka, tidak terserang penyakit, tidak ada cacat fisik, tidak ada noda getah, tidak ada bintik-bintik kehitaman, tidak ada noda kudis (scab).\n3. Ciri-ciri kangkung dengan kualitas kurang baik yaitu daunnya berlubang, berwarna kuning dan terlalu tua. Dilakukan pengecekan satu persatu, jangan sampai ada yang terlewat.\n4. Limbah sisa sortasi dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan ternak atau untuk bahan pembuatan pupuk organik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Pencucian", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Setelah disortasi, dilakukan pencucian kangkung dengan air mengalir atau air bersih untuk membuang sisa kotoran atau tanah yang menempel pada kangkung kemudian ditiriskan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## TEKNOLOGI PASCA PANEN TANAMAN KANGKUNG ( Ipomoea Reptans Poir )", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Grading", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Grading atau pengkelasan berfungsi untuk mengelompokkan sayuran kangkung berdasarkan mutu. Adapun proses grading pada kangkung didasarkan pada berat, ukuran, tinggi, bentuk dan lainnya untuk memudahkan dalam pengemasannya.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## Pengemasan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Kangkung kemudian ditimbang dan dimasukkan kedalam plastik polipropilen ukuran 10×16' kemudian ujung plastiknya direkatkan menggunakan sealer. Tujuan dari pengemasan ini adalah melindungi komoditi dari kerusakan mekanis serta menjaga kebersihan. Adapun kriteria pengemasan pada kangkung memiliki beberapa persyaratan antara lain:", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "1. Memiliki kemampuan menjaga permeabilitas yang tinggi terhadap gas,\n2. Bersifat transparan,\n3. Memiliki desain yang layak,\n4. Mampu menekan penurunan kerusakan apabila komoditas mengerut, dan\n5. Memiliki lubang perforasi yang dapat mengatur sirkulasi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## Penyimpanan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "1. Kangkung yang sudah dikemas kemudian disusun ke dalam kotak styrofoam ukuran yang telah disusun es di kedua sisi kanan dan kirinya.\n2. Kemudian diberi pembatas dengan kotak peniris sayuran.\n3. Setelah kangkung disusun kotak styrofoam kemudian ditutup.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR PUSTAKA", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "- Djuariah, D. 1997. Evaluasi Plasma Nutfah Kangkung di dataran Medium Rancaekek. Jurnal Hortikultura, 7(3): 756-762\n- Heliyani, Sri, S., Lilis, S., Irwan, A., Subhan A. R., Udin, B., Muhidi, Basuni, Bakhrudin, Fajar, A., Ira, D. R., dan Zul, R. (2009). Standar Operasional Prosedur Budidaya Kangkung Darat. Jakarta: Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran dan Biofarmaka Departemen Pertanian.\n- Marlina, N. M., & Kurniawan, T. (2015). Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kangkung Darat (Ipomea Reptans Poir) Akibat Perbedaan Dosis Kompos Jerami Dekomposisi Mol Keong Mas. Lentera: Jurnal Ilmiah Sains dan Teknologi, 15(13), 145757.\n- Nofriati, D. 2013. Teknologi Pasca Panen Sayur Daun. Jambi : Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) Jambi.\n- Wahyudi, I. (2010). Petunjuk praktis bertanam sayuran. AgroMedia.\n- Yudi, S., Indarti, P.,L. (2016). Teknik Budidaya Sayuran Daun Mendukung Terciptanya Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (KPRL) Di Perkotaan. Jakarta Selatan: Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Jakarta.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN KANGKUNG.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG ( Solanum melongena L)", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Pendahuluan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Tanaman terung ( Solanum melongena L) merupakan salah satu komoditas yang memiliki prospek yang cukup baik untuk dikembangkan. Pada umumnya tanaman terung dikonsumsi masyarakat dalam bentuk segar maupun olahan. Tanaman terung memiliki adaptasi yang cukup luas, sehingga dapat dibudidayakan di seluruh wilayah Indonesia baik di", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "dataran rendah hingga dataran tinggi mencapai ketinggian 1000 mdpl. Suhu yang optimal bagi pertumbuhan tanaman terung yaitu 22-30 ̊ C dan pH sekitar 5-6. Untuk mendapatkan hasil panen yang optimal perlu dilakukan usaha budidaya secara baik. Oleh karena itu dilakukan upaya-upaya yang dapat menciptakan hasil produksi yang optimal, sehat untuk dikonsumsi, serta berkelanjutan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Spermatophyta", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Sub division :", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Angiospermae", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Dycotyledonae", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Tubiflorae", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Solanaceae", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Solanum", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Solanum melongena L.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## Persiapan Lahan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Persiapan lahan merupakan kegiatan mempersiapkan lahan yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan tanaman, meliputi kegiatan persiapan/pengolahan lahan, pemupukan dasar dan pemasangan mulsa plastik.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "1. Pengolahan lahan\n- a. Lakukan pembersihan lahan dari sisa tanaman dan gulma\n- b. Lakukan penggemburan lahan dengan cara mencangkul sampai kedalaman 30-40 cm, kemudian lahan dibiarkan terkena sinar matahari selama 2 minggu", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "- c. Buat bedengan dengan lebar 1-1,2 m (sistem ganda) atau lebar 80 cm (sistem tunggal), tinggi 30 cm dengan jaak antar bedengan 40 cm.\n- d. Pembuatan lubang tanam pada sistem tunggal dengan jarak 40 cm dalam barisan (musim kemarau) atau 50 cm (musim hujan). Pada sistem ganda dengan jarak 50x70 cm (musim kemarau) atau 70x80 cm (musim hujan)\n2. Pemberian kapur tanah\n7. Lakukan pemberian kapur dengan/zeolit/dolomit sebanyak 1,5 ton/ha\n3. Pembuatan lubang tanam\n- a. Setelah mulsa terpasang, lanjutkan pembuatan lubang tanam pada mulsa dengan menggunakan alat pelubang mulsa\n- b. Buat lubang tanam menurut sistem zigzag\n- c. Buat lubang tanam sesuai dengan carak tanam", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Persiapan Benih", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Benih yang digunakan yaitu benih unggul yang memiliki muutu tinggi, sudah dilepas oleh Menteri Pertanian, daya berkecambah 80%, memiliki adaptasi yang baik, murni, bersih, sehat, dan tidak kadaluwarsa.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "- a. Media tanam yang digunakan yaitu campuran dari tanah dan pupuk organic dengan perbandingan 2:1\n- b. Pelaksanaan penyemaian benih di bedeng persemaian\n1. Media tanam dicampur terlebih dahulu dan diberi pupuk organic 1 minggu sebelum penyemaian\n2. Lebar bedengan persemaian 1-1,2 m\n3. Bedengan diberi naungan yang menghadap timur\n4. Benih terung disebar merata di bedengan, lalu ditutup dengan lapisan tanah halus, kemudian ditutup lagi dengan daun pisang atau karung goni basah\n5. Setelah ± 10-15 hari sejak semai, benih dipindahkan ke dalam polybag\n6. Pindahkan bibit ke lahan setelah berumur 20-30 hari atau ditandai dengan 3 helai daun sempurna\n7. Lakukan penanaman bibit pada pagi atau sore hari di bedengan yang telah disiapkan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Penanaman", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Penanaman merupakan kegiatan memindahkan bibit dari persemaian ke lahan atau areal penanaman hingga tanaman berdiri tegak dan tumbuh secara optimal di lapangan. Prosedur pelaksanaan sebagai berikut:", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "1. Lakukan penanaman pada pagi atau sore hari agar bibit tidak layu akibat terik cahaya matahari berlebihan\n2. Periksa bibit yang ditanam dan harus diseleksi terlebih dahulu. Batang tanaman harus tumbuh lurus, perakaran banyak dan pertumbuhannya normal\n3. Tanam benih di bedengan sebatas leher akar atau pada pangkal batang tanpa mengikutsertakan batangnya\n4. Buat ajir dari bambu/kayu dengan ukuran 4x100 cm\n5. Buat ajir dari bambu/kayu setinggi 90-100 cm dengan lebar 2-4 cm yang ditancapkan 5-7 cm dari tanaman dan ditanamkan dalam tanah sedalam 2030 cm dengan posisi miring keluar atau tegak lurus\n6. Ikat tanaman pada ajir dengan tali rafia dilakukan pada umur 3 minggu setelah tanam", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Penyiraman", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Pengairan merupakan memberi air sesuai kebutuhan tanaman di daerah perakaran tanaman dengan air yang memenuhi standar baku mutu pada waktu, cara, dan jumlah yang tepat. Prosedurnya sebagai berikut:", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "1. Lakukan penyiraman sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman, dengan menyirami pangkal batang tanaman dengan gayung\n2. Pada musim penghujan sistem pembuangan (drainase), diatur agar aliran air berjalan lancar sehingga akar tanaman tidak tergenang air terlalu lama.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Pemupukan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Pemupukan merupakan penambahan unsur hara dalam tanah apabila kandungan unsur hara dalam tanah tidak mencukupi untuk mendukung pertumbuhan secara optimal. Prosedur pelaksanaan:", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "1. Gunakan jumlah pupuk berdasarkan dosis yang telah diberikan sesuai dengan rekomendasi setempat\n2. Jenis pupuk yang umumnya digunakan adalah Urea, ZA, SP-18, KCI, dan unsur hara mikro\n3. Waktu aplikasi pupuk NPK dilakukan pada umur 15, 28, 42 hari setelah tanam (hibrida) sedangkan nonhibrida dilanjutkan aplikasinya pada umur 60, 80 hari setelah tanam", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Pengendalian Hama", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Merupakan kegiatan pengendalian OPT dengan sistem terpadu untuk menurunkan populasi OPT atau intensitas serangan sehingga tidak merugikan secara ekonomis dan aman bagi lingkungan. Prosedur sebagai berikut:", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "1. Melakukan pengamatan OPT secara berkala (1 minggu 1 kali) dengan mengambil contoh untuk mengetahui jenis hama dan populasinya\n2. Mengenali dan identifikasi gejala serangan, jenis OPT, dan musuh alaminya\n3. Memperkirakan OPT yang perlu diwaspadai dan dikendalikan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Panen", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Panen merupakan kegiatan memetik buah yang telah siap panen sesuai dengan permintaan pasar. Tujuannya mendapatkan buah dengan tingkat kematangan sesuai permintaan pasar dengan mutu buah yang baik sesuai standar pasar. Prosedurnya sebagai berikut:", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "1. Hentikan penyemprotan pestisida 1-2 minggu sebelum panen\n2. Lakukan panen pada umur 50-60 HST dengan interval 3-7 hari\n3. Petik buah dengan ciri-ciri warna buah cerah/mengkilat\n4. Cara panen dilakukan dengan memotong tangkai buah 2 cm dari pangkal batang dengan menggunakan pisau/gunting\n5. Tempatkan hasil panen di keranjang plastik atau kontainer plastik dan bawa ke tempat penampungan sementara\n6. Lakukan sortasi buah yang terserang OPT kemudian musnahkan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## Pasca Panen terung", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "1. Sortasi", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Setelah panen, terung yang layak dikonsumsi adalah buah yang memiliki kondisi bentuk yang padat dan permukaan kulit yang mengkilap. Kondisi ini menandakan bahwa daging terung masih segar dan belum mengalami kerusakan atau kehilangan kelembapan. Sortasi pada tanaman terung dilakukan berdasarkan beberapa kriteria:", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "- 1) Ukuran: Menyesuaikan dengan permintaan pasar atau konsumen.\n- 2) Warna: Keseragaman warna sesuai dengan varietasnya.\n- 3) Cacat dan Luka: Berupa goresan, bintik-bintik, atau keriput.\n- 4) Busuk: Ditandai dengan adanya bintik-bintik lembek, bau yang tidak sedap, atau warna kulit yang menggelap.\n- 5) Bentuk Tidak Normal: Menunjukkan adanya masalah selama masa panen.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## TEKNOLOGI PASCA PANEN TANAMAN TERUNG ( Solanum melongena L)", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Langkah-langkah dalam sortasi terung meliputi pengumpulan, pemeriksaan visual, pemisahan, dan penyimpanan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "2. Pembersihan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Pembersihan dilakukan untuk menghindari kerusakan dari kotoran, hama, dan penyakit yang melekat pada tanaman terung. Pembersihan pada tanaman terung dapat dilakukan dengan metode dry cleaning ataupun wet cleaning . Pada metode dry cleaning , pembersihan hanya dilakukan menggunakan lap bersih kering dan membersihkan seluruh permukaan terung. Sedangka pada metode wet cleaning , pembersihan dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan air mengalir dan dapat menggunakan bahan disinfektan lainnya, seperti klorin dengan konsentrasi rendah. Terung yang telah dicuci, selanjutnya ditiriskan dan ditempatkan pada tempat tertentu. Pengeringan dapat dilakukan dengan cara diangin-anginkan di tempat yang teduh dan berventilasi baik, atau menggunakan kain bersih untuk mengelapnya. Jangan biarkan terung terlalu lama dalam keadaan basah karena bisa mempercepat pembusukan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "3. Grading", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Grading adalah proses pengelompokan atau penggolongan terung dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan terung dengan kualitas tinggi dan seragam dalam satu golongan atau kelas yang sama sesuai dengan standar mutu yang ditetapkan oleh pasar atau konsumen. Penggolongan terung dilakukan berdasarkan kriteria seperti berat, bentuk, ukuran, rupa, warna, serta bebas dari penyakit dan cacat lainnya. Langkah-langkah dalam proses grading meliputi pengumpulan, pemeriksaan visual, pengelompokan berdasarkan kriteria, dan penyimpanan. Grading dikelompokan ke dalam beberapa kelas, seperti kelas 1 (terung dengan bentuk padat dan mengkilap), kelas 2 (terung dengan bentuk padat, namun tidak mengkilap), kelas 3 (terung dengan bentuk tidak padat dan tidak mengkilap). Terung yang memiliki kelas di luar kelas yang ditentukan akan dibuang. Selama proses grading , penting untuk memastikan bahwa terung tidak terkena sinar matahari langsung, karena hal ini dapat menurunkan bobot, menyebabkan pelayuan, dan meningkatkan aktivitas metabolisme yang dapat mempercepat pematangan atau respirasi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "4. Pengemasan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Pengemasan tanaman terung dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk melindungi atau mencegah dari kerusakan, memberikan nilai tambah produk, memperpanjang umur simpang, dan menciptkan daya tarik konsumen. Proses pengemasan dilakukan secara hari-hati agar terhindar dari berbagai faktor yang dapat menurunkan kualitas atau kerusakan pada tanaman terung dalam kemasan, baik kerusakan fisik, mekanis, kimia, maupun biologi. Kemasan yang digunakan untuk tanaman terung harus dapat memberi perlindungan terhadap produk, harus cocok dengan kondisi pengangkutan, harus dapat diterima oleh konusmen, harga dan tipe kemasan harus", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "sesuai dengan nilai produk yang dikemas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Beberapa contoh kemasan yang dapat digunakan pada tanaman terung seperti:", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "- 1) Keranjang: harga relatif murah dan memiliki bahan penguat pada sisinya, sehingga dapat meminimalkan kerusakan terung.\n- 2) Karung: umumnya digunakan untuk pengemasan terung pada pengangkutan jarak dekat, memiliki biaya yang lebih murah, lebih ringan, dan dapat digunakan berulang kali. Namun terdapat kelemahannya, yaitu tidak dapat melindungi produk dari kerusakan mekanis dan aliran udara yang kecil, sehingga harus diberi lubang udara.\n- 3) Peti karton: memiliki harga yang relatif mahal, namun memiliki bobot yang ringan, permukaannya halus, bersih, dan mudah dicetak.\n- 4) Plastik: digunakan untuk pengemasan dengan volum kecil, penggunaan plastik dengan pengaturan komposisi udara bertujuan untuk mengatur sirkulasi uap air sehingga dapat mempertahankan umur simpan.\n5. Penyimpanan", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Penyimpanan terung dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk memperpanjang umur simpan terung dan melindungi dari berbagai macam kerusakan. Salah satu metode penyimpanan yang umum digunakan dalam penyimpanan terung adalah dengan pendingingan. Pendigunakan dipilih karena dapat mempertahankan mutu terung dengan menghilangkan panas setelah panen, beberapa cara yang dapat digunakan, yaitu:", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "- 1) Pendigingan dengan udara dingin mengalir ( air cooling).\n- 2) Pendinginan dengan merendam dalam air dingin mengalir atau pencuciang dengan air dingin ( hydro cooling ).\n- 3) Pendinginan dengan menempatkan es di sekitar tumpukan terung ( ice cooling ).\n- 4) Pendinginan dengan memasukkan terung ke dalam ruang tertutup ( Vacuum cooling ).", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Setelah proses pendinginan, terung disimpan ke dalam ruang penyimpanan dengan memperhatikan beberapa hal, seperti sirkulasi udara, sanitasi, dan purifikasi.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "6. Transportasi dan Distribusi", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Kegiatan transportasi dan distribusi tanaman terung harus dilakukan sesegera mungkin setelah produk dibersihkan dan dikemas. Hal tersebut bertujuan untuk memastikan terung masih dalam kondisi prima, segar, dan layak dikonsumsi. Distribusi dapat dilakukan dengan tiga cara, yaitu: melalui jalan darat (dipikul, sepeda, pedati, kendaraan bermotor, kereta api), melalui laut (perahu dan kapal laut) dan melalui udara (pesawat udara).", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## DAFTAR PUSTAKA", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "- Awanis., Muhammad, S., Retna, Q., Susi, L., dan Muhammad, Y. 2022. Penanganan Pascapanen dan Pemasaran Hasil Pertanian. Banjarbaru: Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Kalimantan Selatan. Bahar, Y. H., Andayani, A., Agustina, Y. D., Tahir, Yosrini, dan Suwarno, E. H. 2010. Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) Budidaya Terung. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran dan Biofarma. Departemen Pertanian. 2009. Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) Budidaya Terung. Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran dan Biofarmaka. ISBN 978602-8591-05-8 Direktorat Penanganan Pasca Panen. 2006. Pedoman Penanganan Pasca Panen Sayuran. Direktorat Penanganan Pasca Panen. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hortikultura. 2011. Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya\n- Aneka Sayuran. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hortikultura.", "metadata": { "source_file": "TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TERUNG.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Two abiotic disorders share the same name, it is important to distinguish between them.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "The lettuce literature describes two different types of abiotic disorders which share the same name, tipburn. Both disorders can severely limit a grower's ability to sell their lettuce. Understand- ing the difference between the two types of tipburn is imperative for hydroponic lettuce growers, because each disorder has different causes and preventative measures. The objective of this article is to clarify", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "Figure 1. Inner leaf tipburn of hydroponic butterhead lettuce. Symptoms appear as brown lesions on tips of young, inner leaves.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "by Neil S. Mattson nsm47@cornell.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## e-GRO Alert", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "CONTRIBUTORS", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Dr. Nora Catlin Floriculture Specialist Cornell Cooperative Extension Suffolk County nora.catlin@cornell.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Dr. Chris Currey Assistant Professor of Floriculture Iowa State University ccurrey@iastate.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Dr. Kristin Getter Floriculture Outreach Specialist Michigan State University getterk@msu.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Dan Gilrein Entomology Specialist Cornell Cooperative Extension Suffolk County dog1@cornell.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Dr. Brian Krug Floriculture Ext. Specialist Univ. New Hampshire brian.krug@unh.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Dr. Joyce Latimer Floriculture Extension & Research Virginia Tech jlatime@vt.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Dr. Roberto Lopez Floriculture Extension & Research Purdue University rglopez@purdue.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Dr. Neil Mattson Greenhouse Research & Extension Cornell University neil.mattson@cornell.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Dr. Paul Thomas Floriculture Extension & Research University of Georgia pathomas@uga.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Dr. Brian Whipker Floriculture Extension & Research NC State University bwhipker@ncsu.edu", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Copyright © 2015", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Where trade names, proprietary products, or specific equipment are listed, no discrimination is intended and no endorsement, guarantee or warranty is implied by the authors, universities or associations.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "this confusion by clearly describing the symptoms of each disorder, environmental causes, and corrective actions. For the purposes of distinction, we will give each disorder a separate name: inner leaf tipburn (Figure 1) vs. outer leaf marginal necrosis (Figure 3). A summary of each disorder is presented in Table 1.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## Symptoms of inner leaf tipburn", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "This disorder is characterized by necrotic (brown) spots on the tips and edges (margins) of rapidly developing young leaves of lettuce. The young leaves are in the center (heart) of head lettuce. The necrosis can take the form of light to dark brown spots that further develop into lesions and can affect the entire margin of leaves (Figure 2). In closed head lettuce the symptoms may not be apparent until you cut through the head.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Causes of inner leaf tipburn Inner leaf tipburn develops due to poor calcium supply to young developing leaves. Most often the symptoms are not due to lack of calcium in the root-zone but rather environmental causes leading to poor calcium supply to young leaves. An understanding of how calcium is taken up and used by the plant sheds light on the environmental causes of calcium deficiency. Calcium is a component of cell walls, acting as a binding agent to cement adjacent cell walls. Calcium is also involved in cell division and elongation. Symptoms of calcium deficiency include necrosis of young leaves and sometimes distorted or strap-like leaves. Calcium is taken up passively by young roots and is transported in the xylem. Once Ca has entered plant tissue it is not mobile. Therefore active transpiration by the plant is necessary to provide adequate calcium to developing tissues. Under low calcium conditions plant cells made by the growing point cannot form properly. As the leaves enlarge the symptoms (leaf tip necrosis) become visible to the naked eye.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Environmental conditions which limit plant transpiration result in poor calcium supply to the plant.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Such conditions include high humidity, lack of air movement, and poor root system development. The disorder most frequently occurs as the head is beginning to reach maturity. The inner part of the head has locally humid conditions and less airflow due to the presence of the outer, wrapper leaves. In addition, the disorder often occurs when head lettuce is growing very quickly due to high daily light integrals (greater than 17 mol m -2 day -1 with vertical airflow, or greater than 12 mol m -2 day -1 with poor airflow) and warm greenhouse temperatures. Under rapid growing conditions, calcium supply to the growing point cannot keep up with plant calcium demands. At slower growing conditions, especially low daily light integrals, the disorder typically does not occur.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Preventing inner leaf tipburn Once symptoms have become apparent, there is no treatment which can reverse the symptoms. Therefore management of inner leaf tipburn of lettuce relies on preven-", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "tion. Rarely, is the disorder caused by lack of calcium in the root-zone. However, it is prudent to ensure that your nutrient solution contains sufficient calcium either from your water source or added fertilizer. A fertilizer recipe that has worked well for leafy greens for many years for the Cornell Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) group calls for 90 ppm calcium. The recipe for the Cornell CEA modified Sonneveld solution is available at: http://www. greenhouse.cornell.edu/ crops/factsheets/hydroponic-recipes.pdf Assuming sufficient calcium is supplied in the fertilizer solution; the primary tools for preventing inner leaf tip burn are promoting environmental conditions that favor plant transpiration as well as avoiding excessive daily light integrals (DLI). Low humidity and good air movement will promote plant transpiration which will promote supply of adequate calcium to the shoot tip. While supplemental light is an important tool for promoting fast crop cycles of lettuce, too much can promote inner leaf tipburn. Vertical air flow (VAF) fans (such as paddle fans or vertically mounted horizontal airflow fans) are an important tool to promote adequate air supply to the center of each lettuce head. Extensive research by the Cornell CEA group has found that tipburn frequently occurs when DLIs are greater than 17 mol m -2 day -1 when VAF fans are used and at DLIs greater than 12 mol m -2 day -1 when VAF fans are not present.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Tipburn can be a particular problem in summer greenhouse conditions when there are naturally high DLIs. Therefore, greenhouse shading is a must when growing hydroponic lettuce in the summer. Retractable shade curtains are useful as shade can be deployed when needed, but allow natural light through on cloudy days. Carbon dioxide enrichment of the greenhouse environment is another tool which can promote growth of head lettuce. However, enrichment can also favor tipburn of heads growing too rapidly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## Symptoms of outer leaf marginal necrosis", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "The second disorder that is sometimes called tipburn in the lettuce literature occurs is characterized by necrotic spots/lesions on the edge of lower (older) leaves of lettuce. These lower leaves are the outer leaves of head lettuce. The necrotic lesions can rapidly expand inward and along the length of the leaf margins. The leaf margins may also be chlorotic (yellow) in affected areas (Figure 3).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Figure 2. Inner leaf tipburn of hydroponic lettuce. As symptoms advance, brown lesions can advance so that entire leaf margins are affected.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "Figure 3. Outer leaf marginal necrosis of hydroponic lettuce. Older (outer leaves of head) are affected. Symptoms appear at margins where veins terminate.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Causes of outer leaf marginal necrosis While inner leaf tipburn has been well correlated with low calcium supply, the causes of outer leaf marginal necrosis are less clear - there may be multiple interrelated causes. Symptoms are most commonly seen under conditions of inadequate supply of water to the plant or high salts in the root-zone in combination high airflow and low humidity, which exacerbates the condition.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "The symptoms are often first evident on leaf mar -gins where vessels end in hydathodes (specialized glands that secrete water through stoma). The necrosis may be due to high salts accumulating in these regions causing cellular damage. Low humidity promotes loss of water (and thus accumulation of salts) in these regions. For example, outer leaf marginal necrosis was observed during winter, low humidity growing conditions in a hydroponic operation using vertical towers (Figure 4 and 5). The water source had elevated salts with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.0 mS/cm. The nutrient solution EC was greater than 2.0 mS/cm. The lettuce heads were growing in perlite and symptomatic plants were noted more often on lower portions of the vertical tower where soluble salts had accumulated. Excessive airflow can also promote outer leaf marginal necrosis. For example, symptoms have been observed on head lettuce growing in in the outer rows of nutrient film technique (NFT) channels. These outer heads were exposed to higher airflow.