geoindex/docstore.json

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"6ed9a369-831b-49cd-bf30-4b293ad7ef07"}, "4eb94dd1-bcdd-4bab-a936-c141d26b9ff4": {"doc_hash": "11e8db47b057f09439146e41ee522ed0e9a4b20771107101c99f5cbcbe054b05", "ref_doc_id": "2567318a-a94e-462e-9d86-3a993fc7eb96"}}, "docstore/data": {"5377034a-bd4f-4902-92cf-1d5c65cdf6be": {"__data__": {"id_": "5377034a-bd4f-4902-92cf-1d5c65cdf6be", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "15d81271-42b6-4a87-b4be-c4401e5be4db", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "1b0e4e6109e8ddb2661715413447b546d1c4b68f8029d62ad19c2ed017ac8103", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Unit I Unit IUnit I Unit IUnit I\nChapter 1\nPOPULATION\nDistribution, Density , Growth\nand CompositionThe people are very important component of a\ncountry. India is the second most populous\ncountry after China in the world with its total\npopulation of 1, 210 million (20 11). India\u2019s\npopulation is larger than the total population\nof North America, South America and Australia\nput together . Mor e often, it is argued that such\na large population invariably puts pressure\non its limited resources and is also responsible\nfor many socio-economic problems in the\ncountry.\nHow do you perceive the idea of India? Is\nit simply a territory? Does this signify an\namalgam of people? Is it a territory\ninhabited by people living under certain\ninstitutions of governance?\nIn this chapter , we will discuss the\npatterns of distribution, density, growth and\ncomposition of India\u2019s population.\nSources of Population DataSources of Population DataSources of Population DataSources of Population DataSources of Population Data\nPopulation data are collected through\nCensus operation held every 10 years in our\ncountry . The first population Census in India\nwas conducted in 1872 but its first complete\nCensus was conducted only in 1881.\nDistrib DistribDistrib DistribDistrib ution of ution ofution of ution ofution of  P P P\n P Popula opulaopula opulaopula tion tiontion tiontion\nExamine Fig. 1.1 and try to describe the\npatterns of spatial distribution of population\nshown on it. It is clear that India has a highly\nuneven pattern of population distribution. The\npercentage shares of population of the states\nand Union Territories in the country (Appendix )\nshow that Uttar Pradesh has the highest\npopulation followed by Maharashtra, Bihar and\nWest Bengal.\nLooking at the data in Appendix i, arrange the Indian\nStates and Union Territories according to their sizes\nand population and find out :\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1898, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "63a92cb9-fad6-498f-9bb9-1763c780e6d7": {"__data__": {"id_": "63a92cb9-fad6-498f-9bb9-1763c780e6d7", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "205da8d1-4079-4caf-b92d-a39ffb5a61db", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "18d31974e70bbb6c7787d0be43936fe8d7f79312b4c2b1872ca607f30421c9cb", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "2India : People and Economy\nFig. 1.1 : India \u2013 Distribution of Population\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 94, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "148eecb8-eac2-48cb-bc79-000dba6e9122": {"__data__": {"id_": "148eecb8-eac2-48cb-bc79-000dba6e9122", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "01944d6e-3fbb-445d-a6b0-9c032bac596a", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "a580e36200e4a32dc55366c62e0486acbc57cd22d4609494013f3e6b7017c4ea", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition      3\nStates/ UTs of large size and large population\nStates/ UTs of large size but small population\nStates/ UTs of smaller size but larger population\nCheck fr om the table (Appendix\u2013iA) that U.P .,\nMaharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra\nPradesh along with Tamil Nadu, Madhya\nPradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Gujarat,\ntogether account for about 76 per cent of the\ntotal population of the country. On the other\nhand, share of population is very small in the\nstates like Jammu & Kashmir (1.04%),\nArunachal Pradesh (0.11%) and Uttarakhand\n(0.84%) inspite of theses  states having fairly\nlarge geographical area.\nSuch an uneven spatial distribution of\npopulation in India suggests a close relationship\nbetween population and physical, socio-\neconomic and historical factors. As far as the\nphysical factors are concerned, it is clear that\nclimate along with terrain and availability of\nwater largely determines the pattern of the\npopulation distribution. Consequently, we\nobserve that the North Indian Plains, deltas and\nCoastal Plains have higher proportion of\npopulation than the interior districts of southern\nand central Indian States, Himalayas, some of\nthe north eastern and the western states.\nHowever, development of irrigation (Rajasthan),\navailability of mineral and energy resources\n(Jharkhand) and development of transport\nnetwork (Peninsular States) have resulted in\nmoderate to high concentration  of population\nin areas which were previously very thinly\npopulated.\nAmong the socio-economic and historical\nfactors of distribution of population, important\nones are evolution of settled agriculture and\nagricultural development; pattern of human\nsettlement; development of transport  network,\nindustrialisation and urbanisation. It is\nobserved that the regions falling in the river\nplains and coastal areas of India have remained\nthe regions of larger  population concentration.\nEven though the uses of natural resources like\nland and water in these regions have shown\nthe sign of degradation, the co ncentration of\npopulation remains high because of an earlyhistory of human settlement and development\nof transport network. On the other hand, the\nurban re gions of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata,\nBengaluru, Pune, Ahmedabad, Chennai and\nJaipur have high concentration of population\ndue to industrial development and\nurbanisation drawing a large numbers of\nrural-urban migrants.\nDensity ofDensity ofDensity ofDensity ofDensity of  P P P P Populaopulaopulaopulaopula tion\ntiontion tiontion\nDensity of population, is expressed as number\nof persons per unit area. It helps in getting a\nbetter understanding of the spatial distribution\nof population in relation to land. The density of\npopulation in India (2011) is 382 persons per\nsq km. There has been a steady increase of more\nthan 200 persons per sq km over the last 50\nyears as the density of population increased\nfrom 117 persons/ sq km in 1951 to 382\npersons/sq km in 2011.\nThe d ata shown in Appendix (i) give an\nidea of spatial variation of population densities\nin the country which ranges from as low as 17\npersons per sq km in Arunachal Pradesh to\n11,297 persons in the National Capital\nTerritory of Delhi. Among the northern Indian\nStates, Bihar (1102), W est Bengal (1029) and\nand Uttar Pradesh (828) have higher densities,\nwhile Kerala (859) and Tamil Nadu (555) have\nhigher densities among the peninsular Indian\nstates. States like Assam, Gujarat, Andhra\nPradesh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Odisha have\nmoderate densities. The hill states of the\nHimalayan region and North eastern states of\nIndia (excluding Assam) have relatively low\ndensities while the Union Territories (excluding\nAndaman and Nicobar islands) have very high\ndensities of population (Appendix\u2013i).\nThe density of population, as discussed\nin the earlier paragraph, is a crude measure\nof human and land relationship. To get a\nbetter insight into the human-land ratio in\nterms of  pressure of population on total\ncultivable land, the physiological  and the\nagricultural  densities should be found out\nwhich are significant for a country like India\nhaving a large agricultural population.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 4186, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "e5876ad0-422f-4197-8d86-e5ab4143157e": {"__data__": {"id_": "e5876ad0-422f-4197-8d86-e5ab4143157e", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "e473437b-bcc1-4463-94dd-5f247ce9ccd3", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "d3f940cad390d03892d34e889a3637d83e8a359754ae13020d2312cdadbec789", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "4India : People and Economy\nFig. 1.2 : India \u2013 Density of Population\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 89, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "b18dd423-4797-49a6-b974-3bbb7396990d": {"__data__": {"id_": "b18dd423-4797-49a6-b974-3bbb7396990d", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "9746abcd-41aa-4ff2-ad83-f6c4685c0a68", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "d809226e36db40cc6bc64537df67d17dc0c2f88f6d7405a3ca7a48fb4b78a7ad", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition      5\nPhysiological density =  total population /\nnet cultivated area\nAgricultural density = total agricultural\npopulation / net cultivable area\nAgricultural population includes cultivators\nand agricultural labourers and their family\nmembers.\nWith the help of data given in Appendix (ii), Calculate\nthe Physiological and Agricultural densities of\npopulation of Indian States and Union Territories.\nCompare them with density of population and see how\nare these different?\nGr GrGr GrGrowth of owth ofowth ofowth ofowth of  P\n P P  P Popula opulaopula opulaopula tion tiontion tiontion\nGrowth of population is the change in the\nnumber of people living in a particular area\nbetween two points of time. Its rate is expressed\nin percentage. Population growth has two\ncomponents namely; natural and induced.\nWhile the natural growth is analysed byassessing the crude birth and death rates, the\ninduced components are explained by the\nvolume of inward and outward movement of\npeople in any given area. However, in the\npresent chapter, we will only discuss the\nnatural growth of India\u2019s population.\nThe decadal and annual growth rates of\npopulation in India are both very high and\nsteadily increasing over time. The annual\ngrowth rate of India\u2019s population is 1.64 per\ncent (2011).\nPopulation Doubling TimePopulation Doubling TimePopulation Doubling TimePopulation Doubling TimePopulation Doubling Time\nPopulation doubling time is the time taken\nby any population to double  itself at its\ncurrent annual growth rate.\nThe growth rate of population in India over\nthe last one century has been caused by annual\nbirth rate and death rate and rate of migration\nand thereby shows different trends. There are\nfour distinct phases of growth identified within\nthis period:\n* Decadal growth rate :   2 1\n1p -pg = \u00d7100p\nwhere P1 = population of the base year\nP2 = population of the present year\n** Source : Census of India, 2011(Provisional)Table 1.1 : Decadal Growth Rates in India, 1901-2011\nCensus Total Population Growth Rate*\nYears Absolute Number % of Growth\n1901 238396327 ------------ ------------\n1911 252093390 (+) 13697063 (+) 5.75\n1921 251321213 (-) 772117 (-)  0.31\n1931 278977238 (+) 27656025 (+) 11.60\n1941 318660580 (+) 39683342 (+) 14.22\n1951 361088090 (+) 42420485 (+) 13.31\n1961 439234771 (+) 77682873 (+) 21.51\n1971 548159652 (+) 108924881 (+) 24.80\n1981 683329097 (+) 135169445 (+) 24.66\n1991 846302688 (+) 162973591 (+) 23.85\n2001 1028610328 (+) 182307640 (+) 21.54\n2011** 1210193422 (+) 181583094  (+) 17.64\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2590, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "6e688803-c1b9-4a44-a759-fc962f95d297": {"__data__": {"id_": "6e688803-c1b9-4a44-a759-fc962f95d297", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "6e0a7a6c-16b4-465a-a2b9-4441b85e6525", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "2635d6f28b5fd11f64804a9a566f7a66885b1c63dca266375dd0a4568307656d", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "6India : People and Economy\nFig. 1.3 : India \u2013 Growth of Population\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 88, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "295a5ef2-1cda-41ad-b504-1f07a225a7a1": {"__data__": {"id_": "295a5ef2-1cda-41ad-b504-1f07a225a7a1", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "7", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "b71e36bc-16d4-4913-b902-f1bc34ef2f20", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "7", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "4c5f7c9fa775891cbd84ea1fd25bfa1a8ba7c3812c1cc141d61394e662a9b1ef", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition      7\nPhase I :The pe riod from 1901-1921 is\nreferred to as a period of stagnant\nor stationary phase of growth of\nIndia\u2019s population, since in this\nperiod growth rate was very low,\neven recording a negative growth\nrate during 1911-1921. Both the\nbirth rate and death rate were high\nkeeping the rate of increase low\n(Appendix\u2013iii). Poor health and\nmedical services, illiteracy of people\nat large and inefficient distribution\nsystem of food and other basic\nnecessities were largely responsible\nfor a hig h birth and death rates in\nthis period.\nPhase II :The decades 1921- 1951 are\nreferred to as the period of steady\npopulation growth. An overall\nimprovement in health and\nsanitation throughout the country\nbrought down the mortality rate. At\nthe same time better transport and\ncommunication system improved\ndistribution system. The crude\nbirth rate remained high in this\nperiod leading to higher growth rate\nthan the previous phase. This is\nimpressive at the backdrop of Great\nEconomic Depression , 1920s and\nWorld W ar II.\nPhase III : The decades 1951-1981 are\nreferred to as the period of\npopulation explosion in India,\nwhich was caused by a rapid fall\nin the mortality rate but a high\nfertility rate of population in the\ncountry. The average annual\ngrowth rate was as high as 2.2 per\ncent. It is in this period, after the\nIndependence, that developmental\nactivities were introduced through\na centralised planning process and\neconomy started showing up\nensuring the improvement of living\ncondition of people at large.\nConsequently, there was a high\nnatural increase and higher growth\nrate. Besides, increased\ninternational migration bringing inTibetans, Bangladeshis, Nepalies\nand even people from Pakistan\ncontributed to the high growth rate.\nPhase IV : In the post 1981 till present, the\ngrowth rate of country\u2019s population\nthough remained high, has started\nslowing down gradually (Table 1.1).\nA downward trend of crude birth\nrate is held responsible for such a\npopulation growth. This was, in\nturn, affected by an increase in the\nmean age at marriage, improved\nquality of life particularly education\nof females in the country.\nThe growth rate of population is, however,\nstill high in the country, and it has been\nprojected by World Development Report that\npopulation of India will touch 1,350 million by\n2025.\nThe analysis done so far shows the average\ngrowth rate, but the country also has wide\nvariation (Appendix\u2013iv) in growth rates from one\narea to another which is discussed below.\nR RRRRe\nee eegional V gional Vgional V gional Vgional V aria ariaaria ariaaria tion in tion intion in tion intion in\nP PP PPopula opulaopula opulaopula tion Gr tion Grtion Gr tion Grtion Gr owth owthowth owthowth\nThe growth rate of population during 1991-\n2001 in Indian States and Union Territories\nshows very obvious pattern.\nThe States like Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil\nNadu, Andhra Pradesh, O disha, Puducherry,\nand Goa show a low rate of growth not exceeding\n20 per cent over the decade. Kerala registered\nthe lowest growth rate (9.4) not only in this group\nof states but also in the country as a whole.\nA continuous belt of states from west to\neast in the north-west, north, and north central\nparts of the country has relatively high growth\nrate than the southern states. It  is in this belt\ncomprising Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan,\nPunjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand,\nMadhya Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, West Bengal,\nBihar, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand, the growth\nrate on the average remained 20-25 per cent.\nDuring 2001-2011, the growth rates of\nalmost all States and Union Territories have\nregistered a lower figure compared to the\nprevious decade, namely, 1991-2001. The\npercentage decadal growth rates of the six most\npopulous States, namely, Uttar Pradesh,\nMaharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3882, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "0df0a529-ad36-47e3-8602-7b04c3314f6e": {"__data__": {"id_": "0df0a529-ad36-47e3-8602-7b04c3314f6e", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "8", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "d1b81dea-4cc4-4729-aa0d-26b711f84a13", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "8", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "bea26636e4f6344479ca8deb188fe44ea4122a35e098fbe59796d332f997a040", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "8India : People and Economy\nPradesh and Madhya Pradesh have all fallen\nduring 2001-2011 compared to 1991-2001,\nthe fall being the lowest for Andhra Pradesh\n(3.5% percentage points) and highest for\nMaharashtra (6.7 percentage points). Tamil\nNadu (3.9 percentage points) and Puducherry\n(7.1 percentage points) have registered some\nincrease during 2001-2011 over the previous\ndecade.\nWith the help of data given in Appendix i and iA, compare\nthe growth rate of population of dif ferent States/UT s\nbetween 1991-2001 and 2001-201 1.\nTake the population growth data of the districts/selected\ndistricts of your respective state for total male and female\npopulation and represent them  with the help of\nComposite Bar Graph.\nAn important aspect of population growth\nin In dia is the growth of its adolescents. At\npresent the share of adolescents i.e. , up to the\nage group of 10-19 years is about 2 0.9 per cent\n(2011), among which male adolescents\nconstitute 5 2.7 per cent and female adolescents\nconstitute 47 .3 per cent. The adolescent\npopulation, though, regarded as the youthful\npopulation having high potentials, but at the\nsame time they are quite vulnerable if not guided\nand channelised properly. There are many\nchallenges for the society as far as these\nadolescents are concerned, some of which are\nlower age at marriage, illiteracy \u2013 particularly\nfemale illiteracy, school dropouts, low intake of\nnutrients, high rate of maternal mortality of\nadolescent mothers, high rate of HIV  and AIDS\ninfections, physical and mental disability or\nretardedness,  drug abuse and alcoholism,  juvenile\ndelinquency and commitence of crimes, etc.\nIn view of these, the Government of India\nhas undertaken certain policies to impart\nproper education to the adolescent groups so\nthat their talents are better channelised and\nproperly utilised. The National Y outh Policy isone example which has been designed to look\ninto the overall development of our large youth\nand adolescent population.\nThe National Y outh Policy (NYP\u20132014)\nlaunched in February 2014 proposes a holistic\n\u2018vision\u2019  for the youth of India, which is \u201cTo\nempower  the youth of the country to achieve\ntheir full p otential, and through them enable\nIndia to find its rightful place in the community\nof nations\u201d. The NYP\u20132014 has defined \u2018youth\u2019as\npersons in the age group of 15\u201329 years.\nThe Government of India also formulated\nthe National Policy for Skill Development and\nEntrepreneurship in 2015 to provide an\numbrella framework to all skilling activities\nbeing carried out within the country, and to\nalign these to common standards and link\nskilling with demand centres.\nIt appears from the above discussion that\nthe growth rate of population is widely variant\nover space and time in the country and also\nhighlights various social problems related to the\ngrowth of population. However , in or der to have\na better insight into the growth pattern of\npopulation it is also necessary to look into the\nsocial composition of population.\nP PPPPopula\nopulaopula opulaopula tion Compositiontion Compositiontion Compositiontion Compositiontion Composition\nPopulation composition is a distinct field of\nstudy within population geography with a vast\ncoverage of analysis of age and sex, place of\nresidence, ethnic characteristics, tribes,\nlanguage, religion, marital status, literacy and\neducation, occupational characteristics, etc. In\nthis section, the composition of Indian\npopulation with respect to their rural-urban\ncharacteristics, language, religion and pattern\nof occupation will be discussed.\nRural \u2013 Urban Composition\nComposition of population by their respective\nplaces of residence is an important indicator of\nsocial and economic characteristics. This becomes\neven more significant for a country where about\n68.8 per cent of its total population lives in village\n(2011) .\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3850, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "f5989b63-daf7-48ee-b473-cb42b5b5d0b3": {"__data__": {"id_": "f5989b63-daf7-48ee-b473-cb42b5b5d0b3", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "9", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "4d46c086-1bd5-45ed-8ed4-aab630b93bde", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "9", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "e7490dcdfe098dd10ae2356f6006bbbd9ccf018e71b080fc671a0889b65e506c", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition      9\nCompare the data given in Appendix (iv) and iv A\ncalculate the percentages of rural population of the\nstates in India and represent them cartographically on\na map of India.\nDo you know that India has 640,867\nvillages according to the Census 2011 out of\nwhich 597,608 (93.2 per cent) are inhabited\nvillages? However , the distribution of rural\npopulation is not uniform throughout the\ncountry. Y ou might have noted that the states\nlike Bihar and Sikkim have very high\npercentage of rural population. The states of\nGoa and Maharashtra have only little over half\nof their total population residing in villages.\nThe Union Territories, on the other hand,\nhave smaller proportion of rural population,\nexcept Dadra and Nagar Haveli (53.38 per cent).\nThe size of villages also varies considerably. It\nis less than 200 persons in the  hill states of\nnorth-easter n India, W ester n Rajasthan and\nRann of Kuchchh and as high as 17 thousand\npersons in the states of Kerala and in parts of\nMaharashtra. A thorough examination of the\npattern of distribution of rural population of\nIndia r eveals that both at intra-State and inter -\nState levels, the relative degree of urbanisation\nand extent of rural-urban migration regulate\nthe concentration of rural population.\nYou have noted that contrary to rural\npopulation, the proportion of urban population\n(31.16 per cent) in India is quite low but it is\nshowing a much faster rate of growth over the\ndecades. The growth rate of urban population\nhas accelerated due to enhanced economic\ndevelopment and improvement in health and\nhygienic conditions.\nThe distribution of urban population too,\nas in the case of total population, has a wide\nvariation throughout the country (Appendix \u2013iv).\nCompare the data of Appendix (iv) and iv A and identify\nthe states/UT s with very high and very low proportion of\nurban population.\nIt is, however , noticed that in almost all the\nstates and Union Territories, there has been a\nconsiderable increase of urban population. Thisindicates both development of urban areas in\nterms of socio-economic conditions and an\nincreased rate of rural-urban migration. The\nrural-urban migration is conspicuous in the case\nof urban areas along the main road links and\nrailroads in the North Indian Plains, the\nindustrial areas around Kolkata, Mumbai,\nBengaluru \u2013 Mysuru, Madurai \u2013 Coimbatore,\nAhmedabad \u2013 Surat, Delhi \u2013 Kanpur and\nLudhiana \u2013 Jalandhar . In the agriculturally\nstagnant parts of the middle and lower Ganga\nPlains, T elengana, non-irrigated W ester n\nRajasthan, remote hilly, tribal areas of north-\neast, along the flood prone areas of Peninsular\nIndia and along eastern part of Madhya Pradesh,\nthe degree of urbanisation has remained low.\nLinguistic Composition\nIndia is a land of linguistic diversity. According to\nGrierson (Linguistic Survey of India, 1903 \u2013 1928),\nthere were 179 languages and as many as 544\ndialects in the country. In the context of modern\nIndia, there are about 22 scheduled languages\nand a number of non-scheduled languages.\nSee how many languages appear on a Rs 10 note.\nAmong the scheduled languages, the\nspeakers of Hindi have the highest percentage.\nThe smallest language groups are Sanskrit,\nBodo and Manipuri speakers (2011). However ,\nit is noticed that the linguistic regions in the\ncountry do not have a sharp and distinct\nboundary, rather they gradually merge and\noverlap in their respective frontier zones.\nLinguistic Classification\nThe speakers of major Indian languages\nbelong to four language families, which have\ntheir sub-families and branches or groups.\nThis can be better understood from Table 1.2.\nReligious Composition\nReligion is one of the most dominant forces\naffecting the cultural and political life of the\nmajority of Indians. Since religion virtually\npermeates into almost all the aspects of people\u2019s\nfamily and community lives, it is important to\nstudy the religious composition in detail.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3996, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "2078979a-d3c4-469d-9521-bc612a8973ce": {"__data__": {"id_": "2078979a-d3c4-469d-9521-bc612a8973ce", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "10", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "5e3bb254-5411-455b-97c3-bf03d80a49c1", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "10", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "7e310d83fff935a59247e84e3e69c6924ca8fe2fbd8cd3f277c7e538d836e4d3", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "10India : People and Economy\nMuslims, the largest religious minority, are\nconcentrated in Jammu & Kashmir , certain\ndistricts of W est Bengal and Kerala, many\ndistricts of  Uttar Pradesh , in and around Delhi\nand in Lakshadweep. They form majority in\nKashmi r valley and Lakshadweep.Family Sub-Family Branch/Group Speech Areas\nAustric\n(Nishada)\n1.38%Austro-Asiatic Mon-Khmer Meghalaya, Nicobar Islands\nMunda West Bengal, Bihar , Orissa, Assam,\nMadhya Pradesh, Maharashtra\nAustro- Nesian Outside India\nSouth-Dravidian Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala\nCentral Dravidian Andhra Pradesh, M.P ., Orissa,\nMaharashtraDravidian\n(Dravida)\n20%North Dravidian Bihar , Orissa, W est Bengal,\nMadhya Pradesh\nSino-Tibetan\n(Kirata)\n0.85%Tibeto - Myanmari Jammu & Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh,\nSikkimTibeto-Himalayan\nArunachal  Pradesh North Assam\nSiamese-Chinese Assam, Nagaland, Manipur , Mizoram,\nTripura, MeghalayaAssam- Myanmari\nIndo -\nEuropean\n(Aryan) 73%Indo-Aryan Outside India Iranian\nJammu & Kashmir Dardic\nJammu & Kashmir , Punjab, Himachal\nPradesh, U.P ., Rajasthan, Haryana, M.P .,\nBihar , Orissa, W est Bengal, Assam,\nGujarat, Maharashtra, Goa.Indo-AryanTable 1.2 : Classification of Moder n Indian Languages\nSource : Ahmed, A. (1999) : Social Geography, Rawat Publication, New Delhi\nThe spatial distribution of religious\ncommunities in the country (Appendix\u2013v) shows\nthat there are certain states and districts having\nlarge numerical strength of one religion, while\nthe same may be very negligibly represented in\nother states.\nHindus  are distributed as a major group in\nmany states (ranging from 70  - 90 per cent and\nabove) except the districts of states along Indo-\nBangladesh border, Indo-Pak border, Jammu &\nKashmir, Hill States of North-East and in scattered\nareas of Deccan Plateau and Ganga Plain.\nLook at Table 1.2 and prepare a pie diagram of linguistic\ncomposition of India showing the sectoral shares of\neach linguistic group.\nOr\nPrepare a qualitative symbol map of India showing the\ndistribution of dif ferent linguistic groups in the country .Table 1.3 : Religious Communities of India , 2011\nReligious Group     2011\n        Population % of\n                       (in million)        Total\nHindus 966.3 79.8\nMuslims 172.2 14.2\nChristians 27.8 2.3\nSikhs 20.8 1.7\nBuddhists 8.4 0.7\nJains 4.5 0.4\nOther Religions and\nPersuasions (ORP) 7.9 0.7\nReligion Not Stated 2.9 0.2\nSource : Census of India, 2011\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2427, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "97869a76-f4ea-4bc6-9634-4002defb755d": {"__data__": {"id_": "97869a76-f4ea-4bc6-9634-4002defb755d", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "11", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "1a47dad8-6449-43a9-bfd1-5994948f2a1d", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "11", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "373005608525b07f48f47350bb8316d4aa97aafaf2f51834a386d222f7afabb4", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition      11\nThe Christian population is distributed\nmostly in rural areas of the country. The main\nconcentration is observed along the W ester n\ncoast around Goa, Kerala and also in the hill\nstates of Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland,\nChotanagpur area and Hills of Manipur .\nSikhs are mostly concentrated in relatively\nsmall area of the country, particularly in the\nstates of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi.\nJains and Buddhists, the smallest religious\ngroups in India have their concentration only\nin selected areas of the country. Jains have\nmajor concentration in the urban areas of\nRajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra, while the\nBuddhists are concentrated mostly in\nMaharashtra. The other areas of Buddhist\nmajority are Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh,\nLadakh in Jammu & Kashmir , Tripura, and\nLahul and Spiti in Himachal Pradesh.\nThe other religions of India include\nZoroastrians, tribal and other indigenous faiths\nand beliefs. These groups are concentrated in\nsmall pockets scattered throughout the country.\nComposition of W orking Population\nThe population of India according to their\neconomic status is divided into three groups,\nnamely; main workers, marginal workers and\nnon-workers.\nIt is observed that in India, the proportion\nof workers (both main and marginal) is only 39.8per cent (2011) leaving a vast majority of  about\n60 per cent as non-workers. This indicates an\neconomic status in which there is a larger\nproportion of dependent population , further\nindicating possible existence of large  number of\nunemployed or under employed people.\nWhat is work participation rate?\nThe proportion of working population, of\nthe states and Union Territories show a\nmoderate variation from about 39.6 per cent in\nGoa to about 49.9 per cent in Daman and Diu.\nThe states with larger percentages of workers\nare Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Chhattisgarh,\nAndhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Arunachal\nPradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Meghalaya.\nAmong the Union Territories, Dadra and Nagar\nHaveli and Daman and Diu have higher\nparticipation rate. It is understood that, in the\ncontext of a country like India, the work\nparticipation rate tends to be higher in the areas\nof lower levels of economic development since\nnumber of manual workers are needed to\nperform the subsistence or near subsistence\neconomic activities.\nThe occupational composition  (see box)\nof India\u2019s population (which actually means\nengagement of an individual in farming,\nmanufacturing, trade, services or any kind of\nprofessional activities) show a large proportion\nof primary sector workers compared to\nsecondary and tertiary sectors. About 54.6 per\ncent of total working population are cultivators\nand agricultural labourers, whereas only 3.8%\nof workers are engaged in household industries\nand 41.6 % are other workers including non-\nhousehold industries, trade, commerce,\nconstruction and repair and other services. As\nfar as the occupation of country\u2019s male and\nfemale population is concerned, male workers\nout-number female workers in all the three\nsectors (Fig.1.4 and Table 1.4).Religion and LandscapeReligion and LandscapeReligion and LandscapeReligion and LandscapeReligion and Landscape\nFormal expression of religions on\nlandscape is manifested through sacred\nstructures, use of cemetries and\nassemblages of plants and animals, groves\nof trees for religious purposes. Sacred\nstructures are widely distributed throughout\nthe country . These may range from\ninconspicuous village shrines to large Hindu\ntemples, monumental masjids  or ornately\ndesigned cathedrals in large metropolitan\ncities.  These temples, masjids , gurudwaras,\nmonastries and churches differ in size,\nform, space \u2013 use and density , while\nattributing a special dimension to the total\nlandscape of the area.Standard Census DefinitionStandard Census DefinitionStandard Census DefinitionStandard Census DefinitionStandard Census Definition\nMain Worker is a person who works for\natleast 183 days ( or six months) in a year .\nMarginal Worker is a person who works for\nless than 183 days ( or six months) in a year .\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 4109, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "49d3edee-c6b6-4003-919d-0bc396fabb1b": {"__data__": {"id_": "49d3edee-c6b6-4003-919d-0bc396fabb1b", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "12", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "2379f689-ebfd-4c4d-a7fd-01b86daafeae", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "12", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "7332fa2ea61c86c2b3b86232726ad5c241c4e3dd6e90fef3a1b2b8287af6ca30", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "12India : People and Economy\nFig. 1.4 : India \u2013 Occupational Structure, 2011\nIdentify some issues in which\nIndia is ahead of or l agging\nbehind its neighbours.\nPromoting Gender Sensitivity through\n\u2018Beti Bachao\u2013Beti Padhao\u2019 Social\nCampaign\nThe division of the society into male, female\nand transgender is believed to be natural\nand biological. But, in reality, there are social\nconstructs and roles assigned to individuals\nwhich are reinforced by social institutions.\nConsequently, these biological differences\nbecome the basis of social differentiations,\ndiscriminations and exclusions. The\nexclusion of over half of the population\nbecomes a serious handicap to any\ndeveloping and civilised society. It is a global\nchallenge, which has been acknowledged bythe UNDP when it mentioned that, \u201cIf development\nis not engendered it is endangered\u201d (HDR  UNDP\n1995). Discrimination, in general, and gender\ndiscrimination, in particular , is a crime against\nhumanity.\nAll efforts need to be made to address the\ndenial of opportunities of education, employment,\npolitical representation, low wages for similar\ntypes of work, disregard to their entitlement to\nlive a dignified life, etc. A society, which fails to\nacknowledge and take effective measures to\nremove such discriminations, cannot be treated\nas a civilised one. The Government of India has\nduly acknowleged the adverse impacts of these\ndiscriminations and launched a nationwide\ncampaign called \u2018Beti Bachao \u2013 Beti Padhao \u2019.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1495, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "115372a7-393c-4c19-8ac4-2effc913bc8f": {"__data__": {"id_": "115372a7-393c-4c19-8ac4-2effc913bc8f", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "13", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "379ef854-a3f5-486d-8472-ac0a2ab27687", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "13", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "bb3b8d16b2d536cb698fe7a4a44bd065270fae0cd8190901449feaa32588ebf8", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition      13\nCategories      Population\nPersons % to Male Female\ntotal\nWorkers\nPrimary 26,30,22,473 54.6 16,54,47,075 9,75,75,398\nSecondary 1,83,36,307 3.8 97,75,635 85,60,672\nTertiary 20,03,84,531 41.6 15,66,43,220 4,37,41,311Table 1.4 : Sectoral Composition of workforce in India, 20 11Occupational Categories\nThe 201 1 Census has divided the working\npopulation of India into four major categorie s:\n1.Cultivators\n2.Agricultural Labourers\n3.Household Industrial Workers\n4.Other Workers.The number of female workers is relatively\nhigh in primary sector , though in r ecent years\nthere has been some improvement in work\nparticipation of women in secondary and\ntertiary sectors.