lightrag/kg/postgres_impl.py

import asyncio
import time
import hashlib
import json
import os
import re
import datetime
from datetime import timezone
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import Any, Awaitable, Callable, TypeVar, Union, final
import numpy as np
import configparser
import ssl
import itertools

from lightrag.types import KnowledgeGraph, KnowledgeGraphNode, KnowledgeGraphEdge

from tenacity import (
    AsyncRetrying,
    RetryCallState,
    retry,
    retry_if_exception,
    retry_if_exception_type,
    stop_after_attempt,
    wait_exponential,
    wait_fixed,
)

from ..base import (
    BaseGraphStorage,
    BaseKVStorage,
    BaseVectorStorage,
    DocProcessingStatus,
    DocStatus,
    DocStatusStorage,
)
from ..exceptions import DataMigrationError
from ..namespace import NameSpace, is_namespace
from ..utils import logger, _cooperative_yield, performance_timing_log
from ..kg.shared_storage import get_data_init_lock

import pipmaster as pm

if not pm.is_installed("asyncpg"):
    pm.install("asyncpg")
if not pm.is_installed("pgvector"):
    pm.install("pgvector")

import asyncpg  # type: ignore
from asyncpg import Pool  # type: ignore
from pgvector.asyncpg import register_vector  # type: ignore

from dotenv import load_dotenv

# use the .env that is inside the current folder
# allows to use different .env file for each lightrag instance
# the OS environment variables take precedence over the .env file
load_dotenv(dotenv_path=".env", override=False)

T = TypeVar("T")

# PostgreSQL identifier length limit (in bytes)
PG_MAX_IDENTIFIER_LENGTH = 63

# All known vector index suffixes, used to drop conflicting indexes when switching types
_VECTOR_INDEX_SUFFIXES = [
    "hnsw_cosine",
    "hnsw_halfvec_cosine",
    "ivfflat_cosine",
    "vchordrq_cosine",
]


def _safe_index_name(table_name: str, index_suffix: str) -> str:
    """
    Generate a PostgreSQL-safe index name that won't be truncated.

    PostgreSQL silently truncates identifiers to 63 bytes. This function
    ensures index names stay within that limit by hashing long table names.

    Args:
        table_name: The table name (may be long with model suffix)
        index_suffix: The index type suffix (e.g., 'hnsw_cosine', 'id', 'workspace_id')

    Returns:
        A deterministic index name that fits within 63 bytes
    """
    # Construct the full index name
    full_name = f"idx_{table_name.lower()}_{index_suffix}"

    # If it fits within the limit, use it as-is
    if len(full_name.encode("utf-8")) <= PG_MAX_IDENTIFIER_LENGTH:
        return full_name

    # Otherwise, hash the table name to create a shorter unique identifier
    # Keep 'idx_' prefix and suffix readable, hash the middle
    hash_input = table_name.lower().encode("utf-8")
    table_hash = hashlib.md5(hash_input).hexdigest()[:12]  # 12 hex chars

    # Format: idx_{hash}_{suffix} - guaranteed to fit
    # Maximum: idx_ (4) + hash (12) + _ (1) + suffix (variable) = 17 + suffix
    shortened_name = f"idx_{table_hash}_{index_suffix}"

    return shortened_name


def _timing_details_suffix(**details: Any) -> str:
    parts = [f"{key}={value}" for key, value in details.items()]
    return f" {' '.join(parts)}" if parts else ""


def _dollar_quote(s: str, tag_prefix: str = "AGE") -> str:
    """
    Generate a PostgreSQL dollar-quoted string with a unique tag.

    PostgreSQL dollar-quoting uses $tag$ as delimiters. If the content contains
    the same delimiter (e.g., $$ or $AGE1$), it will break the query.
    This function finds a unique tag that doesn't conflict with the content.

    Args:
        s: The string to quote
        tag_prefix: Prefix for generating unique tags (default: "AGE")

    Returns:
        The dollar-quoted string with a unique tag, e.g., $AGE1$content$AGE1$

    Example:
        >>> _dollar_quote("hello")
        '$AGE1$hello$AGE1$'
        >>> _dollar_quote("$AGE1$ test")
        '$AGE2$$AGE1$ test$AGE2$'
        >>> _dollar_quote("$$$")  # Content with dollar signs
        '$AGE1$$$$AGE1$'
    """
    s = "" if s is None else str(s)
    for i in itertools.count(1):
        tag = f"{tag_prefix}{i}"
        wrapper = f"${tag}$"
        if wrapper not in s:
            return f"{wrapper}{s}{wrapper}"


class PostgreSQLDB:
    def __init__(self, config: dict[str, Any], **kwargs: Any):
        self.host = config["host"]
        self.port = config["port"]
        self.user = config["user"]
        self.password = config["password"]
        self.database = config["database"]
        self.workspace = config["workspace"]
        self.max = int(config["max_connections"])
        self.increment = 1
        self.pool: Pool | None = None

        # SSL configuration
        self.ssl_mode = config.get("ssl_mode")
        self.ssl_cert = config.get("ssl_cert")
        self.ssl_key = config.get("ssl_key")
        self.ssl_root_cert = config.get("ssl_root_cert")
        self.ssl_crl = config.get("ssl_crl")

        # Vector configuration
        _ev = config.get("enable_vector", True)
        self.enable_vector = (
            _ev
            if isinstance(_ev, bool)
            else str(_ev).lower() in ("true", "1", "yes", "on")
        )  # True for backward compatibility, can be set to False to disable vector features
        self.vector_index_type = config.get("vector_index_type")
        self.hnsw_m = config.get("hnsw_m")
        self.hnsw_ef = config.get("hnsw_ef")
        self.ivfflat_lists = config.get("ivfflat_lists")
        self.vchordrq_build_options = config.get("vchordrq_build_options")
        self.vchordrq_probes = config.get("vchordrq_probes")
        self.vchordrq_epsilon = config.get("vchordrq_epsilon")

        # Server settings
        self.server_settings = config.get("server_settings")

        # Statement LRU cache size (keep as-is, allow None for optional configuration)
        self.statement_cache_size = config.get("statement_cache_size")

        if self.user is None or self.password is None or self.database is None:
            raise ValueError("Missing database user, password, or database")

        # Guard concurrent pool resets
        self._pool_reconnect_lock = asyncio.Lock()

        self._transient_exceptions = (
            asyncio.TimeoutError,
            TimeoutError,
            ConnectionError,
            OSError,
            asyncpg.exceptions.InterfaceError,
            asyncpg.exceptions.TooManyConnectionsError,
            asyncpg.exceptions.CannotConnectNowError,
            asyncpg.exceptions.PostgresConnectionError,
            asyncpg.exceptions.ConnectionDoesNotExistError,
            asyncpg.exceptions.ConnectionFailureError,
        )

        # Connection retry configuration
        self.connection_retry_attempts = config["connection_retry_attempts"]
        self.connection_retry_backoff = config["connection_retry_backoff"]
        self.connection_retry_backoff_max = max(
            self.connection_retry_backoff,
            config["connection_retry_backoff_max"],
        )
        self.pool_close_timeout = config["pool_close_timeout"]
        logger.info(
            "PostgreSQL, Retry config: attempts=%s, backoff=%.1fs, backoff_max=%.1fs, pool_close_timeout=%.1fs",
            self.connection_retry_attempts,
            self.connection_retry_backoff,
            self.connection_retry_backoff_max,
            self.pool_close_timeout,
        )

    def _create_ssl_context(self) -> ssl.SSLContext | None:
        """Create SSL context based on configuration parameters."""
        if not self.ssl_mode:
            return None

        ssl_mode = self.ssl_mode.lower()

        # For simple modes that don't require custom context
        if ssl_mode in ["disable", "allow", "prefer", "require"]:
            if ssl_mode == "disable":
                return None
            elif ssl_mode in ["require", "prefer", "allow"]:
                # Return None for simple SSL requirement, handled in initdb
                return None

        # For modes that require certificate verification
        if ssl_mode in ["verify-ca", "verify-full"]:
            try:
                context = ssl.create_default_context(ssl.Purpose.SERVER_AUTH)

                # Configure certificate verification
                if ssl_mode == "verify-ca":
                    context.check_hostname = False
                elif ssl_mode == "verify-full":
                    context.check_hostname = True

                # Load root certificate if provided
                if self.ssl_root_cert:
                    if os.path.exists(self.ssl_root_cert):
                        context.load_verify_locations(cafile=self.ssl_root_cert)
                        logger.info(
                            f"PostgreSQL, Loaded SSL root certificate: {self.ssl_root_cert}"
                        )
                    else:
                        logger.warning(
                            f"PostgreSQL, SSL root certificate file not found: {self.ssl_root_cert}"
                        )

                # Load client certificate and key if provided
                if self.ssl_cert and self.ssl_key:
                    if os.path.exists(self.ssl_cert) and os.path.exists(self.ssl_key):
                        context.load_cert_chain(self.ssl_cert, self.ssl_key)
                        logger.info(
                            f"PostgreSQL, Loaded SSL client certificate: {self.ssl_cert}"
                        )
                    else:
                        logger.warning(
                            "PostgreSQL, SSL client certificate or key file not found"
                        )

                # Load certificate revocation list if provided
                if self.ssl_crl:
                    if os.path.exists(self.ssl_crl):
                        context.load_verify_locations(crlfile=self.ssl_crl)
                        logger.info(f"PostgreSQL, Loaded SSL CRL: {self.ssl_crl}")
                    else:
                        logger.warning(
                            f"PostgreSQL, SSL CRL file not found: {self.ssl_crl}"
                        )

                return context

            except Exception as e:
                logger.error(f"PostgreSQL, Failed to create SSL context: {e}")
                raise ValueError(f"SSL configuration error: {e}")

        # Unknown SSL mode
        logger.warning(f"PostgreSQL, Unknown SSL mode: {ssl_mode}, SSL disabled")
        return None

    async def initdb(self):
        # Prepare connection parameters
        connection_params = {
            "user": self.user,
            "password": self.password,
            "database": self.database,
            "host": self.host,
            "port": self.port,
            "min_size": 1,
            "max_size": self.max,
        }

        # Only add statement_cache_size if it's configured
        if self.statement_cache_size is not None:
            connection_params["statement_cache_size"] = int(self.statement_cache_size)
            logger.info(
                f"PostgreSQL, statement LRU cache size set as: {self.statement_cache_size}"
            )

        # Add SSL configuration if provided
        ssl_context = self._create_ssl_context()
        if ssl_context is not None:
            connection_params["ssl"] = ssl_context
            logger.info("PostgreSQL, SSL configuration applied")
        elif self.ssl_mode:
            # Handle simple SSL modes without custom context
            if self.ssl_mode.lower() in ["require", "prefer"]:
                connection_params["ssl"] = True
            elif self.ssl_mode.lower() == "disable":
                connection_params["ssl"] = False
            logger.info(f"PostgreSQL, SSL mode set to: {self.ssl_mode}")

        # Add server settings if provided
        if self.server_settings:
            try:
                settings = {}
                # The format is expected to be a query string, e.g., "key1=value1&key2=value2"
                pairs = self.server_settings.split("&")
                for pair in pairs:
                    if "=" in pair:
                        key, value = pair.split("=", 1)
                        settings[key] = value
                if settings:
                    connection_params["server_settings"] = settings
                    logger.info(f"PostgreSQL, Server settings applied: {settings}")
            except Exception as e:
                logger.warning(
                    f"PostgreSQL, Failed to parse server_settings: {self.server_settings}, error: {e}"
                )

        wait_strategy = (
            wait_exponential(
                multiplier=self.connection_retry_backoff,
                min=self.connection_retry_backoff,
                max=self.connection_retry_backoff_max,
            )
            if self.connection_retry_backoff > 0
            else wait_fixed(0)
        )

        async def _init_connection(connection: asyncpg.Connection) -> None:
            """Initialize each new connection with pgvector codec and VCHORDRQ session params.

            Called once per physical connection creation (not on pool reuse).
            register_vector is a Python-level codec registration that survives
            asyncpg's RESET ALL; VCHORDRQ GUCs do not — they are re-applied in
            _reset_connection after each pool release.
            """
            if self.enable_vector:
                await register_vector(connection)
            if self.enable_vector and self.vector_index_type == "VCHORDRQ":
                await self.configure_vchordrq(connection)

        async def _reset_connection(connection: asyncpg.Connection) -> None:
            """Run the default asyncpg cleanup, then re-apply VCHORDRQ session GUCs.

            When a custom reset= callback is registered with create_pool(), asyncpg
            calls Connection._reset() (private — clears listeners and rolls back open
            transactions if any) and then this function.  It does NOT call the public
            Connection.reset(), which is the method that calls _reset() and then
            executes the cleanup query returned by get_reset_query() — the exact SQL
            depends on detected server capabilities and typically includes
            pg_advisory_unlock_all(), CLOSE ALL, UNLISTEN *, and RESET ALL.

            We must therefore run that cleanup ourselves via get_reset_query() before
            restoring VCHORDRQ GUCs.  Skipping this step leaks session state across
            pool checkouts — for example configure_age() sets search_path and that
            modified path would persist into the next non-AGE connection checkout.

            register_vector is NOT repeated here: it is a Python-side encoder/decoder
            registration on the asyncpg Connection object and is unaffected by RESET ALL.
            Note that set_type_codec() clears the statement cache, which is naturally
            repopulated on subsequent queries.
            """
            try:
                # Run the default cleanup that asyncpg would otherwise handle.
                reset_query = connection.get_reset_query()
                if reset_query:
                    await connection.execute(reset_query)
            except Exception as e:
                logger.error(
                    f"[{self.workspace}] Pool reset cleanup query failed — connection "
                    f"will be terminated and removed from pool: {e}"
                )
                raise

            # RESET ALL clears session GUCs; restore VCHORDRQ values afterward.
            if self.enable_vector and self.vector_index_type == "VCHORDRQ":
                try:
                    await self.configure_vchordrq(connection)
                except asyncpg.exceptions.UndefinedObjectError:
                    logger.error(
                        f"[{self.workspace}] VCHORDRQ extension is not installed. "
                        "Install the extension or set vector_index_type to a supported value. "
                        "Connection will be terminated and removed from pool."
                    )
                    raise
                except asyncpg.exceptions.InvalidParameterValueError as e:
                    logger.error(
                        f"[{self.workspace}] Invalid VCHORDRQ GUC parameter — "
                        f"check vchordrq_probes and vchordrq_epsilon config. "
                        f"Connection will be terminated: {e}"
                    )
                    raise
                except Exception as e:
                    logger.error(
                        f"[{self.workspace}] VCHORDRQ session configuration failed "
                        f"after pool reset — connection will be terminated: {e}"
                    )
                    raise

        async def _create_pool_once() -> None:
            # STEP 1: Bootstrap - ensure vector extension exists BEFORE pool creation.
            # On a fresh database, register_vector() in _init_connection will fail
            # if the vector extension doesn't exist yet, because the 'vector' type
            # won't be found in pg_catalog. We must create the extension first
            # using a standalone bootstrap connection.
            # Skip this step if vector support is not enabled.
            if self.enable_vector:
                bootstrap_conn = await asyncpg.connect(
                    user=self.user,
                    password=self.password,
                    database=self.database,
                    host=self.host,
                    port=self.port,
                    ssl=connection_params.get("ssl"),
                )
                try:
                    await self.configure_vector_extension(bootstrap_conn)
                finally:
                    await bootstrap_conn.close()

            # STEP 2: Now safe to create pool with register_vector callback.
            # The vector extension is guaranteed to exist at this point (if enabled).
            pool = await asyncpg.create_pool(
                **connection_params,
                init=_init_connection,  # register pgvector codec on new connections
                reset=_reset_connection,  # re-apply VCHORDRQ GUCs after RESET ALL
            )  # type: ignore
            self.pool = pool

        try:
            async for attempt in AsyncRetrying(
                stop=stop_after_attempt(self.connection_retry_attempts),
                retry=retry_if_exception_type(self._transient_exceptions),
                wait=wait_strategy,
                before_sleep=self._before_sleep,
                reraise=True,
            ):
                with attempt:
                    await _create_pool_once()

            ssl_status = "with SSL" if connection_params.get("ssl") else "without SSL"
            logger.info(
                f"PostgreSQL, Connected to database at {self.host}:{self.port}/{self.database} {ssl_status}"
            )
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"PostgreSQL, Failed to connect database at {self.host}:{self.port}/{self.database}, Got:{e}"
            )
            raise

    async def _ensure_pool(self) -> None:
        """Ensure the connection pool is initialised."""
        if self.pool is None:
            async with self._pool_reconnect_lock:
                if self.pool is None:
                    await self.initdb()

    async def _reset_pool(self) -> None:
        async with self._pool_reconnect_lock:
            if self.pool is not None:
                try:
                    await asyncio.wait_for(
                        self.pool.close(), timeout=self.pool_close_timeout
                    )
                except asyncio.TimeoutError:
                    logger.error(
                        "PostgreSQL, Timed out closing connection pool after %.2fs",
                        self.pool_close_timeout,
                    )
                except Exception as close_error:  # pragma: no cover - defensive logging
                    logger.warning(
                        f"PostgreSQL, Failed to close existing connection pool cleanly: {close_error!r}"
                    )
            self.pool = None

    async def _before_sleep(self, retry_state: RetryCallState) -> None:
        """Hook invoked by tenacity before sleeping between retries."""
        exc = retry_state.outcome.exception() if retry_state.outcome else None
        logger.warning(
            "PostgreSQL transient connection issue on attempt %s/%s: %r",
            retry_state.attempt_number,
            self.connection_retry_attempts,
            exc,
        )
        await self._reset_pool()

    async def _run_with_retry(
        self,
        operation: Callable[[asyncpg.Connection], Awaitable[T]],
        *,
        with_age: bool = False,
        graph_name: str | None = None,
        timing_label: str | None = None,
    ) -> T:
        """
        Execute a database operation with automatic retry for transient failures.

        Args:
            operation: Async callable that receives an active connection.
            with_age: Whether to configure Apache AGE on the connection.
            graph_name: AGE graph name; required when with_age is True.

        Returns:
            The result returned by the operation.

        Raises:
            Exception: Propagates the last error if all retry attempts fail or a non-transient error occurs.
        """
        wait_strategy = (
            wait_exponential(
                multiplier=self.connection_retry_backoff,
                min=self.connection_retry_backoff,
                max=self.connection_retry_backoff_max,
            )
            if self.connection_retry_backoff > 0
            else wait_fixed(0)
        )

        async for attempt in AsyncRetrying(
            stop=stop_after_attempt(self.connection_retry_attempts),
            retry=retry_if_exception_type(self._transient_exceptions),
            wait=wait_strategy,
            before_sleep=self._before_sleep,
            reraise=True,
        ):
            with attempt:
                await self._ensure_pool()
                assert self.pool is not None
                if timing_label:
                    pool_snapshot_before = self._get_pool_snapshot()
                    performance_timing_log(
                        "[%s] pool.acquire waiting %s",
                        timing_label,
                        pool_snapshot_before,
                    )
                acquire_start = time.perf_counter()
                async with self.pool.acquire() as connection:  # type: ignore[arg-type]
                    acquire_elapsed = time.perf_counter() - acquire_start
                    if timing_label:
                        pool_snapshot_after = self._get_pool_snapshot()
                        performance_timing_log(
                            "[%s] pool.acquire completed in %.4fs %s",
                            timing_label,
                            acquire_elapsed,
                            pool_snapshot_after,
                        )
                    if with_age and graph_name:
                        await self.configure_age(connection, graph_name)
                    elif with_age and not graph_name:
                        raise ValueError("Graph name is required when with_age is True")
                    return await operation(connection)

    def _get_pool_snapshot(self) -> str:
        """Best-effort snapshot of asyncpg pool state for diagnostics.

        Uses asyncpg private attributes defensively; if a field is unavailable in the
        installed asyncpg version, return '?' for that metric instead of failing.
        """
        pool = self.pool
        if pool is None:
            return "pool_state=uninitialized"

        holders = getattr(pool, "_holders", None)
        queue = getattr(pool, "_queue", None)
        max_size = getattr(pool, "_maxsize", None)
        min_size = getattr(pool, "_minsize", None)

        total_holders = len(holders) if holders is not None else "?"
        idle_count: int | str = "?"
        acquired_count: int | str = "?"

        if holders is not None:
            idle_count = 0
            acquired_count = 0
            for holder in holders:
                # asyncpg holder uses _in_use Future/Event-like marker; treat present value as acquired
                in_use_marker = getattr(holder, "_in_use", None)
                if in_use_marker:
                    acquired_count += 1
                else:
                    idle_count += 1

        waiting_count: int | str = "?"
        if queue is not None:
            getters = getattr(queue, "_getters", None)
            if getters is not None:
                waiting_count = len(getters)

        return (
            f"pool_state[min={min_size}, max={max_size}, holders={total_holders}, "
            f"acquired={acquired_count}, idle={idle_count}, waiting={waiting_count}]"
        )

    async def configure_vector_extension(self, connection: asyncpg.Connection) -> None:
        """Create VECTOR extension if it doesn't exist for vector similarity operations.

        When vector_index_type is HNSW_HALFVEC, validates that pgvector >= 0.7.0
        (required for halfvec support) and raises RuntimeError if older.
        """
        try:
            await connection.execute("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector")  # type: ignore
            logger.info("PostgreSQL, VECTOR extension enabled")
        except Exception as e:
            logger.warning(f"Could not create VECTOR extension: {e}")
            # Don't raise - let the system continue without vector extension
            return

        if getattr(self, "vector_index_type", None) == "HNSW_HALFVEC":
            row = await connection.fetchrow(
                "SELECT extversion FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = 'vector'"
            )
            if not row or not row["extversion"]:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    "POSTGRES_VECTOR_INDEX_TYPE=HNSW_HALFVEC requires the pgvector "
                    "extension. Ensure it is installed and CREATE EXTENSION vector succeeded."
                )
            raw_version = row["extversion"]
            try:
                parts = [int(p) for p in str(raw_version).split(".")[:3]]
                while len(parts) < 3:
                    parts.append(0)
                version_tuple = (parts[0], parts[1], parts[2])
            except (ValueError, IndexError):
                raise RuntimeError(
                    f"Could not parse pgvector version {raw_version!r}. "
                    "HNSW_HALFVEC requires pgvector >= 0.7.0."
                ) from None
            if version_tuple < (0, 7, 0):
                raise RuntimeError(
                    f"POSTGRES_VECTOR_INDEX_TYPE=HNSW_HALFVEC requires pgvector >= 0.7.0, "
                    f"but installed version is {raw_version}. Upgrade the pgvector extension "
                    "or use a different index type (e.g. HNSW with embeddings <= 2000 dimensions)."
                )

    @staticmethod
    async def configure_age_extension(connection: asyncpg.Connection) -> None:
        """Create AGE extension if it doesn't exist for graph operations."""
        try:
            await connection.execute("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS AGE CASCADE")  # type: ignore
            logger.info("PostgreSQL, AGE extension enabled")
        except Exception as e:
            logger.warning(f"Could not create AGE extension: {e}")
            # Don't raise - let the system continue without AGE extension

    @staticmethod
    async def configure_age(connection: asyncpg.Connection, graph_name: str) -> None:
        """Set the Apache AGE environment and creates a graph if it does not exist.

        This method:
        - Sets the PostgreSQL `search_path` to include `ag_catalog`, ensuring that Apache AGE functions can be used without specifying the schema.
        - Attempts to create a new graph with the provided `graph_name` if it does not already exist.
        - Silently ignores errors related to the graph already existing.

        """
        try:
            await connection.execute(  # type: ignore
                'SET search_path = ag_catalog, "$user", public'
            )
            await connection.execute(  # type: ignore
                f"select create_graph('{graph_name}')"
            )
        except (
            asyncpg.exceptions.InvalidSchemaNameError,
            asyncpg.exceptions.UniqueViolationError,
        ):
            pass

    async def configure_vchordrq(self, connection: asyncpg.Connection) -> None:
        """Configure VCHORDRQ extension for vector similarity search.

