app.py

import cv2
import numpy as np
import gradio as gr
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
from scipy.fftpack import dct, idct
from skimage.morphology import skeletonize

# Grayscale
def to_greyscale(image):
    return cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

# Negative
def to_negative(image):
    return 255 - image

# Adjust Color
def adjust_color(image, r_factor=1.0, g_factor=1.0, b_factor=1.0):
    b, g, r = cv2.split(image)
    b = np.clip(b * b_factor, 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)
    g = np.clip(g * g_factor, 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)
    r = np.clip(r * r_factor, 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)
    return cv2.merge([b, g, r])

# Flip
def flip_image(image, direction="horizontal"):
    flip_code = {'horizontal': 1, 'vertical': 0, 'diagonal': -1}
    return cv2.flip(image, flip_code.get(direction, 1))

# Translate
def translate(image, x_offset, y_offset):
    rows, cols = image.shape[:2]
    M = np.float32([[1, 0, x_offset],
                    [0, 1, y_offset]])
    return cv2.warpAffine(image, M, (cols, rows))

# Scale
def scale_image(image, width=None, height=None, keep_aspect_ratio=True):
    h, w = image.shape[:2]
    if keep_aspect_ratio:
        if width is not None:
            ratio = width / float(w)
            height = int(h * ratio)
        elif height is not None:
            ratio = height / float(h)
            width = int(w * ratio)
    if width is None:
        width = w
    if height is None:
        height = h
    return cv2.resize(image, (width, height), interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)

# Rotate
def rotate(image, angle, clockwise=True):
    rows, cols = image.shape[:2]
    center = (cols / 2, rows / 2)
    if clockwise:
        angle = -angle
    M = cv2.getRotationMatrix2D(center, angle, 1.0)
    rotated = cv2.warpAffine(image, M, (cols, rows))
    return rotated

# Crop
def crop(image, x, y, w, h):
    return image[y:y+h, x:x+w]

# Blend
def blend(image1, image2, alpha=0.5):
    if image2 is None:
        return image1  # If No Second Image, Just Return First
    if image1.shape != image2.shape:
        image2 = cv2.resize(image2, (image1.shape[1], image1.shape[0]))
    return cv2.addWeighted(image1, alpha, image2, 1 - alpha, 0)

# Brightness & Contrast
def adjust_brightness_contrast(image, brightness=50, contrast=1.2):
    hsv = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2HSV)
    h, s, v = cv2.split(hsv)
    v = np.clip(v + brightness, 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)
    final_hsv = cv2.merge((h, s, v))
    image_brightness = cv2.cvtColor(final_hsv, cv2.COLOR_HSV2BGR)

    image_float = image_brightness.astype(np.float32)
    image_contrast = np.clip(contrast * (image_float - 128) + 128, 0, 255)
    return image_contrast.astype(np.uint8)

# Color Filter
def color_filter(image, lower_bound, upper_bound):
    hsv = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2HSV)
    mask = cv2.inRange(hsv, lower_bound, upper_bound)
    return cv2.bitwise_and(image, image, mask=mask)

def apply_sepia(image):
    image_float = image.astype(np.float32)
    sepia_kernel = np.array([
        [0.272, 0.534, 0.131],
        [0.349, 0.686, 0.168],
        [0.393, 0.769, 0.189]
    ])
    sepia_image = image_float @ sepia_kernel.T
    sepia_image = np.clip(sepia_image, 0, 255)
    return sepia_image.astype(np.uint8)

def apply_cyanotype(image):
    gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    cyan_image = np.zeros_like(image)
    cyan_image[:, :, 0] = np.clip(gray / 2, 0, 255)  # Blue Channel
    cyan_image[:, :, 1] = np.clip(gray, 0, 255)      # Green Channel
    cyan_image[:, :, 2] = 255                        # Red Channel
    return cyan_image

# Border
def add_border(image, top, bottom, left, right, color_str="(0,0,0)"):
    color = tuple(map(int, color_str.strip("()").split(",")))
    return cv2.copyMakeBorder(image, top, bottom, left, right, cv2.BORDER_CONSTANT, value=color)

# Overlay
def overlay(image1, image2, x, y, alpha=0.5):
    if image2 is None:
        return image1
    h1, w1 = image1.shape[:2]
    h2, w2 = image2.shape[:2]
    if y + h2 > h1 or x + w2 > w1:
        # Resize Overlay If It Goes Beyond Boundary
        new_h = min(h2, h1 - y)
        new_w = min(w2, w1 - x)
        image2 = cv2.resize(image2, (new_w, new_h))
        h2, w2 = new_h, new_w
    roi = image1[y:y+h2, x:x+w2]
    blended = cv2.addWeighted(roi, 1 - alpha, image2, alpha, 0)
    image1[y:y+h2, x:x+w2] = blended
    return image1

def pixelwise_operation(image1, image2, operation, brightness_factor=1.2):
    if operation == 'Bitwise (NOT)':
        # Only Needs Image1
        return cv2.bitwise_not(image1)
    # For Other Option, We Need 2 Images
    if image2 is None:
        return image1

