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README.md
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# OpenTWBench
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**An open evaluation suite for Taiwan-domain knowledge in large language models.**
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---
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nothing about the Labor Standards Act, the Household Registration Act, or how a
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Taiwanese pharmacist is licensed. These datasets exist to make that gap measurable.
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The
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the **Ministry of Examination (่้ธ้จ)** โ professionally written, officially
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answer-keyed, and covering essentially every regulated profession in the country.
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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```
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## Reading the scores honestly
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- These are **public past papers**, very likely in pretraining corpora. Use the suite
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for *relative* comparison between models, not to claim a model "passes" an exam.
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- **Check the
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answer but
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Taiwan **law** is covered separately and in depth by
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[`lianghsun/tw-legal-benchmark-v2`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lianghsun/tw-legal-benchmark-v2);
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questions already published there are excluded from this org, item by item.
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## Contributing
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A wrong answer key is worse than a missing question. Open a discussion on the dataset
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it affects, quoting the `paper_id` and `q_no`, and it can be traced to the original PDF.
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pinned: true
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---
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<p align="center">
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<img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/OpenTWBench/tw-exam-bench/resolve/main/assets/banner.png" alt="OpenTWBench" width="100%">
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</p>
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# OpenTWBench
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**An open evaluation suite for Taiwan-domain knowledge in large language models.**
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๐ **[arXiv:2610.19848](https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.19848)** ยท ๐ **[opentwbench.ai](https://opentwbench.ai)** โ 108 models, per-subject scores, raw predictions ยท ๐ **[Collection](https://huggingface.co/collections/OpenTWBench/opentwbench-6ad04707cb0fd0973d14e067)**
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---
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nothing about the Labor Standards Act, the Household Registration Act, or how a
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Taiwanese pharmacist is licensed. These datasets exist to make that gap measurable.
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## The two benchmarks
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| | Questions | Source | Licence |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| [**`tw-exam-bench`**](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OpenTWBench/tw-exam-bench) | **255,854** across 148 subjects | Fifteen years of Taiwan's national examinations, published as open data by the Ministry of Examination (่้ธ้จ) | Apache-2.0 |
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| [**`tw-formosa-bench`**](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OpenTWBench/tw-formosa-bench) | **1,696**, difficulty-curated | [Taiwan.md](https://github.com/frank890417/taiwan-md), a community-curated corpus of everyday and contemporary Taiwan | CC BY-SA 4.0 |
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They measure different things on purpose. `tw-exam-bench` is the professional
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knowledge Taiwan licenses: ็ฅ็ถ็พ็
็ฉ็ๆฒป็ๅญธ and ้ชจ็ง็พ็
็ฉ็ๆฒป็ๅญธ are separate
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configs, because a model can know one and not the other. `tw-formosa-bench` is the
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Taiwan those examinations never ask about โ ่ฃๆธญๆฐด'sใ่จๅบ่ฌ็พฉใ, who designed ่กๆญฆ็,
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the MRT rules, the night markets โ curated so that a frozen seven-model pool scored
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at the passing margin rather than at the ceiling.
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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ds = load_dataset("OpenTWBench/tw-exam-bench", "dentistry", split="test")
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ds = load_dataset("OpenTWBench/tw-exam-bench", "field_medicine", split="test")
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ds = load_dataset("OpenTWBench/tw-exam-bench", "all", split="test")
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ds = load_dataset("OpenTWBench/tw-formosa-bench", "all", split="test")
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```
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Every exam item keeps its `paper_id` and `q_no`, so any score traces back to the
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original PDF; every Formosa item keeps the `source_title` and `source_path` of the
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Taiwan.md passage it was written from.
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## What the leaderboard reports
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Every score on [opentwbench.ai](https://opentwbench.ai) is a **`\boxed{}` score**: the
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model is told to put the answer letter in `\boxed{}`, and a response that does not is
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counted wrong, not pattern-matched into one. The lenient score โ what pattern matching
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would have added โ sits beside it in the same row, so *what a model knows* and *what
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format it writes in* are two columns rather than one.
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This matters more than it sounds. On identical questions and models, switching
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extraction from pattern matching to `\boxed{}` moves accuracy from 20.8% to 93.9%.
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A board that mixes the two is not one measurement.
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## Reading the scores honestly
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- These are **public past papers**, very likely in pretraining corpora. Use the suite
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for *relative* comparison between models, not to claim a model "passes" an exam.
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- **Check the `\boxed{}` rate before believing a low score.** A model that knows the
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answer but will not write it in the requested shape is a formatting failure, and the
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board shows that rate next to every number.
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- **Shuffle the options.** The source papers carry an answer-position skew, and one
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placeholder character in a system prompt once moved a 675B model from last place to
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first on the same questions.
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- Answer keys agree across 31,312 duplicated question groups at **99.91%**; all 27
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disagreements are accounted for item by item. That figure is the noise floor of
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anything built on this source โ differences finer than it are measuring the
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apparatus, not the model.
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Taiwan **law** is covered separately and in depth by
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[`lianghsun/tw-legal-benchmark-v2`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lianghsun/tw-legal-benchmark-v2);
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questions already published there are excluded from this org, item by item.
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## Getting your model on the leaderboard
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**We can run it for you.** Publish the model on Hugging Face โ gated or private is
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fine โ grant read access to **OpenTWBench**, and open an issue here with the repo id.
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We serve it, run the full suite, and publish the result tagged **Official** alongside
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the raw prediction files.
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You can also run the suite yourself and submit the numbers; those appear tagged
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**Self-reported**. Every leaderboard row carries its tag, so a reader can tell who
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produced the score. See [opentwbench.ai](https://opentwbench.ai) for both routes.
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The suite is not limited to what we build. Any benchmark that measures Taiwan in
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Traditional Chinese belongs here, whatever its source. Contributed datasets keep their
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own home and their own maintainers; we list them, tagged **Community**, after review.
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Send us a link from [opentwbench.ai](https://opentwbench.ai/#contribute).
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## Contributing
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A wrong answer key is worse than a missing question. Open a discussion on the dataset
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it affects, quoting the `paper_id` and `q_no`, and it can be traced to the original PDF.
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## Citation
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```bibtex
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@misc{opentwbench2026,
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title = {OpenTWBench (Open Taiwan Benchmark): Taiwan-Domain Knowledge
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Evaluation for Large Language Models, and How the Measurement
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Apparatus Shapes the Score},
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author = {Huang, Liang-Hsun and Chen, Min-Yi and Chuang, Chao-Chun and
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Liu, Yu-Wei and Wu, Che-Yu and Lee, Po-Feng},
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year = {2026},
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eprint = {2610.19848},
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archivePrefix= {arXiv},
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primaryClass = {cs.CL}
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}
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```
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*Examination questions and answer keys are official publications of ่้ธ้จ, released as
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open data; packaging and metadata are Apache-2.0. `tw-formosa-bench` is CC BY-SA 4.0,
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inherited from Taiwan.md.*
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