docs/commercial_fci_agent_technical_document.md

# Commercial-FCI-Agent：基于闭源商业多模态图像模型的前景条件图像修复系统

**论文级技术方案与开发实现文档 v0.1**
**日期：2026-06-02**

---

## 摘要

**Commercial-FCI-Agent** 是一个 training-free、model-agnostic、agentic foreground-conditioned inpainting 框架。给定前景 RGBA 图像和用户 prompt，系统首先构造前景核心保护区、边界融合环、背景编辑区和接触区域；然后由 VLM/LLM 分析前景语义、材质、姿态、光照、尺度和接触点，生成结构化 scene plan；接着调用闭源商业图像模型生成多个候选背景；之后用 alpha-aware foreground restoration 把原始前景强制复合回候选结果；最后由 VLM critic 和可计算指标共同评分，选择最佳候选，必要时根据失败标签触发 prompt repair、mask repair 或局部 boundary/contact-shadow refinement。

核心原则：

> **商业模型负责生成候选，系统负责保证约束。**

该方案适合把 GPT-image-2、Nano Banana / Gemini Image、Seedream、Firefly 等闭源商业图像模型作为黑盒生成器，用系统化约束、评估和修复机制提升 foreground preservation、spatial rationality、boundary quality 和产品级可控性。

---

## 目录

1. [方法定位](#1-方法定位)
2. [论文贡献点设计](#2-论文贡献点设计)
3. [系统总览](#3-系统总览)
4. [形式化定义](#4-形式化定义)
5. [模块一：Asset Normalizer](#5-模块一asset-normalizer)
6. [模块二：Foreground Analyzer Agent](#6-模块二foreground-analyzer-agent)
7. [模块三：Scene Planner Agent](#7-模块三scene-planner-agent)
8. [模块四：Mask & Layout Builder](#8-模块四mask--layout-builder)
9. [模块五：Prompt Ensemble Agent](#9-模块五prompt-ensemble-agent)
10. [模块六：Commercial Generator Router](#10-模块六commercial-generator-router)
11. [模块七：Alpha-aware Foreground Restorer](#11-模块七alpha-aware-foreground-restorer)
12. [模块八：Boundary / Contact / Shadow Refiner](#12-模块八boundary--contact--shadow-refiner)
13. [模块九：Critic & Reranker Agent](#13-模块九critic--reranker-agent)
14. [模块十：Repair Planner Agent](#14-模块十repair-planner-agent)
15. [完整算法](#15-完整算法)
16. [`report.json` 设计](#16-reportjson-设计)
17. [实验设计](#17-实验设计)
18. [工程实现建议](#18-工程实现建议)
19. [失败模式与解决策略](#19-失败模式与解决策略)
20. [推荐论文结构](#20-推荐论文结构)
21. [最小可行产品版本](#21-最小可行产品版本)
22. [开发里程碑](#22-开发里程碑)
23. [实现原则](#23-实现原则)
24. [一句话版方法](#24-一句话版方法)
25. [参考资料](#25-参考资料)

---

## 1. 方法定位

### 1.1 任务定义

给定一个前景主体 $F$，通常包含 RGB 与 alpha/mask，以及一个目标背景文本 prompt $p$，系统需要生成一张最终图像 $I^*$，满足：

1. **前景主体保持不变**：形状、纹理、身份、logo、文字、姿态尽可能像素级保留。
2. **背景符合 prompt**：语义、风格、场景、材质、时间、天气、摄影风格与用户需求一致。
3. **前景-背景关系合理**：尺度、透视、接触点、地面、阴影、反射、遮挡关系合理。
4. **输出可开发、可评测、可复现**：保留中间产物、prompt、mask、模型参数、critic 分数和失败标签。
5. **不训练主生成模型**：训练成本转移到 pipeline 设计、评估器、数据与 reranking 上。

### 1.2 与普通 inpainting 的区别

普通 text-guided inpainting 主要关心 mask 区域补全；Commercial-FCI-Agent 关心的是：

> 给定一个必须保真的前景主体，如何生成与其语义、形状、尺度、光照、透视和接触关系一致的新背景。

因此，本任务的核心指标不是 FID 或单纯美学分数，而是 foreground preservation、spatial rationality、boundary quality、lighting harmony、prompt alignment 和 human preference。

### 1.3 与直接调用商业图像模型的区别

直接调用 GPT-image-2 / Nano Banana 的问题是：

- 模型可能改写前景。
- 模型可能重画 logo、文字、脸、手或商品细节。
- mask 或自然语言约束不一定严格。
- 结果可能好看但主体漂浮、尺度错误或阴影不自然。
- 结果缺乏可复现记录和可诊断中间产物。