\nIt is important to note that the proportion\nof workers in agricultural sector in India has\nshown a decline over the last few decades ( 58.2%\nin 2001 to 54.6% in 20 11). Conseq uently, the\nparticipation rate in secondary and tertiary sector\nhas registered an increase. This indicates a shift\nof dependence of workers from farm-\nbased occupations to non-farm\nbased ones, indicating a sectoral shift\nin the economy of the country.\nThe spatial variation of work\nparticipation rate in different sectors\nin the country (Appendix \u2013v and vA)\nis very wide. For instance, the states\nlike Himachal Pradesh and Nagaland\nhave very large shares of cultivators.\nOn the other hand states like Bihar ,\nAndhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,\nOdisha , Jharkhand, W est Bengal\nand Madhya Pradesh have higher proportion of\nagricultural labourers. The highly urbanised\nareas like Delhi, Chandigarh and P uducherry\nhave a very large proportion of workers being\nengaged in other services. This indicates not only\navailability of limited farming land, but also large\nscale urbanisation and industrialisation\nrequiring more workers in non-far m sectors .\nEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISES\n1. Choose the right answers of the followings from the given options.\n(i) India\u2019s population as per 2011 census is :\n(a) 1028 million (c) 3287 million\n(b) 3182 million (d) 1210 million\nPrepare composite bar graphs, one for India and the\nother for your respective states showing the proportion\nof male and female workers in agriculture, household\nindustries and other sectors, and compare.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2306, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "4d848efb-aa12-4767-af72-c7a75a7ce5ab": {"__data__": {"id_": "4d848efb-aa12-4767-af72-c7a75a7ce5ab", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "14", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "a5cd9d5c-aac7-4831-9df0-23569183dcde", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "14", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "93c76b2bc3873640460af0a8ef1dd706b7be7b11d0829b3c4757df7ed65e7667", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "14India : People and Economy\n(ii) Which one of the following states has the highest density of population in\nIndia?\n(a) West Bengal (c) Uttar Pradesh\n(b) Kerala (d) Punjab\n(iii) Which one of the following states has the highest proportion of urban\npopulation in India according to 2011 Census?\n(a) Tamil Nadu (c) Kerala\n(b) Maharashtra (d) Goa\n(iv) Which one of the following is the largest linguistic group of India?\n(a) Sino \u2013 T ibetan (c)    Austric\n(b) Indo \u2013 Aryan (d)    Dravidian\n2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.\n(i) Very hot and dry and very cold and wet r egions of India have low density\nof population. In this light, explain the role of climate on the distribution\nof population.\n(ii) Which states have large rural population in India? Give one reason for\nsuch large rural population.\n(iii) Why do some states of India have higher rates of work participation than\nothers?\n(iv) \u2018The agricultural sector has the largest share of Indian workers.\u2019 \u2013 Explain.\n3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.\n(i) Discuss the spatial pattern of density of population in India.\n(ii) Give an account of the occupational structure of India\u2019s population.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1201, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "438a5ccf-aa05-4ccc-822a-558c2664bee3": {"__data__": {"id_": "438a5ccf-aa05-4ccc-822a-558c2664bee3", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy202.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy202.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 692257, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "68ce34e2-8350-4c5e-90c3-6dab02b6c556", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy202.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy202.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 692257, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "d5d57baf7728ef22734de8fad4a75606b51934e03de82cbec4e97378c71eb836", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Unit II Unit IIUnit II Unit IIUnit II\nChapter 2\nHUMAN\nSETTLEMENTSHuman Settlement means cluster of dwellings\nof any type or size where human beings live.\nFor this purpose, people may erect houses and\nother structures and command some area or\nterritory as their economic support-base. Thus,\nthe process of settlement inherently involves\ngrouping of people and apportioning of territory\nas their resource base.\nSettlements vary in size and type. They\nrange from a hamlet to metropolitan cities. With\nsize, the economic character and social structure\nof settlements changes and so do its ecology and\ntechnology. Settlements could be small and\nsparsely spaced ; they may also be large and\nclosely spaced . The sparsely located small\nsettlements are called villages, specialising in\nagriculture or other primary activities. On the\nother hand, there are fewer but larger settlements\nwhich are termed as urban settlements\nspecialising in secondary and tertiary activities.\nThe basic differences between rural and urban\nsettlements are as follows  :\n\u2022The rural settlements derive their life\nsupport or basic economic needs from\nland based primary economic activities,\nwhereas, urban settlements, depend on\nprocessing of raw materials and\nmanufacturing of finished goods on the\none hand and a variety of services on the\nother.\n\u2022Cities act as nodes of economic growth,\nprovide goods and services not only to\nurban dwellers but also to the people of\nthe rural settlements in their hinterlands\nin return for food and raw materials. This\nfunctional relationship between the urban\nand rural settlements takes place through\ntransport and communication network.\n\u2022Rural and urban settlements differ in\nterms of social relationship, attitude and\noutlook. Rural people are less mobile and\ntherefore, social relations among them are\nintimate. In urban areas, on the other\nhand, way of life is complex and fast, and\nsocial relations are formal.\nTTT\nTTypes of ypes ofypes of ypes ofypes of  R  R R  R Rur urur urural Settlemental Settlemental Settlemental Settlemental Settlement\nTypes of the settlement are determined by the\nextent of the built-up ar ea and inter -house\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2170, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "3b820941-d8e7-4610-bdcb-34902de2671b": {"__data__": {"id_": "3b820941-d8e7-4610-bdcb-34902de2671b", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy202.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy202.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 692257, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "ffa7b51d-b233-411d-8cfa-0a8d17369531", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy202.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy202.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 692257, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "da3a8f4563a818372f8296dd56ce6aec12664e55b13a15993ab076bd36a6582a", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "16India : People and Economy\nSemi-Clustered Settlements\nSemi-clustered or fragmented settlements may\nresult from tendency of clustering in a\nrestricted area of dispersed settlement. More\noften such a pattern may also result from\nsegregation or fragmentation of a large compact\nvillage. In this case, one or more sections of\nthe village society choose or is forced to live a\nlittle away from the main cluster or village. In\nsuch cases, generally, the land-owning and\ndominant community occupies the central part\nof the main village, whereas people of lower\nstrata of society and menial workers settle on\nthe outer flanks of the village. Such settlements\nare widespread in the Gujarat plain and some\nparts of Rajasthan.distance. In India compact or clustered village\nof a few hundred houses is a rather universal\nfeature, particularly in the northern plains.\nHowever , there ar e several ar eas, which have\nother forms of rural settlements. There are\nvarious factors and conditions responsible for\nhaving different types of rural settlements in\nIndia. These include: (i) physical features \u2013\nnature of terrain, altitude, climate and\navailability of water (ii) cultural and ethenic\nfactors \u2013 social structure, caste and religion\n(iii) security factors \u2013 defence against thefts and\nrobberies. Rural settlements in India can\nbroadly be put into four types:\n\u2022 Clustered, agglomerated or nucleated,\n\u2022 Semi-clustered or fragmented,\n\u2022 Hamleted, and\n\u2022 Dispersed or isolated.\nClustered Settlements\nThe clustered rural settlement is a compact or\nclosely built up area of houses. In this type of\nvillage the general living area is distinct and\nseparated from the surrounding farms, barns\nand pastures. The closely built-up area and its\nintervening streets present some recognisable\npattern or geometric shape, such as\nrectangular , radial, linear , etc. Such settlements\nare generally found in fertile alluvial plains and\nin the northeastern states. Sometimes, people\nlive in compact village for security or defence\nreasons, such as in the Bundelkhand region of\ncentral India and in Nagaland. In Rajasthan,\nscarcity of water has necessitated compact\nsettlement for maximum utilisation of available\nwater resources.Hamleted Settlements\nSometimes settlement is fragmented into several\nunits physically separated from each other\nbearing a common name. These units are locally\ncalled panna , para, palli, nagla , dhani, etc. in\nvarious parts of the country. This segmentation\nof a large village is often motivated by social\nand ethnic factors. Such villages are more\nfrequently found in the middle and lower Ganga\nplain, Chhattisgarh and lower valleys of the\nHimalayas.\nDispersed Settlements\nDispersed or isolated settlement pattern in India\nappears in the form of isolated huts or hamlets\nof few huts in remote jungles, or on small hillsFig. 2.1 : Clustered Settlements in the North-eastern statesFig. 2.2 : Semi-clustered settlements\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2938, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "70102466-24a9-4a01-ab48-8f015f4884ea": {"__data__": {"id_": "70102466-24a9-4a01-ab48-8f015f4884ea", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy202.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy202.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 692257, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "fa229bd5-bc00-42df-bc22-6c8d6430486a", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy202.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy202.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 692257, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "564a91b4fd87ca59f2c91feb80c06abe8aa27893063c51d825ecb264c8de0cf3", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Human Settlements      17\nAncient Towns\nThere are number of towns in India having\nhistorical background spanning over 2000\nyears. Most of them developed as religious and\ncultural centr es. Varanasi is one of the important\ntowns among these. Prayag (Allahabad),\nPataliputra (Patna), Madurai are some other\nexamples of ancient towns in the country.\nMedieval Towns\nAbout 100 of the existing towns have their roots\nin the medieval period. Most of them developed\nas headquarters of principalities and kingdoms.\nThese are fort towns which came up on the\nruins of ancient towns. Important among them\nare Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur , Lucknow, Agra\nand Nagpur .\nModer n Towns\nThe British and other Europeans have\ndeveloped a number of towns in India.\nStarting their foothold on coastal locations,\nthey first developed some trading ports such\nas Surat, Daman, Goa, Pondicherry, etc. The\nBritish later consolidated their hold around\nthree principal nodes \u2013 Mumbai (Bombay),\nChennai (Madras), and Kolkata (Calcutta) \u2013\nand built them in the British style. Rapidlywith farms or pasture on the slopes. Extreme\ndispersion of settlement is often caused by\nextremely fragmented nature of the terrain and\nland resource base of habitable areas. Many\nareas of Meghalaya, Uttarakhand, Himachal\nPradesh and Kerala have this type of settlement.\nUrban SettlementsUrban SettlementsUrban SettlementsUrban SettlementsUrban Settlements\nUnlike rural settlements, urban settlements\nare generally compact and larger in size.\nThey are engaged in a variety of non-\nagricultural, economic and administrative\nfunctions. As mentioned earlier , cities ar e\nfunctionally linked to rural areas around\nthem. Thus, exchange of goods and services\nis performed sometimes directly and\nsometimes through a series of market towns\nand cities. Thus, cities are connected directly\nas well as indirectly with the villages and also\nwith each other . You can see the definition of\ntowns in Chapter 10 of the book,\n\u201cFundamentals of Human Geography.\u201d\nEvolution of Towns in India\nTowns flourished since prehistoric times in\nIndia. Even at the time of Indus valley\ncivilisation, towns like Harappa and\nMohanjodaro were in existence. The following\nperiod has witnessed evolution of towns. It\ncontinued with periodic ups and downs until\nthe arrival of Europeans in India in the\neighteenth century. On the basis of their\nevolution in different periods, Indian towns may\nbe classified as:\n\u2022 Ancient towns, \u2022 Medieval towns, and\n\u2022 Modern towns.extending their domination either directly or\nthrough control over the princely states, they\nestablished their administrative centres, hill-\ntowns as summer resorts, and added new civil,\nFig. 2.3 : Dispersed settlements in Nagaland\nFig. 2.4 : A view of the modern city\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2769, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "3f755c99-0ec8-4332-a093-87460fe44a59": {"__data__": {"id_": "3f755c99-0ec8-4332-a093-87460fe44a59", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy202.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy202.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 692257, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "05c2f414-585b-4a30-ae89-2613cfb2d98c", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy202.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy202.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 692257, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "2026773779b939a874e68f99315317d39c99c3967029eeac818365a52dc52717", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "18India : People and Economy\nYear Number of Urban Population % of Total Decennial\nTowns/UAs (in Thousands) Population Growth (%)\n1901 1,827 25,851.9 10.84 \u2014-\n1911 1,815 25,941.6 10.29 0.35\n1921 1,949 28,086.2 11.18 8.27\n1931 2,072 33,456.0 11.99 19.12\n1941 2,250 44,153.3 13.86 31.97\n1951 2,843 62,443.7 17.29 41.42\n1961 2,365 78,936.6 17.97 26.41\n1971 2,590 1,09,114 19.91 38.23\n1981 3,378 1,59,463 23.34 46.14\n1991 4,689 2,17,611 25.71 36.47\n2001 5,161 2,85,355 27.78 31.13\n2011* 6,171 3,77,000 31.16 31.08Table 2.1 : India \u2013 T rends of Urbanisation 1901-2011\nadministrative and military areas to them.\nTowns based on modern industries also\nevolved after 1850. Jamshedpur can be cited\nas an example.\nAfter ind ependence, a large number of towns\nhave been developed as administrative\nheadquarters, e.g., Chandigar h, Bhubaneswar ,\nGandhinagar , Dispur , etc., and industrial\ncentr es, such as Dur gapur , Bhilai, Sindri,\nBarauni. Some old towns also developed as\nsatellite towns around metropolitan cities, such\nas Ghaziabad, Rohtak, Gurugram around\nDelhi. With increasing investment in rural areas,\na large number of medium and small towns\nhave developed all over the country.\nUrbanisation in IndiaUrbanisation in IndiaUrbanisation in IndiaUrbanisation in IndiaUrbanisation in India\nThe level of urbanisation is measured in\nterms of percentage of urban population to\ntotal population. The level of urbanisation in\nIndia in 20 11 was 31.16  per cent, which is\nquite low in comparison to developed\ncountries. Total urban population has\nincreased eleven -fold during  the twentieth\ncentury. Enlargement of urban centres and\nemergence of new towns have played a\nsignificant role in the growth of urban\npopulation and urbanisation in the country.\n(Table 2.1). But the growth rate of\nurbanisation has slo wed down during last\ntwo decades.*Source: Census of India, 2011 http.//www.censusindia.gov.in (Provisional)\nFunctional Classification of Towns\nApart from their role as central or nodal places,\nmany towns and cities perform specialised\nservices . Some towns and cities specialise in\ncertain functions and they are known for\nsome specific activities, products or services.\nHowever , each town performs a number of\nfunctions. On the basis of dominant or\nspecialised functions, Indian cities and towns\ncan be broadly classified as follows:\nAdministrative towns and cities\nTowns supporting administrative headquarters\nof higher order are administrative towns, such\nas Chandigarh, New Delhi, Bhopal, Shillong,\nGuwahati, Imphal, Srinagar , Gandhinagar ,\nJaipur , Chennai, etc.\nIndustrial towns\nIndustries constitute prime motive force of these\ncities, such as Mumbai, Salem, Coimbatore,\nModinagar , Jamshedpur , Hugli, Bhilai, etc.\nTransport Cities\nThey may be ports primarily engaged in export\nand import activities such as Kandla, Kochchi,\nKozhikode, Vishakhapatnam, etc., or hubs of\ninland transport, such as Agra, Dhulia,\nMughalsarai, Itarsi, Katni, etc.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2973, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "c918b79a-8c40-4eff-bbf2-8f19622c200c": {"__data__": {"id_": "c918b79a-8c40-4eff-bbf2-8f19622c200c", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy202.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy202.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 692257, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "16cc205a-1bc5-4006-af23-1f79c09d0488", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy202.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy202.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 692257, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "8b7f598eb3fc97fbf0563fb04b9b005b89fffb31aa82506da9bf5c9c0c853441", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Human Settlements      19\nCommercial towns\nTowns and cities specialising in trade and\ncommerce are kept in this class. Kolkata,\nSaharanpur , Satna, etc., ar e some examples.\nMining towns\nThese towns have developed in mineral rich\nareas such as Raniganj, Jharia, Digboi,\nAnkaleshwar , Singrauli, etc.\nGarrisson Cantonment towns\nThese towns emerged as garrisson towns such\nas Ambala, Jalandhar , Mhow, Babina,\nUdhampur , etc.\nList the urban agglomerations/cities\nstate-wise and see the state-wise\npopulation under this category of cities.\nSmart Cities MissionSmart Cities MissionSmart Cities MissionSmart Cities MissionSmart Cities Mission\nThe objective of the Smart Cities Mission\nis to promote cities that provide core\ninfrastructure, a clean and sustainable\nenvironment and give a decent quality of\nlife to its citizens. One of the features of\nSmart Cities is to apply smart solutions to\ninfrastructure and services in order to make\nthem better . For example, making areas\nless vulnerable to disasters, using fewer\nresources and providing cheaper services.\nThe focus is on sustainble and inclusive\ndevelopment and the idea is to look at\ncompact areas, create a replicable model,\nwhich will act like a lighthouse to other\naspiring cities.Educational towns\nStarting as centres of education, some of the\ntowns have grown into major campus towns,\nsuch as Roorki, V aranasi, Aligar h, Pilani,\nAllahabad, etc.\nReligious and cultural towns\nVaranasi, Mathura, Amritsar , Madurai, Puri,\nAjmer , Pushkar , Tirupati, Kurukshetra,\nHaridwar , Ujjain came to pr ominence due to\ntheir religious/cultural significance.\nTourist towns\nNainital, Mussoorie, Shimla, Pachmarhi,\nJodhpur , Jaisalmer , Udagamandalam (Ooty),\nMount Abu are some of the tourist destinations.\nThe cities are not static in their function. The\nfunctions change due to their dynamic nature.\nEven specialised cities, as they grow into\nmetropolises become multifunctional wherein\nindustry, business, administration, transport,\netc., become important. The functions get so\nintertwined  that the city can not be categorised\nin a particular functional class.\nEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISES\n1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.\n(i) Which one of the following towns is NOT located on a river bank?\n(a) Agra (c) Patna\n(b) Bhopal (d) Kolkata\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2354, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "ace8ea8e-b26b-437e-8ff8-8fa34685582a": {"__data__": {"id_": "ace8ea8e-b26b-437e-8ff8-8fa34685582a", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy202.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy202.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 692257, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "55eac8b7-d78f-463f-bb49-88ae1a344314", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy202.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy202.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 692257, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "2079d7660e3e2cd9778c0838ddeb31150e446776f9f205376e7bf4e5733e040d", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "20India : People and Economy\n(ii) Which one of the following is NOT the part of the definition of a town as\nper the census of India?\n(a) Population density of 400 persons per sq km.\n(b) Presence of municipality, corporation, etc.\n(c) More than 75% of the population engaged in primary sector .\n(d) Population size of more than 5,000 persons.\n(iii) In which one of the following environments does one expect the presence\nof dispersed rural settlements?\n(a) Alluvial plains of Ganga\n(b) Arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan\n(c) Lower valleys of Himalayas\n(d) Forests and hills in north-east\n2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.\n(i) What are garrisson towns? What is their function?\n(ii) What are the main factors for the location of villages in desert regions?\n3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.\n(i) Discuss the features of different types of rural settlements. What are the\nfactors responsible for the settlement patterns in different physical\nenvironments?\n(ii) Can one imagine the presence of only one-function town? Why do the\ncities become multi-functional?\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1119, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "108915ae-2aeb-431d-a4e1-4c0216a456a0": {"__data__": {"id_": "108915ae-2aeb-431d-a4e1-4c0216a456a0", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "7f7f97ab-6a4c-4a05-a87e-693c767068b2", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "0b279febf839c7810d3f858796812f647ae9568329c9b6a54a80845913a91ddb", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Unit III Unit IIIUnit III Unit IIIUnit III\nChapter 3\nLAND RESOURCES\nAND AGRICULTUREYou must have observed that the land ar ound\nyou is put to different uses. Some land is\noccupied by rivers, some may have trees and\non some parts roads and buildings have been\nbuilt. Different types of lands are suited to\ndifferent uses. Human beings thus, use land\nas a resource for production as well as residence\nand recreation. Thus, the building of your\nschool, roads on which you travel, parks in\nwhich you play, fields in which crops are grown\nand the pastures where animals graze represent\ndifferent uses to which land is put.\nLand Use CategoriesLand Use CategoriesLand Use CategoriesLand Use CategoriesLand Use Categories\nLand-use records are maintained by land\nrevenue department. The land use categories\nadd up to reporting area, which is somewhat\ndifferent from the geographical area. The\nSurvey of India is responsible for measuring\ngeographical area of administrative units in\nIndia. Have you ever used a map prepared by\nSurvey of India? The difference between the two\nconcepts are that while the former changes\nsomewhat depending on the estimates of the\nland revenue records, the latter does not change\nand stays fixed as per Survey of India\nmeasur ements. Y ou may be familiar with land\nuse categories as they are also included in your\nSocial Science textbook of Class X.\nThe land-use categories as maintained in\nthe Land Revenue Records are as follows :\n(i) Forests \n: It is important to note that\narea under actual forest cover is\ndifferent from area classified as forest.\nThe latter is the area which the\nGovernment has identified and\ndemarcated for forest growth. The land\nrevenue records are consistent with\nthe latter definition. Thus,  there may\nbe an increase in this category without\nany increase in the actual forest cover.\n(ii) Barren and Wastelands :  The land\nwhich may be classified as a wasteland\nsuch as barren hilly terrains, desert\nlands, ravines, etc. normally cannot be\nbrought under cultivation with the\navailable technology .\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2067, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "d9766b94-c4b2-4174-bbe8-d8e290cac009": {"__data__": {"id_": "d9766b94-c4b2-4174-bbe8-d8e290cac009", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "b0224b36-3886-4815-942d-8e18637e8df4", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "8c5369fdc6707b755865634d7482c124a32d69018381d53d8d34c21afecfe224", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "22 India : People and Economy\n(iii) Land put to Non-agricultural Uses  :\nLand under settlements (rural and\nurban), infrastructure (roads, canals,\netc.), industries, shops, etc., are\nincluded in this category . An expansion\nin the secondary and tertiary activities\nwould lead to an increase in this\ncategory of land-use.\n(iv) Area under Permanent Pastures and\nGrazing Lands :  Most of this type land\nis owned by the village \u2018 Panchayat \u2019 or\nthe Government. Only a small\nproportion of this land is privately\nowned. The land owned by the village\npanchayat comes under \u2018Common\nProperty Resources\u2019.\n(v) Area under Miscellaneous Tree\nCrops and Groves (Not included in\nNet sown Area) :  The land under\norchards and fruit trees are included\nin this category . Much of this land is\nprivately owned.\n(vi) Culturable W asteland :  Any land which\nis left fallow (uncultivated) for more than\nfive years is included in this category .\nIt can be brought under cultivation after\nimproving it through reclamation\npractices.\n(vii) Current Fallow  : This is the land which\nis left without cultivation for one or less\nthan one agricultural year . Fallowing\nis a cultural practice adopted for giving\nthe land rest. The land recoups the\nlost fertility through natural processes.\n(viii) Fallow other than Current Fallow  :\nThis is also a cultivable land which is\nleft uncultivated for more than a year\nbut less than five years. If the land is\nleft uncultivated for more than five\nyears, it would be categorised as\nculturable wasteland.\n(ix) Net Area Sown:  The physical extent\nof land on which crops are sown and\nharvested is known as net sown area.Land-use Changes in IndiaLand-use Changes in IndiaLand-use Changes in IndiaLand-use Changes in IndiaLand-use Changes in India\nLand-use in a region, to a large extent, is\ninfluenced by the nature of economic\nactivities carried out in that r egion. However ,\nwhile economic activities change over time,\nland, like many other natural resources, is\nfixed in terms of its area. At this stage, one\nneeds to appreciate three types of changes\nthat an economy undergoes, which affect\nland-use.\n(i) The size of the economy  (measured\nin terms of value for all the goods and\nservices produced in the economy)\ngrows over time as a result of\nincreasing population, change in\nincome levels, available technology\nand associated factors. As a result, the\npressure on land will increase with\ntime and marginal lands would come\nunder use.\n(ii) Secondly, the composition of the\neconomy would undergo a change over\ntime. In other words, the secondary and\nthe tertiary sectors usually grow much\nfaster than the primary sector , specifically\nthe agricultural sector . This type of\nchange is common in developing\ncountries , like India. This process would\nresult in a gradual shift of land from\nagricultural uses to non-agricultural\nuses. Y ou would observe that such\nchanges are sharp around large urban\nareas. The agricultural land is being used\nfor building purposes.\n(iii) Thirdly, though the contribution of the\nagricultural activities reduces over time,\nthe pressure on land for agricultural\nactivities does not decline. The reasons\nfor continued pressure on agricultural\nland are:\n(a)In developing countries, the\nshare of population dependent\non agriculture usually declines\nmuch more slowly compared to\nthe decline in the sector\u2019s share\nin GDP .\n(b)The number of people that the\nagricultural sector has to feed is\nincreasing day by day.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3468, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "8bf517f9-0980-4d5b-a9fc-f9a3c793ada2": {"__data__": {"id_": "8bf517f9-0980-4d5b-a9fc-f9a3c793ada2", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "088fae80-6395-443f-be24-dd9e1dd2dec8", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "687dbd708b590dd24be061d0adf2f100be59021e6999c5383ca3223ad009bbd4", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Land  Resources and  Agriculture      23\nCompare the changes of land-use between 195 0\u201357\nand 201 4\u201315.\nIndia has undergone major changes within\nthe economy over the past four or five decades,\nand this has influenced the land-use changes\nin the country. These changes between\n1950\u201351 and 201 4\u201315 have been shown in\nFig. 3.1. There are two points that you need to\nremember before you derive some meaning from\nthis figure. Firstly, the percentages shown in\nthe figure have been derived with respect to the\nreporting area. Secondly, since even the\nreporting area has been relatively constant over\nthe years, a decline in one category usually\nleads to an increase in some other category.\nFour categories have undergone increases,\nwhile four have registered declines. Share of\narea under forest, area under non-agricultural\nuses, current fallow lands and net area sown\nhave shown an increase. The following\nobservations can be made about these\nincreases:\n(i)The rate of increase is the highest in case\nof area under non-agricultural uses. This\nis due to the changing structure of\nIndian economy, which is increasingly\ndepending on the contribution fromindustrial and services sectors and\nexpansion of related infrastructural\nfacilities. Also, an expansion of area\nunder both urban and rural settlements\nhas added to the increase. Thus, the area\nunder non-agricultural uses is\nincreasing at the expense of wastelands\nand agricultural land.\n(ii) The increase in the share under forest,\nas explained before, can be accounted\nfor by increase in the demarcated area\nunder forest rather than an actual\nincrease in the forest cover in the country.\n(iii) The increase in the current fallow cannot\nbe explained from information\npertaining to only two points. The trend\nof current fallow fluctuates a great deal\nover years, depending on the variability\nof rainfall and cropping cycles.\n(iv) The increase in net area sown is a recent\nphenomenon due to use of culturable\nwaste land for agricultural pupose.\nBefore which it was registering a slow\ndecrease. There are indications that\nmost of the decline had occurred due to\nthe increases in area under non-\nagricultural use. (Note : the expansion\nof building activity on agricultural land\nin your village and city).Fig. 3.105101520253035404550\n1723.3\n3.28.713.4\n5.5\n2.33.36.9\n1.08\n46.1\n3.6 3.74.941.745.5\n1950-51 2014-15Changes\u25a1in\u25a1Shares\u25a1of\u25a1Land-use\u25a1Categories\u25a1in\u25a1India:\n1950 \u201351\u25a1and\u25a12014\u201315Per\u25a1cent\u25a1of\u25a1reporting\u25a1a rea\nForests Area\u25a1under\nnon-\nagricultural\nuseBarren\u25a1and\nunculturable\nwaste\nlandPermanent\npasture\nand\ngazing\u25a1landArea\u25a1Under\nMisc.\nTree\u25a1crops\nand\u25a1grovesCulturable\nWaste\nLandCurrent\nfalowNet\u25a1Area\nsownFallow\u25a1other\nthan\nCurrent\nfallow\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2697, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "eafc1c3b-71bc-44f0-9d9c-311b700c60e7": {"__data__": {"id_": "eafc1c3b-71bc-44f0-9d9c-311b700c60e7", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "6a74fa7f-0d5b-4d31-bb3e-30144ba8884e", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "76a74be919fb4425fe4dcf8c30276fb71fef65455db2f40a19eb87a21382983d", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "24 India : People and Economy\nThe four categories that have registered a\ndecline are barren and wasteland, culturable\nwasteland, area under pastures and tree crops\nand fallow lands.\nThe following explanations can be given\nfor the declining trends:\n(i)As the pressure on land increased, both\nfrom the agricultural and non-\nagricultural sectors, the wastelands and\nculturable wastelands have witnessed\ndecline over time.\n(ii) The decline in land under pastures and\ngrazing lands can be explained by\npressure from agricultural land. Illegal\nencroachment due to expansion of\ncultivation on common pasture lands is\nlargely responsible for this decline.\nWhat is the difference between actual increase and\nrate of increase? Work out the actual increase and\nrate of increases for all the land use categories\nbetween 195 0\u201351 and 201 4\u201315 from the data given in\nthe Appendix  (vi). Explain the results.\nNote for Teacher\nFor calculating actual increase, the difference of the\nland-use categories should be worked out over the two\nperiods.\nFor deriving the rate of increase, simple growth rate i.e.\n(difference of values between the two time points i.e.\nvalue of terminal year minus base year / base year or\n1960-61 value) should be used, e.g.\n100Net sown Area in 2014\u201315  Net sown Area in 1950\u201351\nNet sown Area in 1950\u201351\u0000\u0000\nCommon PrCommon PrCommon PrCommon PrCommon Pr oper operoperoperoper ty R ty Rty R ty Rty R esour esouresour esouresour ces cesces cesces\nLand, according to its ownership can broadly\nbe classified under two broad heads \u2013 private\nland and common property resources (CPRs).\nWhile the former is owned by an individual or a\ngroup of individuals, the latter is owned by the\nstate meant for the use of the community. CPRs\nprovide fodder for the livestock and fuel for the\nhouseholds along with other minor forest\nproducts like fruits, nuts, fibre, medicinal\nplants, etc. In rural areas, such land is ofparticular relevance for the livelihood of the\nlandless and marginal farmers and other\nweaker sections since many of them depend on\nincome from their livestock due to the fact that\nthey have limited access to land. CPRs also are\nimportant for women as most of the fodder and\nfuel collection is done by them in rural areas.\nThey have to devote long hours in collecting fuel\nand fodder from a degraded area of CPR.\nCPRs can be defined as community\u2019s natural\nresource, where every member has the right of\naccess and usage with specified obligations,\nwithout anybody having property rights over\nthem. Community forests, pasture lands, village\nwater bodies and other public spaces where a\ngroup larger than a household or family unit\nexercises rights of use and carries responsibility\nof management are examples of CPRs.\nAgricultural Land Use in IndiaAgricultural Land Use in IndiaAgricultural Land Use in IndiaAgricultural Land Use in IndiaAgricultural Land Use in India\nLand resource is more crucial to the livelihood\nof the people depending on agriculture:\n(i)Agriculture is a purely land based\nactivity unlike secondary and tertiary\nactivities. In other words, contribution\nof land in agricultural output is more\ncompared to its contribution in the\noutputs in the other sectors. Thus, lack\nof access to land is directly correlated\nwith incidence of poverty in rural areas.\n(ii) Quality of land has a direct bearing on\nthe productivity of agriculture, which is\nnot true for other activities.\n(iii) In rural areas, aside from its value as a\nproductive factor , land ownership has a\nsocial value and serves as a security for\ncredit, natural hazards or life\ncontingencies, and also adds to the social\nstatus.