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Preventing outer leaf marginal necrosis The key to avoiding outer leaf marginal necrosis is to avoid environmental conditions which can cause high soluble salts to build up in margins of old lettuce leaves. Avoid high nutrient solution EC. For example, the EC of the Cornell CEA lettuce nutrient solution recipe is about 1.4 mS/ cm. In the examples noted above, nutrient solution EC was greater than 2.0 mS/ cm. Monitor root-zone EC. If plants are grown in a physical substrate, rather than in water-culture hydroponics, make sure water supply to the plant is appropriate. Leach as necessary to avoid accumulation of high soluble salts. Maintain adequate, but not excessive airflow. Finally symptoms are more common during periods of low relatively humidity, so pay particular attention to salts, water supply and airflow during these times.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Figures 4 (above) and 5 (below) outer leaf marginal necrosis was observed on hydroponic lettuce growing in a vertical tower system. Symptoms were associated with elevated salts in the nutrient solution and substrate and low relatively humidity and where outer leaves had more exposure to airflow.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Table 1. Summary of inner leaf tipburn versus outer leaf marginal necrosis of lettuce.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "| | Inner leaf tipburn | Outer leaf marginal necrosis |\n|------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Symptoms | Browning of the edges of rapidly developing inner (young) leaves of lettuce, may begin as scattered spots and proceed to ne- crosis and collapse along entire margin | Browning of the edge of outer (older) leaves of lettuce, may be scattered spots or may be more wide- spread so entire margin is affected |\n| Causes | Inadequate calcium supply to growing tip and young growing leaves | Salt accumulation at leaf margins where vessels terminate |\n| Environmental conditions conducive to disorder | Conditions where there is insufficient transpiration of inner leaves (high humidity, poor airflow, closed heads) or environmental conditions that promote rapid growth (high light, warm tempera- tures) | High salts in root-zone, low relatively humidity, inade- quate water supply to plant, excessive airflow |\n| Preventative measures | Ensure adequate calcium supply and that environ- mental conditions promote transpiration of inner leaves (low humidity, vertical air- flow fans), avoid excessive - ly high daily light integrals | Avoid high nutrient solu- tion EC, monitor and flush excess soluble salts if plants growing in physical substrate, provide adequate water to plants, avoid excessive airflow under conditions of low relative humidity |", "metadata": { "source_file": "Tipburn of hydroponic lettuce.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## An Introductory Guide for Educators GREENHOUSE MANUAL", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 1 } }, { "text": "## An Introductory Guide for Educators", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "A publication of the National Center for Appropriate Technology in collaboration with the United States Botanic Garden and City Blossoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## United States Botanic Garden (USBG)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "100 Maryland Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20001 202.225.8333 | www.usbg.gov", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "Mailing Address: 245 First Street, SW Washington, DC 20515", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "The U.S. Botanic Garden (USBG) is dedicated to demonstrating the aesthetic, cultural, economic, therapeutic, and ecological importance of plants to the well-being of humankind. The USBG fosters the exchange of ideas and information relevant to national and international partnerships.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "3040 Continental Drive, Butte, MT 59702 800.275.6228 | www.ncat.org", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "The National Center for Appropriate Technology's (NCAT) mission is to help people by championing small-scale, local, and sustainable solutions to reduce poverty, promote healthy communities, and protect natural resources. NCAT's ATTRA Program is committed to providing high-value information and technical assistance to farmers, ranchers, Extension agents, educators, and others involved in sustainable agriculture in the United States.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "For more information on ATTRA and to access its publications, including this Greenhouse Manual: An Introductory Guide for Educators , visit www.attra.ncat.org or call the ATTRA toll-free hotline at 800.346.9140.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "City Blossoms is a nonprofit dedicated to fostering healthy communities by developing creative, kid-driven green spaces. Applying their unique brand of gardens, science, art, healthy living, and community building, they 'blossom' in neighborhoods where kids, their families, and neighbors may not otherwise have access to green spaces. For more information on City Blossoms, their programming, resources and trainings, visit www.cityblossoms.org or call 202.431.8991.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 2 } }, { "text": "## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "This manual was written and prepared by Andy Pressman and Thea Rittenhouse, NCAT Agriculture Specialists as well as Rebecca Lemos-Otero, Amy Smith and Willa Pohlman of City Blossoms.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## Additional contributors include:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Co-Authors: Guy Ames, Sharon Burke, Rex Dufour, Tammy Howard, Chris Lent, Ruth Mischler,", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Lee Coykendall, Emily Hestness, Ray Mims, and Susan Pell Editors: Cathy Svejkovsky and Tracy Mumma", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Thank you to the following people at the United States Botanic Garden for their partnership and support in producing this manual and for their dedication to sustainable gardening and education:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Lee Coykendall, Senior Education Specialist", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Emily Hestness, Ph.D, Urban Agriculture Education Specialist Ray Mims, Partnership, Conservation and Sustainability Horticulturist Susan Pell, Ph.D., Deputy Executive Director", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "We would like to take the opportunity to thank these advisors from across the school greenhouse spectrum who provided guidance on this manual's content, content review, and assistance with outreach and promotion.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Jacqueline Scotland, DCPS Wilson High School", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Cassandra Bell DCPS Eastern High School", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Kelly Custer, River Terrace Education Campus", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Gloria Gibson, DCPS Wilson High School", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Sandra Farber, Extension Agent, University of the District of Columbia (UDC)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Beth Gingold, DCPS, Schools Conservation Division", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Sally Parker, DCPS Energy and Sustainability", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Josh Singer, DC Parks and Recreation", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Sam Ullery, Office of the State Superintendent of Education, School Garden Coordinator", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Alex Wilson, DCPS, Wilson High School", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "Mark Chambers, DCPS, Schools Conservation Division", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 3 } }, { "text": "## TABLE OF CONTENTS", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "| Foreward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | Foreward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . 6 |\n|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|\n| How This Manual Works-An Introduction . . . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . 7 |\n| Part 1: | A Strong Foundation-Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . 8 |\n| | Factors to Consider about a Greenhouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . 8 |\n| | Designing for Your Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . 9 |\n| | Connections to Standards and Evidence of Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . 9 |\n| | Spotlight: Grown By Kids, For Kids in Livingston, Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 11 |\n| Part 2: | The Best Greenhouse For You-Design & Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 12 |\n| | Questions to Ask in Preparation: What, Why, Where, When & How . . . . . . . . . | . 12 |\n| | Greenhouse Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 13 |\n| | Infrastructure Elements: Temperature, Orientation, Ventilation & Light. . . . . . . . | . 16 |\n| | Creating an Interior Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 20 |\n| | Hydroponics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 22 |\n| | Budgeting for a School Greenhouse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 23 |\n| Part 3: | Plants, Plants, Plants-Growing in Greenhouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 26 |\n| | Planning with the School Year & Growing Season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 26 |\n| | Creating a Planting Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 27 |\n| | Greenhouse Planting with Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 29 |\n| | From Seed to Seedling: Soil, Water & Nutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 33 |\n| | Soil Mix Ingredients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 35 |\n| | Steps for Starting Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 36 |\n| | Caring for Seedlings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 37 |\n| | Seedling Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 38 |\n| | Environmental & Space Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 40 |\n| | Problem Solving: Pest & Disease Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 42 |\n| | Beneficial Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 44 |\n| | Pests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 45 |\n| | Tools for Managing Greenhouse Plant Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 48 |\n| | Spotlight: Helping Hands in Washington, D.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 50 |\n| Part 4: | Let's Learn Together-Education & Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 51 |\n| | Not Just Science! Creating a Larger Vision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 51 |\n| | Project-Based Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 53 |\n| | Time to Harvest: Connecting a School Greenhouse with a Farm-to-School Program | . 55 |\n| | Spotlight: Growing Greens in Washington DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 59 |\n| Appendix | 1: Budget Template. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 60 |\n| Appendix 2: Greenhouse Seedling Planting Schedule. . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 62 |\n| Appendix 4: Further Resources . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 64 |\n| References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 72 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 4 } }, { "text": "## FOREWORD", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Across the United States, a growing number of schools are planting gardens, engaging in Farm to School activities, and integrating plant science into the curriculum. To support and expand these hands-on learning activities, schools are exploring ways to build new infrastructure or reinvest in existing facilities such as school greenhouses. Unfortunately, many school greenhouses are underutilized or only a single knowledgeable and dedicated teacher is enabling their use.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "The United States Botanic Garden (USBG), the National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT), and City Blossoms recognized the emerging need for user-friendly guidance on operating school greenhouses and maximizing their educational potential. To that end, we have developed this introductory manual for educators wanting to better use their school greenhouses for educational purposes. The manual clearly and concisely lays out a basic understanding of greenhouses, how to integrate them into lessons, and how to effectively use them in classroom curricula and after-school activities.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "The USBG would like to thank NCAT, City Blossoms, and our team of advisors for the time, energy, and thoughtfulness they devoted to the development of this manual. We hope that it will serve as a useful resource to facilitate transformative learning experiences in schools nationwide, while cultivating students' appreciation of the importance of plants to the well-being of humankind.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "Sarharah Moon Chaption, Ph.D Executive Director United States Botanic Garden", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 5 } }, { "text": "## HOW THIS MANUAL WORKS-AN INTRODUCTION", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## Welcome Educators", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "This manual is designed as an introduction for educators who are beginning to explore ways to incorporate a greenhouse offers information and resources both for teachers interested have access to an existing greenhouse or hoop house.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "as a hands-on learning environment for students of all ages. It in establishing a new project, as well as for those who already The content provided focuses on the relationship between education and greenhouses, embracing the fact that many school greenhouses are utilized simultaneously as growing", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "spaces and educational classrooms.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## Greenhouse Manual: An Introductory Guide for", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Educators specifically targets the use of an educational greenhouse as:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "- an alternative classroom for project-based learning\n- a setting to experiment with seedlings and cuttings\n- an indoor garden for growing herbs and vegetables\n- an extension of an existing school garden program", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "A school greenhouse offers educators a wonderful learning laboratory that supports standards-aligned student learning outcomes through hands-on, reflective, and immersive instruction that is the hallmark of experiential learning. While teaching greenhouses are most often linked to introducing students to life sciences, they offer a stage for learning about so much more.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "Educators today are increasingly challenged to align their instruction with state and national standards, resulting in having less time to incorporate creative approaches to engage students. While these standards provide a prescriptive framework and benchmarks for understanding, teachers and school districts remain at the helm of determining how to teach. This opens many opportunities to incorporate best practices in experiential learning into an educator's toolbox.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "This manual provides information and tactics for K-12 teachers, regardless of experience level, including:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "- Classroom Connections\n- Project-Based Learning: A Template for Developing Interdisciplinary Performance Tasks\n- Using Greenhouses to Grow Plants and Vegetables", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "The Appendix provides resource listing that include:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "- Greenhouse and Garden-based Curricula, Lesson Plans, and E-guides\n- Educator Professional Development Resources, and\n- Funding Opportunities", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 6 } }, { "text": "## Part 1: A STRONG FOUNDATION-GETTING STARTED", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## Factors to Consider", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Whether you're starting from scratch or working with an existing space, there are a lot of different directions you can choose to take with your greenhouse project. Determining how you want to use the space and what size project is right for you will help guide how you proceed. It is important to remember that a greenhouse project is a multi-year process, so don't feel like you need to take on everything at once. Asking the following questions will help you determine what is right for your school:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "- Who is using the space? The age and total number of students using the space will help dictate the type of greenhouse and the interior layout that makes sense for you.\n- Who is maintaining the space? Determining who will be responsible for caring for the space and how much time they can commit will also factor in to the type and scale of the project.\n- What to grow? From propagation to growing vegetables to exploring hydroponics, there are many different ways to use a greenhouse. This space has the potential for a wide range of learning experiences. Deciding what you want to do short-term and long-term will guide some of your design decisions.\n- What structure is right? If you are planning on building a new greenhouse structure, there are a number of questions to ask. The intended use, available space, available budget and your climate will all influence what structure is best for your school. See Part 2 The Best Greenhouse for You: Design & Budge t for more on greenhouse structures.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "## Building a Greenhouse Program", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Developing a successful greenhouse program will not happen overnight and often takes a few school years to refine. However, building strong infrastructure as you create your program will help to establish a more sustainable project. Developing a group of teachers, staff, parents, community members and students who are committed to shaping and maintaining the program will help give this project longevity. Ideally, the team of educators involved should span across grade levels and academic disciplines. With a strong multigrade and interdisciplinary structure, the project will have the support and knowledge base to keep programming and maintenance running smoothly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Involving students from the beginning is key to building a project that they will be invested in and take ownership over. Whether your intended use is focused on particular classes or after school programming, clearly outlining students' roles in the greenhouse will help encourage student participation and enthusiasm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 7 } }, { "text": "Thinking of your project in phases will help make the project feel manageable and give the school community clear expectations. As a starting point, consider beginning with something small, like cold frames or conducting small greenhouse experiments to get a sense of what your school has the capacity to maintain. For educators rejuvenating an existing greenhouse, it may be helpful to do an inventory of what equipment exists, what is working, and what needs to be fixed or replaced. Having an honest conversation with maintenance staff and administration around what concrete steps need to be taken to make the space functional will start everyone off with a clear understanding of what the project entails.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Whether you are building from the ground up or working to reenergize an existing greenhouse, creating a detailed and realistic budget that aligns with your team's vision is key to building a lasting program. Creating a budget that takes into consideration not only the initial cost of a greenhouse, but the funding needed for multiple years of maintenance and programming will help organize funding efforts and continue to lay down a sustainable foundation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## Designing for Your Climate", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "There are many different greenhouse designs for various uses, climates, and levels of investment. Greenhouse designs offer varying levels of control over the inside environment. The aim for a greenhouse is to help the gardener overcome the challenges of their climate and allow for a better growing environment. In hot climates, a greenhouse might be focused on protecting crops from excessive heat, while in cold climates a greenhouse will be built to protect plants from low temperatures.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "For example in a desert climate where temperatures can be very high and soil can be very sandy or clay-heavy and potentially low in nitrogen, a greenhouse can provide the opportunity to create a controlled environment with a soil mix and regulated temperature that is more amenable to growing a wider variety of edible plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "In cold temperate climates, winters can be long and bring sustained freezing temperatures. Greenhouses in these environments are essential for extending the growing season to align a little more closely with the school year, enabling students to participate more in experiencing the full cycle of growing annual vegetables.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Before deciding on a greenhouse-type structure, it is important to research your local climate and weather patterns. Try reaching out to others nearby who have maintained greenhouses or hoop houses to get their perspectives and insight on their challenges and successes.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## Connections to Standards & Evidence of Benefits", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "While researching what kind of structure to choose, it is helpful to have outlined possible greenhouse curriculum and aligning it to national and state teaching standards. This can help strengthen the case for the value of a greenhouse project. There are a diversity of resources that help demonstrate the importance of a project like this-both for creating crosscurricular connections and for supporting multiple approaches to engaging with curricular content. Cornell University's College of Agriculture & Life Sciences offers a summary of research findings across several key benefit areas, and is a useful place to find resources supporting the advantages of this type of programming: http://gardening.cals.cornell.edu/.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## Documenting Your Project & Evaluation", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "Being able to tell the story of your greenhouse project will help create a narrative that describes how your project progresses and how it impacts your school community. Taking pictures of the space from the beginning can visually recount how the space is transformed. In addition to tracking the physical progress of the space, measuring the impact of the project on the students who use it is also a strong way of tracking its success. Collecting data before the greenhouse project takes shape will make for an even stronger measure of the effects of your program on your school environment. For ideas on how to evaluate your program, visit Cornell University's Evaluation Toolkit: http://gardening.cals.cornell.edu/program-tools/ evaluation-toolkit/.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 8 } }, { "text": "## CLASSROOM CONNECTIONS: Exploring the History of Greenhouses", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Greenhouses have a rich history worth exploring with your students. Greenhouses, also referred to as glasshouses amongst other names, have for centuries served as a special environment for growing plants. Some of the earliest accounts of using structures to grow plants date back to ancient Rome, around 30 A.D., where members of the cucumber and squash family were grown for the Emperor Tiberius. Greenhouses were built throughout much of Europe starting in the 13th century and, by the 15th century, quickly became a symbol of wealth. As glass manufacturing increased in the late 1500s in Europe, the popularity of greenhouses was able to keep growing, with the primary use being to house tropical and exotic plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "Andrew Faneuil, an affluent merchant from Boston, built the first known greenhouse in America in 1737. Soon after, George Washington had a greenhouse built at his Mount Vernon estate. Because many greenhouses at this time were used in the United States and Europe to grow citrus and tropical fruits many were refered to as 'orangeries.' In fact, Washington referred to his greenhouse as 'the Pinery' as it was often used for growing pineapples.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "As cities continued to develop throughout the 19th century, people sought places to reconnect with nature. Public conservatories became a common place to study and learn about plants. Today with the incorporation of technology and affordability of materials, we no longer use greenhouses primarily as showpieces for growing fruits and flowers, but rather as tools for connecting backyard gardeners, farmers, researchers, and students of all ages to the plant world.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "As students become involved in this project consider researching the history and evolution of greenhouse structures throughout the world. You can also explore their impact on commercial production, plant conservation, and food justice efforts.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "USBG's original conservatory. Photo courtesy of U.S. Botanic Garden", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 9 } }, { "text": "## SPOTLIGHT: Grown by Kids, For Kids in Livingston, Montana", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "PHS's greenhouse with shelving system in background. Photo courtesy of Park High School", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "As part of The Livingston, Montana Farm-to-School Program's (http://www.parkhigh.org/f2s.html) aim to increase access to local food and nutrition education, the organization has developed strong partnerships with local schools and now manages two school-connected greenhouses.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Their first greenhouse project was in collaboration with Montana Roots (http://montanaroots.org). In 2014 the partners remodeled a greenhouse in Livingston's Sleeping Giant Middle School and installed an aquaponics system.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "In 2016 Montana Roots and the Montana Farm-toSchool Program successfully extended their reach in the community by renovating the Park High School (PHS) greenhouse. Together they transformed the existing structure into an aquaponics learning lab, workroom, and highly-productive raised bed greenhouse. Park students participated in every level of the renovation from the design and construction of the raised beds to crop planning, cultivation, and aquaponics system management.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Today, the greenhouse utilizes two food production methods: aquaponics and organic raised bed gardening. Aquaponics is the marriage of hydroponics (soilless cultivation of plants) and aquaculture (farming of aquatic animals). The aquaponics tanks grow rainbow trout, not the usual choice for these systems but, because they are native to the area, an opportunity for students to become more connected with their local ecosystem.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "The greenhouse is operated year-round-with students and a team of 3-4 school staff led by the Farmer Educator. Maintenance responsibilities, including during school breaks and weekends, are divided amongst the team. Also, the Farmer Educator collaborates with K-12 faculty to provide multi-disciplinary educational experiences around STEM studies, sustainable agriculture, environmental stewardship, and nutrition. More than 500 Livingston K-12 students engage in lessons during the school year including Creation of a Sustainable Agriculture course offered at PHS and outdoor garden activities with kindergarten, first, second, and seventh grades. In Spring 2016, 75% of the starter plants in Livingston school gardens were from Park High School's greenhouse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Farmer Rachael suggests that teachers and farm-to-school coordinators wanting to start a greenhouse school project seek buy-in from administrators and other educators before and during the process. She also suggests working closely with school food service directors to create inroads for integrating farm-to-school programming into the cafeteria. From teaching to the cafeteria, having someone who is focused on farm-to-school and greenhouse production helps strengthen this program and better integrate it with classes across disciplines.