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E2B Sandbox Executor — Real code execution via E2B API
Provides actual Python/shell execution, file ops, stdout/stderr streaming
"""
import asyncio
import os
import time
import uuid
from typing import AsyncGenerator, Dict, List, Optional
import httpx
import structlog
log = structlog.get_logger()
E2B_API_KEY = os.environ.get("E2B_API_KEY", "")
E2B_BASE_URL = "https://api.e2b.dev"
E2B_SANDBOX_TEMPLATE = "base" # Python sandbox
class E2BSandboxSession:
"""Represents a live E2B sandbox session."""
def __init__(self, sandbox_id: str, session_id: str):
self.sandbox_id = sandbox_id
self.session_id = session_id
self.created_at = time.time()
self.last_used = time.time()
self.files_created: List[str] = []
def touch(self):
self.last_used = time.time()
def is_expired(self, ttl_seconds: int = 1800) -> bool:
return (time.time() - self.last_used) > ttl_seconds
class E2BExecutor:
"""
Real sandbox executor using E2B API.
Creates isolated sandbox environments for code execution.
"""
def __init__(self):
self.api_key = E2B_API_KEY
self._sessions: Dict[str, E2BSandboxSession] = {}
self._client = httpx.AsyncClient(
timeout=120.0,
headers={
"X-API-Key": self.api_key,
"Content-Type": "application/json",
}
)
async def get_or_create_sandbox(self, session_id: str) -> Optional[str]:
"""Get existing or create new sandbox for session."""
if not self.api_key:
log.warning("E2B_API_KEY not set — using local fallback")
return None
# Reuse existing non-expired session
if session_id in self._sessions:
sess = self._sessions[session_id]
if not sess.is_expired():
sess.touch()
return sess.sandbox_id
else:
# Try to close expired sandbox
await self._close_sandbox(sess.sandbox_id)
del self._sessions[session_id]
# Create new sandbox
sandbox_id = await self._create_sandbox()
if sandbox_id:
self._sessions[session_id] = E2BSandboxSession(sandbox_id, session_id)
log.info("E2B sandbox created", sandbox_id=sandbox_id, session_id=session_id)
return sandbox_id
async def _create_sandbox(self) -> Optional[str]:
"""Create a new E2B sandbox."""
try:
resp = await self._client.post(
f"{E2B_BASE_URL}/sandboxes",
json={
"templateID": E2B_SANDBOX_TEMPLATE,
"metadata": {"source": "god-agent-os"},
}
)
if resp.status_code in (200, 201):
data = resp.json()
return data.get("sandboxID") or data.get("sandbox_id") or data.get("id")
else:
log.error("E2B create sandbox failed", status=resp.status_code, body=resp.text[:200])
return None
except Exception as e:
log.error("E2B create sandbox exception", error=str(e))
return None
async def _close_sandbox(self, sandbox_id: str):
"""Close/terminate a sandbox."""
try:
await self._client.delete(f"{E2B_BASE_URL}/sandboxes/{sandbox_id}")
except Exception:
pass
async def execute_code(
self,
code: str,
session_id: str,
language: str = "python",
timeout: int = 60,
) -> Dict:
"""Execute code in E2B sandbox and return real stdout/stderr."""
sandbox_id = await self.get_or_create_sandbox(session_id)
if not sandbox_id:
# Fallback: local subprocess execution
return await self._local_execute_code(code, language, timeout)
try:
# E2B code execution API
if language == "python":
endpoint = f"{E2B_BASE_URL}/sandboxes/{sandbox_id}/code"
resp = await self._client.post(
endpoint,
json={
"code": code,
"language": "python3",
"timeout": timeout,
},
timeout=timeout + 10,
)
else:
# Shell command
endpoint = f"{E2B_BASE_URL}/sandboxes/{sandbox_id}/processes"
resp = await self._client.post(
endpoint,
json={
"cmd": code,
"timeout": timeout,
},
timeout=timeout + 10,
)
if resp.status_code == 200:
data = resp.json()
stdout = data.get("stdout", "") or data.get("output", "") or ""
stderr = data.get("stderr", "") or ""
exit_code = data.get("exitCode", 0) or data.get("exit_code", 0) or 0
# Update session files
if session_id in self._sessions:
self._sessions[session_id].touch()
return {
"stdout": stdout,
"stderr": stderr,
"exit_code": exit_code,
"sandbox_id": sandbox_id,
"success": exit_code == 0,
"execution_time_ms": data.get("duration", 0),
}
else:
log.error("E2B execute failed", status=resp.status_code, body=resp.text[:300])
# Fallback to local
return await self._local_execute_code(code, language, timeout)
except Exception as e:
log.error("E2B execute exception", error=str(e))
return await self._local_execute_code(code, language, timeout)
async def execute_shell(
self,
command: str,
session_id: str,
timeout: int = 60,
cwd: str = "/home/user",
) -> Dict:
"""Execute shell command in E2B sandbox."""