        Raises:
            asyncpg.exceptions.UndefinedObjectError: If VCHORDRQ extension is not installed
            asyncpg.exceptions.InvalidParameterValueError: If parameter value is invalid

        Note:
            This method does not catch exceptions. Configuration errors will fail-fast,
            while transient connection errors will be retried by _run_with_retry.
        """
        # Handle probes parameter - only set if non-empty value is provided
        if self.vchordrq_probes and str(self.vchordrq_probes).strip():
            await connection.execute(f"SET vchordrq.probes TO '{self.vchordrq_probes}'")
            logger.debug(f"PostgreSQL, VCHORDRQ probes set to: {self.vchordrq_probes}")

        # Handle epsilon parameter independently - check for None to allow 0.0 as valid value
        if self.vchordrq_epsilon is not None:
            await connection.execute(f"SET vchordrq.epsilon TO {self.vchordrq_epsilon}")
            logger.debug(
                f"PostgreSQL, VCHORDRQ epsilon set to: {self.vchordrq_epsilon}"
            )

    async def _migrate_llm_cache_schema(self):
        """Migrate LLM cache schema: add new columns and remove deprecated mode field"""
        try:
            # Check if all columns exist
            check_columns_sql = """
            SELECT column_name
            FROM information_schema.columns
            WHERE table_name = 'lightrag_llm_cache'
            AND column_name IN ('chunk_id', 'cache_type', 'queryparam', 'mode')
            """

            existing_columns = await self.query(check_columns_sql, multirows=True)
            existing_column_names = (
                {col["column_name"] for col in existing_columns}
                if existing_columns
                else set()
            )

            # Add missing chunk_id column
            if "chunk_id" not in existing_column_names:
                logger.info("Adding chunk_id column to LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE table")
                add_chunk_id_sql = """
                ALTER TABLE LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE
                ADD COLUMN chunk_id VARCHAR(255) NULL
                """
                await self.execute(add_chunk_id_sql)
                logger.info(
                    "Successfully added chunk_id column to LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE table"
                )
            else:
                logger.info(
                    "chunk_id column already exists in LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE table"
                )

            # Add missing cache_type column
            if "cache_type" not in existing_column_names:
                logger.info("Adding cache_type column to LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE table")
                add_cache_type_sql = """
                ALTER TABLE LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE
                ADD COLUMN cache_type VARCHAR(32) NULL
                """
                await self.execute(add_cache_type_sql)
                logger.info(
                    "Successfully added cache_type column to LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE table"
                )

                # Migrate existing data using optimized regex pattern
                logger.info(
                    "Migrating existing LLM cache data to populate cache_type field (optimized)"
                )
                optimized_update_sql = """
                UPDATE LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE
                SET cache_type = CASE
                    WHEN id ~ '^[^:]+:[^:]+:' THEN split_part(id, ':', 2)
                    ELSE 'extract'
                END
                WHERE cache_type IS NULL
                """
                await self.execute(optimized_update_sql)
                logger.info("Successfully migrated existing LLM cache data")
            else:
                logger.info(
                    "cache_type column already exists in LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE table"
                )

            # Add missing queryparam column
            if "queryparam" not in existing_column_names:
                logger.info("Adding queryparam column to LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE table")
                add_queryparam_sql = """
                ALTER TABLE LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE
                ADD COLUMN queryparam JSONB NULL
                """
                await self.execute(add_queryparam_sql)
                logger.info(
                    "Successfully added queryparam column to LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE table"
                )
            else:
                logger.info(
                    "queryparam column already exists in LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE table"
                )

            # Remove deprecated mode field if it exists
            if "mode" in existing_column_names:
                logger.info(
                    "Removing deprecated mode column from LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE table"
                )

                # First, drop the primary key constraint that includes mode
                drop_pk_sql = """
                ALTER TABLE LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE
                DROP CONSTRAINT IF EXISTS LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE_PK
                """
                await self.execute(drop_pk_sql)
                logger.info("Dropped old primary key constraint")

                # Drop the mode column
                drop_mode_sql = """
                ALTER TABLE LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE
                DROP COLUMN mode
                """
                await self.execute(drop_mode_sql)
                logger.info(
                    "Successfully removed mode column from LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE table"
                )

                # Create new primary key constraint without mode
                add_pk_sql = """
                ALTER TABLE LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE
                ADD CONSTRAINT LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE_PK PRIMARY KEY (workspace, id)
                """
                await self.execute(add_pk_sql)
                logger.info("Created new primary key constraint (workspace, id)")
            else:
                logger.info("mode column does not exist in LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE table")

        except Exception as e:
            logger.warning(f"Failed to migrate LLM cache schema: {e}")

    async def _migrate_timestamp_columns(self):
        """Migrate timestamp columns in tables to witimezone-free types, assuming original data is in UTC time"""
        # Tables and columns that need migration
        tables_to_migrate = {
            "LIGHTRAG_VDB_ENTITY": ["create_time", "update_time"],
            "LIGHTRAG_VDB_RELATION": ["create_time", "update_time"],
            "LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS": ["create_time", "update_time"],
            "LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS": ["created_at", "updated_at"],
        }

        try:
            # Filter out tables that don't exist (e.g., legacy vector tables may not exist)
            existing_tables = {}
            for table_name, columns in tables_to_migrate.items():
                if await self.check_table_exists(table_name):
                    existing_tables[table_name] = columns
                else:
                    logger.debug(
                        f"Table {table_name} does not exist, skipping timestamp migration"
                    )

            # Skip if no tables to migrate
            if not existing_tables:
                logger.debug("No tables found for timestamp migration")
                return

            # Use filtered tables for migration
            tables_to_migrate = existing_tables

            # Optimization: Batch check all columns in one query instead of 8 separate queries
            table_names_lower = [t.lower() for t in tables_to_migrate.keys()]
            all_column_names = list(
                set(col for cols in tables_to_migrate.values() for col in cols)
            )

            check_all_columns_sql = """
            SELECT table_name, column_name, data_type
            FROM information_schema.columns
            WHERE table_name = ANY($1)
            AND column_name = ANY($2)
            """

            all_columns_result = await self.query(
                check_all_columns_sql,
                [table_names_lower, all_column_names],
                multirows=True,
            )

            # Build lookup dict: (table_name, column_name) -> data_type
            column_types = {}
            if all_columns_result:
                column_types = {
                    (row["table_name"].upper(), row["column_name"]): row["data_type"]
                    for row in all_columns_result
                }

            # Now iterate and migrate only what's needed
            for table_name, columns in tables_to_migrate.items():
                for column_name in columns:
                    try:
                        data_type = column_types.get((table_name, column_name))

                        if not data_type:
                            logger.warning(
                                f"Column {table_name}.{column_name} does not exist, skipping migration"
                            )
                            continue

                        # Check column type
                        if data_type == "timestamp without time zone":
                            logger.debug(
                                f"Column {table_name}.{column_name} is already witimezone-free, no migration needed"
                            )
                            continue

                        # Execute migration, explicitly specifying UTC timezone for interpreting original data
                        logger.info(
                            f"Migrating {table_name}.{column_name} from {data_type} to TIMESTAMP(0) type"
                        )
                        migration_sql = f"""
                        ALTER TABLE {table_name}
                        ALTER COLUMN {column_name} TYPE TIMESTAMP(0),
                        ALTER COLUMN {column_name} SET DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
                        """

                        await self.execute(migration_sql)
                        logger.info(
                            f"Successfully migrated {table_name}.{column_name} to timezone-free type"
                        )
                    except Exception as e:
                        # Log error but don't interrupt the process
                        logger.warning(
                            f"Failed to migrate {table_name}.{column_name}: {e}"
                        )
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"Failed to batch check timestamp columns: {e}")

    async def _migrate_doc_chunks_to_vdb_chunks(self):
        """
        Migrate data from LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS to LIGHTRAG_VDB_CHUNKS if specific conditions are met.
        This migration is intended for users who are upgrading and have an older table structure
        where LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS contained a `content_vector` column.

        """
        try:
            # 0. Check if both tables exist before proceeding
            vdb_chunks_exists = await self.check_table_exists("LIGHTRAG_VDB_CHUNKS")
            doc_chunks_exists = await self.check_table_exists("LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS")

            if not vdb_chunks_exists:
                logger.debug(
                    "Skipping migration: LIGHTRAG_VDB_CHUNKS table does not exist"
                )
                return

            if not doc_chunks_exists:
                logger.debug(
                    "Skipping migration: LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS table does not exist"
                )
                return

            # 1. Check if the new table LIGHTRAG_VDB_CHUNKS is empty
            vdb_chunks_count_sql = "SELECT COUNT(1) as count FROM LIGHTRAG_VDB_CHUNKS"
            vdb_chunks_count_result = await self.query(vdb_chunks_count_sql)
            if vdb_chunks_count_result and vdb_chunks_count_result["count"] > 0:
                logger.info(
                    "Skipping migration: LIGHTRAG_VDB_CHUNKS already contains data."
                )
                return

            # 2. Check if `content_vector` column exists in the old table
            check_column_sql = """
            SELECT 1 FROM information_schema.columns
            WHERE table_name = 'lightrag_doc_chunks' AND column_name = 'content_vector'
            """
            column_exists = await self.query(check_column_sql)
            if not column_exists:
                logger.info(
                    "Skipping migration: `content_vector` not found in LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS"
                )
                return

            # 3. Check if the old table LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS has data
            doc_chunks_count_sql = "SELECT COUNT(1) as count FROM LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS"
            doc_chunks_count_result = await self.query(doc_chunks_count_sql)
            if not doc_chunks_count_result or doc_chunks_count_result["count"] == 0:
                logger.info("Skipping migration: LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS is empty.")
                return

            # 4. Perform the migration
            logger.info(
                "Starting data migration from LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS to LIGHTRAG_VDB_CHUNKS..."
            )
            migration_sql = """
            INSERT INTO LIGHTRAG_VDB_CHUNKS (
                id, workspace, full_doc_id, chunk_order_index, tokens, content,
                content_vector, file_path, create_time, update_time
            )
            SELECT
                id, workspace, full_doc_id, chunk_order_index, tokens, content,
                content_vector, file_path, create_time, update_time
            FROM LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS
            ON CONFLICT (workspace, id) DO NOTHING;
            """
            await self.execute(migration_sql)
            logger.info("Data migration to LIGHTRAG_VDB_CHUNKS completed successfully.")

        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"Failed during data migration to LIGHTRAG_VDB_CHUNKS: {e}")
            # Do not re-raise, to allow the application to start

    async def _check_llm_cache_needs_migration(self):
        """Check if LLM cache data needs migration by examining any record with old format"""
        try:
            # Optimized query: directly check for old format records without sorting
            check_sql = """
            SELECT 1 FROM LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE
            WHERE id NOT LIKE '%:%'
            LIMIT 1
            """
            result = await self.query(check_sql)

            # If any old format record exists, migration is needed
            return result is not None

        except Exception as e:
            logger.warning(f"Failed to check LLM cache migration status: {e}")
            return False

    async def _migrate_llm_cache_to_flattened_keys(self):
        """Optimized version: directly execute single UPDATE migration to migrate old format cache keys to flattened format"""
        try:
            # Check if migration is needed
            check_sql = """
            SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE
            WHERE id NOT LIKE '%:%'
            """
            result = await self.query(check_sql)

            if not result or result["count"] == 0:
                logger.info("No old format LLM cache data found, skipping migration")
                return

            old_count = result["count"]
            logger.info(f"Found {old_count} old format cache records")

            # Check potential primary key conflicts (optional but recommended)
            conflict_check_sql = """
            WITH new_ids AS (
                SELECT
                    workspace,
                    mode,
                    id as old_id,
                    mode || ':' ||
                    CASE WHEN mode = 'default' THEN 'extract' ELSE 'unknown' END || ':' ||
                    md5(original_prompt) as new_id
                FROM LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE
                WHERE id NOT LIKE '%:%'
            )
            SELECT COUNT(*) as conflicts
            FROM new_ids n1
            JOIN LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE existing
            ON existing.workspace = n1.workspace
            AND existing.mode = n1.mode
            AND existing.id = n1.new_id
            WHERE existing.id LIKE '%:%'  -- Only check conflicts with existing new format records
            """

            conflict_result = await self.query(conflict_check_sql)
            if conflict_result and conflict_result["conflicts"] > 0:
                logger.warning(
                    f"Found {conflict_result['conflicts']} potential ID conflicts with existing records"
                )
                # Can choose to continue or abort, here we choose to continue and log warning

            # Execute single UPDATE migration
            logger.info("Starting optimized LLM cache migration...")
            migration_sql = """
            UPDATE LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE
            SET
                id = mode || ':' ||
                     CASE WHEN mode = 'default' THEN 'extract' ELSE 'unknown' END || ':' ||
                     md5(original_prompt),
                cache_type = CASE WHEN mode = 'default' THEN 'extract' ELSE 'unknown' END,
                update_time = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
            WHERE id NOT LIKE '%:%'
            """

            # Execute migration
            await self.execute(migration_sql)

            # Verify migration results
            verify_sql = """
            SELECT COUNT(*) as remaining_old FROM LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE
            WHERE id NOT LIKE '%:%'
            """
            verify_result = await self.query(verify_sql)
            remaining = verify_result["remaining_old"] if verify_result else -1

            if remaining == 0:
                logger.info(
                    f"✅ Successfully migrated {old_count} LLM cache records to flattened format"
                )
            else:
                logger.warning(
                    f"⚠️ Migration completed but {remaining} old format records remain"
                )

        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"Optimized LLM cache migration failed: {e}")
            raise

    async def _migrate_doc_status_add_chunks_list(self):
        """Add chunks_list column to LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table if it doesn't exist"""
        try:
            # Check if chunks_list column exists
            check_column_sql = """
            SELECT column_name
            FROM information_schema.columns
            WHERE table_name = 'lightrag_doc_status'
            AND column_name = 'chunks_list'
            """

            column_info = await self.query(check_column_sql)
            if not column_info:
                logger.info("Adding chunks_list column to LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table")
                add_column_sql = """
                ALTER TABLE LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS
                ADD COLUMN chunks_list JSONB NULL DEFAULT '[]'::jsonb
                """
                await self.execute(add_column_sql)
                logger.info(
                    "Successfully added chunks_list column to LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table"
                )
            else:
                logger.info(
                    "chunks_list column already exists in LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table"
                )
        except Exception as e:
            logger.warning(
                f"Failed to add chunks_list column to LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS: {e}"
            )

    async def _migrate_text_chunks_add_llm_cache_list(self):
        """Add llm_cache_list column to LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS table if it doesn't exist"""
        try:
            # Check if llm_cache_list column exists
            check_column_sql = """
            SELECT column_name
            FROM information_schema.columns
            WHERE table_name = 'lightrag_doc_chunks'
            AND column_name = 'llm_cache_list'
            """

            column_info = await self.query(check_column_sql)
            if not column_info:
                logger.info("Adding llm_cache_list column to LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS table")
                add_column_sql = """
                ALTER TABLE LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS
                ADD COLUMN llm_cache_list JSONB NULL DEFAULT '[]'::jsonb
                """
                await self.execute(add_column_sql)
                logger.info(
                    "Successfully added llm_cache_list column to LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS table"
                )
            else:
                logger.info(
                    "llm_cache_list column already exists in LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS table"
                )
        except Exception as e:
            logger.warning(
                f"Failed to add llm_cache_list column to LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS: {e}"
            )

    async def _migrate_doc_status_add_track_id(self):
        """Add track_id column to LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table if it doesn't exist and create index"""
        try:
            # Check if track_id column exists
            check_column_sql = """
            SELECT column_name
            FROM information_schema.columns
            WHERE table_name = 'lightrag_doc_status'
            AND column_name = 'track_id'
            """

            column_info = await self.query(check_column_sql)
            if not column_info:
                logger.info("Adding track_id column to LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table")
                add_column_sql = """
                ALTER TABLE LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS
                ADD COLUMN track_id VARCHAR(255) NULL
                """
                await self.execute(add_column_sql)
                logger.info(
                    "Successfully added track_id column to LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table"
                )
            else:
                logger.info(
                    "track_id column already exists in LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table"
                )

            # Check if track_id index exists
            check_index_sql = """
            SELECT indexname
            FROM pg_indexes
            WHERE tablename = 'lightrag_doc_status'
            AND indexname = 'idx_lightrag_doc_status_track_id'
            """

            index_info = await self.query(check_index_sql)
            if not index_info:
                logger.info(
                    "Creating index on track_id column for LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table"
                )
                create_index_sql = """
                CREATE INDEX idx_lightrag_doc_status_track_id ON LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS (track_id)
                """
                await self.execute(create_index_sql)
                logger.info(
                    "Successfully created index on track_id column for LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table"
                )
            else:
                logger.info(
                    "Index on track_id column already exists for LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table"
                )

        except Exception as e:
            logger.warning(
                f"Failed to add track_id column or index to LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS: {e}"
            )

    async def _migrate_doc_status_add_metadata_error_msg(self):
        """Add metadata and error_msg columns to LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table if they don't exist"""
        try:
            # Check if metadata column exists
            check_metadata_sql = """
            SELECT column_name
            FROM information_schema.columns
            WHERE table_name = 'lightrag_doc_status'
            AND column_name = 'metadata'
            """

            metadata_info = await self.query(check_metadata_sql)
            if not metadata_info:
                logger.info("Adding metadata column to LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table")
                add_metadata_sql = """
                ALTER TABLE LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS
                ADD COLUMN metadata JSONB NULL DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb
                """
                await self.execute(add_metadata_sql)
                logger.info(
                    "Successfully added metadata column to LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table"
                )
            else:
                logger.info(
                    "metadata column already exists in LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table"
                )

            # Check if error_msg column exists
            check_error_msg_sql = """
            SELECT column_name
            FROM information_schema.columns
            WHERE table_name = 'lightrag_doc_status'
            AND column_name = 'error_msg'
            """

            error_msg_info = await self.query(check_error_msg_sql)
            if not error_msg_info:
                logger.info("Adding error_msg column to LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table")
                add_error_msg_sql = """
                ALTER TABLE LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS
                ADD COLUMN error_msg TEXT NULL
                """
                await self.execute(add_error_msg_sql)
                logger.info(
                    "Successfully added error_msg column to LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table"
                )
            else:
                logger.info(
                    "error_msg column already exists in LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS table"
                )

        except Exception as e:
            logger.warning(
                f"Failed to add metadata/error_msg columns to LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS: {e}"
            )

    async def _migrate_field_lengths(self):
        """Migrate database field lengths: entity_name, source_id, target_id, and file_path"""
        # Define the field changes needed
        field_migrations = [
            {
                "table": "LIGHTRAG_VDB_ENTITY",
                "column": "entity_name",
                "old_type": "character varying(255)",
                "new_type": "VARCHAR(512)",
                "description": "entity_name from 255 to 512",
            },
            {
                "table": "LIGHTRAG_VDB_RELATION",
                "column": "source_id",
                "old_type": "character varying(256)",
                "new_type": "VARCHAR(512)",
                "description": "source_id from 256 to 512",
            },
            {
                "table": "LIGHTRAG_VDB_RELATION",
                "column": "target_id",
                "old_type": "character varying(256)",
                "new_type": "VARCHAR(512)",
                "description": "target_id from 256 to 512",
            },
            {
                "table": "LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS",
                "column": "file_path",
                "old_type": "character varying(256)",
                "new_type": "TEXT",
                "description": "file_path to TEXT NULL",
            },
            {
                "table": "LIGHTRAG_VDB_CHUNKS",
                "column": "file_path",
                "old_type": "character varying(256)",
                "new_type": "TEXT",
                "description": "file_path to TEXT NULL",
            },
        ]

        try:
            # Filter out tables that don't exist (e.g., legacy vector tables may not exist)
            existing_migrations = []
            for migration in field_migrations:
                if await self.check_table_exists(migration["table"]):
                    existing_migrations.append(migration)
                else:
                    logger.debug(
                        f"Table {migration['table']} does not exist, skipping field length migration for {migration['column']}"
                    )

            # Skip if no migrations to process
            if not existing_migrations:
                logger.debug("No tables found for field length migration")
                return

            # Use filtered migrations for processing
            field_migrations = existing_migrations

            # Optimization: Batch check all columns in one query instead of 5 separate queries
            unique_tables = list(set(m["table"].lower() for m in field_migrations))
            unique_columns = list(set(m["column"] for m in field_migrations))

            check_all_columns_sql = """
            SELECT table_name, column_name, data_type, character_maximum_length, is_nullable
            FROM information_schema.columns
            WHERE table_name = ANY($1)
            AND column_name = ANY($2)
            """

            all_columns_result = await self.query(
                check_all_columns_sql, [unique_tables, unique_columns], multirows=True
            )

            # Build lookup dict: (table_name, column_name) -> column_info
            column_info_map = {}
            if all_columns_result:
                column_info_map = {
                    (row["table_name"].upper(), row["column_name"]): row
                    for row in all_columns_result
                }

            # Now iterate and migrate only what's needed
            for migration in field_migrations:
                try:
                    column_info = column_info_map.get(
                        (migration["table"], migration["column"])
                    )

                    if not column_info:
                        logger.warning(
                            f"Column {migration['table']}.{migration['column']} does not exist, skipping migration"
                        )
                        continue

                    current_type = column_info.get("data_type", "").lower()
                    current_length = column_info.get("character_maximum_length")

                    # Check if migration is needed
                    needs_migration = False

                    if migration["column"] == "entity_name" and current_length == 255:
                        needs_migration = True
                    elif (
                        migration["column"] in ["source_id", "target_id"]
                        and current_length == 256
                    ):
                        needs_migration = True
                    elif (
                        migration["column"] == "file_path"
                        and current_type == "character varying"
                    ):
                        needs_migration = True

                    if needs_migration:
                        logger.info(
                            f"Migrating {migration['table']}.{migration['column']}: {migration['description']}"
                        )

                        # Execute the migration
                        alter_sql = f"""
                        ALTER TABLE {migration["table"]}
                        ALTER COLUMN {migration["column"]} TYPE {migration["new_type"]}
                        """

                        await self.execute(alter_sql)
                        logger.info(
                            f"Successfully migrated {migration['table']}.{migration['column']}"
                        )
                    else:
                        logger.debug(
                            f"Column {migration['table']}.{migration['column']} already has correct type, no migration needed"
                        )

                except Exception as e:
                    # Log error but don't interrupt the process
                    logger.warning(
                        f"Failed to migrate {migration['table']}.{migration['column']}: {e}"
                    )
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"Failed to batch check field lengths: {e}")

    async def check_tables(self):
        # Vector tables that should be skipped - they are created by PGVectorStorage.setup_table()
        # with proper embedding model and dimension suffix for data isolation
        vector_tables_to_skip = {
            "LIGHTRAG_VDB_CHUNKS",
            "LIGHTRAG_VDB_ENTITY",
            "LIGHTRAG_VDB_RELATION",
        }

        # First create all tables (except vector tables)
        for k, v in TABLES.items():
            # Skip vector tables - they are created by PGVectorStorage.setup_table()
            if k in vector_tables_to_skip:
                continue

            try:
                await self.query(f"SELECT 1 FROM {k} LIMIT 1")
            except Exception:
                try:
                    logger.info(f"PostgreSQL, Try Creating table {k} in database")
                    await self.execute(v["ddl"])
                    logger.info(
                        f"PostgreSQL, Creation success table {k} in PostgreSQL database"
                    )
                except Exception as e:
                    logger.error(
                        f"PostgreSQL, Failed to create table {k} in database, Please verify the connection with PostgreSQL database, Got: {e}"
                    )
                    raise e

        # Batch check all indexes at once (optimization: single query instead of N queries)
        try:
            # Exclude vector tables from index creation since they are created by PGVectorStorage.setup_table()
            table_names = [k for k in TABLES.keys() if k not in vector_tables_to_skip]
            table_names_lower = [t.lower() for t in table_names]

            # Get all existing indexes for our tables in one query
            check_all_indexes_sql = """
            SELECT indexname, tablename
            FROM pg_indexes
            WHERE tablename = ANY($1)
            """
            existing_indexes_result = await self.query(
                check_all_indexes_sql, [table_names_lower], multirows=True
            )

            # Build a set of existing index names for fast lookup
            existing_indexes = set()
            if existing_indexes_result:
                existing_indexes = {row["indexname"] for row in existing_indexes_result}

            # Create missing indexes
            for k in table_names:
                # Create index for id column if missing
                index_name = f"idx_{k.lower()}_id"
                if index_name not in existing_indexes:
                    try:
                        create_index_sql = f"CREATE INDEX {index_name} ON {k}(id)"
                        logger.info(
                            f"PostgreSQL, Creating index {index_name} on table {k}"
                        )
                        await self.execute(create_index_sql)
                    except Exception as e:
                        logger.error(
                            f"PostgreSQL, Failed to create index {index_name}, Got: {e}"
                        )

                # Create composite index for (workspace, id) if missing
                composite_index_name = f"idx_{k.lower()}_workspace_id"
                if composite_index_name not in existing_indexes:
                    try:
                        create_composite_index_sql = (
                            f"CREATE INDEX {composite_index_name} ON {k}(workspace, id)"
                        )
                        logger.info(
                            f"PostgreSQL, Creating composite index {composite_index_name} on table {k}"
                        )
                        await self.execute(create_composite_index_sql)
                    except Exception as e:
                        logger.error(
                            f"PostgreSQL, Failed to create composite index {composite_index_name}, Got: {e}"
                        )
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"PostgreSQL, Failed to batch check/create indexes: {e}")

        # NOTE: Vector index creation moved to PGVectorStorage.setup_table()
        # Each vector storage instance creates its own index with correct embedding_dim

        # After all tables are created, attempt to migrate timestamp fields
        try:
            await self._migrate_timestamp_columns()
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"PostgreSQL, Failed to migrate timestamp columns: {e}")
            # Don't throw an exception, allow the initialization process to continue

        # Migrate LLM cache schema: add new columns and remove deprecated mode field
        try:
            await self._migrate_llm_cache_schema()
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"PostgreSQL, Failed to migrate LLM cache schema: {e}")
            # Don't throw an exception, allow the initialization process to continue

        # Finally, attempt to migrate old doc chunks data if needed
        try:
            await self._migrate_doc_chunks_to_vdb_chunks()
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"PostgreSQL, Failed to migrate doc_chunks to vdb_chunks: {e}")

        # Check and migrate LLM cache to flattened keys if needed
        try:
            if await self._check_llm_cache_needs_migration():
                await self._migrate_llm_cache_to_flattened_keys()
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"PostgreSQL, LLM cache migration failed: {e}")

        # Migrate doc status to add chunks_list field if needed
        try:
            await self._migrate_doc_status_add_chunks_list()
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"PostgreSQL, Failed to migrate doc status chunks_list field: {e}"
            )

        # Migrate text chunks to add llm_cache_list field if needed
        try:
            await self._migrate_text_chunks_add_llm_cache_list()
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"PostgreSQL, Failed to migrate text chunks llm_cache_list field: {e}"
            )

        # Migrate field lengths for entity_name, source_id, target_id, and file_path
        try:
            await self._migrate_field_lengths()
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"PostgreSQL, Failed to migrate field lengths: {e}")

        # Migrate doc status to add track_id field if needed
        try:
            await self._migrate_doc_status_add_track_id()
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"PostgreSQL, Failed to migrate doc status track_id field: {e}"
            )

        # Migrate doc status to add metadata and error_msg fields if needed
        try:
            await self._migrate_doc_status_add_metadata_error_msg()
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"PostgreSQL, Failed to migrate doc status metadata/error_msg fields: {e}"
            )

        # Create pagination optimization indexes for LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS
        try:
            await self._create_pagination_indexes()
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"PostgreSQL, Failed to create pagination indexes: {e}")

        # Migrate to ensure new tables LIGHTRAG_FULL_ENTITIES and LIGHTRAG_FULL_RELATIONS exist
        try:
            await self._migrate_create_full_entities_relations_tables()
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"PostgreSQL, Failed to create full entities/relations tables: {e}"
            )

    async def _migrate_create_full_entities_relations_tables(self):
        """Create LIGHTRAG_FULL_ENTITIES and LIGHTRAG_FULL_RELATIONS tables if they don't exist"""
        tables_to_check = [
            {
                "name": "LIGHTRAG_FULL_ENTITIES",
                "ddl": TABLES["LIGHTRAG_FULL_ENTITIES"]["ddl"],
                "description": "Full entities storage table",
            },
            {
                "name": "LIGHTRAG_FULL_RELATIONS",
                "ddl": TABLES["LIGHTRAG_FULL_RELATIONS"]["ddl"],
                "description": "Full relations storage table",
            },
        ]

        for table_info in tables_to_check:
            table_name = table_info["name"]
            try:
                # Check if table exists
                check_table_sql = """
                SELECT table_name
                FROM information_schema.tables
                WHERE table_name = $1
                AND table_schema = 'public'
                """
                params = {"table_name": table_name.lower()}
                table_exists = await self.query(check_table_sql, list(params.values()))

                if not table_exists:
                    logger.info(f"Creating table {table_name}")
                    await self.execute(table_info["ddl"])
                    logger.info(
                        f"Successfully created {table_info['description']}: {table_name}"
                    )

                    # Create basic indexes for the new table
                    try:
                        # Create index for id column
                        index_name = f"idx_{table_name.lower()}_id"
                        create_index_sql = (
                            f"CREATE INDEX {index_name} ON {table_name}(id)"
                        )
                        await self.execute(create_index_sql)
                        logger.info(f"Created index {index_name} on table {table_name}")

                        # Create composite index for (workspace, id) columns
                        composite_index_name = f"idx_{table_name.lower()}_workspace_id"
                        create_composite_index_sql = f"CREATE INDEX {composite_index_name} ON {table_name}(workspace, id)"
                        await self.execute(create_composite_index_sql)
                        logger.info(
                            f"Created composite index {composite_index_name} on table {table_name}"
                        )

                    except Exception as e:
                        logger.warning(
                            f"Failed to create indexes for table {table_name}: {e}"
                        )

                else:
                    logger.debug(f"Table {table_name} already exists")

            except Exception as e:
                logger.error(f"Failed to create table {table_name}: {e}")

    async def _create_pagination_indexes(self):
        """Create indexes to optimize pagination queries for LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS"""
        indexes = [
            {
                "name": "idx_lightrag_doc_status_workspace_status_updated_at",
                "sql": "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS idx_lightrag_doc_status_workspace_status_updated_at ON LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS (workspace, status, updated_at DESC)",
                "description": "Composite index for workspace + status + updated_at pagination",
            },
            {
                "name": "idx_lightrag_doc_status_workspace_status_created_at",
                "sql": "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS idx_lightrag_doc_status_workspace_status_created_at ON LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS (workspace, status, created_at DESC)",
                "description": "Composite index for workspace + status + created_at pagination",
            },
            {
                "name": "idx_lightrag_doc_status_workspace_updated_at",
                "sql": "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS idx_lightrag_doc_status_workspace_updated_at ON LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS (workspace, updated_at DESC)",
                "description": "Index for workspace + updated_at pagination (all statuses)",
            },
            {
                "name": "idx_lightrag_doc_status_workspace_created_at",
                "sql": "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS idx_lightrag_doc_status_workspace_created_at ON LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS (workspace, created_at DESC)",
                "description": "Index for workspace + created_at pagination (all statuses)",
            },
            {
                "name": "idx_lightrag_doc_status_workspace_id",
                "sql": "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS idx_lightrag_doc_status_workspace_id ON LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS (workspace, id)",
                "description": "Index for workspace + id sorting",
            },
            {
                "name": "idx_lightrag_doc_status_workspace_file_path",
                "sql": "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS idx_lightrag_doc_status_workspace_file_path ON LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS (workspace, file_path)",
                "description": "Index for workspace + file_path sorting",
            },
        ]

        # Fetch all existing index names in one query instead of N separate checks.
        index_names = [idx["name"] for idx in indexes]
        check_sql = """
            SELECT indexname FROM pg_indexes
            WHERE tablename = 'lightrag_doc_status'
            AND indexname = ANY($1)
        """
        try:
            rows = await self.query(check_sql, [index_names], multirows=True)
            existing_names = {row["indexname"] for row in (rows or [])}
        except asyncpg.PostgresError as e:
            logger.warning(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Failed to query existing pagination indexes "
                f"({type(e).__name__}), will attempt to create all: {e}"
            )
            existing_names = set()

        for index in indexes:
            if index["name"] in existing_names:
                logger.debug(f"Index already exists: {index['name']}")
                continue
            try:
                logger.info(f"Creating pagination index: {index['description']}")
                await self.execute(index["sql"])
                logger.info(f"Successfully created index: {index['name']}")
            except asyncpg.PostgresError as e:
                logger.warning(
                    f"Failed to create index {index['name']} ({type(e).__name__}): {e}"
                )

    async def _create_vector_index(self, table_name: str, embedding_dim: int):
        """
        Create vector index for a specific table.