    # Resize If Mismatch
    if image1.shape != image2.shape:
        image2 = cv2.resize(image2, (image1.shape[1], image1.shape[0]))

    if operation == 'Add':
        return cv2.add(image1, image2)
    elif operation == 'Subtract':
        return cv2.subtract(image1, image2)
    elif operation == 'Multiply':
        return cv2.multiply(image1, image2)
    elif operation == 'Divide':
        epsilon = 1e-5
        image2 = image2.astype(np.float32) + epsilon
        image1 = image1.astype(np.float32)
        divided = cv2.divide(image1, image2)
        divided_normalized = cv2.normalize(divided, None, 0, 255, cv2.NORM_MINMAX)
        return cv2.convertScaleAbs(divided_normalized, alpha=brightness_factor, beta=0)
    elif operation == 'Bitwise (AND)':
        return cv2.bitwise_and(image1, image2)
    elif operation == 'Bitwise (OR)':
        return cv2.bitwise_or(image1, image2)
    elif operation == 'Bitwise (XOR)':
        return cv2.bitwise_xor(image1, image2)
    else:
        return image1

# FFT
def fft_image(image: np.ndarray):
    if len(image.shape) == 3:
        image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    f = np.fft.fft2(image)
    fshift = np.fft.fftshift(f)
    magnitude = 20 * np.log(np.abs(fshift) + 1e-8)
    return cv2.normalize(magnitude, None, 0, 255, cv2.NORM_MINMAX).astype(np.uint8)

# Mean Blur
def mean_blur(image: np.ndarray, ksize: int = 3):
    return cv2.blur(image, (ksize, ksize))

# Gaussian Blur
def gaussian_blur(image: np.ndarray, ksize: int = 3, sigma: float = 1.0):
    if ksize % 2 == 0:
        ksize += 1
    return cv2.GaussianBlur(image, (ksize, ksize), sigma)

# Median Blur
def median_blur(image: np.ndarray, ksize: int = 3):
    if ksize % 2 == 0:
        ksize += 1
    return cv2.medianBlur(image, ksize)

# Sobel Edge
def sobel_edge(image: np.ndarray, ksize: int = 3):
    if ksize % 2 == 0:
        ksize += 1
    if len(image.shape) == 3:
        image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    sobelx = cv2.Sobel(image, cv2.CV_64F, 1, 0, ksize=ksize)
    sobely = cv2.Sobel(image, cv2.CV_64F, 0, 1, ksize=ksize)
    magnitude = cv2.magnitude(sobelx, sobely)
    return np.clip(magnitude, 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)

# Canny Edge
def canny_edge(image: np.ndarray, t1: float, t2: float):
    if len(image.shape) == 3:
        image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    return cv2.Canny(image, t1, t2)

# Laplacian Edge
def laplacian_edge(image: np.ndarray, ksize: int = 3):
    if ksize % 2 == 0:
        ksize += 1
    if len(image.shape) == 3:
        image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    lap = cv2.Laplacian(image, cv2.CV_64F, ksize=ksize)
    return np.clip(np.abs(lap), 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)

# Histogram Equalization
def histogram_equalization(image: np.ndarray):
    if len(image.shape) == 2:
        return cv2.equalizeHist(image)
    else:
        b, g, r = cv2.split(image)
        b_eq = cv2.equalizeHist(b)
        g_eq = cv2.equalizeHist(g)
        r_eq = cv2.equalizeHist(r)
        return cv2.merge([b_eq, g_eq, r_eq])

# Contrast Stretching
def contrast_stretch(image: np.ndarray, in_low: int, in_high: int):
    img_float = image.astype(np.float32)
    img_stretched = (img_float - in_low) * (255.0 / max(in_high - in_low, 1e-6))
    return np.clip(img_stretched, 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)

# Gamma Correction
def gamma_correction(image: np.ndarray, gamma: float = 1.0):
    inv_gamma = 1.0 / gamma
    table = np.array([(i / 255.0) ** inv_gamma * 255 for i in range(256)]).astype("uint8")
    return cv2.LUT(image, table)

# RLE
def rle_encode(image: np.ndarray):
    if len(image.shape) > 2:
        image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    flat = image.flatten()
    encoding = []
    prev = flat[0]
    count = 1
    for pixel in flat[1:]:
        if pixel == prev:
            count += 1
        else:
            encoding.append((int(prev), count))
            prev = pixel
            count = 1
    encoding.append((int(prev), count))
    return encoding

def rle_decode(encoding, shape):
    flat_image = []
    for pixel_value, count in encoding:
        flat_image.extend([pixel_value] * count)
    return np.array(flat_image, dtype=np.uint8).reshape(shape)

# DCT
def apply_dct(image, threshold_ratio=0.01):
    dct_transformed = dct(dct(image.T, norm='ortho').T, norm='ortho')
    dct_thresh = dct_transformed * (np.abs(dct_transformed) > threshold_ratio * np.max(dct_transformed))
    img_reconstructed = idct(idct(dct_thresh.T, norm='ortho').T, norm='ortho')

    return np.clip(img_reconstructed, 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)

# Global Thresholding
def global_threshold(image: np.ndarray, thresh: int = 128):
    if len(image.shape) == 3:
        image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    _, binary = cv2.threshold(image, thresh, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
    return binary