sandbox_id = await self.get_or_create_sandbox(session_id)
if not sandbox_id:
return await self._local_execute_shell(command, timeout, cwd)
try:
resp = await self._client.post(
f"{E2B_BASE_URL}/sandboxes/{sandbox_id}/processes",
json={
"cmd": command,
"cwd": cwd,
"timeout": timeout,
},
timeout=timeout + 10,
)
if resp.status_code == 200:
data = resp.json()
stdout = data.get("stdout", "") or data.get("output", "") or ""
stderr = data.get("stderr", "") or ""
exit_code = data.get("exitCode", 0) or data.get("exit_code", 0) or 0
if session_id in self._sessions:
self._sessions[session_id].touch()
return {
"stdout": stdout,
"stderr": stderr,
"exit_code": exit_code,
"sandbox_id": sandbox_id,
"success": exit_code == 0,
"command": command,
}
else:
return await self._local_execute_shell(command, timeout, cwd)
except Exception as e:
log.error("E2B shell execute exception", error=str(e))
return await self._local_execute_shell(command, timeout, cwd)
async def write_file(
self,
path: str,
content: str,
session_id: str,
) -> Dict:
"""Write file in E2B sandbox filesystem."""
sandbox_id = await self.get_or_create_sandbox(session_id)
if not sandbox_id:
return await self._local_write_file(path, content)
try:
resp = await self._client.post(
f"{E2B_BASE_URL}/sandboxes/{sandbox_id}/filesystem",
json={"path": path, "content": content},
)
if resp.status_code in (200, 201):
if session_id in self._sessions:
self._sessions[session_id].files_created.append(path)
self._sessions[session_id].touch()
return {
"success": True,
"path": path,
"size": len(content),
"sandbox_id": sandbox_id,
}
else:
return await self._local_write_file(path, content)
except Exception as e:
log.error("E2B write file exception", error=str(e))
return await self._local_write_file(path, content)
async def read_file(self, path: str, session_id: str) -> Dict:
"""Read file from E2B sandbox filesystem."""
sandbox_id = await self.get_or_create_sandbox(session_id)
if not sandbox_id:
return await self._local_read_file(path)
try:
resp = await self._client.get(
f"{E2B_BASE_URL}/sandboxes/{sandbox_id}/filesystem",
params={"path": path},
)
if resp.status_code == 200:
data = resp.json()
content = data.get("content", "") or resp.text
return {
"success": True,
"path": path,
"content": content,
"sandbox_id": sandbox_id,
}
else:
return {"success": False, "error": f"File not found: {path}"}
except Exception as e:
return {"success": False, "error": str(e)}
async def delete_file(self, path: str, session_id: str) -> Dict:
"""Delete file from E2B sandbox."""
sandbox_id = await self.get_or_create_sandbox(session_id)
if not sandbox_id:
return await self._local_delete_file(path)
try:
cmd = f"rm -f {path}"
result = await self.execute_shell(cmd, session_id)
success = result.get("exit_code", 1) == 0
return {
"success": success,
"path": path,
"sandbox_id": sandbox_id,
}
except Exception as e:
return {"success": False, "error": str(e)}
async def list_files(self, path: str, session_id: str) -> Dict:
"""List files in E2B sandbox directory."""
sandbox_id = await self.get_or_create_sandbox(session_id)
if not sandbox_id:
return await self._local_list_files(path)
try:
cmd = f"ls -la {path} 2>&1"
result = await self.execute_shell(cmd, session_id)
return {
"success": True,
"path": path,
"listing": result.get("stdout", ""),
"sandbox_id": sandbox_id,
}
except Exception as e:
return {"success": False, "error": str(e)}
def get_session_info(self, session_id: str) -> Dict:
"""Get sandbox session info."""
if session_id in self._sessions:
sess = self._sessions[session_id]
return {
"sandbox_id": sess.sandbox_id,
"session_id": session_id,
"created_at": sess.created_at,
"last_used": sess.last_used,
"files_created": sess.files_created,
"active": not sess.is_expired(),
}
return {"session_id": session_id, "active": False}
async def close_session(self, session_id: str):
"""Close sandbox session."""