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Farmer Rachel standing next to PHS's aquaponics system. Photo courtesy of Park High School", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 10 } }, { "text": "Part 2: THE BEST GREENHOUSE FOR YOUDESIGN & BUDGET", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "## Questions to Ask in Preparation: What, Why, Where, When & How", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "A greenhouse is basically an enclosed space that is heated and lit by the sun. Short-wave solar radiation passes through a layer of glass or other transparent or semitransparent material, and heats up surfaces like the ground and plants inside the greenhouse. Because of their nature, greenhouses also make it possible to control variables such as temperature, humidity, and light. The ways a greenhouse does these tasks is up to you and your team. The shape, size, and location of the greenhouse is your choice and should be selected based on availability of space, budget, maintenance hours, and other support.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "If you are working on a new project, this section will help guide you through some concepts and elements to keep in mind when deciding on a structure. For educators revitalizing an existing greenhouse, this information may help you better understand all the moving parts and improve how the greenhouse is organized, maintained, and used. When determining the size and type of greenhouse to install, it is helpful for your team and/or group of students to first answer some questions. These answers will help you choose a structure or figure out if the structure you currently have is equipped to accomplish your goals. Answering the questions will also help you strengthen presentations and proposals you may need for your school's administration, staff, community, or potential supporters.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Intended Use: What activities do you plan to do in this space? How many people would you like to accommodate at a time? Who is using the greenhouse and what access do they need to have to use the greenhouse safely (ageappropriate design, ADA accessibility)? What times of year will the greenhouse be used? Will it include a growing space, classroom area, and storage?", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Available Space: What locations on your campus are available and easy to use (fields, existing greenhouses, rooftop, playgrounds, gardens)? What is the proximity of the space to the amenities needed (water, electricity, etc.)? How long is this space available? Is there outside area around the greenhouse for additional seating, storage, or a garden? What permit and zoning restrictions may need to be taken under consideration? If there is an existing greenhouse, is it currently set up for the intended use, if not what can be changed?", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 11 } }, { "text": "Ballpark Budget: Is this part of a larger school construction project or renovation? Does funding need to be secured by your school or by your greenhouse team? Are in-kind donations possible? How much funding is available for construction? For annual maintenance? (See the last section of this chapter for more information on budgeting.)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Now that clear intentions and limitations for this project have been defined, it is time to research what kind of greenhouse to secure.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## Greenhouse Types", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "Because every school has its own space and budget limitations to work with, this chapter will take a broader definition of greenhouse so that there is an option for almost every school. When doing research to figure out the best fit, consider location, access to land, permanence of project, access to resources and utilities, and of course the overall purpose of the greenhouse. Below, are a few kinds of structures to consider:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## Freestanding Conventional Greenhouse", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "This is the model most people picture when they think of a greenhouse. It is the most common design with the support structure made of wood or metal posts and glass or translucent polycarbonate glazing panels as the covering material. Though these can be built by hand, they tend to be very labor intensive. Models can be purchased as kits of various sizes or professionally installed. Kits are available from small scale hobby use (around 8ft x12ft) to industrial sizes that can be more easily set up with heating and ventilation systems. These are appropriate if you are sure your greenhouse will be a permanent structure and there is a large enough budget to cover the building costs. This is especially true if a foundation needs to be built, and amenities like ventilation systems, lighting, water access, and electricity added. It will be difficult to add these systems after construction, so funding for the whole installation should be secured beforehand. Freestanding structures tend to provide more even light distribution and less shading issues but can be less energy efficient than attached greenhouses due to their large amount of perimeter space from which heat can escape. (Figs 1, 2, 3, 5)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "FIG. 1 Greenhouse. Photo courtesy of Meeting House Farm", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "FIG. 2 Greenhouse built from a kit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "FIG. 3 Greenhouse built from recycled materials.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 12 } }, { "text": "## High Tunnel/ Hoop House", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "For groups looking for a less permanent, more affordable option, hoop houses are worth considering. The main structural difference is that these are made with plastic sheeting. They do not tend to be set up for heating or ventilation as often, and are much more cost-effective. They can also be more easily made to fit specific dimensions. Hoop houses can be purchased as kits, and can be installed by professionals, a guided group of volunteers, or even older students. Unlike a greenhouse where the growing environment can be controlled, high tunnels mostly rely on passive heating, cooling, and humidity control. Furthermore, plants are more likely to be grown in the ground in a high tunnel versus containers, which are more common with greenhouse growing. (Fig 4)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## Lean-to or Attached Greenhouse", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "For schools with very limited space and/or no field area, an attached greenhouse may be a good option. They are designed to have at least one side connected to an existing building, preferably the south-facing side. However, depending on the greenhouse placement in relation to the structure it is connected to, attached greenhouses may experience shading from the adjacent structure. The size of attached greenhouses is dictated by the length and height of the wall they are attached to and so, they tend to be smaller than freestanding greenhouses. It can be hard to easily accommodate a whole class in these greenhouses due to their narrower design. A big positive is that utilities like electric and water can be utilized from the existing building to make this an even more cost-effective design. (Fig 5)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## Cold Frames/Cold House", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "These are not really greenhouses but are a great first project alternative for teachers that would like to begin exploring concepts of greenhouses, but do not have the budget or capacity yet to start a larger project. Used to extend the gardening season, the cold frame is the simplest (and by far the cheapest) option. A cold frame is a glass or plastic structural cover over your garden that protects seeds, seedlings, and plants from excessively low temperatures, wind, snow, and rain. Cold frames can be purchased or built by volunteers, teachers, and older students. They can be semi-permanent and set in one location or transportable to be moved around a garden. (Fig 6)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "FIG. 4 Hoop house with garden.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "FIG. 5 Freestanding conventional greenhouse (R) and attached/ lean-to (L) school greenhouses.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "Photo courtesy of Rimol Greenhouse Systems", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "FIG. 6 Plastic coldframe.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 13 } }, { "text": "## TABLE 1: Greenhouse glazing materials", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Glazing is the material that covers the frame of the greenhouse and through which light travels. Glazing can greatly affect things like appearance, functionality, price, and maintenance. Part of choosing a greenhouse structure is deciding what kind of glazing option will work best for the project.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## GLASS-SINGLE LAYER", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Light transmission*: 85-90%", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "R-value**: 0.9", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "- Lifespan indefinite if not broken\n- Tempered glass is stronger and requires fewer support bars", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "- Fragile, easily broken\n- May not withstand weight of snow\n- Requires numerous supports\n- Clear glass does not diffuse light", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## POLYETHYLENE-SINGLE LAYER", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Light transmission*: 80-90% new material R-value**: single film 0.87 6mil", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "- IR (infrared retention) films have treatment to reduce heat loss\n- No-drop or anti-fog films are treated to resist condensation\n- Treatment with ethylene-vinyl acetate results in resistance to cracking in the cold and tearing\n- Easy to install, precise framing not required\n- Lowest-cost glazing material", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "- Easily torn\n- Cannot see through\n- UV-resistant polyethylene lasts only 1-2 years\n- Light transmission decreases over time\n- Expand and sag in warm weather, then shrink in cold weather", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## FACTORY-SEALED DOUBLE GLASS", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Light transmission*: 70-75%", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "R-value**: double layer 1.5-2.0, low-e 2.5", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "- Lifespan indefinite if not broken\n- Can be used in areas with freezing temperatures", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "- Heavy\n- Clear glass does not diffuse light\n- Difficult to install, requires precise framing", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## POLYETHYLENE-DOUBLE LAYER", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "Light transmission*: 60-80%", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "R-value** double films: 5ml film 1.5, 6ml film 1.7", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "- Heat loss significantly reduced when a blower is used to provide an air space between the two layers\n- IR (infrared retention) films have treatment to reduce heat loss\n- No-drop or anti-fog films are treated to resist condensation\n- Treatment with ethylene-vinyl acetate results in resistance to cracking in the cold and tearing\n- Easy to install, precise framing not required\n- Lowest-cost glazing material", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "- Easily torn\n- Cannot see through\n- UV-resistant polyethylene lasts only 1-2 years\n- Light transmission decreases over time\n- Expand and sag in warm weather, then shrink in cold weather", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "| POLYCARBONATE-DOUBLE WALL RIGID PLASTIC Light transmission*: 83% R-value**: 6mm 1.6, 8mm 1.7 ADVANTAGES: • Most fire-resistant of plastic glazing materials • UV-resistant • Very strong • Lightweight • Easy to cut and install • Provides good performance for 7-10 years DISADVANTAGES: • Can be expensive • Not clear, translucent | POLYCARBONATE FILM-TRIPLE OR QUAD WALL RIGID PLASTIC Light transmission*: 75% R-value** triple walls: 8mm 2.0-2.1, 16mm 2.5 R-value** quad wall: 6mm 1.8, 8 mm 2.1 ADVANTAGES: • Most fire-resistant of plastic glazing materials • UV-resistant • Very strong • Lightweight • Easy to cut and install • Provides good performance for 7-10 years DISADVANTAGES: • Can be expensive • Not clear, translucent |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 14 } }, { "text": "## Placing a Greenhouse", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "The location of a greenhouse is one of the most important decisions to make. The function and efficiency of the structure in regard to heat gain, ventilation, maintenance, and energy use will be greatly impacted by its placement, or siting. The following simple rules can help with proper siting of a greenhouse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "1. Look for a flat topography. The flatter the area, the easier it is to construct and operate a greenhouse.\n2. Include primary stakeholders like school and maintenance staff in selection of the site.\n3. Plan for rainwater. Drainage provisions should be made during construction to ensure that rainwater coming off the structure does not accumulate and that it has a place to run other than into the greenhouse.\n4. Place within easy access. Greenhouses should be conveniently located so that they are easy to visit with a group of students throughout the year. The location should also consider accessibility to all users.\n5. Place close to utilities. Access to a good water source is critical. Is electricity or heating required?\n6. Be aware of permitting and legal considerations. Before construction, study all permitting issues.\n7. Current and future shading. Ensure there is no shading now or expected in the near future. The angle of the sun changes from season to season and areas of shade change with it (see Figure below).", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "First time siting a greenhouse? Reach out to local greenhouse or gardening experts to review your design and provide feedback. It's best to catch as many questions before construction starts.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "The changing angle of the sun causes shaded areas on the ground to move throughout the year.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## Infrastructure Elements: Temperature, Orientation, Ventilation & Light", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## Temperature", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "When it comes to temperature, the goal in a greenhouse is to maintain optimum temperatures for the plants being cared for inside. Keeping track of daytime and nighttime temperatures will help determine what kinds of heating techniques will work best and what types of plants should be planned for. The three most common greenhouse environmental control devices are:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "- Mechanical Thermostat : while not as accurate as a digital thermostat, a simple mechanical thermostat, can be used to operate heating and ventilation equipment.\n- Digital Thermostat : Multistage digital thermostats can control multiple heating and ventilation appliances based on programmable temperatures.\n- Computer-Operated Control Systems: used in conjunction with environmental sensors can be used to control all aspects of heating and cooling, as well as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels in a greenhouse. Many of these control systems have built-in alarms to notify greenhouse operators when something is not working properly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## CLASSROOM CONNECTIONS: Measuring the Sun", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "Build a simple device that measures the angles of the sun and use it with a compass to determine if there are shading issues at your location, as described at: https://rimstar.org/renewnrg/elevation\\_azimuth\\_ shadow\\_site\\_survey\\_tool.htm", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 15 } }, { "text": "## CLASSROOM CONNECTIONS: Site Selection as a Teachable Moment", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Working with students on greenhouse design. Photo courtesy of NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## Orientation for Solar Heat Gain & Ventilation", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Greenhouse orientation refers to the direction the greenhouse is facing. In locations north of 40 degrees latitude (Columbus, OH or above), it is recommended that a greenhouse be faced so that the long axis runs east to west. This approach places one long side of the structure facing due south for optimum solar heat gain in the cooler months. For locations south of 40 degrees latitude, a north-to-south orientation takes advantage of prevailing winds to help with ventilation during the hottest months. A north-to-south orientation also reduces shading from the structure of the greenhouse (see Figure 7 below). A greenhouse should have little to no shading from trees, buildings, or other structures. To determine if a location is shade-free year-round, an instrument called a solar pathfinder can be used. Most professional greenhouse and solar installers have this tool and they can be called on to do a solar site survey to determine the level of shading. (See above for note on surveying with students)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "FIG. 7: A north-to-south orientation of the long axis tends to work best for warm-weather growing and areas south of 40 degrees latitude, while an east-to-west orientation allows more light to reach the plants during the winter months in areas above 40 degrees latitude.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Involving students in the site selection offers a great learning opportunity. For example, students grades 1-12 can take light, wind, and temperature measurements; track the sun at different times of the day; explore scale and learn computer-aided drawing during design layout; and investigate microclimates. It is very important to also include the school community (parents, teachers, principals, maintenance staff) in this decision-making process. An event like an open house where people can look at draft plans and give suggestions is a great way to get buy-in from your community.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## Ventilation and Cooling", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "Since greenhouses are designed to capture as much solar heat as possible, they can overheat in hotter weather. Overheating can stunt or kill plants. Sometimes just being able to open doors and vents is enough to get natural ventilation to cool a greenhouse and control humidity. However, it can also invite pests and diseases into the greenhouse, so vigilance is necessary. Electric fans are useful to increase airflow and to cool down a greenhouse. Horizontal Airflow Fans (HAF) are used to circulate air inside the greenhouse, distribute heat evenly, and reduce condensation on plant foliage that can lead to disease. Endwall fans are big enough to exchange the entire volume of air in the greenhouse with the outside air. A non-electrical option is shade cloth, a woven material that can be draped over inside sections of the greenhouse to provide cooling shade. Shade cloth is available in varying densities.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## Heating", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "While glazing materials are an efficient means of converting sunlight into heat, they also allow a lot of heat to escape since they are not particularly good insulators. Depending on your location, this can lead to problems maintaining acceptable inside temperatures when the sun is not shining and it is cold outside. Adding heat to the greenhouse can provide the warmth plants need during periods of cold outdoor temperatures. Heat can be provided in greenhouses through electric hot-air heaters with fans (most common), hydronic (circulating water-based) systems placed in the floor or on the growing benches, or by adding compost to hoop houses and other structures without electricity.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 16 } }, { "text": "## CLASSROOM CONNECTIONS: Planning & Measurement", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Almost everything in a school greenhouse can be measured. Therefore, there are many possibilities for all ages to be involved in the process of building and planning the greenhouse structure. With a little creativity, the whole school can be involved.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Grades 1-4: Once the school greenhouse site has been selected, students can practice measuring the perimeter of the greenhouse. This can be done simply with yarn, scissors, and wooden stakes. Students can observe the teacher measuring the straight sides of the greenhouse with the yarn, and then later in the classroom they can use the ruler to determine how many inches or feet the perimeter of the school greenhouse will be.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Grades 4-6: This same activity can be more detailed with older students. Using a list of what must fit inside the greenhouse (benches, tables, etc.), students can measure out each structure with yarn and then identify how much will fit inside the greenhouse and where it will go. This can be done in the area where the greenhouse will be located so that other students can see the progress and design as it takes place.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Grades 6+: Students can design the layout on paper using geometry concepts. They can help determine which structures are necessary and what their distance from other resources like water and electricity should be. Students could present their plans to the school board or teachers to get approval for the project or to help get funding.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## Lighting", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Plants need light in order to make food, and greenhouses are designed to provide as much natural light as possible. The more exposure a plant has to light, the more it will grow. However, plants can suffer if the light is too intense, too low, or if it doesn't last long enough. Supplemental lighting can help plants grow when not enough light is naturally available during the day, and can control the quality and intensity of the light. This is especially helpful during shorter winter days, or in cloudy weather. Additionally, lighting requirements for", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## Passive Solar Greenhouses", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Passive solar greenhouses are designed to capture and store heat from the sun and use it to keep the inside temperatures from dipping too low at night or during cloudy periods. They use what are called thermal mass materials like water, cement, and soil, to absorb extra heat from the greenhouse during sunny periods and release the stored heat during shaded or dark periods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "The effectiveness of a passive solar greenhouse depends on an airtight structure that is well-insulated on the north-, east-, and west-facing walls. The structure should be oriented as close to true south as possible with the glazing set at an angle equal to the location's latitude plus 15 degrees. This angle allows low winter sun to hit the glazing at the optimal angle for heat gain inside the structure.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Solar greenhouses are also usually built to a ratio of 1 wide to 2 long to 1 high to optimize the area of space that needs to be heated. For example, a 12-footwide structure would be built 24 feet long and 12 feet high to meet the ratio. All of these design features add up to a greenhouse that can maintain minimum temperatures above freezing, even in the northern parts of the country (Thomas and Crawford, 2001).", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "plants will change frequently as the daylight hours change throughout the year.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "Utilizing automatic timers for lights can help ensure that the right amount of light is supplied to plants. Such timers can be beneficial in turning on lights early in the morning and turning them off in the evening, as well as on weekends and other times when school is not in session. Furthermore, automatic timers save energy and preserve the life of the bulb.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 17 } }, { "text": "## Types of Greenhouse Lighting", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "The types of lights used in a greenhouse for supplemental plant growth are incandescent, fluorescent, High Intensity Discharge (HID), and LED. Each of these types offer varying levels of performance and efficiency, which are reflected in their price.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "- Incandescent lights are often used as a spot light on a specific plant or with a small grouping of plants where the light is placed at a minimum of 24' from the plant(s). These lights get hot and their placement should be carefully considered for school greenhouses. Incandescent lights are inexpensive to purchase and have a life span of less than 1,000 hours.\n- Fluorescent grow lights are ideal for starting plants because they are traditionally on the blue end of the light spectrum, which favors plant growth. And because they are cooler in temperature, they can be situated within a few inches of plant seedlings. But as the plants grow, the light will need to be raised. These fluorescent lights are quite efficient and can offer up to 20,000 hours of use.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "T-8 and T-12 bulbs refers to a fluorescent light where the T represents the diameter of the bulb. Newer types of fluorescent bulbs are available in the red spectrum to encourage blooming and can be combined in a fixture with a blue bulb. Together they provide the full spectrum of light required by plants. Additionally, full-spectrum fluorescent lights have come on the market in recent years, as well as T-5 lights, which triple the amount of light output of T-8 or T-12 lights without increasing energy use.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "- High Intensity Discharge (HID) lights are used to cover a large growing area. HID lights provide a high output of light from a ballast, allowing them to be hung high above plants. They also produce heat, which can burn plant leaves if situated too close. The height of a HID light is determined by its wattage, and a reflective hood is most often used with HID lights in order to direct light down to the plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "There are two types of HID lights: metal halide and high pressure sodium. Metal halide lighting produces a blue light spectrum that closely resembles natural light, thus serving well as primary lighting. High pressure sodium lights utilize the red light spectrum and can be used as supplemental light for plant growth, as they help prevent leggy plant growth. High pressure sodium bulbs last longer than metal halides, but should be changed according to manufacturers' recommendations. Even though the bulb might still be functioning, using it for too long can result in reduced light output and increased energy cost.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "- LED grow lights offer a balance between blue and red lights for plants. They are small in size and weigh much less than other types of grow lights. LEDs have a high light intensity and produce almost no heat. And while their initial cost is higher, especially in comparison to T-5 fluorescent lights, their lifespan can last on average between 50,000 and 100,000 hours.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## Energy Efficiency", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "Greenhouses can be expensive to heat and ventilate, especially if they are operating during winter months in colder regions. To be more energy efficient and economical, consider including some of the following techniques in your greenhouse plan:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "- Keep the greenhouse structure tight by limiting cracks where air infiltration can occur. Seal door frames with caulk or weatherstripping, and repair any holes in the foundation, doors, glazing material, and around vents. Also keep doors closed.\n- Insulate. On new foundations, adding 1 to 2 inches of polyurethane or polystyrene insulation, 1.5 to 2 feet deep around the entire foundation, can reduce heat loss. On existing foundations that are not insulated, make sure that all cracks and holes are repaired. Walls, including foundation knee walls, can be insulated up to the plant or bench height. Reflective insulation boards work well; however, the reflective surface should not be positioned toward any perimeter heating pipes and a small airspace should be included between the insulation and sidewall to prevent freezing of the wall.