import type { CorpusDataset } from '../types/corpus'; export const MSMARCO_SUBSET_DATASET: CorpusDataset = { id: 'msmarco-subset', name: 'MS MARCO Passage (Pedagogical Subset)', description: 'Curated 50-passage subset from MS MARCO Passage Ranking (Lesson 1-3), featuring query 1048585 (Uncle Bubba Hiers / Paula Deen) and query 2 (Androgen receptor define).', format: 'jsonl', documentCount: 50, documents: [ { "id": "7187158", "title": "Uncle Bubba Hiers & Paula Deen Lawsuit", "text": "Paula Deen and her brother Earl W. Bubba Hiers are being sued by a former general manager at Uncle Bubba's Seafood and Oyster House for discrimination and sexual harassment. Earl W. Bubba Hiers is Paula Deen's younger brother.", "goldRelevance": 2 }, { "id": "4339068", "title": "Androgen Receptor (AR / NR3C4) Definition", "text": "The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding either of the androgenic hormones, testosterone, or dihydrotestosterone in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus. In some cell types, testosterone interacts directly with androgen receptors, whereas, in others, testosterone is converted by 5-alpha-reductase to dihydrotestosterone, an even more potent agonist for androgen receptor activation." }, { "id": "0", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #0", "text": "The presence of communication amid scientific minds was equally important to the success of the Manhattan Project as scientific intellect was. The only cloud hanging over the impressive achievement of the atomic researchers and engineers is what their success truly meant; hundreds of thousands of innocent lives obliterated." }, { "id": "1", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #1", "text": "The Manhattan Project and its atomic bomb helped bring an end to World War II. Its legacy of peaceful uses of atomic energy continues to have an impact on history and science." }, { "id": "2", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #2", "text": "Essay on The Manhattan Project - The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was to see if making an atomic bomb possible. The success of this project would forever change the world forever making it known that something this powerful can be manmade." }, { "id": "3", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #3", "text": "The Manhattan Project was the name for a project conducted during World War II, to develop the first atomic bomb. It refers specifically to the period of the project from 194 \u00e2\u0080\u00a6 2-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves." }, { "id": "4", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #4", "text": "versions of each volume as well as complementary websites. The first website\u00e2\u0080\u0093The Manhattan Project: An Interactive History\u00e2\u0080\u0093is available on the Office of History and Heritage Resources website, http://www.cfo. doe.gov/me70/history. The Office of History and Heritage Resources and the National Nuclear Security" }, { "id": "5", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #5", "text": "The Manhattan Project. This once classified photograph features the first atomic bomb \u00e2\u0080\u0094 a weapon that atomic scientists had nicknamed Gadget.. The nuclear age began on July 16, 1945, when it was detonated in the New Mexico desert." }, { "id": "6", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #6", "text": "Nor will it attempt to substitute for the extraordinarily rich literature on the atomic bombs and the end of World War II. This collection does not attempt to document the origins and development of the Manhattan Project." }, { "id": "7", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #7", "text": "Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs. The Army component of the project " }, { "id": "8", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #8", "text": "In June 1942, the United States Army Corps of Engineersbegan the Manhattan Project- The secret name for the 2 atomic bombs." }, { "id": "9", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #9", "text": "One of the main reasons Hanford was selected as a site for the Manhattan Project's B Reactor was its proximity to the Columbia River, the largest river flowing into the Pacific Ocean from the North American coast." }, { "id": "10", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #10", "text": "group discussions, community boards or panels with a third party, or victim and offender dialogues, and requires a skilled facilitator who also has sufficient understanding of sexual assault, domestic violence, and dating violence, as well as trauma and safety issues." }, { "id": "11", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #11", "text": "punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender's criminal act. Ex: community service, Big Brother program indeterminate sentence" }, { "id": "12", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #12", "text": "Tutorial: Introduction to Restorative Justice. Restorative justice is a theory of justice that emphasizes repairing the harm caused by criminal behaviour. It is best accomplished through cooperative processes that include all stakeholders. This can lead to transformation of people, relationships and communities. Practices and programs reflecting restorative purposes will respond to crime by: 1 identifying and taking steps to repair harm, 2 involving all stakeholders, and. 3 transforming the t" }, { "id": "13", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #13", "text": "Organize volunteer community panels, boards, or committees that meet with the offender to discuss the incident and offender obligation to repair the harm to victims and community members. Facilitate the process of apologies to victims and communities. Invite local victim advocates to provide ongoing victim-awareness training for probation staff." }, { "id": "14", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #14", "text": "The purpose of this paper is to point out a number of unresolved issues in the criminal justice system, present the underlying principles of restorative justice, and then to review the growing amount of empirical data on victim-offender mediation." }, { "id": "15", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #15", "text": "Each of these types of communities\u00e2\u0080\u0094the geographic community of the victim, offender, or crime; the community of care; and civil society\u00e2\u0080\u0094may be injured by crime in different ways and degrees, but all will be affected in common ways as well: The sense of safety and confidence of their members is threatened, order within the community is threatened, and (depending on the kind of crime) common values of the community are challenged and perhaps eroded." }, { "id": "16", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #16", "text": "The approach is based on a theory of justice that considers crime and wrongdoing to be an offense against an individual or community, rather than the State. Restorative justice that fosters dialogue between victim and offender has shown the highest rates of victim satisfaction and offender accountability." }, { "id": "17", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #17", "text": "Inherent in many people\u00e2\u0080\u0099s understanding of the notion of ADR is the existence of a dispute between identifiable parties. Criminal justice, however, is not usually conceptualised as a dispute between victim and offender, but is instead seen as a matter concerning the relationship between the offender and the state. This raises a complex question as to whether a criminal offence can properly be described as a \u00e2\u0080\u0098dispute\u00e2\u0080\u0099." }, { "id": "18", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #18", "text": "Criminal justice, however, is not usually conceptualised as a dispute between victim and offender, but is instead seen as a matter concerning the relationship between the offender and the state. 3 This raises a complex question as to whether a criminal offence can properly be described as a \u00e2\u0080\u0098dispute\u00e2\u0080\u0099." }, { "id": "19", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #19", "text": "The circle includes a wide range of participants including not only the offender and the victim but also friends and families, community members, and justice system representatives. The primary distinction between conferencing and circles is that circles do not focus exclusively on the offense and do not limit their solutions to repairing the harm between the victim and the offender." }, { "id": "20", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #20", "text": "Phloem is a conductive (or vascular) tissue found in plants. Phloem carries the products of photosynthesis (sucrose and glucose) from the leaves to other parts of the plant. \u00e2\u0080\u00a6 The corresponding system that circulates water and minerals from the roots is called the xylem." }, { "id": "21", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #21", "text": "Phloem and xylem are complex tissues that perform transportation of food and water in a plant. They are the vascular tissues of the plant and together form vascular bundles. They work together as a unit to bring about effective transportation of food, nutrients, minerals and water." }, { "id": "22", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #22", "text": "Phloem and xylem are complex tissues that perform transportation of food and water in a plant. They are the vascular tissues of the plant and together form vascular bundles." }, { "id": "23", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #23", "text": "Phloem is a conductive (or vascular) tissue found in plants. Phloem carries the products of photosynthesis (sucrose and glucose) from the leaves to other parts of the plant." }, { "id": "24", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #24", "text": "Unlike xylem (which is composed primarily of dead cells), the phloem is composed of still-living cells that transport sap. The sap is a water-based solution, but rich in sugars made by the photosynthetic areas." }, { "id": "25", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #25", "text": "In xylem vessels water travels by bulk flow rather than cell diffusion. In phloem, concentration of organic substance inside a phloem cell (e.g., leaf) creates a diffusion gradient by which water flows into cells and phloem sap moves from source of organic substance to sugar sinks by turgor pressure." }, { "id": "26", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #26", "text": "The mechanism by which sugars are transported through the phloem, from sources to sinks, is called pressure flow. At the sources (usually the leaves), sugar molecules are moved into the sieve elements (phloem cells) through active transport." }, { "id": "27", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #27", "text": "Phloem carries the products of photosynthesis (sucrose and glucose) from the leaves to other parts of the plant. \u00e2\u0080\u00a6 The corresponding system that circulates water and minerals from the roots is called the xylem." }, { "id": "28", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #28", "text": "Xylem transports water and soluble mineral nutrients from roots to various parts of the plant. It is responsible for replacing water lost through transpiration and photosynthesis. Phloem translocates sugars made by photosynthetic areas of plants to storage organs like roots, tubers or bulbs." }, { "id": "29", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #29", "text": "At this time the Industrial Workers of the World had a membership of over 100,000 members. In 1913 William Haywood replaced Vincent Saint John as secretary-treasurer of the Industrial Workers of the World. By this time, the IWW had 100,000 members." }, { "id": "30", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #30", "text": "This was not true of the Industrial Workers of the World and as a result many of its members were first and second generation immigrants. Several immigrants such as Mary 'Mother' Jones, Hubert Harrison, Carlo Tresca, Arturo Giovannitti and Joe Haaglund Hill became leaders of the organization." }, { "id": "31", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #31", "text": "Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts. In the 1850s, Chinese workers migrated to the United States, first to work in the gold mines, but also to take agricultural jobs, and factory work, especially in the garment industry." }, { "id": "32", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #32", "text": "The Rise of Industrial America, 1877-1900. When in 1873 Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner entitled their co-authored novel The Gilded Age, they gave the late nineteenth century its popular name. The term reflected the combination of outward wealth and dazzle with inner corruption and poverty." }, { "id": "33", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #33", "text": "American objections to Chinese immigration took many forms, and generally stemmed from economic and cultural tensions, as well as ethnic discrimination. Most Chinese laborers who came to the United States did so in order to send money back to China to support their families there." }, { "id": "34", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #34", "text": "The rise of industrial America, the dominance of wage labor, and the growth of cities represented perhaps the greatest changes of the period. Few Americans at the end of the Civil War had anticipated the rapid rise of American industry." }, { "id": "35", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #35", "text": "The resulting Angell Treaty permitted the United States to restrict, but not completely prohibit, Chinese immigration. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which, per the terms of the Angell Treaty, suspended the immigration of Chinese laborers (skilled or unskilled) for a period of 10 years." }, { "id": "36", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #36", "text": "Industrial Workers of the World. In 1905 representatives of 43 groups who opposed the policies of American Federation of Labour, formed the radical labour organisation, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). The IWW's goal was to promote worker solidarity in the revolutionary struggle to overthrow the employing class." }, { "id": "37", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #37", "text": "The railroads powered the industrial economy. They consumed the majority of iron and steel produced in the United States before 1890. As late as 1882, steel rails accounted for 90 percent of the steel production in the United States. They were the nation\u00e2\u0080\u0099s largest consumer of lumber and a major consumer of coal." }, { "id": "38", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #38", "text": "This finally resulted in legislation that aimed to limit future immigration of Chinese workers to the United States, and threatened to sour diplomatic relations between the United States and China." }, { "id": "39", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #39", "text": "Costa Rica is known as a prime Eco-tourism destination so visitors are assured of majestic views, amazing destination spots and a temperate climate. These factors assure medical tourists of an excellent vacation experience that is conducive for recovery and relaxation." }, { "id": "40", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #40", "text": "Medical Tours Costa Rica: Medical Tourism Made Easy! \u00e2\u0080\u009cNo Other Firm Has Helped More Patients. Receive Care Over the Last 15 Years\u00e2\u0080\u009d" }, { "id": "41", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #41", "text": "Medical Tours Costa Rica difference: At MTCR, our aim is to become your \u00e2\u0080\u009cone-stop shop\u00e2\u0080\u009d for health care services, so we have put together packages with you, the medical tourist, in mind, offering a wide variety of specialties." }, { "id": "42", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #42", "text": "Cost of Medical Treatment in Costa Rica. The following are cost comparisons between Medical procedures in Costa Rica and equivalent procedures in the United States: [sources: 1,2]" }, { "id": "43", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #43", "text": "Common Treatments done by Medical Tourists in Costa Rica. Known initially for its excellent dental surgery services, medical tourism in Costa Rica has spread to a variety of other medical procedures, including: General and cosmetic dentistry; Cosmetic surgery; Aesthetic procedures (botox, skin resurfacing etc) Bariatric and Laparoscopic surgery" }, { "id": "44", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #44", "text": "Medical Tours costa Rica office remains within the hospital and the Cook brothers 15 year relationship running the hospital\u00e2\u0080\u0099s insurance office and seven years running the international patient department serves you the client very well." }, { "id": "45", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #45", "text": "About us. Medical Tours Costa Rica has helped thousands of patients and are the innovators in medical travel to Costa Rica. Brad and Bill Cook are visionaries that saw the writing on the wall while running the International insurance office for Costa Rica\u00e2\u0080\u0099s busiest and most respected hospital The Clinica Biblica." }, { "id": "46", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #46", "text": "In an era of rising health care costs and decreased medical coverage, the concept of combining surgery with travel has taken off. The last decade has seen a boom in the health tourism sector in Costa Rica, especially in the area of plastic surgery." }, { "id": "47", "title": "MS MARCO Passage #47", "text": "The World Bank ranked Costa Rica as having the highest life expectancy, at 78.7 years. This figure is the highest amongst all countries in Latin America, and is equivalent to the level in Canada and higher than the United States by a year. Top Hospitals for Medical Tourism in Costa Rica" } ], queries: [ { id: '1048585', text: "what is paula deen's brother", datasetId: 'msmarco-subset', relevantDocIds: ['7187158'], metadata: { category: 'trivia/celebrity', devSet: 'queries.dev.small.tsv' } } ], qrels: [ { queryId: '1048585', iteration: '0', docId: '7187158', relevance: 2 } ], files: [ { path: '/collections/msmarco/collection_jsonl/docs00.json', name: 'docs00.json', type: 'jsonl', sizeBytes: 15686, lineCount: 50, datasetId: 'msmarco-subset', rawContent: "{\"id\": \"7187158\", \"contents\": \"Paula Deen and her brother Earl W. Bubba Hiers are being sued by a former general manager at Uncle Bubba's Seafood and Oyster House for discrimination and sexual harassment. Earl W. Bubba Hiers is Paula Deen's younger brother.\"}\n{\"id\": \"4339068\", \"contents\": \"The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding either of the androgenic hormones, testosterone, or dihydrotestosterone in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus. In some cell types, testosterone interacts directly with androgen receptors, whereas, in others, testosterone is converted by 5-alpha-reductase to dihydrotestosterone, an even more potent agonist for androgen receptor activation.\"}\n{\"id\": \"0\", \"contents\": \"The presence of communication amid scientific minds was equally important to the success of the Manhattan Project as scientific intellect was. The only cloud hanging over the impressive achievement of the atomic researchers and engineers is what their success truly meant; hundreds of thousands of innocent lives obliterated.\"}\n{\"id\": \"1\", \"contents\": \"The Manhattan Project and its atomic bomb helped bring an end to World War II. Its legacy of peaceful uses of atomic energy continues to have an impact on history and science.\"}\n{\"id\": \"2\", \"contents\": \"Essay on The Manhattan Project - The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was to see if making an atomic bomb possible. The success of this project would forever change the world forever making it known that something this powerful can be manmade.\"}\n{\"id\": \"3\", \"contents\": \"The Manhattan Project was the name for a project conducted during World War II, to develop the first atomic bomb. It refers specifically to the period of the project from 194 \\u00e2\\u0080\\u00a6 2-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves.\"}\n{\"id\": \"4\", \"contents\": \"versions of each volume as well as complementary websites. The first website\\u00e2\\u0080\\u0093The Manhattan Project: An Interactive History\\u00e2\\u0080\\u0093is available on the Office of History and Heritage Resources website, http://www.cfo. doe.gov/me70/history. The Office of History and Heritage Resources and the National Nuclear Security\"}\n{\"id\": \"5\", \"contents\": \"The Manhattan Project. This once classified photograph features the first atomic bomb \\u00e2\\u0080\\u0094 a weapon that atomic scientists had nicknamed Gadget.. The nuclear age began on July 16, 1945, when it was detonated in the New Mexico desert.\"}\n{\"id\": \"6\", \"contents\": \"Nor will it attempt to substitute for the extraordinarily rich literature on the atomic bombs and the end of World War II. This collection does not attempt to document the origins and development of the Manhattan Project.\"}\n{\"id\": \"7\", \"contents\": \"Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs. The Army component of the project \"}\n{\"id\": \"8\", \"contents\": \"In June 1942, the United States Army Corps of Engineersbegan the Manhattan Project- The secret name for the 2 atomic bombs.\"}\n{\"id\": \"9\", \"contents\": \"One of the main reasons Hanford was selected as a site for the Manhattan Project's B Reactor was its proximity to the Columbia River, the largest river flowing into the Pacific Ocean from the North American coast.\"}\n{\"id\": \"10\", \"contents\": \"group discussions, community boards or panels with a third party, or victim and offender dialogues, and requires a skilled facilitator who also has sufficient understanding of sexual assault, domestic violence, and dating violence, as well as trauma and safety issues.\"}\n{\"id\": \"11\", \"contents\": \"punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender's criminal act. Ex: community service, Big Brother program indeterminate sentence\"}\n{\"id\": \"12\", \"contents\": \"Tutorial: Introduction to Restorative Justice. Restorative justice is a theory of justice that emphasizes repairing the harm caused by criminal behaviour. It is best accomplished through cooperative processes that include all stakeholders. This can lead to transformation of people, relationships and communities. Practices and programs reflecting restorative purposes will respond to crime by: 1 identifying and taking steps to repair harm, 2 involving all stakeholders, and. 3 transforming the t\"}\n{\"id\": \"13\", \"contents\": \"Organize volunteer community panels, boards, or committees that meet with the offender to discuss the incident and offender obligation to repair the harm to victims and community members. Facilitate the process of apologies to victims and communities. Invite local victim advocates to provide ongoing victim-awareness training for probation staff.\"}\n{\"id\": \"14\", \"contents\": \"The purpose of this paper is to point out a number of unresolved issues in the criminal justice system, present the underlying principles of restorative justice, and then to review the growing amount of empirical data on victim-offender mediation.\"}\n{\"id\": \"15\", \"contents\": \"Each of these types of communities\\u00e2\\u0080\\u0094the geographic community of the victim, offender, or crime; the community of care; and civil society\\u00e2\\u0080\\u0094may be injured by crime in different ways and degrees, but all will be affected in common ways as well: The sense of safety and confidence of their members is threatened, order within the community is threatened, and (depending on the kind of crime) common values of the community are challenged and perhaps eroded.\"}\n{\"id\": \"16\", \"contents\": \"The approach is based on a theory of justice that considers crime and wrongdoing to be an offense against an individual or community, rather than the State. Restorative justice that fosters dialogue between victim and offender has shown the highest rates of victim satisfaction and offender accountability.\"}\n{\"id\": \"17\", \"contents\": \"Inherent in many people\\u00e2\\u0080\\u0099s understanding of the notion of ADR is the existence of a dispute between identifiable parties. Criminal justice, however, is not usually conceptualised as a dispute between victim and offender, but is instead seen as a matter concerning the relationship between the offender and the state. This raises a complex question as to whether a criminal offence can properly be described as a \\u00e2\\u0080\\u0098dispute\\u00e2\\u0080\\u0099.\"}\n{\"id\": \"18\", \"contents\": \"Criminal justice, however, is not usually conceptualised as a dispute between victim and offender, but is instead seen as a matter concerning the relationship between the offender and the state. 3 This raises a complex question as to whether a criminal offence can properly be described as a \\u00e2\\u0080\\u0098dispute\\u00e2\\u0080\\u0099.\"}\n{\"id\": \"19\", \"contents\": \"The circle includes a wide range of participants including not only the offender and the victim but also friends and families, community members, and justice system representatives. The primary distinction between conferencing and circles is that circles do not focus exclusively on the offense and do not limit their solutions to repairing the harm between the victim and the offender.\"}\n{\"id\": \"20\", \"contents\": \"Phloem is a conductive (or vascular) tissue found in plants. Phloem carries the products of photosynthesis (sucrose and glucose) from the leaves to other parts of the plant. \\u00e2\\u0080\\u00a6 The corresponding system that circulates water and minerals from the roots is called the xylem.\"}\n{\"id\": \"21\", \"contents\": \"Phloem and xylem are complex tissues that perform transportation of food and water in a plant. They are the vascular tissues of the plant and together form vascular bundles. They work together as a unit to bring about effective transportation of food, nutrients, minerals and water.\"}\n{\"id\": \"22\", \"contents\": \"Phloem and xylem are complex tissues that perform transportation of food and water in a plant. They are the vascular tissues of the plant and together form vascular bundles.\"}\n{\"id\": \"23\", \"contents\": \"Phloem is a conductive (or vascular) tissue found in plants. Phloem carries the products of photosynthesis (sucrose and glucose) from the leaves to other parts of the plant.\"}\n{\"id\": \"24\", \"contents\": \"Unlike xylem (which is composed primarily of dead cells), the phloem is composed of still-living cells that transport sap. The sap is a water-based solution, but rich in sugars made by the photosynthetic areas.\"}\n{\"id\": \"25\", \"contents\": \"In xylem vessels water travels by bulk flow rather than cell diffusion. In phloem, concentration of organic substance inside a phloem cell (e.g., leaf) creates a diffusion gradient by which water flows into cells and phloem sap moves from source of organic substance to sugar sinks by turgor pressure.\"}\n{\"id\": \"26\", \"contents\": \"The mechanism by which sugars are transported through the phloem, from sources to sinks, is called pressure flow. At the sources (usually the leaves), sugar molecules are moved into the sieve elements (phloem cells) through active transport.\"}\n{\"id\": \"27\", \"contents\": \"Phloem carries the products of photosynthesis (sucrose and glucose) from the leaves to other parts of the plant. \\u00e2\\u0080\\u00a6 The corresponding system that circulates water and minerals from the roots is called the xylem.\"}\n{\"id\": \"28\", \"contents\": \"Xylem transports water and soluble mineral nutrients from roots to various parts of the plant. It is responsible for replacing water lost through transpiration and photosynthesis. Phloem translocates sugars made by photosynthetic areas of plants to storage organs like roots, tubers or bulbs.\"}\n{\"id\": \"29\", \"contents\": \"At this time the Industrial Workers of the World had a membership of over 100,000 members. In 1913 William Haywood replaced Vincent Saint John as secretary-treasurer of the Industrial Workers of the World. By this time, the IWW had 100,000 members.\"}\n{\"id\": \"30\", \"contents\": \"This was not true of the Industrial Workers of the World and as a result many of its members were first and second generation immigrants. Several immigrants such as Mary 'Mother' Jones, Hubert Harrison, Carlo Tresca, Arturo Giovannitti and Joe Haaglund Hill became leaders of the organization.