        Args:
            table_name: Name of the table to create index on
            embedding_dim: Embedding dimension for the vector column
        """
        if not self.vector_index_type:
            return

        create_sql = {
            "HNSW": f"""
                CREATE INDEX {{vector_index_name}}
                ON {{table_name}} USING hnsw (content_vector vector_cosine_ops)
                WITH (m = {self.hnsw_m}, ef_construction = {self.hnsw_ef})
            """,
            "HNSW_HALFVEC": f"""
                CREATE INDEX {{vector_index_name}}
                ON {{table_name}} USING hnsw (content_vector halfvec_cosine_ops)
                WITH (m = {self.hnsw_m}, ef_construction = {self.hnsw_ef})
            """,
            "IVFFLAT": f"""
                CREATE INDEX {{vector_index_name}}
                ON {{table_name}} USING ivfflat (content_vector vector_cosine_ops)
                WITH (lists = {self.ivfflat_lists})
            """,
            "VCHORDRQ": f"""
                CREATE INDEX {{vector_index_name}}
                ON {{table_name}} USING vchordrq (content_vector vector_cosine_ops)
                {f"WITH (options = $${self.vchordrq_build_options}$$)" if self.vchordrq_build_options else ""}
            """,
        }

        if self.vector_index_type not in create_sql:
            logger.warning(
                f"Unsupported vector index type: {self.vector_index_type}. "
                "Supported types: HNSW, HNSW_HALFVEC, IVFFLAT, VCHORDRQ"
            )
            return

        k = table_name
        # Use _safe_index_name to avoid PostgreSQL's 63-byte identifier truncation
        index_suffix = f"{self.vector_index_type.lower()}_cosine"
        vector_index_name = _safe_index_name(k, index_suffix)
        check_vector_index_sql = f"""
            SELECT 1 FROM pg_indexes
            WHERE indexname = '{vector_index_name}' AND tablename = '{k.lower()}'
        """
        if self.vector_index_type == "HNSW_HALFVEC":
            column_type = "HALFVEC"
        else:
            column_type = "VECTOR"
        try:
            vector_index_exists = await self.query(check_vector_index_sql)
            if not vector_index_exists:
                for suffix in _VECTOR_INDEX_SUFFIXES:
                    if suffix == index_suffix:
                        continue
                    old_name = _safe_index_name(k, suffix)
                    await self.execute(f"DROP INDEX IF EXISTS {old_name}")
                alter_sql = f"ALTER TABLE {k} ALTER COLUMN content_vector TYPE {column_type}({embedding_dim})"
                await self.execute(alter_sql)
                logger.debug(f"Ensured vector dimension for {k}")
                logger.info(
                    f"Creating {self.vector_index_type} index {vector_index_name} on table {k}"
                )
                await self.execute(
                    create_sql[self.vector_index_type].format(
                        vector_index_name=vector_index_name, table_name=k
                    )
                )
                logger.info(
                    f"Successfully created vector index {vector_index_name} on table {k}"
                )
            else:
                logger.info(
                    f"{self.vector_index_type} vector index {vector_index_name} already exists on table {k}"
                )
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"Failed to create vector index on table {k}, Got: {e}")

    async def query(
        self,
        sql: str,
        params: list[Any] | None = None,
        multirows: bool = False,
        with_age: bool = False,
        graph_name: str | None = None,
        timing_label: str | None = None,
    ) -> dict[str, Any] | None | list[dict[str, Any]]:
        async def _operation(connection: asyncpg.Connection) -> Any:
            prepared_params = tuple(params) if params else ()
            fetch_start = time.perf_counter()
            if prepared_params:
                rows = await connection.fetch(sql, *prepared_params)
            else:
                rows = await connection.fetch(sql)
            fetch_elapsed = time.perf_counter() - fetch_start

            if timing_label:
                performance_timing_log(
                    "[%s] connection.fetch completed in %.4fs row_count=%s",
                    timing_label,
                    fetch_elapsed,
                    len(rows),
                )

            conversion_start = time.perf_counter()

            if multirows:
                if rows:
                    columns = [col for col in rows[0].keys()]
                    converted_rows = [dict(zip(columns, row)) for row in rows]
                else:
                    converted_rows = []

                if timing_label:
                    conversion_elapsed = time.perf_counter() - conversion_start
                    performance_timing_log(
                        "[%s] result conversion completed in %.4fs multirows=%s",
                        timing_label,
                        conversion_elapsed,
                        True,
                    )
                return converted_rows

            if rows:
                columns = rows[0].keys()
                converted_row = dict(zip(columns, rows[0]))
            else:
                converted_row = None

            if timing_label:
                conversion_elapsed = time.perf_counter() - conversion_start
                performance_timing_log(
                    "[%s] result conversion completed in %.4fs multirows=%s",
                    timing_label,
                    conversion_elapsed,
                    False,
                )
            if converted_row is not None:
                return converted_row
            return None

        try:
            return await self._run_with_retry(
                _operation,
                with_age=with_age,
                graph_name=graph_name,
                timing_label=timing_label,
            )
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"PostgreSQL database, error:{e}")
            raise

    async def check_table_exists(self, table_name: str) -> bool:
        """Check if a table exists in PostgreSQL database

        Args:
            table_name: Name of the table to check

        Returns:
            bool: True if table exists, False otherwise
        """
        query = """
            SELECT EXISTS (
                SELECT FROM information_schema.tables
                WHERE table_name = $1
            )
        """
        result = await self.query(query, [table_name.lower()])
        return result.get("exists", False) if result else False

    async def execute(
        self,
        sql: str,
        data: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
        upsert: bool = False,
        ignore_if_exists: bool = False,
        with_age: bool = False,
        graph_name: str | None = None,
        timing_label: str | None = None,
    ):
        async def _operation(connection: asyncpg.Connection) -> Any:
            prepared_values = tuple(data.values()) if data else ()
            execute_start = time.perf_counter()
            try:
                if not data:
                    result = await connection.execute(sql)
                else:
                    result = await connection.execute(sql, *prepared_values)
            except (
                asyncpg.exceptions.UniqueViolationError,
                asyncpg.exceptions.DuplicateTableError,
                asyncpg.exceptions.DuplicateObjectError,
                asyncpg.exceptions.InvalidSchemaNameError,
            ) as e:
                if ignore_if_exists:
                    logger.debug("PostgreSQL, ignoring duplicate during execute: %r", e)
                    result = None
                elif upsert:
                    logger.info(
                        "PostgreSQL, duplicate detected but treated as upsert success: %r",
                        e,
                    )
                    result = None
                else:
                    raise
            except Exception:
                if timing_label:
                    performance_timing_log(
                        "[%s] connection.execute failed after %.4fs",
                        timing_label,
                        time.perf_counter() - execute_start,
                    )
                raise
            if timing_label:
                performance_timing_log(
                    "[%s] connection.execute completed in %.4fs result=%s",
                    timing_label,
                    time.perf_counter() - execute_start,
                    result,
                )
            return result

        try:
            await self._run_with_retry(
                _operation,
                with_age=with_age,
                graph_name=graph_name,
                timing_label=timing_label,
            )
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"PostgreSQL database,\nsql:{sql},\ndata:{data},\nerror:{e}")
            raise


class ClientManager:
    _instances: dict[str, Any] = {"db": None, "ref_count": 0}
    _lock = asyncio.Lock()

    @staticmethod
    def get_config() -> dict[str, Any]:
        config = configparser.ConfigParser()
        config.read("config.ini", "utf-8")

        return {
            "host": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_HOST",
                config.get("postgres", "host", fallback="localhost"),
            ),
            "port": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_PORT", config.get("postgres", "port", fallback=5432)
            ),
            "user": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_USER", config.get("postgres", "user", fallback="postgres")
            ),
            "password": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_PASSWORD",
                config.get("postgres", "password", fallback=None),
            ),
            "database": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_DATABASE",
                config.get("postgres", "database", fallback="postgres"),
            ),
            "workspace": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_WORKSPACE",
                config.get("postgres", "workspace", fallback=None),
            ),
            "max_connections": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_MAX_CONNECTIONS",
                config.get("postgres", "max_connections", fallback=50),
            ),
            # SSL configuration
            "ssl_mode": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_SSL_MODE",
                config.get("postgres", "ssl_mode", fallback=None),
            ),
            "ssl_cert": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_SSL_CERT",
                config.get("postgres", "ssl_cert", fallback=None),
            ),
            "ssl_key": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_SSL_KEY",
                config.get("postgres", "ssl_key", fallback=None),
            ),
            "ssl_root_cert": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_SSL_ROOT_CERT",
                config.get("postgres", "ssl_root_cert", fallback=None),
            ),
            "ssl_crl": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_SSL_CRL",
                config.get("postgres", "ssl_crl", fallback=None),
            ),
            # Vector configuration
            "enable_vector": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_ENABLE_VECTOR",
                config.get("postgres", "enable_vector", fallback="true"),
            ).lower()
            in ("true", "1", "yes", "on"),
            "vector_index_type": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_VECTOR_INDEX_TYPE",
                config.get("postgres", "vector_index_type", fallback="HNSW"),
            ),
            "hnsw_m": int(
                os.environ.get(
                    "POSTGRES_HNSW_M",
                    config.get("postgres", "hnsw_m", fallback="16"),
                )
            ),
            "hnsw_ef": int(
                os.environ.get(
                    "POSTGRES_HNSW_EF",
                    config.get("postgres", "hnsw_ef", fallback="64"),
                )
            ),
            "ivfflat_lists": int(
                os.environ.get(
                    "POSTGRES_IVFFLAT_LISTS",
                    config.get("postgres", "ivfflat_lists", fallback="100"),
                )
            ),
            "vchordrq_build_options": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_VCHORDRQ_BUILD_OPTIONS",
                config.get("postgres", "vchordrq_build_options", fallback=""),
            ),
            "vchordrq_probes": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_VCHORDRQ_PROBES",
                config.get("postgres", "vchordrq_probes", fallback=""),
            ),
            "vchordrq_epsilon": float(
                os.environ.get(
                    "POSTGRES_VCHORDRQ_EPSILON",
                    config.get("postgres", "vchordrq_epsilon", fallback="1.9"),
                )
            ),
            # Server settings for Supabase
            "server_settings": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_SERVER_SETTINGS",
                config.get("postgres", "server_options", fallback=None),
            ),
            "statement_cache_size": os.environ.get(
                "POSTGRES_STATEMENT_CACHE_SIZE",
                config.get("postgres", "statement_cache_size", fallback=None),
            ),
            # Connection retry configuration
            "connection_retry_attempts": min(
                100,  # Increased from 10 to 100 for long-running operations
                int(
                    os.environ.get(
                        "POSTGRES_CONNECTION_RETRIES",
                        config.get("postgres", "connection_retries", fallback=10),
                    )
                ),
            ),
            "connection_retry_backoff": min(
                300.0,  # Increased from 5.0 to 300.0 (5 minutes) for PG switchover scenarios
                float(
                    os.environ.get(
                        "POSTGRES_CONNECTION_RETRY_BACKOFF",
                        config.get(
                            "postgres", "connection_retry_backoff", fallback=3.0
                        ),
                    )
                ),
            ),
            "connection_retry_backoff_max": min(
                600.0,  # Increased from 60.0 to 600.0 (10 minutes) for PG switchover scenarios
                float(
                    os.environ.get(
                        "POSTGRES_CONNECTION_RETRY_BACKOFF_MAX",
                        config.get(
                            "postgres",
                            "connection_retry_backoff_max",
                            fallback=30.0,
                        ),
                    )
                ),
            ),
            "pool_close_timeout": min(
                30.0,
                float(
                    os.environ.get(
                        "POSTGRES_POOL_CLOSE_TIMEOUT",
                        config.get("postgres", "pool_close_timeout", fallback=5.0),
                    )
                ),
            ),
        }

    @classmethod
    async def get_client(cls) -> PostgreSQLDB:
        async with cls._lock:
            if cls._instances["db"] is None:
                config = ClientManager.get_config()
                db = PostgreSQLDB(config)
                await db.initdb()
                await db.check_tables()
                cls._instances["db"] = db
                cls._instances["ref_count"] = 0
            cls._instances["ref_count"] += 1
            return cls._instances["db"]

    @classmethod
    async def release_client(cls, db: PostgreSQLDB):
        async with cls._lock:
            if db is not None:
                if db is cls._instances["db"]:
                    cls._instances["ref_count"] -= 1
                    if cls._instances["ref_count"] == 0:
                        if db.pool is not None:
                            await db.pool.close()
                        logger.info("Closed PostgreSQL database connection pool")
                        cls._instances["db"] = None
                else:
                    if db.pool is not None:
                        await db.pool.close()


@final
@dataclass
class PGKVStorage(BaseKVStorage):
    db: PostgreSQLDB = field(default=None)

    def __post_init__(self):
        self._max_batch_size = 200  # DB batch size, independent of embedding batch size

    async def initialize(self):
        async with get_data_init_lock():
            if self.db is None:
                self.db = await ClientManager.get_client()

            # Implement workspace priority: PostgreSQLDB.workspace > self.workspace > "default"
            if self.db.workspace:
                # Use PostgreSQLDB's workspace (highest priority)
                logger.info(
                    f"Using PG_WORKSPACE environment variable: '{self.db.workspace}' (overriding '{self.workspace}/{self.namespace}')"
                )
                self.workspace = self.db.workspace
            elif hasattr(self, "workspace") and self.workspace:
                # Use storage class's workspace (medium priority)
                pass
            else:
                # Use "default" for compatibility (lowest priority)
                self.workspace = "default"

    async def finalize(self):
        if self.db is not None:
            await ClientManager.release_client(self.db)
            self.db = None

    ################ QUERY METHODS ################
    async def get_by_id(self, id: str) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
        """Get data by id."""
        sql = SQL_TEMPLATES["get_by_id_" + self.namespace]
        params = {"workspace": self.workspace, "id": id}
        response = await self.db.query(sql, list(params.values()))

        if response and is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_TEXT_CHUNKS):
            # Parse llm_cache_list JSON string back to list
            llm_cache_list = response.get("llm_cache_list", [])
            if isinstance(llm_cache_list, str):
                try:
                    llm_cache_list = json.loads(llm_cache_list)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    llm_cache_list = []
            response["llm_cache_list"] = llm_cache_list
            create_time = response.get("create_time", 0)
            update_time = response.get("update_time", 0)
            response["create_time"] = create_time
            response["update_time"] = create_time if update_time == 0 else update_time

        # Special handling for LLM cache to ensure compatibility with _get_cached_extraction_results
        if response and is_namespace(
            self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_LLM_RESPONSE_CACHE
        ):
            create_time = response.get("create_time", 0)
            update_time = response.get("update_time", 0)
            # Parse queryparam JSON string back to dict
            queryparam = response.get("queryparam")
            if isinstance(queryparam, str):
                try:
                    queryparam = json.loads(queryparam)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    queryparam = None
            # Map field names for compatibility (mode field removed)
            response = {
                **response,
                "return": response.get("return_value", ""),
                "cache_type": response.get("cache_type"),
                "original_prompt": response.get("original_prompt", ""),
                "chunk_id": response.get("chunk_id"),
                "queryparam": queryparam,
                "create_time": create_time,
                "update_time": create_time if update_time == 0 else update_time,
            }

        # Special handling for FULL_ENTITIES namespace
        if response and is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_FULL_ENTITIES):
            # Parse entity_names JSON string back to list
            entity_names = response.get("entity_names", [])
            if isinstance(entity_names, str):
                try:
                    entity_names = json.loads(entity_names)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    entity_names = []
            response["entity_names"] = entity_names
            create_time = response.get("create_time", 0)
            update_time = response.get("update_time", 0)
            response["create_time"] = create_time
            response["update_time"] = create_time if update_time == 0 else update_time

        # Special handling for FULL_RELATIONS namespace
        if response and is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_FULL_RELATIONS):
            # Parse relation_pairs JSON string back to list
            relation_pairs = response.get("relation_pairs", [])
            if isinstance(relation_pairs, str):
                try:
                    relation_pairs = json.loads(relation_pairs)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    relation_pairs = []
            response["relation_pairs"] = relation_pairs
            create_time = response.get("create_time", 0)
            update_time = response.get("update_time", 0)
            response["create_time"] = create_time
            response["update_time"] = create_time if update_time == 0 else update_time

        # Special handling for ENTITY_CHUNKS namespace
        if response and is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_ENTITY_CHUNKS):
            # Parse chunk_ids JSON string back to list
            chunk_ids = response.get("chunk_ids", [])
            if isinstance(chunk_ids, str):
                try:
                    chunk_ids = json.loads(chunk_ids)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    chunk_ids = []
            response["chunk_ids"] = chunk_ids
            create_time = response.get("create_time", 0)
            update_time = response.get("update_time", 0)
            response["create_time"] = create_time
            response["update_time"] = create_time if update_time == 0 else update_time

        # Special handling for RELATION_CHUNKS namespace
        if response and is_namespace(
            self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_RELATION_CHUNKS
        ):
            # Parse chunk_ids JSON string back to list
            chunk_ids = response.get("chunk_ids", [])
            if isinstance(chunk_ids, str):
                try:
                    chunk_ids = json.loads(chunk_ids)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    chunk_ids = []
            response["chunk_ids"] = chunk_ids
            create_time = response.get("create_time", 0)
            update_time = response.get("update_time", 0)
            response["create_time"] = create_time
            response["update_time"] = create_time if update_time == 0 else update_time

        return response if response else None

    # Query by id
    async def get_by_ids(self, ids: list[str]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
        """Get data by ids"""
        if not ids:
            return []

        sql = SQL_TEMPLATES["get_by_ids_" + self.namespace]
        params = {"workspace": self.workspace, "ids": ids}
        results = await self.db.query(sql, list(params.values()), multirows=True)

        def _order_results(
            rows: list[dict[str, Any]] | None,
        ) -> list[dict[str, Any] | None]:
            """Preserve the caller requested ordering for bulk id lookups."""
            if not rows:
                return [None for _ in ids]

            id_map: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = {}
            for row in rows:
                if row is None:
                    continue
                row_id = row.get("id")
                if row_id is not None:
                    id_map[str(row_id)] = row

            ordered: list[dict[str, Any] | None] = []
            for requested_id in ids:
                ordered.append(id_map.get(str(requested_id)))
            return ordered

        if results and is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_TEXT_CHUNKS):
            # Parse llm_cache_list JSON string back to list for each result
            for result in results:
                llm_cache_list = result.get("llm_cache_list", [])
                if isinstance(llm_cache_list, str):
                    try:
                        llm_cache_list = json.loads(llm_cache_list)
                    except json.JSONDecodeError:
                        llm_cache_list = []
                result["llm_cache_list"] = llm_cache_list
                create_time = result.get("create_time", 0)
                update_time = result.get("update_time", 0)
                result["create_time"] = create_time
                result["update_time"] = create_time if update_time == 0 else update_time

        # Special handling for LLM cache to ensure compatibility with _get_cached_extraction_results
        if results and is_namespace(
            self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_LLM_RESPONSE_CACHE
        ):
            processed_results = []
            for row in results:
                create_time = row.get("create_time", 0)
                update_time = row.get("update_time", 0)
                # Parse queryparam JSON string back to dict
                queryparam = row.get("queryparam")
                if isinstance(queryparam, str):
                    try:
                        queryparam = json.loads(queryparam)
                    except json.JSONDecodeError:
                        queryparam = None
                # Map field names for compatibility (mode field removed)
                processed_row = {
                    **row,
                    "return": row.get("return_value", ""),
                    "cache_type": row.get("cache_type"),
                    "original_prompt": row.get("original_prompt", ""),
                    "chunk_id": row.get("chunk_id"),
                    "queryparam": queryparam,
                    "create_time": create_time,
                    "update_time": create_time if update_time == 0 else update_time,
                }
                processed_results.append(processed_row)
            return _order_results(processed_results)

        # Special handling for FULL_ENTITIES namespace
        if results and is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_FULL_ENTITIES):
            for result in results:
                # Parse entity_names JSON string back to list
                entity_names = result.get("entity_names", [])
                if isinstance(entity_names, str):
                    try:
                        entity_names = json.loads(entity_names)
                    except json.JSONDecodeError:
                        entity_names = []
                result["entity_names"] = entity_names
                create_time = result.get("create_time", 0)
                update_time = result.get("update_time", 0)
                result["create_time"] = create_time
                result["update_time"] = create_time if update_time == 0 else update_time

        # Special handling for FULL_RELATIONS namespace
        if results and is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_FULL_RELATIONS):
            for result in results:
                # Parse relation_pairs JSON string back to list
                relation_pairs = result.get("relation_pairs", [])
                if isinstance(relation_pairs, str):
                    try:
                        relation_pairs = json.loads(relation_pairs)
                    except json.JSONDecodeError:
                        relation_pairs = []
                result["relation_pairs"] = relation_pairs
                create_time = result.get("create_time", 0)
                update_time = result.get("update_time", 0)
                result["create_time"] = create_time
                result["update_time"] = create_time if update_time == 0 else update_time

        # Special handling for ENTITY_CHUNKS namespace
        if results and is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_ENTITY_CHUNKS):
            for result in results:
                # Parse chunk_ids JSON string back to list
                chunk_ids = result.get("chunk_ids", [])
                if isinstance(chunk_ids, str):
                    try:
                        chunk_ids = json.loads(chunk_ids)
                    except json.JSONDecodeError:
                        chunk_ids = []
                result["chunk_ids"] = chunk_ids
                create_time = result.get("create_time", 0)
                update_time = result.get("update_time", 0)
                result["create_time"] = create_time
                result["update_time"] = create_time if update_time == 0 else update_time

        # Special handling for RELATION_CHUNKS namespace
        if results and is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_RELATION_CHUNKS):
            for result in results:
                # Parse chunk_ids JSON string back to list
                chunk_ids = result.get("chunk_ids", [])
                if isinstance(chunk_ids, str):
                    try:
                        chunk_ids = json.loads(chunk_ids)
                    except json.JSONDecodeError:
                        chunk_ids = []
                result["chunk_ids"] = chunk_ids
                create_time = result.get("create_time", 0)
                update_time = result.get("update_time", 0)
                result["create_time"] = create_time
                result["update_time"] = create_time if update_time == 0 else update_time

        return _order_results(results)

    async def filter_keys(self, keys: set[str]) -> set[str]:
        """Filter out duplicated content"""
        if not keys:
            return set()

        table_name = namespace_to_table_name(self.namespace)
        sql = f"SELECT id FROM {table_name} WHERE workspace=$1 AND id = ANY($2)"
        params = {"workspace": self.workspace, "ids": list(keys)}
        try:
            res = await self.db.query(sql, list(params.values()), multirows=True)
            if res:
                exist_keys = [key["id"] for key in res]
            else:
                exist_keys = []
            new_keys = set([s for s in keys if s not in exist_keys])
            return new_keys
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] PostgreSQL database,\nsql:{sql},\nparams:{params},\nerror:{e}"
            )
            raise