Commercial-FCI-Agent 的关键区别是：

1. **先分析前景，再规划场景。**
2. **生成多个候选，而非一次生成。**
3. **最终强制复合原始前景，而非信任模型输出。**
4. **用 critic 自动评价和诊断失败。**
5. **根据失败标签进行迭代修复。**

---

## 2. 论文贡献点设计

### Contribution 1：Black-box Commercial FCI Protocol

提出一种面向闭源商业图像模型的 foreground-conditioned inpainting 协议。该协议不依赖模型内部 latent、attention 或训练接口，只要求模型支持图像输入、文本 prompt、可选 mask 或多参考图编辑。

### Contribution 2：Alpha-aware Foreground Restoration

提出 **foreground core / boundary ring / editable background / contact region** 四分区机制，并在生成后通过原始前景强制复合，解决闭源模型易改写前景的问题。

### Contribution 3：Critic-guided Agentic Repair

提出面向 FCI 的结构化 VLM critic，自动诊断：

- `foreground_changed`
- `logo_changed`
- `printed_text_changed`
- `floating`
- `wrong_scale`
- `wrong_perspective`
- `missing_shadow`
- `bad_reflection`
- `halo`
- `prompt_mismatch`

并把错误映射到 prompt、mask、layout、模型选择或局部修复策略。

### Contribution 4：Commercial-FCI Benchmark Protocol

提出一套可复现实验协议，对比 raw commercial model、commercial + foreground restoration、commercial + rerank、commercial + agent repair，以及开源 inpainting / foreground-conditioned 方法。

---

## 3. 系统总览

### 3.1 总体架构

```text
Input:
  foreground.png / foreground_rgba.png
  foreground_alpha.png optional
  user_prompt
  optional style refs / layout refs / background refs

        │
        ▼
[1] Asset Normalizer
        │
        ▼
[2] Foreground Analyzer Agent
        │
        ▼
[3] Scene Planner Agent
        │
        ▼
[4] Mask & Layout Builder
        │
        ▼
[5] Prompt Ensemble Agent
        │
        ▼
[6] Commercial Generator Router
        ├── GPT-image-2 Adapter
        ├── Nano Banana Adapter
        └── Other commercial model adapter
        │
        ▼
[7] Alpha-aware Foreground Restorer
        │
        ▼
[8] Boundary / Contact / Shadow Refiner
        │
        ▼
[9] Critic & Reranker Agent
        │
        ▼
[10] Repair Planner Agent
        │
        └── repeat generation/refinement if needed
        ▼
Output:
  final_composite.png
  background.png
  foreground.png
  alpha.png
  contact_shadow.png optional
  report.json
```

### 3.2 Agent 列表

| Agent | 输入 | 输出 | 作用 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Asset Normalizer | 原图、mask、RGBA | 标准化 RGBA、画布、分辨率 | 统一尺寸、色彩空间、alpha、边界 |
| Foreground Analyzer | 前景图 + alpha | foreground JSON | 识别主体类别、姿态、材质、光照、接触点 |
| Scene Planner | 用户 prompt + foreground JSON | scene plan JSON | 把用户 prompt 展开成可生成的背景方案 |
| Mask & Layout Builder | alpha、scene plan | masks、layout guides | 构造保护区、编辑区、边界环、接触区 |
| Prompt Ensemble Agent | scene plan、失败历史 | K 个 prompts | 多样化候选生成 |
| Generator Router | prompts、masks、refs | raw candidates | 调用 GPT-image-2 / Nano Banana |
| Foreground Restorer | raw candidate + 原前景 | restored candidate | 强制复合原始前景 |
| Boundary Refiner | restored candidate + contact mask | refined candidate | 修边、接触阴影、反射 |
| Critic & Reranker | candidates + prompt + foreground | scores、failure tags | 评分、排序、诊断失败 |
| Repair Planner | failure tags + history | repair action | 自动决定重试、换模型、改 mask、改 prompt |

---

## 4. 形式化定义

### 4.1 输入

\[
\mathcal{X} = \{I_f, A_f, p, b, R, L, \mathcal{B}\}
\]