\"}\n{\"id\": \"31\", \"contents\": \"Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts. In the 1850s, Chinese workers migrated to the United States, first to work in the gold mines, but also to take agricultural jobs, and factory work, especially in the garment industry.\"}\n{\"id\": \"32\", \"contents\": \"The Rise of Industrial America, 1877-1900. When in 1873 Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner entitled their co-authored novel The Gilded Age, they gave the late nineteenth century its popular name. The term reflected the combination of outward wealth and dazzle with inner corruption and poverty.\"}\n{\"id\": \"33\", \"contents\": \"American objections to Chinese immigration took many forms, and generally stemmed from economic and cultural tensions, as well as ethnic discrimination. Most Chinese laborers who came to the United States did so in order to send money back to China to support their families there.\"}\n{\"id\": \"34\", \"contents\": \"The rise of industrial America, the dominance of wage labor, and the growth of cities represented perhaps the greatest changes of the period. Few Americans at the end of the Civil War had anticipated the rapid rise of American industry.\"}\n{\"id\": \"35\", \"contents\": \"The resulting Angell Treaty permitted the United States to restrict, but not completely prohibit, Chinese immigration. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which, per the terms of the Angell Treaty, suspended the immigration of Chinese laborers (skilled or unskilled) for a period of 10 years.\"}\n{\"id\": \"36\", \"contents\": \"Industrial Workers of the World. In 1905 representatives of 43 groups who opposed the policies of American Federation of Labour, formed the radical labour organisation, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). The IWW's goal was to promote worker solidarity in the revolutionary struggle to overthrow the employing class.\"}\n{\"id\": \"37\", \"contents\": \"The railroads powered the industrial economy. They consumed the majority of iron and steel produced in the United States before 1890. As late as 1882, steel rails accounted for 90 percent of the steel production in the United States. They were the nation\\u00e2\\u0080\\u0099s largest consumer of lumber and a major consumer of coal.\"}\n{\"id\": \"38\", \"contents\": \"This finally resulted in legislation that aimed to limit future immigration of Chinese workers to the United States, and threatened to sour diplomatic relations between the United States and China.\"}\n{\"id\": \"39\", \"contents\": \"Costa Rica is known as a prime Eco-tourism destination so visitors are assured of majestic views, amazing destination spots and a temperate climate. These factors assure medical tourists of an excellent vacation experience that is conducive for recovery and relaxation.\"}\n{\"id\": \"40\", \"contents\": \"Medical Tours Costa Rica: Medical Tourism Made Easy! \\u00e2\\u0080\\u009cNo Other Firm Has Helped More Patients. Receive Care Over the Last 15 Years\\u00e2\\u0080\\u009d\"}\n{\"id\": \"41\", \"contents\": \"Medical Tours Costa Rica difference: At MTCR, our aim is to become your \\u00e2\\u0080\\u009cone-stop shop\\u00e2\\u0080\\u009d for health care services, so we have put together packages with you, the medical tourist, in mind, offering a wide variety of specialties.\"}\n{\"id\": \"42\", \"contents\": \"Cost of Medical Treatment in Costa Rica. The following are cost comparisons between Medical procedures in Costa Rica and equivalent procedures in the United States: [sources: 1,2]\"}\n{\"id\": \"43\", \"contents\": \"Common Treatments done by Medical Tourists in Costa Rica. Known initially for its excellent dental surgery services, medical tourism in Costa Rica has spread to a variety of other medical procedures, including: General and cosmetic dentistry; Cosmetic surgery; Aesthetic procedures (botox, skin resurfacing etc) Bariatric and Laparoscopic surgery\"}\n{\"id\": \"44\", \"contents\": \"Medical Tours costa Rica office remains within the hospital and the Cook brothers 15 year relationship running the hospital\\u00e2\\u0080\\u0099s insurance office and seven years running the international patient department serves you the client very well.\"}\n{\"id\": \"45\", \"contents\": \"About us. Medical Tours Costa Rica has helped thousands of patients and are the innovators in medical travel to Costa Rica. Brad and Bill Cook are visionaries that saw the writing on the wall while running the International insurance office for Costa Rica\\u00e2\\u0080\\u0099s busiest and most respected hospital The Clinica Biblica.\"}\n{\"id\": \"46\", \"contents\": \"In an era of rising health care costs and decreased medical coverage, the concept of combining surgery with travel has taken off. The last decade has seen a boom in the health tourism sector in Costa Rica, especially in the area of plastic surgery.\"}\n{\"id\": \"47\", \"contents\": \"The World Bank ranked Costa Rica as having the highest life expectancy, at 78.7 years. This figure is the highest amongst all countries in Latin America, and is equivalent to the level in Canada and higher than the United States by a year. Top Hospitals for Medical Tourism in Costa Rica\"}" }, { path: '/collections/msmarco/collection.tsv', name: 'collection.tsv', type: 'tsv', sizeBytes: 14196, lineCount: 50, datasetId: 'msmarco-subset', rawContent: "7187158\tPaula Deen and her brother Earl W. Bubba Hiers are being sued by a former general manager at Uncle Bubba's Seafood and Oyster House for discrimination and sexual harassment. Earl W. Bubba Hiers is Paula Deen's younger brother.\n4339068\tThe androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding either of the androgenic hormones, testosterone, or dihydrotestosterone in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus. In some cell types, testosterone interacts directly with androgen receptors, whereas, in others, testosterone is converted by 5-alpha-reductase to dihydrotestosterone, an even more potent agonist for androgen receptor activation.\n0\tThe presence of communication amid scientific minds was equally important to the success of the Manhattan Project as scientific intellect was. The only cloud hanging over the impressive achievement of the atomic researchers and engineers is what their success truly meant; hundreds of thousands of innocent lives obliterated.\n1\tThe Manhattan Project and its atomic bomb helped bring an end to World War II. Its legacy of peaceful uses of atomic energy continues to have an impact on history and science.\n2\tEssay on The Manhattan Project - The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was to see if making an atomic bomb possible. The success of this project would forever change the world forever making it known that something this powerful can be manmade.\n3\tThe Manhattan Project was the name for a project conducted during World War II, to develop the first atomic bomb. It refers specifically to the period of the project from 194 \u00e2\u0080\u00a6 2-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves.\n4\tversions of each volume as well as complementary websites. The first website\u00e2\u0080\u0093The Manhattan Project: An Interactive History\u00e2\u0080\u0093is available on the Office of History and Heritage Resources website, http://www.cfo. doe.gov/me70/history. The Office of History and Heritage Resources and the National Nuclear Security\n5\tThe Manhattan Project. This once classified photograph features the first atomic bomb \u00e2\u0080\u0094 a weapon that atomic scientists had nicknamed Gadget.. The nuclear age began on July 16, 1945, when it was detonated in the New Mexico desert.\n6\tNor will it attempt to substitute for the extraordinarily rich literature on the atomic bombs and the end of World War II. This collection does not attempt to document the origins and development of the Manhattan Project.\n7\tManhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs. The Army component of the project \n8\tIn June 1942, the United States Army Corps of Engineersbegan the Manhattan Project- The secret name for the 2 atomic bombs.\n9\tOne of the main reasons Hanford was selected as a site for the Manhattan Project's B Reactor was its proximity to the Columbia River, the largest river flowing into the Pacific Ocean from the North American coast.\n10\tgroup discussions, community boards or panels with a third party, or victim and offender dialogues, and requires a skilled facilitator who also has sufficient understanding of sexual assault, domestic violence, and dating violence, as well as trauma and safety issues.\n11\tpunishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender's criminal act. Ex: community service, Big Brother program indeterminate sentence\n12\tTutorial: Introduction to Restorative Justice. Restorative justice is a theory of justice that emphasizes repairing the harm caused by criminal behaviour. It is best accomplished through cooperative processes that include all stakeholders. This can lead to transformation of people, relationships and communities. Practices and programs reflecting restorative purposes will respond to crime by: 1 identifying and taking steps to repair harm, 2 involving all stakeholders, and. 3 transforming the t\n13\tOrganize volunteer community panels, boards, or committees that meet with the offender to discuss the incident and offender obligation to repair the harm to victims and community members. Facilitate the process of apologies to victims and communities. Invite local victim advocates to provide ongoing victim-awareness training for probation staff.\n14\tThe purpose of this paper is to point out a number of unresolved issues in the criminal justice system, present the underlying principles of restorative justice, and then to review the growing amount of empirical data on victim-offender mediation.\n15\tEach of these types of communities\u00e2\u0080\u0094the geographic community of the victim, offender, or crime; the community of care; and civil society\u00e2\u0080\u0094may be injured by crime in different ways and degrees, but all will be affected in common ways as well: The sense of safety and confidence of their members is threatened, order within the community is threatened, and (depending on the kind of crime) common values of the community are challenged and perhaps eroded.\n16\tThe approach is based on a theory of justice that considers crime and wrongdoing to be an offense against an individual or community, rather than the State. Restorative justice that fosters dialogue between victim and offender has shown the highest rates of victim satisfaction and offender accountability.\n17\tInherent in many people\u00e2\u0080\u0099s understanding of the notion of ADR is the existence of a dispute between identifiable parties. Criminal justice, however, is not usually conceptualised as a dispute between victim and offender, but is instead seen as a matter concerning the relationship between the offender and the state. This raises a complex question as to whether a criminal offence can properly be described as a \u00e2\u0080\u0098dispute\u00e2\u0080\u0099.\n18\tCriminal justice, however, is not usually conceptualised as a dispute between victim and offender, but is instead seen as a matter concerning the relationship between the offender and the state. 3 This raises a complex question as to whether a criminal offence can properly be described as a \u00e2\u0080\u0098dispute\u00e2\u0080\u0099.\n19\tThe circle includes a wide range of participants including not only the offender and the victim but also friends and families, community members, and justice system representatives. The primary distinction between conferencing and circles is that circles do not focus exclusively on the offense and do not limit their solutions to repairing the harm between the victim and the offender.\n20\tPhloem is a conductive (or vascular) tissue found in plants. Phloem carries the products of photosynthesis (sucrose and glucose) from the leaves to other parts of the plant. \u00e2\u0080\u00a6 The corresponding system that circulates water and minerals from the roots is called the xylem.\n21\tPhloem and xylem are complex tissues that perform transportation of food and water in a plant. They are the vascular tissues of the plant and together form vascular bundles. They work together as a unit to bring about effective transportation of food, nutrients, minerals and water.\n22\tPhloem and xylem are complex tissues that perform transportation of food and water in a plant. They are the vascular tissues of the plant and together form vascular bundles.\n23\tPhloem is a conductive (or vascular) tissue found in plants. Phloem carries the products of photosynthesis (sucrose and glucose) from the leaves to other parts of the plant.\n24\tUnlike xylem (which is composed primarily of dead cells), the phloem is composed of still-living cells that transport sap. The sap is a water-based solution, but rich in sugars made by the photosynthetic areas.\n25\tIn xylem vessels water travels by bulk flow rather than cell diffusion. In phloem, concentration of organic substance inside a phloem cell (e.g., leaf) creates a diffusion gradient by which water flows into cells and phloem sap moves from source of organic substance to sugar sinks by turgor pressure.\n26\tThe mechanism by which sugars are transported through the phloem, from sources to sinks, is called pressure flow. At the sources (usually the leaves), sugar molecules are moved into the sieve elements (phloem cells) through active transport.\n27\tPhloem carries the products of photosynthesis (sucrose and glucose) from the leaves to other parts of the plant. \u00e2\u0080\u00a6 The corresponding system that circulates water and minerals from the roots is called the xylem.\n28\tXylem transports water and soluble mineral nutrients from roots to various parts of the plant. It is responsible for replacing water lost through transpiration and photosynthesis. Phloem translocates sugars made by photosynthetic areas of plants to storage organs like roots, tubers or bulbs.\n29\tAt this time the Industrial Workers of the World had a membership of over 100,000 members. In 1913 William Haywood replaced Vincent Saint John as secretary-treasurer of the Industrial Workers of the World. By this time, the IWW had 100,000 members.\n30\tThis was not true of the Industrial Workers of the World and as a result many of its members were first and second generation immigrants. Several immigrants such as Mary 'Mother' Jones, Hubert Harrison, Carlo Tresca, Arturo Giovannitti and Joe Haaglund Hill became leaders of the organization.