    ################ INSERT METHODS ################
    async def upsert(self, data: dict[str, dict[str, Any]]) -> None:
        logger.debug(f"[{self.workspace}] Inserting {len(data)} to {self.namespace}")
        if not data:
            return

        timing_label = f"{self.workspace} PGKVStorage.upsert[{self.namespace}]"
        total_start = time.perf_counter()
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] start records=%s max_batch_size=%s",
            timing_label,
            len(data),
            self._max_batch_size,
        )

        batch_values: list[tuple] = []
        upsert_sql = ""
        batch_values_build_start = time.perf_counter()

        if is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_TEXT_CHUNKS):
            upsert_sql = SQL_TEMPLATES["upsert_text_chunk"]
            # Get current UTC time and convert to naive datetime for database storage
            current_time = datetime.datetime.now(timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
            for i, (k, v) in enumerate(data.items(), start=1):
                # Tuple order must match SQL: (workspace, id, tokens, chunk_order_index,
                #   full_doc_id, content, file_path, llm_cache_list, create_time, update_time)
                batch_values.append(
                    (
                        self.workspace,
                        k,
                        v["tokens"],
                        v["chunk_order_index"],
                        v["full_doc_id"],
                        v["content"],
                        v["file_path"],
                        json.dumps(v.get("llm_cache_list", [])),
                        current_time,
                        current_time,
                    )
                )
                await _cooperative_yield(i)
        elif is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_FULL_DOCS):
            upsert_sql = SQL_TEMPLATES["upsert_doc_full"]
            for i, (k, v) in enumerate(data.items(), start=1):
                # Tuple order must match SQL: (id, content, doc_name, workspace)
                batch_values.append(
                    (k, v["content"], v.get("file_path", ""), self.workspace)
                )
                await _cooperative_yield(i)
        elif is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_LLM_RESPONSE_CACHE):
            upsert_sql = SQL_TEMPLATES["upsert_llm_response_cache"]
            for i, (k, v) in enumerate(data.items(), start=1):
                # Tuple order must match SQL: (workspace, id, original_prompt, return_value,
                #   chunk_id, cache_type, queryparam)
                batch_values.append(
                    (
                        self.workspace,
                        k,
                        v["original_prompt"],
                        v["return"],
                        v.get("chunk_id"),
                        v.get("cache_type", "extract"),
                        json.dumps(v.get("queryparam"))
                        if v.get("queryparam")
                        else None,
                    )
                )
                await _cooperative_yield(i)
        elif is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_FULL_ENTITIES):
            upsert_sql = SQL_TEMPLATES["upsert_full_entities"]
            # Get current UTC time and convert to naive datetime for database storage
            current_time = datetime.datetime.now(timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
            for i, (k, v) in enumerate(data.items(), start=1):
                # Tuple order must match SQL: (workspace, id, entity_names, count,
                #   create_time, update_time)
                batch_values.append(
                    (
                        self.workspace,
                        k,
                        json.dumps(v["entity_names"]),
                        v["count"],
                        current_time,
                        current_time,
                    )
                )
                await _cooperative_yield(i)
        elif is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_FULL_RELATIONS):
            upsert_sql = SQL_TEMPLATES["upsert_full_relations"]
            # Get current UTC time and convert to naive datetime for database storage
            current_time = datetime.datetime.now(timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
            for i, (k, v) in enumerate(data.items(), start=1):
                # Tuple order must match SQL: (workspace, id, relation_pairs, count,
                #   create_time, update_time)
                batch_values.append(
                    (
                        self.workspace,
                        k,
                        json.dumps(v["relation_pairs"]),
                        v["count"],
                        current_time,
                        current_time,
                    )
                )
                await _cooperative_yield(i)
        elif is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_ENTITY_CHUNKS):
            upsert_sql = SQL_TEMPLATES["upsert_entity_chunks"]
            # Get current UTC time and convert to naive datetime for database storage
            current_time = datetime.datetime.now(timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
            for i, (k, v) in enumerate(data.items(), start=1):
                # Tuple order must match SQL: (workspace, id, chunk_ids, count,
                #   create_time, update_time)
                batch_values.append(
                    (
                        self.workspace,
                        k,
                        json.dumps(v["chunk_ids"]),
                        v["count"],
                        current_time,
                        current_time,
                    )
                )
                await _cooperative_yield(i)
        elif is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.KV_STORE_RELATION_CHUNKS):
            upsert_sql = SQL_TEMPLATES["upsert_relation_chunks"]
            # Get current UTC time and convert to naive datetime for database storage
            current_time = datetime.datetime.now(timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
            for i, (k, v) in enumerate(data.items(), start=1):
                # Tuple order must match SQL: (workspace, id, chunk_ids, count,
                #   create_time, update_time)
                batch_values.append(
                    (
                        self.workspace,
                        k,
                        json.dumps(v["chunk_ids"]),
                        v["count"],
                        current_time,
                        current_time,
                    )
                )
                await _cooperative_yield(i)
        else:
            logger.error(f"Unknown namespace: {self.namespace}")
            raise ValueError(f"Unknown namespace: {self.namespace}")

        # upsert_sql is always set here; unknown namespace raises ValueError above
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] batch_values build completed in %.4fs records=%s%s",
            timing_label,
            time.perf_counter() - batch_values_build_start,
            len(batch_values),
            _timing_details_suffix(namespace=self.namespace),
        )
        if batch_values:
            # Split into sub-batches to prevent database overload
            num_batches = (
                len(batch_values) + self._max_batch_size - 1
            ) // self._max_batch_size
            for batch_index, i in enumerate(
                range(0, len(batch_values), self._max_batch_size), start=1
            ):
                sub_batch = batch_values[i : i + self._max_batch_size]

                async def _batch_upsert(
                    connection: asyncpg.Connection,
                    _sql: str = upsert_sql,
                    _data: list[tuple] = sub_batch,
                    _batch_index: int = batch_index,
                    _num_batches: int = num_batches,
                ) -> None:
                    execute_start = time.perf_counter()
                    await connection.executemany(_sql, _data)
                    performance_timing_log(
                        "[%s] sub-batch %s/%s executemany completed in %.4fs batch_size=%s",
                        timing_label,
                        _batch_index,
                        _num_batches,
                        time.perf_counter() - execute_start,
                        len(_data),
                    )

                await self.db._run_with_retry(_batch_upsert, timing_label=timing_label)

            logger.debug(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Batch upserted {len(batch_values)} records to {self.namespace} "
                f"in {num_batches} sub-batches"
            )
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] total complete in %.4fs records=%s",
            timing_label,
            time.perf_counter() - total_start,
            len(batch_values),
        )

    async def index_done_callback(self) -> None:
        # PG handles persistence automatically
        pass

    async def is_empty(self) -> bool:
        """Check if the storage is empty for the current workspace and namespace

        Returns:
            bool: True if storage is empty, False otherwise
        """
        table_name = namespace_to_table_name(self.namespace)
        if not table_name:
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Unknown namespace for is_empty check: {self.namespace}"
            )
            return True

        sql = f"SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM {table_name} WHERE workspace=$1 LIMIT 1) as has_data"

        try:
            result = await self.db.query(sql, [self.workspace])
            return not result.get("has_data", False) if result else True
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"[{self.workspace}] Error checking if storage is empty: {e}")
            return True

    async def delete(self, ids: list[str]) -> None:
        """Delete specific records from storage by their IDs

        Args:
            ids (list[str]): List of document IDs to be deleted from storage

        Returns:
            None
        """
        if not ids:
            return

        table_name = namespace_to_table_name(self.namespace)
        if not table_name:
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Unknown namespace for deletion: {self.namespace}"
            )
            return

        delete_sql = f"DELETE FROM {table_name} WHERE workspace=$1 AND id = ANY($2)"

        try:
            await self.db.execute(delete_sql, {"workspace": self.workspace, "ids": ids})
            logger.debug(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Successfully deleted {len(ids)} records from {self.namespace}"
            )
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Error while deleting records from {self.namespace}: {e}"
            )

    async def drop(self) -> dict[str, str]:
        """Drop the storage"""
        try:
            table_name = namespace_to_table_name(self.namespace)
            if not table_name:
                return {
                    "status": "error",
                    "message": f"Unknown namespace: {self.namespace}",
                }

            drop_sql = SQL_TEMPLATES["drop_specifiy_table_workspace"].format(
                table_name=table_name
            )
            await self.db.execute(drop_sql, {"workspace": self.workspace})
            return {"status": "success", "message": "data dropped"}
        except Exception as e:
            return {"status": "error", "message": str(e)}


@final
@dataclass
class PGVectorStorage(BaseVectorStorage):
    db: PostgreSQLDB | None = field(default=None)

    def __post_init__(self):
        self._validate_embedding_func()
        self._max_batch_size = self.global_config["embedding_batch_num"]
        config = self.global_config.get("vector_db_storage_cls_kwargs", {})
        cosine_threshold = config.get("cosine_better_than_threshold")
        if cosine_threshold is None:
            raise ValueError(
                "cosine_better_than_threshold must be specified in vector_db_storage_cls_kwargs"
            )
        self.cosine_better_than_threshold = cosine_threshold

        # Generate model suffix for table isolation
        self.model_suffix = self._generate_collection_suffix()

        # Get base table name
        base_table = namespace_to_table_name(self.namespace)
        if not base_table:
            raise ValueError(f"Unknown namespace: {self.namespace}")

        # New table name (with suffix)
        # Ensure model_suffix is not empty before appending
        if self.model_suffix:
            self.table_name = f"{base_table}_{self.model_suffix}"
            logger.info(f"PostgreSQL table: {self.table_name}")
        else:
            # Fallback: use base table name if model_suffix is unavailable
            self.table_name = base_table
            logger.warning(
                f"PostgreSQL table: {self.table_name} missing suffix. Pls add model_name to embedding_func for proper workspace data isolation."
            )

        # Legacy table name (without suffix, for migration)
        self.legacy_table_name = base_table

        # Validate table name length (PostgreSQL identifier limit is 63 characters)
        if len(self.table_name) > PG_MAX_IDENTIFIER_LENGTH:
            raise ValueError(
                f"PostgreSQL table name exceeds {PG_MAX_IDENTIFIER_LENGTH} character limit: '{self.table_name}' "
                f"(length: {len(self.table_name)}). "
                f"Consider using a shorter embedding model name or workspace name."
            )

    @staticmethod
    async def _pg_create_table(
        db: PostgreSQLDB, table_name: str, base_table: str, embedding_dim: int
    ) -> None:
        """Create a new vector table by replacing the table name in DDL template,
        and create indexes on id and (workspace, id) columns.

        Args:
            db: PostgreSQLDB instance
            table_name: Name of the new table to create
            base_table: Base table name for DDL template lookup
            embedding_dim: Embedding dimension for vector column
        """
        if base_table not in TABLES:
            raise ValueError(f"No DDL template found for table: {base_table}")

        ddl_template = TABLES[base_table]["ddl"]

        # Determine vector column type based on configuration
        # HALFVEC is used when HNSW_HALFVEC is selected
        vector_type = "VECTOR"
        if getattr(db, "vector_index_type", None) == "HNSW_HALFVEC":
            vector_type = "HALFVEC"

        # Replace embedding dimension placeholder if exists
        ddl = ddl_template.replace(
            "VECTOR(dimension)", f"{vector_type}({embedding_dim})"
        )

        # Replace table name
        ddl = ddl.replace(base_table, table_name)

        # Make creation idempotent to handle restarts and race conditions
        ddl = ddl.replace("CREATE TABLE ", "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ", 1)
        await db.execute(ddl)

        # Create indexes similar to check_tables() but with safe index names
        # Create index for id column
        id_index_name = _safe_index_name(table_name, "id")
        try:
            create_id_index_sql = (
                f"CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS {id_index_name} ON {table_name}(id)"
            )
            logger.info(
                f"PostgreSQL, Creating index {id_index_name} on table {table_name}"
            )
            await db.execute(create_id_index_sql)
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"PostgreSQL, Failed to create index {id_index_name}, Got: {e}"
            )

        # Create composite index for (workspace, id)
        workspace_id_index_name = _safe_index_name(table_name, "workspace_id")
        try:
            create_composite_index_sql = f"CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS {workspace_id_index_name} ON {table_name}(workspace, id)"
            logger.info(
                f"PostgreSQL, Creating composite index {workspace_id_index_name} on table {table_name}"
            )
            await db.execute(create_composite_index_sql)
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"PostgreSQL, Failed to create composite index {workspace_id_index_name}, Got: {e}"
            )

    @staticmethod
    async def _pg_migrate_workspace_data(
        db: PostgreSQLDB,
        legacy_table_name: str,
        new_table_name: str,
        workspace: str,
        expected_count: int,
        embedding_dim: int,
    ) -> int:
        """Migrate workspace data from legacy table to new table using batch insert.

        This function uses asyncpg's executemany for efficient batch insertion,
        reducing database round-trips from N to 1 per batch.

        Uses keyset pagination (cursor-based) with ORDER BY id for stable ordering.
        This ensures every legacy row is migrated exactly once, avoiding the
        non-deterministic row ordering issues with OFFSET/LIMIT without ORDER BY.

        Args:
            db: PostgreSQLDB instance
            legacy_table_name: Name of the legacy table to migrate from
            new_table_name: Name of the new table to migrate to
            workspace: Workspace to filter records for migration
            expected_count: Expected number of records to migrate
            embedding_dim: Embedding dimension for vector column

        Returns:
            Number of records migrated
        """
        migrated_count = 0
        last_id: str | None = None
        batch_size = 500

        while True:
            # Use keyset pagination with ORDER BY id for deterministic ordering
            # This avoids OFFSET/LIMIT without ORDER BY which can skip or duplicate rows
            if workspace:
                if last_id is not None:
                    select_query = f"SELECT * FROM {legacy_table_name} WHERE workspace = $1 AND id > $2 ORDER BY id LIMIT $3"
                    rows = await db.query(
                        select_query, [workspace, last_id, batch_size], multirows=True
                    )
                else:
                    select_query = f"SELECT * FROM {legacy_table_name} WHERE workspace = $1 ORDER BY id LIMIT $2"
                    rows = await db.query(
                        select_query, [workspace, batch_size], multirows=True
                    )
            else:
                if last_id is not None:
                    select_query = f"SELECT * FROM {legacy_table_name} WHERE id > $1 ORDER BY id LIMIT $2"
                    rows = await db.query(
                        select_query, [last_id, batch_size], multirows=True
                    )
                else:
                    select_query = (
                        f"SELECT * FROM {legacy_table_name} ORDER BY id LIMIT $1"
                    )
                    rows = await db.query(select_query, [batch_size], multirows=True)

            if not rows:
                break

            # Track the last ID for keyset pagination cursor
            last_id = rows[-1]["id"]

            # Batch insert optimization: use executemany instead of individual inserts
            # Get column names from the first row
            first_row = dict(rows[0])
            columns = list(first_row.keys())
            columns_str = ", ".join(columns)
            placeholders = ", ".join([f"${i + 1}" for i in range(len(columns))])

            insert_query = f"""
                INSERT INTO {new_table_name} ({columns_str})
                VALUES ({placeholders})
                ON CONFLICT (workspace, id) DO NOTHING
            """

            # Prepare batch data: convert rows to list of tuples
            batch_values = []
            for row in rows:
                row_dict = dict(row)

                # FIX: Parse vector strings from connections without register_vector codec.
                # When pgvector codec is not registered on the read connection, vector
                # columns are returned as text strings like "[0.1,0.2,...]" instead of
                # lists/arrays. We need to convert these to numpy arrays before passing
                # to executemany, which uses a connection WITH register_vector codec
                # that expects list/tuple/ndarray types.
                if "content_vector" in row_dict:
                    vec = row_dict["content_vector"]
                    if isinstance(vec, str):
                        # pgvector text format: "[0.1,0.2,0.3,...]"
                        vec = vec.strip("[]")
                        if vec:
                            row_dict["content_vector"] = np.array(
                                [float(x) for x in vec.split(",")], dtype=np.float32
                            )
                        else:
                            row_dict["content_vector"] = None

                # Extract values in column order to match placeholders
                values_tuple = tuple(row_dict[col] for col in columns)
                batch_values.append(values_tuple)

            # Use executemany for batch execution - significantly reduces DB round-trips
            # Note: register_vector is already called on pool init, no need to call it again
            async def _batch_insert(connection: asyncpg.Connection) -> None:
                await connection.executemany(insert_query, batch_values)

            await db._run_with_retry(_batch_insert)

            migrated_count += len(rows)
            workspace_info = f" for workspace '{workspace}'" if workspace else ""
            logger.info(
                f"PostgreSQL: {migrated_count}/{expected_count} records migrated{workspace_info}"
            )

        return migrated_count

    @staticmethod
    async def setup_table(
        db: PostgreSQLDB,
        table_name: str,
        workspace: str,
        embedding_dim: int,
        legacy_table_name: str,
        base_table: str,
    ):
        """
        Setup PostgreSQL table with migration support from legacy tables.

        Ensure final table has workspace isolation index.
        Check vector dimension compatibility before new table creation.
        Drop legacy table if it exists and is empty.
        Only migrate data from legacy table to new table when new table first created and legacy table is not empty.
        This function must be call ClientManager.get_client() to legacy table is migrated to latest schema.

        Args:
            db: PostgreSQLDB instance
            table_name: Name of the new table
            workspace: Workspace to filter records for migration
            legacy_table_name: Name of the legacy table to check for migration
            base_table: Base table name for DDL template lookup
            embedding_dim: Embedding dimension for vector column
        """
        if not workspace:
            raise ValueError("workspace must be provided")

        new_table_exists = await db.check_table_exists(table_name)
        legacy_exists = legacy_table_name and await db.check_table_exists(
            legacy_table_name
        )

        # Case 1: Only new table exists or new table is the same as legacy table
        #         No data migration needed, ensuring index is created then return
        if (new_table_exists and not legacy_exists) or (
            new_table_exists and (table_name.lower() == legacy_table_name.lower())
        ):
            await db._create_vector_index(table_name, embedding_dim)

            workspace_count_query = (
                f"SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM {table_name} WHERE workspace = $1"
            )
            workspace_count_result = await db.query(workspace_count_query, [workspace])
            workspace_count = (
                workspace_count_result.get("count", 0) if workspace_count_result else 0
            )
            if workspace_count == 0 and not (
                table_name.lower() == legacy_table_name.lower()
            ):
                logger.warning(
                    f"PostgreSQL: workspace data in table '{table_name}' is empty. "
                    f"Ensure it is caused by new workspace setup and not an unexpected embedding model change."
                )

            return

        legacy_count = None
        if not new_table_exists:
            # Check vector dimension compatibility before creating new table
            if legacy_exists:
                count_query = f"SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM {legacy_table_name} WHERE workspace = $1"
                count_result = await db.query(count_query, [workspace])
                legacy_count = count_result.get("count", 0) if count_result else 0

                if legacy_count > 0:
                    legacy_dim = None
                    try:
                        sample_query = f"SELECT content_vector FROM {legacy_table_name} WHERE workspace = $1 LIMIT 1"
                        sample_result = await db.query(sample_query, [workspace])
                        # Fix: Use 'is not None' instead of truthiness check to avoid
                        # NumPy array boolean ambiguity error
                        if (
                            sample_result
                            and sample_result.get("content_vector") is not None
                        ):
                            vector_data = sample_result["content_vector"]
                            # pgvector returns list directly, but may also return NumPy arrays
                            # when register_vector codec is active on the connection
                            if isinstance(vector_data, (list, tuple)):
                                legacy_dim = len(vector_data)
                            elif hasattr(vector_data, "__len__") and not isinstance(
                                vector_data, str
                            ):
                                # Handle NumPy arrays and other array-like objects
                                legacy_dim = len(vector_data)
                            elif hasattr(vector_data, "dimensions") and callable(
                                vector_data.dimensions
                            ):
                                # pgvector HalfVector / SparseVector expose dimensions()
                                legacy_dim = vector_data.dimensions()
                            elif isinstance(vector_data, str):
                                import json

                                vector_list = json.loads(vector_data)
                                legacy_dim = len(vector_list)

                        if legacy_dim and legacy_dim != embedding_dim:
                            logger.error(
                                f"PostgreSQL: Dimension mismatch detected! "
                                f"Legacy table '{legacy_table_name}' has {legacy_dim}d vectors, "
                                f"but new embedding model expects {embedding_dim}d."
                            )
                            raise DataMigrationError(
                                f"Dimension mismatch between legacy table '{legacy_table_name}' "
                                f"and new embedding model. Expected {embedding_dim}d but got {legacy_dim}d."
                            )

                    except DataMigrationError:
                        # Re-raise DataMigrationError as-is to preserve specific error messages
                        raise
                    except Exception as e:
                        raise DataMigrationError(
                            f"Could not verify legacy table vector dimension: {e}. "
                            f"Proceeding with caution..."
                        )

            await PGVectorStorage._pg_create_table(
                db, table_name, base_table, embedding_dim
            )
            logger.info(f"PostgreSQL: New table '{table_name}' created successfully")

            if not legacy_exists:
                await db._create_vector_index(table_name, embedding_dim)
                logger.info(
                    "Ensure this new table creation is caused by new workspace setup and not an unexpected embedding model change."
                )
                return

        # Ensure vector index is created
        await db._create_vector_index(table_name, embedding_dim)

        # Case 2: Legacy table exist
        if legacy_exists:
            workspace_info = f" for workspace '{workspace}'"

            # Only drop legacy table if entire table is empty
            total_count_query = f"SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM {legacy_table_name}"
            total_count_result = await db.query(total_count_query, [])
            total_count = (
                total_count_result.get("count", 0) if total_count_result else 0
            )
            if total_count == 0:
                logger.info(
                    f"PostgreSQL: Empty legacy table '{legacy_table_name}' deleted successfully"
                )
                drop_query = f"DROP TABLE {legacy_table_name}"
                await db.execute(drop_query, None)
                return

            # No data migration needed if legacy workspace is empty
            if legacy_count is None:
                count_query = f"SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM {legacy_table_name} WHERE workspace = $1"
                count_result = await db.query(count_query, [workspace])
                legacy_count = count_result.get("count", 0) if count_result else 0

            if legacy_count == 0:
                logger.info(
                    f"PostgreSQL: No records{workspace_info} found in legacy table. "
                    f"No data migration needed."
                )
                return

            new_count_query = (
                f"SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM {table_name} WHERE workspace = $1"
            )
            new_count_result = await db.query(new_count_query, [workspace])
            new_table_workspace_count = (
                new_count_result.get("count", 0) if new_count_result else 0
            )

            if new_table_workspace_count > 0:
                logger.warning(
                    f"PostgreSQL: Both new and legacy collection have data. "
                    f"{legacy_count} records in {legacy_table_name} require manual deletion after migration verification."
                )
                return

            # Case 3: Legacy has workspace data and new table is empty for workspace
            logger.info(
                f"PostgreSQL: Found legacy table '{legacy_table_name}' with {legacy_count} records{workspace_info}."
            )
            logger.info(
                f"PostgreSQL: Migrating data from legacy table '{legacy_table_name}' to new table '{table_name}'"
            )

            try:
                migrated_count = await PGVectorStorage._pg_migrate_workspace_data(
                    db,
                    legacy_table_name,
                    table_name,
                    workspace,
                    legacy_count,
                    embedding_dim,
                )
                if migrated_count != legacy_count:
                    logger.warning(
                        "PostgreSQL: Read %s legacy records%s during migration, expected %s.",
                        migrated_count,
                        workspace_info,
                        legacy_count,
                    )

                new_count_result = await db.query(new_count_query, [workspace])
                new_table_count_after = (
                    new_count_result.get("count", 0) if new_count_result else 0
                )
                inserted_count = new_table_count_after - new_table_workspace_count

                if inserted_count != legacy_count:
                    error_msg = (
                        "PostgreSQL: Migration verification failed, "
                        f"expected {legacy_count} inserted records, got {inserted_count}."
                    )
                    logger.error(error_msg)
                    raise DataMigrationError(error_msg)

            except DataMigrationError:
                # Re-raise DataMigrationError as-is to preserve specific error messages
                raise
            except Exception as e:
                logger.error(
                    f"PostgreSQL: Failed to migrate data from legacy table '{legacy_table_name}' to new table '{table_name}': {e}"
                )
                raise DataMigrationError(
                    f"Failed to migrate data from legacy table '{legacy_table_name}' to new table '{table_name}'"
                ) from e

            logger.info(
                f"PostgreSQL: Migration from '{legacy_table_name}' to '{table_name}' completed successfully"
            )
            logger.warning(
                "PostgreSQL: Manual deletion is required after data migration verification."
            )

    async def initialize(self):
        async with get_data_init_lock():
            if self.db is None:
                self.db = await ClientManager.get_client()

            # Implement workspace priority: PostgreSQLDB.workspace > self.workspace > "default"
            if self.db.workspace:
                # Use PostgreSQLDB's workspace (highest priority)
                logger.info(
                    f"Using PG_WORKSPACE environment variable: '{self.db.workspace}' (overriding '{self.workspace}/{self.namespace}')"
                )
                self.workspace = self.db.workspace
            elif hasattr(self, "workspace") and self.workspace:
                # Use storage class's workspace (medium priority)
                pass
            else:
                # Use "default" for compatibility (lowest priority)
                self.workspace = "default"

            if not self.db.enable_vector:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Cannot use PGVectorStorage when POSTGRES_ENABLE_VECTOR=false. Configure an alternative vector backend."
                )

            # Setup table (create if not exists and handle migration)
            await PGVectorStorage.setup_table(
                self.db,
                self.table_name,
                self.workspace,  # CRITICAL: Filter migration by workspace
                embedding_dim=self.embedding_func.embedding_dim,
                legacy_table_name=self.legacy_table_name,
                base_table=self.legacy_table_name,  # base_table for DDL template lookup
            )

    async def finalize(self):
        if self.db is not None:
            await ClientManager.release_client(self.db)
            self.db = None

    def _upsert_chunks(
        self, item: dict[str, Any], current_time: datetime.datetime
    ) -> tuple[str, tuple[Any, ...]]:
        """Prepare upsert data for chunks.

        Returns:
            Tuple of (SQL template, values tuple for executemany)
        """
        try:
            upsert_sql = SQL_TEMPLATES["upsert_chunk"].format(
                table_name=self.table_name
            )
            # Return tuple in the exact order of SQL parameters ($1, $2, ...)
            values: tuple[Any, ...] = (
                self.workspace,  # $1
                item["__id__"],  # $2
                item["tokens"],  # $3
                item["chunk_order_index"],  # $4
                item["full_doc_id"],  # $5
                item["content"],  # $6
                item["__vector__"],  # $7 - numpy array, handled by pgvector codec
                item["file_path"],  # $8
                current_time,  # $9
                current_time,  # $10
            )
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Error to prepare upsert,\nerror: {e}\nitem: {item}"
            )
            raise

        return upsert_sql, values

    def _upsert_entities(
        self, item: dict[str, Any], current_time: datetime.datetime
    ) -> tuple[str, tuple[Any, ...]]:
        """Prepare upsert data for entities.

        Returns:
            Tuple of (SQL template, values tuple for executemany)
        """
        upsert_sql = SQL_TEMPLATES["upsert_entity"].format(table_name=self.table_name)
        source_id = item["source_id"]
        if isinstance(source_id, str) and "<SEP>" in source_id:
            chunk_ids = source_id.split("<SEP>")
        else:
            chunk_ids = [source_id]

        # Return tuple in the exact order of SQL parameters ($1, $2, ...)
        values: tuple[Any, ...] = (
            self.workspace,  # $1
            item["__id__"],  # $2
            item["entity_name"],  # $3
            item["content"],  # $4
            item["__vector__"],  # $5 - numpy array, handled by pgvector codec
            chunk_ids,  # $6
            item.get("file_path", None),  # $7
            current_time,  # $8
            current_time,  # $9
        )
        return upsert_sql, values

    def _upsert_relationships(
        self, item: dict[str, Any], current_time: datetime.datetime
    ) -> tuple[str, tuple[Any, ...]]:
        """Prepare upsert data for relationships.