其中：

- $I_f \in [0,1]^{H \times W \times 3}$：前景 RGB。
- $A_f \in [0,1]^{H \times W}$：前景 alpha matte。
- $p$：用户目标背景文本 prompt。
- $b$：前景在目标画布中的位置、尺度、旋转。
- $R = \{r_1, ..., r_n\}$：可选参考图，包括风格图、背景图、品牌图、材质图。
- $L$：可选 layout guide，例如地平线、地面区域、桌面、透视线、depth map、sketch。
- $\mathcal{B}$：预算约束，包括最大 API 次数、最大延迟、模型优先级、质量等级。

### 4.2 输出

\[
\mathcal{Y} = \{I^*, B^*, F^*, A^*, S^*, Q^*, \Pi^*\}
\]

其中：

- $I^*$：最终合成图。
- $B^*$：生成背景层。
- $F^* = I_f$：原始前景层。
- $A^* = A_f$：前景 alpha。
- $S^*$：可选接触阴影或反射层。
- $Q^*$：最终质量评分。
- $\Pi^*$：最终 prompt、模型、mask、参数、critic 报告。

### 4.3 候选生成

\[
Y_i = G_m(C, M, P_i, R, L)
\]

其中：

- $G_m$：闭源商业图像模型。
- $C$：带前景的条件画布。
- $M$：编辑 mask 或 mask visualization。
- $P_i$：第 $i$ 个 prompt variant。

### 4.4 最终复合

\[
I_i = A_{soft} \odot I_f + (1 - A_{soft}) \odot Y_i
\]

对于核心保护区：

\[
I_i[x] = I_f[x], \quad \forall x \in A_{core}
\]

这一步是 Commercial-FCI-Agent 的核心，不应省略。

---

## 5. 模块一：Asset Normalizer

### 5.1 输入格式

系统应支持：

```text
case A: foreground_rgba.png
case B: rgb.png + mask.png
case C: product image with background
case D: original image + user-selected foreground bbox
case E: multi-foreground RGBA list
```

推荐内部统一为：

```python
{
  "foreground_rgb": "float32[H, W, 3]",  # linear or sRGB, documented
  "alpha": "float32[H, W]",              # 0-1
  "canvas_size": [Hc, Wc],
  "bbox": [x, y, w, h],
  "category_hint": "optional[str]",
  "metadata": {
    "source": "...",
    "has_original_shadow": True,
    "has_logo_or_text": True
  }
}
```

### 5.2 alpha 获取与清理

如果已有 RGBA：

```text
A_f = alpha channel
I_f = RGB channel
```

如果没有 alpha：

```text
A_f = Matting(SAM/RMBG/BiRefNet/MODNet)
```

后处理：

```text
A_bin    = threshold(A_f, tau=0.5)
A_core   = erode(A_bin, r_core)
A_dilate = dilate(A_bin, r_dilate)
A_ring   = A_dilate - A_core
A_soft   = gaussian_blur(A_f, sigma)
M_bg     = 1 - A_dilate
```

推荐默认参数：

| 场景 | `r_core` | `r_dilate` | `sigma` | 说明 |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---|
| 商品硬边 | 3 px | 8 px | 1.0 | 鞋、瓶子、电子产品 |
| 人像 | 2 px | 10 px | 1.5 | 保脸、手、衣物纹理 |
| 毛发/动物 | 1 px | 16 px | 2.5 | 允许边缘更软 |
| 玻璃/透明物 | 1 px | 20 px | 3.0 | 避免硬切 |
| logo/text 商品 | 4 px | 8 px | 0.8 | 更强前景保护 |

### 5.3 接触区域估计

接触区域 $A_{contact}$ 很重要，因为前景漂浮感大多来自这里。

基础 heuristic：

```python
bottom_band = lower_25_percent_of_foreground_bbox
contact_seed = alpha_pixels_in_bottom_band_with_high_local_density
A_contact = dilate(contact_seed, radius=40_to_120_px) - A_core
```

更强版本：

1. 用 depth / normal estimator 估计地面。
2. 用 VLM 判断“主体应该接触哪里”。
3. 对人像检测脚部，对商品检测底面，对车辆检测轮胎，对家具检测支撑脚。
4. 构造地面投影椭圆区域作为 shadow candidate mask。

输出：

```json
{
  "contact_type": "ground | table | wall | hand-held | floating_allowed",
  "contact_points": [[x1, y1], [x2, y2]],
  "contact_region_mask": "A_contact.png",
  "expected_shadow": "soft oval shadow below the sole"
}
```

---

## 6. 模块二：Foreground Analyzer Agent

### 6.1 目标

Foreground Analyzer 用 VLM/多模态模型把前景变成结构化约束。它不是为了写 caption，而是为了给后续 generation、critique 和 repair 提供可执行信息。