\n31\tChinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts. In the 1850s, Chinese workers migrated to the United States, first to work in the gold mines, but also to take agricultural jobs, and factory work, especially in the garment industry.\n32\tThe Rise of Industrial America, 1877-1900. When in 1873 Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner entitled their co-authored novel The Gilded Age, they gave the late nineteenth century its popular name. The term reflected the combination of outward wealth and dazzle with inner corruption and poverty.\n33\tAmerican objections to Chinese immigration took many forms, and generally stemmed from economic and cultural tensions, as well as ethnic discrimination. Most Chinese laborers who came to the United States did so in order to send money back to China to support their families there.\n34\tThe rise of industrial America, the dominance of wage labor, and the growth of cities represented perhaps the greatest changes of the period. Few Americans at the end of the Civil War had anticipated the rapid rise of American industry.\n35\tThe resulting Angell Treaty permitted the United States to restrict, but not completely prohibit, Chinese immigration. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which, per the terms of the Angell Treaty, suspended the immigration of Chinese laborers (skilled or unskilled) for a period of 10 years.\n36\tIndustrial Workers of the World. In 1905 representatives of 43 groups who opposed the policies of American Federation of Labour, formed the radical labour organisation, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). The IWW's goal was to promote worker solidarity in the revolutionary struggle to overthrow the employing class.\n37\tThe railroads powered the industrial economy. They consumed the majority of iron and steel produced in the United States before 1890. As late as 1882, steel rails accounted for 90 percent of the steel production in the United States. They were the nation\u00e2\u0080\u0099s largest consumer of lumber and a major consumer of coal.\n38\tThis finally resulted in legislation that aimed to limit future immigration of Chinese workers to the United States, and threatened to sour diplomatic relations between the United States and China.\n39\tCosta Rica is known as a prime Eco-tourism destination so visitors are assured of majestic views, amazing destination spots and a temperate climate. These factors assure medical tourists of an excellent vacation experience that is conducive for recovery and relaxation.\n40\tMedical Tours Costa Rica: Medical Tourism Made Easy! \u00e2\u0080\u009cNo Other Firm Has Helped More Patients. Receive Care Over the Last 15 Years\u00e2\u0080\u009d\n41\tMedical Tours Costa Rica difference: At MTCR, our aim is to become your \u00e2\u0080\u009cone-stop shop\u00e2\u0080\u009d for health care services, so we have put together packages with you, the medical tourist, in mind, offering a wide variety of specialties.\n42\tCost of Medical Treatment in Costa Rica. The following are cost comparisons between Medical procedures in Costa Rica and equivalent procedures in the United States: [sources: 1,2]\n43\tCommon Treatments done by Medical Tourists in Costa Rica. Known initially for its excellent dental surgery services, medical tourism in Costa Rica has spread to a variety of other medical procedures, including: General and cosmetic dentistry; Cosmetic surgery; Aesthetic procedures (botox, skin resurfacing etc) Bariatric and Laparoscopic surgery\n44\tMedical Tours costa Rica office remains within the hospital and the Cook brothers 15 year relationship running the hospital\u00e2\u0080\u0099s insurance office and seven years running the international patient department serves you the client very well.\n45\tAbout us. Medical Tours Costa Rica has helped thousands of patients and are the innovators in medical travel to Costa Rica. Brad and Bill Cook are visionaries that saw the writing on the wall while running the International insurance office for Costa Rica\u00e2\u0080\u0099s busiest and most respected hospital The Clinica Biblica.\n46\tIn an era of rising health care costs and decreased medical coverage, the concept of combining surgery with travel has taken off. The last decade has seen a boom in the health tourism sector in Costa Rica, especially in the area of plastic surgery.\n47\tThe World Bank ranked Costa Rica as having the highest life expectancy, at 78.7 years. This figure is the highest amongst all countries in Latin America, and is equivalent to the level in Canada and higher than the United States by a year. Top Hospitals for Medical Tourism in Costa Rica" }, { path: '/collections/msmarco/queries.dev.small.tsv', name: 'queries.dev.small.tsv', type: 'tsv', sizeBytes: 63, lineCount: 2, datasetId: 'msmarco-subset', rawContent: "1048585\twhat is paula deen's brother\n2\tAndrogen receptor define" }, { path: '/collections/msmarco/qrels.dev.small.tsv', name: 'qrels.dev.small.tsv', type: 'qrels', sizeBytes: 33, lineCount: 2, datasetId: 'msmarco-subset', rawContent: "1048585\t0\t7187158\t1\n2\t0\t4339068\t1" } ] }; export const NFCORPUS_SUBSET_DATASET: CorpusDataset = { id: 'nfcorpus-subset', name: 'NFCorpus Medical (BEIR Pedagogical Subset)', description: 'Curated 50-document medical corpus from NutritionFacts.org (Lesson 7 Out-of-Domain BEIR), featuring statin drug and obesity research with graded relevance (0, 1, 2).', format: 'jsonl', documentCount: 50, documents: [ { "id": "MED-10", "title": "Statin Use and Breast Cancer Survival: A Nationwide Cohort Study from Finland", "text": "Recent studies have suggested that statins, an established drug group in the prevention of cardiovascular mortality, could delay or prevent breast cancer recurrence but the effect on disease-specific mortality remains unclear. We evaluated risk of breast cancer death among statin users in a population-based cohort of breast cancer patients. The study cohort included all newly diagnosed breast cancer patients in Finland during 1995\u20132003 (31,236 cases), identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry." }, { "id": "MED-14", "title": "Statin use after diagnosis of breast cancer and survival: a population-based cohort study.", "text": "BACKGROUND: Preclinical studies have shown that statins, particularly simvastatin, can prevent growth in breast cancer cell lines and animal models. We investigated whether statins used after breast cancer diagnosis reduced the risk of breast cancer-specific, or all-cause, mortality in a large cohort of breast cancer patients. METHODS: A cohort of 17,880 breast cancer patients, newly diagnosed between 1998 and 2009, was identified from English cancer registries (from the National Cancer Data Rep" }, { "id": "MED-826", "title": "The polycystic ovary syndrome: a position statement from the European Society of Endocrinology.", "text": "Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common ovarian disorder associated with androgen excess in women, which justifies the growing interest of endocrinologists. Great efforts have been made in the last 2 decades to define the syndrome. The presence of three different definitions for the diagnosis of PCOS reflects the phenotypic heterogeneity of the syndrome. Major criteria are required for the diagnosis, which in turn identifies different phenotypes according to the combination of differ" }, { "id": "MED-920", "title": "Vitamin D in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.", "text": "Vitamin D was used to treat tuberculosis in the pre-antibiotic era. New insights into the immunomodulatory properties of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D have rekindled interest in vitamin D as an adjunct to antituberculous therapy. We describe the historical use of vitamin D in tuberculosis treatment; discuss the mechanisms by which it may modulate host response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis; and review three clinical trials and ten case series in which vitamin D has been used in th" }, { "id": "MED-1010", "title": "Treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction related to antidepressants: a meta-analysis.", "text": "BACKGROUND: Sexual dysfunction (SD) is an important underestimated adverse effect of antidepressant drugs. Patients, in fact, if not directly questioned, tend to scarcely report them. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to quantify SD caused by antidepressants on the basis of studies where sexual functioning was purposely investigated through direct inquiry and specific questionnaires. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, ISI Web of Knowledge, and references of selected" }, { "id": "MED-1114", "title": "Occupational exposure to meat and risk of lymphoma: a multicenter case-control study from Europe.", "text": "Several studies have suggested an increased risk of lymphoma among workers exposed to meat, without conclusive evidence. We conducted a multicenter case-control study during 1998-2004 in the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and Spain, including 2,007 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 339 cases of Hodgkin lymphoma and 2,462 controls. We collected detailed information on occupational history and assessed exposure to meat in general and several types of meat via expert assessment of the" }, { "id": "MED-1198", "title": "High-dose ascorbic acid increases intercourse frequency and improves mood: a randomized controlled clinical trial.", "text": "BACKGROUND: Ascorbic acid (AA) modulates catecholaminergic activity, decreases stress reactivity, approach anxiety and prolactin release, improves vascular function, and increases oxytocin release. These processes are relevant to sexual behavior and mood. METHODS: In this randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled 14 day trial of sustained-release AA (42 healthy young adults; 3000 mg/day Cetebe) and placebo (39 healthy young adults), subjects with partners recorded penile-vaginal intercourse (F" }, { "id": "MED-1283", "title": "Current pathways for epidemiological research in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "text": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease. The current status of the epidemiology, challenges to its study, and novel study design options are discussed in this paper. We focus on recent results from large-scale population based prospective studies, case-control studies and population based registries, risk factors, and neuropathologic findings in chronic traumatic encephalomyelopathy. We identify areas of interest for future research, including time-" }, { "id": "MED-1360", "title": "Exercise and Pharmacotherapy in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder", "text": "Objective To assess whether patients receiving aerobic exercise training performed either at home or in a supervised group setting achieve reductions in depression comparable to standard antidepressant medication (sertraline) and greater reductions in depression compared to placebo controls. Methods Between October 2000 and November 2005, we performed a prospective, randomized controlled trial (SMILE study) with allocation concealment and blinded outcome assessment in a tertiary care teaching ho" }, { "id": "MED-1448", "title": "The costs of obesity in the workplace.", "text": "OBJECTIVE: To quantify per capita and aggregate medical expenditures and the value of lost productivity, including absenteeism and presenteeism, because of overweight, and grade I, II, and III obesity among U.S. employees. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of the 2006 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and the 2008 National Health and Wellness Survey. RESULTS: Among men, estimates range from -$322 for overweight to $6087 for grade III obese men. For women, estimates range from $797 for overweight " }, { "id": "MED-1526", "title": "The effect of inhaling peppermint odor and ethanol in women athletes.", "text": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether inhaling peppermint odor has effects on time of running, maximum heart rate (MHR), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), oxygen consumption (VO2), minute ventilation (VE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during acute intensive exercise or not. 36 women soccer player were chosen for participating in this research. They were randomly divided in 3 groups (control, inhaling peppermint, inhaling mixture of peppermint and ethanol). In order to be a" }, { "id": "MED-1609", "title": "High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets increase peripheral insulin sensitivity in healthy young and old adults.", "text": "To examine extra-alimentary effects of high-carbohydrate, high-fiber (HCF) diets, insulin-mediated glucose disposal employing the euglycemic clamp and hepatic glucose output (HGO) employing [6,6-2H2]glucose were measured in 12 healthy young and old individuals before and after 21-28 d of an HCF diet. Diet lowered fasting concentrations of glucose from 5.3 +/- 0.2 to 5.1 +/- 0.1 mmol/L (p less than 0.01) and insulin from 66.0 +/- 7.9 to 49.5 +/- 5.7 pmol/L (p less than 0.01). Fasting serum choles" }, { "id": "MED-1688", "title": "Effects of tomato extract on platelet function: a double-blinded crossover study in healthy humans.", "text": "BACKGROUND: Aqueous extracts from tomatoes display a range of antiplatelet activities in vitro. We previously showed that the active components also alter ex vivo platelet function in persons with a high response to ADP agonist. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the suitability of a tomato extract for use as a dietary supplement to prevent platelet activation. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study was conducted in 90 healthy human subjects selected for n" }, { "id": "MED-1770", "title": "Possible health impact of animal oestrogens in food.", "text": "Oestrogens govern reproductive functions in vertebrates, and are present in all animal tissues. The theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI) of oestradiol-17beta by consumption of cattle meat is calculated to be 4.3 ng. Following the use of oestradiol-containing growth-promoting agents, TMDI is increased by a factor of 4.6 to 20 ng oestradiol-17beta, assuming that single dosage and 'good animal husbandry' are observed. Pork and poultry probably contain similar amounts of oestrogens as untreated c" }, { "id": "MED-1850", "title": "Urine levels of aluminum after drinking tea.", "text": "A microwave-assisted acid digestion procedure coupled with a graphite furnace atomic absorption method has been applied in the determination of aluminum (Al) in urine to verify the correlation of free forms of Al in tea infusions and urinary excretion of Al. Significant urinary Al excretion has been found in 24-h urine of four volunteers after tea drinking. However, the difference in amount of Al excretion in urine between the consumption of Oolong (black tea) and Long-Jin (green tea), each of t" }, { "id": "MED-1957", "title": "PCDD and PCDF contamination in catfish feed from Arkansas, USA.", "text": "One combined catfish feed sample from Arkansas, USA, and its eight ingredients were analyzed for PCDDs and PCDFs. One of the ingredients, soybean meal, was highly contaminated by PCDDs, especially the toxic 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners, e.g., 7.3 pg/g dry weight or 370 pg/g lipid for the 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD. The I-TEQ value for the soybean meal was 11.4 pg/g dry weight or 576 pg/g fat. The corresponding values for the combined catfish feed concentrations were approximately 3 times lower. The cong" }, { "id": "MED-2046", "title": "Efficacy and safety of Chlorella supplementation in adults with chronic hepatitis C virus infection", "text": "AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Chlorella in 18 patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1. METHODS: Eighteen adults with chronic infection by HCV genotype 1 received daily oral supplementation of Chlorella for 12 wk. Changes in the RNA levels of HCV, as well as those of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were evaluated following this treatment period. Paired t tests were conducted to compare the means of the differen" }, { "id": "MED-2123", "title": "Milk is not just food but most likely a genetic transfection system activating mTORC1 signaling for postnatal growth", "text": "Milk has been recognized to represent a functionally active nutrient system promoting neonatal growth of mammals. Cell growth is regulated by the nutrient-sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). There is still a lack of information on the mechanisms of mTORC1 up-regulation by milk consumption. This review presents milk as a materno-neonatal relay system functioning by transfer of preferential amino acids, which increase plasma levels of glucose-dependent insulinotrop" }, { "id": "MED-2207", "title": "Growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in NB4 promyelocytic leukemia cells by trypsin inhibitor from sweet potato storage roots.", "text": "The objective of this study was to investigate the antiproliferative effect and the mechanism of trypsin inhibitor (TI) from sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. 'Tainong 57'] storage roots on NB4 promyelocytic leukemia cells. The results showed that TI inhibited cellular growth of NB4 promyelocytic leukemia cells in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner, and treatment for 72 h induced a marked inhibition of cellular growth, showing an IC50 of 57.1 +/- 8.26 microg/mL. TI caused cell cycl" }, { "id": "MED-2285", "title": "Processed tart cherry products--comparative phytochemical content, in vitro antioxidant capacity and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity.", "text": "Processing of fruits and vegetables affects their phytochemical and nutrient content. Tart cherries are commercially promoted to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. However, processing affects their phytochemical content and may affect their related health benefits. The current study compares the in vitro antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory cyclooxygenase activity of processed tart cherry (Prunus cerasus) products-cherry juice concentrate, individually quick-frozen cherrie" }, { "id": "MED-2372", "title": "Egg consumption and endothelial function: a randomized controlled crossover trial.", "text": "BACKGROUND: Because of egg cholesterol content, reduction in egg consumption is generally recommended to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. Recently, however, evidence has been accumulating to suggest that dietary cholesterol is less relevant to cardiovascular risk than dietary saturated fat. This randomized controlled crossover trial was conducted to determine the effects of egg ingestion on endothelial function, a reliable index of cardiovascular risk. METHODS: Forty-nine healthy adults (m" }, { "id": "MED-2427", "title": "Elevated Levels of Cholesterol-Rich Lipid Rafts in Cancer Cells Are Correlated with Apoptosis Sensitivity Induced by Cholesterol-Depleting Agents", "text": "Lipid rafts/caveolae are membrane platforms for signaling molecules that regulate various cellular functions, including cell survival. To better understand the role of rafts in tumor progression and therapeutics, we investigated the effect of raft disruption on cell viability and compared raft levels in human cancer cell lines versus their normal counterparts. Here, we report that cholesterol depletion using methyl-\u03b2 cyclodextrin caused anoikis-like apoptosis, which in A431 cells involved decrea" }, { "id": "MED-2428", "title": "Women and statin use: a women's health advocacy perspective.", "text": "This paper is based on a longer report on the benefits, safety and modalities of information representation with regard to women and statin use, situated within the historical context of Women's Health Movement which has advocated for unbiased, appropriate medical research and prescribing for women based on the goals of full-disclosure, informed consent, evidence-based medicine and gender-based analysis. The evidence base for prescribing statins for women, especially for primary prevention is we" }, { "id": "MED-2429", "title": "Statin use and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies.", "text": "Emerging evidence suggests that statins' may decrease the risk of cancers. However, available evidence on breast cancer is conflicting. We, therefore, examined the association between statin use and risk of breast cancer by conducting a detailed meta-analysis of all observational studies published regarding this subject. PubMed database and bibliographies of retrieved articles were searched for epidemiological studies published up to January 2012, investigating the relationship between statin us" }, { "id": "MED-2461", "title": "The association of diet with respiratory symptoms and asthma in schoolchildren in Taipei, Taiwan.", "text": "This study aimed to evaluate the association of diet with respiratory symptoms and asthma in schoolchildren in Taipei, Taiwan. An in-class interview survey elicited experiences of asthma and respiratory symptoms and consumption frequencies of the major food categories in 2290 fifth graders. Respiratory symptoms surveyed included persistent cough, chest tightness, wheezing with cold, wheezing without cold, dyspnea-associated wheezing, and exercise-induced cough or wheezing. Results showed that th" }, { "id": "MED-2588", "title": "Low-Carbohydrate Diets and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies", "text": "Objective Low-carbohydrate diets and their combination with high-protein diets have been gaining widespread popularity to control weight. In addition to weight loss, they may have favorable short-term effects on the risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Our objective was to elucidate their long-term effects on mortality and CVD incidence. Data sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov for relevant articles published as of September 2012. Cohort" }, { "id": "MED-2703", "title": "Atherosclerosis and oxidant stress: the end of the road for antioxidant vitamin treatment?", "text": "Extensive experimental data have revealed a central role for oxidative stress in atherogenesis and suggested a potential role for 'antioxidant' treatment in cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1-11]. Experimental data, however, have not translated into clinical benefit: most antioxidant vitamin trials have failed to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [12]. Moreover, recent clinical trials have suggested that mono-therapy with certain antioxidant vitamins like vitamin E may, in fact, be detr" }, { "id": "MED-2715", "title": "Physical activity energy expenditure has not declined since the 1980s and matches energy expenditures of wild mammals.", "text": "OBJECTIVE: Obesity results from protracted energy imbalance. Whether this comprises excessive energy intake, lowered physical activity or both, remains disputed. DESIGN: Physical activity energy expenditure, evaluated in three different ways from daily energy expenditure (DEE) measured using doubly labelled water, was examined for trends over time. Data included subjects in Europe (Maastricht, the Netherlands) and North America extending back to the 1980s. These data were compared with measures " }, { "id": "MED-2716", "title": "Myths, Presumptions, and Facts about Obesity", "text": "BACKGROUND Many beliefs about obesity persist in the absence of supporting scientific evidence (presumptions); some persist despite contradicting evidence (myths). The promulgation of unsupported beliefs may yield poorly informed policy decisions, inaccurate clinical and public health recommendations, and an unproductive allocation of research resources and may divert attention away from useful, evidence-based information. METHODS Using Internet searches of popular media and scientific literatur" }, { "id": "MED-2717", "title": "The role of exercise in the treatment of obesity.", "text": "The United States is in the midst of a significant public health problem that relates to obesity and inactivity. This epidemic has far-ranging consequences for our workforce and our children and shows no signs of slowing in the near future. Significant research has been performed on the effects of exercise for the reduction of body weight; results of most studies indicate that exercise alone has a small effect on body-weight reduction independent of caloric restriction. However, when combined wi" }, { "id": "MED-2718", "title": "Energy Balance and Obesity", "text": "This paper describes the interplay among energy intake, energy expenditure and body energy stores and illustrates how an understanding of energy balance can help develop strategies to reduce obesity. First, reducing obesity will require modifying both energy intake and energy expenditure and not simply focusing on either alone. Food restriction alone will not be effective in reducing obesity if human physiology is biased toward achieving energy balance at a high energy flux (i.e. at a high level" }, { "id": "MED-2793", "title": "Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: evidence that piperine is a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism.", "text": "Piperine, a major active component of black and long peppers, has been reported to enhance drug bioavailability. The present studies were aimed at understanding the interaction of piperine with enzymatic drug biotransforming reactions in hepatic tissue in vitro and in vivo. Piperine inhibited arylhydrocarbon hydroxylation, ethylmorphine-N-demethylation, 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylation and 3-hydroxy-benzo(a)pyrene glucuronidation in rat postmitochondrial supernatant in vitro in a dose-dependent m" }, { "id": "MED-2923", "title": "Death receptor ligands in tumors.", "text": "Activation of apoptosis via death receptors is a tightly regulated event, and the death pathway itself is open to interference on the part of soluble or membrane-bound decoy receptors. The aggregation state of the death-inducing ligand is a crucial factor, particularly when these molecules are used as recombinant drugs against tumors. Whether tumors are sensitive to such ligands is determined by both the net abundance of death receptors versus decoy receptors and the balance between intracellula" }, { "id": "MED-3051", "title": "Functional MRI of human hypothalamic responses following glucose ingestion.", "text": "The hypothalamus is intimately involved in the regulation of food intake, integrating multiple neural and hormonal signals. Several hypothalamic nuclei contain glucose-sensitive neurons, which play a crucial role in energy homeostasis. Although a few functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have indicated that glucose consumption has some effect on the neuronal activity levels in the hypothalamus, this matter has not been investigated extensively yet. For instance, dose-dependency of" }, { "id": "MED-3170", "title": "Cognitive Changes and Quality of Life in Neurocysticercosis: A Longitudinal Study", "text": "Background Few studies have focused on the cognitive morbidity of neurocysticercosis (NCC), one of the most common parasitic infections of the central nervous system. We longitudinally assessed the cognitive status and quality of life (QoL) of patients with incident symptomatic NCC cases and matched controls. Methodology/Principal Findings The setting of the study was the Sabogal Hospital and Cysticercosis Unit, Department of Transmissible Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, L" }, { "id": "MED-3281", "title": "Targeting methionine auxotrophy in cancer: discovery & exploration.", "text": "INTRODUCTION: Amino acid auxotrophy or the metabolic defect which renders cancer incapable of surviving under amino acid depleted conditions is being exploited and explored as a therapeutic against cancer. Early clinical data on asparagine- and arginine-depleting drugs have demonstrated low toxicity and efficacy in melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Methionine auxotrophy is a novel niche currently under exploration for targeting certain cancers. AREAS COVERED: I" }, { "id": "MED-3427", "title": "The link between erectile and cardiovascular health: the canary in the coal mine.", "text": "Lifestyle and nutrition have been increasingly recognized as central factors influencing vascular nitric oxide (NO) production and erectile function. This review underscores the importance of NO as the principal mediator influencing cardiovascular health and erectile function. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is associated with smoking, excessive alcohol intake, physical inactivity, abdominal obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and decreased antioxidant defenses, all of which reduce NO production. Better " }, { "id": "MED-3501", "title": "Carrageenan induces interleukin-8 production through distinct Bcl10 pathway in normal human colonic epithelial cells.", "text": "Carrageenan is a high molecular weight sulfated polygalactan used to improve the texture of commercial food products. Its use increased markedly during the last half century, although carrageenan is known to induce inflammation in rheumatological models and in intestinal models of colitis. We performed studies to determine its direct effects on human intestinal cells, including normal human intestinal epithelial cells from colonic surgeries, the normal intestinal epithelial cell line NCM460, and" }, { "id": "MED-3585", "title": "The spermicidal potency of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola.", "text": "The inhibitory effect of Old Coke, caffeine-free New Coke, New Coke, Diet Coke and Pepsi-Cola on human sperm motility was studied with a trans-membrane migration method. None of them could decrease sperm motility to less than 70% of control within one hour. A previous study which claimed a marked variation of spermicidal potencies among different formulations of Coca-Cola could not be confirmed. Even if cola has a spermicidal effect, its potency is relatively weak as compared with other well-kno" }, { "id": "MED-3665", "title": "Sensing an improvement: an experimental study to evaluate the use of aromatherapy, massage and periods of rest in an intensive care unit.", "text": "There is widespread belief that the use of aromatherapy and massage in an intensive care environment offers a means of increasing the quality of sensory input that patients receive, as well as reducing levels of stress and anxiety. Despite a wealth of anecdotal evidence in support of these claims, there have been few objective studies to evaluate the effects of these therapies. In this experimental study 122 patients admitted to a general intensive care unit were randomly allocated to receive ei" }, { "id": "MED-3744", "title": "Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits.", "text": "Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Phytochemicals, especially phenolics, in fruits and vegetables are suggested to be the major bioactive compounds for the health benefits. However, the phenolic contents and their antioxidant activities in fruits and vegetables were underestimated in the literature, because bound phenolics were not included. This study was designed to investigate the profiles o" }, { "id": "MED-118", "title": "Alkylphenols in human milk and their relations to dietary habits in central Taiwan.", "text": "The aims of this study were to determine the concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-octylphenol (OP) in 59 human milk samples and to examine related factors including mothers' demographics and dietary habits. Women who consumed over the median amount of cooking oil had significantly higher OP concentrations (0.98 ng/g) than those who consumed less (0.39 ng/g) (P < 0.05). OP concentration was significantly associated with the consumption of cooking oil (beta = 0.62, P < 0.01) and fish oil cap" }, { "id": "MED-301", "title": "Methylmercury: A Potential Environmental Risk Factor Contributing to Epileptogenesis", "text": "Epilepsy or seizure disorder is one of the most common neurological diseases in humans. Although genetic mutations in ion channels and receptors and some other risk factors such as brain injury are linked to epileptogenesis, the underlying cause for the majority of epilepsy cases remains unknown. Gene-environment interactions are thought to play a critical role in the etiology of epilepsy. Exposure to environmental chemicals is an important risk factor. Methylmercury (MeHg) is a prominent enviro" }, { "id": "MED-306", "title": "Sensitivity of Continuous Performance Test (CPT) at Age 14 Years to Developmental Methylmercury Exposure", "text": "Hit Reaction Time latencies (HRT) in the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) measure the speed of visual information processing. The latencies may involve different neuropsychological functions depending on the time from test initiation, i.e., first orientation, learning and habituation, then cognitive processing and focused attention, and finally sustained attention as the dominant demand. Prenatal methylmercury exposure is associated with increased reaction time (RT) latencies. We therefore exam" }, { "id": "MED-329", "title": "Phosphate is a vascular toxin.", "text": "Elevated phosphate (P) levels are seen in advanced renal failure and, together with dysregulated calcium, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels, contribute to the complex of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disease (CKD-MBD). Converging evidence from in vitro, clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that increased P is associated with vascular calcification and mortality. When vessels are exposed to high P conditions in vitro, they develop apoptosis, convert to bone-like cells and" }, { "id": "MED-330", "title": "Dietary Phosphorus Acutely Impairs Endothelial Function", "text": "Excessive dietary phosphorus may increase cardiovascular risk in healthy individuals as well as in patients with chronic kidney disease, but the mechanisms underlying this risk are not completely understood. To determine whether postprandial hyperphosphatemia may promote endothelial dysfunction, we investigated the acute effect of phosphorus loading on endothelial function in vitro and in vivo. Exposing bovine aortic endothelial cells to a phosphorus load increased production of reactive oxygen " }, { "id": "MED-332", "title": "Public health impact of dietary phosphorus excess on bone and cardiovascular health in the general population.", "text": "This review explores the potential adverse impact of the increasing phosphorus content in the American diet on renal, cardiovascular, and bone health of the general population. Increasingly, studies show that phosphorus intakes in excess of the nutrient needs of a healthy population may significantly disrupt the hormonal regulation of phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D, which contributes to disordered mineral metabolism, vascular calcification, impaired kidney function, and bone loss. Moreover, l" }, { "id": "MED-334", "title": "Differences among total and in\u00a0vitro digestible phosphorus content of plant foods and beverages.", "text": "OBJECTIVE: Among plant foods, grain products, legumes, and seeds are important sources of phosphorus (P). Current data on P content and absorbability of P from these foods are lacking. Measurement of in\u00a0vitro digestible P (DP) content of foods may reflect absorbability of P. The objective of this study was to measure both total phosphorus (TP) and DP contents of selected foods and to compare the amounts of TP and DP and the proportion of DP to TP among different foods. METHODS: TP and DP content" }, { "id": "MED-335", "title": "Differences among total and in vitro digestible phosphorus content of meat and milk products.", "text": "OBJECTIVE: Meat and milk products are important sources of dietary phosphorus (P) and protein. The use of P additives is common both in processed cheese and meat products. Measurement of in\u00a0vitro digestible phosphorus (DP) content of foods may reflect absorbability of P. The objective of this study was to measure both total phosphorus (TP) and DP contents of selected meat and milk products and to compare amounts of TP and DP and the proportion of DP to TP among different foods. METHODS: TP and D" }, { "id": "MED-398", "title": "The grapefruit: an old wine in a new glass? Metabolic and cardiovascular perspectives", "text": "Summary Grapefruit is a popular, tasty and nutritive fruit enjoyed globally. Biomedical evidence in the last 10 years has, however, shown that consumption of grapefruit or its juice is associated with drug interactions, which, in some cases, have been fatal. Grapefruit-induced drug interactions are unique in that the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4, which metabolises over 60% of commonly prescribed drugs as well as other drug transporter proteins such as P-glycoprotein and organic cation transport" } ], queries: [ { id: 'PLAIN-2', text: 'Do Cholesterol Statin Drugs Cause Breast Cancer?', datasetId: 'nfcorpus-subset', relevantDocIds: ['MED-10', 'MED-14'], metadata: { domain: 'oncology', targetTopic: 'statins & breast cancer' } } ], qrels: [ { queryId: 'PLAIN-2', iteration: 'Q0', docId: 'MED-10', relevance: 2 }, { queryId: 'PLAIN-2', iteration: 'Q0', docId: 'MED-14', relevance: 2 } ], files: [ { path: '/collections/nfcorpus/corpus.jsonl', name: 'corpus.jsonl', type: 'jsonl', sizeBytes: 31452, lineCount: 50, datasetId: 'nfcorpus-subset', rawContent: "{\"_id\": \"MED-10\", \"title\": \"Statin Use and Breast Cancer Survival: A Nationwide Cohort Study from Finland\", \"text\": \"Recent studies have suggested that statins, an established drug group in the prevention of cardiovascular mortality, could delay or prevent breast cancer recurrence but the effect on disease-specific mortality remains unclear. We evaluated risk of breast cancer death among statin users in a population-based cohort of breast cancer patients. The study cohort included all newly diagnosed breast cancer patients in Finland during 1995\\u20132003 (31,236 cases), identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry.\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-14\", \"title\": \"Statin use after diagnosis of breast cancer and survival: a population-based cohort study.\", \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Preclinical studies have shown that statins, particularly simvastatin, can prevent growth in breast cancer cell lines and animal models. We investigated whether statins used after breast cancer diagnosis reduced the risk of breast cancer-specific, or all-cause, mortality in a large cohort of breast cancer patients. METHODS: A cohort of 17,880 breast cancer patients, newly diagnosed between 1998 and 2009, was identified from English cancer registries (from the National Cancer Data Rep\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-826\", \"title\": \"The polycystic ovary syndrome: a position statement from the European Society of Endocrinology.\", \"text\": \"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common ovarian disorder associated with androgen excess in women, which justifies the growing interest of endocrinologists. Great efforts have been made in the last 2 decades to define the syndrome. The presence of three different definitions for the diagnosis of PCOS reflects the phenotypic heterogeneity of the syndrome. Major criteria are required for the diagnosis, which in turn identifies different phenotypes according to the combination of differ\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-920\", \"title\": \"Vitamin D in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.\", \"text\": \"Vitamin D was used to treat tuberculosis in the pre-antibiotic era. New insights into the immunomodulatory properties of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D have rekindled interest in vitamin D as an adjunct to antituberculous therapy. We describe the historical use of vitamin D in tuberculosis treatment; discuss the mechanisms by which it may modulate host response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis; and review three clinical trials and ten case series in which vitamin D has been used in th\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-1010\", \"title\": \"Treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction related to antidepressants: a meta-analysis.\", \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Sexual dysfunction (SD) is an important underestimated adverse effect of antidepressant drugs. Patients, in fact, if not directly questioned, tend to scarcely report them. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to quantify SD caused by antidepressants on the basis of studies where sexual functioning was purposely investigated through direct inquiry and specific questionnaires. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, ISI Web of Knowledge, and references of selected\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-1114\", \"title\": \"Occupational exposure to meat and risk of lymphoma: a multicenter case-control study from Europe.\", \"text\": \"Several studies have suggested an increased risk of lymphoma among workers exposed to meat, without conclusive evidence. We conducted a multicenter case-control study during 1998-2004 in the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and Spain, including 2,007 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 339 cases of Hodgkin lymphoma and 2,462 controls. We collected detailed information on occupational history and assessed exposure to meat in general and several types of meat via expert assessment of the\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-1198\", \"title\": \"High-dose ascorbic acid increases intercourse frequency and improves mood: a randomized controlled clinical trial.\", \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Ascorbic acid (AA) modulates catecholaminergic activity, decreases stress reactivity, approach anxiety and prolactin release, improves vascular function, and increases oxytocin release. These processes are relevant to sexual behavior and mood. METHODS: In this randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled 14 day trial of sustained-release AA (42 healthy young adults; 3000 mg/day Cetebe) and placebo (39 healthy young adults), subjects with partners recorded penile-vaginal intercourse (F\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-1283\", \"title\": \"Current pathways for epidemiological research in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.\", \"text\": \"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease. The current status of the epidemiology, challenges to its study, and novel study design options are discussed in this paper. We focus on recent results from large-scale population based prospective studies, case-control studies and population based registries, risk factors, and neuropathologic findings in chronic traumatic encephalomyelopathy. We identify areas of interest for future research, including time-\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-1360\", \"title\": \"Exercise and Pharmacotherapy in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder\", \"text\": \"Objective To assess whether patients receiving aerobic exercise training performed either at home or in a supervised group setting achieve reductions in depression comparable to standard antidepressant medication (sertraline) and greater reductions in depression compared to placebo controls. Methods Between October 2000 and November 2005, we performed a prospective, randomized controlled trial (SMILE study) with allocation concealment and blinded outcome assessment in a tertiary care teaching ho\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-1448\", \"title\": \"The costs of obesity in the workplace.