# Adaptive Thresholding
def adaptive_threshold(image: np.ndarray, block_size: int = 11, C: int = 2):
    if len(image.shape) == 3:
        image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    return cv2.adaptiveThreshold(image, 255, cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_MEAN_C,
                                 cv2.THRESH_BINARY, block_size, C)
# K-Means
def kmeans_segmentation(image: np.ndarray, k: int = 2):
    if len(image.shape) == 2:
        data = image.reshape((-1, 1))
    else:
        data = image.reshape((-1, 3))
    data = np.float32(data)
    criteria = (cv2.TERM_CRITERIA_EPS + cv2.TERM_CRITERIA_MAX_ITER, 10, 1.0)
    _, labels, centers = cv2.kmeans(data, k, None, criteria, 10, cv2.KMEANS_RANDOM_CENTERS)
    centers = np.uint8(centers)
    segmented = centers[labels.flatten()]
    if len(image.shape) == 2:
        segmented = segmented.reshape((image.shape[0], image.shape[1]))
    else:
        segmented = segmented.reshape((image.shape[0], image.shape[1], 3))
    return segmented

# Binarize
def binarize_image(image: np.ndarray, thresh: int = 127):
    if len(image.shape) == 3:
        image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    _, binary = cv2.threshold(image, thresh, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
    return binary

# Morphological
def morphological_op(binary_image: np.ndarray, op_type: str, ksize: int, iterations: int):
    kernel = np.ones((ksize, ksize), np.uint8)
    if op_type == 'erosion':
        return cv2.erode(binary_image, kernel, iterations=iterations)
    elif op_type == 'dilation':
        return cv2.dilate(binary_image, kernel, iterations=iterations)
    elif op_type == 'opening':
        return cv2.morphologyEx(binary_image, cv2.MORPH_OPEN, kernel, iterations=iterations)
    elif op_type == 'closing':
        return cv2.morphologyEx(binary_image, cv2.MORPH_CLOSE, kernel, iterations=iterations)
    else:
        return binary_image

# Extract Boundary
def extract_boundary(binary_image: np.ndarray, ksize: int = 3):
    kernel = np.ones((ksize, ksize), np.uint8)
    eroded = cv2.erode(binary_image, kernel, iterations=1)
    return cv2.subtract(binary_image, eroded)

# Skeletonize
def skeletonize_image(binary_image: np.ndarray):
    from skimage.morphology import skeletonize
    if len(binary_image.shape) == 3:
        binary_image = cv2.cvtColor(binary_image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    bin_bool = (binary_image > 0)
    skeleton = skeletonize(bin_bool)
    return (skeleton * 255).astype(np.uint8)

# Add Noise
def add_noise(image: np.ndarray, mean=0, std=25):
    gauss = np.random.normal(mean, std, image.shape)
    noisy = image.astype(np.float32) + gauss
    return np.clip(noisy, 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)

# Wiener Filter
def wiener_filter(image: np.ndarray, ksize=5, noise_var=0.01):
    if len(image.shape) == 3:
        image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    kernel = np.ones((ksize, ksize), np.float32) / (ksize * ksize)
    local_mean = cv2.filter2D(image, -1, kernel)
    local_var = cv2.filter2D(image ** 2, -1, kernel) - (local_mean ** 2)
    noise_var = max(noise_var, 0.0001)
    result = local_mean + ((local_var - noise_var) / np.maximum(local_var, noise_var)) * (image - local_mean)
    return np.clip(result, 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)

# Gaussian Filter
def gaussian_filter_restoration(image: np.ndarray, ksize=5, sigma=1.0):
    if len(image.shape) == 3:
        image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    return cv2.GaussianBlur(image, (ksize, ksize), sigma)

# Inpainting
def inpaint_image(image: np.ndarray, top_left, bottom_right, inpaint_radius=3):
    mask = np.zeros(image.shape[:2], dtype=np.uint8)
    r1, c1 = top_left
    r2, c2 = bottom_right
    mask[r1:r2, c1:c2] = 255
    return cv2.inpaint(image, mask, inpaint_radius, cv2.INPAINT_TELEA)

# Feature Detection
def detect_and_compute(image: np.ndarray, method='ORB'):
    if len(image.shape) == 3:
        gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    else:
        gray = image
    if method == 'ORB':
        detector = cv2.ORB_create()
    else:
        try:
            detector = cv2.SIFT_create()
        except:
            detector = cv2.ORB_create()
    kp, des = detector.detectAndCompute(gray, None)
    return kp, des

# Matching Feature
def match_features(img1: np.ndarray, img2: np.ndarray, method='ORB', match_method='BF'):
    kp1, des1 = detect_and_compute(img1, method)
    kp2, des2 = detect_and_compute(img2, method)
    if des1 is None or des2 is None or len(des1) < 2 or len(des2) < 2:
        return img1
    if match_method == 'BF':
        norm_type = cv2.NORM_HAMMING if method=='ORB' else cv2.NORM_L2
        bf = cv2.BFMatcher(norm_type, crossCheck=True)
        matches = bf.match(des1, des2)
    else:
        if method == 'ORB':
            index_params = dict(algorithm=6, table_number=6, key_size=12, multi_probe_level=1)
            search_params = dict(checks=50)
            flann = cv2.FlannBasedMatcher(index_params, search_params)
            matches = flann.match(des1, des2)
        else:
            FLANN_INDEX_KDTREE = 1
            index_params = dict(algorithm=FLANN_INDEX_KDTREE, trees=5)
            search_params = dict(checks=50)
            flann = cv2.FlannBasedMatcher(index_params, search_params)
            matches = flann.match(des1, des2)
    matches = sorted(matches, key=lambda x: x.distance)
    matched_img = cv2.drawMatches(img1, kp1, img2, kp2, matches[:20], None,
                                  flags=cv2.DrawMatchesFlags_NOT_DRAW_SINGLE_POINTS)
    return matched_img