\nAn estimation of the total stock of\nagricultural land resources (i.e. total cultivable\nland) can be arrived at by adding up net sown\narea, all fallow lands and culturable wasteland.\nIt may be observed from Table 3.1 that over the\nyears, there has been a marginal decline in the\navailable total stock of cultivable land as a\npercentage to total reporting area. There has been\na greater decline of cultivated land, in spite of a\ncorresponding decline of cultivable wasteland.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 4107, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "9e35d0a4-a411-4242-9072-f566ff5d33bb": {"__data__": {"id_": "9e35d0a4-a411-4242-9072-f566ff5d33bb", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "5c041d0d-406f-475e-866b-4938a8eb4c00", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "da020d61bf44421c072db369f4b05123ba41ed4b3f37c82858ea7b1fbf0273eb", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Land  Resources and  Agriculture      25\nIt is clear from the above discussion that\nthe scope for bringing in additional land under\nnet sown area in India is limited. There is, thus,\nan urgent need to evolve and adopt land-saving\ntechnologies. Such technologies can be classified\nunder two heads \u2013 those which raise the yield\nof any particular crop per unit area of land and\nthose which increase the total output per unit\narea of land from all crops grown over one\nagricultural year by increasing land-use\nintensity. The advantage of the latter kind of\ntechnology is that along with increasing output\nfrom limited land, it also increases the demand\nfor labour significantly. For a land scarce but\nlabour abundant country like India, a high\ncropping intensity is desirable not only for fuller\nutilisation of land resource, but also for\nreducing unemployment in the rural economy.\nThe cropping intensity (CI)  is calculated\nas follows :\n100GCACropping Intensity in percentage\nNSA=\u00d7\nCropping Seasons in India\nThere are three distinct crop\nseasons in the northern and\ninterior parts of country, namely\nkharif , rabi and zaid.  The kharif\nseason largely coincides with\nSouthwest Monsoon under which\nthe cultivation of tropical crops,\nsuch as rice, cotton, jute, jowar ,\nbajra and tur is possible. The rabi\nseason begins with the onset of\nwinter in October -November and\nends in March-April. The low\ntemperature conditions during thisAgricultural Land-use As a percentage of   As a percentage of\nCategories    Reporting Area total cultivable land\n1950-51 2014-15 1950-51\n2014-15\nCulturable W aste land 8.0 4.0 13.4 6.8\nFallow other than Current Fallow 6.1 3.6 10.2 6.2\nCurrent Fallow 3.7 4.9 6.2 8.4\nNet Area Sown 41.7 45.5 70.0 78.4\nTotal Cultivable Land 59.5 58.0 100.00 100.00Table 3.1 : Composition of Total Cultivable Land\nCropping Season Major Crops Cultivated\nNorthern States Southern States\nKharif Rice, Cotton, Bajra, Rice, Maize, Ragi,\nJune-September Maize, Jowar , Tur Jowar , Groundnut\nRabi Wheat, Gram, Rapeseeds Rice, Maize, Ragi,\nOctober \u2013 March and Mustard, Barley Groundnut, Jowar\nZaid Vegetables, Fruits, Rice, V egetables,\n    April\u2013June Fodder FodderTable 3.2 : Cropping Seasons in Indiaseason facilitate the cultivation of temperate and\nsubtropical crops such as wheat, gram and\nmustard. Zaid  is a short duration summer\ncropping season beginning after harvesting of\nrabi crops. The cultivation of watermelons,\ncucumbers, vegetables and fodder crops during\nthis season is done on irrigated lands. However ,\nthis type of distinction in the cropping season\ndoes not exist in southern parts of the country.\nHere, the temperature is high enough to grow\ntropical crops during any period in the year\nprovided the soil moisture is available.\nTherefore, in this region same crops can be grown\nthrice in an agricultural year provided there is\nsufficient soil moisture.\nTypes of Farming\nOn the basis of main source of moisture for\ncrops, the farming can be classified as irrigated\nand rainfed (barani ).  There is difference in\nthe nature of irrigated farming , as well as based\non the objective of irrigation, i.e. , protective or\nproductive. The objective of protective irrigation\nis to protect the crops from adverse effects of soil\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3261, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "ef16c5bb-2916-4779-a971-aaf91af24f72": {"__data__": {"id_": "ef16c5bb-2916-4779-a971-aaf91af24f72", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "4903f15f-a05a-4268-97b1-69684d26cbf3", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "5eba3010b3c8e86c9b4b5906aec37d837f74e21fd157db3ae8ce75ab4df62ea1", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "26 India : People and Economy\nmoisture deficiency which often means that\nirrigation acts as a supplementary source of water\nover and above the rainfall.  The strategy of this\nkind of irrigation is to provide soil moisture to\nmaximum possible area.  Productive irrigation is\nmeant to provide sufficient soil moisture in the\ncropping season to achieve high productivity.  In\nsuch irrigation the water input per unit area of\ncultivated land is higher than protective irrigation.\nRainfed far ming is further classified on the basis\nof adequacy of soil moisture during cropping\nseason into dryland  and wetland  farming. In\nIndia, the dryland far ming  is lar gely confined\nto the regions having annual rainfall less than 75\ncm.  These regions grow hardy and drought\nresistant crops such as ragi, bajra, moong , gram\nand guar (fodder crops) and practise various\nmeasures of soil moisture conservation and rain\nwater harvesting.  In wetland far ming , the\nrainfall is in excess of soil moisture requirement\nof plants during rainy season. Such regions may\nface flood and soil erosion hazards.  These areas\ngrow various water intensive crops such as rice,\njute and sugarcane and practise aquaculture in\nthe fresh water bodies.\nFoodgrains\nThe importance of foodgrains in Indian\nagricultural economy may be gauged from the\nfact these crops occupy about two-third of total\ncropped area in the country. Foodgrains are\ndominant crops in all parts of the country\nwhether they have subsistence or commercial\nagricultural economy. On the basis of the\nstructure of grain the foodgrains are classified\nas cereals and pulses.\nCereals\nThe cereals occupy about 54 per cent of total\ncropped area in India.  The country produces\nabout 11 per cent cereals of the world and ranks\nthird in production after China and U.S.A.  India\nproduces a variety of cereals, which are\nclassified as fine grains (rice, wheat) and coarse\ngrains (jowar , bajra, maize, ragi), etc. Account\nof important cereals has been given in the\nfollowing paragraphs :Rice\nRice is a staple food for the overwhelming\nmajority of population in India. Though, it is\nconsidered to be a crop of tropical humid areas,\nit has about 3,000 varieties which are grown in\ndifferent agro-climatic regions. These are\nsuccessfully grown from sea level to about\n2,000 m altitude and from humid areas in\neastern India to dry but irrigated areas of\nPunjab, Haryana, wester n U.P . and norther n\nRajasthan. In souther n states and W est Bengal\nthe climatic conditions allow the cultivation of\ntwo or thr ee crops of rice in an agricultural year .\nIn West Bengal far mers gr ow thr ee crops of rice\ncalled \u2018 aus\u2019, \u2018aman \u2019 and \u2018 boro\u2019.  But in\nHimalayas and northwestern parts of the\ncountry, it is grown as a kharif  crop during\nsouthwest Monsoon season.\nIndia contributes 2 2.07 per cent of rice\nprodu ction in the world and rank ed second\nafter China  in 2018 .  About one-fourth of the\ntotal cropped area in the country is under rice\ncultivation. W est Bengal, Uttar Pradesh , and\nPunjab  are the leading rice producing st ates\nin the country.  The yield level of rice is high in\nPunjab, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh ,\nTelangana , West Bengal and Kerala.  In the first\nfour of these states almost the entire land under\nrice cultivation is irrigated. Punjab and Haryana\nare not  traditional rice growing areas. Rice\ncultivation in the irrigated areas of Punjab and\nHaryana was introduced in 1970s following the\nGreen Revolution.  Genetically improved v arieties\nof seed, relatively high usage of fertili zers and\npesticides and lower levels of susceptibility of\nthe crop to pests due  to dry climatic conditions\nFig. 3.2 : Rice transplantation in southern parts of India\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3724, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "76dfed4e-a9eb-419b-b7e8-683d858d7569": {"__data__": {"id_": "76dfed4e-a9eb-419b-b7e8-683d858d7569", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "7", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "79aa480f-9da1-4018-b2b3-07f1bf6a6805", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "7", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "e0b79402bdd5d62aad7713e1678313db9e70d2c794ff21faeb042ad617df744c", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Land  Resources and  Agriculture      27\nFig. 3.3 :  India \u2013 Distribution of Rice\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 102, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "1d90699d-80f7-4fa4-9691-e39f772036aa": {"__data__": {"id_": "1d90699d-80f7-4fa4-9691-e39f772036aa", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "8", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "1383b467-477a-4475-bfec-f79d69391c7a", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "8", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "30d1b49fe4591309daca76c7f52ba75f8a92d2c27bb950c5d6f88b2d1c8808c8", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "28 India : People and Economy\nare responsible for higher yield of rice in this\nregion.  The yield of this crop is very low in rainfed\nareas of Madhya Pradesh, Chhat tisgarh and\nOdisha .\nWheat\nWheat is the second most important cereal crop\nin India after rice. India produces about\n12.8 per cent of total wheat production of world\n(2017). It is primarily a crop of temperate zone.\nHence, its cultivation in India is done during\nwinter i.e. rabi season. About 85 per cent of total\narea under this crop is concentrated in north\nand central regions of the country i.e. Indo-\nGangetic Plain, Malwa Plateau and Himalayas\nup to 2,700 m altitude. Being a rabi crop, it is\nmostly grown under irrigated conditions.  But it\nis a rainfed crop in Himalayan highlands and\nparts of Malwa plateau in Madhya Pradesh.\nAbout 14 per cent of the total cropped area\nin the country is under wheat cultivation. Uttar\nPradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana\nand Rajasthan are leading wheat producing\nstates.  The yield level of wheat is very high\n(above 4,000 k.g. per ha) in Punjab and\nHaryana whereas, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan\nand Bihar have moderate yields. The states like\nMadhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and\nJammu and Kashmir growing wheat under\nrainfed conditions have low yield.\nJowar\nThe coarse cereals together occupy about\n16.50 per cent of total cropped area in the\ncountry. Among these, jowar  or sorghum  alone\naccounts for about 5.3 per cent of total\ncropped area. It is main food crop in semi-arid\nareas of central and southern India.\nMaharashtra alone produces more than half\nof the total jowar  production of the country.\nOther leading producer states of jowar  are\nKarnataka, Madhya Pradesh , Andhra Pradesh\nand Telangana.  It is sown in both kharif  and\nrabi seasons in southern states. But it is a\nkharif  crop in northern India where it is mostly\ngrown as a fodder crop. South of Vindhyachal\nit is a rainfed crop and its yield level is very\nlow in this region.Bajra\nBajra is sown in hot and dry climatic conditions\nin northwestern and western parts of the\ncountry. It is a hardy crop which resists\nfrequent dry spells and drought in this region.\nIt is cultivated alone as well as part of mixed\ncropping. This coarse cereal occupies about\n5.2 per cent of total cropped area in the\ncountry.  Leading producers of bajra  are the\nstates of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh,\nRajasthan and Haryana. Being a rainfed crop,\nthe yield level of this crop is low in Rajasthan\nand fluctuates a lot fr om year to year .  Yield of\nthis crop has increased during recent years in\nHaryana and Gujarat due to introduction of\ndrought resistant varieties and expansion of\nirrigation under it.\nMaize\nMaize is a food as well as fodder crop grown\nunder semi-arid climatic conditions and over\ninferior soils.  This crop occupies only about\n3.6 per cent of total cropped area. Maize\ncultivation is not concentrated in any specific\nregion. It is sown all over India except Punjab\nand eastern and north-eastern regions. The\nleading producers of maize are the states of\nKarnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar , Andhra\nPradesh, Telangana, Rajasthan and Uttar\nPradesh.  Y ield level of maize is higher than other\ncoarse cereals.  It is high in southern states and\ndeclines towards central parts.\nPulses\nPulses are a very important ingredient of\nvegetarian food as these are rich sources of\nproteins. These are legume crops which\nincrease the natural fertility of soils through\nnitrogen fixation. India is a leading producer of\npulses in the world. The cultivation of pulses\nin the country is largely concentrated in the\ndrylands of Deccan and central plateaus and\nnorthwestern parts of the country. Pulses\noccupy about 11 per cent of the total cropped\narea in the country. Being the rainfed crops of\ndrylands, the yields of pulses are low and\nfluctuate fr om year to year . Gram and tur are\nthe main pulses cultivated in India.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3912, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "ad2aaa96-5ac5-4a1a-83de-5baf08b77767": {"__data__": {"id_": "ad2aaa96-5ac5-4a1a-83de-5baf08b77767", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "9", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "b19fc154-ceca-4b76-9ef3-d8d58c14b9a7", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "9", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "5e096065e0d43fad28230d1607e1ec81ca5aeb825e1e2d441429545576bf9a10", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Land  Resources and  Agriculture      29\nFig. 3.4 : India \u2013 Distribution of Wheat\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 102, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "0d551e95-0a6d-40e9-8527-f79d219d2b15": {"__data__": {"id_": "0d551e95-0a6d-40e9-8527-f79d219d2b15", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "10", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "aea45e9e-232c-4065-b432-7fe580f41a45", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "10", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "2efc53f565fd0570db00f47bbfae0e53c84e57cd2d1885366ec35547faacb0fc", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "30 India : People and Economy\nGram\nGram is cultivated in subtropical areas. It is\nmostly a rainfed crop cultivated during rabi\nseason in central, western and northwestern parts\nof the country. Just one or two light showers or\nirrigations are required to grow this crop\nsuccessfully. It has been displaced from the\ncropping pattern by wheat in Haryana, Punjab\nand northern Rajasthan following the green\nrevolution. At present, gram covers only about\n2.8 per cent of the total cropped area in the\ncountry. Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,\nMaharashtra, Andhra Pradesh , Telangana  and\nRajasthan are the main producers of this pulse\ncrop. The yield of this crop continues to be low\nand fluctuates from year to year even in irrigated\nareas.\nTur (Arhar)\nTur is the second important pulse crop in the\ncountry. It is also known as red gram  or pigeon\npea. It is cultivated over marginal lands and\nunder rainfed conditions in the dry areas of\ncentral and southern states of the country.  This\ncrop occupies only about 2 per cent of total\ncropped area of India. Maharashtra alone\ncontributes about one-third of the total\nproduction of tur . Other leading pr oducer states\nare Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat and\nMadhya Pradesh. Per hectare output of this crop\nis very low and its performance is inconsistent.\nDifferentiate between different foodgrains. Mix grains of\nvarious kinds and separate cereals from pulses. Also,\nseparate fine from coarse cereals.\nOilseeds\nThe oilseeds are produced for extracting edible\noils. Drylands of Malwa plateau, Marathwada,\nGujarat, Rajasthan, Telangana, Rayalseema\nregion of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka\nplateau are oilseeds growing regions of India.\nThese crops together occupy about 14 per cent\nof total cropped area in the country.\nGroundnut, rapeseed and mustard, soyabean\nand sunflower are the main oilseed crops grown\nin India.Groundnut\nIndia produces about 18.8 per cent of the total\ngroundnut production in the world (2018). It is\nlargely a rainfed kharif  crop of drylands. But in\nsouthern India, it is cultivated during rabi season\nas well. It covers about 3.6 per cent of total\ncropped area in the country. Gujarat, Rajasthan,\nTamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh,\nKarnataka and Maharashtra are the leading\nproducers. Y ield of gr oundnut is comparatively\nhigh in Tamil Nadu where it is partly irrigated.\nBut its yield is low in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh\nand Karnataka.\nRapeseed and Mustard\nRapeseed and mustard comprise several oilseeds\nas rai, sarson, toria  and taramira .  These are\nsubtropical crops cultivated during rabi season\nin north -western and central parts of India.\nThese are frost sensitive crops and their yields\nfluctuate fr om year to year .  But with the\nexpansion of irrigation and improvement in seed\ntechnology, their yields have improved and\nstabilised to some extent. About two-third of the\ncultivated area under these crops is irrigated.\nThese oilseeds together occupy only about\n2.5 per cent of total cropped area in the country.\nRajasthan contributes about one-third\nproduction while other leading producers are\nHaryana and Madhya Pradesh.  Y ields of these\ncrops are comparatively high in Haryana and\nRajasthan.\nOther Oilseeds\nSoyabean and sunflower are other important\noilseeds grown in India. Soyabean is mostly\ngrown in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.\nFig. 3.5 : Farmers sowing soyabean seeds in Amravati,\nMaharashtra\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3407, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "77deae15-6cd0-4f39-b814-61b401739a3b": {"__data__": {"id_": "77deae15-6cd0-4f39-b814-61b401739a3b", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "11", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "42744511-5272-4918-b87e-e9ee5e24c811", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "11", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "2150dae13b49da7ef7158256a1a498390b715aa217c0bd5a5c2e7d861f70c328", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Land  Resources and  Agriculture      31\nFig. 3.6 : India \u2013 Distribution of Cotton and Jute\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 112, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "f66b33c5-874c-4714-8901-bb967ee05327": {"__data__": {"id_": "f66b33c5-874c-4714-8901-bb967ee05327", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "12", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "1fbd33dc-2b12-4658-b13b-06422aca3958", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "12", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "7809704efa853c102b7e1e2ce4da1f9fe7946ceff879d75d4fdf58ba9e1db112", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "32 India : People and Economy\nThese two states together produce about 90 per\ncent of total output of soyabean in the country.\nSunflower cultivation is concentrated in\nKarnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and\nadjoining areas of Maharashtra. It is a minor\ncrop in northern parts of the country where its\nyield is high due to irrigation.\nFibre Crops\nThese crops provide us fibre for preparing cloth,\nbags, sacks and a number of other items.\nCotton and jute are two main fibre crops grown\nin India.\nCotton\nCotton is a tropical crop grown in kharif  season\nin semi-arid areas of the country.  India lost a\nlarge proportion of cotton growing area to\nPakistan during partition.  However , its acr eage\nhas increased considerably during the last 50\nyears.  India grows both short staple (Indian)\ncotton as well as long staple (American) cotton\ncalled \u2018nar ma\u2019 in north-wester n parts of the\ncountry. Cotton requires clear sky during\nflowering stage.Gujarat, Maharashtra and Telangana Per\nhectare output of cotton is high under irrigated\nconditions in north-western region of the\ncountry.  Its yield is very low in Maharashtra\nwhere it is grown under rainfed conditions.\nJute\nJute is used for making coarse cloth, bags, sacks\nand decorative items.  It is a cash cr op in W est\nBengal and adjoining eastern parts of the\ncountry.  India lost large jute growing areas to\nEast Pakistan (Bangladesh) during partition. At\npresent, India produces about three-fifth of jute\nproduction of the world. W est Bengal accounts\nfor about three-fourth of the production in the\ncountry.  Bihar and Assam are other jute growing\nareas. Being concentrated only in a few states,\nthis crop accounts for only about 0.5 per cent of\ntotal cropped area in the country.\nOther Crops\nSugarcane, tea and coffee are other important\ncrops grown in India.\nSugarcane\nSugarcane is a crop of tropical areas.  Under\nrainfed conditions, it is cultivated in sub-humid\nand humid climates. But it is largely an irrigated\ncrop in India. In Indo-Gangetic plain, its\ncultivation is largely concentrated in Uttar\nPradesh. Sugarcane growing area in western\nIndia is spread over Maharashtra and Gujarat.\nIndia ranks second in the world in the\nproduction of cotton after China. Cotton\noccupies about 4.7 per cent of total cropped\narea in the country. There are three cotton\ngrowing areas, i.e. parts of Punjab, Haryana and\nnorthern Rajasthan in north-west, Gujarat and\nMaharashtra in the west and plateaus of\nAndhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu\nin south. Leading producers of this crop areFig. 3.7 : Cotton Cultivation\nFig. 3.8 : Sugarcane Cultivation\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2620, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "4753a9e9-66bd-4f23-9b1f-2489efff69b1": {"__data__": {"id_": "4753a9e9-66bd-4f23-9b1f-2489efff69b1", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "13", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "223a92bb-bd89-48ab-ab05-4ba8d23cc119", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "13", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "e210126283e7385c35bdbf7c520edb634ee9a9aafc306a3e458ad18171de1859", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Land  Resources and  Agriculture      33\nFig. 3.9 : India \u2013 Distribution of Sugarcane\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 106, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "6758e15d-2419-4061-ba12-e8bc0be7cd8f": {"__data__": {"id_": "6758e15d-2419-4061-ba12-e8bc0be7cd8f", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "14", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "804aa633-2d75-4465-aaef-6c9559fdecb8", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "14", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "4bfd151e4e8a5c8cc3e0d99cebc91678b02f4b58cfdc704f82d6a13dc062d35e", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "34 India : People and Economy\nIn southern India, it is cultivated in irrigated\ntracts of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana\nand Andhra Pradesh.\nIndia was the second largest producer of\nsugarcane after Brazil in 2018. It accounts for\nabout 19.7 per cent of the world production of\nsugarcane.  But it occupies only 2.4 per cent of\ntotal cropped area in the country. Uttar Pradesh\nproduces about two-fifth of sugarcane of\nthe country.  Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil\nNadu, and Andhra Pradesh are other leading\nproducers of this crop where yield level of\nsugarcane is high. Its yield is low in northern\nIndia.\nTea\nTea is a plantation crop used as beverage. Black\ntea leaves are fermented whereas green tea leaves\nare unfermented. Tea leaves have rich content of\ncaffeine and tannin. It is an indigenous crop of\nhills in northern China. It is grown over\nundulating topography of hilly areas and well -\ndrained soils in humid and sub -humid tropics\nand sub -tropics. In India , tea plantation started\nin 1840s in Brahmaputra valley of Assam which\nstill is a major tea growing area in the country.\nLater on , its plantation was introduced in the\nsub-Himalayan r egion of W est Bengal (Darj eeling,\nJalpaiguri and Cooch B ehar districts).  Tea is\nalso cultivated on the lower slopes of Nilgiri andworld after China  (2018) . Assam accounts for\nabout 53.2 per cent of the total cropped area and\ncontributes more than half of total production of\ntea in the country. W est Bengal and T amil Nadu\nare the other leading producers of tea.\nCoffee\nCoffee is a tropical plantation crop. Its seeds\nare roasted, ground and are used for preparing\na beverage. There are three varieties of coffee\ni.e. arabica , robusta  and liberica . India mostly\ngrows superior quality coffee, arabica , which\nis in great demand in International market. But\nIndia produces only about 3. 17 per cent coffee\nof the world and ranks eighth after Brazil,\nVietnam, Indonesia , Colombia, Honduras,\nEthiopia and Peru in 201 8. Coffee is cultivated\nin the highlands of W ester n Ghats in\nKarnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Karnataka\nalone accounts for more than two-third of total\nproduction of coffee in the country.\nAgricultural Development in IndiaAgricultural Development in IndiaAgricultural Development in IndiaAgricultural Development in IndiaAgricultural Development in India\nIndian agricultural\n economy was largely\nsubsistence in nature before Independence.  It\nhad dismal performance in the first half of\ntwentieth century. This period witnessed severe\ndroughts and famines.  During partition about\none-third of the irrigated land in undivided\nIndia went to Pakistan. This reduced the\nproportion of irrigated area in Independent\nIndia. After Independence, the immediate goal\nof the Government was to increase foodgrains\nproduction by (i) switching over from cash\ncrops to food crops; (ii) intensification of\ncropping over already cultivated land; and (iii)\nincreasing cultivated area by bringing cultivable\nand fallow land under plough. Initially, this\nstrategy helped in increasing foodgrains\nproduction. But agricultural production\nstagnated during late \u20131950s. To overcome this\nproblem, Intensive Agricultural District\nProgramme (IADP) and Intensive Agricultural\nArea Programme (IAAP) were launched. But two\nconsecutive droughts during mid-1960s\nresulted in food crisis in the country.\nConsequently, foodgrains were imported from\nother countries.Fig. 3.10 : Tea Farming\nCardamom hills in W estern Ghats. India is a\nleading producer of tea and accounts for about\n21.22 per cent of total production in the world\n2018 . India\u2019s share in the international market\nof tea has declined substantially. It ranks\nsecond  among tea exporting countries in th e\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3734, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "c9498647-e493-4a94-9905-0f03b65091c4": {"__data__": {"id_": "c9498647-e493-4a94-9905-0f03b65091c4", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "15", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "9831a84f-7b96-4055-ab5d-6c5d60c50b15", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "15", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "6569862ef043402465b99fa7b72b256063713d211fd4323842daec7aacb944df", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Land  Resources and  Agriculture      35\nFig. 3.11 : India \u2013 Distribution of Tea and Coffee\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 112, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "56dfd420-f73e-4fb5-877b-255848bbef71": {"__data__": {"id_": "56dfd420-f73e-4fb5-877b-255848bbef71", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "16", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "e4ab444b-fb50-4450-afda-e5d1d52eb5fe", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "16", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "7e0ce327aa86cafb3296f2838c22dc932f42e553b64189e180ec2f7bc196b1ac", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "36 India : People and Economy\nNew seed varieties of wheat (Mexico) and\nrice (Philippines) known as high yielding\nvarieties (HYVs) were available for cultivation\nby mid-1960s. India took advantage of this and\nintroduced package technology comprising\nHYVs, along with chemical fertilisers in irrigated\nareas of Punjab, Haryana, W ester n Uttar\nPradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. Assured\nsupply of soil moisture through irrigation was\na basic pre-requisite for the success of this new\nagricultural technology. This strategy of\nagricultural development paid dividends\ninstantly and increased the foodgrains\nproduction at very fast rate. This spurt of\nagricultural growth came to be known as\n\u2018Green Revolution \u2019. This also gave fillip to the\ndevelopment of a large number of agro-inputs,\nagro-processing industries and small-scale\nindustries. This strategy of agricultural\ndevelopment made the country self-reliant in\nfoodgrain production. But Green Revolution\nwas initially confined to irrigated areas only.\nThis led to regional disparities in agricultural\ndevelopment in the country till 1970s, after\nwhich the technology spread to the Eastern and\nCentral parts of the country.\nThe Planning Commission of India focused\nits attention on the problems of agriculture in\nrainfed areas in 1980s. It initiated agro-climatic\nplanning in 1988 to induce regionally balanced\nagricultural development in the country. It also\nemphasised on the need for diversification of\nagriculture and harnessing of resources for the\ndevelopment of dairy farming, poultry,\nhorticulture, livestock rearing and aquaculture.\nInitiation of the policy of liberalisation and\nfree market economy in 1990s influenced the\ncourse of development of Indian agriculture.Growth of Agricultural Output and Technology\nThere has been a significant increase in\nagricultural output and improvement in\ntechnology during the last 50 years.\n\u2022Production and yield of many crops such\nas rice and wheat has increased at an\nimpressive rate. Among the other crops,\nthe production of sugarcane, oilseeds and\ncotton has also increased appreciably.\n\u2022Expansion of irrigation has played a\ncrucial role in enhancing agricultural\noutput in the country. It provided basis\nfor introduction of modern agricultural\ntechnology, such as high yielding varieties\nof seeds, chemical fertilisers, pesticides and\nfarm machinery. The net irrigated area in\nthe country has also increased.\n\u2022Modern agricultural technology has\ndiffused very fast in various areas of the\ncountry. Consumption of chemical\nfertilizers has increased by 15 times since\nmid-sixties. Since the high yielding\nvarieties are highly susceptible to pests\nand diseases, the use of pesticides has\nincreased significantly since 1960s.\nNational Mission for Sustainable Agriculture\n(NMSA)\nNational Mission for Sustainable Agriculture is to\nmake agriculture more productive, sustainable,\nremunerative and climate resilient by promoting\nlocation specific integrated/composite farming\nsystems and to conserve natural resources through\nappropriate soil and moisture conservation\nmeasures. The Government has been promoting\norganic farming in the country through the scheme\nsuch as Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)\nand Rashtriya Vikas Yojana (RKVY).Farmer\u2019s Portal of India\nThe Farmer\u2019s Portal is a platform for farmers to seek\nany information related to agriculture. Detailed\ninformation on farmers\u2019 insurance, agriculture\nstorage, crops, extension activities, seeds,\npesticides, farm machineries, etc. is provided.\nDetails of fertilizers, market prices, package and\npractices, programmes, welfare schemes are also\ngiven. Block level details related to soil fertility,\nstorage, insurance, training, etc. are available in an\ninteractive map. Users can also download farm\nfriendly handbook, scheme guidelines, etc.\n(Source: https://www.india.gov.in/farmers-portal-\nindia-department-agriculture-and-cooperation)\nPr PrPr PrProboboboboblems lems lems lems lems of ofof ofof Indian Ag Indian Ag Indian Ag Indian Ag Indian Ag ricultur riculturricultur riculturricultur e ee ee\nThe nature of problems faced by Indian\nagriculture varies according to agro-ecological\nand historical experiences of its different regions.\nHence, most of the agricultural problems in the\ncountry are region specific. Yet, there are some\nproblems which are common and range from\nphysical constraints to institutional hindrances.\nA detailed discussion on these problems follows:\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 4460, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "a61f1e81-e7fe-4afe-b751-4739433f1305": {"__data__": {"id_": "a61f1e81-e7fe-4afe-b751-4739433f1305", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "17", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "db2307e7-3c80-4629-a3eb-dcde3d5b51a6", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "17", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "44ef8d1c8acedcf69876abc55a4544c7dc2665695274b04114609efc18936ff7", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Land  Resources and  Agriculture      37\nDependence on Erratic Monsoon\nIrrigation covers only about 33 per cent of the\ncultivated area in India. The crop production\nin rest of the cultivated land directly depends\non rain. Poor performance of south-west\nmonsoon also adversely affects the supply of\ncanal water for irrigation. On the other hand,\nthe rainfall in Rajasthan and other drought-\nprone areas is too meagre and highly unreliable.\nEven the areas receiving high annual rainfall\nexperience considerable fluctuations. This\nmakes them vulnerable to both droughts and\nfloods. Drought is a common phenomenon in\nthe low rainfall areas, which may also experience\noccasional floods. The flash floods in drylands\nof Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan in\n2006 and 2017 are examples of this\nphenomenon. Droughts and floods continue to\nbe the twin menace in Indian agriculture.\nLow productivity\nThe yield of the crops in the country is low in\ncomparison to the international level. Per\nhectare output of most of the crops such as\nrice, wheat, cotton and oilseeds in India is\nmuch lower than th at of the U.S.A., Russia and\nJapan. Because of the very high pressure on\nthe land resources, the labour productivity in\nIndian agriculture is also very low in\ncomparison to international level. The vast\nrainfed areas of the country, particularly\ndrylands which mostly grow coarse cereals,\npulses and oilseeds have low yields.Why is agricultural productivity low in\ndry regions?\nConstraints of Financial Resources and\nIndebtedness\nThe inputs of modern agriculture are very\nexpensive. This resource intensive approach has\nbecome unmanageable for marginal and small\nfarmers as they have very meagr e or no saving\nto invest in agriculture. To tide over these\ndifficulties, most of such farmers have resorted\nto availing credit from various institutions and\nmoneylenders. Crop failures and low returns\nfrom agriculture have forced them to fall in the\ntrap of indebtedness.\nWhat are the implications of severe\nindebtedness? Do you feel that the\nrecent incidents of farmers\u2019 suicides in\ndifferent states of the country are the\nresult of indebtedness?\nLack of Land Reforms\nIndian peasantry had been exploited for a long\ntime as there had been unequal distribution of\nland. Among the three revenue systems\noperational during British period, i.e.,\nMahalwari, Ryotwari and Zamindari, the last\none was most exploitative for the peasants. After\nIndependence, land reforms were accorded\npriority, but these reforms were not\nimplemented effectively due to lack of strong\npolitical will. Most of the state governments\navoided taking politically tough decisions\nwhich went against strong political lobbies of\nlandlords. Lack of implementation of land\nreforms has resulted in continuation of\ninequitous distribution of cultivable land which\nis detrimental to agricultural development.