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+ <!DOCTYPE html>
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+ <html lang="en">
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+ <head>
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+ <meta charset="utf-8">
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+ <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
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+ <title>Urbanization in India Presentation</title>
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+ <!-- Load Reveal.js Core CSS -->
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+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/reveal.js/4.3.1/reveal.min.css">
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+ <!-- Load Reveal.js Theme (Moon is clean and modern) -->
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+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/reveal.js/4.3.1/theme/moon.min.css" id="theme">
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+ <!-- Load Tailwind CSS for utility styling (optional, but nice for polish) -->
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+ <script src="https://cdn.tailwindcss.com"></script>
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+ <!-- Set Inter font for a professional look -->
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+ <style>
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+ @import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;700;900&display=swap');
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+ :root {
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+ --r-main-font: 'Inter', sans-serif;
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+ --r-main-color: #f8f8f8;
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+ }
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+ /* Custom styles for better visibility on dark theme */
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+ .reveal h1, .reveal h2, .reveal h3, .reveal p, .reveal li {
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+ text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
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+ }
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+ .slides {
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+ border-radius: 12px;
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+ box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);
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+ }
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+ .reveal table {
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+ width: 100%;
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+ margin: 0 auto;
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+ border-collapse: collapse;
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+ }
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+ .reveal th, .reveal td {
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+ border: 1px solid #444;
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+ padding: 10px;
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+ text-align: left;
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+ font-size: 0.8em;
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+ }
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+ .reveal th {
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+ background-color: #333;
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+ color: #4CAF50;
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+ }
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+ </style>
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+ </head>
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+ <body>
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+
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+ <div class="reveal">
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+ <div class="slides">
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+
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+ <!-- SLIDE 1: Title Slide -->
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+ <section data-transition="slide" data-background-color="#3b444b">
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+ <div class="p-10 rounded-xl bg-gray-800 bg-opacity-70">
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+ <h1 class="text-6xl font-extrabold text-teal-400 mb-4">
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+ Urbanization in India
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+ </h1>
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+ <h2 class="text-4xl font-bold text-yellow-300 mb-8">
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+ Dynamics, Challenges, and a Path to Sustainable Cities
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+ </h2>
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+ <p class="text-2xl text-gray-300 mt-8">
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+ A Study of the Phenomenon, its Causal Factors, Negative Impacts, and Strategic Mitigation Approaches
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+ </p>
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+ <p class="text-xl text-gray-500 mt-12">
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+ Your Name/Affiliation - Date
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+ </p>
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+ <div class="mt-8">[Image of India's skyline]</div>
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+ </div>
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+ </section>
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+
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+ <!-- SLIDE 2: Introduction - Defining Urbanization -->
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+ <section data-transition="convex" data-background-color="#2d3748">
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+ <h2 class="text-5xl font-bold text-yellow-400 mb-8">
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+ 1. Introduction: What is Urbanization?
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+ </h2>
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+ <div class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-8 text-left max-w-5xl mx-auto">
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+ <div>
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold text-teal-300 mb-4">Definition: Process & Growth</h3>
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+ <ul class="list-disc list-inside text-xl space-y-3">
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+ <li class="fragment fade-in">
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+ <strong class="text-blue-300">Process of Population Migration:</strong> Populations move from rural areas to urban areas (towns and cities).
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+ </li>
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+ <li class="fragment fade-in">
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+ <strong class="text-blue-300">Resulting Growth:</strong> This shift leads directly to the expansion and proliferation of towns and cities.
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+ </li>
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+ </ul>
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+ </div>
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+ <div>
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold text-teal-300 mb-4">Core Dynamics</h3>
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+ <ul class="list-disc list-inside text-xl space-y-3">
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+ <li class="fragment fade-in">
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+ <strong class="text-green-300">Perceived Opportunity:</strong> Driven by the pursuit of superior economic, social, and political opportunities in urban centers.
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+ </li>
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+ <li class="fragment fade-in">
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+ <strong class="text-green-300">Rural Perception:</strong> Rural regions are often viewed as places of hardship and having a primitive lifestyle, acting as a 'push' factor.
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+ </li>
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+ </ul>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </section>
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+
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+ <!-- SLIDE 3: Urbanization Trends in India -->
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+ <section data-transition="zoom" data-background-color="#1a202c">
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+ <h2 class="text-5xl font-bold text-green-400 mb-8">
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+ 2. Urbanization Trends in India
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+ </h2>
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+ <div class="text-left max-w-4xl mx-auto">
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold text-red-300 mb-4 fragment fade-in">
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+ Historical Context: Alarming Rate of Expansion
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+ </h3>
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+ <p class="text-xl mb-6 fragment fade-in">
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+ India has witnessed a significant demographic shift and rapid city growth over the last century, making it one of the world's most critical urbanization stories.