# Template Matching
def template_match(main_img: np.ndarray, templ: np.ndarray, threshold=0.8):
    if len(main_img.shape) == 3:
        main_gray = cv2.cvtColor(main_img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    else:
        main_gray = main_img
    if len(templ.shape) == 3:
        templ_gray = cv2.cvtColor(templ, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    else:
        templ_gray = templ
    result = cv2.matchTemplate(main_gray, templ_gray, cv2.TM_CCOEFF_NORMED)
    loc = np.where(result >= threshold)
    display = main_img.copy()
    h, w = templ_gray.shape
    for pt in zip(*loc[::-1]):
        cv2.rectangle(display, pt, (pt[0] + w, pt[1] + h), (0, 0, 255), 2)
    return display

# Tab: Basic Operations
def tab_basic_ops(img1, img2, operation, r_factor, g_factor, b_factor, flip_dir,
    trans_x, trans_y, scale_w, scale_h, scale_keep_aspect, rot_angle, rot_clockwise,
    crop_x, crop_y, crop_w, crop_h, blend_alpha, bright_val, contrast_val, filter_lower_H,
    filter_lower_S, filter_lower_V, filter_upper_H, filter_upper_S, filter_upper_V,
    border_top, border_bottom, border_left, border_right, border_color_str, overlay_x,
    overlay_y, overlay_alpha):
    if img1 is None:
        return None

    try:
        color_tuple = tuple(map(int, border_color_str.split(',')))
        if len(color_tuple) != 3:
            color_tuple = (0, 0, 0)
    except:
        color_tuple = (0, 0, 0)

    if operation == "Greyscale":
        return to_greyscale(img1)
    elif operation == "Negative":
        return to_negative(img1)
    elif operation == "Adjust Color":
        return adjust_color(img1, r_factor, g_factor, b_factor)
    elif operation == "Flip":
        return flip_image(img1, flip_dir)
    elif operation == "Translate":
        return translate(img1, trans_x, trans_y)
    elif operation == "Scale":
        return scale_image(img1, width=scale_w, height=scale_h, keep_aspect_ratio=scale_keep_aspect)
    elif operation == "Rotate":
        return rotate(img1, rot_angle, clockwise=rot_clockwise)
    elif operation == "Crop":
        return crop(img1, crop_x, crop_y, crop_w, crop_h)
    elif operation == "Blend":
        return blend(img1, img2, alpha=blend_alpha)
    elif operation == "Brightness & Contrast":
        return adjust_brightness_contrast(img1, bright_val, contrast_val)
    elif operation == "Color Filter":
        lowerb = (filter_lower_H, filter_lower_S, filter_lower_V)
        upperb = (filter_upper_H, filter_upper_S, filter_upper_V)

        return color_filter(img1, lowerb, upperb)
    elif operation == "Sepia":
        return apply_sepia(img1)
    elif operation == "Cyanotype":
        return apply_cyanotype(img1)
    elif operation == "Add Border":
        return add_border(img1, border_top, border_bottom, border_left, border_right, color=color_tuple)
    elif operation == "Overlay":
        return overlay(img1, img2, overlay_x, overlay_y, alpha=overlay_alpha)
    else:
        return img1

# Mathematical Operations
def tab_pixelwise_op(image1, image2, operation):
    if image1 is None:
        return None
    return pixelwise_operation(image1, image2, operation)

# Transforms & Filtering
def tab_transform_filter(image, operation, ksize=3, sigma=1.0, t1=50, t2=150):
    if image is None:
        return None
    if operation == "FFT":
        return fft_image(image)
    elif operation == "Mean Blur":
        return mean_blur(image, ksize)
    elif operation == "Gaussian Blur":
        return gaussian_blur(image, ksize, sigma)
    elif operation == "Median Blur":
        return median_blur(image, ksize)
    elif operation == "Sobel Edge":
        return sobel_edge(image, ksize)
    elif operation == "Canny Edge":
        return canny_edge(image, t1, t2)
    elif operation == "Laplacian Edge":
        return laplacian_edge(image, ksize)
    else:
        return image

# Image Enhancement
def tab_enhancement(image, operation, in_low=0, in_high=255, gamma_val=1.0):
    if image is None:
        return None
    if operation == "Histogram Equalization":
        return histogram_equalization(image)
    elif operation == "Contrast Stretching":
        return contrast_stretch(image, in_low, in_high)
    elif operation == "Gamma Correction":
        return gamma_correction(image, gamma_val)
    else:
        return image

# Image Compression
def tab_compression(image, operation, threshold_ratio=0.005):
    if image is None:
        return None
    if operation == "RLE":
        encoded = rle_encode(image)
        decoded_image = rle_decode(encoded, image.shape[:2])
        return decoded_image
    elif operation == "DCT":
        compressed_image = apply_dct(image, threshold_ratio=threshold_ratio)
        return compressed_image
    else:
        return image

