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+# Use official Python base (slim to keep image small)
+FROM python:3.12-slim
+
+# ---- system deps (for pydub/ffmpeg + soundfile) ----
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    ffmpeg \
+    libsndfile1 \
+    git \
+  && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# Create and switch to a non-root user
+RUN useradd -m -u 1000 user
+USER user
+ENV PATH="/home/user/.local/bin:$PATH"
+
+# Working directory inside the container
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Copy requirements first (better cache)
+COPY --chown=user ./requirements.txt requirements.txt
+
+# Upgrade pip and install deps
+RUN python -m pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade pip \
+ && pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt
+
+# Optional: pre-download NLTK resource used by the app
+# (avoids downloading at runtime in a locked-down environment)
+RUN python - <<'PY'
+import nltk
+try:
+    nltk.download("punkt_tab")
+except Exception as e:
+    print("NLTK download warning:", e)
+PY
+
+# Copy app code
+COPY --chown=user . /app
+
+# Expose the default Spaces port
+EXPOSE 7860
+
+# Run FastAPI server (Spaces sets $PORT, default to 7860)
+CMD ["bash", "-lc", "uvicorn app:app --host 0.0.0.0 --port ${PORT:-7860}"]