        Returns:
            Tuple of (SQL template, values tuple for executemany)
        """
        upsert_sql = SQL_TEMPLATES["upsert_relationship"].format(
            table_name=self.table_name
        )
        source_id = item["source_id"]
        if isinstance(source_id, str) and "<SEP>" in source_id:
            chunk_ids = source_id.split("<SEP>")
        else:
            chunk_ids = [source_id]

        # Return tuple in the exact order of SQL parameters ($1, $2, ...)
        values: tuple[Any, ...] = (
            self.workspace,  # $1
            item["__id__"],  # $2
            item["src_id"],  # $3
            item["tgt_id"],  # $4
            item["content"],  # $5
            item["__vector__"],  # $6 - numpy array, handled by pgvector codec
            chunk_ids,  # $7
            item.get("file_path", None),  # $8
            current_time,  # $9
            current_time,  # $10
        )
        return upsert_sql, values

    async def upsert(self, data: dict[str, dict[str, Any]]) -> None:
        logger.debug(f"[{self.workspace}] Inserting {len(data)} to {self.namespace}")
        if not data:
            return

        timing_label = f"{self.workspace} PGVectorStorage.upsert[{self.namespace}]"
        total_start = time.perf_counter()
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] start records=%s max_batch_size=%s",
            timing_label,
            len(data),
            self._max_batch_size,
        )

        # Get current UTC time and convert to naive datetime for database storage
        current_time = datetime.datetime.now(timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
        list_data = []
        list_data_build_start = time.perf_counter()
        for i, (k, v) in enumerate(data.items(), start=1):
            list_data.append(
                {
                    "__id__": k,
                    **{k1: v1 for k1, v1 in v.items()},
                }
            )
            await _cooperative_yield(i)
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] list_data build completed in %.4fs records=%s",
            timing_label,
            time.perf_counter() - list_data_build_start,
            len(list_data),
        )
        contents = [v["content"] for v in data.values()]
        embedding_split_start = time.perf_counter()
        batches = [
            contents[i : i + self._max_batch_size]
            for i in range(0, len(contents), self._max_batch_size)
        ]
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] embedding batch split completed in %.4fs batches=%s",
            timing_label,
            time.perf_counter() - embedding_split_start,
            len(batches),
        )

        embedding_tasks = [self.embedding_func(batch) for batch in batches]
        embedding_generation_start = time.perf_counter()
        embeddings_list = await asyncio.gather(*embedding_tasks)
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] embedding generation completed in %.4fs batches=%s",
            timing_label,
            time.perf_counter() - embedding_generation_start,
            len(embeddings_list),
        )

        embeddings = np.concatenate(embeddings_list)
        assert len(embeddings) == len(
            list_data
        ), f"Embedding count mismatch: expected {len(list_data)}, got {len(embeddings)}"
        embedding_fill_start = time.perf_counter()
        for i, d in enumerate(list_data, start=1):
            d["__vector__"] = embeddings[i - 1]
            await _cooperative_yield(i)
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] vector backfill completed in %.4fs records=%s",
            timing_label,
            time.perf_counter() - embedding_fill_start,
            len(list_data),
        )

        # Prepare batch values for executemany
        batch_values: list[tuple[Any, ...]] = []
        upsert_sql = None
        tuple_build_start = time.perf_counter()

        for i, item in enumerate(list_data, start=1):
            if is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.VECTOR_STORE_CHUNKS):
                upsert_sql, values = self._upsert_chunks(item, current_time)
            elif is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.VECTOR_STORE_ENTITIES):
                upsert_sql, values = self._upsert_entities(item, current_time)
            elif is_namespace(self.namespace, NameSpace.VECTOR_STORE_RELATIONSHIPS):
                upsert_sql, values = self._upsert_relationships(item, current_time)
            else:
                raise ValueError(f"{self.namespace} is not supported")

            batch_values.append(values)
            await _cooperative_yield(i)
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] upsert tuple build completed in %.4fs records=%s",
            timing_label,
            time.perf_counter() - tuple_build_start,
            len(batch_values),
        )

        # Use executemany for batch execution - significantly reduces DB round-trips
        # Note: register_vector is already called on pool init, no need to call it again
        if batch_values and upsert_sql:

            async def _batch_upsert(connection: asyncpg.Connection) -> None:
                execute_start = time.perf_counter()
                await connection.executemany(upsert_sql, batch_values)
                performance_timing_log(
                    "[%s] executemany completed in %.4fs batch_size=%s",
                    timing_label,
                    time.perf_counter() - execute_start,
                    len(batch_values),
                )

            await self.db._run_with_retry(_batch_upsert, timing_label=timing_label)
            logger.debug(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Batch upserted {len(batch_values)} records to {self.namespace}"
            )
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] total complete in %.4fs records=%s",
            timing_label,
            time.perf_counter() - total_start,
            len(data),
        )

    #################### query method ###############
    async def query(
        self, query: str, top_k: int, query_embedding: list[float] = None
    ) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
        if query_embedding is not None:
            embedding = query_embedding
        else:
            embeddings = await self.embedding_func(
                [query], _priority=5
            )  # higher priority for query
            embedding = embeddings[0]

        embedding_string = ",".join(map(str, embedding))

        vector_cast = (
            "halfvec"
            if getattr(self.db, "vector_index_type", None) == "HNSW_HALFVEC"
            else "vector"
        )
        sql = SQL_TEMPLATES[self.namespace].format(
            embedding_string=embedding_string,
            table_name=self.table_name,
            vector_cast=vector_cast,
        )
        params = {
            "workspace": self.workspace,
            "closer_than_threshold": 1 - self.cosine_better_than_threshold,
            "top_k": top_k,
        }
        results = await self.db.query(sql, params=list(params.values()), multirows=True)
        return results

    async def index_done_callback(self) -> None:
        # PG handles persistence automatically
        pass

    async def delete(self, ids: list[str]) -> None:
        """Delete vectors with specified IDs from the storage.

        Args:
            ids: List of vector IDs to be deleted
        """
        if not ids:
            return

        delete_sql = (
            f"DELETE FROM {self.table_name} WHERE workspace=$1 AND id = ANY($2)"
        )

        try:
            await self.db.execute(delete_sql, {"workspace": self.workspace, "ids": ids})
            logger.debug(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Successfully deleted {len(ids)} vectors from {self.namespace}"
            )
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Error while deleting vectors from {self.namespace}: {e}"
            )

    async def delete_entity(self, entity_name: str) -> None:
        """Delete an entity by its name from the vector storage.

        Args:
            entity_name: The name of the entity to delete
        """
        try:
            # Construct SQL to delete the entity using dynamic table name
            delete_sql = f"""DELETE FROM {self.table_name}
                            WHERE workspace=$1 AND entity_name=$2"""

            await self.db.execute(
                delete_sql, {"workspace": self.workspace, "entity_name": entity_name}
            )
            logger.debug(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Successfully deleted entity {entity_name}"
            )
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"[{self.workspace}] Error deleting entity {entity_name}: {e}")

    async def delete_entity_relation(self, entity_name: str) -> None:
        """Delete all relations associated with an entity.

        Args:
            entity_name: The name of the entity whose relations should be deleted
        """
        try:
            # Delete relations where the entity is either the source or target
            delete_sql = f"""DELETE FROM {self.table_name}
                            WHERE workspace=$1 AND (source_id=$2 OR target_id=$2)"""

            await self.db.execute(
                delete_sql, {"workspace": self.workspace, "entity_name": entity_name}
            )
            logger.debug(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Successfully deleted relations for entity {entity_name}"
            )
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Error deleting relations for entity {entity_name}: {e}"
            )

    async def get_by_id(self, id: str) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
        """Get vector data by its ID

        Args:
            id: The unique identifier of the vector

        Returns:
            The vector data if found, or None if not found
        """
        query = f"SELECT *, EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM create_time)::BIGINT as created_at FROM {self.table_name} WHERE workspace=$1 AND id=$2"
        params = {"workspace": self.workspace, "id": id}

        try:
            result = await self.db.query(query, list(params.values()))
            if result:
                return dict(result)
            return None
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Error retrieving vector data for ID {id}: {e}"
            )
            return None

    async def get_by_ids(self, ids: list[str]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
        """Get multiple vector data by their IDs

        Args:
            ids: List of unique identifiers

        Returns:
            List of vector data objects that were found
        """
        if not ids:
            return []

        ids_str = ",".join([f"'{id}'" for id in ids])
        query = f"SELECT *, EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM create_time)::BIGINT as created_at FROM {self.table_name} WHERE workspace=$1 AND id IN ({ids_str})"
        params = {"workspace": self.workspace}

        try:
            results = await self.db.query(query, list(params.values()), multirows=True)
            if not results:
                return []

            # Preserve caller requested ordering while normalizing asyncpg rows to dicts.
            id_map: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = {}
            for record in results:
                if record is None:
                    continue
                record_dict = dict(record)
                row_id = record_dict.get("id")
                if row_id is not None:
                    id_map[str(row_id)] = record_dict

            ordered_results: list[dict[str, Any] | None] = []
            for requested_id in ids:
                ordered_results.append(id_map.get(str(requested_id)))
            return ordered_results
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Error retrieving vector data for IDs {ids}: {e}"
            )
            return []

    async def get_vectors_by_ids(self, ids: list[str]) -> dict[str, list[float]]:
        """Get vectors by their IDs, returning only ID and vector data for efficiency

        Args:
            ids: List of unique identifiers

        Returns:
            Dictionary mapping IDs to their vector embeddings
            Format: {id: [vector_values], ...}
        """
        if not ids:
            return {}

        ids_str = ",".join([f"'{id}'" for id in ids])
        query = f"SELECT id, content_vector FROM {self.table_name} WHERE workspace=$1 AND id IN ({ids_str})"
        params = {"workspace": self.workspace}

        try:
            results = await self.db.query(query, list(params.values()), multirows=True)
            vectors_dict = {}

            for result in results:
                if result and "content_vector" in result and "id" in result:
                    try:
                        vector_data = result["content_vector"]
                        # Handle both pgvector-registered connections (returns list/tuple)
                        # and non-registered connections (returns JSON string)
                        if isinstance(vector_data, (list, tuple)):
                            vectors_dict[result["id"]] = list(vector_data)
                        elif isinstance(vector_data, str):
                            parsed = json.loads(vector_data)
                            if isinstance(parsed, list):
                                vectors_dict[result["id"]] = parsed
                        # Handle numpy arrays from pgvector
                        elif hasattr(vector_data, "tolist"):
                            vectors_dict[result["id"]] = vector_data.tolist()
                        elif hasattr(vector_data, "to_list") and callable(
                            vector_data.to_list
                        ):
                            vectors_dict[result["id"]] = vector_data.to_list()
                    except (json.JSONDecodeError, TypeError) as e:
                        logger.warning(
                            f"[{self.workspace}] Failed to parse vector data for ID {result['id']}: {e}"
                        )

            return vectors_dict
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Error retrieving vectors by IDs from {self.namespace}: {e}"
            )
            return {}

    async def drop(self) -> dict[str, str]:
        """Drop the storage"""
        try:
            drop_sql = SQL_TEMPLATES["drop_specifiy_table_workspace"].format(
                table_name=self.table_name
            )
            await self.db.execute(drop_sql, {"workspace": self.workspace})
            return {"status": "success", "message": "data dropped"}
        except Exception as e:
            return {"status": "error", "message": str(e)}


def _parse_doc_status_datetime(
    dt_str: Any,
    context: str = "",
) -> datetime.datetime | None:
    """Convert a datetime value to a naive UTC datetime for database storage.

    Accepts `datetime.datetime` objects, `datetime.date` objects, or ISO-format
    strings. Returns None on failure (which may trigger a NOT NULL constraint
    violation if the column does not allow nulls).
    The optional context string (e.g. "[workspace] doc <id> created_at") is
    included in the error log to help locate the offending record.
    """
    if dt_str is None:
        return None
    if isinstance(dt_str, datetime.datetime):
        if dt_str.tzinfo is None:
            dt_str = dt_str.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
        return dt_str.astimezone(timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
    if isinstance(dt_str, datetime.date):
        return datetime.datetime(
            dt_str.year, dt_str.month, dt_str.day, tzinfo=timezone.utc
        ).replace(tzinfo=None)
    try:
        dt = datetime.datetime.fromisoformat(dt_str)
        if dt.tzinfo is None:
            dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
        return dt.astimezone(timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
    except (ValueError, TypeError):
        logger.error(
            f"Unable to parse doc status datetime string"
            f"{f' ({context})' if context else ''}: {dt_str!r}"
        )
        return None


@final
@dataclass
class PGDocStatusStorage(DocStatusStorage):
    db: PostgreSQLDB = field(default=None)

    def _format_datetime_with_timezone(self, dt):
        """Convert datetime to ISO format string with timezone info"""
        if dt is None:
            return None
        # If no timezone info, assume it's UTC time (as stored in database)
        if dt.tzinfo is None:
            dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
        # If datetime already has timezone info, keep it as is
        return dt.isoformat()

    async def initialize(self):
        async with get_data_init_lock():
            if self.db is None:
                self.db = await ClientManager.get_client()

            # Implement workspace priority: PostgreSQLDB.workspace > self.workspace > "default"
            if self.db.workspace:
                # Use PostgreSQLDB's workspace (highest priority)
                logger.info(
                    f"Using PG_WORKSPACE environment variable: '{self.db.workspace}' (overriding '{self.workspace}/{self.namespace}')"
                )
                self.workspace = self.db.workspace
            elif hasattr(self, "workspace") and self.workspace:
                # Use storage class's workspace (medium priority)
                pass
            else:
                # Use "default" for compatibility (lowest priority)
                self.workspace = "default"

            # NOTE: Table creation is handled by PostgreSQLDB.initdb() during initialization
            # No need to create table here as it's already created in the TABLES dict

    async def finalize(self):
        if self.db is not None:
            await ClientManager.release_client(self.db)
            self.db = None

    async def filter_keys(self, keys: set[str]) -> set[str]:
        """Filter out duplicated content"""
        if not keys:
            return set()

        table_name = namespace_to_table_name(self.namespace)
        sql = f"SELECT id FROM {table_name} WHERE workspace=$1 AND id = ANY($2)"
        params = {"workspace": self.workspace, "ids": list(keys)}
        try:
            res = await self.db.query(sql, list(params.values()), multirows=True)
            if res:
                exist_keys = [key["id"] for key in res]
            else:
                exist_keys = []
            new_keys = set([s for s in keys if s not in exist_keys])
            # print(f"keys: {keys}")
            # print(f"new_keys: {new_keys}")
            return new_keys
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] PostgreSQL database,\nsql:{sql},\nparams:{params},\nerror:{e}"
            )
            raise

    async def get_by_id(self, id: str) -> Union[dict[str, Any], None]:
        sql = "select * from LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS where workspace=$1 and id=$2"
        params = {"workspace": self.workspace, "id": id}
        result = await self.db.query(sql, list(params.values()), True)
        if result is None or result == []:
            return None
        else:
            # Parse chunks_list JSON string back to list
            chunks_list = result[0].get("chunks_list", [])
            if isinstance(chunks_list, str):
                try:
                    chunks_list = json.loads(chunks_list)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    chunks_list = []

            # Parse metadata JSON string back to dict
            metadata = result[0].get("metadata", {})
            if isinstance(metadata, str):
                try:
                    metadata = json.loads(metadata)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    metadata = {}

            # Convert datetime objects to ISO format strings with timezone info
            created_at = self._format_datetime_with_timezone(result[0]["created_at"])
            updated_at = self._format_datetime_with_timezone(result[0]["updated_at"])

            return dict(
                content_length=result[0]["content_length"],
                content_summary=result[0]["content_summary"],
                status=result[0]["status"],
                chunks_count=result[0]["chunks_count"],
                created_at=created_at,
                updated_at=updated_at,
                file_path=result[0]["file_path"],
                chunks_list=chunks_list,
                metadata=metadata,
                error_msg=result[0].get("error_msg"),
                track_id=result[0].get("track_id"),
            )

    async def get_by_ids(self, ids: list[str]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
        """Get doc_chunks data by multiple IDs."""
        if not ids:
            return []

        sql = "SELECT * FROM LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS WHERE workspace=$1 AND id = ANY($2)"
        params = {"workspace": self.workspace, "ids": ids}

        results = await self.db.query(sql, list(params.values()), True)

        if not results:
            return []

        processed_map: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = {}
        for row in results:
            # Parse chunks_list JSON string back to list
            chunks_list = row.get("chunks_list", [])
            if isinstance(chunks_list, str):
                try:
                    chunks_list = json.loads(chunks_list)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    chunks_list = []

            # Parse metadata JSON string back to dict
            metadata = row.get("metadata", {})
            if isinstance(metadata, str):
                try:
                    metadata = json.loads(metadata)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    metadata = {}

            # Convert datetime objects to ISO format strings with timezone info
            created_at = self._format_datetime_with_timezone(row["created_at"])
            updated_at = self._format_datetime_with_timezone(row["updated_at"])

            processed_map[str(row.get("id"))] = {
                "content_length": row["content_length"],
                "content_summary": row["content_summary"],
                "status": row["status"],
                "chunks_count": row["chunks_count"],
                "created_at": created_at,
                "updated_at": updated_at,
                "file_path": row["file_path"],
                "chunks_list": chunks_list,
                "metadata": metadata,
                "error_msg": row.get("error_msg"),
                "track_id": row.get("track_id"),
            }

        ordered_results: list[dict[str, Any] | None] = []
        for requested_id in ids:
            ordered_results.append(processed_map.get(str(requested_id)))

        return ordered_results

    async def get_doc_by_file_path(self, file_path: str) -> Union[dict[str, Any], None]:
        """Get document by file path

        Args:
            file_path: The file path to search for

        Returns:
            Union[dict[str, Any], None]: Document data if found, None otherwise
            Returns the same format as get_by_id method
        """
        sql = "select * from LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS where workspace=$1 and file_path=$2"
        params = {"workspace": self.workspace, "file_path": file_path}
        result = await self.db.query(sql, list(params.values()), True)

        if result is None or result == []:
            return None
        else:
            # Parse chunks_list JSON string back to list
            chunks_list = result[0].get("chunks_list", [])
            if isinstance(chunks_list, str):
                try:
                    chunks_list = json.loads(chunks_list)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    chunks_list = []

            # Parse metadata JSON string back to dict
            metadata = result[0].get("metadata", {})
            if isinstance(metadata, str):
                try:
                    metadata = json.loads(metadata)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    metadata = {}

            # Convert datetime objects to ISO format strings with timezone info
            created_at = self._format_datetime_with_timezone(result[0]["created_at"])
            updated_at = self._format_datetime_with_timezone(result[0]["updated_at"])

            return dict(
                content_length=result[0]["content_length"],
                content_summary=result[0]["content_summary"],
                status=result[0]["status"],
                chunks_count=result[0]["chunks_count"],
                created_at=created_at,
                updated_at=updated_at,
                file_path=result[0]["file_path"],
                chunks_list=chunks_list,
                metadata=metadata,
                error_msg=result[0].get("error_msg"),
                track_id=result[0].get("track_id"),
            )

    async def get_status_counts(self) -> dict[str, int]:
        """Get counts of documents in each status"""
        sql = """SELECT status as "status", COUNT(1) as "count"
                   FROM LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS
                  where workspace=$1 GROUP BY STATUS
                 """
        params = {"workspace": self.workspace}
        result = await self.db.query(sql, list(params.values()), True)
        counts = {}
        for doc in result:
            counts[doc["status"]] = doc["count"]
        return counts

    async def get_docs_by_status(
        self, status: DocStatus
    ) -> dict[str, DocProcessingStatus]:
        """all documents with a specific status"""
        sql = "select * from LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS where workspace=$1 and status=$2"
        params = {"workspace": self.workspace, "status": status.value}
        result = await self.db.query(sql, list(params.values()), True)

        docs_by_status = {}
        for element in result:
            # Parse chunks_list JSON string back to list
            chunks_list = element.get("chunks_list", [])
            if isinstance(chunks_list, str):
                try:
                    chunks_list = json.loads(chunks_list)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    chunks_list = []

            # Parse metadata JSON string back to dict
            metadata = element.get("metadata", {})
            if isinstance(metadata, str):
                try:
                    metadata = json.loads(metadata)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    metadata = {}
            # Ensure metadata is a dict
            if not isinstance(metadata, dict):
                metadata = {}

            # Safe handling for file_path
            file_path = element.get("file_path")
            if file_path is None:
                file_path = "no-file-path"

            # Convert datetime objects to ISO format strings with timezone info
            created_at = self._format_datetime_with_timezone(element["created_at"])
            updated_at = self._format_datetime_with_timezone(element["updated_at"])

            docs_by_status[element["id"]] = DocProcessingStatus(
                content_summary=element["content_summary"],
                content_length=element["content_length"],
                status=element["status"],
                created_at=created_at,
                updated_at=updated_at,
                chunks_count=element["chunks_count"],
                file_path=file_path,
                chunks_list=chunks_list,
                metadata=metadata,
                error_msg=element.get("error_msg"),
                track_id=element.get("track_id"),
            )

        return docs_by_status

    async def get_docs_by_statuses(
        self, statuses: list[DocStatus]
    ) -> dict[str, DocProcessingStatus]:
        """Fetch documents matching any of the given statuses in a single query.

        Replaces multiple sequential/parallel get_docs_by_status() calls when the
        caller needs documents across several statuses (e.g. PROCESSING + FAILED + PENDING).
        Uses a single ANY($2) query instead of N separate round-trips.
        """
        if not statuses:
            return {}

        status_values = [s.value for s in statuses]
        sql = (
            "SELECT * FROM LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS WHERE workspace=$1 AND status = ANY($2)"
        )
        result = await self.db.query(
            sql, [self.workspace, status_values], multirows=True
        )

        docs: dict[str, DocProcessingStatus] = {}
        for element in result or []:
            try:
                chunks_list = element.get("chunks_list", [])
                if isinstance(chunks_list, str):
                    try:
                        chunks_list = json.loads(chunks_list)
                    except json.JSONDecodeError:
                        chunks_list = []

                metadata = element.get("metadata", {})
                if isinstance(metadata, str):
                    try:
                        metadata = json.loads(metadata)
                    except json.JSONDecodeError:
                        metadata = {}
                if not isinstance(metadata, dict):
                    metadata = {}

                file_path = element.get("file_path") or "no-file-path"

                docs[element["id"]] = DocProcessingStatus(
                    content_summary=element["content_summary"],
                    content_length=element["content_length"],
                    status=element["status"],
                    created_at=self._format_datetime_with_timezone(
                        element["created_at"]
                    ),
                    updated_at=self._format_datetime_with_timezone(
                        element["updated_at"]
                    ),
                    chunks_count=element["chunks_count"],
                    file_path=file_path,
                    chunks_list=chunks_list,
                    metadata=metadata,
                    error_msg=element.get("error_msg"),
                    track_id=element.get("track_id"),
                )
            except (KeyError, TypeError) as e:
                doc_id_hint = element.get("id", "<unknown>") if element else "<unknown>"
                logger.error(
                    f"[{self.workspace}] Skipping document '{doc_id_hint}' — "
                    f"required field missing or wrong type while parsing DB row: {e!r}"
                )
                continue

        return docs

    async def get_docs_by_track_id(
        self, track_id: str
    ) -> dict[str, DocProcessingStatus]:
        """Get all documents with a specific track_id"""
        sql = "select * from LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS where workspace=$1 and track_id=$2"
        params = {"workspace": self.workspace, "track_id": track_id}
        result = await self.db.query(sql, list(params.values()), True)

        docs_by_track_id = {}
        for element in result:
            # Parse chunks_list JSON string back to list
            chunks_list = element.get("chunks_list", [])
            if isinstance(chunks_list, str):
                try:
                    chunks_list = json.loads(chunks_list)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    chunks_list = []

            # Parse metadata JSON string back to dict
            metadata = element.get("metadata", {})
            if isinstance(metadata, str):
                try:
                    metadata = json.loads(metadata)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    metadata = {}
            # Ensure metadata is a dict
            if not isinstance(metadata, dict):
                metadata = {}

            # Safe handling for file_path
            file_path = element.get("file_path")
            if file_path is None:
                file_path = "no-file-path"

            # Convert datetime objects to ISO format strings with timezone info
            created_at = self._format_datetime_with_timezone(element["created_at"])
            updated_at = self._format_datetime_with_timezone(element["updated_at"])

            docs_by_track_id[element["id"]] = DocProcessingStatus(
                content_summary=element["content_summary"],
                content_length=element["content_length"],
                status=element["status"],
                created_at=created_at,
                updated_at=updated_at,
                chunks_count=element["chunks_count"],
                file_path=file_path,
                chunks_list=chunks_list,
                track_id=element.get("track_id"),
                metadata=metadata,
                error_msg=element.get("error_msg"),
            )

        return docs_by_track_id

    async def get_docs_paginated(
        self,
        status_filter: DocStatus | None = None,
        page: int = 1,
        page_size: int = 50,
        sort_field: str = "updated_at",
        sort_direction: str = "desc",
    ) -> tuple[list[tuple[str, DocProcessingStatus]], int]:
        """Get documents with pagination support

        Args:
            status_filter: Filter by document status, None for all statuses
            page: Page number (1-based)
            page_size: Number of documents per page (10-200)
            sort_field: Field to sort by ('created_at', 'updated_at', 'id')
            sort_direction: Sort direction ('asc' or 'desc')

        Returns:
            Tuple of (list of (doc_id, DocProcessingStatus) tuples, total_count)
        """
        start = time.perf_counter()
        status_filter_value = status_filter.value if status_filter is not None else None

        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] PGDocStatusStorage.get_docs_paginated start status_filter=%s page=%s page_size=%s sort_field=%s sort_direction=%s",
            self.workspace,
            status_filter_value,
            page,
            page_size,
            sort_field,
            sort_direction,
        )

        # Validate parameters
        if page < 1:
            page = 1
        if page_size < 10:
            page_size = 10
        elif page_size > 200:
            page_size = 200

        # Whitelist validation for sort_field to prevent SQL injection
        allowed_sort_fields = {"created_at", "updated_at", "id", "file_path"}
        if sort_field not in allowed_sort_fields:
            sort_field = "updated_at"

        # Whitelist validation for sort_direction to prevent SQL injection
        if sort_direction.lower() not in ["asc", "desc"]:
            sort_direction = "desc"
        else:
            sort_direction = sort_direction.lower()

        # Calculate offset
        offset = (page - 1) * page_size

        # Build parameterized query components
        params = {"workspace": self.workspace}
        param_count = 1

        # Build WHERE clause with parameterized query
        if status_filter is not None:
            param_count += 1
            where_clause = "WHERE workspace=$1 AND status=$2"
            params["status"] = status_filter.value
        else:
            where_clause = "WHERE workspace=$1"

        # Build ORDER BY clause using validated whitelist values.
        # NULLS LAST is applied in both the inner paged CTE and the outer query so
        # that the LIMIT/OFFSET slice boundary and the display order are identical.
        # Without it, DESC defaults to NULLS FIRST: nulls land on earlier pages but
        # are re-sorted to the end by the outer ORDER BY, dropping non-null rows.
        order_clause = f"ORDER BY {sort_field} {sort_direction.upper()} NULLS LAST"