# Image Segmentation
def tab_segmentation(image, operation, threshold=128, block_size=11, C=2, k=3):
    if image is None:
        return None
    if operation == "Global Thresholding":
        return global_threshold(image, threshold)
    elif operation == "Adaptive Thresholding":
        return adaptive_threshold(image, block_size, C)
    elif operation == "K-Means":
        return kmeans_segmentation(image, k)
    else:
        return image

# Binary Processing
def tab_binary(image, operation, thresh=127, morph_op_='erosion', ksize=3, iterations=1):
    if image is None:
        return None
    if operation == "Binarize":
        return binarize_image(image, thresh)
    elif operation == "Morphological":
        bin_img = binarize_image(image, thresh=127) if len(image.shape) == 3 else image
        return morphological_op(bin_img, morph_op_, ksize, iterations)
    elif operation == "Extract Boundary":
        bin_img = binarize_image(image, thresh=127) if len(image.shape) == 3 else image
        return extract_boundary(bin_img, ksize=ksize)
    elif operation == "Skeletonize":
        bin_img = binarize_image(image, thresh=127) if len(image.shape) == 3 else image
        return skeletonize_image(bin_img)
    else:
        return image

# Image Restoration
def tab_restoration(image, operation, ksize=5, sigma=1.0, noise_var=0.01, top_left_r=0, top_left_c=0, bot_right_r=10, bot_right_c=10, inpaint_radius=3):
    if image is None:
        return None
    if operation == "Add Noise + Wiener Filter":
        noisy = add_noise(image, 0, 25)
        return wiener_filter(noisy, ksize, noise_var)
    elif operation == "Add Noise + Gaussian Filter":
        noisy = add_noise(image, 0, 25)
        return gaussian_filter_restoration(noisy, ksize, sigma)
    elif operation == "Inpainting":
        return inpaint_image(image, (top_left_r, top_left_c), (bot_right_r, bot_right_c), inpaint_radius)
    else:
        return image

# Image Matching
def tab_matching(image1, image2, operation, feature_method='ORB', match_method='BF', templ_thresh=0.8):
    if image1 is None or image2 is None:
        return None
    if operation == "Feature Detection & Matching":
        return match_features(image1, image2, method=feature_method, match_method=match_method)
    elif operation == "Template Matching":
        return template_match(image1, image2, threshold=templ_thresh)
    else:
        return None

def build_demo():
    with gr.Blocks() as demo:
        gr.Markdown("## Image Processing And Recognition")
        with gr.Tabs():
            # Basic Image Operations
            with gr.TabItem("Basic Image Operations"):
                gr.Markdown("### Basic Image Operations")

                # Tab Greyscale
                with gr.TabItem("Greyscale"):
                    with gr.Row():
                        input_image_basic1 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 1")
                        output_image_basic = gr.Image(label="Output Image")
                    run_basic = gr.Button("Apply")
                    run_basic.click(
                        fn=to_greyscale,
                        inputs=[input_image_basic1],
                        outputs=[output_image_basic]
                    )

                # Tab Negative
                with gr.TabItem("Negative"):
                    with gr.Row():
                        input_image_basic1 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 1")
                        output_image_basic = gr.Image(label="Output Image")
                    run_basic = gr.Button("Apply")
                    run_basic.click(
                        fn=to_negative,
                        inputs=[input_image_basic1],
                        outputs=[output_image_basic]
                    )

                # Tab Adjust Color
                with gr.TabItem("Adjust Color"):
                    with gr.Row():
                        input_image_basic1 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 1")
                        output_image_basic = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                    r_factor = gr.Slider(0.0, 2.0, value=1.0, step=0.1, label="Red Factor")
                    g_factor = gr.Slider(0.0, 2.0, value=1.0, step=0.1, label="Green Factor")
                    b_factor = gr.Slider(0.0, 2.0, value=1.0, step=0.1, label="Blue Factor")

                    run_basic = gr.Button("Apply")
                    run_basic.click(
                        fn=adjust_color,
                        inputs=[input_image_basic1, r_factor, g_factor, b_factor],
                        outputs=[output_image_basic]
                    )

                # Tab Flip
                with gr.TabItem("Flip"):
                    with gr.Row():
                        input_image_basic1 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 1")
                        output_image_basic = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                    flip_dir = gr.Dropdown(["horizontal", "vertical", "diagonal"], value="horizontal", label="Flip Direction")

                    run_basic = gr.Button("Apply")
                    run_basic.click(
                        fn=flip_image,
                        inputs=[input_image_basic1, flip_dir],
                        outputs=[output_image_basic]
                    )

                # Tab Translate
                with gr.TabItem("Translate"):
                    with gr.Row():
                        input_image_basic1 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 1")
                        output_image_basic = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                    trans_x = gr.Slider(-200, 200, value=0, step=1, label="Translate X")
                    trans_y = gr.Slider(-200, 200, value=0, step=1, label="Translate Y")

                    run_basic = gr.Button("Apply")
                    run_basic.click(
                        fn=translate,
                        inputs=[input_image_basic1, trans_x, trans_y],
                        outputs=[output_image_basic]
                    )