\n- Add a windbreak to the outside of the north wall of the greenhouse. Planting conifers or utilizing a temporary fence as a windbreak, if possible, can help divert wind up and over the greenhouse.\n- Add a thermal blanket or night curtain to prevent heat loss at night.\n- Perform annual maintenance on heating systems.\n- Utilize HAF fans to circulate air. Keep in mind that making the greenhouse 'tighter' will also increase the relative humidity. HAF fans improve the greenhouse temperature and humidity levels.\n- Maximize the amount of greenhouse space being heated and group plants together based on temperature requirements.\n- Use infrared (IR) and anti-condensation treated films to reduce infrared and thermal radiation losses in polyethylene covered greenhouses.\n- Use computerized control systems to increase energy efficiency.\n- Use alternative heating sources.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 18 } }, { "text": "## Creating an Interior Layout", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "In a school-based greenhouse it is as important to plan the inside of the greenhouse as the structure itself. If this is an educational space, it should work both as a production area and a workspace designed for the target age-range of students. This includes thinking about the height of benches, tables, sizes of the gathering spaces, width of aisles, size of storage areas, and signs that clearly communicate proper etiquette and identify areas within the greenhouse. Similar to the design considerations for the greenhouse frame, the interior layout should evaluate any shading that may take place, include space to efficiently move equipment and groups of students around, and accommodate accessibility requirements and needs. Many school greenhouses and gardens require spaces to be compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). For information on ADA regulations, please visit: www.ada.gov.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "If you are looking to use a small greenhouse or want to use all of your greenhouse space for growing, survey the space around it to see if an outdoor classroom is possible. An outdoor classroom can be as simple as a group of picnic benches. Figure 9 below shows an example of a greenhouse designed for educational purposes.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Multipurpose greenhouse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Photo courtesy of City Blossoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "Source: Aldrich and Bartok, 1994.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 19 } }, { "text": "FIG. 10 Hoop house with inground plantings.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "FIG. 11 Greenhouse with raised beds.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "Photo courtesy of Meeting House Farm", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "FIG. 12 Greenhouse with tables.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "## Possible Interior Features", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "One or several of these features can be included in a greenhouse:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "- Inground Planting: For greenhouses and hoop houses that do not have a concrete floor, it is possible to amend the soil and directly sow into the ground. This technique is used most to extend the season.\n- Raised Beds: This is basically the same idea as inground planting except raised beds are built and filled to make access easier, particularly to new or young gardeners who benefit from cues to not step in growing beds.\n- Large Containers: Containers can be used in structures with dirt, gravel, or concrete floors. If a container is large and deep enough, it can be used to grow most plants including root vegetables. This is a good option to consider in heated greenhouses located in geographic areas with short growing seasons that do not align well with the school year.\n- Benches, Tables, and Shelves: Seen often in greenhouses, these can be used to make work areas accessible to people of different ages and abilities, they can also add more growing space to smaller greenhouses and are best for supporting numerous seedling trays and small pots. Benches can be arranged in ways that both create optimal growing space and allow for educational programming.\n- Seating Area: If groups of students are working in the greenhouse, a multipurpose work area can be a location to meet, provide directions, work, and even make simple recipes. This area can be inside or outside the greenhouse.\n- Storage: Greenhouses usually need space allocated for storing soil mixes, seeds, pots, tools, and other supplies and equipment. Creating an organized storage area can help students and volunteers self-manage in the greenhouse and maintain a tidy space. Clutter can add to pest management challenges.\n- Compost: Depending on the consistency in temperature, an indoor compost system can be kept in a greenhouse to add another educational element. These systems can be low maintenance and produce fantastic fertilizer to add to soil mixes. Outdoor compost systems built against the exteriors of greenhouses can also offer similar benefits and additionally help insulate the structure\n- Aquaponic and Hydroponic Systems: These systems can be expensive and a little complicated for first time growers, but can be very productive and teach a non-soilbased technique for growing plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 20 } }, { "text": "FIG. 13 Hydroponic System at Park High School. Photo courtesy of Park High School, MT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## Hydroponics", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Hydroponics is the use of water-based, soilless systems for growing plants. There are two basic hydroponic systems: a non-recycled nutrient solution, where the nutrient solution is only used once; and a recycled nutrient system. There are also many variations within these two systems and many models available to purchase, as well as designs and instructions for do-it-yourself systems. Hydroponics adds a level of complexity to greenhouse production, as those operating the hydroponic system must supply all plants' requirements in the right balance and in a liquid solution. A hydroponic solution must provide all of the macro and micronutrients to the plant that are otherwise provided through garden and potting soils. To learn more about hydroponic nutrient solutions, see A Recipe for Hydroponic Success, available through Cornell University at www.greenhouse.cornell.edu/crops/factsheets/hydroponicrecipes.pdf", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "## Non-Recycled Nutrient Solution", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "In a non-recycled nutrient solution, plants are grown in a bed or trough consisting of sand, perlite, pine bark, or gravel that is approximately 10 to 12 inches deep. To provide adequate drainage, a drain line is installed under each row.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Irrigation water and nutrients are supplied by a drip system with enough emitters per plant to provide sufficient quantities of solution. Nutrients and salt levels must be monitored in the solution. If the salt levels are too high, the system can be flushed with pure water to remove the high concentrations.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Many greenhouse vegetables can be grown in containers using the same type of media discussed for bed and trough culture, as well as for hydroponic bag culture. Containers should be of sufficient size to provide good aeration and drainage. Three-to five-gallon containers work best for plants such as tomatoes, cucumbers, and peppers. Irrigation water and nutrient solutions are supplied by a drip-irrigation system.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 21 } }, { "text": "Hydroponic System.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Photo courtesy of University of the District Of Columbia (UDC)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## Recycled Nutrient Solution", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "In a hydroponic system that utilizes recycled nutrient solution, the plants are grown in medium and the nutrient solution is pumped through the plants no less than every 30 minutes. In this system, a tank containing the bulk nutrient solution should be of sufficient capacity to supply three gallons of solution per plant. Beds are irrigated to about one inch below the surface and the tank is refilled with a premixed nutrient solution daily or at least once every third day. The nutrient solution should be monitored frequently for total solids and replaced when levels approach 3,500 ppm.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "The Nutrient Film Technique was invented in Britain and is a variation of the recycled nutrient solution system. The Nutrient Film Technique is commonly used for smaller crops, such as herbs and lettuce. The plants are placed in shallow, plastic troughs and the nutrient solution is continually pumped over the roots without any medium to hold the plants. The troughs are on a slope, so the nutrient solution is constantly recirculating.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Budget meeting at Eastern HS Greenhouse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Photo courtesy of City Blossoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "## Budgeting for a School Greenhouse", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "Once your team has designed a plan for your greenhouse project including the type of structure, location, methods for heating/cooling and ventilation, and interior design, it is time to create a budget that takes into consideration construction, maintenance, material, and possibly even programming costs. A budget is a strong tool in helping organize your vision so that it can be most clearly shared with the rest of your school and potential supporters. Budgets can be made either for one year or multiple years if you are trying to build up your project over time. If the total estimated cost initially exceeds your current resources, an itemized budget can help determine what costs can be lowered, what items can be secured through donations, and what kind of fundraising efforts are required.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "See next page (page 24) for an example budget, Appendix 1 (page 60) for a blank budget template to use as a guide, and Appendix 4 (page 64) for a list of potential funding sources.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 22 } }, { "text": "TABLE 2: Estimated Costs for a 22 × 48 square foot Educational Greenhouse", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "| | Estimated Cost sq. ft. | Estimated Total Cost |\n|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|------------------------|\n| Structure and Covering | | |\n| Excavation work-pad leveling and trenching for drainage & utilities | 0.47¢ | $500 |\n| 22 x 48 Polycarbonate Greenhouse with frame bows (1.66', 14 gauge galvanized steel tubing) on 4-foot spacing | $9.54 | $10,074 |\n| Framing materials for (2) end-wall construction | $1.02 | $1,077 |\n| Polycarbonate for (2) 8MM end-walls | $1.43 | $1,510 |\n| (2) 3' x 7' Aluminum doors | .89¢ | $940 |\n| Flooring | | |\n| Ground cloth for weed control | 0.06¢ | $64 |\n| Concrete 5-foot-wide center walkway | 0.11¢ | $117 |\n| Heating and Ventilation Equipment | | |\n| LP Gas heater (105,000 btu's) | $1.31 | $1,385 |\n| Heating accessories (valve, venting, hanging kit, and single-stage thermostat) | 0.08¢ | $85 |\n| 30' 3/4-hp, 2 SP exhaust fan | 0.93¢ | $980 |\n| (2) 36' motorized shutters (5,400 CFM's) | 0.38¢ | $400 |\n| 2-Stage thermostat | 0.27¢ | $285 |\n| Utilities service work (gas, water, electrical) | 0.38¢ | $400 |\n| TOTAL | $17.82 | $18,817 |\n| Add-ons | | |\n| Labor installation of frame and polycarbonate | $1.33 | $1,400 |\n| (6) 6 x 8 Galvanized steel benches | | $1,270 |\n| TOTAL | $19.15 | $21,487 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 23 } }, { "text": "## CLASSROOM CONNECTIONS:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## Using Greenhouses to Teach Sustainable Development", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "The greenhouse offers an innovative learning lab in which students can study the interconnected pillars of sustainability: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and socio-cultural sustainability. Investigating sustainability in a greenhouse can serve as a catalyst for solutions to local and global challenges. Following are a few ideas to integrate lessons into sustainable solutions curriculum.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Environmental Sustainability: Students can learn about methods to support environmental sustainability by using the greenhouse to investigate specific environmental challenges. Lessons can demonstrate how human actions and some agricultural practices can lead to environmental degradation. Opportunities for student projects include:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "- Growing food with less water\n- Heating the greenhouse with a renewable energy source\n- Using compost to improve soil health\n- Protecting water resources through responsible management of pesticide and herbicide use\n- Lessening climate change by growing food locally and reducing greenhouse gas emissions", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Economic Sustainability: One way students can learn about economic sustainability is through a project in which they become young entrepreneurs, in theory or in practice. Students can create plans to grow, market, and distribute vegetables plants grown in a greenhouse. At the end of the assignment, students can be challenged to think of the environmental impacts of growing and distributing the crop.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "From a cross-curricular teaching perspective, this assignment also integrates science, math, and technology and can be expanded to include language arts by having students create ad campaigns and marketing materials. An alternative or addon to this assignment is to split the class in three-assigning one group to grow for the highest profit, one to grow for the highest nutritional value for the greatest number of people, and one to grow with the lowest environmental impact possible. The results offer rich comparisons that can be useful in further investigating the pillars of sustainability and systems-based thinking.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Socio-cultural Sustainability: An ideal lesson about the importance of social justice is to have students investigate the connections between food access and poverty, education, environmental stewardship, and overall well being. Students will discover the inherent challenges to upholding the other two pillars of sustainability when people's basic needs are not met. There are a myriad of ways for students to use the greenhouse to study how food access can support or challenge socioeconomic sustainability. For example, students can investigate food access within their community and the impact a school greenhouse can have on providing calories to areas in need of fresh and healthy vegetables.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "CSA bags of food ready to distribute.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "Photo courtesy of City Blossoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 24 } }, { "text": "## Part 3: PLANTS, PLANTS, PLANTSGROWING IN A GREENHOUSE", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "School greenhouses can be very versatile and used to explore numerous long-term projects connected to growing and nurturing plants. They can be indoor production gardens cultivating vegetables and herbs for harvesting, places for starting seedlings and propagating plants for transplanting into existing outdoor gardens or distributing through community events and fundraisers, or labs or job-training environments for budding horticulturalists, biologists, farmers, and gardeners. This section will focus on how to start seeds, care for plants in the greenhouse, and safely harvest produce.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## Planning with the School Year & Growing Season", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Before planting the first seed it is very helpful to create a plan for the season. If seeds are being germinated for the purpose of production, a plan can help you chart the best start dates for your geographic location as well as guide how the greenhouse will be used and organized. A very important item to take under consideration during the creation of this plan is your school's seasonal breaks. Aligning the growing season with the school schedule, assigning students or volunteers to check on the greenhouse plants on weekends and when school is not in session, and setting up automated systems for watering, temperature, and humidity control are all management practices to consider as you plan your planting schedule. Here are some important questions to answer during the planning process:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "- What are the goals for growing plants in the greenhouse (experimentation, production, transplanting to a garden)?\n- When should spring, summer, and fall seeds and propagation be started?\n- How many seeds should be started or plants propagated?\n- Who will care for the plants, including watering and controlling temperature and humidity levels?\n- Will all of the resulting plants be used by the school or distributed to other schools and/or the public?", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "Annual plants are typically divided into two categories: cool season and warm season. There are several different variations within these categories but, in general, some vegetables thrive in cooler conditions and others do better in warmer conditions. Information such as a plant's growing conditions and its days to maturity, or harvest, are usually noted on a seed packet or in a seed catalog. Days to harvest (also called days to maturity) is an approximation of how many days it will take for the plant to go from a young seedling to an edible treat (see detailed explanation in next section). It is also helpful to use the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map (http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov) to determine in which zone you are located. The zones are based on the average annual minimum winter temperature and help gardeners and growers determine which plants are most likely to thrive in their locations at what times.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 25 } }, { "text": "## Creating a Planting Schedule", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Once your school has settled on a type of greenhouse structure, its purpose (growing seedlings, food production, etc.), the interior design, best seasons for use, basic list of plants you are interested in growing, and the strategies for maintenance, it is time to create your planting schedule. Let's begin by understanding when seeds should be started in a greenhouse. By working backward, starting from the harvest date, the seed starting date can be calculated based on the Days To Mature (DTM) of each plant. This amount of time is referred to as Days To Maturity (DTM) and is referenced in seed catalogs. However, DTMs refer to the amount of time a plant needs to grow after it has been transplanted; DTMs do not take into account the amount of time a seed takes to germinate and then grow out in the greenhouse. To illustrate how to create a planting schedule, look at an example using tomatoes on the next page. Also, see the planting schedule template in Appendix 2 (page 62) for more information.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## TABLE 3: Planning with the School Year", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "| Cool-season plants • Plant in fall for winter harvest * • Plant in early spring for harvest before school ends | Cool-season plants • Plant in fall for winter harvest * • Plant in early spring for harvest before school ends | Warm-season plants • Plant in late spring before school ends for fall harvest * | Warm-season plants • Plant in late spring before school ends for fall harvest * |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Spinach | 50-60 days | Tomatoes | 80 days |\n| Broccoli | 60-70 days | Melons | 80-90 days |\n| Onions/ scallions | 60 days | Summer squash | 70-80 days |\n| Carrots | 60-70 days | Eggplant | 80-90 days |\n| Radishes | 40-50 days | Peppers | 80-90 days |\n| Lettuce | 40-50 days | Cucumber | 75-80 days |\n| Parsley | 60-70 days | Basil | 60-80 days |", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## CLASSROOM CONNECTIONS: Making a Planting Schedule with Students", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Garden planning offers opportunities for students of all ages to be involved with the process. Students who are part of the planning will be engaged from the beginning with what is growing, generating a sense of connection and responsibility toward the school greenhouse. School greenhouse educators can consider the following activities and processes to invite students to participate in the planning process.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Grades K-4: Make vision boards, planting schedules, and photo-based calendars using cut-out images from seed catalogs. It is often free to request catalogs from various seed companies. The final products can be hung in the greenhouse to help students and visitors see what is being seeded, transplanted, or harvested.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Grades 5-8: Survey students about which types of vegetables they would like to grow in the greenhouse. Then have them read the seed packet to determine expected dates to start the seeds, transplant, and harvest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Grades 9-12: Using seed catalogs or seed company websites, ask students to research and propose specific plant varieties to grow in the greenhouse. Create a system either on a white board or garden log for students to keep track of planting dates and other relevant data.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "Photo courtesy of City Blossoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 26 } }, { "text": "## Growing Tomatoes for Your School", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "To illustrate how students can create a growing plan, let's look at an example using tomatoes where your school would like 100 pounds between August 15 and October 19.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "| MARCH | MARCH | MARCH | MARCH | MARCH | MARCH | MARCH |\n|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|\n| S | M | T | W | T | F | S |\n| | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |\n| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |\n| 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |\n| 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 |\n| 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | | |", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "| APRIL | APRIL | APRIL | APRIL | APRIL | APRIL | APRIL |\n|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|\n| S | M | T | W | T | F | S |\n| 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |\n| 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |\n| 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 |\n| 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "| JULY | JULY | JULY | JULY | JULY | JULY | JULY |\n|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| S | M | T | W | T | F | S |\n| | | | | | 1 | 2 |\n| 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |\n| 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |\n| 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 |\n| 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |\n| 31 | | | | | | |", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "| AUGUST | AUGUST | AUGUST | AUGUST | AUGUST | AUGUST | AUGUST |\n|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|\n| S | M | T | W | T | F | S |\n| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |\n| 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |\n| 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |\n| 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 |\n| 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | | | |", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## Tomato Example Successions", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Date of first harvest: August 15", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "DTM (72 days from transplant): June 4 Time in Greenhouse (6 weeks or 42 days): April 23 Length of Time to Harvest per Plant (3 weeks) Harvest through October 19 = 9 weeks total", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Number of Planting Dates (9 weeks ÷ 3 week harvest periods) = 3 planting dates", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## Orange", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Blue Seed Starting Dates in Greenhouse", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "- April 23 - for August 15 harvest\n- May 14 - for September 6 harvest\n- June 4 - for September 28 harvest", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Transplanting in Garden Dates", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "- For April 23 seeding date - transplant June 4\n- For May 14 seeding date - transplant June 25\n- For June 4 seeding date - transplant July 16", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Harvest Dates", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "- For April 23 seeding date - harvest August 15 through September 5\n- For May 14 seeding date - harvest September 6 through September 27\n- For June 4 seeding date - harvest September 28 through October 19", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "| MAY | MAY | MAY | MAY | MAY | MAY | MAY |\n|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|\n| S | M | T | W | T | F | S |\n| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |\n| 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |\n| 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |\n| 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 |\n| 29 | 30 | 31 | | | | |", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## SEPTEMBER", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "| JUNE | JUNE | JUNE | JUNE | JUNE | JUNE | JUNE |\n|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|\n| S | M | T | W | T | F | S |\n| | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |\n| 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |\n| 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |\n| 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |\n| 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | | |", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "| | OCTOBER | OCTOBER | OCTOBER | OCTOBER | OCTOBER | OCTOBER |\n|----|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|\n| S | M | T | W | T | F | S |\n| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |\n| 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |\n| 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 |\n| 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 |\n| 30 | 31 | | | | | |", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "Photo courtesy of City Blossoms, Washington, DC", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 27 } }, { "text": "## Succession Plantings", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Some annual vegetables grow and mature quickly and can be followed by another planting of vegetables. In order to have the same type of crop available for an extended period of time, succession plantings can be achieved in two ways.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "The first way to achieve a succession planting is by spreading out the seed-starting dates to cover the entire harvest window. This method uses the same type of plant variety so that the DTM is consistent. However, you also need to know the length of time the plant will produce edible leaves or fruit. A ripening period of three weeks can be figured in to the tomato example, with the school wanting tomatoes between August 15 and October 19.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "With this information, it can be determined that three succession plantings will be necessary to spread the tomato harvest over the total nine weeks. Considering the three-week seeding intervals and starting with the first seeding on April 23, subsequent seeding dates can be scheduled for May 14 and June 4. Furthermore, the total number of plants needed can be divided by the number of plantings to determine how many seeds to sow for each succession.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Another technique for creating succession plantings is to start varieties of the same plant with different days to maturity, all on the same day. This method takes a little more experience and practice to achieve a consistent supply over an extended period of time, as yield potentials and harvest lengths can vary. Nonetheless, if three different varieties of tomatoes were selected with 72, 102, and 132 days to maturity, then the school could have a consistent supply of tomatoes over the nine weeks. See Appendix 3 (page 63) for a useable template.