        # Two-CTE query: total count + page data in a single round-trip.
        #
        # COUNT(*) OVER () was replaced because when the LIMIT/OFFSET clause yields
        # no rows (out-of-range page), there are no result rows to carry the window
        # function value — so total_count would not appear in the output at all,
        # making it impossible to distinguish "0 matching documents" from "non-empty
        # result set, page is past the end".
        #
        # The LEFT JOIN pattern fixes this: the `total` CTE always produces exactly
        # one row (the aggregate count over the full WHERE clause), and the outer
        # LEFT JOIN emits that one row even when `paged` is empty.  Python then
        # skips rows where id IS NULL (the empty-page sentinel).
        #
        # chunks_list is intentionally excluded from the paged CTE SELECT list:
        # DocStatusResponse does not expose it, so transferring the full JSONB array
        # would be pure overhead.  The chunks_list=[] in the constructor below is
        # intentional — see the paged CTE column list above.
        params["limit"] = page_size
        params["offset"] = offset
        cte_sql = f"""
            WITH total AS (
                SELECT COUNT(*) AS _total_count
                FROM LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS
                {where_clause}
            ),
            paged AS (
                SELECT id, workspace, content_summary, content_length, chunks_count,
                       status, file_path, track_id, metadata, error_msg,
                       created_at, updated_at
                FROM LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS
                {where_clause}
                {order_clause}
                LIMIT ${param_count + 1} OFFSET ${param_count + 2}
            )
            SELECT p.*, t._total_count
            FROM total t
            LEFT JOIN paged p ON true
            ORDER BY p.{sort_field} {sort_direction.upper()} NULLS LAST
        """
        query_timing_label = f"{self.workspace} PGDocStatusStorage.get_docs_paginated"
        result = await self.db.query(
            cte_sql,
            list(params.values()),
            True,
            timing_label=query_timing_label,
        )
        total_count = result[0]["_total_count"] if result else 0

        # Convert to (doc_id, DocProcessingStatus) tuples
        documents = []
        for element in result:
            if element["id"] is None:
                # Empty-page sentinel row from LEFT JOIN when paged has no rows.
                continue
            doc_id = element["id"]

            # Parse metadata JSON string back to dict
            metadata = element.get("metadata", {})
            if isinstance(metadata, str):
                try:
                    metadata = json.loads(metadata)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    metadata = {}

            # Convert datetime objects to ISO format strings with timezone info
            created_at = self._format_datetime_with_timezone(element["created_at"])
            updated_at = self._format_datetime_with_timezone(element["updated_at"])

            doc_status = DocProcessingStatus(
                content_summary=element["content_summary"],
                content_length=element["content_length"],
                status=element["status"],
                created_at=created_at,
                updated_at=updated_at,
                chunks_count=element["chunks_count"],
                file_path=element["file_path"],
                chunks_list=[],  # not fetched: unused by pagination response
                track_id=element.get("track_id"),
                metadata=metadata,
                error_msg=element.get("error_msg"),
            )
            documents.append((doc_id, doc_status))

        elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] PGDocStatusStorage.get_docs_paginated completed in %.4fs returned_rows=%s total_count=%s status_filter=%s page=%s page_size=%s sort_field=%s sort_direction=%s",
            self.workspace,
            elapsed,
            len(documents),
            total_count,
            status_filter_value,
            page,
            page_size,
            sort_field,
            sort_direction,
        )

        return documents, total_count

    async def get_all_status_counts(self) -> dict[str, int]:
        """Get counts of documents in each status for all documents

        Returns:
            Dictionary mapping status names to counts, including 'all' field
        """
        start = time.perf_counter()
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] PGDocStatusStorage.get_all_status_counts start", self.workspace
        )

        sql = """
            SELECT status, COUNT(*) as count
            FROM LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS
            WHERE workspace=$1
            GROUP BY status
        """
        params = {"workspace": self.workspace}
        query_timing_label = (
            f"{self.workspace} PGDocStatusStorage.get_all_status_counts"
        )
        result = await self.db.query(
            sql,
            list(params.values()),
            True,
            timing_label=query_timing_label,
        )

        counts = {}
        total_count = 0
        for row in result:
            counts[row["status"]] = row["count"]
            total_count += row["count"]

        # Add 'all' field with total count
        counts["all"] = total_count

        elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] PGDocStatusStorage.get_all_status_counts completed in %.4fs counts=%s",
            self.workspace,
            elapsed,
            counts,
        )

        return counts

    async def index_done_callback(self) -> None:
        # PG handles persistence automatically
        pass

    async def is_empty(self) -> bool:
        """Check if the storage is empty for the current workspace and namespace

        Returns:
            bool: True if storage is empty, False otherwise
        """
        table_name = namespace_to_table_name(self.namespace)
        if not table_name:
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Unknown namespace for is_empty check: {self.namespace}"
            )
            return True

        sql = f"SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM {table_name} WHERE workspace=$1 LIMIT 1) as has_data"

        try:
            result = await self.db.query(sql, [self.workspace])
            return not result.get("has_data", False) if result else True
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"[{self.workspace}] Error checking if storage is empty: {e}")
            return True

    async def delete(self, ids: list[str]) -> None:
        """Delete specific records from storage by their IDs

        Args:
            ids (list[str]): List of document IDs to be deleted from storage

        Returns:
            None
        """
        if not ids:
            return

        table_name = namespace_to_table_name(self.namespace)
        if not table_name:
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Unknown namespace for deletion: {self.namespace}"
            )
            return

        delete_sql = f"DELETE FROM {table_name} WHERE workspace=$1 AND id = ANY($2)"

        try:
            await self.db.execute(delete_sql, {"workspace": self.workspace, "ids": ids})
            logger.debug(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Successfully deleted {len(ids)} records from {self.namespace}"
            )
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Error while deleting records from {self.namespace}: {e}"
            )

    async def upsert(self, data: dict[str, dict[str, Any]]) -> None:
        """Update or insert document status

        Args:
            data: dictionary of document IDs and their status data
        """
        logger.debug(f"[{self.workspace}] Inserting {len(data)} to {self.namespace}")
        if not data:
            return

        timing_label = f"{self.workspace} PGDocStatusStorage.upsert"
        total_start = time.perf_counter()
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] start records=%s",
            timing_label,
            len(data),
        )

        sql = """insert into LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS(workspace,id,content_summary,content_length,chunks_count,status,file_path,chunks_list,track_id,metadata,error_msg,created_at,updated_at)
                 values($1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$10,$11,$12,$13)
                  on conflict(id,workspace) do update set
                  content_summary = EXCLUDED.content_summary,
                  content_length = EXCLUDED.content_length,
                  chunks_count = EXCLUDED.chunks_count,
                  status = EXCLUDED.status,
                  file_path = EXCLUDED.file_path,
                  chunks_list = EXCLUDED.chunks_list,
                  track_id = EXCLUDED.track_id,
                  metadata = EXCLUDED.metadata,
                  error_msg = EXCLUDED.error_msg,
                  created_at = EXCLUDED.created_at,
                  updated_at = EXCLUDED.updated_at"""

        # Tuple order must match SQL: (workspace, id, content_summary, content_length,
        #   chunks_count, status, file_path, chunks_list, track_id, metadata,
        #   error_msg, created_at, updated_at)
        batch: list[tuple] = []
        skipped: list[str] = []
        batch_build_start = time.perf_counter()
        for i, (k, v) in enumerate(data.items(), start=1):
            try:
                batch.append(
                    (
                        self.workspace,
                        k,
                        v["content_summary"],
                        v["content_length"],
                        v.get("chunks_count", -1),
                        v["status"],
                        v["file_path"],
                        json.dumps(v.get("chunks_list", [])),
                        v.get("track_id"),
                        json.dumps(v.get("metadata", {})),
                        v.get("error_msg"),
                        _parse_doc_status_datetime(
                            v.get("created_at"),
                            f"[{self.workspace}] doc {k} created_at",
                        ),
                        _parse_doc_status_datetime(
                            v.get("updated_at"),
                            f"[{self.workspace}] doc {k} updated_at",
                        ),
                    )
                )
            except (KeyError, TypeError, ValueError) as e:
                logger.error(
                    f"[{self.workspace}] Skipping document '{k}' in batch upsert — "
                    f"invalid or missing field: {e!r}"
                )
                skipped.append(k)
            await _cooperative_yield(i)

        if skipped:
            logger.warning(
                f"[{self.workspace}] {len(skipped)} document(s) skipped in batch upsert: {skipped}"
            )
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] batch validation/assembly completed in %.4fs valid_count=%s skipped_count=%s",
            timing_label,
            time.perf_counter() - batch_build_start,
            len(batch),
            len(skipped),
        )

        async def _batch_upsert(
            connection: asyncpg.Connection,
            _sql: str = sql,
            _data: list[tuple] = batch,
        ) -> None:
            execute_start = time.perf_counter()
            async with connection.transaction():
                await connection.executemany(_sql, _data)
            performance_timing_log(
                "[%s] transaction + executemany completed in %.4fs batch_size=%s",
                timing_label,
                time.perf_counter() - execute_start,
                len(_data),
            )

        await self.db._run_with_retry(_batch_upsert, timing_label=timing_label)
        logger.debug(
            f"[{self.workspace}] Batch upserted {len(batch)} records to {self.namespace}"
        )
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] total complete in %.4fs valid_count=%s skipped_count=%s",
            timing_label,
            time.perf_counter() - total_start,
            len(batch),
            len(skipped),
        )

    async def drop(self) -> dict[str, str]:
        """Drop the storage"""
        try:
            table_name = namespace_to_table_name(self.namespace)
            if not table_name:
                return {
                    "status": "error",
                    "message": f"Unknown namespace: {self.namespace}",
                }

            drop_sql = SQL_TEMPLATES["drop_specifiy_table_workspace"].format(
                table_name=table_name
            )
            await self.db.execute(drop_sql, {"workspace": self.workspace})
            return {"status": "success", "message": "data dropped"}
        except Exception as e:
            return {"status": "error", "message": str(e)}


class PGGraphQueryException(Exception):
    """Exception for the AGE queries."""

    def __init__(self, exception: Union[str, dict[str, Any]]) -> None:
        if isinstance(exception, dict):
            self.message = exception["message"] if "message" in exception else "unknown"
            self.details = exception["details"] if "details" in exception else "unknown"
        else:
            self.message = exception
            self.details = "unknown"

    def get_message(self) -> str:
        return self.message

    def get_details(self) -> Any:
        return self.details


def _is_transient_graph_write_error(exc: BaseException) -> bool:
    """Return True when a PGGraphQueryException wraps a transient write-time error.

    The inner _run_with_retry already handles connection-level transient errors
    (pool reset, TCP failures, etc.).  This predicate covers query-level transient
    errors that survive the connection layer and surface as PGGraphQueryException:
    deadlocks, serialization conflicts, and lock-acquisition timeouts that can
    occur under concurrent document ingestion.
    """
    if not isinstance(exc, PGGraphQueryException):
        return False
    cause = exc.__cause__
    if cause is None:
        return False
    return isinstance(
        cause,
        (
            asyncpg.exceptions.DeadlockDetectedError,
            asyncpg.exceptions.SerializationError,
            asyncpg.exceptions.LockNotAvailableError,
            asyncpg.exceptions.QueryCanceledError,
        ),
    )


@final
@dataclass
class PGGraphStorage(BaseGraphStorage):
    def __post_init__(self):
        # Graph name will be dynamically generated in initialize() based on workspace
        self.db: PostgreSQLDB | None = None

    def _get_workspace_graph_name(self) -> str:
        """
        Generate graph name based on workspace and namespace for data isolation.
        Rules:
        - If workspace is empty or "default": graph_name = namespace
        - If workspace has other value: graph_name = workspace_namespace

        Args:
            None

        Returns:
            str: The graph name for the current workspace
        """
        workspace = self.workspace
        namespace = self.namespace

        if workspace and workspace.strip() and workspace.strip().lower() != "default":
            # Ensure names comply with PostgreSQL identifier specifications
            safe_workspace = re.sub(r"[^a-zA-Z0-9_]", "_", workspace.strip())
            safe_namespace = re.sub(r"[^a-zA-Z0-9_]", "_", namespace)
            return f"{safe_workspace}_{safe_namespace}"
        else:
            # When the workspace is "default", use the namespace directly (for backward compatibility with legacy implementations)
            return re.sub(r"[^a-zA-Z0-9_]", "_", namespace)

    @staticmethod
    def _normalize_node_id(node_id: str) -> str:
        """
        Normalize node ID to ensure special characters are properly handled in Cypher queries.

        Args:
            node_id: The original node ID

        Returns:
            Normalized node ID suitable for Cypher queries
        """
        # Escape backslashes
        normalized_id = node_id
        normalized_id = normalized_id.replace("\\", "\\\\")
        normalized_id = normalized_id.replace('"', '\\"')
        return normalized_id

    async def initialize(self):
        async with get_data_init_lock():
            if self.db is None:
                self.db = await ClientManager.get_client()

            # Implement workspace priority: PostgreSQLDB.workspace > self.workspace > "default"
            if self.db.workspace:
                # Use PostgreSQLDB's workspace (highest priority)
                logger.info(
                    f"Using PG_WORKSPACE environment variable: '{self.db.workspace}' (overriding '{self.workspace}/{self.namespace}')"
                )
                self.workspace = self.db.workspace
            elif hasattr(self, "workspace") and self.workspace:
                # Use storage class's workspace (medium priority)
                pass
            else:
                # Use "default" for compatibility (lowest priority)
                self.workspace = "default"

            # Dynamically generate graph name based on workspace
            self.graph_name = self._get_workspace_graph_name()

            # Log the graph initialization for debugging
            logger.info(
                f"[{self.workspace}] PostgreSQL Graph initialized: graph_name='{self.graph_name}'"
            )

            # Create AGE extension and configure graph environment once at initialization
            # Use _run_with_retry so transient connection errors are retried and pool=None
            # is handled safely (unlike a bare pool.acquire() call).
            async def _do_configure_age_extension(
                connection: asyncpg.Connection,
            ) -> None:
                await PostgreSQLDB.configure_age_extension(connection)

            await self.db._run_with_retry(_do_configure_age_extension)

            # Execute each statement separately and ignore errors
            queries = [
                f"SELECT create_graph('{self.graph_name}')",
                f"SELECT create_vlabel('{self.graph_name}', 'base');",
                f"SELECT create_elabel('{self.graph_name}', 'DIRECTED');",
                # f'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY vertex_p_idx ON {self.graph_name}."_ag_label_vertex" (id)',
                f'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY vertex_idx_node_id ON {self.graph_name}."_ag_label_vertex" (ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(properties, \'"entity_id"\'::agtype))',
                # f'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY edge_p_idx ON {self.graph_name}."_ag_label_edge" (id)',
                f'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY edge_sid_idx ON {self.graph_name}."_ag_label_edge" (start_id)',
                f'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY edge_eid_idx ON {self.graph_name}."_ag_label_edge" (end_id)',
                f'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY edge_seid_idx ON {self.graph_name}."_ag_label_edge" (start_id,end_id)',
                f'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY directed_p_idx ON {self.graph_name}."DIRECTED" (id)',
                f'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY directed_eid_idx ON {self.graph_name}."DIRECTED" (end_id)',
                f'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY directed_sid_idx ON {self.graph_name}."DIRECTED" (start_id)',
                f'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY directed_seid_idx ON {self.graph_name}."DIRECTED" (start_id,end_id)',
                f'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY entity_p_idx ON {self.graph_name}."base" (id)',
                f'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY entity_idx_node_id ON {self.graph_name}."base" (ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(properties, \'"entity_id"\'::agtype))',
                f'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY entity_node_id_gin_idx ON {self.graph_name}."base" using gin(properties)',
                f'ALTER TABLE {self.graph_name}."DIRECTED" CLUSTER ON directed_sid_idx',
            ]

            for query in queries:
                # Use the new flag to silently ignore "already exists" errors
                # at the source, preventing log spam.
                await self.db.execute(
                    query,
                    upsert=True,
                    ignore_if_exists=True,  # Pass the new flag
                    with_age=True,
                    graph_name=self.graph_name,
                )

    async def finalize(self):
        if self.db is not None:
            await ClientManager.release_client(self.db)
            self.db = None

    async def index_done_callback(self) -> None:
        # PG handles persistence automatically
        pass

    @staticmethod
    def _record_to_dict(record: asyncpg.Record) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """
        Convert a record returned from an age query to a dictionary

        Args:
            record (): a record from an age query result

        Returns:
            dict[str, Any]: a dictionary representation of the record where
                the dictionary key is the field name and the value is the
                value converted to a python type
        """

        @staticmethod
        def parse_agtype_string(agtype_str: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
            """
            Parse agtype string precisely, separating JSON content and type identifier

            Args:
                agtype_str: String like '{"json": "content"}::vertex'

            Returns:
                (json_content, type_identifier)
            """
            if not isinstance(agtype_str, str) or "::" not in agtype_str:
                return agtype_str, ""

            # Find the last :: from the right, which is the start of type identifier
            last_double_colon = agtype_str.rfind("::")

            if last_double_colon == -1:
                return agtype_str, ""

            # Separate JSON content and type identifier
            json_content = agtype_str[:last_double_colon]
            type_identifier = agtype_str[last_double_colon + 2 :]

            return json_content, type_identifier

        @staticmethod
        def safe_json_parse(json_str: str, context: str = "") -> dict:
            """
            Safe JSON parsing with simplified error logging
            """
            try:
                return json.loads(json_str)
            except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
                logger.error(f"JSON parsing failed ({context}): {e}")
                logger.error(f"Raw data (first 100 chars): {repr(json_str[:100])}")
                logger.error(f"Error position: line {e.lineno}, column {e.colno}")
                return None

        # result holder
        d = {}

        # prebuild a mapping of vertex_id to vertex mappings to be used
        # later to build edges
        vertices = {}

        # First pass: preprocess vertices
        for k in record.keys():
            v = record[k]
            if isinstance(v, str) and "::" in v:
                if v.startswith("[") and v.endswith("]"):
                    # Handle vertex arrays
                    json_content, type_id = parse_agtype_string(v)
                    if type_id == "vertex":
                        vertexes = safe_json_parse(
                            json_content, f"vertices array for {k}"
                        )
                        if vertexes:
                            for vertex in vertexes:
                                vertices[vertex["id"]] = vertex.get("properties")
                else:
                    # Handle single vertex
                    json_content, type_id = parse_agtype_string(v)
                    if type_id == "vertex":
                        vertex = safe_json_parse(json_content, f"single vertex for {k}")
                        if vertex:
                            vertices[vertex["id"]] = vertex.get("properties")

        # Second pass: process all fields
        for k in record.keys():
            v = record[k]
            if isinstance(v, str) and "::" in v:
                if v.startswith("[") and v.endswith("]"):
                    # Handle array types
                    json_content, type_id = parse_agtype_string(v)
                    if type_id in ["vertex", "edge"]:
                        parsed_data = safe_json_parse(
                            json_content, f"array {type_id} for field {k}"
                        )
                        d[k] = parsed_data if parsed_data is not None else None
                    else:
                        logger.warning(f"Unknown array type: {type_id}")
                        d[k] = None
                else:
                    # Handle single objects
                    json_content, type_id = parse_agtype_string(v)
                    if type_id in ["vertex", "edge"]:
                        parsed_data = safe_json_parse(
                            json_content, f"single {type_id} for field {k}"
                        )
                        d[k] = parsed_data if parsed_data is not None else None
                    else:
                        # May be other types of agtype data, keep as is
                        d[k] = v
            else:
                d[k] = v  # Keep as string

        return d

    @staticmethod
    def _format_properties(
        properties: dict[str, Any], _id: Union[str, None] = None
    ) -> str:
        """
        Convert a dictionary of properties to a string representation that
        can be used in a cypher query insert/merge statement.

        Args:
            properties (dict[str,str]): a dictionary containing node/edge properties
            _id (Union[str, None]): the id of the node or None if none exists

        Returns:
            str: the properties dictionary as a properly formatted string
        """
        props = []
        # wrap property key in backticks to escape
        for k, v in properties.items():
            prop = f"`{k}`: {json.dumps(v)}"
            props.append(prop)
        if _id is not None and "id" not in properties:
            props.append(
                f"id: {json.dumps(_id)}" if isinstance(_id, str) else f"id: {_id}"
            )
        return "{" + ", ".join(props) + "}"

    async def _query(
        self,
        query: str,
        readonly: bool = True,
        upsert: bool = False,
        params: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
        timing_label: str | None = None,
    ) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
        """
        Query the graph by taking a cypher query, converting it to an
        age compatible query, executing it and converting the result

        Args:
            query (str): a cypher query to be executed
            readonly (bool): if True, uses db.query (supports params); if False,
                uses db.execute (write path) which does not yet support params.
            upsert (bool): passed through to db.execute for write operations.
            params (dict | None): AGE agtype parameters for parameterized Cypher
                (e.g. ``{"params": json.dumps({"entity_id": "..."})}``).
                Only honoured when ``readonly=True``. Write paths (upsert_node,
                upsert_edge, delete_node, remove_nodes, remove_edges) still
                interpolate entity IDs via _normalize_node_id; extending
                parameterization to those paths is tracked as a follow-up task.
            timing_label (str | None): optional label for performance logging.

        Returns:
            list[dict[str, Any]]: a list of dictionaries containing the result set
        """
        try:
            if readonly:
                data = await self.db.query(
                    query,
                    list(params.values()) if params else None,
                    multirows=True,
                    with_age=True,
                    graph_name=self.graph_name,
                    timing_label=timing_label,
                )
            else:
                age_execute_start = time.perf_counter()
                data = await self.db.execute(
                    query,
                    upsert=upsert,
                    with_age=True,
                    graph_name=self.graph_name,
                    timing_label=timing_label,
                )
                if timing_label:
                    performance_timing_log(
                        "[%s] AGE execute completed in %.4fs",
                        timing_label,
                        time.perf_counter() - age_execute_start,
                    )

        except Exception as e:
            if timing_label and not readonly:
                performance_timing_log(
                    "[%s] AGE execute failed after %.4fs",
                    timing_label,
                    time.perf_counter() - age_execute_start,
                )
            raise PGGraphQueryException(
                {
                    "message": f"Error executing graph query: {query}",
                    "wrapped": query,
                    "detail": repr(e),
                    "error_type": e.__class__.__name__,
                }
            ) from e

        if data is None:
            result = []
        # decode records
        else:
            result = [self._record_to_dict(d) for d in data]

        return result

    async def has_node(self, node_id: str) -> bool:
        query = f"""
            SELECT EXISTS (
              SELECT 1
              FROM {self.graph_name}.base
              WHERE ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(
                      VARIADIC ARRAY[properties, '"entity_id"'::agtype]
                    ) = (to_json($1::text)::text)::agtype
              LIMIT 1
            ) AS node_exists;
        """

        params = {"node_id": node_id}
        row = (await self._query(query, params=params))[0]
        return bool(row["node_exists"])

    async def has_edge(self, source_node_id: str, target_node_id: str) -> bool:
        query = f"""
            WITH a AS (
              SELECT id AS vid
              FROM {self.graph_name}.base
              WHERE ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(
                      VARIADIC ARRAY[properties, '"entity_id"'::agtype]
                    ) = (to_json($1::text)::text)::agtype
            ),
            b AS (
              SELECT id AS vid
              FROM {self.graph_name}.base
              WHERE ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(
                      VARIADIC ARRAY[properties, '"entity_id"'::agtype]
                    ) = (to_json($2::text)::text)::agtype
            )
            SELECT EXISTS (
              SELECT 1
              FROM {self.graph_name}."DIRECTED" d
              JOIN a ON d.start_id = a.vid
              JOIN b ON d.end_id   = b.vid
              LIMIT 1
            )
            OR EXISTS (
              SELECT 1
              FROM {self.graph_name}."DIRECTED" d
              JOIN a ON d.end_id   = a.vid
              JOIN b ON d.start_id = b.vid
              LIMIT 1
            ) AS edge_exists;
        """
        params = {
            "source_node_id": source_node_id,
            "target_node_id": target_node_id,
        }
        row = (await self._query(query, params=params))[0]
        return bool(row["edge_exists"])

    async def get_node(self, node_id: str) -> dict[str, str] | None:
        """Get node by its label identifier, return only node properties"""

        result = await self.get_nodes_batch(node_ids=[node_id])
        if result and node_id in result:
            return result[node_id]
        return None

    async def node_degree(self, node_id: str) -> int:
        result = await self.node_degrees_batch(node_ids=[node_id])
        if result and node_id in result:
            return result[node_id]

    async def edge_degree(self, src_id: str, tgt_id: str) -> int:
        result = await self.edge_degrees_batch(edges=[(src_id, tgt_id)])
        if result and (src_id, tgt_id) in result:
            return result[(src_id, tgt_id)]

    async def get_edge(
        self, source_node_id: str, target_node_id: str
    ) -> dict[str, str] | None:
        """Get edge properties between two nodes"""
        result = await self.get_edges_batch(
            [{"src": source_node_id, "tgt": target_node_id}]
        )
        if result and (source_node_id, target_node_id) in result:
            return result[(source_node_id, target_node_id)]
        return None

    async def get_node_edges(self, source_node_id: str) -> list[tuple[str, str]] | None:
        """
        Retrieves all edges (relationships) for a particular node identified by its label.
        :return: list of dictionaries containing edge information
        """
        cypher_query = """MATCH (n:base {entity_id: $entity_id})
                      OPTIONAL MATCH (n)-[]-(connected:base)
                      RETURN n.entity_id AS source_id, connected.entity_id AS connected_id"""

        query = f"SELECT * FROM cypher({_dollar_quote(self.graph_name)}::name, {_dollar_quote(cypher_query)}::cstring, $1::agtype) AS (source_id text, connected_id text)"
        pg_params = {
            "params": json.dumps({"entity_id": source_node_id}, ensure_ascii=False)
        }

        results = await self._query(query, params=pg_params)
        edges = []
        for record in results:
            source_id = record["source_id"]
            connected_id = record["connected_id"]

            if source_id and connected_id:
                edges.append((source_id, connected_id))

        return edges

    @retry(
        stop=stop_after_attempt(3),
        wait=wait_exponential(multiplier=1, min=4, max=10),
        retry=retry_if_exception(_is_transient_graph_write_error),
        reraise=True,
    )
    async def upsert_node(self, node_id: str, node_data: dict[str, str]) -> None:
        """
        Upsert a node in the Neo4j database.

        Args:
            node_id: The unique identifier for the node (used as label)
            node_data: Dictionary of node properties
        """
        if "entity_id" not in node_data:
            raise ValueError(
                "PostgreSQL: node properties must contain an 'entity_id' field"
            )

        label = self._normalize_node_id(node_id)
        properties = self._format_properties(node_data)

        # Build Cypher query with dynamic dollar-quoting to handle content containing $$
        # This prevents syntax errors when LLM-extracted descriptions contain $ sequences
        cypher_query = f"""MERGE (n:base {{entity_id: "{label}"}})
                     SET n += {properties}
                     RETURN n"""

        query = f"SELECT * FROM cypher({_dollar_quote(self.graph_name)}, {_dollar_quote(cypher_query)}) AS (n agtype)"
        timing_label = f"{self.workspace} PGGraphStorage.upsert_node"
        total_start = time.perf_counter()
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] start node_id=%s",
            timing_label,
            node_id,
        )

        try:
            await self._query(
                query,
                readonly=False,
                upsert=True,
                timing_label=timing_label,
            )
            performance_timing_log(
                "[%s] total complete in %.4fs node_id=%s",
                timing_label,
                time.perf_counter() - total_start,
                node_id,
            )

        except Exception:
            performance_timing_log(
                "[%s] total failed after %.4fs node_id=%s",
                timing_label,
                time.perf_counter() - total_start,
                node_id,
            )
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] POSTGRES, upsert_node error on node_id: `{node_id}`"
            )
            raise

    @retry(
        stop=stop_after_attempt(3),
        wait=wait_exponential(multiplier=1, min=4, max=10),
        retry=retry_if_exception(_is_transient_graph_write_error),
        reraise=True,
    )
    async def upsert_edge(
        self, source_node_id: str, target_node_id: str, edge_data: dict[str, str]
    ) -> None:
        """
        Upsert an edge and its properties between two nodes identified by their labels.