\nSmall Farm Siz e and Fragmentation of\nLandholdings\nThere are a large number of marginal and small\nfarmers in the country.  The average size of land\nholding is shrinking under increasing\nFig. 3.12 : Roto Till Drill\u2014A modern agricultural equipment\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3122, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "fb0db6f6-49dd-49cd-9caf-40e1526e4476": {"__data__": {"id_": "fb0db6f6-49dd-49cd-9caf-40e1526e4476", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "18", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "a51168e8-674c-41a4-944b-e3ae3af1b50d", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "18", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "f914769f43298de0e9292151acfbb598a3b152d6667bd6f7889b9a0db8f745e1", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "38 India : People and Economy\npopulation pressure. Furthermore, in India, the\nland holdings are mostly fragmented. There are\nsome states where consolidation of holding has\nnot been carried out even once. Even the states\nwhere it has been carried out once, second\nconsolidation is required as land holdings have\nfragmented again in the process of division of\nland among the owners of next generations. The\nsmall size fragmented landholdings are\nuneconomic.\nLack of Commercialisation\nA large number of farmers produce crops for\nself-consumption. These farmers do not have\nenough land resources to produce more than\ntheir requirement. Most of the small andmarginal farmers grow foodgrains, which are\nmeant for their own family consumption.\nModernisation and commercialisation of\nagriculture have, however, taken place in the\nirrigated areas .\nVast Underemployment\nThere is a massive underemployment in the\nagricultural sector in India, particularly in the\nunirrigated tracts. In these areas, there is a\nseasonal unemployment ranging from 4 to 8\nmonths. Even in the cropping season, work is\nnot available throughout as agricultural\noperations are not labour intensive. Hence, the\npeople engaged in agriculture do not have the\nopportunity to work round the year.\nWhat changes have you noticed in\nagricultural sector and cropping\npattern? Discuss in the class.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1375, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "63aaa4bc-f5d2-45ff-9a44-a68955670470": {"__data__": {"id_": "63aaa4bc-f5d2-45ff-9a44-a68955670470", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "19", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "099ea0c4-5ed2-44db-9eeb-1c26512d90b1", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "19", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "eade5b72bc9de718dd0d718355ec3e6da8a5ca1b7d74cecf62ab9f0633f1398e", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Land  Resources and  Agriculture      39\nEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISES\n1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.\n(i) Which one of the following is NOT a land-use category?\n(a) Fallow land (c) Net Area Sown\n(b) Marginal land (d) Culturable Wasteland\n(ii) What one of the following is the main reason due to which share of forest\nhas shown an increase in the last forty years?\n(a) Extensive and efficient efforts of afforestation\n(b) Increase in community forest land\n(c) Increase in notified area allocated for forest growth\n(d) Better peoples\u2019 participation in managing forest area.\n(iii) Which one of the following is the main form of degradation in irrigated\nareas?\n(a) Gully erosion (c) Salinisation of soils\n(b) Wind erosion (d) Siltation of land\n(iv) Which one of the following crops is not cultivated under dryland farming?\n(a) Ragi (c)   Groundnut\n(b) Jowar (d)   Sugarcane\n(v) In which of the following group of countries of the world, HYVs of wheat\nand rice were developed?\n(a) Japan and Australia (c)   Mexico and Philippines\n(b) U.S.A. and Japan (d)   Mexico and Singapore\nDegradation of Cultivable Land\nOne of the serious problems that arises out of\nfaulty strategy of irrigation and agricultural\ndevelopment is degradation of land resources.\nThis is serious because it may lead to depletion\nof soil fertility. The situation is particularly\nalarming in irrigated areas. A large tract of\nagricultural land has lost its fertility due to\nalkalisation and salinisation of soils and\nwaterlogging. Excessive use of chemicals such\nas insecticides and pesticides has led to their\nconcentration in toxic amounts in the soil\nprofile. Leguminous crops have been displaced\nfrom the cropping pattern in the irrigated areasand duration of fallow has substantially\nreduced owing to multiple cropping. This has\nobliterated the process of natural fertili zation\nsuch as nitrogen fixation. Rainfed areas in\nhumid and semi-arid tropics also experience\ndegradation of several types like soil erosion\nby water and wind erosion which are often\ninduced by human activities.\nPrepare a list of agricultural problems in your own\nregion. How similar or different are these problems\ncompared to the problems mentioned in this chapter?\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2282, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "f4b00ef0-d64d-4035-abb2-409ce7be1f36": {"__data__": {"id_": "f4b00ef0-d64d-4035-abb2-409ce7be1f36", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "20", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "c03c5936-bac3-4602-97bc-73534c81caae", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "20", "file_name": "legy203.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy203.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2758612, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "553ae7bd77e443003c9ef57c4e4551854eaed9ae28bcf4e18b77a87727f88d41", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "40 India : People and Economy\n2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.\n(i) Differentiate between barren and wasteland and culturable wasteland.\n(ii) How would you distinguish between net sown area and gross cropped\narea?\n(iii) Why is the strategy of increasing cropping intensity important in a\ncountry like India?\n(iv) How do you measure total cultivable land?\n(v) What is the difference between dryland and wetland farming?\n3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.\n(i) What are the different types of environmental problems of land resources\nin India?\n(ii) What are the important strategies for agricultural development followed\nin the post-independence period in India?\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 718, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "e9f539a6-2218-4f02-b8b2-65a76cf1d54a": {"__data__": {"id_": "e9f539a6-2218-4f02-b8b2-65a76cf1d54a", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "14d17b11-4f46-4841-aac5-32b069dc212f", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "0a6d4ae06079e44e0ab1cd086c0be9b5049b72ea01c73ddbd1f90cbc229fce12", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Unit III Unit IIIUnit III Unit IIIUnit III\nChapter 4\nWATER RESOURCESDo you think that what exists today will\ncontinue to be so, or the future is going to be\ndifferent in some respects? It can be said with\nsome certainty that the societies will witness\ndemographic transition, geographical shift of\npopulation, technological advancement,\ndegradation of environment and water scarcity.\nWater scar city is possibly to pose the greatest\nchallenge on account of its increased demand\ncoupled with shrinking supplies due to over\nutilisation and pollution. W ater is a cyclic\nresource with abundant supplies on the globe.\nApproximately, 71 per cent of the earth\u2019s\nsurface is covered with it but freshwater\nconstitutes only about 3 per cent of the total\nwater .  In fact, a very small pr oportion of\nfreshwater is effectively available for human use.\nThe availability of freshwater varies over space\nand time. The tensions and disputes on sharing\nand control of this scarce resource are becoming\ncontested issues among communities, regions,\nand states. The assessment, efficient use and\nconservation of water , ther efore, become\nnecessary to ensure development. In this\nchapter , we shall discuss water r esour\nces in\nIndia, its geographical distribution, sectoral\nutilisation, and methods of its conservation and\nmanagement.\nWater Resources of IndiaWater Resources of IndiaWater Resources of IndiaWater Resources of IndiaWater Resources of India\nIndia accounts for about 2.45 per cent of the\nworld\u2019s surface area, 4 per cent of the world\u2019s\nwater resources and about 16 per cent of the\nworld\u2019s population. The total water available\nfrom precipitation in the country in a year is\nabout 4,000 cubic km. The availability from\nsurface water and replenishable groundwater\nis 1,869 cubic km. Out of this, only 60 per cent\ncan be put to beneficial uses. Thus, the total\nutilisable water resource in the country is only\n1,122 cubic km.\nSurface W ater Resour ces\nThere are four major sour ces of sur face water .\nThese are rivers, lakes, ponds and tanks. In\nthe country, there are about 10,360 rivers\nand their tributaries longer than 1.6 km each.\nThe mean annual flow in all the river basins\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2196, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "48cd9e64-2574-4131-afdf-3c6ce1df0b02": {"__data__": {"id_": "48cd9e64-2574-4131-afdf-3c6ce1df0b02", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "5de94d29-32e0-4c98-b6a6-a5349d7f69e2", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "a6002ab22676ace4b6009959f9f1dc0a335f9d8717f70d1f3ce2d23214cbdd36", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "42 India : People and Economy\nof lagoons and lakes have formed. The States\nlike Kerala, Odisha and W est Bengal have vast\nsurface water resources in these lagoons and\nlakes.  Although, water is generally brackish\nin these water bodies, it is used for fishing and\nirrigating certain varieties of paddy crops,\ncoconut, etc.\nWater Demand and Utilisation\nIndia has traditionally been an agrarian\neconomy, and about two-third of its\npopulation have been dependent on\nagriculture. Hence, development of irrigation\nto increase agricultural production has been\nassigned a very high priority in the Five Y ear\nPlans, and multipurpose river valleys projects ,\nlike the Bhakra-Nangal, Hirakud, Damodar\nValley, Nagarjuna  Sagar, Indira Gandhi Canal\nProject, etc. , have been taken up. In fact,\nIndia\u2019s water demand at present is dominated\nby irrigational needs.\nAgriculture accounts for most of the\nsurface and groundwater utilisation, it\naccounts for 89 per cent of the surface water\nand 92 per cent of the groundwater utilisation.\nWhile the share of industrial sector is limited\nto 2 per cent of the surface water utilisation\nand 5 per cent of the ground-water , the shar e\nof domestic sector is higher (9 per cent) in\nsurface water utilisation as compared to\ngroundwater . The shar e of agricultural sector\nin total water utilisation is much higher than\nother sectors. However , in futur e, with\ndevelopment, the shares of industrial and\ndomestic sectors in the country are likely to\nincrease.\nDemand of W ater for Irrigation\nIn agriculture, water is mainly used for\nirrigation. Irrigation is needed because of\nspatio-temporal variability in rainfall in the\ncountry. The large tracts of the country are\ndeficient in rainfall and are drought prone.\nNorth-western India and Deccan plateau\nconstitute such areas. Winter and summer\nseasons are more or less dry in most part\nof the country. Hence, it is difficult to\npractise agriculture without assuredin India is estimated to be 1,869 cubic km.\nHowever , due to topographical, hydr ological\nand other constraints, only about 690 cubic\nkm (32 per cent) of the available surface water\ncan be utilised. W ater flow in a river depends\non size of its catchment area or river basin\nand rainfall within its catchment ar ea. You\nhave studied in your Class XI textbook \u201cIndia :\nPhysical Environment\u201d  that precipitation in\nIndia has very high spatial variation, and it is\nmainly concentrated in Monsoon season. Y ou\nalso have studied in the textbook that some\nof the rivers in the country like the Ganga,\nthe Brahmaputra, and the Indus have huge\ncatchment areas. Given that precipitation is\nrelatively high in the catchment areas of the\nGanga, the Brahmaputra and the Barak\nrivers, these rivers, although account for only\nabout one-third of the total area in the\ncountry, have 60 per cent of the total surface\nwater resources. Much of the annual water\nflow in south Indian rivers like the Godavari,\nthe Krishna, and the Kaveri has been\nharnessed, but it is yet to be done in the\nBrahmaputra and the Ganga basins.\nGroundwater Resources\nThe total replenishable groundwater\nresources in the country are about 432 cubic\nkm. The level of groundwater utilisation is\nrelatively high in the river basins lying in\nnorth-western region and parts of south India.\nThe groundwater utilisation is very high\nin the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan,\nand T amil Nadu. However , ther e are States like\nChhattisgarh, O disha , Kerala, etc., which utilise\nonly a small proportion of their groundwater\npotentials. States like Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh,\nBihar , Tripura and Maharashtra ar e utilising\ntheir groundwater  resources at a moderate rate.\nIf the present trend continues, the demands\nfor water would need the supplies. And such\nsituation, will be detrimental to  development,\nand can cause social upheaval and\ndisruptions.\nLagoons and Backwaters\nIndia has a vast coastline and the coast is very\nindented in some states. Due to this, a number\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3980, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "abf82b0a-3eab-451b-b077-9d72c5c8ed27": {"__data__": {"id_": "abf82b0a-3eab-451b-b077-9d72c5c8ed27", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "a2c62761-d231-491f-a4f2-0179e83a3ce9", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "0251f7452cb33456e047ab2e78b52976dda3c57ce968c8d927b735b083558bab", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Water Resour ces     43\nFig. 4.1 : India \u2013 River Basins\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 76, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "c8ecc0db-4faa-45a7-96ad-70328653241f": {"__data__": {"id_": "c8ecc0db-4faa-45a7-96ad-70328653241f", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "a1751021-234e-4b11-a69a-01163223ed62", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "af5191ea21ab6172121252553b8c03dbd912c46acef94583840e9c0d3b3e049d", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "44 India : People and Economy\nEmer ging W ater Pr oblems\nThe per capita availability of water is dwindling\nday-by-day due to increase in population. The\navailable water resources are also getting\npolluted with industrial, agricultural and\ndomestic effluents, and this, in turn, is further\nlimiting the availability of usable water\nresources.\nDeterioration of Water QualityDeterioration of Water QualityDeterioration of Water QualityDeterioration of Water QualityDeterioration of Water Quality\nWater quality r efers to purity of water , or water\nwithout unwanted for eign substances. W ater\ngets polluted by foreign matters , such as\nmicro-organisms, chemicals, industrial and\nother wastes.  Such matters deteriorate the\nquality of water and render it unfit for human\nuse. When toxic substances enter lakes,\nstreams, rivers, ocean and other water bodies,\nthey get dissolved or lie suspended in water .\nThis r esults in pollution of water , wher eby\nquality of water deteriorates affecting aquatic\nsystems. Sometimes, these pollutants also\nseep down and pollute gr oundwater .  The\nGanga and the Y amuna ar e the two highly\npolluted rivers in the country.\nFind out which are the major towns/cities located on\nthe bank of the Ganga and its tributaries and major\nindustries they have.\nWater Conservation and Management\nSince there is a declining availability of\nfreshwater and increasing demand, the need\nhas arisen to conserve and effectively manage\nthis precious life giving resource for sustainable\ndevelopment. Given that water availability from\nsea/ocean, due to high cost of desalinisation,\nis considered negligible, India has to take quick\nsteps and make effective policies and laws, and\nadopt effective measures for its conservation.\nBesides developing water -saving technologies\nand methods, attempts are also to be made to\nprevent the pollution. There is need toirrigation during dry seasons. Even in the\nareas of ample rainfall like W est Bengal\nand Bihar , breaks in monsoon or its\nfailure creates dry spells detrimental for\nagricultur e. Water need of certain cr ops also\nmakes irrigation necessary. For instance,\nwater requirement of rice, sugarcane, jute,\netc. is very high which can be met only\nthrough irrigation.\nProvision of irrigation makes multiple\ncropping possible. It has also been found that\nirrigated lands have higher agricultural\nproductivity than unirrigated land. Further ,\nthe high yielding varieties of crops need\nregular moisture supply, which is made\npossible only by a developed irrigation\nsystems. In fact, this is why that green\nrevolution strategy of agriculture\ndevelopment in the country has largely been\nsuccessful in Punjab, Haryana and western\nUttar Pradesh.\nIn Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar\nPradesh, more than 85 per cent of their net\nsown area is under irrigation. Wheat and rice\nare grown mainly with the help of irrigation\nin these states. Of the total net irrigated area\n76.1 per cent in Punjab and 51.3 per cent in\nHaryana are irrigated through wells and\ntubewells. This shows that these states utilise\nlarge proportion of their groundwater\npotential which has resulted in groundwater\ndepletion in these states.\n The over -use of gr oundwater r esour ces\nhas led to decline in groundwater table in\nthese states. In fact, over withdrawals in some\nstates, like Rajasthan and Maharashtra, has\nincreased fluoride concentration in\ngroundwater , and this practice has led to\nincrease in concentration of arsenic in parts\nof West Bengal and Bihar .\nIntensive irrigation in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar\nPradesh is increasing salinity in the soil and depletion\nof groundwater irrigation. Discuss its likely impacts on\nagriculture.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3696, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "add7ba41-e788-4e6a-92ef-9491623ab71b": {"__data__": {"id_": "add7ba41-e788-4e6a-92ef-9491623ab71b", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "2b5e3ce8-181f-4639-9181-74b5f19978d8", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "c3cd9bf0d8c5d434bfaf3a290e4c09ba5ea1d11d7b1f01a78d96b18f353d71cf", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Water Resour ces     45\nencourage watershed development, rainwater\nharvesting, water recycling and reuse, and\nconjunctive use of water for sustaining water\nsupply in long run.\nPrevention of W ater Pollution\nAvailable water resources are degrading\nrapidly.  The major rivers of the country\ngenerally retain better water quality in less\ndensely populated upper stretches in hilly\nareas. In plains, river water is used intensively\nfor irrigation, drinking, domestic and industrial\npurposes. The drains carrying agricultural\n(fertilizers and insecticides), domestic (solid and\nliquid wastes), and industrial effluents join the\nrivers. The concentration of pollutants in rivers,especially remains very high during the summer\nseason when flow of water is low.\nThe Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)\nin collaboration with State Pollution Control\nBoards has been monitoring water quality of\nnational aquatic resources at 507 stations. The\ndata obtained from these stations show that\norganic and bacterial contamination continues\nto be the main source of pollution in rivers. The\nYamuna river is the most polluted river in the\ncountry between Delhi and Etawah. Other\nseverely polluted rivers are: the Sabarmati at\nAhmedabad, the Gomti at Lucknow, the Kali,\nthe Adyar , the Cooum (entir e stretches), the\nVaigai at Madurai and the Musi of Hyderabad\nand the Ganga at Kanpur and V aranasi.\nGroundwater pollution has occurred due to highFig. 4.2 : The Ganga and its Tributaries and Towns Located on them\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1515, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "fedafbe8-269f-4593-92ac-eb14e516067c": {"__data__": {"id_": "fedafbe8-269f-4593-92ac-eb14e516067c", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "0f3d1e42-84aa-42d6-b10e-c8fe3f224e0e", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "52a143f7e3807d89e6ad53c945a9ab34867907a9af2ac852422201e320b60cc4", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "46 India : People and Economy\nconcentrations of heavy/toxic metals, fluoride\nand nitrates at different parts of the country.\nThe legislative pr ovisions such as the W ater\n(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974,\nand Environment Protection Act 1986 have\nnot been implemented effectively. The result\nis that in 1997, 251 polluting industries were\nlocated along the rivers and lakes. The W ater\nCess Act, 1977, meant to reduce pollution has\nalso made marginal impacts. There is a strong\nneed to generate public awareness about\nimportance of water and impacts of water\npollution. The public awareness and action\ncan be very effective in reducing the pollutants\nfrom agricultural activities, domestic and\nindustrial discharges.Recycle and Reuse of W ater\nAnother way through which we can improve\nfresh water availability is by recycle and reuse.\nUse of water of lesser quality such as reclaimed\nwastewater would be an attractive option for\nindustries for cooling and fire fighting to\nreduce their water cost. Similarly, in urban areas\nwater after bathing and washing utensils  can\nbe used for gar dening. W ater used for washing\nvehicle can also be used for gardening. This\nwould conserve better quality of water for\ndrinking purposes. Currently, recycling of water\nis practised on a limited scale. However , ther e\nis enormous scope for replenishing water\nthrough recycling.\nDiscuss the issues highlighted in the\nnews items.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1449, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "244e7ca7-52a6-4122-b503-3d826069a63c": {"__data__": {"id_": "244e7ca7-52a6-4122-b503-3d826069a63c", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "7", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "f07b5c48-75cf-4714-8822-a67fcf330e18", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "7", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "1a4db893466e8166f672eb2179b6be78b15ec2482d6cfceafd89029f59db29d8", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Water Resour ces     47\nObserve the quantity of water used at your home in\nvarious activities and enlist the ways in which the water\ncan be reused and recycled in various activities.\nClass teachers should organise a discussion on recycle\nand reuse of water .\nWatershed ManagementWatershed ManagementWatershed ManagementWatershed ManagementWatershed Management\nWatershed management basically r efers to\nefficient management and conservation of\nsurface and groundwater resources.  It involves\nprevention of runoff and storage and recharge\nof groundwater through various methods like\npercolation tanks, r echar ge wells, etc. However ,\nin broad sense watershed management includes\nconservation, regeneration and judicious use of\nall resour ces \u2013 natural (like land, water , plants\nand animals) and human with in a watershed.\nWatershed management aims at bringing about\nbalance between natural resources on the one\nhand and society on the other . The success of\nwatershed development largely depends upon\ncommunity participation.\nThe Central and State Governments have\ninitiated many watershed development and\nmanagement programmes in the country.\nSome of these are being implemented by non-\ngovernmental organisations also. Haryali  is\na watershed development project sponsored\nby the Central Government which aims at\nenabling the rural population to conserve\nwater for drinking, irrigation, fisheries and\nafforestation.  The Project is being executed\nby Gram Panchayats with people\u2019s\nparticipation.\nNeeru-Meeru  (Water and Y ou) pr ogramme\n(in Andhra Pradesh) and Arvary Pani Sansad\n(in Alwar , Rajasthan) have taken up\nconstructions of various water -harvesting\nstructures such as percolation tanks, dug out\nponds ( Johad ), check dams, etc. , through\npeople\u2019s participation. Tamil Nadu has made\nwater harvesting structures in the housescompulsory. No building can be constructed\nwithout making structures for water harvesting.\nWatershed development pr ojects in some\nareas have been successful in rejuvenating\nenvir onment and economy. However , ther e are\nonly a few success stories.  In majority of cases,\nthe programme is still in its nascent stage.  There\nis a need to generate awareness regarding\nbenefits of watershed development and\nmanagement among people in the country, and\nthrough this integrated water resource\nmanagement approach water availability can be\nensured on sustainable basis.\nRainwater HarvestingRainwater HarvestingRainwater HarvestingRainwater HarvestingRainwater Harvesting\nRainwater harvesting is a method to capture\nand store rainwater for various uses. It is also\nused to recharge groundwater aquifers. It is a\nlow cost and eco-friendly technique for\npreserving every drop of water by guiding the\nrain water to borewell, pits and wells. Rainwater\nharvesting  increases water availability, checks\nthe declining groundwater table, improves the\nquality of groundwater through dilution of\ncontaminants, like fluoride and nitrates,\nprevents soil erosion, and flooding and arrests\nsalt water intrusion in coastal areas if used to\nrecharge aquifers.\nRainwater harvesting has been practised\nthrough various methods by different\ncommunities in the country for a long time.\nTraditional rainwater harvesting in rural ar eas\nis done by using surface storage bodies, like\nlakes, ponds, irrigation tanks, etc. In Rajasthan,\nrainwater harvesting structures locally known\nas Kund or Tanka (a covered underground\ntank) are constructed near or in the house or\nvillage to store harvested rainwater (see Fig. 4.3\nto understand various ways of rainwater\nharvesting).\nThere is a wide scope to use rainwater\nharvesting technique to conserve precious\nwater resource. It can be done by harvesting\nrainwater on rooftops and open spaces.\nHarvesting rainwater also decreases the\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3800, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "4f1e4b68-0531-487f-bcb9-19e1aff1948c": {"__data__": {"id_": "4f1e4b68-0531-487f-bcb9-19e1aff1948c", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "8", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "5a7034e2-626e-48f7-a8a9-0bc176cd6c83", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "8", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "cf4e3791d8273633bf0efbeb8e3a4519e9ae3e4b8e4a7906eef9f76640838882", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "48 India : People and Economy\nWatershed Development in Ralegan Siddhi, Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra:Watershed Development in Ralegan Siddhi, Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra:Watershed Development in Ralegan Siddhi, Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra:Watershed Development in Ralegan Siddhi, Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra:Watershed Development in Ralegan Siddhi, Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra:\nA Case StudyA Case StudyA Case StudyA Case StudyA Case Study\nRalegan Siddhi is a small village in the district of Ahmadnagar , Maharashtra. It has become an\nexample for watershed development throughout the country .\nIn 1975, this village was caught in a web of poverty and illicit liquor trade. The transformation took place\nwhen a retired army personnel, settled down in the village and took up the task of watershed development.\nHe convinced villagers about the importance of family planning and voluntary labour; preventing open\ngrazing, felling trees, and liquor prohibition.\nVoluntary labour was necessary to ensure minimum dependence on the government for financial\naids. \u201cIt socialised the costs of the projects.\u201d explain ed the activist . Even those who were working\noutside the village contributed to the development by committing a month\u2019 s salary every year .\nWork began with the percolation tank constructed in the village. In 1975, the tank could not hold\nwater . The embankment wall leaked. People voluntarily repaired the embankment. The seven wells\nbelow it swelled with water in summer for the first time in the living memory of the people. The people\nreposed their faith in him and his visions.\nA youth group called Tarun Mandal was formed. The group worked to ban the dowry system, caste\ndiscrimination and untouchability . Liquor distilling units were removed and prohibition imposed. Open\ngrazing was completely banned with a new emphasis on stall-feeding. The cultivation of water-intensive\ncrops like sugarcane was banned. Crops such as pulses, oilseeds and certain cash crops with low\nwater requirements were encouraged.\nAll elections to local bodies began to be held\non the basis of consensus. \u201cIt made the\ncommunity leaders complete representatives\nof the people.\u201d A system of Nyay Panchayats\n(informal courts) were also set up. Since then,\nno case has been referred to the police.\nA Rs.22 lakh school building was constructed\nusing only the resources of the village. No\ndonations were taken. Money , if needed, was\nborrowed and paid back. The villagers took pride\nin this self-reliance. A new system of sharing\nlabour grew out of this infusion of pride and\nvoluntary spirit. People volunteered to help each other in agricultural operation. Landless labourers also\ngained employment. Today the village plans to\nbuy land for them in adjoining villages.\nAt present, water is adequate; agriculture is\nflourishing, though the use of fertilisers and\npesticides is very high. The prosperity also brings\nthe question of ability of the present generation\nto carry on the work after the leader of the\nmovement who declared that, \u201cThe process of\nRalegan\u2019s evolution to an ideal village will not\nstop. With changing times, people tend to evolve\nnew ways. In future, Ralegan might present a\ndifferent model to the country .\u201d\nWhat a mitigation approach can do? A success story.Ralegan Siddhi before mitigation approach\nRalegan Siddhi after mitigation approach\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3349, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "b87203a9-e500-4698-95d0-951f75006116": {"__data__": {"id_": "b87203a9-e500-4698-95d0-951f75006116", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "9", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "fd28bf01-cd74-4b75-9af1-9168b9bdf382", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "9", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "2a02d21f439fbcc7982a4de570ff412da199cb1bff5514f900a6515b7e562488", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Water Resour ces     49\nFig. 4.3 : V arious Methods of Rainwater Harvesting\ncommunity dependence on groundwater for\ndomestic use.  Besides bridging the demand-\nsupply gap, it can also save energy to pump\ngroundwater as recharge leads to rise in\ngroundwater table. These days rainwaterharvesting is being taken up on massive scale\nin many states in the country. Urban areas\ncan specially benefit from rainwater harvesting\nas water demand has already outstripped\nsupply in most of the cities and towns.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 521, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "05379d1d-5503-4bcc-bf21-80c92673f6c3": {"__data__": {"id_": "05379d1d-5503-4bcc-bf21-80c92673f6c3", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "10", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "a1265f36-5111-4a2b-b6ee-3f7d7306c1b0", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "10", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "9bc0bb36f3ad53f02ff7caba27bc4ef8b9d25cbdd73ad8814ba77b37d0988d61", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "50 India : People and Economy\nApart from the above mentioned factors, the\nissue desalinisation of water particularly in coastal\nareas and brackish water in arid and semi-arid\nareas, transfer of water from water surplus areas\nto water deficit ar eas thr ough inter -linking ofrivers can be important remedies for solving water\nproblem in India (read more about inter linking\nof rivers). However , the most important issue fr om\nthe point of view of individual users, household\nand communities is pricing of water .\nCollect information about National W ater Policy , 2012, and Ganga Rejuvenation from the website (www .wrmin.nic.in)\nand discuss in the classroom.Highlights of India\u2019s National Water Policy, 2002Highlights of India\u2019s National Water Policy, 2002Highlights of India\u2019s National Water Policy, 2002Highlights of India\u2019s National Water Policy, 2002Highlights of India\u2019s National Water Policy, 2002\nThe National Water Policy 2002 stipulates water allocation priorities broadly in the following order:\ndrinking water; irrigation, hydro-power , navigation, industrial and other uses. The policy stipulates\nprogressive new approaches to water management. Key features include:\n\u2022Irrigation and multi-purpose projects should invariably include drinking water component, wherever\nthere is no alternative source of drinking water .\n\u2022Providing drinking water to all human beings and animals should be the first priority .\n\u2022Measures should be taken to limit and regulate the exploitation of groundwater .\n\u2022Both surface and groundwater should be regularly monitored for quality . A phased programme\nshould be undertaken for improving water quality .\n\u2022The efficiency of utilisation in all the diverse uses of water should be improved.\n\u2022Awareness of water as a scarce resource should be fostered.\n\u2022Conservation consciousness should be promoted through education, regulation, incentives and\ndisincentives.\nSource : Gover nment of India (2002), \u2018India\u2019s Refor m Initiatives in W ater Sector\u2019, Ministry for Rural Development, New Delhi\nJal Kranti Abhiyan (2015-16)Jal Kranti Abhiyan (2015-16)Jal Kranti Abhiyan (2015-16)Jal Kranti Abhiyan (2015-16)Jal Kranti Abhiyan (2015-16)\nWater is a recyclable resource but its availability is limited and the gap between supply and demand\nwill be widening over time. Climate change at the global scale will be creating water stress conditions\nin many regions of the world. India has a unique situation of high population growth and rapid economic\ndevelopment with high water demand. The Jal Kranti Abhiyan  launched by the Government of India in\n2015\u201316 with an aim to ensure water security through per capita availability of water in the country .\nPeople in different regions of India had practised the traditional knowledge of water conservation and\nmanagement to ensure water availability .\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2845, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "f61e27ae-7018-49ec-ae83-cfe9feff7a65": {"__data__": {"id_": "f61e27ae-7018-49ec-ae83-cfe9feff7a65", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "11", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "4d15c9b2-0253-4cb8-a78a-41440c2a65fe", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "11", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "19bc5bb8aad9fbb724b6dc7513cd910dfb3d42c05766b5c458d0a17eb446c2b4", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Water Resour ces     51\nEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISES\n1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.\n(i) Which one of the following types describes water as a resource?\n(a) Abiotic resource (c) Biotic Resource\n(b) Non-renewable Resources (d) Non-cyclic Resource\n(ii) Which one of the following south Indian states has the highest\ngroundwater utilisation (in per cent) of its total ground water potential?\n(a) Tamil Nadu (c)    Andhra Pradesh\n(b) Karnataka (d)    Kerala\n(iii The highest proportion of the total water used in the country is in which\none of the following sectors?