输出 schema：

```json
{
  "subject": {
    "category": "product/shoe",
    "name": "white running shoe",
    "count": 1,
    "identity_sensitive": true,
    "has_logo_or_text": true,
    "must_preserve": [
      "silhouette",
      "logo",
      "printed text",
      "texture",
      "laces",
      "sole pattern",
      "pose"
    ]
  },
  "geometry": {
    "viewpoint": "side view, slightly top-down",
    "pose": "static product pose",
    "bbox": [256, 340, 512, 420],
    "approx_real_size": "shoe-sized object",
    "expected_support": "floor/table/display surface"
  },
  "appearance": {
    "materials": ["mesh fabric", "rubber sole"],
    "dominant_colors": ["white", "gray", "blue"],
    "surface_finish": "matte with slight highlights"
  },
  "lighting": {
    "direction": "upper-left",
    "softness": "softbox-like",
    "color_temperature": "neutral-cool",
    "existing_shadow": "none/minimal"
  },
  "risk_flags": [
    "logo_text_sensitive",
    "thin_boundary",
    "contact_shadow_needed"
  ]
}
```

### 6.2 Analyzer prompt

```text
You are a foreground analysis module for foreground-conditioned inpainting.

Analyze only the provided foreground subject and its alpha/mask.
Do not invent background details.

Return strict JSON with:
- subject category and concise description
- visible parts and count
- materials and dominant colors
- viewpoint, pose, scale prior, expected support surface
- lighting direction, softness, color temperature
- contact region and expected shadow
- identity-sensitive regions such as face, hands, logo, printed text
- failure risks for background generation

The output will be used to preserve the subject exactly during image editing.
```

### 6.3 开发建议

不要只让 Analyzer 输出自然语言。必须输出结构化 JSON，因为后续 Prompt Ensemble、Mask Builder 和 Critic 都要消费这些字段。

---

## 7. 模块三：Scene Planner Agent

### 7.1 目标

Scene Planner 把用户 prompt $p$ 转换为可执行的 scene plan，补足摄影、空间、光照、接触、风格和负面约束。

输入：

```json
{
  "user_prompt": "把这只鞋放在雨夜东京街头的橱窗前",
  "foreground_analysis": {...},
  "optional_refs": []
}
```

输出：

```json
{
  "scene": {
    "semantic_scene": "rainy Tokyo street at night",
    "support_surface": "wet asphalt sidewalk",
    "background_elements": [
      "blurred neon signs",
      "storefront window",
      "subtle rain reflections"
    ],
    "forbidden_elements": [
      "extra shoes",
      "changed logo",
      "unreadable fake brand text on subject"
    ]
  },
  "composition": {
    "camera": "low product photography angle, 50mm lens",
    "horizon": "slightly above the shoe",
    "depth_of_field": "shallow background blur",
    "subject_position": "center-lower third",
    "scale_relation": "shoe rests naturally on sidewalk"
  },
  "lighting": {
    "key_light": "cool neon from upper-left",
    "fill_light": "soft ambient city light",
    "shadow": "soft contact shadow under sole",
    "reflection": "faint reflection on wet pavement"
  },
  "style": {
    "photorealism": "high",
    "commercial_quality": "premium ad photography",
    "color_palette": "cool blue, magenta neon, wet black pavement"
  },
  "negative_constraints": [
    "do not alter the foreground shoe",
    "do not duplicate the shoe",
    "do not change logo or printed text",
    "no floating object",
    "no unrealistic scale mismatch",
    "no hard cutout edge"
  ]
}
```

### 7.2 Planner 设计原则

Scene Planner 的输出要有两个版本：

1. **Generation plan**：给生成器用，强调好看、真实、符合 prompt。
2. **Evaluation plan**：给 critic 用，强调该检查哪些条件。

例如：

```json
{
  "must_satisfy": [
    "foreground unchanged",
    "wet pavement support surface",
    "contact shadow below sole",
    "neon night city background",
    "no second shoe"
  ],
  "nice_to_have": [
    "subtle reflection",
    "cinematic bokeh",
    "premium advertisement look"
  ]
}
```

---

## 8. 模块四：Mask & Layout Builder

### 8.1 四分区 mask

Commercial-FCI-Agent 不使用单一 mask，而使用四个区域：

```text
A_core      : 前景核心保护区，最终 100% 使用原始前景
A_ring      : 前景边界融合区，用于软融合、局部修边
M_bg        : 背景生成区
A_contact   : 接触阴影/反射修复区
```