        Args:
            source_node_id (str): Label of the source node (used as identifier)
            target_node_id (str): Label of the target node (used as identifier)
            edge_data (dict): dictionary of properties to set on the edge
        """
        src_label = self._normalize_node_id(source_node_id)
        tgt_label = self._normalize_node_id(target_node_id)
        edge_properties = self._format_properties(edge_data)

        # Build Cypher query with dynamic dollar-quoting to handle content containing $$
        # This prevents syntax errors when LLM-extracted descriptions contain $ sequences
        # See: https://github.com/HKUDS/LightRAG/issues/1438#issuecomment-2826000195
        cypher_query = f"""MATCH (source:base {{entity_id: "{src_label}"}})
                     WITH source
                     MATCH (target:base {{entity_id: "{tgt_label}"}})
                     MERGE (source)-[r:DIRECTED]-(target)
                     SET r += {edge_properties}
                     SET r += {edge_properties}
                     RETURN r"""

        query = f"SELECT * FROM cypher({_dollar_quote(self.graph_name)}, {_dollar_quote(cypher_query)}) AS (r agtype)"
        timing_label = f"{self.workspace} PGGraphStorage.upsert_edge"
        total_start = time.perf_counter()
        performance_timing_log(
            "[%s] start source_node_id=%s target_node_id=%s",
            timing_label,
            source_node_id,
            target_node_id,
        )

        try:
            await self._query(
                query,
                readonly=False,
                upsert=True,
                timing_label=timing_label,
            )
            performance_timing_log(
                "[%s] total complete in %.4fs source_node_id=%s target_node_id=%s",
                timing_label,
                time.perf_counter() - total_start,
                source_node_id,
                target_node_id,
            )

        except Exception:
            performance_timing_log(
                "[%s] total failed after %.4fs source_node_id=%s target_node_id=%s",
                timing_label,
                time.perf_counter() - total_start,
                source_node_id,
                target_node_id,
            )
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] POSTGRES, upsert_edge error on edge: `{source_node_id}`-`{target_node_id}`"
            )
            raise

    async def delete_node(self, node_id: str) -> None:
        """
        Delete a node from the graph.

        Args:
            node_id (str): The ID of the node to delete.
        """
        label = self._normalize_node_id(node_id)

        # Build Cypher query with dynamic dollar-quoting to handle entity_id containing $ sequences
        cypher_query = f"""MATCH (n:base {{entity_id: "{label}"}})
                     DETACH DELETE n"""

        query = f"SELECT * FROM cypher({_dollar_quote(self.graph_name)}, {_dollar_quote(cypher_query)}) AS (n agtype)"

        try:
            await self._query(query, readonly=False)
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"[{self.workspace}] Error during node deletion: {e}")
            raise

    async def remove_nodes(self, node_ids: list[str]) -> None:
        """
        Remove multiple nodes from the graph.

        Args:
            node_ids (list[str]): A list of node IDs to remove.
        """
        node_ids_normalized = [self._normalize_node_id(node_id) for node_id in node_ids]
        node_id_list = ", ".join([f'"{node_id}"' for node_id in node_ids_normalized])

        # Build Cypher query with dynamic dollar-quoting to handle entity_id containing $ sequences
        cypher_query = f"""MATCH (n:base)
                     WHERE n.entity_id IN [{node_id_list}]
                     DETACH DELETE n"""

        query = f"SELECT * FROM cypher({_dollar_quote(self.graph_name)}, {_dollar_quote(cypher_query)}) AS (n agtype)"

        try:
            await self._query(query, readonly=False)
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"[{self.workspace}] Error during node removal: {e}")
            raise

    async def remove_edges(self, edges: list[tuple[str, str]]) -> None:
        """
        Remove multiple edges from the graph.

        Args:
            edges (list[tuple[str, str]]): A list of edges to remove, where each edge is a tuple of (source_node_id, target_node_id).
        """
        for source, target in edges:
            src_label = self._normalize_node_id(source)
            tgt_label = self._normalize_node_id(target)

            # Build Cypher query with dynamic dollar-quoting to handle entity_id containing $ sequences
            cypher_query = f"""MATCH (a:base {{entity_id: "{src_label}"}})-[r]-(b:base {{entity_id: "{tgt_label}"}})
                         DELETE r"""

            query = f"SELECT * FROM cypher({_dollar_quote(self.graph_name)}, {_dollar_quote(cypher_query)}) AS (r agtype)"

            try:
                await self._query(query, readonly=False)
                logger.debug(
                    f"[{self.workspace}] Deleted edge from '{source}' to '{target}'"
                )
            except Exception as e:
                logger.error(f"[{self.workspace}] Error during edge deletion: {str(e)}")
                raise

    async def get_nodes_batch(
        self, node_ids: list[str], batch_size: int = 1000
    ) -> dict[str, dict]:
        """
        Retrieve multiple nodes in one query using UNWIND.

        Args:
            node_ids: List of node entity IDs to fetch.
            batch_size: Batch size for the query

        Returns:
            A dictionary mapping each node_id to its node data (or None if not found).
        """
        if not node_ids:
            return {}

        seen: set[str] = set()
        unique_ids: list[str] = []
        lookup: dict[str, str] = {}
        requested: set[str] = set()
        for nid in node_ids:
            if nid not in seen:
                seen.add(nid)
                unique_ids.append(nid)
            requested.add(nid)
            lookup[nid] = nid
            lookup[self._normalize_node_id(nid)] = nid

        # Build result dictionary
        nodes_dict = {}

        for i in range(0, len(unique_ids), batch_size):
            batch = unique_ids[i : i + batch_size]

            query = f"""
                WITH input(v, ord) AS (
                  SELECT v, ord
                  FROM unnest($1::text[]) WITH ORDINALITY AS t(v, ord)
                ),
                ids(node_id, ord) AS (
                  SELECT (to_json(v)::text)::agtype AS node_id, ord
                  FROM input
                )
                SELECT i.node_id::text AS node_id,
                       b.properties
                FROM {self.graph_name}.base AS b
                JOIN ids i
                  ON ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(
                       VARIADIC ARRAY[b.properties, '"entity_id"'::agtype]
                     ) = i.node_id
                ORDER BY i.ord;
            """

            results = await self._query(query, params={"ids": batch})

            for result in results:
                if result["node_id"] and result["properties"]:
                    node_dict = result["properties"]

                    # Process string result, parse it to JSON dictionary
                    if isinstance(node_dict, str):
                        try:
                            node_dict = json.loads(node_dict)
                        except json.JSONDecodeError:
                            logger.warning(
                                f"[{self.workspace}] Failed to parse node string in batch: {node_dict}"
                            )

                    node_key = result["node_id"]
                    original_key = lookup.get(node_key)
                    if original_key is None:
                        logger.warning(
                            f"[{self.workspace}] Node {node_key} not found in lookup map"
                        )
                        original_key = node_key
                    if original_key in requested:
                        nodes_dict[original_key] = node_dict

        return nodes_dict

    async def node_degrees_batch(
        self, node_ids: list[str], batch_size: int = 500
    ) -> dict[str, int]:
        """
        Retrieve the degree for multiple nodes in a single query using UNWIND.
        Calculates the total degree by counting distinct relationships.
        Uses separate queries for outgoing and incoming edges.

        Args:
            node_ids: List of node labels (entity_id values) to look up.
            batch_size: Batch size for the query

        Returns:
            A dictionary mapping each node_id to its degree (total number of relationships).
            If a node is not found, its degree will be set to 0.
        """
        if not node_ids:
            return {}

        seen: set[str] = set()
        unique_ids: list[str] = []
        lookup: dict[str, str] = {}
        requested: set[str] = set()
        for nid in node_ids:
            if nid not in seen:
                seen.add(nid)
                unique_ids.append(nid)
            requested.add(nid)
            lookup[nid] = nid
            lookup[self._normalize_node_id(nid)] = nid

        out_degrees = {}
        in_degrees = {}

        for i in range(0, len(unique_ids), batch_size):
            batch = unique_ids[i : i + batch_size]

            query = f"""
                    WITH input(v, ord) AS (
                      SELECT v, ord
                      FROM unnest($1::text[]) WITH ORDINALITY AS t(v, ord)
                    ),
                    ids(node_id, ord) AS (
                      SELECT (to_json(v)::text)::agtype AS node_id, ord
                      FROM input
                    ),
                    vids AS (
                      SELECT b.id AS vid, i.node_id, i.ord
                      FROM {self.graph_name}.base AS b
                      JOIN ids i
                        ON ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(
                             VARIADIC ARRAY[b.properties, '"entity_id"'::agtype]
                           ) = i.node_id
                    ),
                    deg_out AS (
                      SELECT d.start_id AS vid, COUNT(*)::bigint AS out_degree
                      FROM {self.graph_name}."DIRECTED" AS d
                      JOIN vids v ON v.vid = d.start_id
                      GROUP BY d.start_id
                    ),
                    deg_in AS (
                      SELECT d.end_id AS vid, COUNT(*)::bigint AS in_degree
                      FROM {self.graph_name}."DIRECTED" AS d
                      JOIN vids v ON v.vid = d.end_id
                      GROUP BY d.end_id
                    )
                    SELECT v.node_id::text AS node_id,
                           COALESCE(o.out_degree, 0) AS out_degree,
                           COALESCE(n.in_degree, 0)  AS in_degree
                    FROM vids v
                    LEFT JOIN deg_out o ON o.vid = v.vid
                    LEFT JOIN deg_in  n ON n.vid = v.vid
                    ORDER BY v.ord;
                """

            combined_results = await self._query(query, params={"ids": batch})

            for row in combined_results:
                node_id = row["node_id"]
                if not node_id:
                    continue
                node_key = node_id
                original_key = lookup.get(node_key)
                if original_key is None:
                    logger.warning(
                        f"[{self.workspace}] Node {node_key} not found in lookup map"
                    )
                    original_key = node_key
                if original_key in requested:
                    out_degrees[original_key] = int(row.get("out_degree", 0) or 0)
                    in_degrees[original_key] = int(row.get("in_degree", 0) or 0)

        degrees_dict = {}
        for node_id in node_ids:
            out_degree = out_degrees.get(node_id, 0)
            in_degree = in_degrees.get(node_id, 0)
            degrees_dict[node_id] = out_degree + in_degree

        return degrees_dict

    async def edge_degrees_batch(
        self, edges: list[tuple[str, str]]
    ) -> dict[tuple[str, str], int]:
        """
        Calculate the combined degree for each edge (sum of the source and target node degrees)
        in batch using the already implemented node_degrees_batch.

        Args:
            edges: List of (source_node_id, target_node_id) tuples

        Returns:
            Dictionary mapping edge tuples to their combined degrees
        """
        if not edges:
            return {}

        # Use node_degrees_batch to get all node degrees efficiently
        all_nodes = set()
        for src, tgt in edges:
            all_nodes.add(src)
            all_nodes.add(tgt)

        node_degrees = await self.node_degrees_batch(list(all_nodes))

        # Calculate edge degrees
        edge_degrees_dict = {}
        for src, tgt in edges:
            src_degree = node_degrees.get(src, 0)
            tgt_degree = node_degrees.get(tgt, 0)
            edge_degrees_dict[(src, tgt)] = src_degree + tgt_degree

        return edge_degrees_dict

    async def get_edges_batch(
        self, pairs: list[dict[str, str]], batch_size: int = 500
    ) -> dict[tuple[str, str], dict]:
        """
        Retrieve edge properties for multiple (src, tgt) pairs in one query.
        Get forward and backward edges separately and merge them before return

        Args:
            pairs: List of dictionaries, e.g. [{"src": "node1", "tgt": "node2"}, ...]
            batch_size: Batch size for the query

        Returns:
            A dictionary mapping (src, tgt) tuples to their edge properties.
        """
        if not pairs:
            return {}

        seen = set()
        uniq_pairs: list[dict[str, str]] = []
        for p in pairs:
            s = self._normalize_node_id(p["src"])
            t = self._normalize_node_id(p["tgt"])
            key = (s, t)
            if s and t and key not in seen:
                seen.add(key)
                uniq_pairs.append(p)

        edges_dict: dict[tuple[str, str], dict] = {}

        for i in range(0, len(uniq_pairs), batch_size):
            batch = uniq_pairs[i : i + batch_size]

            pairs = [{"src": p["src"], "tgt": p["tgt"]} for p in batch]

            forward_cypher = """
                         UNWIND $pairs AS p
                         WITH p.src AS src_eid, p.tgt AS tgt_eid
                         MATCH (a:base {entity_id: src_eid})
                         MATCH (b:base {entity_id: tgt_eid})
                         MATCH (a)-[r]->(b)
                         RETURN src_eid AS source, tgt_eid AS target, properties(r) AS edge_properties"""
            backward_cypher = """
                         UNWIND $pairs AS p
                         WITH p.src AS src_eid, p.tgt AS tgt_eid
                         MATCH (a:base {entity_id: src_eid})
                         MATCH (b:base {entity_id: tgt_eid})
                         MATCH (a)<-[r]-(b)
                         RETURN src_eid AS source, tgt_eid AS target, properties(r) AS edge_properties"""

            sql_fwd = f"""
            SELECT * FROM cypher({_dollar_quote(self.graph_name)}::name,
                                 {_dollar_quote(forward_cypher)}::cstring,
                                 $1::agtype)
              AS (source text, target text, edge_properties agtype)
            """

            sql_bwd = f"""
            SELECT * FROM cypher({_dollar_quote(self.graph_name)}::name,
                                 {_dollar_quote(backward_cypher)}::cstring,
                                 $1::agtype)
              AS (source text, target text, edge_properties agtype)
            """

            pg_params = {"params": json.dumps({"pairs": pairs}, ensure_ascii=False)}

            forward_results = await self._query(sql_fwd, params=pg_params)
            backward_results = await self._query(sql_bwd, params=pg_params)

            for result in forward_results:
                if result["source"] and result["target"] and result["edge_properties"]:
                    edge_props = result["edge_properties"]

                    # Process string result, parse it to JSON dictionary
                    if isinstance(edge_props, str):
                        try:
                            edge_props = json.loads(edge_props)
                        except json.JSONDecodeError:
                            logger.warning(
                                f"[{self.workspace}]Failed to parse edge properties string: {edge_props}"
                            )
                            continue

                    edges_dict[(result["source"], result["target"])] = edge_props

            for result in backward_results:
                if result["source"] and result["target"] and result["edge_properties"]:
                    edge_props = result["edge_properties"]

                    # Process string result, parse it to JSON dictionary
                    if isinstance(edge_props, str):
                        try:
                            edge_props = json.loads(edge_props)
                        except json.JSONDecodeError:
                            logger.warning(
                                f"[{self.workspace}] Failed to parse edge properties string: {edge_props}"
                            )
                            continue

                    edges_dict[(result["source"], result["target"])] = edge_props

        return edges_dict

    async def get_nodes_edges_batch(
        self, node_ids: list[str], batch_size: int = 500
    ) -> dict[str, list[tuple[str, str]]]:
        """
        Get all edges (both outgoing and incoming) for multiple nodes in a single batch operation.

        Args:
            node_ids: List of node IDs to get edges for
            batch_size: Batch size for the query

        Returns:
            Dictionary mapping node IDs to lists of (source, target) edge tuples
        """
        if not node_ids:
            return {}

        seen = set()
        unique_ids: list[str] = []
        for nid in node_ids:
            if nid and nid not in seen:
                seen.add(nid)
                unique_ids.append(nid)

        edges_norm: dict[str, list[tuple[str, str]]] = {n: [] for n in unique_ids}

        for i in range(0, len(unique_ids), batch_size):
            batch = unique_ids[i : i + batch_size]
            pg_params = {"params": json.dumps({"node_ids": batch}, ensure_ascii=False)}

            outgoing_cypher = """UNWIND $node_ids AS node_id
                         MATCH (n:base {entity_id: node_id})
                         OPTIONAL MATCH (n:base)-[]->(connected:base)
                         RETURN node_id, connected.entity_id AS connected_id"""

            incoming_cypher = """UNWIND $node_ids AS node_id
                         MATCH (n:base {entity_id: node_id})
                         OPTIONAL MATCH (n:base)<-[]-(connected:base)
                         RETURN node_id, connected.entity_id AS connected_id"""

            outgoing_query = f"SELECT * FROM cypher({_dollar_quote(self.graph_name)}::name, {_dollar_quote(outgoing_cypher)}::cstring, $1::agtype) AS (node_id text, connected_id text)"
            incoming_query = f"SELECT * FROM cypher({_dollar_quote(self.graph_name)}::name, {_dollar_quote(incoming_cypher)}::cstring, $1::agtype) AS (node_id text, connected_id text)"

            outgoing_results = await self._query(outgoing_query, params=pg_params)
            incoming_results = await self._query(incoming_query, params=pg_params)

            for result in outgoing_results:
                if result["node_id"] and result["connected_id"]:
                    edges_norm[result["node_id"]].append(
                        (result["node_id"], result["connected_id"])
                    )

            for result in incoming_results:
                if result["node_id"] and result["connected_id"]:
                    edges_norm[result["node_id"]].append(
                        (result["connected_id"], result["node_id"])
                    )

        out: dict[str, list[tuple[str, str]]] = {}
        for orig in node_ids:
            out[orig] = edges_norm.get(orig, [])

        return out

    async def get_all_labels(self) -> list[str]:
        """
        Get all labels(node IDs, entity names) in the graph.

        Returns:
            list[str]: A list of all labels in the graph.
        """
        query = (
            """SELECT * FROM cypher('%s', $$
                     MATCH (n:base)
                     WHERE n.entity_id IS NOT NULL
                     RETURN DISTINCT n.entity_id AS label
                     ORDER BY n.entity_id
                   $$) AS (label text)"""
            % self.graph_name
        )

        results = await self._query(query)
        labels = []
        for result in results:
            if result and isinstance(result, dict) and "label" in result:
                labels.append(result["label"])
        return labels

    async def _bfs_subgraph(
        self, node_label: str, max_depth: int, max_nodes: int
    ) -> KnowledgeGraph:
        """
        Implements a true breadth-first search algorithm for subgraph retrieval.
        This method is used as a fallback when the standard Cypher query is too slow
        or when we need to guarantee BFS ordering.

        Args:
            node_label: Label of the starting node
            max_depth: Maximum depth of the subgraph
            max_nodes: Maximum number of nodes to return

        Returns:
            KnowledgeGraph object containing nodes and edges
        """
        from collections import deque

        result = KnowledgeGraph()
        visited_nodes = set()
        visited_node_ids = set()
        visited_edges = set()
        visited_edge_pairs = set()

        # Get starting node data
        label = self._normalize_node_id(node_label)

        # Build Cypher query with dynamic dollar-quoting to handle entity_id containing $ sequences
        cypher_query = f"""MATCH (n:base {{entity_id: "{label}"}})
                    RETURN id(n) as node_id, n"""

        query = f"SELECT * FROM cypher({_dollar_quote(self.graph_name)}, {_dollar_quote(cypher_query)}) AS (node_id bigint, n agtype)"

        node_result = await self._query(query)
        if not node_result or not node_result[0].get("n"):
            return result

        # Create initial KnowledgeGraphNode
        start_node_data = node_result[0]["n"]
        entity_id = start_node_data["properties"]["entity_id"]
        internal_id = str(start_node_data["id"])

        start_node = KnowledgeGraphNode(
            id=internal_id,
            labels=[entity_id],
            properties=start_node_data["properties"],
        )

        # Initialize BFS queue, each element is a tuple of (node, depth)
        queue = deque([(start_node, 0)])

        visited_nodes.add(entity_id)
        visited_node_ids.add(internal_id)
        result.nodes.append(start_node)

        result.is_truncated = False

        # BFS search main loop
        while queue:
            # Get all nodes at the current depth
            current_level_nodes = []
            current_depth = None

            # Determine current depth
            if queue:
                current_depth = queue[0][1]

            # Extract all nodes at current depth from the queue
            while queue and queue[0][1] == current_depth:
                node, depth = queue.popleft()
                if depth > max_depth:
                    continue
                current_level_nodes.append(node)

            if not current_level_nodes:
                continue

            # Check depth limit
            if current_depth > max_depth:
                continue

            # Prepare node IDs list
            node_ids = [node.labels[0] for node in current_level_nodes]
            formatted_ids = ", ".join(
                [f'"{self._normalize_node_id(node_id)}"' for node_id in node_ids]
            )

            # Build Cypher queries with dynamic dollar-quoting to handle entity_id containing $ sequences
            outgoing_cypher = f"""UNWIND [{formatted_ids}] AS node_id
                MATCH (n:base {{entity_id: node_id}})
                OPTIONAL MATCH (n)-[r]->(neighbor:base)
                RETURN node_id AS current_id,
                       id(n) AS current_internal_id,
                       id(neighbor) AS neighbor_internal_id,
                       neighbor.entity_id AS neighbor_id,
                       id(r) AS edge_id,
                       r,
                       neighbor,
                       true AS is_outgoing"""

            incoming_cypher = f"""UNWIND [{formatted_ids}] AS node_id
                MATCH (n:base {{entity_id: node_id}})
                OPTIONAL MATCH (n)<-[r]-(neighbor:base)
                RETURN node_id AS current_id,
                       id(n) AS current_internal_id,
                       id(neighbor) AS neighbor_internal_id,
                       neighbor.entity_id AS neighbor_id,
                       id(r) AS edge_id,
                       r,
                       neighbor,
                       false AS is_outgoing"""

            outgoing_query = f"SELECT * FROM cypher({_dollar_quote(self.graph_name)}, {_dollar_quote(outgoing_cypher)}) AS (current_id text, current_internal_id bigint, neighbor_internal_id bigint, neighbor_id text, edge_id bigint, r agtype, neighbor agtype, is_outgoing bool)"

            incoming_query = f"SELECT * FROM cypher({_dollar_quote(self.graph_name)}, {_dollar_quote(incoming_cypher)}) AS (current_id text, current_internal_id bigint, neighbor_internal_id bigint, neighbor_id text, edge_id bigint, r agtype, neighbor agtype, is_outgoing bool)"

            # Execute queries
            outgoing_results = await self._query(outgoing_query)
            incoming_results = await self._query(incoming_query)

            # Combine results
            neighbors = outgoing_results + incoming_results

            # Create mapping from node ID to node object
            node_map = {node.labels[0]: node for node in current_level_nodes}

            # Process all results in a single loop
            for record in neighbors:
                if not record.get("neighbor") or not record.get("r"):
                    continue

                # Get current node information
                current_entity_id = record["current_id"]
                current_node = node_map[current_entity_id]

                # Get neighbor node information
                neighbor_entity_id = record["neighbor_id"]
                neighbor_internal_id = str(record["neighbor_internal_id"])
                is_outgoing = record["is_outgoing"]

                # Determine edge direction
                if is_outgoing:
                    source_id = current_node.id
                    target_id = neighbor_internal_id
                else:
                    source_id = neighbor_internal_id
                    target_id = current_node.id

                if not neighbor_entity_id:
                    continue

                # Get edge and node information
                b_node = record["neighbor"]
                rel = record["r"]
                edge_id = str(record["edge_id"])

                # Create neighbor node object
                neighbor_node = KnowledgeGraphNode(
                    id=neighbor_internal_id,
                    labels=[neighbor_entity_id],
                    properties=b_node["properties"],
                )

                # Sort entity_ids to ensure (A,B) and (B,A) are treated as the same edge
                sorted_pair = tuple(sorted([current_entity_id, neighbor_entity_id]))

                # Create edge object
                edge = KnowledgeGraphEdge(
                    id=edge_id,
                    type=rel["label"],
                    source=source_id,
                    target=target_id,
                    properties=rel["properties"],
                )

                if neighbor_internal_id in visited_node_ids:
                    # Add backward edge if neighbor node is already visited
                    if (
                        edge_id not in visited_edges
                        and sorted_pair not in visited_edge_pairs
                    ):
                        result.edges.append(edge)
                        visited_edges.add(edge_id)
                        visited_edge_pairs.add(sorted_pair)
                else:
                    if len(visited_node_ids) < max_nodes and current_depth < max_depth:
                        # Add new node to result and queue
                        result.nodes.append(neighbor_node)
                        visited_nodes.add(neighbor_entity_id)
                        visited_node_ids.add(neighbor_internal_id)

                        # Add node to queue with incremented depth
                        queue.append((neighbor_node, current_depth + 1))

                        # Add forward edge
                        if (
                            edge_id not in visited_edges
                            and sorted_pair not in visited_edge_pairs
                        ):
                            result.edges.append(edge)
                            visited_edges.add(edge_id)
                            visited_edge_pairs.add(sorted_pair)
                    else:
                        if current_depth < max_depth:
                            result.is_truncated = True

        return result

    async def get_knowledge_graph(
        self,
        node_label: str,
        max_depth: int = 3,
        max_nodes: int = None,
    ) -> KnowledgeGraph:
        """
        Retrieve a connected subgraph of nodes where the label includes the specified `node_label`.