\n(a) Irrigation (c)   Domestic use\n(b) Industries (d)   None of the above\n2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.\n(i) It is said that the water resources in India have been depleting very fast.\nDiscuss the factors responsible for depletion of water resources?\n(ii) What factors are responsible for the highest groundwater development\nin the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Tamil Nadu?The Jal Kranti Abhiyan  aims at involving local bodies, NGOs and cititzens, at large, in creating\nawareness regarding its objectives. The following activities have been proposed under the Jal Kranti\nAbhiyan :\n1.Selection of one water stressed village in each 672 districts of the country to create a \u2018Jal Gram\u2019.\n2.\u00cddentification of model command area of about 1000 hectares in dif ferent parts of the country , for\nexample, UP , Haryana (North), Karnataka, Telangana, Tamil Nadu (South), Rajasthan, Gujarat\n(West), Odisha (East), Meghalaya (North-East).\n3.Abatement of pollution:\n\u2022Water conservation and artificial recharge.\n\u2022Reducing groundwater pollution.\n\u2022Construction of Arsenic-free wells in selected areas of the country .\n4.Creating mass awareness through social media, radio, TV, print media, poster and  essay writing\ncompetitions in schools.\nJal Kranti Abhiyan  is designed to provide livelihood and food security through water security .\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1981, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "4d2aa545-dfa7-45f4-8f61-aef920230915": {"__data__": {"id_": "4d2aa545-dfa7-45f4-8f61-aef920230915", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "12", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "c6fbc54f-232d-4982-9a2a-5650c310ec0f", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "12", "file_name": "legy204.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy204.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1729824, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "8debcae80f34782270d42f780aa14b976c239b62c9229315685f9eef84d48bff", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "52 India : People and Economy\n(iii) Why the share of agricultural sector in total water used in the country is\nexpected to decline?\n(iv) What can be possible impacts of consumption of contaminated/unclean\nwater on the people?\n3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.\n(i) Discuss the availability of water resources in the country and factors\nthat determine its spatial distribution?\n(ii) The depleting water resources may lead to social conflicts and disputes.\nElaborate it with suitable examples?\n(iii) What is watershed management? Do you think it can play an important\nrole in sustainable development?\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 638, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "b8ec45a2-800f-4b9e-80ce-dce9d51b4bfd": {"__data__": {"id_": "b8ec45a2-800f-4b9e-80ce-dce9d51b4bfd", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "eb35ebbf-4d6a-4530-9785-06f2e296c670", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "11323aefab5f37a64d46c32c21a467b11f8a35d834bbe90bd275e05f9ee21fd5", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Unit III Unit IIIUnit III Unit IIIUnit III\nChapter 5\nMINERAL AND\nENERGY\nRESOURCESIndia is endowed with a rich variety of mineral\nresources due to its varied geological structure.\nBulk of the valuable minerals are products of\npre-palaezoic age (Refer: Chapter 2 of Class XI,\nTextbook: \u201cFundamentals of Physical\nGeography\u201d  and are mainly associated with\nmetamorphic and igneous rocks of the\npeninsular India. The vast alluvial plain tract\nof north India is devoid of minerals of economic\nuse. The mineral resources provide the country\nwith the necessary base for industrial\ndevelopment. In this chapter , we shall discuss\nthe availability of various types of mineral and\nenergy resources in the country.\nA mineral is a natural substance of organic\nor inorganic origin with definite chemical and\nphysical properties.\nT TT TTypes ofypes ofypes of\nypes ofypes of  Miner  Miner Miner  Miner Miner al R al Ral R al Ral R esour esouresour esouresour ces cesces cesces\nOn the basis of chemical and physical\nproperties, minerals may be grouped under two\nmain categories of metallics and non-metallics\nwhich may further be classified as follows :\nFig. 5.1 : Classification of Minerals\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1195, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "48b86b6a-20bb-4d81-8bd8-9f54d013587b": {"__data__": {"id_": "48b86b6a-20bb-4d81-8bd8-9f54d013587b", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "b2954291-4f84-4887-a92f-d5c4d85efbff", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "29a8d26a9c7ca22673470f8c8f327d2fd5d0de10fac54319a7477e615ee7ff2d", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "54 India : People and Economy\nAs, it is clear from the Fig. 5.1 metallic\nminerals are the sources of metals. Iron ore,\ncopper , gold produce metal and are included\nin this category. Metallic minerals are further\ndivided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallic\nminerals. Ferrous, as you know, refers to iron.\nAll those minerals which have iron content are\nferrous such as iron ore itself and those which\ndo not have iron content are non-ferrous such\nas copper , bauxite, etc.\nNon-metallic minerals are either organic\nin origin such as fossil fuels also known as\nmineral fuels which are derived from the\nburied animal and plant life such as coal and\npetroleum. Other type of non-metallic\nminerals are inorganic in origin such as mica,\nlimestone and graphite, etc.\nMinerals have certain characteristics.\nThese are unevenly distributed over space.\nThere is inverse relationship in quality and\nquantity of minerals i.e. good quality minerals\nare less in quantity as compared to low\nquality minerals. The third main\ncharacteristic is that all minerals are\nexhaustible over time. These take long to\ndevelop geologically and they cannot be\nreplenished immediately at the time of need.\nThus, they have to be conserved and not\nmisused as they do not have the second crop.\nDistribution of Minerals in IndiaDistribution of Minerals in IndiaDistribution of Minerals in IndiaDistribution of Minerals in IndiaDistribution of Minerals in India\nMost of the metallic minerals in India occur in\nthe peninsular plateau region in the old\ncrystalline rocks. Over 97 per cent of coal\nreserves occur in the valleys of Damodar , Sone,\nMahanadi and Godavari. Petroleum reserves\nare located in the sedimentary basins of Assam,\nGujarat and Mumbai High i.e. off-shore region\nin the Arabian Sea. New reserves have been\nlocated in the Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri\nbasins. Most of the major mineral resources\noccur to the east of a line linking Mangaluru\nand Kanpur .\nMinerals are generally concentrated in\nthree broad belts in India. There may be some\nsporadic occurrences here and there in isolated\npockets. These belts are :\nThe North-Eastern Plateau Region\nThis belt covers Chhotanagpur (Jharkhand),\nOdisha Plateau, W est Bengal and parts of\nChhattisgarh. Have you ever thought about\nthe reason of major iron and steel industry\nbeing located in this region? It has variety of\nminerals viz. iron ore coal, manganese,\nbauxite, mica.\nFind out the specific region where these\nminerals are being extracted.\nThe South-W ester n Plateau Region\nThis belt extends over Karnataka, Goa and\ncontiguous Tamil Nadu uplands and Kerala.\nThis belt is rich in ferrous metals and bauxite.\nIt also contains high grade iron ore, manganese\nand limestone. This belt lacks in coal deposits\nexcept Neyveli lignite.\nThis belt does not have as diversified\nmineral deposits as the north-eastern belt.\nKerala has deposits of monazite and thorium,\nbauxite clay. Goa has iron ore deposits.\nThe North-W ester n Region\nThis belt extends along Aravali in Rajasthan and\npart of Gujarat and minerals are associated with\nDharwar system of rocks. Copper , zinc have\nbeen major minerals. Rajasthan is rich in\nbuilding stones i.e. sandstone, granite, marble.\nGypsum and Fuller\u2019s earth deposits are also\nextensive. Dolomite and limestone provide raw\nmaterials for cement industry. Gujarat is known\nfor its petr oleum deposits. Y ou may be knowing\nthat Gujarat and Rajasthan both have rich\nsources of salt.\nWhy and where Dandi March was\norganised by Mahatma Gandhi?\nThe Himalayan belt is another mineral belt\nwhere copper , lead, zinc, cobalt and tungsten\nare known to occur . They occur on both the\neastern and western parts. Assam valley has\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3691, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "f614c160-3ca0-4909-8794-5a5283b7a939": {"__data__": {"id_": "f614c160-3ca0-4909-8794-5a5283b7a939", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "96f18822-c0fa-4265-a1ce-14ecf5b2a74d", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "78a9e6565a3634dd894df05d482913dab1e7689ff8109fe8c343c73bfc3a6b39", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Mineral and Energy Resources      55\nmineral oil deposits. Besides oil resources are\nalso found in off-shore-areas near Mumbai\nCoast (Mumbai High).\nIn the following pages you will find the\nspatial pattern of some of the important\nminerals.\nFerrous Mineral\nFerrous minerals such as iron ore,\nmanganese, chromite, etc., provide a strong\nbase for the development of metallurgical\nindustries. Our country is well-placed in\nrespect of ferrous minerals both in reserves\nand production.\nIron Ore\nIndia is endowed with fairly abundant\nresources of iron ore. It has the largest reserve\nof iron ore in Asia. The two main types of ore\nfound in our country are haematite  and\nmagnetite . It has great demand in\ninternational market due to its superior\nquality. The iron ore mines occur in close\nproximity to the coal fields in the north-\neastern plateau region of the country which\nadds to their advantage.\nAbout 95 per cent of total reserves of iron\nore is located in the States of O disha ,\nJharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa,\nTelangana, \nAndhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.\nIn Odisha , iron ore occurs in a series of hill\nranges in Sunder garh, Mayurbhanj and Jhar .\nThe important mines are Gurumahisani,\nSulaipet, Badampahar (Mayurbhaj), Kiruburu\n(Kendujhar) and Bonai (Sundergarh). Similar\nhill ranges, Jharkhand has some of the oldest\niron ore mines and most of the iron and steel\nplants are located around them. Most of the\nimportant mines such as Noamundi and Gua\nare located in Poorbi and Pashchimi\nSinghbhum districts. This belt further extends\nto Durg, Dantewara and Bailadila. Dalli, and\nRajhara in Durg are the important mines of\niron ore in the country. In Karnataka, iron ore\ndeposits occur in Sandur -Hospet ar ea of\nBallari  district, Baba Budan hills and\nKudremukh in Chik kamagalur u district andparts of Shivamogga, Chitradurg and\nTum akuru districts. The districts of\nChandrapur , Bhandara and Ratnagiri in\nMaharashtra, Karimnagar and Warangal\ndistrict of Telangana,  Kurnool, Cuddapah and\nAnantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh, Salem\nand Nilgiris districts of Tamil Nadu are other\niron mining regions. Goa has also emerged as\nan important producer of iron ore.\nManganese\nManganese is an important raw material for\nsmelting of iron ore and also used for\nmanufacturing ferro alloys. Manganese\ndeposits are found in almost all geological\nformations, however , it is mainly associated with\nDharwar system.\nOdisha is the leading producer of\nManganese. Major mines in Odisha are\nlocated in the central part of the iron ore belt\nof India, particularly in Bonai, Kendujhar ,\nSunder garh, Gangpur , Koraput, Kalahandi\nand Bolangir .\nCan you find out its reason?\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2683, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "6547684e-30e6-4d7c-b5b9-9d251adc555f": {"__data__": {"id_": "6547684e-30e6-4d7c-b5b9-9d251adc555f", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "fd4b09ab-8f5e-4cc3-b565-809d50d9a590", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "64c201372f78d0864f611ed05e803a112c3c4efac6b6f7f5f6d5b9f6b78c12ef", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "56 India : People and Economy\nFig. 5.2 : India \u2013 Metallic Minerals (Ferrous)\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 97, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "e25cee59-fd12-4057-ade2-89f29e64c12b": {"__data__": {"id_": "e25cee59-fd12-4057-ade2-89f29e64c12b", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "c23eb6a4-ae34-4808-acb7-842bda63045d", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "327a928c98c17ab968989958191e95f4b65d27524d4ec0d524fc905feb4eee28", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Mineral and Energy Resources      57\nKarnataka is another major producer and\nhere the mines ar e located in Dharwar , Ballari,\nBelagavi, North Canara, Chik kmagal uru,\nShivamogga , Chitradurg and Tumakuru.\nMaharashtra is also an important producer of\nmanganese, which is mined in Nagpur ,\nBhandara and Ratnagiri districts. The\ndisadvantage to these mines is that they are\nlocated far from steel plants. The manganese\nbelt of Madhya Pradesh extends in a belt in\nBalaghat-Chhindwara-Nimar -Mandla and\nJhabua districts.\nTelangana, Goa, and Jharkhand are other\nminor producers of manganese.\nNon-Ferrous Minerals\nIndia is poorly endowed with non-ferrous\nmetallic minerals except bauxite.\nBauxite\nBauxite is the ore, which is used in\nmanufacturing of aluminium. Bauxite is found\nmainly in tertiary deposits and is associated\nwith laterite rocks occurring extensively either\non the plateau or hill ranges of peninsular India\nand also in the coastal tracts of the country.\nOdisha  happens to be the largest producer\nof Bauxite. Kalahandi and Sambalpur are the\nleading producers. The other two areas which\nhave been increasing their production are\nBolangir and Koraput. The patlands of\nLohardaga  in Jharkhand have rich deposits.\nGujarat, C hhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and\nMaharashtra are other major producers.\nBhavanagar ,  and Jamnagar in Gujarat have the\nmajor deposits. C hhattisgarh has bauxite\ndeposits in Amarkantak plateau while Katni-\nJabalpur ar ea and Balaghat in M.P . have\nimportant deposits of bauxite. Kolaba, Thane,\nRatnagiri, Satara, Pune and Kolhapur in\nMaharashtra are important producers. Tamil\nNadu, Karnataka and Goa are minor producers\nof bauxite.\nCopper\nCopper is an indispensable  metal in the\nelectrical industry for making wires, electric\nmotors, transformers and generators. It isalloyable, malleable and ductile. It is also mixed\nwith gold to provide strength to jewellery.\nThe Copper deposits mainly occur in\nSinghbhum district in Jharkhand, Balaghat\ndistrict in Madhya Pradesh and Jhunjhunu and\nAlwar districts in Rajasthan.\nMinor producers of Copper are Agnigundala\nin Guntur District (Andhra Pradesh), Chitradurg\nand Hasan districts (Karnataka) and South Arcot\ndistrict (Tamil Nadu).\nNon-metallic Minerals\nAmong the non-metallic minerals produced in\nIndia, mica is the important one. The other\nminerals extracted for local consumption are\nlimestone, dolomite and phosphate.\nMica\nMica is mainly used in the electrical and\nelectronic industries. It can be split into very\nthin sheets which are tough and flexible. Mica\nin India is produced in Jharkhand, Andhra\nPradesh, Telanganga and Rajasthan followed\nby Tamil Nadu, W est Bengal and Madhya\nPradesh. In Jharkhand, high quality mica is\nobtained in a belt extending over a distance of\nabout 150 km, in length and about 22 km, in\nwidth in lower Hazaribagh plateau. In Andhra\nPradesh, Nellore district produces the best\nquality mica. In Rajasthan, mica belt extends\nfor about 320 kms from Jaipur to Bhilwara\nand ar ound Udaipur . Mica deposits also occur\nin Mysuru and Hasan districts of Karanataka,\nCoimbator e, Tiruchirapalli, Madurai and\nKanniyakumari in Tamil Nadu, Alleppey in\nKerala, Ratnagiri in Maharashtra, Purulia and\nBankura in W est Bengal.\nEnergy Resources\nMineral fuels are essential for generation of\npower , requir ed by agricultur e, industry,\ntransport and other sectors of the economy.\nMineral fuels like coal, petroleum and natural\ngas (known as fossil fuels), nuclear energy\nminerals , are the conventional sources of\nenergy. These conventional sources are\nexhaustible resources.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3592, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "0d745660-029e-4643-8061-7a0224bf05a6": {"__data__": {"id_": "0d745660-029e-4643-8061-7a0224bf05a6", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "6e00aa22-1426-40fc-92bc-18e0439b3c91", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "063ca1cf0fd807146c36e0902f88040ccb285f22e88321ec9c2ae64af35e9140", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "58 India : People and Economy\nFig. 5.3 : India \u2013 Minerals (Non-Ferrous)\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 92, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "066d5faa-fd8b-45f3-a772-066af0d39889": {"__data__": {"id_": "066d5faa-fd8b-45f3-a772-066af0d39889", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "7", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "456cfaf5-8490-4498-a558-864b884aefe5", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "7", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "bdf0d41238d1eef11e7ebd97c58df63122be93120f97dfa2c6423f41d441b3f8", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Mineral and Energy Resources      59\nprocessed in petrochemical industries, such as\nfertiliser , synthetic rubber , synthetic fibr e,\nmedicines, vaseline, lubricants, wax, soap and\ncosmetics.\n \nPetroleum is referred to as liquid gold\nbecause of its scarcity and diversified uses.\nCrude petroleum occurs in\nsedimentary rocks of the tertiary period. Oil\nexploration and production was\nsystematically taken up after the Oil and\nNatural Gas Commission was set up in\n1956. T ill then, Digboi in Assam was the\nonly oil producing region but the scenario\nchanged after 1956. In recent years, new\noil deposits have been found at the extreme\nwestern and eastern parts of the country.\nIn Assam, Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran\nare important oil producing areas. The\nmajor oilfields of Gujarat ar e Ankaleshwar ,\nKalol, Mehsana, Nawagam, Kosamba and\nLunej. Mumbai High which lies 160 km off\nMumbai was discovered in 1973 and\nproduction commenced in 1976. Oil and\nnatural gas have been found in exploratory\nwells in Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basin\non the east coast.\nOil extracted from the wells is crude oil and\ncontains many impurities. It cannot be used\ndirectly. It needs to be refined. There are two\ntypes of refineries in India: (a) field-based and\n(b) market-based. Digboi is an example of field-\nbased and Barauni is an example of market-\nbased refinery.\nNatural Gas\nNatural Gas is found with petroleum deposits\nand is released when crude oil is brought toCoal\nCoal is a one of the important minerals which\nis mainly used in the generation of thermal\npower and smelting of iron ore. Coal occurs in\nrock sequences mainly of two geological ages,\nnamely Gondwana and tertiary deposits.\nAbout 80 per cent of the coal deposits in\nIndia is of bituminous type and is of non-coking\ngrade. The most important Gondwana coal\nfields of India ar e located in Damodar V alley.\nThey lie in Jharkhand-Bengal coal belt and the\nimportant coal fields in this region are Raniganj,\nJharia, Bokaro, Giridih, Karanpura.\nJharia is the largest coal field followed by\nRaniganj.  The other river valleys associated\nwith coal are Godavari, Mahanadi and Sone.\nThe most important coal mining centres are\nSingrauli in Madhya Pradesh (part of Singrauli\ncoal field lies in Uttar Pradesh), Korba in\nChhattisgarh, Talcher and Rampur in Odisha,\nChanda\u2013W ardha, Kamptee and Bander in\nMaharashtra and Singareni in Telangana and\nPandur in Andhra Pradesh.\nTertiary coals occur in Assam, Arunachal\nPradesh, Meghalaya and Nagaland.  It is\nextracted from Darangiri, Cherrapunji,\nMewlong and Langrin (Meghalaya); Makum,\nJaipur and Nazira in upper Assam, Namchik \u2013\nNamphuk (Arunachal Pradesh) and Kalakot\n(Jammu and Kashmir).\nBesides, the brown coal or lignite occur in\nthe coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, Puducherry,\nGujarat and Jammu and Kashmir .\nPetroleum\nCrude petroleum consists of hydrocarbons of\nliquid and gaseous states varying in chemical\ncomposition, colour and specific gravity. It is\nan essential source of energy for all internal\ncombustion engines in automobiles, railways\nand aircraft. Its numerous by-products are\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3099, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "186d6f8c-070b-41eb-88ec-93b0dd8b5542": {"__data__": {"id_": "186d6f8c-070b-41eb-88ec-93b0dd8b5542", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "8", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "30553787-6f4a-4843-b345-b28b7c5b50e1", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "8", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "43b9cbec41b8cb6db873dcd20bc5ef2fd0fd18e43faa8573bc0e24838b16266b", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "60 India : People and Economy\nFig. 5.4 : India \u2013 Conventional Energy Resources\nActivity: Collect information about cross country natural gas pipelines laid by GAIL (India)\nunder \u2018One Nation One Gride\u2019.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 222, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "c72ddfc4-7819-45e4-bbd8-ef0048496b57": {"__data__": {"id_": "c72ddfc4-7819-45e4-bbd8-ef0048496b57", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "9", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "f63405d7-384c-4ea0-92a7-8b9b12e53cef", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "9", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "2ed256943a2b555c77578908b76f8413dabd430c7ff55cd810c0f5a7de27d6e8", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Mineral and Energy Resources      61\nthe surface. It can be used as a domestic and\nindustrial fuel. It is used as fuel in power\nsector to generate electricity, for heating\npurpose in industries, as raw material in\nchemical, petrochemical and fertiliser\nindustries. With the expansion of gas\ninfrastructure and local city gas distribution\n(COD) networks, natural gas is also emerging\nas a preferred transport fuel (CNG) and\ncooking fuel (PNG) at homes. India\u2019s major\ngas reserves are found in the Mumbai High\nand allied fields along the west coast which\nare supplemented by finds in the Cambay\nbasin. Along the East Coast, new reserves of\nnatural gas have been discovered in the\nKrishna-Godavari basin.\nNon-Conventional Energy Sources\nFossil fuel sources, such as coal, petroleum,\nnatural gas and nuclear energy use\nexhaustible raw materials. Sustainable\nenergy resources are only the renewable\nenergy sour ces like solar , wind, hydr o-\ngeothermal and biomass. These energy\nsources are more equitably distributed and\nenvironment-friendly. The non-conventional\nenergy sources will provide more sustained,\neco-friendly cheaper energy after the initial\ncost is taken care of.\nNuclear Energy Resources\nNuclear energy has emerged as a viable source\nin recent times. Important minerals used for the\ngeneration of nuclear energy are uranium and\nthorium. Uranium deposits occur in the Dharwar\nrocks.  Geographically, uranium ores are known\nto occur in several locations along the Singbhum\nCopper belt.  It is also found in Udaipur , Alwar\nand Jhunjhun u districts of Rajasthan, Durg\ndistrict of Chhattisgarh, Bhandara district of\nMaharashtra and Kul lu district of HimachalPradesh. Thorium is mainly obtained from\nmonazite and ilmenite in the beach sands along\nthe coast of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. W orld\u2019s\nrichest monazite deposits occur in Palakkad\nand Kollam districts of Kerala, near\nVishak hapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and\nMahanadi river delta in Odisha.\nAtomic Energy Commission was\nestablished in 1948, progress could be made\nonly after the establishment of the Atomic\nEnergy Institute at T rombay in 1954 which was\nrenamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research\nCentre in 1967. The important nuclear power\nprojects are Tarapur (Maharashtra),\nRawatbhata near Kota (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam\n(Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar Pradesh), Kaiga\n(Karnataka) and Kakarapara (Gujarat).\nSolar Energy\nSun rays tapped in photovoltaic cells can be\nconverted into energy,  known as solar energy.\nThe two effective processes considered to be very\neffective to tap solar energy are photovoltaics\nand solar thermal technology.  Solar thermal\ntechnology has some relative advantages over\nall other non-renewable energy sources. It is\ncost competitive, environment friendly and easy\nto construct. Solar energy is 7 per cent more\neffective than coal or oil based plants and 10\nper cent more effective than nuclear plants. It\nis generally used more in appliances like\nheaters, crop dryers, cookers, etc.  The western\npart of India has greater potential for the\ndevelopment of solar energy in Gujarat and\nRajasthan.\nWind Energy\nWind energy is absolutely pollution free,\ninexhaustible source of energy.  The mechanism\nof energy conversion from blowing wind is\nsimple. The kinetic energy of wind, through\nturbines is converted into electrical energy. The\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3330, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "4a1034b0-c410-4896-871a-3eb407c21c98": {"__data__": {"id_": "4a1034b0-c410-4896-871a-3eb407c21c98", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "10", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "4a755a13-d26a-4b28-b691-840925157ec3", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "10", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "aa14ea7a7eab4ef642076d947b7ee3f1833b6ef2ba56cf9543908f19747c3b9d", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "62 India : People and Economy\nFig. 5.5 : India \u2013 Oil Refineries\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 84, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "58b3c347-7a66-4f6a-a2aa-d4f64d213db4": {"__data__": {"id_": "58b3c347-7a66-4f6a-a2aa-d4f64d213db4", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "11", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "daabb155-06f6-4be5-b389-e6ae82c0b300", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "11", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "c8b09b7123f294db097c3ebbec6bc0958b3e689030722eb5eafe1007378ec661", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Mineral and Energy Resources      63\npermanent wind systems such the trade winds,\nwesterlies and seasonal wind like monsoon have\nbeen used as source of energy.  Besides these,\nlocal winds, land and sea breezes can also be\nused to produce electricity.\nIndia, already has started generating wind\nenergy. In Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra\nand Karnataka, favourable conditions for wind\nenergy exist.\nTidal and W ave Ener gy\nOcean currents are the store-house of infinite\nenergy. Since the beginning of seventeenth and\neighteenth century, persistent efforts were made\nto create a more efficient energy system from\nthe ceaseless tidal waves and ocean current.\nLarge tidal waves are known to occur\nalong the west coast of India. Hence, India has\ngreat potential for the development of tidalenergy along the coasts but so far these have\nnot yet been utilised.\nGeother mal Ener gy\nWhen the magma from the interior of earth,\ncomes out on the surface, tremendous heat is\nreleased. This heat energy can successfully be\ntapped and converted to electrical energy. Apart\nfrom this, the hot water that gushes out through\nthe geyser wells is also used in the generation\nof thermal energy. It is popularly known as\nGeothermal energy. This energy is now\nconsidered to be one of the key energy sources\nwhich can be developed as an alternate source.\nThe hot springs and geysers are being used\nsince medieval period. In India, a geothermal\nenergy plant has been commissioned at\nManikaran in Himachal Pradesh.\nHow are the developed\ncountries of the world\nutilising non-conventional\nenergy resources ? Discuss.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1608, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "fe685525-a482-4155-8177-cd6b3af04517": {"__data__": {"id_": "fe685525-a482-4155-8177-cd6b3af04517", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "12", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "563b56c8-b38d-4e98-8692-85c1b5018c46", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "12", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "8b71cbb9cd3542c4194ab50237ba5156f3b1d7d560aaae7b1a34de8dc1836b4d", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "64 India : People and Economy\nThe first successful (1890) attempt to tap\nthe underground heat was made in the city\nof Boise, Idaho (U.S.A.), where a hot water\npipe network was built to give heat to the\nsurrounding buildings. This plant is still\nworking.\nBio-energy\nBio-energy refers to energy derived from biological\nproducts which includes agricultural residues,\nmunicipal, industrial and other wastes. Bio-\nenergy is a potential source of energy conversion.\nIt can be converted into electrical energy, heat\nenergy or gas for cooking. It will also process the\nwaste and garbage and produce energy. This will\nimprove economic life of rural areas in developing\ncountries, reduce environmental pollution,\nenhance self-reliance and reduce pressure on fuel\nwood. One such project converting municipal\nwaste into energy is Okhla in Delhi.Conservation of Mineral ResourcesConservation of Mineral ResourcesConservation of Mineral ResourcesConservation of Mineral ResourcesConservation of Mineral Resources\nThe challenge of sustainable development\nrequires integration of quest for economic\ndevelopment with environmental concerns.\nTraditional methods of r esour ce use r esult into\ngenerating enormous quantity of waste as well\nas create other environmental problems. Hence,\nfor sustainable development calls for the\nprotection of resources for the future\ngenerations. There is an urgent need to\nconserve the resources. The alternative energy\nsour ces like solar power , wind, wave,\ngeothermal energy are inexhaustible resource.\nThese should be developed to replace the\nexhaustible resources. In case of metallic\nminerals, use of scrap metals will enable\nrecycling of metals. Use of scrap is specially\nsignificant in metals like copper , lead and zinc\nin which India\u2019s reserves are meagre. Use of\nsubstitutes for scarce metals may also reduce\ntheir consumption. Export of strategic and\nscarce minerals must be reduced, so that the\nexisting reserve may be used for a longer period.\nEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISES\n1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.\n(i) In which one of the following States are the major oil fields located?\n(a) Assam (c) Rajasthan\n(b) Bihar (d) Tamil Nadu\n(ii) At which one of the following places was the first atomic power station\nstarted?\n(a) Kalpakkam (c) Rana Pratap Sagar\n(b) Narora (d) Tarapur\n(iii) Which one of the following minerals is known as brown diamond?\n(a) Iron (c) Manganese\n(b) Lignite (d) Mica\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2491, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "a4db88cc-4c41-48ac-8aea-1d72eaf7ac8c": {"__data__": {"id_": "a4db88cc-4c41-48ac-8aea-1d72eaf7ac8c", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "13", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "b9e331eb-7a21-4750-984f-f22f12d70df0", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "13", "file_name": "legy205.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy205.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 2146529, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "6d4d795e6d05590fcaba87c5fc84b5df7bc0606c140ec5df130ec9a2df28911e", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Mineral and Energy Resources      65\n(iv) Which one of the following is non-renewable source of energy?\n(a) Hydel (c)    Thermal\n(b) Solar (d)    Wind power\n2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.\n(i) Give an account of the distribution of mica in India.\n(ii) What is nuclear power? Mention the important nuclear power stations\nin India.\n(iii) Name non-ferrous metal. Discuss their spatial distribution.\n(vi) What are non-conventional sources of energy?\n3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.\n(i) Write a detailed note on the Petr oleum r esour ces of India.\n(ii) Write an essay on hydel power in India.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 652, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "8f8701a6-c8df-455e-8f97-48551feb9164": {"__data__": {"id_": "8f8701a6-c8df-455e-8f97-48551feb9164", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "66507804-8c3b-40c3-9740-bd8fbe65a14a", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "4ec1d5f9040ebf3983b8ffe78bc4193a84f496c5aa1ba1a2954dd1e9d4a0ffa7", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "which reforms and reconstruction are often\nundertaken. Generally, there are two\napproaches to planning, i.e., sectoral planning\nand regional planning. Sectoral planning\nmeans formulation and implementation of the\nsets of schemes or programmes aimed at\ndevelopment of various sectors of the\neconomy, such as agriculture, irrigation,\nmanufacturing, power , construction,\ntransport, communication, social\ninfrastructure and services.\nThere is no uniform economic development\nover space in any country. Some areas are more\ndeveloped and some lag behind. This uneven\npattern of development over space necessitates\nthat the planners have a spatial perspective\nand draw the plans to reduce regional\nimbalance in development. This type of\nplanning is termed as regional planning.\nUnit III\nChapter 6\nPLANNING AND\nSUSTAINABLE\nDEVELOPMENT IN\nINDIAN CONTEXTThe word \u2018planning\u2019 is not new to you as it is\na part of everyday usage. Y ou must have used\nit with reference to preparation for your\nexamination or visit to a hill station. It involves\nthe process of thinking, formulation of a\nscheme or programme and implementation of\na set of actions to achieve some goal. Though\nit is a very br oad ter m, in this chapter , it has\nbeen used with reference to the process of\neconomic development. It is, thus different\nfrom the traditional hit-and-miss methods by\nOn 1 January 2015, the NITI Aayog was\nformed. India adopted centralised planning\nafter Independence, but subsequently , it\ngraduated into decentralised multi-level\nplanning. The responsibility of plan formulation\nwas with the Planning Comminssion at the\nCentre, State and district levels. But on 1\nJanuary 2015, the Planning Commision was\nreplaced by the NITI Aayog.\nNITI Aayog has been set up with the objective\nof involving the states in economic policy\nmaking for India for providing strategic and\ntechnical advice to the Central and State\ngovernments.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1922, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "98054bbb-5a6f-4266-8fcf-430159f231f4": {"__data__": {"id_": "98054bbb-5a6f-4266-8fcf-430159f231f4", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "30568f4e-31d5-4e60-af6d-b5a7920568e7", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "709a21d97d75355510f38f566c418250461b2586b7338d7ce00ef8055b814aa4", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "plantation , agriculture, animal husbandry,\npoultry, forestry and small -scale and village\nindustry.\nDrought Prone Area Programme\nThis programme was initiated during the\nFourth Five Y ear Plan with the objectives of\nproviding employment to the people in\ndrought-prone areas and creating productive\nassets. Initially, this programme laid emphasis\non the construction of labour -intensive civil\nworks. But later on, it emphasised on irrigation\nprojects, land development programmes,\nafforestation, grassland development and\ncreation of basic rural infrastructure, such as\nelectricity, roads, market, credit and services.