逻辑关系：

```text
A_core  ⊂ A_f
A_ring  = dilate(A_f) - erode(A_f)
M_bg    = 1 - dilate(A_f)
A_contact near lower/support region, outside A_core
```

### 8.2 GPT-image-2 mask 构造

对 GPT-image-2 路线，使用显式 mask edit。推荐 mask：

```text
editable = M_bg + optional outer part of A_ring + A_contact
protected = A_core
```

注意：不同 API 对 mask alpha 的语义可能不同，工程上建议写一个 `MaskAdapter`，把内部 mask schema 转换为目标 API 所需格式，不要在业务代码里硬编码。

### 8.3 Nano Banana mask visualization

Nano Banana / Gemini 更适合用多参考图和语义编辑方式。可以把 mask 转成可视化 guide：

```text
Image 1: foreground pasted on neutral canvas
Image 2: mask visualization
  white = protected foreground
  black = editable background
  red outline = foreground boundary
  blue plane = expected support surface
  green dots = contact points
Image 3: optional layout sketch
Image 4: optional style/background reference
```

---

## 9. 模块五：Prompt Ensemble Agent

### 9.1 为什么要 ensemble

闭源模型不可控，单次生成不稳定。Prompt Ensemble 通过多种 prompt variant 采样候选，再由 critic 选择最优。

默认：

```text
K = 4   快速预览
K = 8   标准产品模式
K = 16  论文实验模式
K = 32  离线数据合成模式
```

### 9.2 prompt 类型

| Variant | 目的 |
|---|---|
| `conservative` | 最大化前景保持，背景简单但可靠 |
| `spatial` | 强调接触、尺度、透视、地面 |
| `lighting` | 强调色温、光照方向、阴影 |
| `aesthetic` | 强调广告级画质、构图、景深 |
| `literal` | 严格遵循用户 prompt |
| `reference-heavy` | 强调参考图/品牌风格 |
| `minimal` | 减少额外物体，降低 hallucination |
| `repair-specific` | 针对上一轮失败标签定制 |

### 9.3 GPT-image-2 prompt 模板

```text
Edit only the editable/masked background region. Keep the provided foreground subject exactly unchanged.

Foreground subject:
{foreground_description}

Target scene:
{scene.semantic_scene}

Composition:
{composition.camera}
The subject should be placed naturally on {scene.support_surface}.
Match the subject's current viewpoint, scale, and perspective.
The subject must not float.

Lighting:
Match the foreground lighting: {lighting.direction}, {lighting.softness}, {lighting.color_temperature}.
Add realistic contact shadow around {contact_region_description}.
If physically plausible, add a subtle reflection or ambient occlusion.

Strict preservation constraints:
- Do not redraw, repaint, extend, shrink, duplicate, stylize, or deform the foreground subject.
- Preserve silhouette, identity, texture, logo, printed text, pose, and all visible details.
- Do not add extra copies or extra object parts.

Negative constraints:
{negative_constraints}

Output:
A photorealistic, coherent image with natural foreground-background integration.
```

### 9.4 Nano Banana prompt 模板

```text
You are given reference images.

Image 1 is the composition canvas with the foreground subject already placed.
Image 2 is the mask guide:
- white area means protected foreground, which must remain unchanged
- black area means editable background
- red outline marks the foreground boundary
- blue guide marks the support surface or horizon
- green dots mark expected contact points

Task:
Generate a new realistic background around the protected foreground subject.

Strict requirements:
- Preserve the foreground subject exactly: shape, identity, pose, texture, logo, printed text, and boundary.
- Do not redraw, repaint, duplicate, expand, shrink, replace, stylize, or change the subject.
- Only create the surrounding environment, support surface, lighting, contact shadow, and background depth.
- The subject must be physically grounded and must not float.
- Match perspective, scale, color temperature, and lighting direction.

Target scene:
{scene.semantic_scene}

Camera and composition:
{composition.camera}

Lighting and physical effects:
{lighting}

Avoid:
{negative_constraints}
```

### 9.5 prompt repair 模板

```text
Previous generation failed because:
{failure_tags}
{critic_reason}

Repair instructions:
{repair_instruction}

Generate a corrected version. Prioritize fixing the listed failures while preserving all constraints.
```

---

## 10. 模块六：Commercial Generator Router

### 10.1 设计目标

Generator Router 对外暴露统一接口，对内适配不同闭源模型。

```python
class ImageGeneratorAdapter:
    def generate(self, request: GenerationRequest) -> GenerationResult:
        ...
```