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+ </p>
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+
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold text-red-300 mb-4 fragment fade-in">
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+ Demographic Shift: Data Snapshot
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+ </h3>
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+ <ul class="list-disc list-inside text-2xl space-y-2 font-mono fragment current-only">
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+ <li>1901: <strong class="text-yellow-400">11.4%</strong> Urban Population</li>
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+ <li>2021: Approx. <strong class="text-yellow-400">35%</strong> Urban Population</li>
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+ <li>2030 (Projected - UN): Around <strong class="text-yellow-400">40%</strong> Urban Population</li>
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+ </ul>
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+
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold text-red-300 mb-4 mt-6 fragment fade-in">
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+ Significance
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+ </h3>
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+ <p class="text-xl fragment fade-in">
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+ India's trend is particularly pronounced, making it crucial for national planning and development.
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+ </p>
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+ <div class="mt-8"></div>
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+ </div>
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+ </section>
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+
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+ <!-- SLIDE 4: Causal Factors: The "Push" and "Pull" -->
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+ <section data-transition="fade" data-background-color="#3b444b">
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+ <h2 class="text-5xl font-bold text-white mb-8">
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+ 3. Causal Factors: The "Push" and "Pull"
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+ </h2>
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+ <div class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-8 text-left max-w-5xl mx-auto">
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+ <div class="bg-gray-700 p-6 rounded-lg fragment grow">
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold mb-3 text-red-300">Economic Drivers ("Pull")</h3>
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+ <ul class="list-disc list-inside text-xl space-y-3">
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+ <li><strong class="text-yellow-300">Job Opportunities:</strong> Rapid industrial growth creates jobs (construction, services), driven by the "dearth of jobs in villages."</li>
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+ <li><strong class="text-yellow-300">Higher Wages:</strong> Remittances sent back to rural families further incentivize migration.</li>
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+ </ul>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="bg-gray-700 p-6 rounded-lg fragment grow">
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold mb-3 text-red-300">Social & Quality of Life Drivers</h3>
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+ <ul class="list-disc list-inside text-xl space-y-3">
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+ <li><strong class="text-yellow-300">Superior Services ("Pull"):</strong> Better healthcare (lowering mortality) and better education prospects.</li>
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+ <li><strong class="text-yellow-300">Modern Conveniences ("Pull"):</strong> Access to better transport, communication, and varied entertainment.</li>
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+ <li><strong class="text-yellow-300">Social Mobility ("Push/Pull"):</strong> Escape from rigid social norms like the caste system prevalent in rural areas.</li>
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+ </ul>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </section>
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+
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+ <!-- SLIDE 5: The Negative Impacts (Part 1): Socio-Economic Challenges -->
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+ <section data-transition="slide" data-background-color="#603434">
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+ <h2 class="text-5xl font-bold text-yellow-200 mb-8">
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+ 4. Negative Impacts (Part 1): Socio-Economic Strain
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+ </h2>
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+ <div class="text-left max-w-4xl mx-auto space-y-6">
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+ <div class="bg-red-800 bg-opacity-50 p-4 rounded-lg fragment fade-in">
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold text-red-300 mb-2">Housing Crisis & Slum Formation</h3>
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+ <p class="text-xl">
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+ Massive influx leads to an acute housing shortage. Fosters the creation of slums (heavily populated areas lacking essential utilities like water/sanitation).
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+ </p>
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+ <p class="text-lg italic mt-1">
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+ Vulnerability: Slum residents often lack ownership and face the risk of eviction.
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+ </p>
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+ </div>
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+
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+ <div class="bg-red-800 bg-opacity-50 p-4 rounded-lg fragment fade-in">
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold text-red-300 mb-2">Overcrowding & Health</h3>
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+ <p class="text-xl">
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+ High population density facilitates the outbreak and rapid spread of diseases (e.g., malaria and dengue).
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+ </p>
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+ </div>
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+
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+ <div class="bg-red-800 bg-opacity-50 p-4 rounded-lg fragment fade-in">
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold text-red-300 mb-2">Unemployment & Crime</h3>
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+ <p class="text-xl">
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+ Job seekers overwhelm supply, causing unemployment. Poverty and lack of opportunity contribute to a rise in crime and strain on law and order.