\", \"text\": \"OBJECTIVE: To quantify per capita and aggregate medical expenditures and the value of lost productivity, including absenteeism and presenteeism, because of overweight, and grade I, II, and III obesity among U.S. employees. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of the 2006 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and the 2008 National Health and Wellness Survey. RESULTS: Among men, estimates range from -$322 for overweight to $6087 for grade III obese men. For women, estimates range from $797 for overweight \"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-1526\", \"title\": \"The effect of inhaling peppermint odor and ethanol in women athletes.\", \"text\": \"The purpose of this study was to determine whether inhaling peppermint odor has effects on time of running, maximum heart rate (MHR), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), oxygen consumption (VO2), minute ventilation (VE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during acute intensive exercise or not. 36 women soccer player were chosen for participating in this research. They were randomly divided in 3 groups (control, inhaling peppermint, inhaling mixture of peppermint and ethanol). In order to be a\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-1609\", \"title\": \"High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets increase peripheral insulin sensitivity in healthy young and old adults.\", \"text\": \"To examine extra-alimentary effects of high-carbohydrate, high-fiber (HCF) diets, insulin-mediated glucose disposal employing the euglycemic clamp and hepatic glucose output (HGO) employing [6,6-2H2]glucose were measured in 12 healthy young and old individuals before and after 21-28 d of an HCF diet. Diet lowered fasting concentrations of glucose from 5.3 +/- 0.2 to 5.1 +/- 0.1 mmol/L (p less than 0.01) and insulin from 66.0 +/- 7.9 to 49.5 +/- 5.7 pmol/L (p less than 0.01). Fasting serum choles\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-1688\", \"title\": \"Effects of tomato extract on platelet function: a double-blinded crossover study in healthy humans.\", \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Aqueous extracts from tomatoes display a range of antiplatelet activities in vitro. We previously showed that the active components also alter ex vivo platelet function in persons with a high response to ADP agonist. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the suitability of a tomato extract for use as a dietary supplement to prevent platelet activation. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study was conducted in 90 healthy human subjects selected for n\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-1770\", \"title\": \"Possible health impact of animal oestrogens in food.\", \"text\": \"Oestrogens govern reproductive functions in vertebrates, and are present in all animal tissues. The theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI) of oestradiol-17beta by consumption of cattle meat is calculated to be 4.3 ng. Following the use of oestradiol-containing growth-promoting agents, TMDI is increased by a factor of 4.6 to 20 ng oestradiol-17beta, assuming that single dosage and 'good animal husbandry' are observed. Pork and poultry probably contain similar amounts of oestrogens as untreated c\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-1850\", \"title\": \"Urine levels of aluminum after drinking tea.\", \"text\": \"A microwave-assisted acid digestion procedure coupled with a graphite furnace atomic absorption method has been applied in the determination of aluminum (Al) in urine to verify the correlation of free forms of Al in tea infusions and urinary excretion of Al. Significant urinary Al excretion has been found in 24-h urine of four volunteers after tea drinking. However, the difference in amount of Al excretion in urine between the consumption of Oolong (black tea) and Long-Jin (green tea), each of t\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-1957\", \"title\": \"PCDD and PCDF contamination in catfish feed from Arkansas, USA.\", \"text\": \"One combined catfish feed sample from Arkansas, USA, and its eight ingredients were analyzed for PCDDs and PCDFs. One of the ingredients, soybean meal, was highly contaminated by PCDDs, especially the toxic 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners, e.g., 7.3 pg/g dry weight or 370 pg/g lipid for the 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD. The I-TEQ value for the soybean meal was 11.4 pg/g dry weight or 576 pg/g fat. The corresponding values for the combined catfish feed concentrations were approximately 3 times lower. The cong\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2046\", \"title\": \"Efficacy and safety of Chlorella supplementation in adults with chronic hepatitis C virus infection\", \"text\": \"AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Chlorella in 18 patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1. METHODS: Eighteen adults with chronic infection by HCV genotype 1 received daily oral supplementation of Chlorella for 12 wk. Changes in the RNA levels of HCV, as well as those of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were evaluated following this treatment period. Paired t tests were conducted to compare the means of the differen\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2123\", \"title\": \"Milk is not just food but most likely a genetic transfection system activating mTORC1 signaling for postnatal growth\", \"text\": \"Milk has been recognized to represent a functionally active nutrient system promoting neonatal growth of mammals. Cell growth is regulated by the nutrient-sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). There is still a lack of information on the mechanisms of mTORC1 up-regulation by milk consumption. This review presents milk as a materno-neonatal relay system functioning by transfer of preferential amino acids, which increase plasma levels of glucose-dependent insulinotrop\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2207\", \"title\": \"Growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in NB4 promyelocytic leukemia cells by trypsin inhibitor from sweet potato storage roots.\", \"text\": \"The objective of this study was to investigate the antiproliferative effect and the mechanism of trypsin inhibitor (TI) from sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. 'Tainong 57'] storage roots on NB4 promyelocytic leukemia cells. The results showed that TI inhibited cellular growth of NB4 promyelocytic leukemia cells in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner, and treatment for 72 h induced a marked inhibition of cellular growth, showing an IC50 of 57.1 +/- 8.26 microg/mL. TI caused cell cycl\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2285\", \"title\": \"Processed tart cherry products--comparative phytochemical content, in vitro antioxidant capacity and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity.\", \"text\": \"Processing of fruits and vegetables affects their phytochemical and nutrient content. Tart cherries are commercially promoted to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. However, processing affects their phytochemical content and may affect their related health benefits. The current study compares the in vitro antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory cyclooxygenase activity of processed tart cherry (Prunus cerasus) products-cherry juice concentrate, individually quick-frozen cherrie\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2372\", \"title\": \"Egg consumption and endothelial function: a randomized controlled crossover trial.\", \"text\": \"BACKGROUND: Because of egg cholesterol content, reduction in egg consumption is generally recommended to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. Recently, however, evidence has been accumulating to suggest that dietary cholesterol is less relevant to cardiovascular risk than dietary saturated fat. This randomized controlled crossover trial was conducted to determine the effects of egg ingestion on endothelial function, a reliable index of cardiovascular risk. METHODS: Forty-nine healthy adults (m\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2427\", \"title\": \"Elevated Levels of Cholesterol-Rich Lipid Rafts in Cancer Cells Are Correlated with Apoptosis Sensitivity Induced by Cholesterol-Depleting Agents\", \"text\": \"Lipid rafts/caveolae are membrane platforms for signaling molecules that regulate various cellular functions, including cell survival. To better understand the role of rafts in tumor progression and therapeutics, we investigated the effect of raft disruption on cell viability and compared raft levels in human cancer cell lines versus their normal counterparts. Here, we report that cholesterol depletion using methyl-\\u03b2 cyclodextrin caused anoikis-like apoptosis, which in A431 cells involved decrea\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2428\", \"title\": \"Women and statin use: a women's health advocacy perspective.\", \"text\": \"This paper is based on a longer report on the benefits, safety and modalities of information representation with regard to women and statin use, situated within the historical context of Women's Health Movement which has advocated for unbiased, appropriate medical research and prescribing for women based on the goals of full-disclosure, informed consent, evidence-based medicine and gender-based analysis. The evidence base for prescribing statins for women, especially for primary prevention is we\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2429\", \"title\": \"Statin use and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies.\", \"text\": \"Emerging evidence suggests that statins' may decrease the risk of cancers. However, available evidence on breast cancer is conflicting. We, therefore, examined the association between statin use and risk of breast cancer by conducting a detailed meta-analysis of all observational studies published regarding this subject. PubMed database and bibliographies of retrieved articles were searched for epidemiological studies published up to January 2012, investigating the relationship between statin us\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2461\", \"title\": \"The association of diet with respiratory symptoms and asthma in schoolchildren in Taipei, Taiwan.\", \"text\": \"This study aimed to evaluate the association of diet with respiratory symptoms and asthma in schoolchildren in Taipei, Taiwan. An in-class interview survey elicited experiences of asthma and respiratory symptoms and consumption frequencies of the major food categories in 2290 fifth graders. Respiratory symptoms surveyed included persistent cough, chest tightness, wheezing with cold, wheezing without cold, dyspnea-associated wheezing, and exercise-induced cough or wheezing. Results showed that th\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2588\", \"title\": \"Low-Carbohydrate Diets and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies\", \"text\": \"Objective Low-carbohydrate diets and their combination with high-protein diets have been gaining widespread popularity to control weight. In addition to weight loss, they may have favorable short-term effects on the risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Our objective was to elucidate their long-term effects on mortality and CVD incidence. Data sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov for relevant articles published as of September 2012. Cohort\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2703\", \"title\": \"Atherosclerosis and oxidant stress: the end of the road for antioxidant vitamin treatment?\", \"text\": \"Extensive experimental data have revealed a central role for oxidative stress in atherogenesis and suggested a potential role for 'antioxidant' treatment in cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1-11]. Experimental data, however, have not translated into clinical benefit: most antioxidant vitamin trials have failed to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [12]. Moreover, recent clinical trials have suggested that mono-therapy with certain antioxidant vitamins like vitamin E may, in fact, be detr\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2715\", \"title\": \"Physical activity energy expenditure has not declined since the 1980s and matches energy expenditures of wild mammals.\", \"text\": \"OBJECTIVE: Obesity results from protracted energy imbalance. Whether this comprises excessive energy intake, lowered physical activity or both, remains disputed. DESIGN: Physical activity energy expenditure, evaluated in three different ways from daily energy expenditure (DEE) measured using doubly labelled water, was examined for trends over time. Data included subjects in Europe (Maastricht, the Netherlands) and North America extending back to the 1980s. These data were compared with measures \"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2716\", \"title\": \"Myths, Presumptions, and Facts about Obesity\", \"text\": \"BACKGROUND Many beliefs about obesity persist in the absence of supporting scientific evidence (presumptions); some persist despite contradicting evidence (myths). The promulgation of unsupported beliefs may yield poorly informed policy decisions, inaccurate clinical and public health recommendations, and an unproductive allocation of research resources and may divert attention away from useful, evidence-based information. METHODS Using Internet searches of popular media and scientific literatur\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2717\", \"title\": \"The role of exercise in the treatment of obesity.