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## Greenhouse Planting with Students", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Now that you have set an estimated planting schedule, your team is ready to start propagating!", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## Getting Started with Seeds", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Starting seeds with students of all ages is a great activity for utilizing the school greenhouse. It is a straightforward activity with fast results, as most annual seeds germinate very quickly, allowing students the opportunity to see the result of the activity. The information in this section will provide educators with background knowledge to design and deliver lessons for students on the germination process and life cycle of plants, supplies needed for planting seeds, and steps for starting seeds in a school greenhouse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## Understanding Plant Propagation", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Plants reproduce in one of two ways: sexual propagation or asexual propagation. Sexual propagation results in fertilization when both male (sperm in the pollen) and female (eggs in the ovul, inside the ovary of the pistil) sex cells come together. Seeds from sexual propagation result in a new plant with its own unique genetics. Annual vegetables are plants that reproduce sexually and complete their entire life cycle (germination, vegetative growth, flowering, and seed production) all within a single year.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Asexual propagation uses plant division, cuttings, tissue culture, and other means to reproduce without the gene exchange of sexual reproduction. Asexual propagation creates a new generation of plants that is genetically identical to its parent source and is common amongst perennial fruits, berries, nuts, and cultivars of many horticultural plants. This section will focus more on growing from seed, but both forms of propagation are worth exploring with all grade levels.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## Open-Pollinated and Hybrid Seeds", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "There are two types of seeds to consider for starting plants: open-pollinated and hybrid seeds. Open-pollinated seeds are produced when fertilization occurs within the same flower (self-pollination) or when the pollen from one plant fertilizes the flowers of another plant cross-pollination of the same genetically stable variety. Open-pollinated seeds maintain the vigor and other traits through generations and are commonly referred to as standard varieties. Greenhouses can play a vital role in maintaining openpollinated varieties by isolating them from pollen from other varieties. Among the plant varieties that are open-pollinated are heirloom seeds that have been maintained and handed down over generations.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "Hybrid seed is developed through controlled crosspollination from two genetically different parents. Hybrids are developed from inbred lines and deliberately target specific characteristics such as plant vigor, uniformity in size and shape, increase in yield, flavor, quality, storage capacity, and pest and disease resistance. The first generation of seeds are referred to as F1 Hybrids and, due to the complexity of the breeding process, seeds from the F1 generation are not saved, since the plants they would grow into (the F2 generation) can inherit both the desirable and undesirable characteristics that were present in the parent line.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 28 } }, { "text": "## CLASSROOM CONNECTIONS: How to Test Germination", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "## Supply List:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "- Blotter paper, paper towel, or paper coffee filter\n- Seeds\n- Spray bottle of water\n- Rubber band\n- Clear plastic bag or airtight container\n- Paper and pen for recording germination rates", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "This is an activity for students in elementary through high school to demonstrate or further enhance a lesson about seed germination. This activity can be linked to math (percentages) and science (seed biology and germination) concepts. It can also be used as a 'comparison' test by trying the activity with seeds that are new and at least three to four years old to observe how the germination rate might change with time. To obtain older seeds, check with local garden centers and ask if they have any available for donation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "- Soak a piece of blotter paper, paper towel, or coffee filter in water. Count the seeds and spread them over one half of the paper or paper towel (or on the inside of the coffee filter) then fold the other half over the seeds. Fold it or roll it up, put a rubber band one inch from the top, and place it in a clear plastic bag or airtight container to keep it from drying out. If you don't know how long the seeds will take to germinate, open the paper after a couple of days to see if any seeds have germinated. Count any healthy sprouts, record the number, and take them out of the paper. Make sure not to remove any unsprouted seeds.\n- Spray the remaining seeds with water from a spray bottle, and roll or fold the paper back up. Large seeds like peas, corn, and beans will need more water. Cucurbits (squash, pumpkins, cucumbers, melons, gourds) should only get watered every three to five days; otherwise, they might rot. Always make sure the papers remain damp, but not dripping wet, and are placed in a warm spot.\n- Continue to check every few days until you have concluded that all the viable seeds have germinated. If you haven't seen a new sprout for a while, then the test is probably complete. Corn, beans, and peas will generally germinate in just two or three days. Parsley, on the other hand, can take three weeks. Most other seeds take between one or two weeks. Seed packets usually include the germination time on the label.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "This experiment could be further extended by dissecting the seeds after they have germinated to explore and understand seed parts. The best seeds to use for a seed dissection lesson are beans and peas.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "[* Lesson adopted from Southern Exposure Seed Exchange: http:// www.southernexposure.com/how-to-test-germination-ezp-162.html](http://www.southernexposure.com/how-to-test-germination-ezp-162.html)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 29 } }, { "text": "## What Makes Seeds Germinate?", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "Starting seeds with students of all ages is one of the most common activities for utilizing the school greenhouse. It is straightforward and its fast results allow students the opportunity to really see and understand the process of germination. The information in this section will provide educators with background knowledge to design and deliver lessons for students on the germination process and life cycle of plants, supplies needed for planting seeds, and steps for starting seeds in a school greenhouse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "There are several variables that influence seed germination. One important factor is the health and viability of the seeds. Seeds that have been stored improperly or for too long can lose their ability to germinate. Seed packets often list the year they were packed and some may also list a minimum germination percentage. This percentage is based on a germination test and decreases each year as the viability of the seeds decreases. That said, many seed companies donate their inventory from the previous year to schools and organizations. These seeds are usually in good condition and can be used confidently. Either way it is a good idea to plant more seeds than needed in order to account for germination losses and students' learning curves. A good rule of thumb is to add 20% to the calculated plant total desired. When working with new students this can mean starting a few extra seeds on the side in case they sow theirs too deep or water too much. Other factors that influence good seed germination include:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "- Water: Sufficient water must be present for the seed coat to soften and for respiration to initiate germination.\n- Air: Seeds need oxygen and a certain amount of carbon dioxide to germinate. Adequate amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide can be supplied to germinating seeds by planting the seeds in a loose and crumbly soil medium, and by keeping the soil moist but not waterlogged.\n- Temperature: Cool-season plants, such as lettuce and broccoli, germinate best at cooler temperatures (50˚ to 75˚F). Warm-season plants such as peppers, tomatoes, and eggplant germinate best at very warm temperatures (75˚ to 90˚F). If it is hard to control the temperature of the whole greenhouse, placing a heat mat underneath select seed trays or pots can help provide the desired and consistent temperatures for germination.\n- Light: Depending on the species, light can stimulate or inhibit seed germination. Most vegetables are indifferent to the amount of light they receive during germination, but it is important to check seed packets for specific plant light requirements.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "## Seed Definitions", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "Open Pollinated: A seed that is the result of pollination by insects, birds, wind or other natural mechanisms. The seeds of open-pollinated plants exhibit the same characteristics of their parent plants. Heirloom seeds fall into this category.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "Hybrid: A seed that results from the controlled pollination between two known different varieties or species.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "Organic: These are seeds that have been produced entirely through organic practices by a certified organic operation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "Treated Seeds: Seeds that have been coated with a substance, such as a fungicide or pesticide, to prevent disease or aid in germination.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "FIG. 16 Starting seeds. Photo courtesy of Andy Pressman, NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "FIG. 17 Onion seedlings germinating. Photo courtesy of Andy Pressman, NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 30 } }, { "text": "- Soil Conditions: Soil for germinating most types of seeds should have good water holding capacity with the ability to drain well and be free from pests, diseases, and weeds. This type of potting soil can either be prepared by gardeners by mixing together a variety of material, or can be purchased pre-mixed. See some possible recipes on page 35.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "## Determining How Many Seeds to Start", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "Once the harvest amount for each vegetable is figured out, such as 100 pounds of tomatoes, the number of seeds to sow can be figured in order to achieve that amount. In doing so, the anticipated yield per plant must be determined. This can be expressed as yield per plant, yield per row feet, and in some cases, yield per acre. Yield estimates can be found in some seed catalogs or through local resources, such as through garden centers, Master Gardener programs, or Cooperative Extension Services. This information can also be collected directly by growing a variety of plants in a school garden and measuring and recording the yield and then using the data the following year. This is a great activity that can be done with students of all ages and can incorporate mathematics, biology, and economics lessons, for example.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "The amount of harvest desired and plant yield data can be used to calculate the number of plants needed. Take the harvest yield number and divide it by the yield per plant. For this example, a minimum of 20 tomato plants will be needed to meet the school's needs for 100 pounds. However, there are many risks associated with growing vegetables and herbs and yields may be less than expected. One strategy to help manage risks that could affect harvest yields is to overplant. To help cover any shortages in yields, overplanting to account for a crop loss of 10-25% is recommended.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "The next step is to figure out how many seeds to start in the greenhouse. It is a good idea to plant more seeds than needed in order to account for germination losses. A good rule of thumb is to add 20% to the calculated plant total. Any surplus plants can be sold or given away.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "Thirty seeds should be started to yield 125 pounds of tomatoes. With this information, we now know how many seed-starting supplies are needed. In addition, the amount of greenhouse space required by this tomato crop can be calculated so that educators can make plans accordingly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "TABLE 4: Greenhouse Seed Germination Information for Annual Vegetables & Herbs", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "| Vegetable or Herb | Approximate Number of Weeks to Start Seeds Before Transplanting | Average Days to Germinate | Approximate Temperature (°F) for Germination |\n|---------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|------------------------------------------------|\n| Basil ** | 6 | 5-10 | 80 |\n| Beets * | 5-6 | 5-10 | 85 |\n| Broccoli | 8 | 5-10 | 75 |\n| Cabbage | 8 | 5-10 | 75 |\n| Cauliflower | 8 | 5-10 | 75 |\n| Cucumber * | 4 or less | 5-10 | 85 |\n| Eggplant* | 8 | 5-10 | 80 |\n| Kale | 6-8 | 5-10 | 85 |\n| Lettuce | 3-4 | 5-10 | 70 |\n| Okra * | 4-5 | 5-10 | 85 |\n| Onion | 6 | 7-10 | 80 |\n| Parsley | 6-8 | 14-30 | 80 |\n| Pepper * | 8 | 5-10 | 80 |\n| Squash * | 4 or less | 5-10 | 85 |\n| Swiss Chard * | 5-6 | 5-10 | 85 |\n| Tomato * | 6 | 5-10 | 80 |\n| Watermelon* | 4 or less | 5-10 | 85 |", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "*Plants that grow well in a school greenhouse as they do not require pollination.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "**Transplant outdoors after all dangers of a frost.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 31 } }, { "text": "FIG. 18 Example cell trays.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Photo courtesy of Andy Pressman, NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "FIG. 19 Leeks in wooden flats. Photo courtesy of Andy Pressman, NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "FIG. 20 Biodegradable pots.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## From Seed to Seedling: Soil, Water & Nutrients", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "There are several different types of containers to plant seeds in. The following identifies some recommended containers, as well as some of the pros and cons of each container type.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## Cell Packs and Plug Trays", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Cell packs and plug-type trays, also referred to as flats, are the most common type of containers used for starting seeds. These plastic packs and trays come in various shapes and sizes and some even have their own insulation, known as Speedling trays. They can often be reused and sanitized, saving the school time and money. Cell packs allow for each plant to germinate and grow in its own individual space. Plant roots tend to form well and hold together, making it easy to transplant, while limiting the amount of shock a plant may experience. Plug trays allow for a large number of plants to be started in a small amount of space. Disadvantages of cells and plugs include limited nutrient availability and waterholding capacity and, depending on the crop, an additional transfer into a bigger container is needed (also referred to as pricking out) for the remainder of its life cycle or prior to transplanting to the garden.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## Wooden Flats", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Wooden flats are used for plant propagation and offer several benefits over plastic flats. They can be built out of local and recycled sources, as long as the source is not contaminated or made from treated lumber.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Wooden flats offer more space for root development and more space for nutrients, air, and water, thus promoting stronger, healthier plants. Wooden flats are commonly sized to the internal dimensions of 3 inches deep by 14 inches wide by 23 inches long. This width and length is convenient for handling. The depth of the flat is critical, as it offers enough space so that the plant roots do not touch the bottom of the flat too soon, causing the plant to think it is out of space and forcing it to flower or fruit prematurely. Wooden flats cannot be sterilized, so if young plants become infected with a disease, the flat should be discarded and not reused.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## Biodegradable Pots", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "Biodegradable pots are an organic alternative to plastic and they can be directly planted in a garden without having to remove the plant first, thus reducing the chance for roots to go through a shock phase. Biodegradable pots are usually comprised of compressed peat and a wood fiber, or composted cow manure. Pots made from composted cow manure tend to disintegrate quicker than peat pots, adding nutrients from the manure to the soil. When transplanting a seedling from a biodegradable pot into a larger pot, it is best to remove the seedling from the smaller biodegradable pot to allow the plant roots to access the new space more efficiently. Cardboard egg cartons, newspaper, and paper cups (that are not lined with plastic) are also biodegradable options for starting seeds. Some of these materials, such as molded newspaper filled with soil mix, can break down rather quickly, so they may not be ideal containers for plants that need longer growing periods before transplanting.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 32 } }, { "text": "## Soil Blocks", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "Soil blocks do not rely on any container, but rather on a good soil mix that holds together to serve as both the container and the growing medium for a transplant seedling. A soilblock maker is used to mold the soil into blocks, and the seeds are planted directly into the molds. The key with using soil blocks is to have a soil mix that can be formed into blocks and has good water-holding capacity, since there is no physical structure holding the soil together. These requirements are best met through a homemade soil blend, as most commercial mixes tend to not hold together well enough for soil blocks.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "## Soil Mixes", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "A good seedling soil mix will provide an ideal environment for plant development. Seedling soil mixes differ from garden soil in that they contain higher amounts of organic matter, as well as drainage and aeration materials so that the young seedlings flourish despite being restricted in a container. There are many different types of mixes and recipes appropriate for starting seeds. Soil mixes can be purchased from garden supply centers or made from a custom blend, which is a great hands-on activity for students. It is important for all soil mixes to:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "- Contain readily available nutrients to support healthy plant growth\n- Have adequate water and moisture retention\n- Provide proper drainage of excess water\n- Maintain pockets of air (pore space)\n- Be free of pathogens and weed seeds", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "This section includes a list of ingredients for mixing custom blends and sample recipes for soil mixes, including one for a soil block mix. Additional recipes are provided in the ATTRA publication Organic Potting Mixes, available at: https://attra.ncat.org/viewhtml/?id=609", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "FIG. 21 Soil block makers. Photo courtesy of Andy Pressman, NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "FIG. 22 Making soil mixes. Photo courtesy of City Blossoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 33 } }, { "text": "## Soil Mix & Soil Block Mix Recipes", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## Soil Mix Recipe", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "(Adapted from Boodley and Sheldrake, 1982)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Mix ingredients together:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "- 5-gallon bucket peat moss or coconut coir\n- 5-gallon bucket compost\n- 2.5-gallon bucket perlite or sand\n- 2 cups bone meal\n- 1 cup ground limestone\n- 1 cup blood meal", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Sift the compost, and peat/coir through a ¼' to ½' mesh to help remove larger particles, including sticks and stones that can affect the quality of the soil mix. Add water as needed to bring the mix together.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## Soil Block Mix Recipe", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "(Coleman, 1995)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "This recipe makes about 2 bushels of mix, using a standard 2.5-gallon bucket.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Mix ingredients together:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "- 3 buckets peat\n- ½ cup lime", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Add the following:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "- 2 buckets coarse sand or perlite\n- 3 cups base fertilizer*", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "* Base fertilizer contains equal parts blood meal, colloidal phosphate, and greensand (glauconite).", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Mix together, then add:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "- 1 bucket soil\n- 2 buckets compost", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Mix all together. Add water as needed to bring the mix together.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "## Soil Mix Ingredients", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Compost: Compost can provide adequate amounts of nutrients to a soil mix over an extended period of time. It can also support water retention while still allowing excess water to drain. Compost can add beneficial bacteria and fungi to the mix, which promote plant health. It is important to use high-quality compost that has been managed correctly to ensure that it is fertile and free of pathogens and weed seeds. Compost is ready, or finished, when it feels crumbly, looks dark brown or black, and smells rich and earthy. The initial inputs going in to making compost should not be recognizable when it is finished.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Soil: Soil from a garden or field can provide nutrients and beneficial organisms. Soil can increase the physical structure of the mix when used in proper amounts so as not to negatively affect the aeration or drainage. Add soil carefully since it too can introduce pathogens and weed seeds to the mix.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Peat Moss: Peat moss is an excellent ingredient for retaining water while providing good drainage and aeration. Peat is partially decomposed sphagnum moss that is harvested from bogs and swamps and is considered a nonrenewable resource. See coco peat/coir below for a more sustainable alternative to peat moss.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Coco Peat/Coir: Often used as an alternative to peat moss, coco peat (also called coir) is a byproduct of the coconut industry and a renewable resource. It has the ability to retain water and provide good drainage and aeration. Coco peat also contains small amounts of nutrients. It is important to purchase only coco peat that has been leached of salts, as salt can prohibit plant growth.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Sand: Sand provides aeration and drainage qualities. Sand should not be used in seedling containers, as it can scratch polystyrene containers and the resulting grooves can host pathogens.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Perlite: Perlite is a lightweight, sterile mineral used in soil mixes and soilless mixes to provide drainage and aeration. It is made from amorphous volcanic glass that is mined and heated at high temperatures removing the trapped water molecules and causing the perlite to expand.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Vermiculite: Vermiculite is mined mica that has been heated at extreme temperatures in order to allow water molecules to evaporate. It too is sterile and lightweight and provides good drainage and aeration. Vermiculite is effective at holding onto certain nutrients, particularly potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P).", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 34 } }, { "text": "Lime, or ground limestone: Lime is used to raise the pH of a soil mix. A pH test can be used to determine how much lime should be added to raise the pH.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Nutrients: Nutrients increase fertility and include macro and micronutrients and trace minerals. Nutrients can be added individually or together in pre-made fertilizers. For more information on nutrients and fertilizers, see Seedling Nutrition on page 38.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Fungal Inoculants: Beneficial fungi protect against plant fungal pathogens and boost plant growth.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## Handling & Storing Soil Mixes", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "When mixing and handling a soil mix, it is important to follow all directions and safety precautions for the specific products being used. Safety measures may include wearing proper eye protection, a dust mask, gloves, and/or a long-sleeve shirt and pants. Proper ventilation should also be provided. Protecting the soil mix and ingredients from the sun, rain, wind, and extreme temperatures will preserve the quality and integrity of the soil mix. Soil-mix ingredients should be stored in a cool, dry place. Long-term storage of a soil mix can jeopardize the nutrient quality and structural integrity of the soil and also make it difficult to re-wet for use. Therefore, consider making only the amount needed for each individual planting.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## Steps for Starting Seeds", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Most seed packets include information about pre-seeding requirements, seeding soil temperature, depth, and spacing (for direct seeding and transplanting), days to germinate, as well as the germination percentage, and other information specific to that plant variety. It is important to follow the directions for optimal germination yields.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Seed starting begins by filling the planting container ¾' from the top with a soil mix that has been premoistened. The soil should be lightly packed down until it is smooth and level. For seeds that are planted in flats, furrows can be made that are ⅛ ' to ¼ ' deep, with the finer seeds planted closer to the surface and 1' apart from each other. Another option for planting in flats without using furrows is to use a hexagonal pattern, so they are 1' apart, planting one seed in the center of each hexagon. Chicken wire with 1' mesh can be used as a template by laying the wire across the flat. The 1' spacing provides adequate air flow and light access. Lightly cover the seeds with soil and water, taking care to not oversaturate the soil media or displace any of the seeds. Sufficient moisture is essential for seeds to germinate and continue growing. Small containers can dry out quickly, yet excessive moisture can lead to disease problems, such as damping-off, or insect pest problems.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "During this critical time period, it is important to have students or volunteers consistently check the newly planted containers to make sure they are getting consistent, even moisture. A good rule of thumb for soil moisture levels for seeds that have not yet germinated is to not allow the soil surface to completely dry out at any time, but it does not need to be soaked. The 'mist' setting on a watering wand or hose nozzle provides the ideal pressure for watering seeds.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## Presoaking Seeds", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Presoaking seeds in water helps decrease the amount of time it takes for seeds to germinate. Soaking most seeds in hot (not boiling) tap water for 12 to 24 hours triggers them to start germinating. Seeds can be soaked for up to 48 hours maximum, in which case it is recommended to change the water after 24 hours. Soaking for more than 48 hours increases the chance of the seed dying off.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## Planting Depth", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "Seeds come in all different shapes and sizes. In general, seeds should be planted at a depth that is two to four times the minimum diameter, or thickness, of the seed. Therefore, the smaller the seed, the closer to the surface it is planted. Plants that produce very small seeds, such as lettuce, require light to germinate and should be planted on the surface with only a light covering of soil or lightly pressed into the top of the soil surface.