### 10.2 统一请求 schema

```python
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Literal, Optional, Tuple

@dataclass
class GenerationRequest:
    model_family: Literal["gpt_image", "nano_banana", "seedream", "firefly"]
    model_name: str
    canvas_path: str
    prompt: str
    mask_path: Optional[str]
    reference_paths: List[str]
    layout_paths: List[str]
    size: Tuple[int, int]
    quality: Literal["low", "medium", "high", "auto"]
    seed: Optional[int]
    metadata: Dict[str, Any]
```

### 10.3 统一响应 schema

```python
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Any, Dict, Optional

@dataclass
class GenerationResult:
    raw_image_path: str
    model_name: str
    request_id: str
    revised_prompt: Optional[str]
    latency_ms: int
    cost_estimate: Optional[float]
    safety_status: Optional[str]
    metadata: Dict[str, Any]
```

### 10.4 GPT-image-2 Adapter

GPT-image-2 路线适合显式 mask edit、商品图、局部背景替换和前景保护要求高的场景。

伪代码：

```python
def call_gpt_image_2(canvas_path, mask_path, prompt, size, quality):
    result = client.images.edit(
        model="gpt-image-2-2026-04-21",
        image=open(canvas_path, "rb"),
        mask=open(mask_path, "rb"),
        prompt=prompt,
        size=f"{size[0]}x{size[1]}",
        quality=quality
    )
    return decode_and_save(result.data[0].b64_json)
```

实际参数需要按当前 SDK 支持情况调整。

### 10.5 Nano Banana Adapter

Nano Banana 路线适合多参考图、多轮编辑、复杂指令、创意背景和广告视觉。

伪代码：

```python
def call_nano_banana(prompt, image_paths, aspect_ratio, resolution):
    contents = [prompt] + [Image.open(p) for p in image_paths]
    response = client.models.generate_content(
        model="gemini-3.1-flash-image",
        contents=contents,
        config=types.GenerateContentConfig(
            response_modalities=["TEXT", "IMAGE"],
            response_format={
                "image": {
                    "aspect_ratio": aspect_ratio,
                    "image_size": resolution
                }
            }
        )
    )
    return extract_and_save_image(response)
```

模型选择建议：

| 用例 | 推荐 |
|---|---|
| 快速批量候选 | Nano Banana 2 / Gemini Flash Image |
| 专业广告图、复杂文字、复杂构图 | Nano Banana Pro / Gemini Pro Image |
| 低延迟高吞吐 | Nano Banana / Gemini Flash Image |
| 前景严格保护、显式 mask | GPT-image-2 masked edit |
| 多参考图、风格/品牌/人物一致性 | Nano Banana 系列 |

---

## 11. 模块七：Alpha-aware Foreground Restorer

### 11.1 核心原则

不要直接使用商业模型输出作为最终图。商业模型输出 $Y_i$ 只是候选背景和融合提示。

最终结果：

\[
I_i = A_{hard} \odot I_f + (1 - A_{hard}) \odot Y_i
\]

其中 $A_{hard}$ 在核心区域为 1，边界区域可用软 alpha。

推荐实现：

```python
def restore_foreground(raw, fg_rgb, alpha, alpha_core, alpha_soft):
    out = raw.copy()

    # core: exact copy
    core = alpha_core > 0.5
    out[core] = fg_rgb[core]

    # ring: soft blend
    ring = ((alpha_soft > 0.01) & (alpha_core <= 0.5))
    a = alpha_soft[..., None]
    out[ring] = a[ring] * fg_rgb[ring] + (1 - a[ring]) * raw[ring]

    return out
```

### 11.2 三层输出

建议输出：

```text
background.png          # raw/restored background without original foreground if recoverable
foreground.png          # original foreground RGB
foreground_alpha.png    # alpha
final_composite.png     # final
contact_shadow.png      # optional estimated shadow layer
report.json             # metadata
```

### 11.3 旧阴影处理

输入前景可能带原始阴影。如果直接贴到新背景，会造成光照冲突。开发时要区分：

```text
subject_alpha        # 主体 alpha
shadow_alpha_old     # 旧阴影，如果能分离则不要直接贴
contact_shadow_new   # 新背景中生成或修复的阴影
```

推荐策略：

| 输入类型 | 策略 |
|---|---|
| 干净 RGBA，无阴影 | 直接复合 |
| 商品 PNG 带旧阴影 | 尽量分离旧阴影，或让用户选择“保留/去除原阴影” |
| 人像毛发复杂 | 用软 alpha，边界 ring 更宽 |
| 透明/反光物 | 避免完全硬贴，保留部分环境反射区域 |