if session_id in self._sessions:
sess = self._sessions[session_id]
await self._close_sandbox(sess.sandbox_id)
del self._sessions[session_id]
log.info("E2B session closed", session_id=session_id)
# ─── Local Fallback (when E2B not available) ──────────────────────────────
async def _local_execute_code(self, code: str, language: str, timeout: int) -> Dict:
"""Execute code locally as fallback."""
import tempfile
start = time.time()
if language == "python":
with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".py", mode="w", delete=False) as f:
f.write(code)
fname = f.name
try:
proc = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
"python3", fname,
stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
stderr=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
)
stdout, stderr = await asyncio.wait_for(proc.communicate(), timeout=timeout)
duration_ms = int((time.time() - start) * 1000)
return {
"stdout": stdout.decode("utf-8", errors="replace"),
"stderr": stderr.decode("utf-8", errors="replace"),
"exit_code": proc.returncode,
"sandbox_id": "local",
"success": proc.returncode == 0,
"execution_time_ms": duration_ms,
}
except asyncio.TimeoutError:
return {"stdout": "", "stderr": f"Timeout after {timeout}s", "exit_code": -1, "sandbox_id": "local", "success": False}
finally:
try:
os.unlink(fname)
except Exception:
pass
else:
return await self._local_execute_shell(code, timeout)
async def _local_execute_shell(self, command: str, timeout: int, cwd: str = "/tmp") -> Dict:
"""Execute shell command locally as fallback."""
# Safety check
blocked = ["rm -rf /", ":(){ :|:&", "mkfs", "shutdown", "reboot", "halt", "dd if=/dev/zero"]
for b in blocked:
if b in command:
return {
"stdout": "", "stderr": f"Blocked dangerous command",
"exit_code": 1, "sandbox_id": "local", "success": False,
"command": command,
}
start = time.time()
try:
proc = await asyncio.create_subprocess_shell(
command,
stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
stderr=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
cwd=cwd if os.path.exists(cwd) else "/tmp",
)
stdout, stderr = await asyncio.wait_for(proc.communicate(), timeout=timeout)
duration_ms = int((time.time() - start) * 1000)
return {
"stdout": stdout.decode("utf-8", errors="replace"),
"stderr": stderr.decode("utf-8", errors="replace"),
"exit_code": proc.returncode,
"sandbox_id": "local",
"success": proc.returncode == 0,
"execution_time_ms": duration_ms,
"command": command,
}
except asyncio.TimeoutError:
return {
"stdout": "", "stderr": f"Command timed out after {timeout}s",
"exit_code": -1, "sandbox_id": "local", "success": False,
"command": command,
}
except Exception as e:
return {
"stdout": "", "stderr": str(e),
"exit_code": -1, "sandbox_id": "local", "success": False,
"command": command,
}
async def _local_write_file(self, path: str, content: str) -> Dict:
"""Write file locally as fallback."""
try:
os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(path)), exist_ok=True)
with open(path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
f.write(content)
return {
"success": True,
"path": path,
"size": len(content),
"sandbox_id": "local",
}
except Exception as e:
return {"success": False, "error": str(e), "sandbox_id": "local"}
async def _local_read_file(self, path: str) -> Dict:
"""Read file locally as fallback."""
try:
with open(path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
content = f.read()
return {
"success": True,
"path": path,
"content": content,
"sandbox_id": "local",
}
except FileNotFoundError:
return {"success": False, "error": f"File not found: {path}"}
except Exception as e:
return {"success": False, "error": str(e)}
async def _local_delete_file(self, path: str) -> Dict:
"""Delete file locally as fallback."""
try:
os.unlink(path)
return {"success": True, "path": path, "sandbox_id": "local"}
except Exception as e:
return {"success": False, "error": str(e)}
async def _local_list_files(self, path: str) -> Dict:
"""List files locally as fallback."""
try:
import subprocess
result = subprocess.run(
["ls", "-la", path],
capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=5
)
return {
"success": True,
"path": path,
"listing": result.stdout,
"sandbox_id": "local",
}
except Exception as e:
return {"success": False, "error": str(e)}
async def close(self):
"""Cleanup all sessions."""
for sid in list(self._sessions.keys()):
await self.close_session(sid)
await self._client.aclose()
# Global singleton
_executor: Optional[E2BExecutor] = None
def get_executor() -> E2BExecutor:
global _executor
if _executor is None:
_executor = E2BExecutor()
return _executor
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