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README.md
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Implemented a hate speech detector for social media comments using deep learning. The fine-tuned BERT model achieved 78% accuracy on the Ethos Hate Speech Dataset, outperforming SimpleRNN/LSTM baselines, and was deployed via a web application and API.
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---
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## Table of Contents
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<ol>
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<li>
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<a href="#about-the-project">About The Project</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#summary">Summary</a></li>
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<li><a href="#built-with">Built With</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="#motivation">Motivation</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="#data">Data</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="#model-building">Model Building</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="#model-performance">Model Performance</a>
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</li>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#accuracy">Accuracy</a></li>
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<li><a href="#classification-report">Classification Report</a></li>
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<li><a href="#confusion-matrix">Confusion Matrix</a></li>
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<li><a href="#illustrative-examples">Illustrative Examples</a></li>
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</ul>
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<li>
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<a href="#model-deployment">Model Deployment</a>
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</li>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#web-application">Web Application</a></li>
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<li><a href="#api">API</a></li>
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</ul>
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<li>
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<a href="#getting-started">Getting Started</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#prerequisites-for-model-training">Prerequisites for Model Training</a></li>
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<li><a href="#prerequisites-for-model-deployment">Prerequisites for Model Deployment</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="#appendix">Appendix</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#simplernn-preprocessing-model-architecture-and-hyperparameters">SimpleRNN: Preprocessing, Model Architecture and Hyperparameters</a></li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#lstm-preprocessing-model-architecture-and-hyperparameters">LSTM: Preprocessing, Model Architecture and Hyperparameters</a></li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#fine-tuned-bert-preprocessing-model-architecture-and-hyperparameters">Fine-Tuned BERT: Preprocessing, Model Architecture and Hyperparameters</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<!-- ABOUT THE PROJECT -->
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## About The Project
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### Summary
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+ Motivation: Develop a hate speech detector for social media comments.
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+ Data: Utilized the [ETHOS Hate Speech Detection Dataset](https://github.com/intelligence-csd-auth-gr/Ethos-Hate-Speech-Dataset).
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+ Models: The fine-tuned BERT model demonstrated superior performance (78.0% accuracy) compared to the SimpleRNN (66.3%) and LSTM (70.7%) models.
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+ Deployment: The fine-tuned BERT model was prepared for production by integrating it into a web application and an API endpoint.
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### Built With
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* [![TensorFlow][TensorFlow-badge]][TensorFlow-url]
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* [![scikit-learn][scikit-learn-badge]][scikit-learn-url]
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* [![NumPy][NumPy-badge]][NumPy-url]
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* [![Pandas][Pandas-badge]][Pandas-url]
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* [![Matplotlib][Matplotlib-badge]][Matplotlib-url]
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* [![Flask][Flask-badge]][Flask-url]
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* [![Python][Python-badge]][Python-url]
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* [![Spyder][Spyder-badge]][Spyder-url]
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* ![HTML5][HTML5-badge]
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* ![CSS3][CSS3-badge]
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<p align="right">(<a href="#readme-top">back to top</a>)</p>
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<!-- Motivation -->
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## Motivation
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+ Problem: Hate speech is on the rise globally, especially on social media platforms (source: [United Nations](https://www.un.org/en/hate-speech/understanding-hate-speech/what-is-hate-speech)).
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+ Project goal: Utilize deep learning for hate speech detection in social media comments.
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+ Definition of hate speech: Insulting public speech directed at specific individuals or groups on the basis of characteristics such as race, religion, ethnic origin, national origin, sex, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity ([Mollas, Chrysopoulou, Karlos, & Tsoumakas, 2022](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40747-021-00608-2)).
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<p align="right">(<a href="#readme-top">back to top</a>)</p>
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<!-- Data -->
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## Data
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+ 998 comments from YouTube and Reddit validated using the Figure-Eight crowdsourcing platform.
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+ Dataset: [ETHOS Hate Speech Detection Dataset](https://github.com/intelligence-csd-auth-gr/Ethos-Hate-Speech-Dataset).
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+ Balanced data: 43.4% hate speech.
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+ Comment length: Mean = 112 words (std = 160).
