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org card: both benchmarks, the paper, and the box basis

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  # OpenTWBench
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  **An open evaluation suite for Taiwan-domain knowledge in large language models.**
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- ๐Ÿ”— **[opentwbench.ai](https://opentwbench.ai)** โ€” leaderboard, subject map, and how the data is built
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  ---
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@@ -20,39 +24,101 @@ Chinese, about mainland institutions. A model can score well on them while knowi
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  nothing about the Labor Standards Act, the Household Registration Act, or how a
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  Taiwanese pharmacist is licensed. These datasets exist to make that gap measurable.
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- The questions come from Taiwan's **national examinations**, published as open data by
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- the **Ministry of Examination (่€ƒ้ธ้ƒจ)** โ€” professionally written, officially
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- answer-keyed, and covering essentially every regulated profession in the country.
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- ## The datasets
 
 
 
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- One dataset per **ๅญธ็ง‘ (academic subject)**, named `tw-<subject>-bench`, in the
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- **Twinkle Eval MCQ** format (`question`, `A`โ€“`D`, `answer`) with provenance columns
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- alongside. Subjects are the unit, not the profession sitting the exam:
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- ็ฅž็ถ“็–พ็—…็‰ฉ็†ๆฒป็™‚ๅญธ and ้ชจ็ง‘็–พ็—…็‰ฉ็†ๆฒป็™‚ๅญธ are separate benchmarks, because a model can
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- know one and not the other.
 
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  ```python
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  from datasets import load_dataset
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- ds = load_dataset("OpenTWBench/tw-medicine-bench", split="test")
 
 
 
 
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  ```
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  ## Reading the scores honestly
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  - These are **public past papers**, very likely in pretraining corpora. Use the suite
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  for *relative* comparison between models, not to claim a model "passes" an exam.
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- - **Check the parse rate before believing a low score** โ€” a model that knows the
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- answer but writes it in an unexpected shape is a formatting failure.
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- - **Shuffle the options.** The source papers carry an answer-position skew.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  Taiwan **law** is covered separately and in depth by
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  [`lianghsun/tw-legal-benchmark-v2`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lianghsun/tw-legal-benchmark-v2);
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  questions already published there are excluded from this org, item by item.
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  ## Contributing
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  A wrong answer key is worse than a missing question. Open a discussion on the dataset
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  it affects, quoting the `paper_id` and `q_no`, and it can be traced to the original PDF.
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- *Questions and answer keys are official publications of ่€ƒ้ธ้ƒจ, released as open data.
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- Packaging and metadata: Apache-2.0.*
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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+ <p align="center">
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+ <img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/OpenTWBench/tw-exam-bench/resolve/main/assets/banner.png" alt="OpenTWBench" width="100%">
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+ </p>
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+
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  # OpenTWBench
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  **An open evaluation suite for Taiwan-domain knowledge in large language models.**
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+ ๐Ÿ“„ **[arXiv:2610.19848](https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.19848)** ยท ๐Ÿ† **[opentwbench.ai](https://opentwbench.ai)** โ€” 108 models, per-subject scores, raw predictions ยท ๐Ÿ“š **[Collection](https://huggingface.co/collections/OpenTWBench/opentwbench-6ad04707cb0fd0973d14e067)**
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  ---
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  nothing about the Labor Standards Act, the Household Registration Act, or how a
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  Taiwanese pharmacist is licensed. These datasets exist to make that gap measurable.
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+ ## The two benchmarks
 