        Args:
            node_label: Label of the starting node, * means all nodes
            max_depth: Maximum depth of the subgraph, Defaults to 3
            max_nodes: Maximum nodes to return, Defaults to global_config max_graph_nodes

        Returns:
            KnowledgeGraph object containing nodes and edges, with an is_truncated flag
            indicating whether the graph was truncated due to max_nodes limit
        """
        # Use global_config max_graph_nodes as default if max_nodes is None
        if max_nodes is None:
            max_nodes = self.global_config.get("max_graph_nodes", 1000)
        else:
            # Limit max_nodes to not exceed global_config max_graph_nodes
            max_nodes = min(max_nodes, self.global_config.get("max_graph_nodes", 1000))
        kg = KnowledgeGraph()

        # Handle wildcard query - get all nodes
        if node_label == "*":
            # First check total node count to determine if graph should be truncated
            count_query = f"""SELECT * FROM cypher('{self.graph_name}', $$
                    MATCH (n:base)
                    RETURN count(distinct n) AS total_nodes
                    $$) AS (total_nodes bigint)"""

            count_result = await self._query(count_query)
            total_nodes = count_result[0]["total_nodes"] if count_result else 0
            is_truncated = total_nodes > max_nodes

            # Get max_nodes with highest degrees
            query_nodes = f"""SELECT * FROM cypher('{self.graph_name}', $$
                    MATCH (n:base)
                    OPTIONAL MATCH (n)-[r]->()
                    RETURN id(n) as node_id, count(r) as degree
                $$) AS (node_id BIGINT, degree BIGINT)
                ORDER BY degree DESC
                LIMIT {max_nodes}"""
            node_results = await self._query(query_nodes)

            node_ids = [str(result["node_id"]) for result in node_results]

            logger.info(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Total nodes: {total_nodes}, Selected nodes: {len(node_ids)}"
            )

            if node_ids:
                formatted_ids = ", ".join(node_ids)
                # Construct batch query for subgraph within max_nodes
                query = f"""SELECT * FROM cypher('{self.graph_name}', $$
                        WITH [{formatted_ids}] AS node_ids
                        MATCH (a)
                        WHERE id(a) IN node_ids
                        OPTIONAL MATCH (a)-[r]->(b)
                            WHERE id(b) IN node_ids
                        RETURN a, r, b
                    $$) AS (a AGTYPE, r AGTYPE, b AGTYPE)"""
                results = await self._query(query)

                # Process query results, deduplicate nodes and edges
                nodes_dict = {}
                edges_dict = {}
                for result in results:
                    # Process node a
                    if result.get("a") and isinstance(result["a"], dict):
                        node_a = result["a"]
                        node_id = str(node_a["id"])
                        if node_id not in nodes_dict and "properties" in node_a:
                            nodes_dict[node_id] = KnowledgeGraphNode(
                                id=node_id,
                                labels=[node_a["properties"]["entity_id"]],
                                properties=node_a["properties"],
                            )

                    # Process node b
                    if result.get("b") and isinstance(result["b"], dict):
                        node_b = result["b"]
                        node_id = str(node_b["id"])
                        if node_id not in nodes_dict and "properties" in node_b:
                            nodes_dict[node_id] = KnowledgeGraphNode(
                                id=node_id,
                                labels=[node_b["properties"]["entity_id"]],
                                properties=node_b["properties"],
                            )

                    # Process edge r
                    if result.get("r") and isinstance(result["r"], dict):
                        edge = result["r"]
                        edge_id = str(edge["id"])
                        if edge_id not in edges_dict:
                            edges_dict[edge_id] = KnowledgeGraphEdge(
                                id=edge_id,
                                type=edge["label"],
                                source=str(edge["start_id"]),
                                target=str(edge["end_id"]),
                                properties=edge["properties"],
                            )

                kg = KnowledgeGraph(
                    nodes=list(nodes_dict.values()),
                    edges=list(edges_dict.values()),
                    is_truncated=is_truncated,
                )
            else:
                # For single node query, use BFS algorithm
                kg = await self._bfs_subgraph(node_label, max_depth, max_nodes)

            logger.info(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Subgraph query successful | Node count: {len(kg.nodes)} | Edge count: {len(kg.edges)}"
            )
        else:
            # For non-wildcard queries, use the BFS algorithm
            kg = await self._bfs_subgraph(node_label, max_depth, max_nodes)
            logger.info(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Subgraph query for '{node_label}' successful | Node count: {len(kg.nodes)} | Edge count: {len(kg.edges)}"
            )

        return kg

    async def get_all_nodes(self) -> list[dict]:
        """Get all nodes in the graph.

        Returns:
            A list of all nodes, where each node is a dictionary of its properties
        """
        # Use native SQL to avoid Cypher wrapper overhead
        # Original: SELECT * FROM cypher(...) with MATCH (n:base)
        # Optimized: Direct table access for better performance
        query = f"""
            SELECT properties
            FROM {self.graph_name}.base
        """

        results = await self._query(query)
        nodes = []
        for result in results:
            if result.get("properties"):
                node_dict = result["properties"]

                # Process string result, parse it to JSON dictionary
                if isinstance(node_dict, str):
                    try:
                        node_dict = json.loads(node_dict)
                    except json.JSONDecodeError:
                        logger.warning(
                            f"[{self.workspace}] Failed to parse node string: {node_dict}"
                        )
                        continue

                # Add node id (entity_id) to the dictionary for easier access
                node_dict["id"] = node_dict.get("entity_id")
                nodes.append(node_dict)
        return nodes

    async def get_all_edges(self) -> list[dict]:
        """Get all edges in the graph.

        Returns:
            A list of all edges, where each edge is a dictionary of its properties
            (If 2 directional edges exist between the same pair of nodes, deduplication must be handled by the caller)
        """
        # Use native SQL to avoid Cartesian product (N×N) in Cypher MATCH
        # Original Cypher: MATCH (a:base)-[r]-(b:base) creates ~50 billion row combinations
        # Optimized: Start from edges table, join to nodes only to get entity_id
        # Performance: O(E) instead of O(N²), ~50,000x faster for large graphs
        query = f"""
            SELECT DISTINCT
                (ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(VARIADIC ARRAY[a.properties, '"entity_id"'::agtype]))::text AS source,
                (ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(VARIADIC ARRAY[b.properties, '"entity_id"'::agtype]))::text AS target,
                r.properties
            FROM {self.graph_name}."DIRECTED" r
            JOIN {self.graph_name}.base a ON r.start_id = a.id
            JOIN {self.graph_name}.base b ON r.end_id = b.id
        """

        results = await self._query(query)
        edges = []
        for result in results:
            edge_properties = result["properties"]

            # Process string result, parse it to JSON dictionary
            if isinstance(edge_properties, str):
                try:
                    edge_properties = json.loads(edge_properties)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    logger.warning(
                        f"[{self.workspace}] Failed to parse edge properties string: {edge_properties}"
                    )
                    edge_properties = {}

            edge_properties["source"] = result["source"]
            edge_properties["target"] = result["target"]
            edges.append(edge_properties)
        return edges

    async def get_popular_labels(self, limit: int = 300) -> list[str]:
        """Get popular labels by node degree (most connected entities) using native SQL for performance."""
        try:
            # Native SQL query to calculate node degrees directly from AGE's underlying tables
            # This is significantly faster than using the cypher() function wrapper
            query = f"""
            WITH node_degrees AS (
                SELECT
                    node_id,
                    COUNT(*) AS degree
                FROM (
                    SELECT start_id AS node_id FROM {self.graph_name}._ag_label_edge
                    UNION ALL
                    SELECT end_id AS node_id FROM {self.graph_name}._ag_label_edge
                ) AS all_edges
                GROUP BY node_id
            )
            SELECT
                (ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(VARIADIC ARRAY[v.properties, '"entity_id"'::agtype]))::text AS label
            FROM
                node_degrees d
            JOIN
                {self.graph_name}._ag_label_vertex v ON d.node_id = v.id
            WHERE
                ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(VARIADIC ARRAY[v.properties, '"entity_id"'::agtype]) IS NOT NULL
            ORDER BY
                d.degree DESC,
                label ASC
            LIMIT $1;
            """
            results = await self._query(query, params={"limit": limit})
            labels = [
                result["label"] for result in results if result and "label" in result
            ]

            logger.debug(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Retrieved {len(labels)} popular labels (limit: {limit})"
            )
            return labels
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"[{self.workspace}] Error getting popular labels: {str(e)}")
            return []

    async def search_labels(self, query: str, limit: int = 50) -> list[str]:
        """Search labels with fuzzy matching using native, parameterized SQL for performance and security."""
        query_lower = query.lower().strip()
        if not query_lower:
            return []

        try:
            # Re-implementing with the correct agtype access operator and full scoring logic.
            sql_query = f"""
            WITH ranked_labels AS (
                SELECT
                    (ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(VARIADIC ARRAY[properties, '"entity_id"'::agtype]))::text AS label,
                    LOWER((ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(VARIADIC ARRAY[properties, '"entity_id"'::agtype]))::text) AS label_lower
                FROM
                    {self.graph_name}._ag_label_vertex
                WHERE
                    ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(VARIADIC ARRAY[properties, '"entity_id"'::agtype]) IS NOT NULL
                    AND LOWER((ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(VARIADIC ARRAY[properties, '"entity_id"'::agtype]))::text) ILIKE $1
            )
            SELECT
                label
            FROM (
                SELECT
                    label,
                    CASE
                        WHEN label_lower = $2 THEN 1000
                        WHEN label_lower LIKE $3 THEN 500
                        ELSE (100 - LENGTH(label))
                    END +
                    CASE
                        WHEN label_lower LIKE $4 OR label_lower LIKE $5 THEN 50
                        ELSE 0
                    END AS score
                FROM
                    ranked_labels
            ) AS scored_labels
            ORDER BY
                score DESC,
                label ASC
            LIMIT $6;
            """
            params = (
                f"%{query_lower}%",  # For the main ILIKE clause ($1)
                query_lower,  # For exact match ($2)
                f"{query_lower}%",  # For prefix match ($3)
                f"% {query_lower}%",  # For word boundary (space) ($4)
                f"%_{query_lower}%",  # For word boundary (underscore) ($5)
                limit,  # For LIMIT ($6)
            )
            results = await self._query(sql_query, params=dict(enumerate(params, 1)))
            labels = [
                result["label"] for result in results if result and "label" in result
            ]

            logger.debug(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Search query '{query}' returned {len(labels)} results (limit: {limit})"
            )
            return labels
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(
                f"[{self.workspace}] Error searching labels with query '{query}': {str(e)}"
            )
            return []

    async def drop(self) -> dict[str, str]:
        """Drop the storage"""
        try:
            drop_query = f"""SELECT * FROM cypher('{self.graph_name}', $$
                            MATCH (n)
                            DETACH DELETE n
                            $$) AS (result agtype)"""

            await self._query(drop_query, readonly=False)
            return {
                "status": "success",
                "message": f"workspace '{self.workspace}' graph data dropped",
            }
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"[{self.workspace}] Error dropping graph: {e}")
            return {"status": "error", "message": str(e)}


# Note: Order matters! More specific namespaces (e.g., "full_entities") must come before
# more general ones (e.g., "entities") because is_namespace() uses endswith() matching
NAMESPACE_TABLE_MAP = {
    NameSpace.KV_STORE_FULL_DOCS: "LIGHTRAG_DOC_FULL",
    NameSpace.KV_STORE_TEXT_CHUNKS: "LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS",
    NameSpace.KV_STORE_FULL_ENTITIES: "LIGHTRAG_FULL_ENTITIES",
    NameSpace.KV_STORE_FULL_RELATIONS: "LIGHTRAG_FULL_RELATIONS",
    NameSpace.KV_STORE_ENTITY_CHUNKS: "LIGHTRAG_ENTITY_CHUNKS",
    NameSpace.KV_STORE_RELATION_CHUNKS: "LIGHTRAG_RELATION_CHUNKS",
    NameSpace.KV_STORE_LLM_RESPONSE_CACHE: "LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE",
    NameSpace.VECTOR_STORE_CHUNKS: "LIGHTRAG_VDB_CHUNKS",
    NameSpace.VECTOR_STORE_ENTITIES: "LIGHTRAG_VDB_ENTITY",
    NameSpace.VECTOR_STORE_RELATIONSHIPS: "LIGHTRAG_VDB_RELATION",
    NameSpace.DOC_STATUS: "LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS",
}


def namespace_to_table_name(namespace: str) -> str:
    for k, v in NAMESPACE_TABLE_MAP.items():
        if is_namespace(namespace, k):
            return v


TABLES = {
    "LIGHTRAG_DOC_FULL": {
        "ddl": """CREATE TABLE LIGHTRAG_DOC_FULL (
                    id VARCHAR(255),
                    workspace VARCHAR(255),
                    doc_name VARCHAR(1024),
                    content TEXT,
                    meta JSONB,
                    create_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                    update_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
	                CONSTRAINT LIGHTRAG_DOC_FULL_PK PRIMARY KEY (workspace, id)
                    )"""
    },
    "LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS": {
        "ddl": """CREATE TABLE LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS (
                    id VARCHAR(255),
                    workspace VARCHAR(255),
                    full_doc_id VARCHAR(256),
                    chunk_order_index INTEGER,
                    tokens INTEGER,
                    content TEXT,
                    file_path TEXT NULL,
                    llm_cache_list JSONB NULL DEFAULT '[]'::jsonb,
                    create_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                    update_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
	                CONSTRAINT LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS_PK PRIMARY KEY (workspace, id)
                    )"""
    },
    "LIGHTRAG_VDB_CHUNKS": {
        "ddl": """CREATE TABLE LIGHTRAG_VDB_CHUNKS (
                    id VARCHAR(255),
                    workspace VARCHAR(255),
                    full_doc_id VARCHAR(256),
                    chunk_order_index INTEGER,
                    tokens INTEGER,
                    content TEXT,
                    content_vector VECTOR(dimension),
                    file_path TEXT NULL,
                    create_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                    update_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
	                CONSTRAINT LIGHTRAG_VDB_CHUNKS_PK PRIMARY KEY (workspace, id)
                    )"""
    },
    "LIGHTRAG_VDB_ENTITY": {
        "ddl": """CREATE TABLE LIGHTRAG_VDB_ENTITY (
                    id VARCHAR(255),
                    workspace VARCHAR(255),
                    entity_name VARCHAR(512),
                    content TEXT,
                    content_vector VECTOR(dimension),
                    create_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                    update_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                    chunk_ids VARCHAR(255)[] NULL,
                    file_path TEXT NULL,
	                CONSTRAINT LIGHTRAG_VDB_ENTITY_PK PRIMARY KEY (workspace, id)
                    )"""
    },
    "LIGHTRAG_VDB_RELATION": {
        "ddl": """CREATE TABLE LIGHTRAG_VDB_RELATION (
                    id VARCHAR(255),
                    workspace VARCHAR(255),
                    source_id VARCHAR(512),
                    target_id VARCHAR(512),
                    content TEXT,
                    content_vector VECTOR(dimension),
                    create_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                    update_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                    chunk_ids VARCHAR(255)[] NULL,
                    file_path TEXT NULL,
	                CONSTRAINT LIGHTRAG_VDB_RELATION_PK PRIMARY KEY (workspace, id)
                    )"""
    },
    "LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE": {
        "ddl": """CREATE TABLE LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE (
	                workspace varchar(255) NOT NULL,
	                id varchar(255) NOT NULL,
                    original_prompt TEXT,
                    return_value TEXT,
                    chunk_id VARCHAR(255) NULL,
                    cache_type VARCHAR(32),
                    queryparam JSONB NULL,
                    create_time TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                    update_time TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
	                CONSTRAINT LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE_PK PRIMARY KEY (workspace, id)
                    )"""
    },
    "LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS": {
        "ddl": """CREATE TABLE LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS (
	               workspace varchar(255) NOT NULL,
	               id varchar(255) NOT NULL,
	               content_summary varchar(255) NULL,
	               content_length int4 NULL,
	               chunks_count int4 NULL,
	               status varchar(64) NULL,
	               file_path TEXT NULL,
	               chunks_list JSONB NULL DEFAULT '[]'::jsonb,
	               track_id varchar(255) NULL,
	               metadata JSONB NULL DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb,
	               error_msg TEXT NULL,
	               created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
	               updated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
	               CONSTRAINT LIGHTRAG_DOC_STATUS_PK PRIMARY KEY (workspace, id)
	              )"""
    },
    "LIGHTRAG_FULL_ENTITIES": {
        "ddl": """CREATE TABLE LIGHTRAG_FULL_ENTITIES (
                    id VARCHAR(255),
                    workspace VARCHAR(255),
                    entity_names JSONB,
                    count INTEGER,
                    create_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                    update_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                    CONSTRAINT LIGHTRAG_FULL_ENTITIES_PK PRIMARY KEY (workspace, id)
                    )"""
    },
    "LIGHTRAG_FULL_RELATIONS": {
        "ddl": """CREATE TABLE LIGHTRAG_FULL_RELATIONS (
                    id VARCHAR(255),
                    workspace VARCHAR(255),
                    relation_pairs JSONB,
                    count INTEGER,
                    create_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                    update_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                    CONSTRAINT LIGHTRAG_FULL_RELATIONS_PK PRIMARY KEY (workspace, id)
                    )"""
    },
    "LIGHTRAG_ENTITY_CHUNKS": {
        "ddl": """CREATE TABLE LIGHTRAG_ENTITY_CHUNKS (
                    id VARCHAR(512),
                    workspace VARCHAR(255),
                    chunk_ids JSONB,
                    count INTEGER,
                    create_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                    update_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                    CONSTRAINT LIGHTRAG_ENTITY_CHUNKS_PK PRIMARY KEY (workspace, id)
                    )"""
    },
    "LIGHTRAG_RELATION_CHUNKS": {
        "ddl": """CREATE TABLE LIGHTRAG_RELATION_CHUNKS (
                    id VARCHAR(512),
                    workspace VARCHAR(255),
                    chunk_ids JSONB,
                    count INTEGER,
                    create_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                    update_time TIMESTAMP(0) DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                    CONSTRAINT LIGHTRAG_RELATION_CHUNKS_PK PRIMARY KEY (workspace, id)
                    )"""
    },
}


SQL_TEMPLATES = {
    # SQL for KVStorage
    "get_by_id_full_docs": """SELECT id, COALESCE(content, '') as content,
                                COALESCE(doc_name, '') as file_path
                                FROM LIGHTRAG_DOC_FULL WHERE workspace=$1 AND id=$2
                            """,
    "get_by_id_text_chunks": """SELECT id, tokens, COALESCE(content, '') as content,
                                chunk_order_index, full_doc_id, file_path,
                                COALESCE(llm_cache_list, '[]'::jsonb) as llm_cache_list,
                                EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM create_time)::BIGINT as create_time,
                                EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM update_time)::BIGINT as update_time
                                FROM LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS WHERE workspace=$1 AND id=$2
                            """,
    "get_by_id_llm_response_cache": """SELECT id, original_prompt, return_value, chunk_id, cache_type, queryparam,
                                EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM create_time)::BIGINT as create_time,
                                EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM update_time)::BIGINT as update_time
                                FROM LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE WHERE workspace=$1 AND id=$2
                               """,
    "get_by_ids_full_docs": """SELECT id, COALESCE(content, '') as content,
                                 COALESCE(doc_name, '') as file_path
                                 FROM LIGHTRAG_DOC_FULL WHERE workspace=$1 AND id = ANY($2)
                            """,
    "get_by_ids_text_chunks": """SELECT id, tokens, COALESCE(content, '') as content,
                                  chunk_order_index, full_doc_id, file_path,
                                  COALESCE(llm_cache_list, '[]'::jsonb) as llm_cache_list,
                                  EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM create_time)::BIGINT as create_time,
                                  EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM update_time)::BIGINT as update_time
                                   FROM LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS WHERE workspace=$1 AND id = ANY($2)
                                """,
    "get_by_ids_llm_response_cache": """SELECT id, original_prompt, return_value, chunk_id, cache_type, queryparam,
                                 EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM create_time)::BIGINT as create_time,
                                 EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM update_time)::BIGINT as update_time
                                 FROM LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE WHERE workspace=$1 AND id = ANY($2)
                                """,
    "get_by_id_full_entities": """SELECT id, entity_names, count,
                                EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM create_time)::BIGINT as create_time,
                                EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM update_time)::BIGINT as update_time
                                FROM LIGHTRAG_FULL_ENTITIES WHERE workspace=$1 AND id=$2
                               """,
    "get_by_id_full_relations": """SELECT id, relation_pairs, count,
                                EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM create_time)::BIGINT as create_time,
                                EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM update_time)::BIGINT as update_time
                                FROM LIGHTRAG_FULL_RELATIONS WHERE workspace=$1 AND id=$2
                               """,
    "get_by_ids_full_entities": """SELECT id, entity_names, count,
                                 EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM create_time)::BIGINT as create_time,
                                 EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM update_time)::BIGINT as update_time
                                 FROM LIGHTRAG_FULL_ENTITIES WHERE workspace=$1 AND id = ANY($2)
                                """,
    "get_by_ids_full_relations": """SELECT id, relation_pairs, count,
                                 EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM create_time)::BIGINT as create_time,
                                 EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM update_time)::BIGINT as update_time
                                 FROM LIGHTRAG_FULL_RELATIONS WHERE workspace=$1 AND id = ANY($2)
                                """,
    "get_by_id_entity_chunks": """SELECT id, chunk_ids, count,
                                EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM create_time)::BIGINT as create_time,
                                EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM update_time)::BIGINT as update_time
                                FROM LIGHTRAG_ENTITY_CHUNKS WHERE workspace=$1 AND id=$2
                               """,
    "get_by_id_relation_chunks": """SELECT id, chunk_ids, count,
                                EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM create_time)::BIGINT as create_time,
                                EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM update_time)::BIGINT as update_time
                                FROM LIGHTRAG_RELATION_CHUNKS WHERE workspace=$1 AND id=$2
                               """,
    "get_by_ids_entity_chunks": """SELECT id, chunk_ids, count,
                                 EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM create_time)::BIGINT as create_time,
                                 EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM update_time)::BIGINT as update_time
                                 FROM LIGHTRAG_ENTITY_CHUNKS WHERE workspace=$1 AND id = ANY($2)
                                """,
    "get_by_ids_relation_chunks": """SELECT id, chunk_ids, count,
                                 EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM create_time)::BIGINT as create_time,
                                 EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM update_time)::BIGINT as update_time
                                 FROM LIGHTRAG_RELATION_CHUNKS WHERE workspace=$1 AND id = ANY($2)
                                """,
    "filter_keys": "SELECT id FROM {table_name} WHERE workspace=$1 AND id IN ({ids})",
    "upsert_doc_full": """INSERT INTO LIGHTRAG_DOC_FULL (id, content, doc_name, workspace)
                        VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4)
                        ON CONFLICT (workspace,id) DO UPDATE
                           SET content = $2,
                               doc_name = $3,
                               update_time = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
                       """,
    "upsert_llm_response_cache": """INSERT INTO LIGHTRAG_LLM_CACHE(workspace,id,original_prompt,return_value,chunk_id,cache_type,queryparam)
                                      VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7)
                                      ON CONFLICT (workspace,id) DO UPDATE
                                      SET original_prompt = EXCLUDED.original_prompt,
                                      return_value=EXCLUDED.return_value,
                                      chunk_id=EXCLUDED.chunk_id,
                                      cache_type=EXCLUDED.cache_type,
                                      queryparam=EXCLUDED.queryparam,
                                      update_time = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
                                     """,
    "upsert_text_chunk": """INSERT INTO LIGHTRAG_DOC_CHUNKS (workspace, id, tokens,
                      chunk_order_index, full_doc_id, content, file_path, llm_cache_list,
                      create_time, update_time)
                      VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9, $10)
                      ON CONFLICT (workspace,id) DO UPDATE
                      SET tokens=EXCLUDED.tokens,
                      chunk_order_index=EXCLUDED.chunk_order_index,
                      full_doc_id=EXCLUDED.full_doc_id,
                      content = EXCLUDED.content,
                      file_path=EXCLUDED.file_path,
                      llm_cache_list=EXCLUDED.llm_cache_list,
                      update_time = EXCLUDED.update_time
                     """,
    "upsert_full_entities": """INSERT INTO LIGHTRAG_FULL_ENTITIES (workspace, id, entity_names, count,
                      create_time, update_time)
                      VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6)
                      ON CONFLICT (workspace,id) DO UPDATE
                      SET entity_names=EXCLUDED.entity_names,
                      count=EXCLUDED.count,
                      update_time = EXCLUDED.update_time
                     """,
    "upsert_full_relations": """INSERT INTO LIGHTRAG_FULL_RELATIONS (workspace, id, relation_pairs, count,
                      create_time, update_time)
                      VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6)
                      ON CONFLICT (workspace,id) DO UPDATE
                      SET relation_pairs=EXCLUDED.relation_pairs,
                      count=EXCLUDED.count,
                      update_time = EXCLUDED.update_time
                     """,
    "upsert_entity_chunks": """INSERT INTO LIGHTRAG_ENTITY_CHUNKS (workspace, id, chunk_ids, count,
                      create_time, update_time)
                      VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6)
                      ON CONFLICT (workspace,id) DO UPDATE
                      SET chunk_ids=EXCLUDED.chunk_ids,
                      count=EXCLUDED.count,
                      update_time = EXCLUDED.update_time
                     """,
    "upsert_relation_chunks": """INSERT INTO LIGHTRAG_RELATION_CHUNKS (workspace, id, chunk_ids, count,
                      create_time, update_time)
                      VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6)
                      ON CONFLICT (workspace,id) DO UPDATE
                      SET chunk_ids=EXCLUDED.chunk_ids,
                      count=EXCLUDED.count,
                      update_time = EXCLUDED.update_time
                     """,
    # SQL for VectorStorage
    "upsert_chunk": """INSERT INTO {table_name} (workspace, id, tokens,
                      chunk_order_index, full_doc_id, content, content_vector, file_path,
                      create_time, update_time)
                      VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9, $10)
                      ON CONFLICT (workspace,id) DO UPDATE
                      SET tokens=EXCLUDED.tokens,
                      chunk_order_index=EXCLUDED.chunk_order_index,
                      full_doc_id=EXCLUDED.full_doc_id,
                      content = EXCLUDED.content,
                      content_vector=EXCLUDED.content_vector,
                      file_path=EXCLUDED.file_path,
                      update_time = EXCLUDED.update_time
                     """,
    "upsert_entity": """INSERT INTO {table_name} (workspace, id, entity_name, content,
                      content_vector, chunk_ids, file_path, create_time, update_time)
                      VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6::varchar[], $7, $8, $9)
                      ON CONFLICT (workspace,id) DO UPDATE
                      SET entity_name=EXCLUDED.entity_name,
                      content=EXCLUDED.content,
                      content_vector=EXCLUDED.content_vector,
                      chunk_ids=EXCLUDED.chunk_ids,
                      file_path=EXCLUDED.file_path,
                      update_time=EXCLUDED.update_time
                     """,
    "upsert_relationship": """INSERT INTO {table_name} (workspace, id, source_id,
                      target_id, content, content_vector, chunk_ids, file_path, create_time, update_time)
                      VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7::varchar[], $8, $9, $10)
                      ON CONFLICT (workspace,id) DO UPDATE
                      SET source_id=EXCLUDED.source_id,
                      target_id=EXCLUDED.target_id,
                      content=EXCLUDED.content,
                      content_vector=EXCLUDED.content_vector,
                      chunk_ids=EXCLUDED.chunk_ids,
                      file_path=EXCLUDED.file_path,
                      update_time = EXCLUDED.update_time
                     """,
    "relationships": """
                     SELECT r.source_id AS src_id,
                            r.target_id AS tgt_id,
                            EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM r.create_time)::BIGINT AS created_at
                     FROM {table_name} r
                     WHERE r.workspace = $1
                       AND r.content_vector <=> '[{embedding_string}]'::{vector_cast} < $2
                     ORDER BY r.content_vector <=> '[{embedding_string}]'::{vector_cast}
                     LIMIT $3;
                     """,
    "entities": """
                SELECT e.entity_name,
                       EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM e.create_time)::BIGINT AS created_at
                FROM {table_name} e
                WHERE e.workspace = $1
                  AND e.content_vector <=> '[{embedding_string}]'::{vector_cast} < $2
                ORDER BY e.content_vector <=> '[{embedding_string}]'::{vector_cast}
                LIMIT $3;
                """,
    "chunks": """
              SELECT c.id,
                     c.content,
                     c.file_path,
                     EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM c.create_time)::BIGINT AS created_at
              FROM {table_name} c
              WHERE c.workspace = $1
                AND c.content_vector <=> '[{embedding_string}]'::{vector_cast} < $2
              ORDER BY c.content_vector <=> '[{embedding_string}]'::{vector_cast}
              LIMIT $3;
              """,
    # DROP tables
    "drop_specifiy_table_workspace": """
        DELETE FROM {table_name} WHERE workspace=$1
       """,
}