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## Seed Spacing", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "All plants require a certain amount of space in order to grow to their maximum potential. Thinning out plants may be necessary, especially when seeding by hand. Some plants, such as squash and cucumbers, should be intentionally overplanted so that the strongest plants in the group can be selected to continue growing while the other, usually smaller or weaker, plants are thinned out. Thinning may occur gradually over time, as long as overcrowding remains an issue.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "FIG. 23 Planting seeds in trays. Photo courtesy of City Blossoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 35 } }, { "text": "## Caring for Seedlings", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Once seeds germinate, the young, tender seedlings need consistent care in order for the plants to mature. Plants not only need sufficient nutrients and water, but also ideal surroundings within the greenhouse environment. Sufficient humidity, air circulation, temperature, and light levels are necessary for proper plant growth. Without adequate food, water, and suitable growing conditions, seedlings can quickly show signs of stress, such as yellowing leaves, stunted growth, or outbreaks of pests and diseases.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## Watering", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Water is essential to every stage of plant growth, from vegetative growth and flowering to fruit set and ripening. Managing watering in the school greenhouse depends on how the plants are monitored, watered, what plants are being grown, and at what point they are in the life cycle. Seedlings should be checked every day to see if they have adequate moisture levels. Depending on environmental conditions in the greenhouse, plants may need to be watered daily, perhaps twice daily, or possibly only every three to five days.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Factors in determining how often plants need water include:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "- Water-holding capacity of potting soil\n- Type and size of container\n- Greenhouse environmental conditions (temperature, light, humidity)\n- Depth of planted seed\n- Age of plants\n- Type of plant(s)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## How Much Water to Apply to Seedlings", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "The potting soil for seedlings should be constantly moist, but not soggy. Not having enough water can inhibit plant growth. Wilting leaves is one sign that a plant is not receiving enough water. Other signs include graying leaves, red or purple leaves, loss of leaf sheen, pest and disease damage, and root damage. Overwatering can also be harmful to plants, particularly young seedlings. Too much water limits the amount of oxygen in the soil, which can be damaging to root tissues. Overwatering can lead to wilting, spindly, leggy stems, and an increase in plant diseases. Overwatering also wastes water.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## Factors Affecting Greenhouse Water", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "There are a few concerns to be aware of when watering plants, particularly young seedlings. First, water temperature may affect some plants. While the water temperature may have less of an impact on plants that prefer cooler environments, such as plants in the brassica family (i.e., broccoli, cabbage, and kale), cold water can cause heatloving plants to go into shock. Bringing cold water to room temperature, around 70°F, is ideal for tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, melons, cucumbers, and other members of the Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae plant families. Second, water containing high levels of chlorine can be harmful to plants and soil organisms, usually indicated by yellowing leaves along the leaf veins followed by curling of the leaves. Chlorine in water can be dissipated by exposing it to air and by allowing the water to settle overnight.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Finally, water that is treated with water softener may contain high levels of sodium that can be toxic to plants. Sodium obtained from salt is commonly used to remove high amounts of minerals found in hard water. The sodium can affect the amount of water a plant takes up by making it think it has more water than it actually does. This can cause a plant to die of thirst. Furthermore, the salt can build up in the potting soil, which can be detrimental to other seedlings if the potting mix is reused.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## Watering Greenhouse Seedlings", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Most school greenhouses water seedlings manually and from the top of the plant down to the roots. Watering plants in the greenhouse manually is simple and easy for all ages, although initially it can be labor intensive and challenging to water plants uniformly. There are many different types of watering cans, hoses, and wands to choose from. The spray pattern for watering seedlings should be light enough so as not to deliver too much water that will harm the seedlings or disrupt the potting soil. It is normal for new seedlings to fall over when being watered from above, but they should be fine as long as they don't snap, become dislodged, or uprooted from the potting soil.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Overhead watering forces nutrients down to the roots. However, it is also known to promote plant diseases in a greenhouse, such as damping-off. Damping off is a fungal infection that causes root rot or stem lesions that can quickly kill young seedlings. Over-watering, poor potting soil drainage, and poor air circulation can lead to damping off. For more information on damping off and other plant diseases, see the section on pest and disease management starting on page 42.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "Watering from the bottom is an alternative to overhead watering as it supplies water quickly to the roots while limiting the potential risk of disease. Bottom watering can be achieved by submerging a flat or container into a trough filled with water up to the potting soil level. Another option is a water table or water bed which includes a resevoir from which plant roots can draw from without becoming waterlogged. These are usually available through greenhouse supply companies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 36 } }, { "text": "## Seedling troubleshooting", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "(Adapted from The New Seed Starters Handbook , 1988)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "- No or low germination : Using old or improperly stored seed; soil temperature too low or too high; seeds planted too deeply; lack of moisture; insufficient light or darkness; damping-off disease.\n- Poor root development: Poor drainage; low soil fertility; excessive salt concentrations; low temperatures; insufficient air space in soil mixture.\n- Mold: Sign of insufficient air circulation, poor drainage, insufficient soil aeration, or overfertilization. Provide adequate air circulation and lightly add powered charcoal to the soil.\n- Spindly or leggy plants: Caused by insufficient light, excessively high temperatures, and crowding of plants. Provide more light, lower temperature, or thin plants. For leggy plants, transplant in to a deeper container.\n- Discolored roots: Sign of excessive salt concentrations from over-fertilizing or from roots being waterlogged. Best option to resolve is to replant in fresh soil and also ensure good drainage.\n- Yellowing of lower leaves: Sign of magnesium deficiency or over-fertilizing. Reduce the amount of fertilizer, in severe cases, replant seedlings in a fresh soil mix.\n- Leaf curl: Often a sign of over-fertilizing. Reduce the amount of fertilizer, in severe cases, replant seedlings in a fresh soil mix.\n- Stunted plants or leaves dropping: Caused by gas that has leaked out from greenhouse heater or water heater. This is usually not an issue with natural gas/propane. Contact maintenance or fuel service provider to fix leak.\n- Bud drop: May occur in excessively dry air, particularly with peppers. Increase humidity and mist plant blossoms.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## Irrigation and Automated Watering Systems", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "Setting up an irrigation system in the school greenhouse or hoophouse can be beneficial. By using drip irrigation or soaker hoses, water can be evenly distributed to the plants. Micro sprinklers and misters also provide a consistent overhead supply of water efficiently. Irrigation systems can be designed in zones by using shut-off valves that will allow for the water to be applied to certain areas only when the valve to a zone is opened or turned on. Furthermore, irrigation systems can be set up on automated timing systems. Using automated timers can reduce the risk of plants drying out and provide a consistent source of moisture that is essential in a greenhouse environment. In addition, automated watering systems can ensure that the water needs of the seedlings are met as opposed to having to rely on someone being present to manually water or control an irrigation system.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## Working with Facilities Management", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "It is important to work with the facilities maintenance team and keep them informed about any issues with the irrigation system. Water pressure can sometimes be an issue in older school buildings, or there may be certain times of the day or week when it is not possible to use the irrigation system due to water pressure or other maintenance issues. Maintenance teams typically have tools that might be needed in the case of a leak or problem with the water source. However, it should not be expected that school maintenance staff can assist with any aspect of the greenhouse, as this is typically outside of their roles and responsibilities. Therefore, it is critical to provide those involved in watering the greenhouse with the information necessary to operate and maintain the irrigation system. This includes having all tools, maps, and manuals available at all times.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## Seedling Nutrition", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "Newly germinated seedlings first absorb nutrients that have been stored in the seed. As they use up all of the stored nutrients, the plants may require additional nutrient inputs in order to grow. This usually occurs once the plant's first set of true leaves have developed. Once most seedlings germinate, or sprout, there are often two sets of leaves that emerge at the beginning, these are called first leaves. A third, single, leaf will form a few days later that does not look like the first set. This single leaf is the plant's first true leaf and indicates the proper time for fertilizing, thinning, and pricking out (see Creating More Space for Seedlings on page 40). Plants can take up nutrients from fertilizer applications through their leaves and roots. Plants vary in their fertilizer requirements, which are determined based on the current stage of development. The nutrient needs of seedlings can vary between the vegetative (foliage growth) and reproductive (flowering and fruiting) stages. Young seedlings, however, are very tender, and too much fertilizer can be harmful to their health.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 37 } }, { "text": "## Essential Elements for Seedling Growth", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "Plants use the process of photosynthesis to convert light energy into carbohydrates and, later, proteins. In addition, plants need mineral nutrients in order to grow. There are 16 essential or necessary elements needed by plants: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, boron, zinc, molybdenum, and chlorine. Other elements, such as silicon, can improve seedling development and plant health but are not essential. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, found in the soil and air, are used in large quantities by plants to make carbohydrates through photosynthesis. These elements can be somewhat controlled in a greenhouse by regulating the amount of water plants receive and the amount of carbon dioxide in the air through proper ventilation. The remaining essential elements are minerals that can be divided into groups based on how much of the mineral is required by the plant. Macronutrients are the major elements needed by plants in large amounts. Micronutrients or trace elements are needed in small amounts.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "## Macronutrients", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "- Nitrogen (N): Used in forming new plant cells and sugars. Deficiencies may result in slow growth, stunted plants, chlorosis in plant leaves (turning yellow), and burning of leaf tips (tips turning brown).\n- Phosphorus (P): Required in early stages of plant development, root growth, and seed formation. Deficiencies may result in stunted growth and leaves turning purple.\n- Potassium (K): Needed for the development and mobility of carbohydrates, regulating the rate of photosynthesis, opening and closing plant stomata, and transporting sugars. Deficiencies may result in slow growth, marginal necrosis or burning of leaf tips, weak stalks, and reduced pest and disease resistance.\n- Calcium: (Ca): Influences the growth of cell walls and prevents leaching of mineral salts from plant cells. Deficiencies may result in partial or no terminal bud development, premature shredding of blossoms and buds, weakened stems, and short, thick bulbous roots.\n- Magnesium (Mg): Needed for photosynthesis as it is the only element in chlorophyll and activates enzymes necessary for plant growth. Deficiencies may result in chlorosis, upward curling of leaves along their margins, and stunted growth.\n- Sulfur (S): Part of two amino acids (cysteine and methionine) found in proteins. Deficiencies may result in pale young leaves, spindly plants, and delayed growth.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "## Micronutrients", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "- Iron (Fe): Involved in plant respiration, chlorophyll development, and activating nitrogen fixation. Deficiencies may result in chlorosis between the leaf veins and eventually necrosis or death of the leaves.\n- Boron (B): Functions include synthesizing proteins; transporting water, starches, and sugars; and regulating nitrogen, root growth, seed and fruit formation, and water uptake. Deficiencies may result in the absence of terminal growth, chlorosis, curled or wilted leaves, and reduced flowering.\n- Manganese (Mn): Part of plant enzymes and used in the formation of vitamins. Deficiencies may result in conditions similar to those of iron deficiencies with chlorosis in young leaves.\n- Copper (Cu): A catalyst for respiration and the proper functioning of enzymes and for carbohydrate and protein synthesis. Deficiencies may result in stunted growth, poor pigmentation, and wilting and eventual death of leaf tips.\n- Zinc (Zn): Activates photosynthetic enzymes, helps regulate carbohydrates and the plant hormone auxin, and contributes to seed production. Deficiencies may result in decrease in stem length, irregular growth (rosetting) of terminal leaves, chlorosis, and reduced fruit formation.\n- Molybdenum (Mo): Necessary for nitrogen fixation and nitrogen uptake by plants. Deficiencies may result in similar characteristics as nitrogen deficiencies and leaf cupping.\n- Chlorine (Cl): Required for photosynthesis. Deficiencies may result in stunted growth, wilting, and chlorosis.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "## Adding Fertility", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "Organic fertilizers are available in liquid or dry form. The dry forms are most commonly used in greenhouses as an ingredient in potting mixes and are also applied when seedlings are transplanted in to the garden. This is generally because the nutrients are slow to release (there are some dry-soluble fertilizers designed to be dissolved in water). A liquid fertilizer rapidly makes plant nutrients available. They can be applied as a soil drench or as a foliar feed onto the plant leaves. The correct amount and frequency of fertilizer applications should follow the directions listed on a product label. Be certain to moisten potting soil before blending in a dry fertilizer so as not to damage plant roots.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "Materials to consider for soil fertility:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "- Nitrogen (N) - Alfalfa Meal, Blood Meal, Cottonseed Meal\n- Phosphorus (P) - Phosphate Rock or Soft Phosphate (Colloidal)\n- Potassium (K) - Greensand, Wood Ash, Kelp Meal", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 38 } }, { "text": "## Foliar Fertilization", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "Liquid foliar fertilizers, such as a fish or seaweed-based emulsion or compost tea extract, provide a quick uptake of plant nutrients for a short period of time, helping provide nutrients that are not being made available through the roots. Foliar 'feeding' as it is sometimes referred to, involves spraying a liquid fertilizer on the plants' leaves and stems to the point of run-off. Foliar sprays of compost tea can also be helpful in preventing plant diseases. A good practice in applying a liquid foliar feed is to apply it on cloudy days in the morning or late afternoon. This will reduce the chances of sun damage to the wet leaves and allow adequate time for the plants to absorb the nutrients. During the heat of the day, plants may close their stomata, which would prevent the uptake of water and nutrients. Liquid fish and seaweed fertilizers contain macronutrients and trace minerals, including iron and zinc, and are sold as a concentrated liquid.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "Be aware that liquid fish and seaweed emulsions smell fishy! Having proper ventilation in the greenhouse, wearing rubber gloves, carefully rinsing any buckets and watering cans used to apply the fish emulsion, and storing them away from the sun are protocols that can minimize the strong odor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## Environmental & Space Factors", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "In addition to water and nutrients, seedlings also have certain environmental and space requirements in order to thrive. Plants are unable to digest water and nutrients without the necessary levels of humidity, temperature, air circulation, and light, plants are unable to digest water and nutrients. Seedlings may also need room to grow as conditions in a flat may become crowded. Light is one of the most critical necessities once seeds have germinated. Vegetable and herb seedlings need", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## Making Compost Tea", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "1. Fill a permeable bag, such as a clean pillowcase or tight burlap bag, with high quality compost. Put the bag in a clean 5- to 7-gallon bucket.\n2. Fill the bucket with water.\n3. Let the compost 'steep' in the bucket at least 24 hours.\n4. T ake the compost bag out of the bucket and squeeze out the water.\n5. Pour the 'tea' into a watering can or a fertilizer sprayer (if you use a sprayer, filter the tea so that the nozzle does not get clogged).", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "at least eight to 10 hours of light each day in order to make and store food. If this minimum amount of light is not available, the seedlings may become spindly. Reducing the temperature triggers the plants to tolerate less light and thus become less spindly. Keep in mind that seedlings also need about eight hours of darkness each day in order to grow.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "Seedlings prefer less warmth than what is required for germination. Generally, seedlings do well at daytime temperatures between 60°F and 70°F and down to 50°F to 60°F at night. Cool-loving plants such as lettuce and onions can even tolerate cooler daytime temperatures of around 50°F. There are some exceptions, but a greenhouse environment that is too warm can cause the seedlings to become weak and spindly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "Providing and maintaining humidity levels between 50% and 70% satisfies most plants' needs for moisture-if the air is too dry, they can lose too much water through their leaves. Too much humidity can encourage fungal and disease issues. Providing good air circulation while holding off on watering for a few days can assist plants in overcoming fungal and disease problems.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## Creating More Space for Seedlings", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "As seedlings begin to grow, they usually become overcrowded in their containers. If more than one seed was planted per container, then the seedlings will need to be thinned down to one plant. The largest and healthiest looking seedling should be selected to keep while the other seedlings can be snipped with scissors or pinched with fingers at the soil level to thin without damaging the roots of the remaining plant that will continue to grow. Plants may also outgrow their space and they will need to be transferred to a larger container. This stage is often referred to as potting on or pricking out. The first transfer usually takes place no sooner than three to four weeks after germination, or once the first set of true leaves, have formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "## Steps for Pricking Out:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "1. Fill the new container with moist potting soil.\n2. Open a new space for the seedling in the new container with a pencil, Popsicle stick, plant label, or other tool at a slightly deeper depth than it was seeded in.\n3. Making sure that the potting soil is moist, gently lift one seedling at a time out of the first cell or flat and carefully place the seedling into the hole in the new container. It is important to scoop the plants up rather than lift them by the leaves or the stem. A broken seedling stem will not re-grow. If the plants are clumped together, be careful not to injure the plant roots and leave as much soil as possible around the roots.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 39 } }, { "text": "FIG. 24 Seedlings can be transplanted once they have their first leaves and their true leaves.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "4. The soil around the stem can be lightly firmed. This will help to settle the soil.\n5. Water the seedling in its new container to remove any air pockets. Adding a light feeding of a liquid fertilizer can help reduce any shock caused during transplanting.\n6. Keep the new plants out of direct light for one day to reduce plant stress.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "## Hardening Off", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "When growing seedlings for outdoor transplanting, hardening off is an important step in assuring that they transition with the least amount of shock possible. Shock can occur if plants' transition is too sudden and can affect their ability to establish themselves in a new setting. Hardening off is the process of gradually acclimating plants to their new outdoor environment by moving them outside, first for a portion of a day then building up to an evening before transplanting them into the ground. Cold frames can also be used in this process. Before hardening off, check expected outdoor day and night temperatures to make sure it is warm enough to begin the process. The acceptable temperature depends on the seedling varieties being hardened off. Temperature tolerance is usually listed on seed packets.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "FIG. 25 Gently transplant seedlings (do not pull from stem).", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "FIG. 26 Lighty firm moist potting soil mix around seedlings.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "FIG. 27 Water seedling in new container.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 40 } }, { "text": "FIG. 28 Transplanting. Photo courtesy of City Blossoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "FIG. 29 Checking out insects. Photo courtesy of City Blossoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "## Problem Solving: Pest & Disease Management", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "Greenhouses exist because, ideally, humidity and temperature can be regulated and pests can be kept out-it's a controlled environment. In a school setting with many kids and teachers going in and out of the greenhouse, keeping pests out can sometimes be challenging. Proper screens can assist in preventing access to the greenhouse by insects, but when pests do get into the greenhouse, it's important to be able to properly identify them so that the right control measures can be used. In addition to damaging plants, some greenhouse pests can also transmit plant diseases. This section focuses on management strategies for greenhouse pests and diseases.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "## Tools for Managing Plant Pests", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "There are many tools available to manage pests in a greenhouse, but some strategies may not be suitable for a school setting. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) involves the integration of cultural, physical, biological, and chemical practices to grow plants with a minimal use of pesticides (Greer and Diver, 1999). This is the best strategy to start with in a school greenhouse and also the best way to include students. Monitoring, sampling, and recordkeeping are used to determine when control options are needed in order to keep pests below a damaging threshold.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "## Educational Equipment for Greenhouse Pests", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "- Magnifying glass(es) or hand lenses (with at least 10× power)\n- Digital camera with macro function (most cell phones will work)\n- Spray bottle\n- Insect collection jars or vials\n- Notebook", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "## Steps for Implementing IPM", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "## Step 1: Establish a Scouting Program", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "IPM begins with establishing a scouting program for frequent monitoring, as well as creating a recordkeeping system that is accessible and easily understood by all who are involved. Proper identification and an understanding of the life cycles of pests is essential to the monitoring process in order to apply the right control measure. Having a good pest and disease identification resource on hand aids in the effort. It' s also important to be able to identify the most common beneficial insects, so that they are not mistaken for pests. Visual inspection and the use of sticky trap cards can be used for monitoring, especially for detecting early infestations, though be aware that sticky traps may collect beneficial species as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 41 } }, { "text": "## Step 2: Create Physical Barriers & Cultural Protocols", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "Physical barriers prevent pests from gaining access to plants growing in the greenhouse. This can include keeping the greenhouse door closed, covering vents with a fine screen, plugging any holes or gaps that lead into the greenhouse, and installing metal screening (1/4'mesh) in the ground surrounding the perimeter of the greenhouse to prevent critters from tunneling in. Cultural strategies for IPM include keeping the greenhouse clean, sanitizing garden supplies, and removing all unwanted plant debris.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "## Step 3: Introduce Beneficial Plantings & Insects", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "Biological pest control involves using living organisms that prey on pest species. This strategy requires additional knowledge of beneficials, or good predatory bugs, as their impact depends on their release rate, timing, placement, and temperature. Suppliers of beneficial insects can provide technical assistance and help your school in creating a biocontrol program. For more information on beneficial insects, see the Beneficial Insect section (pg. 44). Beneficial plantings in and around the greenhouse can provide habitat and pollen and nectar sources for beneficial insects for biological pest control and pollination. Examples of plants that attract beneficials in a greenhouse include sweet alyssum, dill, borage, and marigolds used to attract lady beetles. Be aware that some beneficial plantings can also create an ideal habitat for voles, moles, and other critters, when planting in the ground.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "## Step 4: Apply Least-Toxic Pesticides", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "When a pest outbreak does require the use of a pesticide, there are several options. Some options may not be allowed on school grounds due to their toxicity levels. No matter the type of pesticide, it is recommended to select those with the shortest residual life and the highest specificity to target the pest whose numbers have been monitored and recorded. Biorationals, or biopesticides, have low non-target impacts and degrade into non-toxic components. Examples of biorationals include insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, and the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). ATTRA's Biorationals: Ecological Pest Management Database identifies biorationals and is searchable by pest, active ingredient or beneficial organism, and pesticide trade name. The database is available at https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biorationals/.