\nThe National Committee on Development\nof Backward Areas reviewed the performance\nof this programme. It has been observed that\nthis programme is largely confined to the\ndevelopment of agriculture and allied sectors\nwith major focus on restoration of ecological\nbalance. Since growing population pressure is\nforcing the society to utilise the marginal lands\nfor agriculture, and, thereby causing ecological\ndegradation, there is a need to create alternative\nemployment opportunities in the drought-\nprone areas. The other strategies of\ndevelopment of these areas include adoption of\nintegrated watershed development approach at\nthe micro-level. The restoration of ecological\nbalance between water , soil, plants, and human\nand animal population should be a basic\nconsideration in the strategy of development of\ndrought-prone areas.\nThe Planning Commission of India (1967)\nidentified 67 districts (entire or partly) of the\ncountry prone to drought. The Irrigation\nCommission (1972) introduced the criterion of\n30 per cent irrigated area and demarcated the\ndrought-prone areas. Broadly, the drought-\nprone area in India spread over semi-arid and\narid tract of Rajasthan, Gujarat, W ester n\nMadhya Pradesh, Marathwada region of\nMaharashtra, Rayalseema and Telangana\nplateaus of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka plateau\nand highlands and interior parts of Tamil Nadu.\nThe drought-prone areas of Punjab, Haryana\nand north-Rajasthan are largely protected due\nto spread of irrigation in these regions.\nPlanning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context      67\nTarget Area Planning\nThe planning process has to take special care\nof those areas which have remained\neconomically backward. As you know, the\neconomic development of a region depends\nupon its resource base. But sometimes\nresource-rich region also remain backward.\nEconomic development requires technology , as\nwell as , investment besides resource s. With the\nplanning experience of about one -and-a-half\ndecades, it was realised that regional\nimbalances in economic development were\ngetting accentuated. In order to arrest the\naccentuation of regional and social disparties,\nthe Planning Commission introduced the\n\u2018target area\u2019  and target group  approaches to\nplanning. Some of the examples of\nprogrammes directed towards the\ndevelopment of target areas are Command\nArea Development Programme, Drought Prone\nArea Development Programme, Desert\nDevelopment Programme, Hill Area\nDevelopment Pr ogramme. The Small Far mers\nDevelopment Agency (SFDA)  and  Marginal\nFarmers Development Agency (MFDA)  which\nare the examples of target group programme.\nIn the 8th Five Y ear Plan special ar ea\nprogrammes were designed to develop\ninfrastructure in hill areas, north-eastern\nstates, tribal areas and backward areas.\nHill Area Development Programme\nHill Area Development Programmes were\ninitiated during the Fifth Five Y ear Plan  covering\n15 districts comprising all the hilly districts of\nUttar Pradesh (present Uttara khand ), Mikir Hill\nand North Cachar hills of Assam, Darj eeling\ndistrict of W est Bengal and Nilgiri district of T amil\nNadu. The National Committee on the\nDevelopment of Backward Area in 1981\nrecommended that all the hill areas in the\ncountry having height above 600 m and not\ncovered under tribal sub-plan be treated as\nbackward hill areas.\nThe detailed plans for the development of hill\nareas were drawn keeping in view their\ntopographical, ecological, social and economic\nconditions. These programmes aimed at\nharnessing the indigenous resources of the hill\nareas through development of horticulture,\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 4207, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "d2e18ccc-2e19-447f-bb47-1f0296da9516": {"__data__": {"id_": "d2e18ccc-2e19-447f-bb47-1f0296da9516", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "23fb8226-0a9a-48bb-81de-d0b95ed07f6f", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "a1f66c33ea3e4efcb14d7fa98c98e5cfca45e68c807d6a338d57d7ff6f208445", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "68 India : People and Economy\nCase Study \u2013 Integrated Tribal Development\nProject in Bharmaur* Region\nBharmaur tribal area comprises Bharmaur and\nHoli tehsils of Chamba district of Himachal\nPradesh. It is a notified tribal area since\n21 November 1975. Bharmaur is inhabited by\n\u2018Gaddi \u2019, a tribal community who have\nmaintained a distinct identity in the Himalayan\nregion as they practised transhumance and\nconversed through Gaddi ali dialect.\nBharmaur tribal region has harsh climate\nconditions, low resource base and fragile\nenvironment. These factors have influenced the\nsociety and Economy of the region. According\nto the 2011 census, the total population of\nBharmaur sub-division was 39,113 i.e., 21\npersons per sq km. It is one of the most\n(economically  and socially) backward areas of\nHimachal Pradesh. Historically, the Gaddis\nhave experienced geographical and political\nisolation and socio-economic deprivation. The\neconomy is largely based on agriculture and\nallied activities s uch as sheep and goat rearing.\nThe process of development of tribal area\nof Bharmaur started in 1970s when Gaddis\nwere included among \u2018 scheduled tribes \u2019.  Under\nFig. 6.1\n*The name Bhar maur is derived from Sanskrit wor d Brahmaur . In this book Bhar maur has been used to\nretain the colloquial flavour .the Fifth Five Y ear Plan, the tribal sub-plan was\nintroduced in 1974 and Bharmaur was\ndesignated as one of the five Integrated T ribal\nDevelopment Projects (ITDP) in Himachal\nPradesh. This area dev elopment plan was aimed\nat improving the quality of life of the GaddisThis region lies between 32\u00b0 1 1\u2019 N and\n32\u00b041\u2019 N latitudes and 76\u00b0 22\u2019 E and 76\u00b0\n53\u2019E longitudes. Spread over an area of\nabout 1,818 sq km, the region mostly lies\nbetween 1,500 m to 3,700 m above the\nmean sea level. This region popularly\nknown as the homeland of Gaddis is\nsurrounded by lofty mountains on all sides.\nIt has Pir Panjal  in the north and Dhaula\nDhar  in the south. In the east, the\nextension of Dhaula Dhar  converges with\nPir Panjal near Rohtang Pass . The river\nRavi and its tributaries\u2013 the Budhil  and the\nTundahen, drain this territory , and carve\nout deep gorges. These rivers divide the\nregion into four physiographic divisions\ncalled Holi, Khani , Kugti and Tundah  areas.\nBharmaur experiences freezing weather\nconditions and snowfall in winter . Its mean\nmonthly temperature in January remains\n4\u00b0C and in July 26\u00b0C.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2421, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "3cc23679-f58d-42b5-8efd-3fca22907a08": {"__data__": {"id_": "3cc23679-f58d-42b5-8efd-3fca22907a08", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "85feaf2a-5de6-4879-a722-013de5730a7f", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "5f5690cff5c7ade8eb2d440d07c1feae50969ac36bc999a49981b32a8e661a65", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context      69\nFig. 6.2\nand narrowing the gap in the level of\ndevelopment between Bharmaur and other\nareas of Himachal Pradesh.  This plan laid the\nhighest priority on development of transport\nand communications, agriculture and allied\nactivities, and social and community services.The most significant contribution of tribal\nsub-plan in Bharmaur region is the development\nof infrastructure in terms of schools, healthcare\nfacilities, potable water , roads, communications\nand electricity.  But the villages located along the\nriver Ravi in Holi and Khani areas are the main\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 642, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "44a61a88-544f-43b7-a9ed-d3ab88c98fc9": {"__data__": {"id_": "44a61a88-544f-43b7-a9ed-d3ab88c98fc9", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "deda06b2-049f-4ef9-9f7b-81585ff31232", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "1b43f1cdbc6c4b41c623fc2b44dc1b8309a46db3ab9bf04b46cbd49b0c728ef4", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "70 India : People and Economy\nbeneficiaries of infrastructural development. The\nremote villages in Tundah and Kugti areas still\ndo not have sufficient infrastructure.\nThe social benefits derived from ITDP\ninclude tremendous increase in literacy rate,\nimprovement in sex ratio and decline in child\nmarriage.  The female literacy rate in the region\nincreased from 1.88 per cent in 1971 to 65 per\ncent in 2011.  The difference between males and\nfemales in literacy level i.e. gender inequality,\nhas also declined. T raditionally, the Gaddis  had\nsubsistence agricultural-cum-pastoral\neconomy having emphasis on foodgrains and\nlivestock production. But during the last three\ndecades of twentieth century, the cultivation of\npulses and other cash crops has increased in\nBharmaur region.  But the crop cultivation is\nstill done with traditional technology. The\ndeclining importance of pastoralism in the\neconomy of the region can be gauged from the\nfact that at present only about one-tenth of the\ntotal households practise transhumance. But\nthe Gaddis  are still very mobile as a sizeable\nsection of them migrate to Kangra and\nsurrounding areas during winter to earn their\nlivings fr om wage labour .\nSustainable DevelopmentSustainable DevelopmentSustainable DevelopmentSustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development\nThe term development is generally used to\ndescribe the state of particular societies and the\nprocess of changes experienced by them.\nDuring a fairly large period of human history,\nthe state of the societies has largely been\ndetermined by the interaction processes\nbetween human societies and their bio-physical\nenvironment. The processes of human-\nenvironment interaction depend upon the level\nof technology and institutions nurtured by a\nsociety. While the technology and institutions\nhave helped in increasing the pace of human-\nenvironment interaction, the momentum thus,\ngenerated in return has accelerated\ntechnological progress and transformation and\ncreation of institutions.  Hence, development is\na multi-dimensional concept and signifies the\npositive, irreversible transformation of the\neconomy, society and environment.\nThe concept of development is dynamic and\nhas evolved during the second half of twentiethcentury. In the post W orld W ar II era, the concept\nof development was synonymous to economic\ngrowth which is measured in terms of temporal\nincrease in gross national product (GNP) and per\ncapita income/per capita consumption. But,\neven the countries having high economic growth,\nexperienced speedy rise in poverty because of\nits unequal distribution.  So, in 1970s, the\nphrases such as redistribution with growth  and\ngrowth and equity  were incorporated in the\ndefinition of development. While dealing with the\nquestions related to redistribution and equity,\nit was realised that the concept of development\ncannot be restricted to the economic sphere\nalone. It also includes the issues such as\nimproving the well-being and living standard of\npeople, availing of the health, education and\nequality of opportunity and ensuring political\nand civil rights. By 1980s, development emerged\nas a concept encapsulating wide-spread\nimprovement in social as well as material well-\nbeing of all in a society.\nThe notion of sustainable development\nemerged in the wake of general rise in the\nawareness of environmental issues in the late\n1960s in W estern World. It r eflected the concer n\nof people about undesirable effects of industrial\ndevelopment on the environment. The publication\nof \u2018The Population Bomb \u2019 by Ehrlich  in 1968\nand \u2018The Limits to Growth \u2019 by \nMeadows  and\nothers in 1972 further raised the level of fear\namong environmentalists in particular and people\nin general. This sets the scenario for the\nemergence of new models of development under\na broad phrase \u2018 sustainable development. \u2019\nConcerned with the growing opinion of world\ncommunity on the environmental issues, the\nUnited Nations established a World Commission\non Environment and Development  (WCED)\nheaded by the Norwegian Prime Minister Gro\nHarlem Brundtland. The Commission gave its\nreport (also known as Brundtland Report ) entitled\n\u2018Our Common Future \u2019 in 1987. The report defines\nsustainable development as a \u201c development that\nmeets the needs of the present without\ncompromising the ability of future generations\nto meet their own needs. \u201d\nSustainable development takes care of\necological, social and economic aspects of\ndevelopment during the present times and pleads\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 4497, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "46cb753c-ef54-461f-8b71-21d35af40797": {"__data__": {"id_": "46cb753c-ef54-461f-8b71-21d35af40797", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "54e5a296-ec60-4b51-9a11-1c44eee29a47", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "5994cace65136abdea15dae9c93663cea01a10bdca5b1b2587bdc2942c7410ae", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context      71\nFig. 6.3\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 92, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "bd44b715-a2f7-4e14-8d7b-ef0ac73976cb": {"__data__": {"id_": "bd44b715-a2f7-4e14-8d7b-ef0ac73976cb", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "7", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "e152b1e9-e2b9-45e3-a6ac-b161fef5b0dd", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "7", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "ba39dec0a9cf23eb5564bec4ca98fadfaa4ea47b3273d0bb6febb4332cc42b5d", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "72 India : People and Economy\nfor conservation of resources to enable the future\ngenerations to use these resources. It takes into\naccount the development of whole  human kind\nwhich have common future.\nCase Study\nIndira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command\nArea\nIndira Gandhi Canal, previously known as the\nRajasthan Canal, is one of the largest canal\nsystems in India. Conceived by Kanwar Sain\nin 1948, the canal project was launched on 31\nMarch, 1958.  The canal originates at Harike\nbarrage in Punjab and runs parallel to\nPakistan border at an average distance of 40\nkm in Thar Desert (Marusthali) of Rajasthan.\nThe total planned length of the system is 9,060\nkm catering to the irrigation needs of a total\nculturable command area of 19.63 lakh\nhectares. Out of the total command area, about\n70 per cent was envisaged to be irrigated by\nflow system and the rest by lift system. The\nconstruction work of the canal system has been\ncarried out through two stages. The command\narea of Stage-I lies in Ganganagar ,\nHanumangarh and northern part of Bikaner\ndistricts.  It has a gently undulating topography\nand its culturable command area is 5.53 lakh\nhectares. The command area of Stage-II is spread\nover Bikaner , Jaisalmer , Bar mer, Jodhpur ,\nNagaur and Churu districts covering culturable\ncommand area of 14.10 lakh ha. It comprises\ndesert land dotted with shifting sand dunes and\ntemperature soaring to 50\u00baC in summers. In the\nlift canal , the water is lifted up to make it to flowagainst the slope of the land.  All the lift canals\nof Indira Gandhi Canal system originate at the\nleft bank of main canal while all the canals on\nthe right bank of main canal are flow channels.\nIrrigation in Stage-I command area of the\ncanal was introduced in early 1960s,\nwhereas, the command area of Stage-II began\nreceiving irrigation in mid-1980s. The\nintroduction of canal irrigation in this dry\nland has transformed its ecology, economy\nand society. It has influenced the\nenvironmental conditions of the region both\npositively as well as negatively. The\navailability of soil moisture for a longer period\nof time and various afforestation and pasture\ndevelopment programmes under CAD have\nresulted in greening the land. This has also\nhelped in reducing wind erosion and siltation\nof canal sys tems. But the intensive irrigation\nand excessive use of water has led to the\nemergence of twin environmental problems\nof waterlogging and soil salinity.\nIntroduction of canal irrigation has\nbrought about a perceptible transformation in\nthe agricultural economy of the region. Soil\nmoisture has been a limiting factor in\nsuccessful growing of crops in this area.\nSpread of canal irrigation has led to increase\nin cultivated area and intensity of cropping.\nThe traditional crops sown in the area, gram,\nbajra and jowar have been replaced by wheat,\ncotton, groundnut and rice. This is the resu lt\nof intensive irrigation. This intensive irrigation,\nno doubt, initially has led to tremendous\nincrease in agricultural and livestock\nproductivity.  This has also caused waterloggingFig. 6.5 : Indira Gandhi Canal and its adjoining areas\n Fig. 6.4: Indira Gandhi Canal\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3156, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "032a1ac1-fc21-46ff-84eb-75e6d07db3a5": {"__data__": {"id_": "032a1ac1-fc21-46ff-84eb-75e6d07db3a5", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "8", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "65c5657b-adc8-42d9-8d11-6a417ab4b070", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "8", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "b2a136601993785549dab299e732018499ac0d8897b2a6fa315a2babb15be042", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context      73\nand soil salinity, and thus, in the long run, it\nhampers the sustainability of agriculture.\nMeasures for Promotion of Sustainable\nDevelopment\nThe ecological sustainability of Indira Gandhi\nCanal Project has been questioned by various\nscholars. Their point of view has also largely\nbeen validated by the course of development\nthis region has taken during the last four\ndecades, which has resulted in degradation\nof physical environment. It is a hard fact that\nattaining sustainable development in the\ncommand area requires major thrust upon\nthe measures to achieve ecological\nsustainability. Hence, five of the seven\nmeasures proposed to promote sustainable\ndevelopment in the command area are meant\nto restore ecological balance.\n(i)The first requirement is strict\nimplementation of water management\npolicy.  The canal project envisages\nprotective irrigation in Stage-I and\nextensive irrigation of crops and pasture\ndevelopment in Stage-II.\n(ii)In general, the cropping pattern shall not\ninclude water intensive crops. It shall be\nadhered to and people shall be\nencouraged to grow plantation crops such\nas citrus fruits.(iii)The CAD programmes such as lining of\nwater courses, land development and\nlevelling and warabandi  system (equal\ndistribution of canal water in the\ncommand area of outlet) shall be\neffectively implemented to reduce the\nconveyance loss of water .\n(iv)The areas affected by water logging and\nsoil salinity shall be reclaimed.\n(v)The eco-development through\nafforestation, shelterbelt plantation and\npasture development is necessary\nparticularly in the fragile environment of\nStage-II.\n(vi)The social sustainability in the region can\nbe achieved only if the land allottees\nhaving poor economic background are\nprovided adequate financial and\ninstitutional support for cultivation of\nland.\n(vii)The economic sustainability in the region\ncannot be attained only through\ndevelopment of agriculture and animal\nhusbandry. The agricultural and allied\nactivities have to develop alongwith other\nsectors of economy. This shall lead to\ndiversification of economic base and\nestablishment of functional linkages\nbetween basic villages, agro-service\ncentres and market centres.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2269, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "6cf50116-0571-4943-bbbd-d72a623545ed": {"__data__": {"id_": "6cf50116-0571-4943-bbbd-d72a623545ed", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "9", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "24e6e4d1-31ad-4583-b4fb-5378a06cb73c", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "9", "file_name": "legy206.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy206.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1184538, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "71c9d0a93c83f239b81f4ed5e75851efcba5dac71115ef06d415d2676b4f14b2", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "74 India : People and Economy\nEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISES\n1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.\n(i) Regional planning relates to :\n(a) Development of various sectors of economy.\n(b) Area specific approach of development.\n(c) Area differences in transportation network.\n(d) Development of rural areas.\n(ii) ITDP refers to which one of the following?\n(a) Integrated Tourism Development Programme\n(b) Integrated Travel Development Programme\n(c) Integrated Tribal Development Programme\n(d) Integrated Transport Development Programme\n(iii) Which one of the following is the most crucial factor for sustainable\ndevelopment in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area?\n(a) Agricultural development\n(b) Eco-development\n(c) Transport development\n(d) Colonisation of land\n2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.\n(i) What are the social benefits of ITDP in the Bharmaur tribal region?\n(ii) Define the concept of sustainable development.\n(iii) What are the positive impacts of irrigation on Indira Gandhi Canal\nCommand Area?\n3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.\n(i) Write short notes on dr ought-pr one ar ea pr ogramme. How does this\nprogramme help in the development of dryland agriculture in India?\n(ii) Suggest the measures of promotion of sustainability in Indira Gandhi\nCanal Command Area.\nProjectProjectProjectProjectProject\n(i) Find out the area development programmes being implemented in your\nregion. Assess the impact of such programmes on the society and economy\nin your locality.\n(ii) Select your own area or identify an area facing severe environmental\nand socio-economic problems. Make an assessment of its resources and\nprepare their inventory. Suggest the measures for its sustainable\ndevelopment as it has been done in the case of Indira Gandhi Canal\nCommand Area.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1862, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "366983a1-7849-47a6-a3f6-41ec042ccf49": {"__data__": {"id_": "366983a1-7849-47a6-a3f6-41ec042ccf49", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "5085cb7f-42a5-4a54-b38c-3d9ccb3da402", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "6615c59bba5d786a0673d1298179c375df6a8b063c24fd0294dcf4fc2151bfce", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Unit IV Unit IVUnit IV Unit IVUnit IV\nChapter 7\nTRANSPORT AND\nCOMMUNICATIONWe use many items in our daily life. Fr om\ntoothpaste to our bed tea, milk, clothes, soaps,\nfood items, etc., are required every day. All these\ncan be purchased from the market. Have you\never thought as to how these items are brought\nfrom the site of production? All the production\nis meant for consumption. From the fields and\nfactory, the produce is brought to the place from\nwhere consumers purchase it. It is the\ntransportation of these items from the site of\ntheir production to the market which make\nthem available to the consumer .\nWe not only use material things, like fruits,\nvegetables, books, clothes, etc., but also use\nideas, views and messages in our daily life. Do\nyou know we exchange our views, ideas and\nmessages from one place to another or one\nindividual to another while communicating with\nthe help of various means?\nThe use of transport and communication\ndepends upon our need to move things from\nplace of their availability to the place of their\nuse. Human beings use various methods to\nmove goods, commodities, ideas from one place\nto another .\nThe following diagram shows the major\nmeans of transportation.\nLand T Land TLand T Land TLand T rrr rranspor ansporanspor ansporanspor t tt tt\nThe pathways and unmetalled roads have been\nused for transportation in India since ancient\ntimes. With the economic and technological\ndevelopment, metalled roads and railways were\ndeveloped to move large volume of goods and\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1531, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "21045a95-9440-4407-8e7a-a3ee32f7b70f": {"__data__": {"id_": "21045a95-9440-4407-8e7a-a3ee32f7b70f", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "c90a472c-3679-4d26-b98a-303b9f33488e", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "941205cff48b67ce68b58c999cf1e3df975d97b4c801fb758217c941222c70d6", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "76 India : People and Economy\npeople fr om one place to another . Ropeways,\ncableways and pipelines were devised to cater\nto the demands of transporting specific goods\nunder special circumstances.\nRoad Transport\nIndia has one of the second largest road networks\nin the world with a total length of about 62.16\nlakh km ( morth.nic.in, Annual Report  2020-21).the princely states and British India. After\nIndependence, twenty-year road plan (1961) was\nintroduced to improve the conditions of roads in\nIndia. However , roads continue to concentrate in\nand around urban centres. Rural and remote\nareas had the least connectivity by road.\nFor the purpose of construction and\nmaintenance, roads are classified as National\nHighways (NH), State Highways(SH), Major\nDistrict Roads and Rural Roads.\nAbout 85 per cent of passenger and 70 per cent\nof freight traf fic are carried by r oads every year .\nRoad transport is relatively suitable for shorter\ndistance travel.\nSher Shah Suri built the Shahi (Royal) road to\nstrengthen and consolidate his empire from the\nIndus V alley to the Sonar V alley in Bengal. This\nroad was renamed the Grand T runk (GT) road\nduring the British period, connecting Calcutta and\nPeshawar . At present, it extends from Amritsar\nto Kolkata.Nation al Highways\nThe main roads which are constructed and\nmaintained by the Central Government are\nknown as the National Highways. These roads\nare meant for inter -state transport and\nmovement of defence men and material in\nstrategic areas. These also connect the state\ncapitals, major cities, important ports, railway\njunctions, etc. The length of the National\nHighways has increased from 19,700 km in\n1951 to 1,36,440 km in 2020. The National\nHighways constitute only about 2 per cent of\nthe total road length but carry 40 per cent of\nthe road traffic.\nThe National Highways Authority of India\n(NHAI) was operationalised in 1995. It is an\nautonomous body under the Ministry of\nSurface T ransport. It is entrusted with the\nresponsibility of development, maintenance\nand operation of National Highways. This is also\nthe apex body to improve the quality of the roads\ndesignated as National Highways.\nA view of traffic flow in DelhiRain-soaked : Nomads go about their routine during an early morning\ndownpour in Srinagar . Traffic on the 300-km Srinagar -Jammu and 434-\nkm Srinagar-Leh National Highways is suspended as upper reaches of\nJ&K saw heavy snowfall while rain lashed the plains.\nFig. 7.1\nCollect information about National Highway number (old and\nnew) from the website morth.nic.in/national-highway-details.\nRoad transport in modern sense was very\nlimited in India befor e World W ar-II. The first\nserious attempt was made in 1943 when \u2018Nagpur\nPlan\u2019 was drawn. This plan could not be\nimplemented due to lack of coordination among\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2818, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "89e972a0-bd0b-4dd5-ac25-486c0c00705a": {"__data__": {"id_": "89e972a0-bd0b-4dd5-ac25-486c0c00705a", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "fb885c20-246a-44d4-afbd-3445ca55e097", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "c49cdd5851a6903573e78483ed2c52559b553877036114e372af91f887d4e1d4", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Transport and Communication      77\nSerial No. Road Category Length in Km\n1. National Highways  136440\n2. State Highways  176818\n3. Other Roads   5902539\nTotal 6215797Table 7.1 : India Road Network 2020\nNational HighwaysNational HighwaysNational HighwaysNational HighwaysNational Highways\nDevelopment ProjectsDevelopment ProjectsDevelopment ProjectsDevelopment ProjectsDevelopment Projects\nNHAI h as taken up some major projects in\nthe  country under different phases :\nGolden Quadrilateral :  It comprises\nconstruction of 5,846-km long 4/6 lane, high\ndensity traf fic corridor , to connect India\u2019 s four\nbig metro cities of Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai-\nKolkata. With the construction of Golden\nQuadrilateral, the time, distance and cost\nof movement among the mega cities of India\nwill be considerably minimised.\nNorth-South and East-West Corridors :\nNorth-South corridor aims at connect ing\nSrinagar in Jammu and Kashmir with\nKanniyakumari in Tamil Nadu (including\nKochchi-Salem Spur) with 4,076-km long\nroad. The E ast-West Corridor has been planned\nto connect Silchar in Assam with the port town\nof Porbandar in Gujarat with 3 ,640-km of\nroad length .Rural Roads\nThese roads are vital for providing links in the\nrural areas. About 80 per cent of the total road\nlength in India are categorised as rural roads.\nThere is regional variation in the density of rural\nroad because these are influenced by the nature\nof the terrain.\nState Highways\nThese are constructed and maintained by state\ngovernments. They join the state capitals with\ndistrict headquarters and other important\ntowns. These roads are connected to the\nNational Highways. These constitute 4 per cent\nof total road length in the country.\nDistrict Roads\nThese roads are the connecting link between\nDistrict Headquarters and the other important\nnodes in the district. They account for 14 per\ncent of the total road length of the country.\nFig. 7.2 : Road constructed under the Pradhan\nMantri Gram Sadak Yojna\nWhy are the rural roads\u2019 density very low\nin hilly , plateau and forested areas? Why\ndoes the quality of rural roads deteriorate\naway from the urban centres?Source: Ministry of Road T ransport and Highways Annual Report 20 20-21 . For latest data see website morth.nic.in\nOther Roads\nOther roads include Border Roads and\nInternational Highways. The Border Road\nOrganisation (BRO) was established in May\n1960 for accelerating economic development\nand strengthening defence preparedness\nthrough rapid and coordinated improvement\nof strategically important roads along the\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2553, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "33705ed5-1b1b-42ce-905b-b20d536b7960": {"__data__": {"id_": "33705ed5-1b1b-42ce-905b-b20d536b7960", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "ef1c0a99-78b7-45ee-ac03-131c28e55bf7", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "1dee394e64f9eb74461fb1aec47d3d4f090845cca4709c739ad034c33c51020a", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "78 India : People and Economy\nnorthern and north-eastern boundary of the\ncountry. It is a premier multifaceted\nconstruction agency. It has constructed roads\nin high altitude mountainous terrain joining\nChandigarh with Manali (Himachal Pradesh)\nand Leh (Ladakh). This road runs at an\naverage altitude of 4,270 metres above the\nmean sea level.\nFig. 7.4 : A Bus from Lahore  to Delhi at W agah Bor derFig. 7.5 : Aman Setu between Srinagar  and\nMuzaffarabadDelhi-Lahore BusFig. 7.3 : Khardung La Pass in Jammu & KashmirApart from the construction and\nmaintenance of roads in strategically sensitive\nareas, the BRO also undertakes snow clearance\nin high altitude areas. The international\nhighways are meant to promote the harmonious\nrelationship with the neighbouring countries\nby providing effective links with India. (Fig. 7.4\nand 7.5)\nThe World\u2019s longest Highway\ntunnel \u2014 Atal T unnel  (9.02 Km)\nhas been built by Border Road\nOrganisation. This tunnel connects\nManali to Lahaul-Spiti valley\nthroughout the year . Earlier the\nvalley was cut off for about 6 months\neach year owing to heavy snowfall.\nThe Tunnel is built with ultra-modern\nspecifications in the Pir Panjal\nrange of Himalayas at an altitude\nof 3000 metres from the Mean Sea\nLevel (MSL).\nSource: http://www .bro.gov .in/\npagefimg.asp?imid=144, And PIB\nDelhi 03 October 2020\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1353, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "c3f0652b-041b-47fc-ab44-598761cc6ee7": {"__data__": {"id_": "c3f0652b-041b-47fc-ab44-598761cc6ee7", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "3104a039-62c3-4e10-a9a6-b5fd09bf760e", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "5a92d342df0cfa7342f4e51b98b2f542194ac3751809b37f4b08ea6041ff0625", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Transport and Communication      79\nTable 7.2 : Indian Railways:\nRailway Zones and Headquarters\nRailway Zone Headquarters\nCentral Mumbai CST\nEastern Kolkata\nEast Central Hajipur\nEast Coast Bhubaneswar\nNorthern New Delhi\nNorth Central Allahabad\nNorth Eastern Gorakhpur\nNorth East Frontier Maligaon (Guwahati)\nNorth W estern Jaipur\nSouthern Chennai\nSouth Central Secunderabad\nSouth Eastern Kolkata\nSouth East Central Bilaspur\nSouth W estern Hubli\nWestern Mumbai (Church Gate)\nWest Central Jabalpur\nWhy have Bengaluru and Hyderabad in the South and\nDelhi, Kanpur and Patna in north India have emerged\nas important nodes?\nBharatmala is a propos ed umbrella scheme for:\n(i)Development of State roads along coastal\nborder areas, including connectivity of non-\nmajor ports;\n(ii)Backward areas religious and tourist places\nconnectivity programme;\n(iii)Setubharatam Pariyojana , which is for the\nconsruction of about 1500 major bridges and\n200 rail over bridges rail under bridges; District\nHeadquarters connectivity Scheme for the\ndevelopment of about 9000 km newly declared\nNational Highways .\nThe programme is targeted for completion by 2022.\nSource: Economic Survey 2015-16 pp.146.\nRail Transport\nIndian Railways, network is one of the longest\nin the world. It facilitates the movement of both\nfreight and passengers and contributes to the\ngrowth of the economy. Mahatma Gandhi said,\nthe Indian railways  \u201c...brought people of\ndiverse cultures together to contribute to\nIndia\u2019s freedom struggle\u201d.\nIndian Railway was introduced in 1853,\nwhen a line was constructed from Bombay to\nThane covering a distance of 34 km.\nIndian Railways is the largest government\nundertaking in the country. The length of Indian\nRailways network was 67,956 km (Railway\nyearbook 2019-20). Its very large size puts a\nlot of pressure on a centralised railway\nmanagement system. Thus, in India, the railway\nsystem has been divided into 16 zones.\nOn the basis of the width of track of the Indian\nRailways, three categories have been made:\nBroad gauge: The distance between rails in\nbroad gauge is 1.676  metre. The total length of\nbroad gauge lines was 63950 km (2019-20).\nMetre gauge: The distance between rails\nis one metre. Its total length was 2402 km\n(2019-20).\nNarrow gauge: The distance between the rails\nin this case is 0.762 metre or 0.610 metre. The\ntotal length of narrow guage was 1604 km\n(2019-20). It is generally confined to hilly areas .\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2441, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "72341f40-7cc4-4105-a83a-2d9dfc682289": {"__data__": {"id_": "72341f40-7cc4-4105-a83a-2d9dfc682289", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "0d8d11b5-87bd-4eaf-9caa-eef2cbaf1e26", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "b09eeb93e3b391070fea0ea57da4fac5a13cbee5b35af5d7fcaf85cbea10ab4f", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "80 India : People and Economy\nFig. 7.6 : River navigation in the North-eastIndian Railways has launched extensive\nprogramme to convert the metre and narrow\ngauges to br oad gauge. Mor eover , steam\nengines have been replaced by diesel and\nelectric engines. This step has increased the\nspeed, as well as, the haulage capacity.\nThe replacement of steam engines run by\ncoal has also improved the environment of the\nstations.\nMetro rail has revolutionlised the urban\ntransport system in India. Replacement of diesel\nbuses by CNG-run vehicles along with the\nintroduction of metro is a welcome step towards\ncontrolling the air pollution in urban centres.Areas around towns, raw material\nproducing areas and of plantations and other\ncommercial crops, hill stations and cantonment\ntowns were well-connected by railways from the\nBritish colonial era. These were mostly\ndeveloped for the exploitation of resources. After\nthe Independence of the country, railway routes\nhave been extended to other areas too. The most\nsignificant development has been the\ndevelopment of Konkan Railway along the\nwestern coast providing a direct link between\nMumbai and Mangaluru.