---

## 12. 模块八：Boundary / Contact / Shadow Refiner

### 12.1 为什么需要第二阶段 refinement

Foreground restoration 解决了前景改写，但可能带来“贴纸感”。因此需要局部修边：

```text
Stage 1: background generation
Stage 2: boundary/contact refinement
```

### 12.2 contact refinement mask

```python
M_refine = dilate(A_contact, r=60) + A_ring
M_refine = M_refine - A_core
```

只允许编辑主体外侧窄区域，不允许改主体内部。

### 12.3 refinement prompt

```text
Refine only the narrow region around the foreground boundary and the contact area.
Add natural contact shadow, ambient occlusion, subtle reflection, and lighting transition.
Do not change the foreground subject itself.
Do not alter silhouette, logo, printed text, texture, face, hands, or object parts.
Remove halo or cutout artifacts if present.
Keep the background scene unchanged.
```

### 12.4 是否使用商业模型做 refinement

推荐两种模式。

**Mode A：GPT-image-2 local edit**

适合显式 mask、局部接触阴影、halo 修复。

**Mode B：本地传统图像处理**

适合批量、低成本、可复现：

```text
shadow = soft elliptical shadow under contact points
color_match = local color transfer
edge_feather = guided filter / poisson blend
halo_suppression = boundary color decontamination
```

实际产品里可以混合：先用本地方法快速修，再对高价值图用 GPT-image-2 或 Nano Banana 做二次修复。

---

## 13. 模块九：Critic & Reranker Agent

### 13.1 总评分

对每个候选 $I_i$，定义：

\[
S_i =
w_f S_f +
w_t S_t +
w_s S_s +
w_l S_l +
w_b S_b +
w_a S_a -
\lambda C_i
\]

其中：

| 分数 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| $S_f$ | Foreground preservation |
| $S_t$ | Text / prompt alignment |
| $S_s$ | Spatial rationality |
| $S_l$ | Lighting / shadow harmony |
| $S_b$ | Boundary quality |
| $S_a$ | Aesthetic / commercial quality |
| $C_i$ | 成本或延迟惩罚，可选 |

默认权重：

```json
{
  "foreground_preservation": 0.25,
  "prompt_alignment": 0.20,
  "spatial_rationality": 0.25,
  "lighting_harmony": 0.15,
  "boundary_quality": 0.10,
  "aesthetic_quality": 0.05
}
```

对电商图可提高 foreground 和 logo 权重；对创意广告可提高 aesthetic 和 prompt 权重。

### 13.2 可计算指标

#### 前景保持

最终图：

\[
E_{fg}^{final} = \| A_{core} \odot (I_i - I_f) \|_1
\]

理论上应接近 0，因为已经强制复合。

更重要的是 raw commercial output：

\[
E_{fg}^{raw} = \| A_{core} \odot (Y_i - I_f) \|_1
\]

它衡量商业模型本身是否尊重前景。

#### 边界异常

```text
BoundaryHaloScore = mean color/brightness discontinuity across A_ring
EdgeGradientMismatch = |∇foreground - ∇background| around boundary
```

#### 文本一致性

可使用：

```text
CLIPScore(image, prompt)
VLM 0-5 prompt alignment score
human pairwise preference
```

#### 空间合理性

更依赖 VLM/human：

```text
object grounded?
scale plausible?
viewpoint consistent?
contact shadow plausible?
support surface plausible?
no duplicate subject?
```

### 13.3 VLM critic prompt

```text
You are a strict evaluator for foreground-conditioned inpainting.

Inputs:
1. Original foreground subject with alpha/mask.
2. Final composite image.
3. User prompt.
4. Scene plan.

Evaluate the final image according to:
- foreground preservation
- prompt alignment
- spatial rationality
- lighting and shadow consistency
- boundary quality
- overall commercial image quality

Pay special attention to:
- whether the subject floats
- whether the subject scale is realistic
- whether the support surface is plausible
- whether the contact shadow/reflection is natural
- whether the foreground silhouette, logo, text, face, hands, texture, and pose are unchanged
- whether there are duplicated subjects or hallucinated parts

Return strict JSON:
{
  "scores": {
    "foreground_preservation": 0,
    "prompt_alignment": 0,
    "spatial_rationality": 0,
    "lighting_harmony": 0,
    "boundary_quality": 0,
    "aesthetic_quality": 0,
    "overall": 0
  },
  "failure_tags": [],
  "must_fix": [],
  "nice_to_fix": [],
  "short_reason": "",
  "accept": true
}
```