 
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+ | | Questions | Source | Licence |
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+ |---|---|---|---|
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+ | [**`tw-exam-bench`**](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OpenTWBench/tw-exam-bench) | **255,854** across 148 subjects | Fifteen years of Taiwan's national examinations, published as open data by the Ministry of Examination (่€ƒ้ธ้ƒจ) | Apache-2.0 |
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+ | [**`tw-formosa-bench`**](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OpenTWBench/tw-formosa-bench) | **1,696**, difficulty-curated | [Taiwan.md](https://github.com/frank890417/taiwan-md), a community-curated corpus of everyday and contemporary Taiwan | CC BY-SA 4.0 |
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+ They measure different things on purpose. `tw-exam-bench` is the professional
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+ knowledge Taiwan licenses: ็ฅž็ถ“็–พ็—…็‰ฉ็†ๆฒป็™‚ๅญธ and ้ชจ็ง‘็–พ็—…็‰ฉ็†ๆฒป็™‚ๅญธ are separate
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+ configs, because a model can know one and not the other. `tw-formosa-bench` is the
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+ Taiwan those examinations never ask about โ€” ่”ฃๆธญๆฐด'sใ€Š่‡จๅบŠ่ฌ›็พฉใ€‹, who designed ่ก›ๆญฆ็‡Ÿ,
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+ the MRT rules, the night markets โ€” curated so that a frozen seven-model pool scored
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+ at the passing margin rather than at the ceiling.
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  ```python
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  from datasets import load_dataset
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+
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+ ds = load_dataset("OpenTWBench/tw-exam-bench", "dentistry", split="test")
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+ ds = load_dataset("OpenTWBench/tw-exam-bench", "field_medicine", split="test")
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+ ds = load_dataset("OpenTWBench/tw-exam-bench", "all", split="test")
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+ ds = load_dataset("OpenTWBench/tw-formosa-bench", "all", split="test")
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  ```
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+ Every exam item keeps its `paper_id` and `q_no`, so any score traces back to the
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+ original PDF; every Formosa item keeps the `source_title` and `source_path` of the
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+ Taiwan.md passage it was written from.
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+
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+ ## What the leaderboard reports
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+
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+ Every score on [opentwbench.ai](https://opentwbench.ai) is a **`\boxed{}` score**: the
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+ model is told to put the answer letter in `\boxed{}`, and a response that does not is
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+ counted wrong, not pattern-matched into one. The lenient score โ€” what pattern matching
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+ would have added โ€” sits beside it in the same row, so *what a model knows* and *what
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+ format it writes in* are two columns rather than one.
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+
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+ This matters more than it sounds. On identical questions and models, switching
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+ extraction from pattern matching to `\boxed{}` moves accuracy from 20.8% to 93.9%.
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+ A board that mixes the two is not one measurement.
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+
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  ## Reading the scores honestly
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  - These are **public past papers**, very likely in pretraining corpora. Use the suite
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  for *relative* comparison between models, not to claim a model "passes" an exam.
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+ - **Check the `\boxed{}` rate before believing a low score.** A model that knows the
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+ answer but will not write it in the requested shape is a formatting failure, and the
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+ board shows that rate next to every number.
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+ - **Shuffle the options.** The source papers carry an answer-position skew, and one
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+ placeholder character in a system prompt once moved a 675B model from last place to
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+ first on the same questions.
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+ - Answer keys agree across 31,312 duplicated question groups at **99.91%**; all 27
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+ disagreements are accounted for item by item. That figure is the noise floor of
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+ anything built on this source โ€” differences finer than it are measuring the
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+ apparatus, not the model.
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  Taiwan **law** is covered separately and in depth by
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  [`lianghsun/tw-legal-benchmark-v2`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lianghsun/tw-legal-benchmark-v2);
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  questions already published there are excluded from this org, item by item.
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+ ## Getting your model on the leaderboard
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+
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+ **We can run it for you.** Publish the model on Hugging Face โ€” gated or private is
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+ fine โ€” grant read access to **OpenTWBench**, and open an issue here with the repo id.
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+ We serve it, run the full suite, and publish the result tagged **Official** alongside
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+ the raw prediction files.
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+
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+ You can also run the suite yourself and submit the numbers; those appear tagged
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+ **Self-reported**. Every leaderboard row carries its tag, so a reader can tell who
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+ produced the score. See [opentwbench.ai](https://opentwbench.ai) for both routes.
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+
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+ The suite is not limited to what we build. Any benchmark that measures Taiwan in
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+ Traditional Chinese belongs here, whatever its source. Contributed datasets keep their
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+ own home and their own maintainers; we list them, tagged **Community**, after review.
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+ Send us a link from [opentwbench.ai](https://opentwbench.ai/#contribute).
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+
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  ## Contributing
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  A wrong answer key is worse than a missing question. Open a discussion on the dataset
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  it affects, quoting the `paper_id` and `q_no`, and it can be traced to the original PDF.
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+ ## Citation
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+
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+ ```bibtex
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+ @misc{opentwbench2026,
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+ title = {OpenTWBench (Open Taiwan Benchmark): Taiwan-Domain Knowledge
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+ Evaluation for Large Language Models, and How the Measurement
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+ Apparatus Shapes the Score},
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+ author = {Huang, Liang-Hsun and Chen, Min-Yi and Chuang, Chao-Chun and
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+ Liu, Yu-Wei and Wu, Che-Yu and Lee, Po-Feng},
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+ year = {2026},
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+ eprint = {2610.19848},
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+ archivePrefix= {arXiv},
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+ primaryClass = {cs.CL}
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+ }
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+ ```
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+
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+ *Examination questions and answer keys are official publications of ่€ƒ้ธ้ƒจ, released as
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+ open data; packaging and metadata are Apache-2.0. `tw-formosa-bench` is CC BY-SA 4.0,
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+ inherited from Taiwan.md.*