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<p align="right">(<a href="#readme-top">back to top</a>)</p>
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<!-- Model Building -->
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## Model Building
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Benchmark models ([Mollas, Chrysopoulou, Karlos, & Tsoumakas, 2022](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40747-021-00608-2)):
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+ Random Forest: 65.0% Accuracy
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+ Support Vector Machine: 66.4% Accuracy
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Comparison of three deep learning models:
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+ SimpleRNN
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+ Preprocessing, model architecture and hyperparameters: [See details](#simplernn-preprocessing-model-architecture-and-hyperparameters)
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+ LSTM
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+ Preprocessing, model architecture and hyperparameters: [See details](#lstm-preprocessing-model-architecture-and-hyperparameters)
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+ Fine-tuned BERT
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+ Implementation with TensorFlow Hub
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+ Small BERT model: [small_bert/bert_en_uncased_L-4_H-512_A-8](https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/small_bert/bert_en_uncased_L-4_H-512_A-8/2)
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+ Preprocessing, model architecture and hyperparameters: [See details](#fine-tuned-bert-preprocessing-model-architecture-and-hyperparameters)
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<p align="right">(<a href="#readme-top">back to top</a>)</p>
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<!-- Model Performance -->
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## Model Performance
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### Accuracy
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| | SimpleRNN | LSTM | Fine-Tuned BERT |
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|-------------------|-----------|----------|-----------------|
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| Training Accuracy | 91.8% | 100% | 99.9% |
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| Test Accuracy | 66.3% | 70.7% | 78.0% |
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<p align="right">(<a href="#readme-top">back to top</a>)</p>
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### Classification Report
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The following classification reports present the performance metrics of the trained models on the test data.
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**SimpleRNN**
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| | Precision | Recall | F1 Score |
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|-----------------|-----------|--------|----------|
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| No Hate Speech | 0.69 | 0.71 | 0.70 |
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| Hate Speech | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.62 |
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| Accuracy | | | 0.66 |
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**LSTM**
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| | Precision | Recall | F1 Score |
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|-----------------|-----------|--------|----------|
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| No Hate Speech | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.74 |
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| Hate Speech | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.67 |
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| Accuracy | | | 0.71 |
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**Fine-Tuned BERT**
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| | Precision | Recall | F1 Score |
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|-----------------|-----------|--------|----------|
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| No Hate Speech | 0.84 | 0.74 | 0.79 |
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| Hate Speech | 0.72 | 0.83 | 0.77 |
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| Accuracy | | | 0.78 |
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<p align="right">(<a href="#readme-top">back to top</a>)</p>
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### Confusion Matrix
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Confusion matrices of the three models based on the test data.
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| SimpleRNN | LSTM | Fine-Tuned BERT |
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|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|
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<p align="right">(<a href="#readme-top">back to top</a>)</p>
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### Illustrative Examples
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Here are some example comments from the test data along with their true label and model predictions.
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| | True Label | SimpleRNN | LSTM | Fine-Tuned BERT |
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|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|
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| Women deserve to be abused, I guess. | Hate | Hate | Hate | Hate |
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| Christians are all demonic. | Hate | No Hate | Hate | Hate |
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| Muslims want war! So take it to them first | Hate | Hate | No Hate | Hate |
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| Fat lesbians | Hate | Hate | Hate | Hate |
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| What imaginary gender are you? | Hate | No Hate | No Hate | Hate |
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<p align="right">(<a href="#readme-top">back to top</a>)</p>
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<!-- MODEL DEPLOYMENT -->
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## Model Deployment
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I deployed the fine-tuned BERT model through both a web application and an API.
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### Web Application
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Utilizing the Flask framework, HTML, and CSS, I created a web application with a user-friendly interface for users to input text and receive predictions on whether it contains hate speech.
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<img src="./images/model_deployment_01.PNG" alt="Deployment example 1" style="width: 300px;"> <img src="./images/model_deployment_02.PNG" alt="Deployment example 2" style="width: 300px;">
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### API
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I developed an API endpoint to enable integration with other applications or services by leveraging the Flask framework and utilized <a href="https://www.postman.com/">Postman</a> for testing and documenting the API.
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API documentation: [See here](https://documenter.getpostman.com/view/28394113/2s946eBERv)
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<p align="right">(<a href="#readme-top">back to top</a>)</p>
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<!-- GETTING STARTED -->
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## Getting Started
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### Prerequisites for Model Training
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This is a list of the Python packages you need.
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<ul>
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<li>TensorFlow</li>
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<li>TensorFlow Hub</li>
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<li>TensorFlow Text</li>
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<li>Scikit-Learn</li>
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<li>NumPy</li>
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<li>Pandas</li>
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<li>Matplotlib</li>
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</ul>
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### Prerequisites for Model Deployment
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This is a list of the Python packages you need.
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<ul>
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<li>TensorFlow</li>
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<li>TensorFlow Text</li>
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<li>NumPy</li>
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<li>Flask</li>
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<li>Flask-WTF</li>
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<li>WTForms</li>
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<li>Python-dotenv</li>
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</ul>
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To enhance security, create a `.env` file and create a secret key for the Flask application. Store the secret key in the `.env` file and utilize the `python-dotenv` library to retrieve it.