                # Tab Scale
                with gr.TabItem("Scale"):
                    with gr.Row():
                        input_image_basic1 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 1")
                        output_image_basic = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                    scale_w = gr.Number(value=None, label="Scale Width (None=auto)")
                    scale_h = gr.Number(value=None, label="Scale Height (None=auto)")
                    scale_keep_aspect = gr.Checkbox(value=True, label="Keep Aspect Ratio")

                    run_basic = gr.Button("Apply")
                    run_basic.click(
                        fn=scale_image,
                        inputs=[input_image_basic1, scale_w, scale_h, scale_keep_aspect],
                        outputs=[output_image_basic]
                    )

                # Tab Rotate
                with gr.TabItem("Rotate"):
                    with gr.Row():
                        input_image_basic1 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 1")
                        output_image_basic = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                    rot_angle = gr.Slider(-180, 180, value=0, step=1, label="Rotate Angle")
                    rot_clockwise = gr.Checkbox(value=True, label="Rotate Clockwise")

                    run_basic = gr.Button("Apply")
                    run_basic.click(
                        fn=rotate,
                        inputs=[input_image_basic1, rot_angle, rot_clockwise],
                        outputs=[output_image_basic]
                    )

                # Tab Crop
                with gr.TabItem("Crop"):
                    with gr.Row():
                        input_image_basic1 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 1")
                        output_image_basic = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                    crop_x = gr.Slider(0, 300, value=0, step=1, label="Crop X")
                    crop_y = gr.Slider(0, 300, value=0, step=1, label="Crop Y")
                    crop_w = gr.Slider(0, 300, value=100, step=1, label="Crop Width")
                    crop_h = gr.Slider(0, 300, value=100, step=1, label="Crop Height")

                    run_basic = gr.Button("Apply")
                    run_basic.click(
                        fn=crop,
                        inputs=[input_image_basic1, crop_x, crop_y, crop_w, crop_h],
                        outputs=[output_image_basic]
                    )

                # Tab Blend
                with gr.TabItem("Blend"):
                    with gr.Row():
                        input_image_basic1 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 1")
                        input_image_basic2 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 2 (for blend)")
                        output_image_basic = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                    blend_alpha = gr.Slider(0.0, 1.0, value=0.5, step=0.05, label="Blend Alpha")

                    run_basic = gr.Button("Apply")
                    run_basic.click(
                        fn=blend,
                        inputs=[input_image_basic1, input_image_basic2, blend_alpha],
                        outputs=[output_image_basic]
                    )

                # Tab Brightness & Contrast
                with gr.TabItem("Brightness & Contrast"):
                    with gr.Row():
                        input_image_basic1 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 1")
                        output_image_basic = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                    bright_val = gr.Slider(-100, 100, value=50, step=1, label="Brightness")
                    contrast_val = gr.Slider(0.1, 3.0, value=1.2, step=0.1, label="Contrast")

                    run_basic = gr.Button("Apply")
                    run_basic.click(
                        fn=adjust_brightness_contrast,
                        inputs=[input_image_basic1, bright_val, contrast_val],
                        outputs=[output_image_basic]
                    )

                # Tab Color Filter
                with gr.TabItem("Color Filter"):
                    with gr.Row():
                        input_image_basic1 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 1")
                        output_image_basic = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                    filter_type = gr.Radio(
                        ["Custom", "Sepia", "Cyanotype"],
                        label="Select Filter Type",
                        value="Custom",
                    )

                    filter_lower_H = gr.Slider(0, 179, value=0, step=1, label="Filter Lower H")
                    filter_lower_S = gr.Slider(0, 255, value=0, step=1, label="Filter Lower S")
                    filter_lower_V = gr.Slider(0, 255, value=0, step=1, label="Filter Lower V")

                    filter_upper_H = gr.Slider(0, 179, value=179, step=1, label="Filter Upper H")
                    filter_upper_S = gr.Slider(0, 255, value=255, step=1, label="Filter Upper S")
                    filter_upper_V = gr.Slider(0, 255, value=255, step=1, label="Filter Upper V")

                    run_basic = gr.Button("Apply")

                    def apply_selected_filter(image, filter_type, lower_H, lower_S, lower_V, upper_H, upper_S, upper_V):
                        if filter_type == "Custom":
                            lowerb = (lower_H, lower_S, lower_V)
                            upperb = (upper_H, upper_S, upper_V)
                            return color_filter(image, lowerb, upperb)
                        elif filter_type == "Sepia":
                            return apply_sepia(image)
                        elif filter_type == "Cyanotype":
                            return apply_cyanotype(image)

                    run_basic.click(
                        fn=apply_selected_filter,
                        inputs=[input_image_basic1, filter_type, filter_lower_H, filter_lower_S, filter_lower_V, filter_upper_H, filter_upper_S, filter_upper_V],
                        outputs=[output_image_basic]
                    )

                # Tab Add Border
                with gr.TabItem("Add Border"):
                    with gr.Row():
                        input_image_basic1 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 1")
                        output_image_basic = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                    border_top = gr.Slider(0, 100, value=0, step=1, label="Border Top")
                    border_bottom = gr.Slider(0, 100, value=0, step=1, label="Border Bottom")
                    border_left = gr.Slider(0, 100, value=0, step=1, label="Border Left")
                    border_right = gr.Slider(0, 100, value=0, step=1, label="Border Right")
                    border_color_str = gr.Textbox(value="0,0,0", label="Border Color (R,G,B)")

                    run_basic = gr.Button("Apply")
                    run_basic.click(
                        fn=add_border,
                        inputs=[input_image_basic1, border_top, border_bottom, border_left, border_right, border_color_str],
                        outputs=[output_image_basic]
                    )