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "## School Greenhouse Pest & Disease Prevention:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "- Keep the greenhouse door closed at all times.\n- Cover all vents with a fine screen.\n- Store seeds in a varmint-proof container; seeds can attract mice or rats.\n- Plug any holes that lead into the greenhouse from outside near ground level (including under the greenhouse) with 1/4' mesh size stiff metal screening.\n- When purchasing seeds, look for varieties that are resistant to insect pests and diseases.\n- If the greenhouse is not used during the summer, keep it closed so the heat will kill off any pests inside.\n- Assign students to scout the greenhouse for pest problems twice a week.\n- Keep records of when pests (as well as beneficial insects) appear and on which plants.\n- Do not allow standing water, as this will encourage pests such as fungus gnats and some plant diseases.\n- Grow plants like lavender, sage, dill, marigolds, yarrow, and borage in the greenhouse to provide nectar and pollen for beneficial insects.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "A hand lens can open up a new and fascinating world to students.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "Photo courtesy of NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 42 } }, { "text": "## Beneficial Insects", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "Beneficial insects, or 'good bugs,' are the critters that eat or parasitize pest insects, or that pollinate plants. There are a lot of different kinds of beneficial insects and they vary depending on geographic location. It is important to know their life-cycles because sometimes it's the adults that eat or parasitize the pests, sometimes it's the immature forms (larvae or nymphs) that eat the pests, and other times it's both. Either way most insects look very different in their larvae stage than as adults. A great project is creating a chart inside the greenhouse that identifies species by their eggs, larvae and adult phases. It is helpful to know what plants attract the 'good guys' so they can be grown in or around the greenhouse. It's also important to remember that most insects are either good or 'neutral,' meaning that they aren't pests, and they're not considered beneficial, they're simply part of the local ecology.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "Spiders: Spiders are arachnids (which have eight legs), and are not insects, which have only six legs. Still, many consider both groups 'bugs' (even though true bugs are a subset of insects). All spiders are predators of other invertebrates and very few pose a direct threat to humans. Different kinds of spiders have different hunting strategies: jumping spiders (which don't bite humans) are hunters and are usually found on plant surfaces. Crab spiders are ambushers, typically waiting on a flower for some unsuspecting insect. Wolf spiders are ground-based hunters. Other spiders weave webs to capture their prey, which they then wrap up in silk to eat at their leisure.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "Lady Beetles ('ladybugs'): The adults and larvae both eat aphids, mealy bugs, mites, soft scales, and eggs of insect pests. Lady beetles come in many variations of red, orange, yellow, or even tan, with and without black dots. (See photos of stages of life cycle on p. 45)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "Green Lacewings: The adults feed on pollen and nectar and lay their eggs on long, very thin, upright strands. The larvae are ferocious predators of aphids, thrips, mealy bugs, soft scales, whiteflies, and mites. (See photos of stages of life cycle)", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "Flower Flies (Syrphid Flies): There are many different species of flower flies. These good guys are wasp mimics, but they don't sting-they're flies! The adults feed on pollen and nectar, but the larvae eat aphids.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "Parasitic Wasps: Parasitic wasps come in all sizes. The smallest parasitize aphids, whiteflies, scale insects, and other small-bodied insects. Larger parasitic wasps will parasitize larger insects, especially pest caterpillars and some beetle larvae.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "FIG. 30 Lady beetle eggs. Photo courtesy of NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "FIG. 31 Lady beetle larvae. Photo courtesy of NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "FIG. 32 Lady beetle pupae. Photo courtesy of NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "FIG. 33 Lady beetle adults. Photo courtesy of NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 43 } }, { "text": "FIG. 34 Green Lacewing eggs. Photo courtesy of NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "FIG. 35 Lacewing eggs & larva (far right). Photo courtesy of NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "FIG. 36 Lacewing larva. Photo courtesy of NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "FIG. 37 Green Lacewing adult. Photo courtesy of NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "## Pests", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "Pests, or 'bad bugs', eat plants or carry diseases that infect plants. Vertebrate pests, such as mice, voles, and moles, love greenhouses, especially during colder seasons. They can cause a significant amount of damage in a very short amount of time, particularly to young, tender plants. The type of damage that insect pests inflict on plants depends on the type of mouthparts they have. Chewing insects have mandibles and bite off pieces of the plant, which create holes or broken edges in the leaves or flowers. Sucking insects feed on plant juices though a straw-like mouthpart inserted into the plant, through which they often inject saliva, damaging the plant and potentially introducing infections. Sucking insects are carriers ('vectors') of many viral and, to a lesser extent, bacterial diseases. Sucking-insect damage is typically in the form of warped or wilted leaves or fruit, deformed growing tips, yellowing, and discolored leaves. Below is a list of the most common insect pests found in greenhouses in the United States.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "## Aphids", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "Aphids are sucking insects. Some have wings and some don't, and they range in color from black to gray, green, purple, or yellow, depending on the species and what they're feeding on. They have soft bodies and are relatively fragile.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "Aphid Damage: Aphids typically, but not always, feed on the underside of a leaf, sucking juices and causing the leaf to curl around them. Ants will often 'farm' aphids, spreading them around a plant so that the ants can feed on the honeydew the aphids excrete. Honeydew will make leaves feel a bit sticky, and sometimes a black, sooty mold will grow on the honeydew. Some aphids can transmit viruses between plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "Aphid Control: Lady beetle adults and larvae, lacewing larvae, spiders, and syrphid (flower fly) larvae eat aphids. Several species of very small wasps parasitize aphids, laying their eggs inside the aphid. The egg hatches then the wasp larva eats the inside of the aphid, pupates, and then cuts a round exit hatch on the aphid's back to emerge from inside. Releasing beneficial insects into the greenhouse will help prevent pest populations from building up.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "Aphids can also be washed off of leaves with a strong spray of water. Diluted solutions of liquid dish soap can also be used against aphids (e.g., 1 to 2 tablespoons of liquid dish soap per gallon of water, sprayed onto plants using a handheld spray bottle), but the aphids must come into contact", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "## Next Page", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "Make copies of the following page to laminate and keep in your greenhouse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 44 } }, { "text": "Photos courtesy of Whitney Cranshaw, Rex Dufour, NCAT, John Goolsby, USDA-ARS, Merle Shepard with the solution. Diluted (2%) horticultural oil (the most effective approach and, although this is a petroleum-derived product, it is quite safe), or cottonseed oil (less effective than horticultural oil). The oils suffocate small, soft-bodied insects such as aphids, mites, thrips, and whiteflies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 45 } }, { "text": "As mentioned previously, ants might be spreading aphids around, so they too must be controlled in order to control the aphids. If there are problems with ants, try to eliminate their nests. Another option is to follow the trail of ants back to where they're coming from and sprinkle diatomaceous earth along the ant trail. Diatomaceous earth is made of fossilized remains of diatoms. It is particularly effective against crawling insects, including snails and slugs, and causes dehydration within 48 hours of ingestion or contact.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "## Thrips", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "Thrips are small, inconspicuous pests, and often are unnoticed until damage is seen. They are much longer than they are wide and can vary in length from immatures (less than a millimeter) to adults (2-3 mm in length). Adults also have a pair of thin, fringed wings folded flat over their body.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "Thrip Damage: Thrips damage plants by scraping the leaf surface away with their mouth parts until they can access the inner cells. They generally leave behind a brownish, speckled surface. The speckling is in part due to their frass, which is dark in color. Some thrips transmit diseases, such as tomato spotted wilt virus.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "Thrip Control: Thrips have several predators (minute pirate bug, ladybugs, lacewing larvae, predatory mites, and bigeyed bugs), which can be attracted by planting carrots, parsley, celery, dill and other members of the Apiaceae family. Diluted soap solution (see recipe in the Aphid control section) is another option, as is diluted (2%) horticultural oil, or cottonseed oil. The oils suffocate small, soft-bodied insects such as aphids, mites, thrips, and whiteflies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "## Whiteflies", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "Whiteflies are not true flies, but are related to aphids, mealybugs, and scales. The adults are small, flying insects with white wings. The nymphs/immature stages look like miniature trilobites, and are usually clear or yellow-clear and attached to the undersides of leaves.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "Whitefly Damage: Whiteflies feed by sucking juices out of plants. Large populations can damage plants and cause leaves to turn yellow, as well as create sticky honeydew on leaves below the infestation. If there are large populations, when the plant is disturbed, the adults will fly about before settling down. It's important to check the undersides of leaves with a hand lens in order to monitor these populations before they reach the adult stage.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "Whitefly Control: Whiteflies have some parasites (the tiny wasp, Encarsia ) and several predators (minute pirate bug, ladybugs, lacewing larvae, predatory mites, big-eyed bugs), which can be attracted by planting carrot/dill type flowers. Diluted soap solution (see recipe in the Aphid Control section) is also an option as is diluted (2%) horticultural oil, or cottonseed oil. The oils suffocate small, soft bodied insects but good coverage is essential, especially with whiteflies, which generally only live on the underside of leaves.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "## Cucumber Beetles and Flea Beetles", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "Cucumber beetles, both striped and spotted, are much larger than flea beetles. Flea beetles are typically only 1/8' long and can be striped, brown, or dark metallic blue. They move quickly by jumping. Cucumber beetles are much larger, roughly the size of lady beetles, but not as round. In fact, the spotted cucumber beetle looks somewhat like an elongated, green lady beetle. The striped cucumber beetle has cream and black stripes on its back.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "Cucumber Beetle and Flea Beetle Damage: Cucumber beetles and flea beetles cause similar damage. Flea beetle feeding damage is typically evident by small gouges or craters in the leaf surface. They are commonly found attacking brassicas (cabbage, kale, broccoli, etc.), tomato, potato, and eggplant. Cucumber beetles can make gouges similar to flea beetles, but also create holes in leaves or flowers. They have a wide host range but are especially attracted to pumpkins, squash, and melons of various kinds.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "Cucumber Beetle and Flea Beetle Control: Cucumber beetles are difficult to control, so hand removal is the best option if they're found in the greenhouse. Tilting the plant and shaking it over a bucket of water mixed with detergent will cause the beetles to drop and drown. This is best done early in the morning while it's cool and the beetles aren't very active. If it' s too warm, they'll simply fly away. The flea beetles are more difficult to control, as they jump farther, but this same approach will reduce their populations.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "## Spider Mites", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "These tiny critters (a millimeter or less) are related to spiders, but they feed on plants, particularly beans, melons, cucurbits, peas, and tomatoes. There are several species, but their management is similar. Plants with large populations will have visible webbing on them, but they are most easily seen with a hand lens.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "Spider Mite Damage: Spider mite populations can explode during warm weather, and they cause green leaves to lose their color, turning bronze, yellow, or brown due to the loss of cell contents from multiple sites across the leaf surface. Plants that are stressed due to lack of water and/or high temperatures will be most affected. Dust promotes spider mite outbreaks.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 46 } }, { "text": "Spider Mite Control: Spider mites have several predators (minute pirate bug, lady beetles, lacewing larvae, predatory mites, big-eyed bugs), which can be attracted by planting carrot/dill type flowers. Diluted soap solution (see recipe in the Aphid Control section) is also an option as is diluted (2%) horticultural oil, or cottonseed oil.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "## Worms/Caterpillars", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "Caterpillars (sometimes called 'worms'), are the larvae of moths and butterflies. Moth caterpillars are more commonly pests than butterfly caterpillars. This group includes cutworms, army worms, cabbageworms, squash vine borers, tomato horn worms, and many other important pests. Caterpillars have a wide range of hosts and damage symptoms resulting from them chewing various plant parts.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "Worm/Caterpillar Damage: Small plants can be destroyed by caterpillar damage. Cutworms will bite the stems of small plants, killing them. Look for damaged leaves or irregular holes in leaves on older plants, as well as dark-colored 'frass' (caterpillar droppings). Some caterpillars are the same color as the plants, so it takes sharp eyes to find them.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "Worm/Caterpillar Control: Lady beetle adults and larvae eat moth and butterfly eggs and small larvae, lacewing larvae and spiders. Spiders also prey on adult moths and butterflies. Several species of wasps parasitize caterpillars, laying their eggs inside the worm. The egg hatches, the wasp larva feeds on the insides of the caterpillar, pupates, and an adult wasp emerges. Other species of larger wasps bring stung and paralyzed caterpillars back to their nests as live food for their young. In the context of a school greenhouse, removing caterpillars by hand is the simplest and most effective option. Formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which are safe to people but toxic to most caterpillars, can also be effective.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "## Slugs and Snails", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "The greenhouse is an ideal environment for slugs and snails, which thrive in moist, humid conditions. In the greenhouse, slugs and snails feed on plants at night and reproduce yearround. They have a fondness for young seedlings and are also known to eat fungi, dead worms, and dead insects. During the day, they seek shelter under things like debris, boards, and containers.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "Slug and Snail Damage: Slugs and snails rasp, or file, holes in leaves, often leaving behind the larger leaf veins. Slugs and snails leave slime trails near their feeding area.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "Slug and Snail Control: Slugs and snails can be controlled through proper sanitation, creating barriers, and baiting. Keeping the greenhouse clean and dry, storing greenhouse equipment and containers off the ground, and watering plants in the morning, allowing enough time for the plant leaves to dry, are all first lines of defense. Slugs and snails will also receive an electrical shock if they cross over copper, so applying cooper tape or wire around the base of planting tables and other areas can help exclude them as they will avoid crossing over the copper. Slugs and snails also avoid crossing over rough, dry surfaces, so spreading gravel or diatomaceous earth across the ground can be effective.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "FIG. 38 It is important to remember that healthy plants are the norm and diseases are the exception.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "## Tools for Managing Greenhouse Plant Diseases", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "Growing plants in greenhouses provides an advantage in managing plant disease by largely taking control of the environment and, to a somewhat lesser degree, by excluding pathogens. Plant diseases are tricky to identify due to the wide variety of symptoms that can be expressed. Many soilborne diseases that attack roots will express foliar symptoms of wilt, yellowing, or stunting. Most diseases are caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Healthy plants are the norm; diseases are caused by a combination of a susceptible plant, a source of disease inoculum, and environmental conditions that support disease infection of the plant.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "## Disease Prevention", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "As with IPM for pests, disease control starts with monitoring and prevention. Watch for patterns of infection. It could be that some locations in the greenhouse are hotter or colder than other locations and will dry out more quickly, or stay wet a bit too long. If all plants in a tray are showing the same symptoms, the problem may be too much or too little water, not enough nutrients, or some combination of these or other factors. If there are several plants showing similar symptoms, it' s sometimes useful to dig up the plant to see if the root system is healthy.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 47 } }, { "text": "Prevention is the most effective way of dealing with disease. Proper sanitation in the greenhouse minimizes host environments for plant diseases and includes:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "- Not introducing plants into the greenhouse that look diseased or unhealthy\n- Removing any infected plants or plant parts from the greenhouse environment\n- Starting seeds with sterilized planting media\n- Keeping benches, tools, pots, etc., clean", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "A common cause of plant diseases is over-watering. Using cell plugs, trays, and containers with drain holes will allow water to drain and air to move. Place trays on raised surfaces or use tables with hardware cloth or similar bases, so that water drains through and does not accumulate. Do not allow standing water in the greenhouse, as this will create habitat for fungus gnats, that can be harmful to plants, as well as mosquitoes that can carry diseases.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "Another disease (and pest) prevention tactic is to use resistant varieties and certified seed that is disease-resistant. Disease-resistant plant varieties have been bred to resist one or more diseases and are identified in seed catalogs and on seed packets by a code representing each disease. For example, some tomato varieties may be resistant to Verticillium, Fusarium , and Nematodes and will be represented with a 'VFN' designation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "## Common Greenhouse Diseases", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "Even under the most careful watering regimes, there are a few diseases that are common and sometimes troublesome in the greenhouse. Chief among these are powdery mildew and damping off.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "Powdery Mildew: Powdery mildew can began to grow in just high humidity, standing water does not have to be present. Many plants, but especially cucumbers, squash, and other members of the cucurbit family, are often quite susceptible to the ravages of powdery mildew, which can reduce plant vigor, distort leaves, and even kill plants.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "Powdery mildew can be discouraged by providing good air circulation, which could include using fans and ensuring uncrowded plantings. Nevertheless, powdery mildew will defy even the best efforts and sometimes become a problem. In such cases, safe, organic fungicides that are comprised of copper, sulfur, or baking soda can be employed to combat this disease.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "Damping Off: Damping off is a term used to describe a fungal infection commonly found on the stems of young seedlings. The damping off pathogens favor wet, cool environments. Infected plants show grayish, 'water-soaked' tissues near the base of the stem at the soil level, causing the stem to wither away. The name of the disorder supplies a clue to control: reduce the dampness. Use only well-drained and sterile potting mixes, avoid overwatering, and provide good air circulation. Additionally, practice good sanitation protocols. Damping off can also be managed by presoaking seeds in a clove-water solution (one to two crushed cloves in a small amount of water) or by spraying seedlings with a garlic spray (blend one clove garlic with one quart water and strain).", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "FIG. 39 Powdery mildew on cucumber leaves. Photo courtesy of Charles Averre", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "FIG. 40 Damping off. Photo courtesy of Gerald Holmes", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 48 } }, { "text": "## SPOTLIGHT: Helping Hands in Washington, D.C.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "Woodrow Wilson High School is a large, diverse high school in Washington, D.C. As a green ribbon school, they have demonstrated their commitment to reducing their environmental impact, improving the health and wellness of the community, and providing environmental education in key STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) career paths. The greenhouse at Wilson HS offers a handson learning space that fits into the school's STEM umbrella program, primarily in the environmental sciences pathway. The school's two environmental science teachers are instrumental in creating curriculum and using the greenhouse space to supplement their in-class instruction.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "Part of the reason this greenhouse program has grown and thrived over the last few years is that it is maintained by a team of dedicated teachers and students, and just as importantly a number of committed community volunteers. Volunteers have been a vital part of the team, taking on responsibilities that would be hard for a teacher and students to work on, leaving participants more time for programming. For example, when some of the technical equipment that keeps the greenhouse operating optimally stopped working, Wilson HS was able to depend on its relationships with its volunteers to figure out the issues and manage repairs, a responsibility that would have otherwise fallen on a teacher. In addition, school alumni who grow food for local restaurants volunteer their time and expertise to offer classes on operating greenhouses, acting as mentors to students.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "This buy-in and support from volunteers has given The Greenhouse Club the time and opportunity to take on a lot more program-based projects. Roughly a dozen students grow seedlings, herbs, and plants to sell in their community. They also started a pilot program of growing sprouts to sell to the teachers at the school. The program has been so successful that it has expanded and the students are now growing sprouts for a local restaurant. The club experiments with new ideas and techniques, and they are currently developing an aquaponics system. In addition, the club participates in recycling and composting programs. This is a great example of a greenhouse project that has evolved over time with the support of community members, grants, and student-led efforts.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "Wilson High School Greenhouse Club. Photo courtesy of Wilson High School", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 49 } }, { "text": "## Part 4: LET'S LEARN TOGETHEREDUCATION & ENGAGEMENT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "## Not Just for Science! Creating a Larger Vision", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "Greenhouses can be an opportunity to engage many different disciplines, community members, and students. In addition to connecting with different academic areas, greenhouse and garden projects can be spaces that bring together the school community. Considering the different possibilities can help create a broader vision of how your space will be used.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "## Community Work Days", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "Community work days are a great way to take on large projects in your greenhouse and garden. From the very beginning, set up two to three seasonal work days that your school and community members will grow to expect. Possibly even schedule it to coincide with already existing school activities or events. With a committed group and a few hours, a greenhouse can be prepared for spring planting, a large mound of compost can be moved, and even a hoop house can be assembled. Be sure to make the the day festive and have a clear and managable to-do list. A positive experience will keep volunteeers coming back. This is also a great way to engage large groups like alumni clubs, local businesses, scout groups, colleges, and congregations.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "## Summer Garden Care", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "Many schools face the struggle of having to keep up with weeds, watering, and regular maintenance during summer breaks. A strategy is to partner with any programming that is happening in the school during the summer weeks and that may be looking for activities to do. Another solution for lack of summer care can be reaching out to neighbors and parents that may be interested in growing space for the summer. With a 'You Help, You Harvest' approach, you can encourage these volunteers to help themselves to produce grown during the summer.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "## Celebrations and Outreach", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "Making the greenhouse and adjacent land, if availalble, a space for community gatherings and celebrations is another way to engage the larger school community. Coinciding work days with an existing school event can help to connect more people with the space. The space can be used to lead free community greenhouse-based workshops; themed potlucks for students, families, and friends; or produce grown can be shared with a local food pantry in a manner that develops a relationship between students and their larger community.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 50 } }, { "text": "## Plant or Produce Sale", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "Creating an afterschool food stand or a plant sale can be a chance to connect the greenhouse to the greater school community while developing entrepreneurial skills in students. Sales can also be incorporated into a larger community farmers market if students are ready to share their work with a broader audience.