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```
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SECRET_KEY = "Your_secret_key_here"
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```
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<p align="right">(<a href="#readme-top">back to top</a>)</p>
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<!-- APPENDIX -->
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## Appendix
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### SimpleRNN: Preprocessing, Model Architecture and Hyperparameters
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**Preprocessing**
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Tokenizer vocabulary size: 5000
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Padded sequence length: 15
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Embedding dimension: 50
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**Model Architecture**
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| Layer (type) | Output Shape | Param # | Activation |
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| ------------ | --------------- | ------- | ---------- |
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| Embedding | (None, 15, 50) | 250050 | |
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| SimpleRNN | (None, 15, 128) | 22912 | tanh |
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| SimpleRNN | (None, 128) | 32896 | tanh |
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| Dense | (None, 64) | 8256 | relu |
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| Dense | (None, 1) | 65 | sigmoid |
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Total params: 314,179
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Trainable params: 314,179
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Non-trainable params: 0
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**Hyperparameters**
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Optimizer: Adam
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Learning rate: 0.001
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Loss: Binary Crossentropy
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Epochs: 100
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Batch size: 8
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Dropout rate: 50%
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Early stopping metric: Accuracy
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<p align="right">(<a href="#readme-top">back to top</a>)</p>
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### LSTM: Preprocessing, Model Architecture and Hyperparameters
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**Preprocessing**
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Tokenizer vocabulary size: 5000
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Padded sequence length: 150
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Embedding dimension: 50
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**Model Architecture**
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| Layer (type) | Output Shape | Param # | Activation |
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| ------------ | ---------------- | ------- | ---------- |
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| Embedding | (None, 150, 50) | 250050 | |
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| LSTM | (None, 150, 128) | 91648 | tanh |
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| LSTM | (None, 128) | 131584 | tanh |
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| Dense | (None, 64) | 8256 | relu |
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| Dense | (None, 1) | 65 | sigmoid |
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Total params: 481,603
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Trainable params: 481,603
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Non-trainable params: 0
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**Hyperparameters**
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Optimizer: Adam
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Learning rate: 0.001
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Loss: Binary Crossentropy
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Epochs: 100
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Batch size: 32
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Dropout rate: 50%
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Early stopping metric: Accuracy
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<p align="right">(<a href="#readme-top">back to top</a>)</p>
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### Fine-Tuned BERT: Preprocessing, Model Architecture and Hyperparameters
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**Preprocessing**
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Text preprocessing for BERT models: https://tfhub.dev/tensorflow/bert_en_uncased_preprocess/3
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**Model Architecture**
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| Layer (type) | Output Shape | Param # | Activation |
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| ------------- | ---------------- | -------- | ---------- |
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| Text Input | [(None,)] | 0 | |
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| Preprocessing | input_type_ids: (None, 128)<br> input_mask: (None, 128)<br> input_word_ids: (None, 128) | 0 | |
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| BERT | (None, 512) | 28763649 | |
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| Dropout | (None, 512) | 0 | |
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| Dense | (None, 128) | 65664 | relu |
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| Dense | (None, 1) | 129 | sigmoid |
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Total params: 28,829,442
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Trainable params: 28,829,441
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Non-trainable params: 1
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**Hyperparameters**
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Optimizer: Adam
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Learning rate: 0.0001
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Loss: Binary Crossentropy
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Epochs: 100
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Batch size: 8
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Dropout rate: 50%
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Early stopping metric: Accuracy
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<p align="right">(<a href="#readme-top">back to top</a>)</p>
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<!-- MARKDOWN LINKS -->
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[TensorFlow-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/TensorFlow-%23FF6F00.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=TensorFlow&logoColor=white
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[TensorFlow-url]: https://www.tensorflow.org/
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[scikit-learn-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/scikit--learn-%23F7931E.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=scikit-learn&logoColor=white
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[scikit-learn-url]: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/
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[NumPy-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/numpy-%23013243.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=numpy&logoColor=white
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[NumPy-url]: https://numpy.org/
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[Pandas-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/pandas-%23150458.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=pandas&logoColor=white
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[Pandas-url]: https://pandas.pydata.org/
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[Matplotlib-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/Matplotlib-%23ffffff.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=Matplotlib&logoColor=black
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| 349 |
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[Matplotlib-url]: https://matplotlib.org/
|
| 350 |
-
[Flask-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/flask-%23000.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=flask&logoColor=white
|
| 351 |
-
[Flask-url]: https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/2.3.x/
|
| 352 |
-
[Python-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/python-3670A0?style=for-the-badge&logo=python&logoColor=ffdd54
|
| 353 |
-
[Python-url]: https://www.python.org/
|
| 354 |
-
[Spyder-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/Spyder-838485?style=for-the-badge&logo=spyder%20ide&logoColor=maroon
|
| 355 |
-
[Spyder-url]: https://www.spyder-ide.org/
|
| 356 |
-
[HTML5-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/html5-%23E34F26.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=html5&logoColor=white
|
| 357 |
-
[CSS3-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/css3-%231572B6.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=css3&logoColor=white
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
---
|
| 2 |
+
title: Hate Speech Detector
|
| 3 |
+
sdk: gradio
|
| 4 |
+
sdk_version: "4.0.0"
|
| 5 |
+
app_file: app.py
|
| 6 |
+
pinned: false
|
| 7 |
+
---
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