                # Tab Overlay
                with gr.TabItem("Overlay"):
                    with gr.Row():
                        input_image_basic1 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 1")
                        input_image_basic2 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 2 (for overlay)")
                        output_image_basic = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                    overlay_x = gr.Slider(0, 300, value=0, step=1, label="Overlay X")
                    overlay_y = gr.Slider(0, 300, value=0, step=1, label="Overlay Y")
                    overlay_alpha = gr.Slider(0.0, 1.0, value=0.5, step=0.05, label="Overlay Alpha")

                    run_basic = gr.Button("Apply")
                    run_basic.click(
                        fn=overlay,
                        inputs=[input_image_basic1, input_image_basic2, overlay_x, overlay_y, overlay_alpha],
                        outputs=[output_image_basic]
                    )

            # Mathematical Operations
            with gr.TabItem("Mathematical Operations"):
                gr.Markdown("### Mathematical Operations on Images")
                with gr.Row():
                    input_image_math1 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 1")
                    input_image_math2 = gr.Image(label="Input Image 2 (ignored if NOT)")
                    output_image_math = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                operation_math = gr.Radio(
                    choices=["Add", "Subtract", "Multiply", "Divide",
                             "Bitwise (AND)", "Bitwise (OR)", "Bitwise (XOR)", "Bitwise (NOT)"],
                    value="add",
                    label="Pixelwise Operation"
                )
                run_math = gr.Button("Apply Operation")
                run_math.click(
                    tab_pixelwise_op,
                    inputs=[input_image_math1, input_image_math2, operation_math],
                    outputs=[output_image_math]
                )

            # Transforms & Filtering
            with gr.TabItem("Transforms & Filtering"):
                gr.Markdown("### Transforms & Filtering")

                with gr.Row():
                    input_image_tf = gr.Image(type="numpy", label="Input Image")  # Ensure 'numpy' type for the input image
                    output_image_tf = gr.Image(type="numpy", label="Output Image")  # Ensure 'numpy' type for the output image

                # Dropdown to choose operation
                operation_tf = gr.Radio(
                    choices=["FFT", "Mean Blur", "Gaussian Blur", "Median Blur",
                            "Sobel Edge", "Canny Edge", "Laplacian Edge"],
                    value="FFT",
                    label="Select Operation"
                )

                # Sliders for kernel size, sigma, and Canny thresholds
                ksize_tf = gr.Slider(1, 15, step=1, value=3, label="Kernel Size (blur/edge)")
                sigma_tf = gr.Slider(0.1, 5.0, step=0.1, value=1.0, label="Sigma (Gaussian)")
                t1_tf = gr.Slider(0, 255, value=50, step=1, label="Canny Threshold1")
                t2_tf = gr.Slider(0, 255, value=150, step=1, label="Canny Threshold2")

                run_tf = gr.Button("Process")
                def _process_tf(img, op, k, s, c1, c2):
                    return tab_transform_filter(img, op, k, s, c1, c2)

                # Set up the button click interaction
                run_tf.click(_process_tf,
                            inputs=[input_image_tf, operation_tf, ksize_tf, sigma_tf, t1_tf, t2_tf],
                            outputs=[output_image_tf])

            # Enhancement
            with gr.TabItem("Enhancement"):
                gr.Markdown("### Image Enhancement")
                with gr.Row():
                    input_image_en = gr.Image(label="Input Image")
                    output_image_en = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                operation_en = gr.Radio(
                    choices=["Histogram Equalization", "Contrast Stretching", "Gamma Correction"],
                    value="Histogram Equalization",
                    label="Select Enhancement"
                )
                in_low_en = gr.Slider(0, 255, value=0, step=1, label="In Low (Contrast Stretch)")
                in_high_en = gr.Slider(0, 255, value=255, step=1, label="In High (Contrast Stretch)")
                gamma_en = gr.Slider(0.1, 5.0, value=1.0, step=0.1, label="Gamma")

                run_en = gr.Button("Enhance")
                def _process_en(img, op, low, high, gm):
                    return tab_enhancement(img, op, low, high, gm)
                run_en.click(_process_en,
                             inputs=[input_image_en, operation_en, in_low_en, in_high_en, gamma_en],
                             outputs=[output_image_en])

            # Compression
            with gr.TabItem("Compression"):
                gr.Markdown("### Image Compression")
                with gr.Row():
                    input_image_comp = gr.Image(label="Input Image")
                    output_comp_image = gr.Image(label="Output Image", interactive=False)

                operation_comp = gr.Radio(
                    choices=["RLE", "DCT"],
                    value="RLE",
                    label="Select Compression"
                )

                run_comp = gr.Button("Compress")

                def _process_comp(img, op):
                    result = tab_compression(img, op)
                    return result

                run_comp.click(
                    _process_comp,
                    inputs=[input_image_comp, operation_comp],
                    outputs=[output_comp_image]
                )