\nRailway continues to remain the main means\nof transport for the masses. Railway network is\nrelatively less dense in the hill states, north eastern\nstates, central parts of India and Rajasthan.\nWater T ransport\nWaterways is an important mode of transport\nfor both passenger and cargo traffic in India. It\nis the cheapest means of transport and is most\nsuitable for carrying heavy and bulky material.\nIt is a fuel-efficient and eco-friendly mode of\ntransport. The water transport is of two types\u2013\n(a) inland waterways, and (b) oceanic waterways.\nInland W aterways\nIt was the chief mode of transport before the\nadvent of railways. It, however , faced tough\ncompetition from road and railway transport.\nMoreover , diversion of river water for irrigation\npurposes made them non-navigable in large\nKonkan RailwayKonkan RailwayKonkan RailwayKonkan RailwayKonkan Railway\nOne of the important achievements of the\nIndian Railways has been the construction\nof Konkan Railway in 1998. It is 760-km\nlong rail route connecting Roha in\nMaharashtra to Mangalore in Karnataka.\nIt is considered an engineering marvel. It\ncrosses 146 rivers, streams, nearly 2000\nbridges and 91 tunnels. Asia\u2019 s largest\ntunnel which is nearly 6.5 km long, also\nlies on this route. The states of\nMaharashtra, Goa and Karnataka are\npartners in this undertaking.Which cities of India have Metro Rail Facility? Collect\ninformation about it and discuss in the classroom.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2602, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "99c9dd83-8aab-461c-a06b-64ca0022cf03": {"__data__": {"id_": "99c9dd83-8aab-461c-a06b-64ca0022cf03", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "7", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "6b821ef9-df15-4fae-aa21-f454550c24c8", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "7", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "e8ec9297bbf2fea4923fb7015b8e7b5b4bd8b92d526bce98e70d2ccbd43debb0", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Transport and Communication      81\nFig. 7.7 : Natinal W aterway No.3\nTable 7.3:1 National W aterways of India\nWaterways Stretch Specification\nNW 1 Allahabad-Haldia\nstretch (1,620 km)It is one of the most important waterways in\nIndia, which is navigable by mechanical boats\nup to Patna and by ordinary boats up to\nHaridwar . It is divided into thr ee parts for\ndevelopmental purposes\u2013 (i) Haldia-Farakka (560\nkm), (ii) Farakka-Patna (460 km), (iii) Patna-\nAllahabad (600 km).\nNW 2 Sadiya-Dhubri stretch\n(891 km)Brahmaputra is navigable by steamers up to\nDibrugarh (1,384 km) which is shared by India\nand Bangladesh\nNW 3 Kottapuram-Kollam\nstretch (205 km)It includes 168 km of west coast canal along\nwith Champakara canal (14 km) and\nUdyogmandal canal (23 km).\nNW 4 Specified streches of Godavari and Krishna rivers along with Kakinada\nPuducherry stretch of canals (1078 km)\nNW 5 Specified str etches of river Brahmani along with Matai river , delta channels\nof Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers and East Coast canals (588km).parts of their courses. India has 14,500 km of\nnavigable waterways, contributing about 1%\nto the country\u2019s transportation. It comprises\nrivers, canals, backwaters, creeks, etc. At\npresent, 5,685 km of major rivers are navigable\nby mechanised flat bottom vessels.For the development, maintenance and\nregulation of national waterways in the country,\nthe Inland W aterways Authority was set up in\n1986. The following waterways have been\ndeclar ed as the National W aterways by the\nGovernment (Table 7.3).\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1542, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "f8635569-30fb-4b99-83f6-c7453706ec72": {"__data__": {"id_": "f8635569-30fb-4b99-83f6-c7453706ec72", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "8", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "2a157381-8693-4000-9305-5877f966c65a", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "8", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "d2fb635e83d631cfea6c1288a223038a4eddca78e807d70995af9b2a13cdb3c5", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "82 India : People and Economy\nIn addition, Pawan Hans Limited mainly\nprovides helicopter services to petroleum sector\nand for tourism.\nOil and Gas PipelinesOil and Gas PipelinesOil and Gas PipelinesOil and Gas PipelinesOil and Gas Pipelines\nPipelines are the most convenient and efficient\nmode of transporting liquids and gases over\nlong distances. Even solids can also be\ntransported by pipelines after converting them\ninto slurry. Oil India Limited (OIL) under the\nadministrative set up of the Ministry of\nPetroleum and Natural Gas is engaged in the\nexploration, production and transportation of\ncrude oil and natural gas. It was incorporated\nin 1959 as a company. Asia\u2019s first cross country\npipeline covering a distance of 1,157 km was\nconstructed by OIL from Naharkatiya oilfield\nin Assam to Barauni refinery in Bihar . It was\nfurther extended up to Kanpur in 1966. GAIL\n(India) Ltd. was set up  in 1984 as a public\nsector undertaking to transport, process and\nmarket natural gas for its economic use. The\nfirst 1,700 km long Hazira-V ijaipur -\nJagdishpur (HVJ) cross country gas pipeline,\nconstructed by GAIL (India), linked Mumbai\nHigh and Bassein gas fields with various\nfertiliser , power and industrial complexes in\nwestern and northern India. This artery\nprovided impetus to Indian gas market\ndevelopment. Overall, India\u2019s gas infrastructure\nhas expanded over ten times from 1,700 km to\n18,500 km of cross-country pipelines and is\nexpected to soon reach over 34,000 km as Gas\nGrid by linking all the gas sources and\nconsuming markets across the country\nincluding North Eastern States.\nCommunication NetworksCommunication NetworksCommunication NetworksCommunication NetworksCommunication Networks\nHuman beings have evolved different methods\nof communication over time. In earlier times,\nthe messages were delivered by beating the\ndrum or hollow tree trunks, giving indicationsThe Inland W aterways Authority has also\nidentified 10 other inland waterways, which\ncould be upgraded. The backwaters (Kadal) of\nKerala has special significance in Inland\nWaterway. Apart fr om pr oviding cheap means\nof transport, they are also  attracting a large\nnumber of tourists in Kerala. The famous Nehru\nTrophy Boat Race (V ALLAMKALI) is also held\nin the backwaters.\nOceanic Routes\nIndia has a vast coastline of approximate 7,517\nkm, including islands. Twelve major and 185\nminor ports provide infrastructural support to\nthese routes. Oceanic routes play an important\nrole in the transport sector of India\u2019s economy.\nApproximately 95 per cent of India\u2019s foreign\ntrade by volume and 70 per cent by value moves\nthrough ocean routes. Apart from international\ntrade, these are also used for the purpose of\ntransportation between the islands and the rest\nof the country.\nAir Tran sportation\nAir transport  is the fastest means of movement\nfrom one place to the other . It has r educed\ndistances by minimising the travel time. It is\nessential for a vast  country like India, where\ndistances are large and the terrain and climatic\nconditions are diverse.\nAir transport in India made a beginning\nin 1911 when airmail operation commenced\nover a little distance of 10 km between\nAllahabad and Naini. But its real development\ntook place in post-Independent period. The\nAirport Authority of India is responsible for\nproviding safe, efficient air traffic and\naeronautical communication services in the\nIndian Air Space. The authority manages 125\nairports.\nPawan Hans is the helicopter service\noperating in hilly areas and is widely used by\ntourists in north-easter n sector .\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3576, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "fce70415-2b07-4b89-b2dd-eaa617a4a090": {"__data__": {"id_": "fce70415-2b07-4b89-b2dd-eaa617a4a090", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "9", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "b2c5704c-f4f5-4921-8e4e-8a47ae78820f", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "9", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "8b48e9ad51ed878982a4978bd0cc69a3e95c331a291d1c4c67c7abf31756a59a", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Transport and Communication      83\nthrough smoke or fire or with the help of fast\nrunners. Horses, camels, dogs, birds and other\nanimals were also used to send messages.\nInitially, the means of communication were also\nthe means of transportation. Invention of post-\noffice, telegraph, printing press, telephone,\nsatellite, etc has made the communication much\nfaster and easier . Development in the field of\nscience and technology has significantly\ncontributed in bringing about revolution in the\nfield of communication.\nPeople use different modes of\ncommunication to convey the messages. On the\nbasis of scale and quality, the mode of\ncommunication can be divided into following\ncategories :\nPersonal Communication System\nAmong all the personal communication system\ninternet is the most effective and advanced one.\nIt is widely used in urban areas. It enables the\nuser to establish direct contact through e-mail\nto get access to the world of knowledge and\ninformation. It is increasingly used for e-\ncommerce and carrying out money\ntransactions. The internet is like a huge central\nwarehouse of data, with detailed information\non various items. The network through internet\nand e-mail provides an efficient access to\ninformation at a comparatively low cost. It\nenables us with the basic facilities of direct\ncommunication.\nMass Communication System\nRadio\nRadio broadcasting started in India in 1923 by\nthe Radio Club of Bombay. Since then, it gained\nimmense popularity and changed the socio-\ncultural life of people. Within no time, it made a\nplace in every household of the country.\nGovernment took this opportunity and brought\nthis popular mode of communication under its\ncontrol in 1930 under the Indian Broadcasting\nSystem. It was changed to All India Radio in\n1936 and to Akashwani in 1957.\nAll India Radio broadcasts a variety of\nprogrammes related to information, education\nand entertainment. Special news bulletins are\nalso broadcast at specific occasions like session\nof parliament and state legislatures.\nTelevision (T .V.)\nTelevision broadcasting has emerged as the\nmost effective audio-visual medium for\ndisseminating information and educating\nmasses. Initially, the T .V. services wer e limited\nonly to the National Capital where it began in\n1959. After 1972, several other centres became\noperational. In 1976, TV was delinked from All\nIndia Radio (AIR) and got a separate identity\nas Door darshan (DD). After INSA T-IA (National\nTelevision-DD1) became operational, Common\nNational Programmes (CNP) were started for the\nentire network and its services were extended\nto the backward and remote rural areas.\nSatellite  Communication\nSatellites are mode of communication in\nthemselves as well as they regulate the use of\nother means of communication. However , use\nof satellite in getting a continuous and synoptic\nview of larger area has made satellite\ncommunication very vital for the country due\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2930, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "6cde5032-5781-43db-b5e8-9dbcc6b968b7": {"__data__": {"id_": "6cde5032-5781-43db-b5e8-9dbcc6b968b7", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "10", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "f343835e-29f4-4baf-967b-abb25634c838", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "10", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "d018e852eea7faef26fd64271162b7c6fb50351d954314bf8000381338d6ff8b", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "84 India : People and Economy\nEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISES\n1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.\n(i) In how many zones has the Indian Railways system been divided?\n(a) 9 (c) 16\n(b) 12 (d) 14\n(ii) On which river and between which two places does the National W ater\nWay No. 1 lie?\n(a) The Brahmaputra, Sadiya-Dhubri\n(b) The Ganga, Haldia-Allahabad\n(c) West Coast Canal, Kottapuram to Kollam\n(iii) In which of the following year , the first radio pr ogramme was br oadcast?\n(a) 1911 (c) 1927\n(b) 1936 (d) 1923\n2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.\n(i) Which activity does transportation convey? Name three major modes of\ntransportation.\n(ii) Discuss advantages and disadvantages of pipeline transportation.\n(iii) What do you mean by \u2018communication\u2019?\nto the economic and strategic reasons. Satellite\nimages can be used for the weather forecast,\nmonitoring of natural calamities, surveillance\nof border areas, etc.\nOn the basis of configuration and purposes,\nsatellite system in India can be grouped into two:\nIndian National Satellite System (INSAT) and\nIndian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS).\nThe INSAT, which was established in 1983,is a\nmulti-purpose satellite system for\ntelecommunication, meteorological observation\nand for various other data and programmes.The IRS satellite system became\noperational with the launching of IRS-IA in\nMarch 1988 fr om V aikanour in Russia. India\nhas also developed her own Launching V ehicle\nPSLV (Polar Satellite Launch V ehicle). These\nsatellites collect data in several spectral bands\nand transmit them to the ground stations for\nvarious uses. The National Remote Sensing\nCentre (NRSC) at Hyderabad provides facilities\nfor acquisition of data and its processing. These\nare very useful in the management of natural\nresources.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1852, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "4acc4a6f-efeb-49b0-82fb-a6df89421cae": {"__data__": {"id_": "4acc4a6f-efeb-49b0-82fb-a6df89421cae", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "11", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "249e5a07-20dd-46dc-859f-8c09a3363da0", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "11", "file_name": "legy207.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy207.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1286224, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "a540a92c8e3c7e82f0632914914bc84986b825e97d24d6c77fe58192f19040f3", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Transport and Communication      85\n3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.\n(i) Which are the chief means of transportation in India? Discuss the factors\naffecting their development.\n(ii) Give a detailed account of the development of railways in India and\nhighlight their importance.\n(iii) Describe the role of roads in the economic development of India.\nProject ProjectProject ProjectProject\nFind out the facilities that Indian Railways provide to the passengers.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 499, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "ed1a9f4b-a85d-4dfb-a6c7-bcc98fbd1384": {"__data__": {"id_": "ed1a9f4b-a85d-4dfb-a6c7-bcc98fbd1384", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "27e92125-3882-4d83-a1c6-4fe7175a78b6", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "674c30505c64489b54cf698eb4462c7321c65ae73e8c30b2766256031e8df85f", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "86 India : People and Economy\nUnit IV Unit IVUnit IV Unit IVUnit IV\nChapter 8\nINTERNATIONAL\nTRADEYou have already studied about the various\naspects of International trade in the book\nFundamentals of Human Geography .\nInternational Trade is mutually beneficial as\nno country is self-sufficient. India\u2019s\ninternational trade has undergone a sea change\nin recent years in terms of volume, composition\nas well as direction. Although India\u2019s\ncontribution in the world trade is as low as\none per cent of the total volume, yet it plays a\nsignificant role in the world economy.\nLet us examine the changing pattern of\nIndia\u2019s International trade. In 1950-51, India\u2019s\nexternal trade was worth Rs.1,214 crore, which\nrose to Rs. 44,29,762 crore in 2016-17. Can\nyou calculate the percentage growth in 2016-\n17 over 1950-51? There are numerous\nreasons for this sharp rise in overseas trade,\nsuch as the momentum picked up by the\nmanufacturing sectors, the liberal policies of\nthe government and the diversification of\nmarkets.\nThe nature of India\u2019s foreign trade has\nchanged over the years (Table 8.1). Though\nthere has been an increase in the total\nvolume of import and export, the value of\nimport continued to be higher than that of\nexports.\nChanging PChanging PChanging PChanging PChanging P a aaaattern of\nttern ofttern of ttern ofttern of  the  the the  the the\nComposition ofComposition ofComposition ofComposition ofComposition of  India\u2019  India\u2019 India\u2019  India\u2019 India\u2019 s Expor s Expors Expor s Expors Expor ts tsts tsts\nSource : Economic Survey, 2016-17\nFig. 8.1Extent of gap between Exports and Imports in India\u2019s\nforeign trade During 2012-13 to 2016-17\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1667, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "928c54a6-0eb9-425b-98d4-2c741a2c20e3": {"__data__": {"id_": "928c54a6-0eb9-425b-98d4-2c741a2c20e3", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "b4142b70-3bfe-40b8-aa33-cbc0d9ddb0c4", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "9428c552df538a06da6fc19fc835c778fc84bf9f1127d7ea9e42ea8eacf75920", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "International Trade      87\nEast Asian countries are our major competitors.\nGems and jewellery contributes a larger share\nof India\u2019s foreign trade.\nStudy Table 8.3 and select major commodities exported\nin 2016-17 and draw bar diagram.\nChanging Patterns of the Composition of\nIndia\u2019s Import\nIndia faced serious food shortage during\n1950s and 1960s. The major item of import\nat that time was foodgrain, capital goods,\nmachinery and equipment. The balance of\npayment was adverse as imports were more\nthan export in spite of all the efforts of import\nsubstitution. After 1970s, foodgrain import\nwas discontinued due to the success of Green\nrevolution but the energy crisis of 1973\npushed the prices of petroleum, and import\nDraw bar diagram to show the trends of exports of all items given in the table. Use pen/pencil of different colours.Table 8.1 India\u2019s For eign T rade\nValue in Rs. Cr ores\nSource : http://commerce.nic.in/publications/annual-report - 2010-11 and Economic Survey 2016-17Year Exports Imports    Trade Balance\n2004-05 3,75,340 5,01,065 -1,25,725\n2009-10 8,45,534 13,63,736 -5,18,202\n2013-14 19,05,011 27,15,434 -8,10,423\n2016-17 18,52,340 25,77,422 -7,25,082\nCommodities 2009-10 2010-11 2015-16 2016-17\nAgriculture and allied products 10.0 9.9 12.6 12.3\nOre and Minerals 4.9 4.0 1.6 1.9\nManufactured goods 67.4 68.0 72.9 73.6\nCrude and petroleum products 16.2 16.8 11.9 11.7\nOther commodities 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.5Table 8.2 : Composition of India\u2019s Export, 2009-2017\n(Percentage share in Exports)\nSource : Economic Survey 2016-17\nThe composition of commodities in\nIndia\u2019s international trade has been\nundergoing a change over the years. The\nshare of agriculture and allied products has\ndeclined, whereas, shares of petroleum and\ncrude products and other commodities have\nincreased. The shares of ore minerals and\nmanufactured goods have largely remained\nconstant over the years from 2009-10 to\n2010-11and 2015-16 to 2016-17.\nThe decline in traditional items is largely\ndue to the tough international competition.\nAmongst the agricultural products, there is a\ndecline in the export of traditional items, such\nas coffee, cashew, etc., though an increase has\nbeen registered in floricultural products, fresh\nfruits, marine pr oducts and sugar , etc.\nManufacturing sector alone accounted for\n73.6 per cent of India\u2019s total value of export in\n2016-17. Engineering goods have shown a\nsignificant growth in the export. China and other\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2457, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "0fb8f5dc-c6ba-4e05-9fbf-6dfb4cc0d572": {"__data__": {"id_": "0fb8f5dc-c6ba-4e05-9fbf-6dfb4cc0d572", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "05f30171-4892-4887-9f90-7256d1685fa6", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "c20fdc3cada3c4024c261f2d426a873dfe1e2999dcd384fe0a4b6e2e5589bd97", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "88 India : People and Economy\nCommodities 2016-17\nAgriculture and allied products 228001\nOres and Minerals 35947\nManufactured goods 1363232\nMineral fuels and Lubricants 216280Table 8.3 : Export of Some Principal Commodities\n(in crore rupees)\nSource :  Economic Survey 2016-17.\nbudget was also pushed up. Foodgrain import\nwas replaced by fertilisers and petroleum.\nMachine and equipment, special steel, edible\noil and chemicals largely make the import\nbasket. Examine the changing pattern of\nimports in Table 8.4 and try to comprehend\nthe shifts.\nTable 8.4  shows that there is a steep\nrise in the import  of petroleum products. It\nis used not only as a fuel but also as an\nindustrial raw material. It indicates the\ntempo of rising industrialisation and better\nstandard of living. Sporadic price rise in the\ninternational market is another reason for the\nsame. Import of capital goods maintained a\nsteady increase due to rising demand in the\nexport-oriented industrial and domestic\nsectors. Non-electrical machinery, transportequipment, manufacturers of metals and\nmachine tools were the main items of capital\ngoods. Import of food and allied products\ndeclined with a fall in imports of edible oils.\nOther major items of India\u2019s import include\npearls and semi -precious stones, gold and\nsilver , metalliferr ous or es and metal scrap,\nnon-ferrous metals, electronic goods, etc. The\ndetails of Indian imports of  some  principal\ncommodities during 201 6-17 have been given\nin Table 8 .5.\nBased on Table 8.5, few activities may\nbe undertaken:\nArrange the items in ascending or\ndescending order and write the names\nof the first five major items of India\u2019s\nimport list of 2016-17.\nWhy does India import edible oil in spite\nof being an agriculturally rich country?\nSelect five most important and five least\nimportant items and represent them by\nbar diagram.\nCan you identify some items of imports\nfor which substitutes can be developed\nin India?\nSource : Economic Survey 2016-17Commodity Group    2009-10 2010-11 2015-16 2016-17\nFood and allied products 3.7 2.9 5.1 5.6\nFuel (Coal, POL) 33.2 31.3 25.4 26.7\nFertilisers 2.3 1.9 2.1 1.3\nPaper board manufacturing and news print 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9\nCapital goods 15.0 13.1 13.0 13.6\nOthers 42.6 47.7 38.1 37.0Table 8.4 : India Composition of Import 2009-17\n(In percentage)\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2330, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "50e003bd-6d2f-48a8-9e1f-34ad7ee05822": {"__data__": {"id_": "50e003bd-6d2f-48a8-9e1f-34ad7ee05822", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "fc15c679-6c5b-458b-bb87-613189c1cdd9", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "86522504d61840f726354d286f705586a4ddfbc3f81bfb1337da1c0922217bea", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "International Trade      89\nhas a long tradition of sea faring and developed\nmany ports with place name suffixed with\npattan  meaning port. An interesting fact about\nports in India is that its west coast has more\nports than its east coast.Direction of Trade\nIndia  has trade relations with most of the\ncountries and major trading blocks of the\nworld.\nRegion-wise and sub-region-wise trade\nduring the period 2016-17 has been given in\nTable 8.6.\nDraw a multiple bar diagram to represent the\nmajor trading partners.\nMost of India\u2019s foreign trade is carried\nthrough sea and air r outes. However , a small\nportion is also carried through land route to\nneighbouring countries like Nepal, Bhutan,\nBangladesh and Pakistan.\nSea PSea PSea P\nSea PSea P or oror ororts as Ga ts as Gats as Ga\nts as Gats as Ga te tete tetew ww wwa aa aay yy yys of s ofs of s ofs of\nInterna InternaInterna InternaInterna tional T tional Ttional T tional Ttional T r rr rrade adeade adeade\nIndia is surrounded by sea from three sides\nand is bestowed  with a long coastline. W ater\nprovides a smooth surface for very cheap\ntransport provided there is no turbulence. India\nIndia aims to double its share in the\ninternational trade within the next five years. It\nhas already started adopting suitable measures\nsuch as import liberalisation, reduction in\nimport duties, delicensing and change from\nprocess to product patents.Commodities 2016-17\nFertilisers and fertiliser manufacturing 33726\nEdible oils 73048\nPulp and waste paper 6537\nNon-ferrous metals 262961\nIron and steel 55278\nPetroleum, oil and lubricants 582762\nPearls, precious and 159464\nsemi-precious stones\nMedicinal and Pharma products 33504\nChemical products 147350Table 8 .5 : Import of Some Principal Commodities\n(in crore rupees)\nSource : Economic Survey 2016-17\nSource : Department of Commerce based on DCCI&S\nprovisional data, Economic Survey 2011-12 and 2016-17.Region Imports\n2010-11 2016-17\nEurope 323857 403972\nAfrica 118612\n193327\nNorth America 100602 195332\nLatin America 64576 115762\nAsia and ASEAN 1029881 1544520Table 8.6 Direction of India\u2019s Import trade\n(in crore rupees)\nFig. 8.3 : Unloading of goods on port\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2175, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "813aa84d-7cc4-4318-b9c9-cc69d73c859a": {"__data__": {"id_": "813aa84d-7cc4-4318-b9c9-cc69d73c859a", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "d32066d9-bfbe-4b1d-9bbb-0828b78a5f49", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "155b0820b2ecf2e123030a3e1d1924bef088abcdb936723b22694c8bb3f230ab", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "90 India : People and Economy\nhave been invited for the modernisation of\nports in India.\nThe capacity of Indian ports increased from\n20 million tonnes of cargo handling in 1951 to\nmore than 837 million tonnes in 2016.\nSome of the Indian ports along with their\nhinterlands are as follows :\nKandla  Port situated at the head of Gulf\nof Kuchchh has been developed as a major\nport to cater to the needs of western and north\nwestern parts of the country and also to\nreduce the pressure at Mumbai port. The port\nis specially designed to receive large\nquantities of petroleum and petroleum\nproducts and fertiliser . The of fshor e terminal\nat Vadinar has been developed to r educe the\npressure at Kandla port.\nDemarcation of the boundary of the\nhinterland would be difficult as it is not fixed\nover space. In most of the cases, hinterland\nof one port may overlap with that of the other .\nMumbai  is a natural harbour and the\nbiggest port of the country. The port is\nsituated closer to the general routes from the\ncountries of Middle East, Mediterranean\ncountries, North Africa, North America and\nEurope where the major share of country\u2019s\noverseas trade is carried out. The port is 20\nkm long and 6-10 km wide with 54 berths\nand has the country\u2019s largest oil terminal.\nM.P., Maharashtra, Gujarat, U.P . and parts\nof Rajasthan constitute the main  hinterlands\nof Mumbai ports.\nJawaharlal Nehru Port at Nhava Sheva\nwas developed as a satellite port to relieve the\npressure at the Mumbai port. It is the largest\ncontainer port in India.\nMarmagao Port,  situated at the entrance\nof the Zuari estuary, is a natural harbour in\nGoa. It gained significance after its remodelling\nin 1961 to handle iron-ore exports to Japan.\nConstruction of Konkan railway has\nconsiderably extended the hinterland of this\nport. Karnataka, Goa, Southern Maharashtra\nconstitute its hinterland.\nNew Mangalore Port  is located in the state\nof Karnataka and caters to the needs of the\nexport of iron-ore and iron-concentrates. It also\nhandles fertilisers, petroleum products, edibleCan you find out the reasons for the\nvariations in the location of ports along\nthe two coasts?\nThough ports have been in use since\nancient times, the emergence of ports as\ngateways of international trade became\nimportant after the coming of the European\ntraders and colonisation of the country by the\nBritish. This led to the variation in the size and\nquality of ports. There are some ports which have\nvery vast area of influence and some have limited\narea of influence. At present, India has 12 major\nports and 200 minor or intermediate ports. In\ncase of the major ports, the central government\ndecides the policy and plays regulatory\nfunctions. The minor ports are there whose\npolicy and functions are regulated by state\ngovernments. The major ports handle larger\nshare of the total traffic.\nThe British used the ports as suction points\nof the resources from their hinterlands. The\nextension of railways towards the interior\nfacilitated the linking of the local markets to\nregional markets, regional markets to national\nmarkets and national markets to the international\nmarkets. This trend continued till 1947. It was\nexpected that the country\u2019s Independence will\nreverse the process, but the partition of the\ncountry snatched away two very important ports,\ni.e., Karachi port went to Pakistan and Chittagong\nport to the erstwhile east-Pakistan and now\nBangladesh. To compensate the losses, many new\nports, like the Kandla in the west and the\nDiamond Harbour near Kolkata on river Hugli in\nthe east were developed.\nDespite this major setback, Indian ports\ncontinued to grow after the Independence.\nToday , Indian ports are handling large\nvolumes of domestic , as well as , overseas\ntrade. Most of the ports are equipped with\nmodern infrastructure. Previously , the\ndevelopment and modernisation was the\nresponsibility of the government agencies,\nbut considering the increase in function and\nneed to bring these ports at par with the\ninternational ports, private entrepreneurs\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 4041, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "c89b6274-c4ba-46ad-a2db-14cf206f9fbb": {"__data__": {"id_": "c89b6274-c4ba-46ad-a2db-14cf206f9fbb", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "1f0951d5-91d5-432d-a1b2-9f25af6ad89e", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "a567a50b9687e74bdfdb2fe27cabbd60789e8a14377a0a1a572a37a0b8256317", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "International Trade      91\nFig. 8.4 : India \u2013 Major Ports and Sea Routes\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 94, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "d2423624-160d-4a51-882f-07895e9c4bf1": {"__data__": {"id_": "d2423624-160d-4a51-882f-07895e9c4bf1", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "7", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "fd3db9e7-44a5-4167-8f61-ec32d2b82a41", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "7", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "2a081b8a91bf1db15284aa2cff93c97e38eb4b69271f75153cf400cf19a927cf", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "92 India : People and Economy\noils, coffee, tea, wood pulp, yarn, granite stone,\nmolasses, etc. Karnataka is the major\nhinterland for this port.\nKochchi Port,  situated at the head of\nVembanad Kayal, popularly known as the\n\u2018Queen of the Arabian Sea\u2019, is also a natural\nharbour . This port has an advantageous\nlocation being close to the Suez-Colombo route.\nIt caters to the needs of Kerala, southern-\nKarnataka and south western Tamil Nadu.\nKolkata Port  is located on the Hugli river ,\n128 km inland from the Bay of Bengal. Like the\nMumbai port, this port was also developed by\nthe British. Kolkata had the initial advantage\nof being the capital of British India. The port\nhas lost its significance considerably on account\nof the diversion of exports to the other ports\nsuch as Vishakhapatnam, Paradwip and its\nsatellite port, Haldia.\nKolkata port is also confronted with the\nproblem of silt accumulation in the Hugli river\nwhich provides a link to the sea. Its hinterland\ncovers U.P ., Bihar , Jharkhand, W est Bengal,\nSikkim and the north-eastern states. Apart from\nthis, it also extends ports facilities to our\nneighbouring land-locked countries such as\nNepal and Bhutan.\nHaldia Port is located 105 km\ndownstream from Kolkata. It has been\nconstructed to reduce the congestion at Kolkata\nport. It handles bulk cargo like iron ore, coal,\npetroleum, petroleum products and fertilisers,\njute, jute products, cotton and cotton yarn, etc.\nParadwip Port  is situated in the\nMahanadi delta, about 100 km from Cuttack.\nIt has the deepest harbour specially suited\nto handle very large vessels. It has been\ndeveloped mainly to handle large-scale export\nof iron-ore. Odisha, Chhattisgarh and\nJharkhand  are the parts of its hinterland.\nVisakhapatnam Port  in Andhra Pradesh\nis a land-locked harbour , connected to the sea\nby a channel cut through solid rock and sand.\nAn outer harbour has been developed for\nhandling iron-ore, petroleum and general cargo.Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are the main\nhinterland for this port.\nChennai Port  is one of the oldest ports on\nthe eastern coast. It is an artificial harbour built\nin 1859. It is not much suitable for large ships\nbecause of the shallow waters near the coast.\nTamil Nadu and Puducherry are its hinterland.\nEnnore , a newly developed port in Tamil\nNadu, has been constructed 25 km north of\nChennai to relieve the pressure at Chennai port.\nTuticorin Port  was also developed to\nrelieve the pressure of Chennai port. It deals\nwith a variety of cargo, including coal, salt, food\ngrains, edible oils, sugar , chemicals and\npetroleum products.\nAirports\nAir transport plays an important role in the\ninternational trade. It has the advantage of\ntaking the least time for carriage and handling\nhigh value or perishable goods over long\ndistances. It is very costly and unsuitable for\ncarrying heavy and bulky commodities. This\nultimately reduces the participation of this\nsector in the international trade as compared\nto the oceanic routes.\nThere were 25 major airports functioning\nin the country (Annual Report 2016-17) . They\nare Ahmedabad,  Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi,\nGoa, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai,\nThiruvananthapuram, Srinagar , Jaipur , Calicut,\nNagpur , Coimbator e, Cochin, Lucknow, Pune,\nChandigarh, M angaluru, Vishakhapatnam,\nIndor e, Patna, Bhubaneswar and Kannur .\nYou have already studied about the air\ntransport in the pr evious chapter . You consult\nthe chapter on transport to find out the main\nfeatures of air transport in India.\nName the nearest domestic and international\nairports from your place. Identify the state with\nmaximum number of domestic airports.\nIdentify four cities where maximum number of air\nroutes converge and also give reasons for this.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3744, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "6c5605c6-e322-471e-9761-6b0a6753e86f": {"__data__": {"id_": "6c5605c6-e322-471e-9761-6b0a6753e86f", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "8", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "9fe05895-f35c-40fa-9cd6-57f63aa8596e", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "8", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "93471c3f38abda53a8d70cc881234ba40b95e111fa6f0542c8ed2a65ed8d3972", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "International Trade      93\nFig. 8.5 : India \u2013 Air Routes\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 78, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "2a46824b-5f44-4274-988f-e79bb96d9cbb": {"__data__": {"id_": "2a46824b-5f44-4274-988f-e79bb96d9cbb", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "9", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "994f21c0-d5fd-46c7-bce6-85bc631ebafa", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "9", "file_name": "legy208.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy208.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1363331, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "fb0d35b9c21a0f83c63fb3b5ffad0d15bd477b3c2e567ac2807384f248b3af8d", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "94 India : People and Economy\nEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISES\n1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.