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+ </p>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </section>
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+
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+ <!-- SLIDE 6: The Negative Impacts (Part 2): Infrastructural & Environmental Strain -->
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+ <section data-transition="convex" data-background-color="#4e3c2c">
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+ <h2 class="text-5xl font-bold text-yellow-200 mb-8">
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+ 5. Negative Impacts (Part 2): Infrastructural & Environmental Strain
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+ </h2>
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+ <div class="text-left max-w-4xl mx-auto space-y-6">
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+ <div class="bg-gray-800 bg-opacity-50 p-4 rounded-lg fragment fade-in">
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold text-orange-300 mb-2">Infrastructural Strain</h3>
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+ <p class="text-xl">
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+ <strong class="text-yellow-400">Transportation Problems:</strong> Chronic traffic jams, poor roads, and inadequate public transport lead to decreased work efficiency and commuter suffering.
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+ </p>
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+ <p class="text-lg mt-1">
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+ Immense pressure on systemic utilities (water, electricity, sewage).
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+ </p>
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+ </div>
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+
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+ <div class="bg-gray-800 bg-opacity-50 p-4 rounded-lg fragment fade-in">
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold text-orange-300 mb-2">Environmental Degradation</h3>
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+ <p class="text-xl">
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+ <strong class="text-yellow-400">Air & Water Pollution:</strong> Steep rise from factories and vehicles causing respiratory diseases.
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+ </p>
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+ <p class="text-xl">
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+ <strong class="text-yellow-400">Habitat Destruction:</strong> Expansion destroys green areas, contributing to the Urban Heat Island Effect and damaging ecosystems.
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+ </p>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="mt-8"></div>
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+ </div>
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+ </section>
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+
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+ <!-- SLIDE 7: Strategic Mitigation Approaches (Part 1): Sustainable and Economic Interventions -->
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+ <section data-transition="zoom" data-background-color="#2c4e30">
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+ <h2 class="text-5xl font-bold text-green-400 mb-8">
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+ 6. Strategic Mitigation (Part 1)
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+ </h2>
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+ <div class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-8 text-left max-w-5xl mx-auto">
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+ <div class="bg-green-900 bg-opacity-50 p-6 rounded-lg fragment grow">
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold mb-3 text-cyan-300">Sustainable Urban Development</h3>
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+ <ul class="list-disc list-inside text-xl space-y-3">
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+ <li><strong class="text-yellow-300">Green Infrastructure & Smart Growth:</strong> Planning eco-friendly cities; emphasizing recycling, water reclamation, and land reclamation.</li>
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+ <li><strong class="text-yellow-300">Pollution Management:</strong> Encouraging renewable energy and eco-friendly public transport (EVs, Metro).</li>
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+ </ul>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="bg-green-900 bg-opacity-50 p-6 rounded-lg fragment grow">
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold mb-3 text-cyan-300">Economic & Social Interventions</h3>
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+ <ul class="list-disc list-inside text-xl space-y-3">
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+ <li><strong class="text-yellow-300">Rapid Job Creation:</strong> Encouraging private and foreign investment in environment-friendly development projects.</li>
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+ <li><strong class="text-yellow-300">Essential Services Provision:</strong> Local governments ensuring access to health, sanitation, water, and education for all populations.</li>
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+ <li><strong class="text-yellow-300">Population Control:</strong> Providing medical clinics and family planning counseling.</li>
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+ </ul>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </section>
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+
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+ <!-- SLIDE 8: Strategic Mitigation Approaches (Part 2): Urban Planning Solutions -->
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+ <section data-transition="fade" data-background-color="#1a202c">
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+ <h2 class="text-5xl font-bold text-green-400 mb-8">
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+ 7. Strategic Mitigation (Part 2): Planning
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+ </h2>
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+ <div class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-8 text-left max-w-5xl mx-auto">
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+ <div class="bg-gray-800 p-6 rounded-lg fragment grow">
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold mb-3 text-purple-300">Satellite Cities</h3>
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+ <p class="text-xl mb-3">
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+ Smaller, independent cities near a main hub, designed to relieve pressure on major urban centers.
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+ </p>
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+ <ul class="list-disc list-inside text-lg space-y-2">
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+ <li>Separated by a green belt.</li>
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+ <li>Have own amenities (hospitals, shopping).</li>
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+ <li>Examples: Navi Mumbai, Gurugram/Noida, Rajarhat/Salt Lake City.</li>
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+ </ul>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="bg-gray-800 p-6 rounded-lg fragment grow">
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold mb-3 text-purple-300">The Smart City Concept</h3>
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+ <p class="text-xl mb-3">
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+ An urban region using **ICT** to enhance operational efficiency, citizen well-being, and sustainability.