            # Tab: Segmentation
            with gr.TabItem("Segmentation"):
                gr.Markdown("### Image Segmentation")
                with gr.Row():
                    input_image_seg = gr.Image(label="Input Image")
                    output_image_seg = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                operation_seg = gr.Radio(
                    choices=["Global Thresholding", "Adaptive Thresholding", "K-Means"],
                    value="Global Thresholding",
                    label="Select Segmentation"
                )
                thresh_seg = gr.Slider(0, 255, value=128, step=1, label="Threshold (Global)")
                block_seg = gr.Slider(3, 31, step=2, value=11, label="Block Size (Adaptive)")
                c_seg = gr.Slider(0, 10, value=2, step=1, label="C (Adaptive)")
                k_seg = gr.Slider(2, 10, value=3, step=1, label="K (K-Means)")

                run_seg = gr.Button("Segment")
                def _process_seg(img, op, th, bs, c_, k_):
                    return tab_segmentation(img, op, th, bs, c_, k_)
                run_seg.click(_process_seg,
                              inputs=[input_image_seg, operation_seg, thresh_seg, block_seg, c_seg, k_seg],
                              outputs=[output_image_seg])

            # Tab: Binary Processing
            with gr.TabItem("Binary Processing"):
                gr.Markdown("### Binary Image Processing")
                with gr.Row():
                    input_image_bin = gr.Image(label="Input Image")
                    output_image_bin = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                operation_bin = gr.Radio(
                    choices=["Binarize", "Morphological", "Extract Boundary", "Skeletonize"],
                    value="Binarize",
                    label="Select Operation"
                )
                thresh_bin = gr.Slider(0, 255, value=127, step=1, label="Threshold")
                morph_op_bin = gr.Dropdown(
                    choices=["erosion", "dilation", "opening", "closing"],
                    value="erosion",
                    label="Morphological Operation"
                )
                ksize_bin = gr.Slider(1, 15, value=3, step=1, label="Kernel Size")
                iter_bin = gr.Slider(1, 10, value=1, step=1, label="Iterations")

                run_bin = gr.Button("Process Binary")
                def _process_bin(img, op, th, mop, ks, iters):
                    return tab_binary(img, op, th, mop, ks, iters)
                run_bin.click(_process_bin,
                              inputs=[input_image_bin, operation_bin, thresh_bin, morph_op_bin, ksize_bin, iter_bin],
                              outputs=[output_image_bin])

            # Tab: Restoration
            with gr.TabItem("Restoration"):
                gr.Markdown("### Image Restoration")
                with gr.Row():
                    input_image_rest = gr.Image(label="Input Image")
                    output_image_rest = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                operation_rest = gr.Radio(
                    choices=["Add Noise + Wiener Filter", "Add Noise + Gaussian Filter", "Inpainting"],
                    value="Add Noise + Wiener Filter",
                    label="Select Restoration"
                )
                ksize_rest = gr.Slider(1, 15, value=5, step=1, label="Kernel Size (Wiener/Gaussian)")
                sigma_rest = gr.Slider(0.1, 5.0, value=1.0, step=0.1, label="Sigma (Gaussian)")
                noise_var_rest = gr.Slider(0.001, 1.0, value=0.01, step=0.01, label="Noise Var (Wiener)")
                top_left_r = gr.Number(value=0, label="Inpaint Top Row")
                top_left_c = gr.Number(value=0, label="Inpaint Left Col")
                bot_right_r = gr.Number(value=50, label="Inpaint Bottom Row")
                bot_right_c = gr.Number(value=50, label="Inpaint Right Col")
                inpaint_rad = gr.Slider(1, 10, value=3, step=1, label="Inpaint Radius")

                run_rest = gr.Button("Restore")
                def _process_rest(img, op, ks, sg, nv, r1, c1, r2, c2, ipr):
                    return tab_restoration(img, op, ks, sg, nv, int(r1), int(c1), int(r2), int(c2), ipr)
                run_rest.click(_process_rest,
                               inputs=[input_image_rest, operation_rest, ksize_rest, sigma_rest, noise_var_rest,
                                       top_left_r, top_left_c, bot_right_r, bot_right_c, inpaint_rad],
                               outputs=[output_image_rest])

            # Tab: Matching
            with gr.TabItem("Matching"):
                gr.Markdown("### Image Matching")
                with gr.Row():
                    input_image_match1 = gr.Image(label="Main Image / Image1")
                    input_image_match2 = gr.Image(label="Template / Image2")
                output_image_match = gr.Image(label="Output Image")

                operation_match = gr.Radio(
                    choices=["Feature Detection & Matching", "Template Matching"],
                    value="Feature Detection & Matching",
                    label="Select Matching Operation"
                )
                feature_method = gr.Dropdown(choices=["ORB", "SIFT"], value="ORB", label="Feature Method")
                match_method = gr.Dropdown(choices=["BF", "FLANN"], value="BF", label="Match Method")
                templ_thresh = gr.Slider(0.0, 1.0, value=0.8, step=0.01, label="Template Threshold")

                run_match = gr.Button("Match")
                def _process_match(img1, img2, op, fm, mm, thr):
                    return tab_matching(img1, img2, op, fm, mm, thr)
                run_match.click(_process_match,
                                inputs=[input_image_match1, input_image_match2, operation_match,
                                        feature_method, match_method, templ_thresh],
                                outputs=[output_image_match])
    return demo


if __name__ == "__main__":
    demo = build_demo()
    demo.launch(share=True)