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "## Field Trips", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "Visiting nearby greenhouses, farms, community gardens, or farmers markets is a good way for students to be inspired by similar projects in their community. They will also help students start to connect how their work in conjunction with these different projects helps create their local food system.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "## Exploring Agriculture and Other Career Possibilities", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "The greenhouse and the technology it utilizes provide excellent forums to introduce students to career possibilities in agriculture, facilities and systems maintenance, environmental conservation, and natural resource management. Curriculum can be expanded to include agricultural science and business management programs, which introduce students to entrepreneurship while providing opportunities to explore careers in horticulture, food science, soil science, landscape management, natural resource management, and renewable energy. Students can also discover that agriculture and food sectors offer employment options in many other fields of study, such as marketing, urban planning, community development, technical writing, applied technology, and accounting.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "Here are a few jumping off points to begin exploring other educational subjects in the greenhouse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "## Visual and Performing Arts", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "Nature often inspires art, and the greenhouse is no exception. Students can:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "- Make mosaic and mandala-inspired artworks out of seeds and other organic material\n- Create a vignette about the role of food in students' family traditions\n- Create botanical illustrations of greenhouse plants\n- Paint a mural or create greenhouse signage\n- Create a school horticultural guide or cookbook\n- Create a dance that mimics different energy sources\n- Make sun prints using greenhouse lights and plants\n- Practice macro-photography skills by taking close-up shots of beneficial and predatory insects or documenting the growth of seedlings", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "Community work days get big jobs done.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "FIG. 41 Photo courtesy of City Blossoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "FIG. 42 Student-led plant sales help build community and engage children and youth.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "Photo courtesy of City Blossoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "FIG. 43 Fieldtrips to farms, parks and nature spaces can extend learning.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "Photo courtesy of USBG", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 51 } }, { "text": "## Technology", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "Appropriate use of technology is essential for greenhouse operations. Students engaged in greenhouse programs have many opportunities to explore, adapt, and use technology through real-world applications. For example, students can:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "- Explore and experiment with different renewable and nontraditional energy sources to determined which is the most efficient\n- Use computer-based design programs to create greenhouse blueprints and planting maps\n- Investigate ways to mechanize operation, such as automatic waterers or timing lights\n- Learn about different technologies for growing foods and raising fish, such as hydroponics and aquaponics\n- Explore technology used in washing, storing, packaging, and transporting fresh produce\n- Use computer-based programs to create tracking tools for germination, plant growth, sales and other trackable outcomes", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "## Health and Nutrition", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "There is growing evidence that school gardens, especially when combined with a healthy lunch program and nutrition education, encourage healthier food choices among students and, in turn, positively influences family food choices. The greenhouse can be used as a tool to teach nutrition and food preparation, and facilitate the development of programs aimed at increasing access to healthy foods in schools. Students can be engaged in:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "- Nutrition education through activities like blind taste tests\n- Cooking lessons and menu planning using ingredients grown in the greenhouse\n- Nutritional analysis through label reading\n- Food safety demonstrations\n- Exploring the cuisines of the different cultures represented in your school, community, and around the world\n- Growing themed greenhouse gardens\n- Organizing guest visits from local farmers or chefs", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "See Time to Harvest (page 55) for more information on food use.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "## Project-Based Learning", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "Greenhouses are powerful teaching tools when used for interdisciplinary project-based activities that use real-world situations. When students can apply what they learn to real-life situations, they develop a deeper understanding and improve their ability to make connections between ideas. The team approach used in performance tasks helps students build life skills, including critical thinking.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "The possibilities for greenhouse-based projects are endless whether they happen over just a few days, across a semester, or even throughout an entire school year. They can be built on student interests, school opportunities, or student-driven solutions to identified challenges. The best ones usually include educators across multiple disciplines and reinforce concepts that students are currently learning in the classroom in individual subject areas. The template below is meant to provide a framework for project-based learning.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "FIG. 44 Students preparing vegetables grown in the garden.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "Photo courtesy of NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 52 } }, { "text": "## Steps for Project-Based Learning in a Greenhouse", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "| Project Steps | Sample Greenhouse-based Project |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| 1. Teachers identify a general real-world situation that is framed by the learning outcomes the teacher aims to achieve. | Goal: Assist students in developing 21st century skills, including critical thinking, problem solving, creativity, innovation, collaboration, leadership, communication, and self-direction. |\n| Teacher engages educators teaching other subjects in the project, and together they identify potential cross-curricular connections. When developing projects, teachers start by identifying targeted skills, big ideas, essential questions, and standards-based concepts. | General Project Selected by Teacher(s): Student will develop an entrepreneurial venture for which they will grow plants in the greenhouse for a profit. Cross-Curricular Connections: Science: Horticultural Science; Math: Cost Analysis, Accounting, Geometry; Technology: Graphic Design; Language Arts: Non-Fiction Research, Oral Presentations. Civics: Use democratic process to select how funds will be used. |\n| 2. Students define the project more specifically. This step assures student buy-in, ownership, and attentiveness. | Student Defined Project: Students will grow a variety of vegetables and cut flowers in the greenhouse to be sold at a new school farm stand, with profits to support a student-selected activity. |\n| 3. Teachers identify the target audience for the project. This is a significant step because many activities will be audience-specific. | Audience: The audience includes customers who will be purchasing the greenhouse products and school administrators who must give approval for the project. |\n| 4. Teachers provide students with contextual relevance and background information as needed and identify four to five product(s) or performance(s) that students will create using multiple academic disciplines. These products demonstrate that students understand and can apply knowledge and skills. These products may be also be used in evaluation. | Possible Products/Tasks: Students will create a: 1. planting, production, harvesting, and packaging schedule; 2. budget spreadsheet that documents expenses and incomes, sets prices, and includes profit predictions; 3. marketing plan that includes displays, brochures, and signs; 4. oral presentation to potential customers; and 5. physical farm stand with documentation that it is in compliance with all relevant city and school regulations. |\n| 5. Teachers and students identify and assign specific roles for projects.Teachers may let students choose their roles, or assign roles that respond to individual strengths or weaknesses. | Roles: Students will be assigned to roles like: grower, marketer, or manager. Students may later assign more specific roles within these groups, such as salesperson, graphic designer, packaging coordinator, etc. |\n| 6. Students and teachers jointly determine criteria for evaluation. Teachers create rubric that reflects this criteria. | Evaluation Criteria: Yield of healthy greenhouse crops available for sale; design and construction of appropriate farm stand; budget planning and revenue projection estimation; customer base and satisfaction; innovativeness in adjusting to unforeseen circumstances. |\n| 7. Students accumulate background information needed to complete project. During this stage, teachers serve as coaches. Students use their own intellect to solve problems encountered. | Student Led Activities: Might include expanding content knowledge, conducting research, gathering information, mastering new skills, conducting polls to determine stand location, determining use of proceeds, etc. |\n| 8. Students complete project and performance tasks | Students grow food and/or flowers, gain permission to operate stand, design and build stand, operate student-run stand, and sell greenhouse products. |\n| 9. Students reflect on project and performance task | Students discuss benefits and challenges of working as a team, as well as self-direction; problems encountered and solutions identified; differences and similarities in communicating with various audiences; and career pathways the project may have informed them of. |", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 53 } }, { "text": "## Time to Harvest: Connecting a School Greenhouse with a Farm-to-School Program", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "The school greenhouse connects students, teachers, parents, school staff, and other community members with the growing process and what produce is growing nearby. While most school greenhouses do not have capacity to produce the quantity of produce needed for the cafeteria, there are a number of ways to help draw the connection between food grown in the greenhouse to what is being served in the cafeteria and at home, and to connect the school greenhouse to educational activities and a farm-to-school program. The 2010 Healthy, Hunger Free Kids Act included language that supports the formation of school gardens and greenhouses, and specifically created a requirement that a competitive grant program and technical assistance be provided to schools that would like to start a school garden or greenhouse program, as it would increase the amount of fresh produce available to students (NPLAN, 2013). More information and resources related to this legislation can be found at www.fns.usda.gov/ school-meals/healthy-hunger-free-kids-act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "## Harvest Connections and Farm-to-School", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "Farm-to-school is a nationwide movement among schools, farmers, teachers, cafeteria staff, nutrition services staff, parents, communities, and policymakers to bring fresh, local foods into the school cafeterias and to increase the number of school gardens, school greenhouses, and nutrition education for students. According to the National Farm-to-School Network (2016), 'Farm-to-school enriches the connection communities have with fresh, healthy food and local food producers by changing food purchasing and education practices at schools and early care and education settings.'", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "Enjoying a kale snack made in class.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "Photo courtesy of City Blossoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "## Harvest of the Month", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "Harvest of the Month is a program that allows teachers and afterschool providers to highlight seasonal and local produce by providing information and resources. The program materials make it simple to provide nutrition education and to link lessons with what is grown in the school greenhouse or served in the cafeteria. It is a great promotional tool to build awareness of seasonality. The Harvest of the Month website has marketing materials, stickers, posters, menu planning tools, and different choices of monthly produce based on the region. To learn more, visit www.harvestofthemonth.cdph.ca.gov/", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "Source: Nutrition Education and Obesity Prevention Branch, California Department of Public Health", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 54 } }, { "text": "## Taste Testing", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 55 } }, { "text": "Produce from the school greenhouse can be brought into the classroom or cafeteria to serve as the basis of a sample taste test. Taste tests are a great way to help students make the connection between produce being grown in the garden and used in the cafeteria. Looking ahead to see what vegetables are being used in the cafeteria and doing a taste test with one of those vegetables can be a great way for students to experience a vegetable served in different ways. Connect with the child nutrition director and cafeteria staff to make sure this activity goes smoothly. For more information on creating a farm-to-school taste test, visit http://growing-minds.org/farmto-school-taste-tests/", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 55 } }, { "text": "## Classroom Salad Day/Salad Bars", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 55 } }, { "text": "Salad bars are another way to link to the school greenhouse program. Salad bars improve the quality and freshness of the produce served in cafeterias and open up new avenues for teaching kids about where their food comes from and how to make healthy choices. Salad Bars to Schools focuses on funds to help schools purchase the materials for a salad bar so that students have daily access to fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and healthy proteins (www.saladbars2schools.org). The Minnesota Department of Health has developed a Field Guide to Salad Bars in Schools, which provides step-by-step instructions for school and nutrition services staff on designing and implementing a school salad bar including how to feature local seasonal produce. Download the guide at: www.health. state.mn.us/divs/hpcd/chp/cdrr/nutrition/docsandpdf/ guidetosbinschools.pdf", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 55 } }, { "text": "## Calendar/Timeline of Suggested Activities to Link School Greenhouse with Farm-to-School Programs", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 55 } }, { "text": "- Plan how to incorporate greenhouse produce into other school activities/programs (afterschool programs, events).\n- Plan educational posters featuring healthy produce that can be used to enhance tastings or salad days.\n- Develop school-year calendar including harvest of the month, cafeteria tasting, greenhouse tours, and/or classes.\n- Conduct menu planning with cafeteria or parent groups; conduct outreach and promotion of Farm-to-School. For more information, visit www.fns.usda.gov/farmtoschool/farm-school-resources#Menu%20Planning", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 55 } }, { "text": "- Plan a greenhouse harvest for cafeteria, classroom, or school event, inviting principal or district officials.\n- Participate in National Farm-to-School Month. Visit www.farmtoschool.org for schoolwide and statewide events.\n- Plan activities and promotion for National Farm-to-School Month. A good resource for ideas is National Farm-toSchool Month: Celebrating the Movement, www.farmtoschool.org/our-work/farm-to-school-month\n- Develop a communications and outreach strategy for Farm-to-School Month using the program toolkit at www.farmtoschool.org/resources-main/national-farm-to-school-month-communications-toolkit-2016", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 55 } }, { "text": "- Visit a greenhouse\n- Conduct Meet-a-Farmer and Chef activity highlighting seasonal and locally available produce\n- Feature locally grown or school grown produce once a month in cafeteria or salad bar. Use Harvest of the Month for guidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 55 } }, { "text": "- Organize and hold field trip to a local farm, community garden, or farmers market.\n- Produce Farm-to-School newsletter.\n- Organize Farm-to-School group/meetings.\n- Organize end-of-school year fundraiser event.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 55 } }, { "text": "- Hold end-of-school-year events featuring the school greenhouse, salad bar, and local produce on cafeteria menu\n- Consider events to utilize school greenhouse during summer\n- Offer school greenhouse produce for afterschool or other school programs", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 55 } }, { "text": "FIG. 46-47 School grown food being served at a school cafeteria. Photos courtesy of Demetrius Fassas, NCAT", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "## Scratch Cooking in School Cafeterias", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "Scratch cooking is utilizing minimally processed ingredients to prepare recipes. Many schools no longer have the capacity to take on cooking meals from scratch due to lack of equipment, space and time. Cooking from scratch in classrooms is a good way to incorporate this type of programing on a more manageable scale. Schools that already have scratch cooking programs can consider featuring produce grown in the garden in their cafeteria. The North Carolina Farm-to-School Program offers a great example of a scratch-cooking program with supporting resources. Learn more at: www.ncfarmtoschool.com.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "## Harvest and Food Safety Considerations", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "If school greenhouse produce will be utilized in the cafeteria, donated, sampled by students, taken home by students, or used for other activities, it is very important to follow some basic food-safety principles when planning, harvesting, washing, and transporting the produce.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "## A Few Food-Safety Questions to Consider When Planning your School Greenhouse/ Farm-to-School Program:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "- Is the greenhouse located away from potential sources of contamination (such as compost bin, drainage pipes, pesticides, etc.)?\n- What soil will be used to grow the produce? Consider doing a soil test before growing edibles.\n- What source of water will be used to wash the produce? Is this a potable water source? Are there existing rules about the use of chemicals on the school grounds?\n- Will students be involved in harvesting produce in the school garden? Where will harvested foods be washed and/or prepared? Consider this in the design of the school greenhouse.\n- Where will students eat the produce from the school greenhouse?\n- Do food service staff, teachers, volunteers, and others who interact with the school greenhouse feel comfortable with their current level of knowledge regarding food safety?\n- If not, what types of training or experience will increase their confidence in this area?", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "## Food-Safety Tips for Using School Greenhouse Produce in Your School:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "The USDA encourages using school greenhouse or school garden produce in the cafeteria for school meals. The nutrition services director or similar position is responsible for making sure that all produce is safe for consumption, so it is a good idea to design the food safety plan with that person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "- Starting off small will allow you to see what works best for your school. Try one meal per month to see how it feels and adjust as needed.\n- Check with cafeteria staff to make sure there is refrigerated space to store produce that will be delivered for the school meals. Make sure the produce is stored separately from other refrigerated items.\n- Contact your local heath department for guidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 56 } }, { "text": "- One best practice that has been utilized by school districts is for the cafeteria staff to process the produce and freeze it for use the following school year. If the school cafeteria has the capacity to do this, it can be a good way to ensure food-safety practices are followed and to also preserve the summer harvest for use in the fall when students return.\n- Keep accurate harvest and cleaning records and keep them readily available so that the nutrition services staff can review them.\n- As a precaution, check with the school district about their insurance policy to cover in case of a foodborne illness.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 57 } }, { "text": "FIG. 48 Preparing garden grown food.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 57 } }, { "text": "## Food-Safety Tips for Growing and Harvesting Produce:", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 57 } }, { "text": "- Provide basic food-safety training for all staff, students, and volunteers who will work in the greenhouse. Important topics to cover include handwashing, cleaning and sanitizing equipment and containers for harvesting and storing produce, glove use, and how to properly handle produce during harvest, washing, and transportation.\n- Make sure the school district has an insurance policy for volunteers in the event of an accident or injury.\n- Consider making a permission slip at the beginning of the year that explains the school greenhouse, includes a description of activities, and instructs parents to notify the school if a student has allergies that would prevent him or her from being in the school greenhouse.\n- If students, volunteers, or teachers are sick, have an alternative activity for them to do so they do not contaminate the produce but are still able to participate with the rest of the students.\n- Set up a hand washing station in the greenhouse and make sure all students follow the proper handwashing procedure before any harvesting activity.\n- The school greenhouse could have a box of disposable gloves for students to wear when handling fresh produce, especially when the produce will be served in the cafeteria.\n- It is a good practice to limit the time between harvest and consumption- if the school greenhouse will be harvesting produce for the cafeteria. If possible harvest the produce that morning so it does not have to be stored for long periods of time unless it is being frozen.\n- Routinely monitor the school greenhouse for signs of animals, rodents, or rotten produce, and make sure the greenhouse is regularly cleaned. This is a great job for students of all ages to do on a regular basis.\n- Routinely clean all harvesting tools immediately before and after harvesting.\n- Develop a cleaning schedule for all harvest containers. This is also a great job for students.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 57 } }, { "text": "## SPOTLIGHT: Growing Greens in Washington, D.C.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "City Blossoms is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization with a mission to foster healthy communities by developing creative, kid-driven green spaces in Washington, D.C. (www.cityblossoms.org). As part of its work, City Blossoms developed the Youth Entrepreneurship Cooperative (YEC) program, a year-round program that gives students the space to create and run their own cooperative business named Mighty Greens.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "YEC program participants at Eastern Senior High School and Cardozo Education Campus grow edible plants, herbs, flowers, and seedlings in their two greenhouses and gardens. They then make value-added products with the harvest including soaps, balms, lotions, teas, infused vinegars, and herbal salts in addition to producing over 2,000 greenhousegrown seedlings annually. These products are then sold at farmers markets for profit throughout the spring, summer, and fall. Twenty percent of the profit made from their sales is reinvested in their business and eighty percent is paid out to YEC students based on participation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "In 2018, students made enough to pay themselves $4.90 an hour. Through this program, students explore and practice business, agricultural, and academic skills, but more importantly this program emphasizes social and emotional learning. The cooperative model gives YEC youth the opportunity to practice empathy, community building, environmental stewardship, self-empowerment, self-efficacy, discipline, and self-governance while growing their business in the greenhouse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "' Before Mighty Greens I didn't really have a relationship with food and nature, I just ate whatever I wanted. And now that I do have a relationship with food and nature, I give thanks back to the Earth because without the right soil we wouldn't be able to have these fresh foods .' - Malik, Eastern Senior High School, age 17.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "During the summers, Mighty Greens youth staff sell their produce and products at two farmers markets.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "Photo courtesy of City Blossoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "Notes from a Mighty Greens business meeting.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "Photo courtesy of City Blossoms", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 58 } }, { "text": "## APPENDIX 1: Budget Template", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "One of the best things to do when setting up a school greenhouse project is to create a clear budget. It will help communicate your group's vision, fundraise, and strategize ways to collect needed materials. Costs vary dramatically depending on the project and region. The budget worksheet below has been designed for a brand new project with programming materials included. This can be used as a template to create your own budget or can be filled out directly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "| | Cost Per Unit | Number of Units | Estimated Total Cost |\n|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------------------|------------------------|\n| Structure and Covering | | | |\n| Excavation work -pad leveling and trenching for drainage & utilities (if needed) | N/A | N/A | |\n| Metal or wood frame | | | |\n| Glazing material (glass, plexiglass or plastic- if not included with framing kit) | | | |\n| Hardware (screws, doors, etc.) | | N/A | |\n| Flooring (concrete pad, pavers, gravel, etc.)- not including labor | | | |\n| Infrastructure | | | |\n| Storage (i.e., a shed, shelving, waterproof containers) | | | |\n| Lumber for buidling raised beds (if needed) | | | |\n| Heating system (if needed) | | | |\n| Ventilation system (if needed) | | | |\n| Irrigation system (hoses, drip lines, misters, etc.) | | | |\n| Benches or other support structures (if needed) | | | |\n| Seating for students | | | |\n| Worktables | | | |\n| White boards | | | |\n| Plant Care | | | |\n| Compost or soil mix | | | |\n| Trays and flats | | | |\n| Pots | | | |\n| Fertilizer | | | |", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 59 } }, { "text": "| | Cost Per Unit | Number of Units | Estimated Total Cost |\n|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------------------|------------------------|\n| Class Materials | | | |\n| Seeds | | | |\n| Plant labels | | | |\n| Thermostats | | | |\n| Portable potting tray | | | |\n| Hand trowels | | | |\n| Pest management materials | | | |\n| Watering cans | | | |\n| Clippers | | | |\n| Misc: twine,gloves, scissors, tape | | | |\n| Writing, drawing and measuring supplies that can stay in the garden shed | | | |\n| Writing tools: pencils, permanent markers, etc. | | | |\n| Materials to make greenhouse signs | | | |\n| Resource books | | | |\n| Cleaning supplies | | | |\n| Misters | | | |\n| Food Prep and Cooking | | | |\n| Cooking Box: a container that includes all the materials needed to make simple recipes in the garden, greenhouse or classroom. | | N/A | |\n| Cooking ingredients | | N/A | |\n| Staffing & Labor | | | |\n| Greenhouse construction or installation fee | | | |\n| Educator or maintenace staff costs | N/A | N/A | |\n| Total Programming Costs | | | |", "metadata": { "source_file": "usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf", "page_number": 60 } } ]