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+ </p>
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+ <ul class="list-disc list-inside text-lg space-y-2">
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+ <li>Key Features: Data-driven decision-making, improved transport systems, and environmental sensors.</li>
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+ <li>Global Context: Zurich, Oslo, and Canberra ranked as leading smart cities (2023).</li>
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+ </ul>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+ </section>
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+
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+ <!-- SLIDE 9: Key Indian Government Initiatives -->
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+ <section data-transition="slide" data-background-color="#3b444b">
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+ <h2 class="text-5xl font-bold text-teal-400 mb-8">
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+ 8. Key Indian Government Initiatives
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+ </h2>
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+ <table class="text-white">
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+ <thead>
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+ <tr>
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+ <th>Initiative</th>
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+ <th>Ministry & Year</th>
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+ <th>Focus and Purpose</th>
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+ </tr>
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+ </thead>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <tr class="fragment fade-in">
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+ <td class="font-bold text-yellow-300">HRIDAY</td>
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+ <td>MoHUA (2015)</td>
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+ <td>Preserve and revitalize the rich cultural heritage of cities while fostering inclusive and sustainable development.</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr class="fragment fade-in">
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+ <td class="font-bold text-yellow-300">AMRUT</td>
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+ <td>National Program</td>
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+ <td>Improving quality of life by enhancing basic amenities (water supply, sewerage, drainage) and promoting green spaces.</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr class="fragment fade-in">
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+ <td class="font-bold text-yellow-300">Smart Cities Mission</td>
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+ <td>National Program</td>
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+ <td>Develop 100 selected cities by transforming existing areas (including slums) into better-planned, livable places using technology and data.</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </table>
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+ </section>
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+
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+ <!-- SLIDE 10: Conclusion and Way Forward -->
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+ <section data-transition="zoom" data-background-color="#2d3748">
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+ <h2 class="text-5xl font-bold text-white mb-8">
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+ 9. Conclusion and Way Forward
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+ </h2>
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+ <div class="text-left max-w-4xl mx-auto">
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold text-red-300 mb-4 fragment fade-in">
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+ Summary of Challenge
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+ </h3>
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+ <p class="text-2xl mb-6 fragment fade-in">
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+ Urbanization is an irreversible global trend, but its rapid and **unplanned** nature in India poses severe socio-economic and environmental risks.
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+ </p>
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+
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold text-green-300 mb-4 fragment fade-in">
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+ Path Forward: Multi-faceted Approach
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+ </h3>
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+ <ul class="list-disc list-inside text-xl space-y-3 fragment current-only">
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+ <li>Urban Planning (Satellite Cities, Smart City transformation).</li>
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+ <li>Sustainability (Green Infrastructure, Pollution Control).</li>
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+ <li>Socio-Economic Interventions (Job Creation, Essential Services).</li>
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+ </ul>
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+
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+ <h3 class="text-3xl font-semibold text-teal-300 mb-4 mt-8 fragment fade-in">
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+ Final Thought
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+ </h3>
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+ <p class="text-2xl italic fragment fade-in">
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+ The success of India’s urbanization hinges on effectively implementing the 'Smart City' and related missions to ensure efficiency, sustainability, and a high quality of life for all citizens.
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+ </p>
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+ <div class="mt-8"></div>
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+ </div>
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+ </section>
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+
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+
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+ <!-- Load Reveal.js Library -->
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+ <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/reveal.js/4.3.1/reveal.min.js"></script>
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+
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+ <script>
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+ // Initialization
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+ Reveal.initialize({
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+ // Presentation dimensions
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+ width: 1080,
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+ height: 720,
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+
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+ // Display controls in the bottom right corner
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+ controls: true,
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+
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+ // Display a presentation progress bar
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+ progress: true,
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+
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+ // Enable slide navigation via mouse wheel
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+ mouseWheel: true,
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+
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+ // Transition style
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+ transition: 'slide', // none/fade/slide/convex/concave/zoom
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+
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+ // Transition speed
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+ transitionSpeed: 'default', // default/fast/slow
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+
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+ // Enable slide fragments (individual elements appearing)
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+ fragments: true,
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+
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+ // Keyboard shortcuts (right arrow, spacebar, etc., work by default)
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+ });
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+ </script>
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+
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+ </body>
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+ </html>