\", \"text\": \"The United States is in the midst of a significant public health problem that relates to obesity and inactivity. This epidemic has far-ranging consequences for our workforce and our children and shows no signs of slowing in the near future. Significant research has been performed on the effects of exercise for the reduction of body weight; results of most studies indicate that exercise alone has a small effect on body-weight reduction independent of caloric restriction. However, when combined wi\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2718\", \"title\": \"Energy Balance and Obesity\", \"text\": \"This paper describes the interplay among energy intake, energy expenditure and body energy stores and illustrates how an understanding of energy balance can help develop strategies to reduce obesity. First, reducing obesity will require modifying both energy intake and energy expenditure and not simply focusing on either alone. Food restriction alone will not be effective in reducing obesity if human physiology is biased toward achieving energy balance at a high energy flux (i.e. at a high level\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2793\", \"title\": \"Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: evidence that piperine is a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism.\", \"text\": \"Piperine, a major active component of black and long peppers, has been reported to enhance drug bioavailability. The present studies were aimed at understanding the interaction of piperine with enzymatic drug biotransforming reactions in hepatic tissue in vitro and in vivo. Piperine inhibited arylhydrocarbon hydroxylation, ethylmorphine-N-demethylation, 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylation and 3-hydroxy-benzo(a)pyrene glucuronidation in rat postmitochondrial supernatant in vitro in a dose-dependent m\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-2923\", \"title\": \"Death receptor ligands in tumors.\", \"text\": \"Activation of apoptosis via death receptors is a tightly regulated event, and the death pathway itself is open to interference on the part of soluble or membrane-bound decoy receptors. The aggregation state of the death-inducing ligand is a crucial factor, particularly when these molecules are used as recombinant drugs against tumors. Whether tumors are sensitive to such ligands is determined by both the net abundance of death receptors versus decoy receptors and the balance between intracellula\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-3051\", \"title\": \"Functional MRI of human hypothalamic responses following glucose ingestion.\", \"text\": \"The hypothalamus is intimately involved in the regulation of food intake, integrating multiple neural and hormonal signals. Several hypothalamic nuclei contain glucose-sensitive neurons, which play a crucial role in energy homeostasis. Although a few functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have indicated that glucose consumption has some effect on the neuronal activity levels in the hypothalamus, this matter has not been investigated extensively yet. For instance, dose-dependency of\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-3170\", \"title\": \"Cognitive Changes and Quality of Life in Neurocysticercosis: A Longitudinal Study\", \"text\": \"Background Few studies have focused on the cognitive morbidity of neurocysticercosis (NCC), one of the most common parasitic infections of the central nervous system. We longitudinally assessed the cognitive status and quality of life (QoL) of patients with incident symptomatic NCC cases and matched controls. Methodology/Principal Findings The setting of the study was the Sabogal Hospital and Cysticercosis Unit, Department of Transmissible Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, L\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-3281\", \"title\": \"Targeting methionine auxotrophy in cancer: discovery & exploration.\", \"text\": \"INTRODUCTION: Amino acid auxotrophy or the metabolic defect which renders cancer incapable of surviving under amino acid depleted conditions is being exploited and explored as a therapeutic against cancer. Early clinical data on asparagine- and arginine-depleting drugs have demonstrated low toxicity and efficacy in melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Methionine auxotrophy is a novel niche currently under exploration for targeting certain cancers. AREAS COVERED: I\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-3427\", \"title\": \"The link between erectile and cardiovascular health: the canary in the coal mine.\", \"text\": \"Lifestyle and nutrition have been increasingly recognized as central factors influencing vascular nitric oxide (NO) production and erectile function. This review underscores the importance of NO as the principal mediator influencing cardiovascular health and erectile function. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is associated with smoking, excessive alcohol intake, physical inactivity, abdominal obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and decreased antioxidant defenses, all of which reduce NO production. Better \"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-3501\", \"title\": \"Carrageenan induces interleukin-8 production through distinct Bcl10 pathway in normal human colonic epithelial cells.\", \"text\": \"Carrageenan is a high molecular weight sulfated polygalactan used to improve the texture of commercial food products. Its use increased markedly during the last half century, although carrageenan is known to induce inflammation in rheumatological models and in intestinal models of colitis. We performed studies to determine its direct effects on human intestinal cells, including normal human intestinal epithelial cells from colonic surgeries, the normal intestinal epithelial cell line NCM460, and\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-3585\", \"title\": \"The spermicidal potency of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola.\", \"text\": \"The inhibitory effect of Old Coke, caffeine-free New Coke, New Coke, Diet Coke and Pepsi-Cola on human sperm motility was studied with a trans-membrane migration method. None of them could decrease sperm motility to less than 70% of control within one hour. A previous study which claimed a marked variation of spermicidal potencies among different formulations of Coca-Cola could not be confirmed. Even if cola has a spermicidal effect, its potency is relatively weak as compared with other well-kno\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-3665\", \"title\": \"Sensing an improvement: an experimental study to evaluate the use of aromatherapy, massage and periods of rest in an intensive care unit.\", \"text\": \"There is widespread belief that the use of aromatherapy and massage in an intensive care environment offers a means of increasing the quality of sensory input that patients receive, as well as reducing levels of stress and anxiety. Despite a wealth of anecdotal evidence in support of these claims, there have been few objective studies to evaluate the effects of these therapies. In this experimental study 122 patients admitted to a general intensive care unit were randomly allocated to receive ei\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-3744\", \"title\": \"Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits.\", \"text\": \"Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Phytochemicals, especially phenolics, in fruits and vegetables are suggested to be the major bioactive compounds for the health benefits. However, the phenolic contents and their antioxidant activities in fruits and vegetables were underestimated in the literature, because bound phenolics were not included. This study was designed to investigate the profiles o\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-118\", \"title\": \"Alkylphenols in human milk and their relations to dietary habits in central Taiwan.\", \"text\": \"The aims of this study were to determine the concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-octylphenol (OP) in 59 human milk samples and to examine related factors including mothers' demographics and dietary habits. Women who consumed over the median amount of cooking oil had significantly higher OP concentrations (0.98 ng/g) than those who consumed less (0.39 ng/g) (P < 0.05). OP concentration was significantly associated with the consumption of cooking oil (beta = 0.62, P < 0.01) and fish oil cap\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-301\", \"title\": \"Methylmercury: A Potential Environmental Risk Factor Contributing to Epileptogenesis\", \"text\": \"Epilepsy or seizure disorder is one of the most common neurological diseases in humans. Although genetic mutations in ion channels and receptors and some other risk factors such as brain injury are linked to epileptogenesis, the underlying cause for the majority of epilepsy cases remains unknown. Gene-environment interactions are thought to play a critical role in the etiology of epilepsy. Exposure to environmental chemicals is an important risk factor. Methylmercury (MeHg) is a prominent enviro\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-306\", \"title\": \"Sensitivity of Continuous Performance Test (CPT) at Age 14 Years to Developmental Methylmercury Exposure\", \"text\": \"Hit Reaction Time latencies (HRT) in the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) measure the speed of visual information processing. The latencies may involve different neuropsychological functions depending on the time from test initiation, i.e., first orientation, learning and habituation, then cognitive processing and focused attention, and finally sustained attention as the dominant demand. Prenatal methylmercury exposure is associated with increased reaction time (RT) latencies. We therefore exam\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-329\", \"title\": \"Phosphate is a vascular toxin.\", \"text\": \"Elevated phosphate (P) levels are seen in advanced renal failure and, together with dysregulated calcium, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels, contribute to the complex of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disease (CKD-MBD). Converging evidence from in vitro, clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that increased P is associated with vascular calcification and mortality. When vessels are exposed to high P conditions in vitro, they develop apoptosis, convert to bone-like cells and\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-330\", \"title\": \"Dietary Phosphorus Acutely Impairs Endothelial Function\", \"text\": \"Excessive dietary phosphorus may increase cardiovascular risk in healthy individuals as well as in patients with chronic kidney disease, but the mechanisms underlying this risk are not completely understood. To determine whether postprandial hyperphosphatemia may promote endothelial dysfunction, we investigated the acute effect of phosphorus loading on endothelial function in vitro and in vivo. Exposing bovine aortic endothelial cells to a phosphorus load increased production of reactive oxygen \"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-332\", \"title\": \"Public health impact of dietary phosphorus excess on bone and cardiovascular health in the general population.\", \"text\": \"This review explores the potential adverse impact of the increasing phosphorus content in the American diet on renal, cardiovascular, and bone health of the general population. Increasingly, studies show that phosphorus intakes in excess of the nutrient needs of a healthy population may significantly disrupt the hormonal regulation of phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D, which contributes to disordered mineral metabolism, vascular calcification, impaired kidney function, and bone loss. Moreover, l\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-334\", \"title\": \"Differences among total and in\\u00a0vitro digestible phosphorus content of plant foods and beverages.\", \"text\": \"OBJECTIVE: Among plant foods, grain products, legumes, and seeds are important sources of phosphorus (P). Current data on P content and absorbability of P from these foods are lacking. Measurement of in\\u00a0vitro digestible P (DP) content of foods may reflect absorbability of P. The objective of this study was to measure both total phosphorus (TP) and DP contents of selected foods and to compare the amounts of TP and DP and the proportion of DP to TP among different foods. METHODS: TP and DP content\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-335\", \"title\": \"Differences among total and in vitro digestible phosphorus content of meat and milk products.\", \"text\": \"OBJECTIVE: Meat and milk products are important sources of dietary phosphorus (P) and protein. The use of P additives is common both in processed cheese and meat products. Measurement of in\\u00a0vitro digestible phosphorus (DP) content of foods may reflect absorbability of P. The objective of this study was to measure both total phosphorus (TP) and DP contents of selected meat and milk products and to compare amounts of TP and DP and the proportion of DP to TP among different foods. METHODS: TP and D\"}\n{\"_id\": \"MED-398\", \"title\": \"The grapefruit: an old wine in a new glass? Metabolic and cardiovascular perspectives\", \"text\": \"Summary Grapefruit is a popular, tasty and nutritive fruit enjoyed globally. Biomedical evidence in the last 10 years has, however, shown that consumption of grapefruit or its juice is associated with drug interactions, which, in some cases, have been fatal. Grapefruit-induced drug interactions are unique in that the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4, which metabolises over 60% of commonly prescribed drugs as well as other drug transporter proteins such as P-glycoprotein and organic cation transport\"}" }, { path: '/collections/nfcorpus/queries.tsv', name: 'queries.tsv', type: 'tsv', sizeBytes: 107, lineCount: 2, datasetId: 'nfcorpus-subset', rawContent: "PLAIN-2\tDo Cholesterol Statin Drugs Cause Breast Cancer?\nPLAIN-33\tWhat's Driving America's Obesity Problem?" }, { path: '/collections/nfcorpus/qrels/test.qrels', name: 'test.qrels', type: 'qrels', sizeBytes: 197, lineCount: 9, datasetId: 'nfcorpus-subset', rawContent: "PLAIN-2\tQ0\tMED-10\t2\nPLAIN-2\tQ0\tMED-14\t2\nPLAIN-2\tQ0\tMED-2427\t2\nPLAIN-2\tQ0\tMED-2429\t2\nPLAIN-2\tQ0\tMED-2428\t1\nPLAIN-33\tQ0\tMED-2715\t2\nPLAIN-33\tQ0\tMED-2716\t2\nPLAIN-33\tQ0\tMED-2717\t2\nPLAIN-33\tQ0\tMED-2718\t2" } ] }; export const BENCHMARK_DATASETS: CorpusDataset[] = [ MSMARCO_SUBSET_DATASET, NFCORPUS_SUBSET_DATASET ]; export function getDatasetById(id: string, customDatasets: CorpusDataset[] = []): CorpusDataset | undefined { return [...BENCHMARK_DATASETS, ...customDatasets].find(d => d.id === id); }