\n(i) Trade between two countries is termed as\n(a) Internal trade (c) International trade\n(b) External trade (d) Local trade\n(ii) Which one of the following is a land locked harbour?\n(a) Vishakhapatnam (c) Ennor\n(b) Mumbai (d) Haldia\n(iii) Most of India\u2019s foreign trade is carried through\n(a) Land and sea (c) Sea and air\n(b) Land and air (d) Sea\n2.Answer the following questions in about 30 words.\n(i) Mention the characteristics of India\u2019s foreign trade.\n(ii) Distinguish between port and harbour .\n(iii) Explain the meaning of hinterland.\n(iv) Name important items which India imports from different countries.\n(v) Name the ports of India located on the east coast.\n3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.\n(i) Describe the composition of export and import trade of India.\n(ii) Write a note on the changing natur e of the inter national trade of India.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1032, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "5595cb79-592c-4c88-a682-852afc862e30": {"__data__": {"id_": "5595cb79-592c-4c88-a682-852afc862e30", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "ccfce486-0c2d-44bb-8533-dff3c2a1814b", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "5753413819d8c4d9c268b6dd42e2eeb6bd64a6de99b2bc61018b7003bf8bda3e", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Unit V Unit VUnit V Unit VUnit V\nChapter 9\nGEOGRAPHICAL\nPERSPECTIVE ON\nSELECTED ISSUES\nAND PROBLEMSEn EnEnEnEnvir\nvirvir virvironmental Ponmental Ponmental Ponmental Ponmental P ollution ollutionollution ollutionollution\nEnvironmental pollution results from \u2018the\nrelease of substances and energy from waste\nproducts of human activities. There are many\ntypes of pollution. They are classified on the\nbasis of medium through which pollutants are\ntransported and diffused. Pollution can be\nclassified into (i) air pollution, (ii) water\npollution, (iii) land pollution and (iv) noise\npollution.\nWater Pollution\nIndiscriminate use of water by increasing\npopulation and industrial expansion has led\ndegradation of the quality of water considerably.\nSurface water available from rivers, canals,\nlakes, etc. is never pure. It contains small\nquantities of suspended particles, organic and\ninorganic substances. When concentration of\nthese substances increases, the water becomes\npolluted, and hence becomes unfit for use. In\nsuch a situation, the self-purifying capacity of\nwater is unable to purify the water .\nThough water pollutants are also created\nfrom natural sources (erosion, landslides,\ndecay and decomposition of plants and\nanimals, etc.) pollutants from human activities\nare the real causes of concern. Human beings\npollute the water through industrial,\nagricultural and cultural activities. Among\nthese activities, industry is the most significant\ncontributor .\nFig.9.1 : Cutting Through Effluent : Rowing through\na pervasive layer of foam on the heavily polluted\nYamuna on the outskirts of New Delhi\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1624, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "c6f308b6-8e05-43c2-82ff-aff644f2cd5c": {"__data__": {"id_": "c6f308b6-8e05-43c2-82ff-aff644f2cd5c", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "c5fd101e-23e8-4e5d-8937-f3be235b0de0", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "6c9de2084ddb2e32ecb39c053a9f47938e5bc75f6a9c27ca1738f00c3e4b93e4", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "96 India : People and Economy\nPollution Types Pollution Involved Sources of Pollution\nAir Pollution Oxides of sulphur (SO2, SO3), Oxides of\nnitrogen,  carbon monoxide, hydro-carbon,\nammonia,  lead, aldehydes asbestos and beryllium.Combustion of coal, petrol and diesel,\nindustrial processes, solid waste disposal,\nsewage disposal, etc.\nWater Pollution Odour , dissolved and suspended solids,\nammonia and urea, nitrate and nitrites,\nchloride, fluoride, carbonates, oil and grease,\ninsecticide and pesticide residue, tannin,\ncoliform MPM (bacterial count) sulphates and\nsulphides, heavy metals e.g. lead, aresenic,\nmercury, manganese, etc., radioactive\nsubstances.Sewage disposal, urban run-off, toxic\neffluents from industries, run-off over\ncultivated lands and nuclear power plants.\nLand Pollution Human and animal excreta viruses and\nbacteria, garbage and vectors therein,\npesticides and fertiliser -residue alkalinity,\nfluorides, radio-active substances.Improper human activities, disposal of\nuntreated industrial waste, use of pesticides\nand fertilisers.\nNoise Pollution High level of noise above tolerance level. Aircrafts, automobiles, trains, industrial\nprocessing and advertising media.Table 9.1 : T ypes and Sour ces of Pollution\nIndustries produce several undesirable\nproducts including industrial wastes, polluted\nwaste water , poisonous gases, chemical\nresiduals, numerous heavy metals, dust,\nsmoke, etc. Most of the industrial wastes are\ndisposed off in running water or lakes.\nConsequently, poisonous elements reach the\nreservoirs, rivers and other water bodies, which\ndestroy the bio-system of these waters. Major\nwater polluting industries ar e leather , pulp and\npaper , textiles and chemicals.\nRiver and State Polluted Stretches Nature of Pollution Main Polluters\nGanga\n(Uttar Pradesh)\nBihar\nand\nWest Bengal(a)Downstream of Kanpur\n(b)Downstr eam of V aranasi\n(c)Farrakka Barrage1.Industrial pollution from\ntowns like Kanpur\n2.Domestic wastes from\nurban centres\n3.Dumping of carcasses in\nthe riverTable 9.2 : Sour ces of Pollution in the Ganga and the Y amuna Rivers\nCities of Kanpur , Allahabad,\nVaranasi, Patna and Kolkata\nrelease domestic waste into the\nriver\nYamuna\n(Delhi)\nand\n(Uttar Pradesh)(a)Delhi to confluence with\nChambal\n(b)   Mathura and Agra1.Extraction of water by\nHaryana and Uttar\nPradesh for irrigation\n2.Agricultural run off\nresulting in high levels of\nmicro-pollutants in the\nYamuna\n3.Domestic and industrial\nwaste of Delhi flowing\ninto the riverDelhi dumping its domestic\nwasteVarious types of chemicals used in\nmodern agriculture such as inorganic\nfertilisers, pesticides and herbicides are also\npollution generating components. These\nchemicals are washed down to rivers, lakes\nand tanks. These chemicals also infiltrate the\nsoil to r each the gr ound water . Fertiliser\ninduces an increase in the nitrate content of\nsurface waters. Cultural activities such as\npilgrimage,  religious fairs, tourism, etc. also\ncause water pollution. In India, almost all\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3012, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "8e2deded-75e3-4990-98b4-4b712fce563d": {"__data__": {"id_": "8e2deded-75e3-4990-98b4-4b712fce563d", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "3df3559b-7f66-43bc-979a-3c0db2027a47", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "3", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "df70fc0b1e9499460b278894e4d504cc3c3a23425fda2f6ed571c4d25dcfb548", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Geographical perspective on selected issues and problems      97\nsurface water sources are contaminated and\nunfit for human consumption.\nWater pollution is a sour ce of various\nwater - borne diseases. The diseases commonly\ncaused due to contaminated water are\ndiarrhoea, intestinal worms, hepatitis, etc. The\nWorld Health Or ganization shows that about\none-fourth of the communicable diseases in\nIndia ar e water -borne. Though river pollution\nis common to all rivers, yet pollution of river\nGanga flowing through one of the mot populous\nregions of India has caused great concerns\namong all. T o imporve the condition of the river ,\nNational Mission for Clean Ganga was initiated.\nThe Namami Gange Programme has been\nlaunched for the same.\nAir Pollution\nAir pollution is taken as addition of\ncontaminants , like dust, fumes, gas, fog, odour ,\nsmoke or vapour to the air in substantial\nproportion and duration that may be harmful\nto flora and fauna and to property. With\nincreasing use of varieties of fuels as  the\nsource of energy, there is a marked increase\nin emission of toxic gases into the atmosphere\nresulting in the pollution of air . Combustion\nof fossil fuels, mining and industries are the\nmain sources of air pollution. These processes\nrelease oxides of sulphur and nitrogen,hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, carbon\nmonoxide, lead and asbestos.\nAir pollution causes various diseases related\nto respiratory, nervous and circulatory systems.\nSmog inNamami Gange ProgrammeNamami Gange ProgrammeNamami Gange ProgrammeNamami Gange ProgrammeNamami Gange Programme\nGanga, as a river , has national importance\nbut the river requires cleaning by\neffectively controlling the pollution for its\nwater . The Union Government has\nlaunched the \u2018 Namami Gange\nProgramme \u2019 with the following objectives:\n\u2022developing sewerage treatment\nsystems in towns,\n\u2022monitoring of industrial effluents,\n\u2022development of river front,\n\u2022afforestation along the bank of increase\nbiodiversity ,\n\u2022cleaning of the river surface,\n\u2022development of \u2018Ganga Grams\u2019 in\nUttarakhand, UP , Bihar , Jharkhand and\nWest Bengal, and\n\u2022creating public awareness to avoid\nadding pollutants in  to the river even\nin the form of rituals.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2209, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "c9ad79e8-b01d-4719-b263-866c42d3a519": {"__data__": {"id_": "c9ad79e8-b01d-4719-b263-866c42d3a519", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "2e6c1307-1b41-416f-ab02-14b9d656afed", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "4", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "71b717257cb287371c63d7834c4eb58ca8c9a07a0c3e3c59af274b9906ef3992", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "98 India : People and Economy\nfrom the source of pollution, i.e. industrial\nareas, arteries of transportation, airport, etc.\nNoise pollution is hazardous in many\nmetropolitan and big cities in India.\nUrban Waste DisposalUrban Waste DisposalUrban Waste DisposalUrban Waste DisposalUrban Waste Disposal\nUrban areas are generally marked by\novercrowding, congestion, inadequate facilities\nto support the fast growing population and\nconsequent poor sanitary conditions and foul\nair. Envir onmental pollution by solid wastes\nhas now got significance because of enormous\ngrowth in the quantity of wastes generated\nfrom various sources. Solid waste refers to a\nvariety of old and used articles, for example\nstained small pieces of metals, broken\nglassware, plastic containers, polythene bags,\nash, floppies, CDs, etc. , dumped at different\nplaces. These discarded materials are also\ntermed as refuse, garbage and rubbish, etc. ,\nand are disposed of from two sources : (i)\nhousehold or domestic establishments, and (ii)\nindustrial or commercial establishments. The\nhousehold wastes are disposed off either on\npublic lands or on private contractors\u2019 sites,\nSmoky fog over cities called as urban\nsmog is caused by atmospheric pollution. It\nproves very harmful to human health. Air\npollution can also cause acid rains. Rainwater\nanalysis of urban environment has indicated\nthat pH value of the first rain after summer is\nalways lower than the subsequent rains.\nNoise Pollution\nNoise pollution refers to the state of\nunbearable and uncomfortable to human\nbeings which is caused by noise from different\nsources. This matter has become a serious\nconcern only in recent years due to a variety\nof technological innovations.\nThe main sources of noise pollution are\nvarious factories, mechanised construction\nand demolition works, automobiles and\naircraft, etc. There may be added periodical\nbut polluting noise from sirens, loudspeakers\nused in various festivals, programmes\nassociated with community activities. The level\nof steady noise is measured by sound level\nexpressed in terms of decibels (dB).\nOf all these sources, the biggest nuisance\nis the noise produced by traffic, because its\nintensity and nature depend upon factors ,\nsuch as the type of aircraft, vehicle, train and\nthe condition of road , as well as , that of vehicle\n(in case of automobiles). In sea traffic, the noise\npollution is confined to the harbour due to\nloading and unloading activities being carried.\nIndustries cause noise pollution but with\nvarying intensity depending upon the type of\nindustry.\nNoise pollution is location specific and its\nintensity declines with increase in distance\nFig. 9.2 : Noise monitoring at Panchpatmalai\nBauxite Mine\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2728, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "f77fcbc1-a3c8-4ae5-af41-754f87023f2b": {"__data__": {"id_": "f77fcbc1-a3c8-4ae5-af41-754f87023f2b", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "1c57fd9d-d556-4a2d-80c1-d8f5337eb9b2", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "5", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "4e81802981679c9a51dfe21572651f9a6de4a2813618e9f2aa91ec2a5e64935d", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Geographical perspective on selected issues and problems      99\nwhereas the solid wastes of industrial units\nare collected and disposed off through public\n(municipal) facilities at low lying public\ngrounds (landfill areas). The huge turn out of\nashes and debris from industries, thermal\npower houses and building constructions or\ndemolitions have posed problems of serious\nconsequences. Solid wastes cause health\nhazard through creation of obnoxious smell,\nand harbouring of flies and rodents, which act\nas carriers of diseases like typhoid, diphtheria,\ndiarrhoea, malaria and cholera, etc. These\nwastes cause frequent nuisance as and when\nthese are carelessly handled, spread by wind\nand splitter ed thr ough rain water .\nConcentration of industrial units in and\naround urban centres gives rise to disposal of\nindustrial wastes. The dumping of industrial\nwaste into rivers leads to water pollution. River\npollution from city-based industries and\nuntreated sewage leads to serious health\nproblems downstream.\nUrban waste disposal is a serious problem\nin India. In metropolitan cities like Mumbai,\nKolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, etc., about 90\nper cent of the solid waste is collected and\ndisposed. But in most of other cities and towns\nCase Study : Case Study : Case Study : Case Study : Case Study : A Role Model to Restore the Ecology and SafeguardA Role Model to Restore the Ecology and SafeguardA Role Model to Restore the Ecology and SafeguardA Role Model to Restore the Ecology and SafeguardA Role Model to Restore the Ecology and Safeguard\nHuman Health Human Health Human Health Human Health Human Health in Dauralain Dauralain Dauralain Dauralain Daurala\nBased on the universal law \u201cPolluter pays\u201d, effort to restore the ecology and safeguard the human health with\npeople\u2019s participation has taken place in Daurala near Meerut. These efforts are now bearing fruits after a\nspan of three years when Meerut based NGO had developed a model for ecological restoration. The meeting\nof the Daurala Industries officials, NGOs , Government officials and other stakeholders at Meerut has brought\nout results. The powerful logics, authentic studies and the pressure of people have brought a new lease of life\nto the twelve thousand residents of this village. It was in the year 2003 that the pitiable condition of Dauralaites\ndrew the attention of the civil society . The groundwater of this village was contaminated with heavy metals.\nThe reason was that the untreated wastewater of Daurala industries was leaching to the groundwater table.\nThe NGO conducted a door to door survey of the health status of the residents and came out with a report.\nThe organisation, the village community and people\u2019s representatives sat together to find out sustainable\nsolutions to the health problem. The industrialists showed a keen interest towards checking the deteriorating\necology . The overhead water tank\u2019 s capacity in the village was enhanced and a 900m extra pipeline was  laid\nto supply potable water to the community . The silted pond of the village was cleaned and recharged by\ndesilting it. Large quantity of silt was removed paving way to large quantity of water so that it recharged the\naquifers. Rainwater harvesting structures have been constructed at different places which has helped in\ndiluting the contaminants of the groundwater after the monsoons. 1000 trees have also been planted which\nhave improved the environment.in the country, about 30 to 50 per cent of the\nwaste generated are left uncollected which\naccumulate on streets, in open spaces between\nhouses and in wastelands leading to serious\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3625, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "96f0ba6e-2654-4954-9ea3-6c53b1c37ac3": {"__data__": {"id_": "96f0ba6e-2654-4954-9ea3-6c53b1c37ac3", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "bff634aa-d8d6-41f1-b85a-9884f4fe1c33", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "6", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "c6161c38d977f406c608f1dbf256e98be4addb11d11ccb250fb9f63b830442d4", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "100 India : People and Economy\nhealth hazards. These wastes should be treated\nas resource and utilised for generating energy\nand compost. Untreated wastes ferment slowly\nand release toxic biogas to the atmosphere,\nincluding methane.\nWhat do we throw away? Why?\nWhere does our waste end up?\nWhy do ragpickers sort out rubbish dumps? Does\nit have some value?\nIs our urban waste worth anything?\nRural-Urban MigrationRural-Urban MigrationRural-Urban MigrationRural-Urban MigrationRural-Urban Migration\nPopulation flow from rural to urban areas is\ncaused by many factors, like high demand for\nAt present, 47 per cent of the world\u2019s six billion population lives in cities and more will join\nthem in near future. This proportion is estimated to go up to 50 per cent by 2008. That will\nput pressure on governments to make urban areas better places to live with optimum\ninfrastructure facilities for desirable quality of life.\nBy 2050, an estimated two-thirds of the world\u2019s population will live in urban areas, imposing\neven more pressure on the space infrastructure and resources of cities, which are manifested\nin terms of sanitary , health, crime problems and urban poverty .\nUrban population grows as a result of natural increase (when birth rate exceeds death rate),\nnet in-migration (when people move in than out) , and sometime s reclassification of urban\nareas to encompass formerly rural population settlements. In India , it is estimated that after\n1961 around 60 per  cent of the urban growth has been attributed and 29 per  cent of them from\nrural areas to urban migration.Fig. 9.3 : A view of urban waste in Mahim, Mumbailabour in urban areas, low job opportunities\nin rural areas and unbalanced pattern of\ndevelopment between urban and rural areas.\nIn India, population in cities is rapidly\nincreasing. Due to low opportunities in smaller\nand medium cities, the poor people generally\nbypass these small cities and directly come to\nthe mega cities for their livelihood.\nA case study given below to have better\nunderstanding of the subject. Read it carefully\nand try to comprehend the process of rural\nurban migration.\nA Case StudyA Case StudyA Case StudyA Case StudyA Case Study\nRamesh has been working in contract as a\nwelder on construction site in Talcher ( coal\nregion of O disha ) for the last two years. He\nmoved with the contractor to various places\nlike Surat, Mumbai, Gandhi Nagar , Bharuch,\nJamnagar and so on. He remits Rs. 20,000 per\nyear to his father in his native village. The\nremittances have been mainly used for daily\nconsumption, healthcare, schooling of\nchildren, etc. Part of the money is also used in\nagriculture, purchasing of land and building\nof houses, etc. The standard of living of\nRamesh\u2019s family improved significantly.\nFifteen years ago, the situation was not the\nsame. The family was passing through very\ntough times. Three of his brothers and their\nfamilies had to survive on three acres of land.\nThe family was highly in  debt. Ramesh had to\ndiscontinue his studies after ninth standard. He\nwas further hard pressed when he got married.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3096, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "b463a46c-c09d-4ed5-a7e6-cd1570187120": {"__data__": {"id_": "b463a46c-c09d-4ed5-a7e6-cd1570187120", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "7", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "ce27d8fe-ccf6-4d9a-8dfc-79e5ad18c07e", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "7", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "e2c8b56701f35828b51fc4182159a6ca18984bc08b378e1f9f79f2ba02980d34", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Geographical perspective on selected issues and problems      101\nSimultaneously, he was also impressed by\nsome successful out-migrants of his village who\nhad been working in Ludhiana and supporting\ntheir families in village by sending money and\nsome consumer goods. Thus, due to abject\npoverty in the family and perceived job promises\nat Ludhiana, he made a move to Punjab with his\nfriend. He worked there in a woolen factory for\nsix months at the rate of only Rs. 20 per day in\n1988. Apart from the crisis of managing his\npersonal expenditure from this meagre income,\nhe was also facing difficulty in assimilation to the\nnew culture and environment. Then he decided\nto change his place of work from Ludhiana to\nSurat under the guidance of his friend. He learnt\nthe skills of welding in Surat and after that he\nhas been moving to different places with the same\ncontractor . Though the economic condition of\nRamesh\u2018s family at village improved, he is bearing\nthe pain of separation of his near and dear ones.\nHe cannot shift them with him, as the job is\ntemporary and transferable.Comments\nIn developing countries, poor , semi-illiterate and\nthe unskilled like Ramesh migrating  from rural\nareas frequently end up performing menial jobs\nat low wages in informal sector in urban areas.\nSince wages are very low to support the family\nat the place of destination , the spouse s are left\nbehind in rural areas to look after children and\nelderly people. Thus, the rur al-urban migration\nstream is dominated by the males.\nPrPrPr\nPrProb obob oboblems lems lems lems lems of ofof ofof Slums  Slums Slums  Slums Slums\nThe concept \u201cUrban or Urban Centre\u201d is defined\nin settlement geography to differentiate it from\nthe \u201cRural\u201d about which you have learnt in\nsome pr evious chapters of this book. Y ou have\nalso learnt in the book entitled \u201cFundamentals\nof Human Geography\u201d  that this concept is\ndefined differently in different countries.\nBoth urban and rural settlements are\ndifferent in their functions, sometimes,\nHave you visited a slum?\nVisit a slum in your city , and\nwrite about the problems\nfaced by slum dwellers.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2133, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "d9fc496c-5224-4792-a35a-3245bc6d67db": {"__data__": {"id_": "d9fc496c-5224-4792-a35a-3245bc6d67db", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "8", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "23295f38-6103-4f26-a7a7-3b99f722489c", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "8", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "f464c4348b662066852fd78d3b73669c2c0ef7e25bc6bb37c578c5641b32049f", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "102 India : People and Economy\ncomplementing each other . Apart fr om these, rural\nand urban areas have also emerged into two\nseparate cultural, social, political, economic and\ntechnological divide.Dharavi\u2013Asia\u2019s Largest Slum\n\u201c\u2026. Buses merely skirt the periphery . Autorickshaws cannot go there, Dharavi is part of central\nBombay where three wheelers are banned.\nOnly one main road traverses the slum, the miscalled \u2018ninety-foot road\u2019, which has been reduced to\nless than half of that for most of its length. Some of the side alleys and lanes are so narrow that not\neven a bicycle can pass. The whole neighbourhood consists of temporary buildings, two or three\nstoreyed high with rusty iron stairways to the upper part, where a single room is rented by a whole\nfamily , sometimes accommodating twelve or more people; it is a kind of tropical version of the\nindustrial dwelling of Victorian London\u2019s East End.\nBut Dharavi is a keeper of more sombre secrets than the revulsion it inspires in the rich; a revulsion,\nmoreover , that is, in direct proportion to the role it serves in the creation of the wealth of Bombay . In\nthis place of shadowless, treeless sunlight, uncollected garbage, stagnant pools of foul water , where\nthe only non-human creatures are the shining black crows and long grey rats, some of the most\nbeautiful, valuable and useful articles in India are made. From Dharavi come delicate ceramics and\npottery , exquisite embroidery and zari work, sophisticated leather goods, high-fashion garments,\nfinely-wrought metalwork, delicate jewellery settings, wood carvings and furniture that would find its\nway into the richest houses, both in India and abroad\u2026\nDharavi was an arm of the sea, that was filled by waste, largely produced by the people who have\ncome to live there: Scheduled Castes  and poor Muslims. It comprises rambling buildings of corrugated\nmetal, 20 metres high in places, used for the treatment of hides and tanning. There are pleasant\nparts, but rotting garbage is everywhere\u2026\u201d\n(Seabrook, 1996, pp. 50, 51-52)\nIndia, which has a predominance of rural\npopulation (approximately 69 per cent of the\ntotal population in 2011) and where villages\nwere considered the ideal republics by\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2234, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "0db7929c-b03d-404d-b65e-7ead2f9dc31e": {"__data__": {"id_": "0db7929c-b03d-404d-b65e-7ead2f9dc31e", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "9", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "887f2558-14d9-46f1-9af7-edb2e44a349b", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "9", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "2ed20ab5dd5fb35281e4f4ab98f80a9f97bec97ddfa11a3f894c9a11d4dc1baa", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Geographical perspective on selected issues and problems      103\nMahatma Gandhi, most of the rural areas are\nstill poor performing primary activities. Here\nmost of the villages exist as appendix to the core\nurban centre forming its hinterland.\nThis may give an impression that urban\ncentres exist as undifferentiated homogeneous\nentities in opposition to the rural areas. On the\ncontrary, urban centres in India are more\ndifferentiated in terms of the socio-economic,\npolitico-cultural and other indicators of\ndevelopment than any other areas. At the top,\nthere are farm houses and high income group\nlocalities characterised by well-developed urban\ninfrastructures, like wide roads,\nstreetlights, water and sanitation facilities, lawns,\nwell-developed green belt, parks, playgrounds\nand provisions for individual security and right\nto privacy. At the other extreme of it are the\nslums , jhuggi-jhopari  clusters and colonies of\nshanty structures. These are inhabited by those\npeople who were forced to migrate from the rural\nareas to these urban centres in search of\nlivelihood but could not afford proper housing\ndue to high rent and high costs of land. They\noccupy environmentally incompatible and\ndegraded areas.\nSlums are residential areas of the least\nchoice, dilapidated houses, poor hygienic\nconditions, poor ventilation, lack of basic\namenities, like drinking water , light and toilet\nfacilities, etc. Open defecation, unregulated\ndrainage system and overcrowded narrow street\npatterns are serious health and socio-\nenvironmental hazards.and can not afford to give proper education to\ntheir children. The poverty makes them\nvulnerable to drug abuse, alcoholism, crime,\nvandalism, escapism, apathy and ultimately\nsocial exclusion.\nWhy are the children of slum-dwellers\ndeprived of school education?\nLand DegradationLand DegradationLand DegradationLand DegradationLand Degradation\nThe pressure on agricultural land increases not\nonly due to the limited availability but also by\ndeterioration of quality of agricultural land. Soil\nerosion, waterlogging, salinisation and\nalkalinisation of land lead to land degradation.\nWhat happens if land is consistently used\nwithout managing its fertility? Land is degraded\nand productivity declines. Land degradation is\ngenerally understood either as a temporary or\na permanent decline in productive capacity of\nthe land.\nThough all degraded land may not be\nwasteland, but unchecked process of degradation\nmay lead to the conversion to wasteland.\nThere are two processes that induce land\ndegradation. These are natural and created by\nhuman beings. National Remote Sensing Centre\n(NRS C) has classified wastelands by using\nremote sensing techniques and it is possible to\ncategorise these wastelands according to the\nprocesses that have created them. There are a\nfew types of wastelands such as gullied /ravinous\nland, desertic or coastal sands, barren rocky\nareas, steep sloping land, and glacial areas, which\nare primarily caused by natural  agents. There\nare other types of degraded lands such as\nwaterlogged and marshy areas, land affected by\nsalinity and alkalinity and land with or without\nscrub, which have largely been caused by\nnatural as well as human factors.  There are some\nother types of wastelands such as degraded\nshifting cultivation area, degraded land under\nplantation crops, degraded forests, degraded\npastures, and mining and industrial wastelands,The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is part\nof the urban renewal mission launched\nby the Government of India to improve the\nquality of life in urban slums.\nMoreover , most of the slum population\nworks in low-paid, high risk-prone,\nunorganised sectors of the urban economy.\nConsequently, they are the undernourished,\nprone to different types of diseases and illness\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 3792, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "1ff51ff4-8d26-4c3e-86c9-2bfcdbd7de6a": {"__data__": {"id_": "1ff51ff4-8d26-4c3e-86c9-2bfcdbd7de6a", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "10", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "6ed9a369-831b-49cd-bf30-4b293ad7ef07", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "10", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "9cecb0fd3878999416d6fd5466ba6dad391c30054e13cb1fe9e57f36df61f1a3", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "104 India : People and Economy\nFig. 9.4 : Trees planted on Common Property\nResources in Jhabua\nSource: Evaluation Report, Rajiv Gandhi Mission for\nWatershed Management, Gover nment of Madhya\nPradesh, 2002\nFig. 9.5 : Co mmunity Participation for Land Leveling\nin Common Property Resources in\nJhabua (ASA, 2004)are caused by human action. Table 12.3 indicates\nthat wastelands caused by man-made processes\nare more important than natural processes.\nA Case StudyA Case StudyA Case StudyA Case StudyA Case Study\nJhabua district is located in the westernmost\nagro-climatic zone in Madhya Pradesh. It is, in\nfact, one of the five most backward districts of\nthe country. It is characterised by high\nconcentration of tribal population (mostly\nBhils ). The people suffer due to poverty which\nhas been accentuated by the high rate of\nresource degradation, both forest and land. The\nwatershed management programmes funded\nby both the ministries of \u201cRural Development\u201d\nand \u201cAgriculture\u201d, Government of India, have\nbeen successfully implemented in Jhabua\ndistrict which has gone a long way in preventing\nland degradation and improving soil quality.\nWatershed Management Pr ogrammes\nacknowledge the linkage between land, water\nand vegetation and attempts to improve\nlivelihoods of people through natural resource\nmanagement and community participation. In\nthe past five years, the programmes funded by\nthe Ministry of Rural Development alone\n(implemented by  Rajiv Gandhi Mission for\nWatershed Management)  has treated 20 per\ncent of the total area under Jhabua district.The Petlawad block of Jhabua is located in\nthe northernmost part of the district and\nrepresents an interesting and successful case of\nGovernment-NGO partnership and community\nparticipation in managing watershed\nprogrammes. The Bhils in Petlawad block, for\nexample, (Sat Rundi hamlet of Karravat village)\nthrough their own efforts, have revitalised large\nparts of common property resources. Each\nhousehold planted and maintained one tree on\nthe common property. They also have planted\nfodder grass on the pasture land and adopted\nsocial-fencing of these lands for at least two\nyears. Even after that, they say, there would be\nno open grazing on these lands, but stall feeding\nof cattle, and they are thus confident that the\npastures they have developed would sustain\ntheir cattle in future.\nAn interesting aspect of this experience is\nthat before the community embarked upon the\nprocess of management of the pasture, there was\nencroachment on this land by a villager from an\nadjoining village. The villagers called the tehsildar\nto ascertain the rights of the common land. The\nensuing conflict was tackled by the villagers by\noffering to make the defaulter encroaching on the\nCPR a member of their user group and sharing\nthe benefits of greening the common lands/\npastures. (See the section on CPR in chapter \u2018Land\nResources and Agriculture \u2019).\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 2920, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}, "4eb94dd1-bcdd-4bab-a936-c141d26b9ff4": {"__data__": {"id_": "4eb94dd1-bcdd-4bab-a936-c141d26b9ff4", "embedding": null, "metadata": {"page_label": "11", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "excluded_embed_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "excluded_llm_metadata_keys": ["file_name", "file_type", "file_size", "creation_date", "last_modified_date", "last_accessed_date"], "relationships": {"1": {"node_id": "2567318a-a94e-462e-9d86-3a993fc7eb96", "node_type": "4", "metadata": {"page_label": "11", "file_name": "legy209.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy209.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1524676, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}, "hash": "24c470b8d90267fa3ef7c5c2f04e6494f08ad8a441ff6915e48b4d02354dcefc", "class_name": "RelatedNodeInfo"}}, "text": "Geographical perspective on selected issues and problems      105\nEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISESEXERCISES\n1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.\n(i) Which one of the following river is highly polluted?\n(a) Brahmaputra (c) Yamuna\n(b) Satluj (d) Godavari\n(ii) Which one of the following deseases is caused by water pollution?\n(a) Conjunctivitis (c) Respiratory infections\n(b) Diarrhorea (d) Bronchitis\n(iii) Which one of the following is the cause of acid rain?\n(a) Water pollution (c) Noise pollution\n(b) Land pollution (d) Air pollution\n(iv) Push and pull factors are responsible for\u2013\n(a) Migration (c) Slums\n(b) Land degradation (d) Air pollution\n2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.\n(i) What is the difference between pollution and pollutants?\n(ii) Describe the major source of air pollution.\n(iii) Mention major problems associated with urban waste disposal in India.\n(iv) What are the effects of air pollution on human health.\n3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.\n(i) Describe the nature of water pollution in India.\n(ii) Describe the problem of slums in India.\n(iii) Suggest measures for reduction of land degradation.\nRationalised 2023-24", "start_char_idx": 0, "end_char_idx": 1213, "text_template": "{metadata_str}\n\n{content}", "metadata_template": "{key}: {value}", "metadata_seperator": "\n", "class_name": "TextNode"}, "__type__": "1"}}, "docstore/ref_doc_info": {"15d81271-42b6-4a87-b4be-c4401e5be4db": {"node_ids": ["5377034a-bd4f-4902-92cf-1d5c65cdf6be"], "metadata": {"page_label": "1", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", "file_type": "application/pdf", "file_size": 1988540, "creation_date": "2024-05-30", "last_modified_date": "2024-05-30"}}, "205da8d1-4079-4caf-b92d-a39ffb5a61db": {"node_ids": ["63a92cb9-fad6-498f-9bb9-1763c780e6d7"], "metadata": {"page_label": "2", "file_name": "legy201.pdf", "file_path": "/content/Geography/legy201.pdf", 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