### 13.4 failure tags

固定标签集：

```text
foreground_changed
logo_changed
printed_text_changed
face_changed
hand_changed
duplicate_subject
extra_parts
floating
wrong_scale
wrong_perspective
bad_contact
missing_shadow
wrong_shadow_direction
bad_reflection
halo
hard_cutout
background_prompt_mismatch
overwhelming_background
overstylized
unsafe_or_policy_issue
low_resolution
compression_artifact
```

---

## 14. 模块十：Repair Planner Agent

### 14.1 修复动作空间

```python
RepairAction = Literal[
    "increase_foreground_protection",
    "expand_boundary_ring",
    "shrink_boundary_ring",
    "add_contact_shadow_refinement",
    "rewrite_prompt_more_literal",
    "rewrite_prompt_more_spatial",
    "reduce_background_complexity",
    "switch_generator_model",
    "use_gpt_masked_edit",
    "use_nano_multi_reference",
    "increase_candidate_count",
    "change_canvas_layout",
    "manual_review_required",
    "stop_accept"
]
```

### 14.2 失败到动作映射

| failure tag | repair action |
|---|---|
| `foreground_changed` | `increase_foreground_protection` + 强制复合 + prompt 加重 |
| `logo_changed` | 扩大 logo 区保护；prompt 显式保护文字/logo |
| `printed_text_changed` | 前景硬保护；critic 单独检查文字区域 |
| `floating` | `add_contact_shadow_refinement` + prompt 增加 support surface |
| `wrong_scale` | prompt 加真实尺寸、参照物、摄影角度 |
| `wrong_perspective` | 加地平线、相机高度、镜头、透视线 |
| `missing_shadow` | 局部 contact mask 二次修复 |
| `wrong_shadow_direction` | 从 foreground analyzer 继承光照方向重写 prompt |
| `halo` | 调整 A_ring；做边界 color decontamination |
| `duplicate_subject` | prompt 加 “no extra copies”；降低背景复杂度 |
| `background_prompt_mismatch` | 改写 scene plan，减少抽象词 |
| `overstylized` | 降低风格强度，使用 photorealistic/literal prompt |
| `overwhelming_background` | 使用 minimal prompt variant |

### 14.3 迭代策略

```text
T = 1   demo 模式
T = 2   标准模式
T = 3   离线高质量模式
```

停止条件：

```python
accept == True
or best_score >= threshold
or budget_exhausted
or no_improvement_for_two_rounds
or policy_or_safety_blocked
```

---

## 15. 完整算法

### Algorithm 1：Commercial-FCI-Agent

```python
def commercial_fci_agent(
    input_image,
    input_alpha,
    user_prompt,
    reference_images=None,
    layout_hint=None,
    models=("gpt-image-2-2026-04-21", "gemini-3.1-flash-image"),
    K=8,
    T=2,
    budget=None
):
    # 1. Asset normalization
    asset = normalize_asset(input_image, input_alpha)
    masks = build_masks(asset.alpha)
    canvas = build_condition_canvas(asset, layout_hint)

    # 2. Foreground understanding
    fg_info = foreground_analyzer(
        foreground_rgb=asset.fg_rgb,
        alpha=asset.alpha
    )

    # 3. Scene planning
    scene_plan = scene_planner(
        user_prompt=user_prompt,
        foreground_info=fg_info,
        references=reference_images,
        layout_hint=layout_hint
    )

    history = []
    best = None

    for t in range(T):
        # 4. Prompt ensemble
        prompt_list = make_prompt_ensemble(
            scene_plan=scene_plan,
            fg_info=fg_info,
            previous_failures=history,
            K=K
        )

        # 5. Mask/layout preparation
        condition_package = make_condition_package(
            canvas=canvas,
            masks=masks,
            references=reference_images,
            layout_hint=layout_hint,
            scene_plan=scene_plan
        )

        round_candidates = []

        for prompt in prompt_list:
            # 6. Generator routing
            gen_request = route_model(
                prompt=prompt,
                condition_package=condition_package,
                models=models,
                scene_plan=scene_plan,
                budget=budget
            )

            raw = call_commercial_generator(gen_request)

            # 7. Hard foreground restoration
            restored = restore_foreground(
                raw_image=raw.image,
                foreground_rgb=asset.fg_rgb,
                alpha_core=masks.alpha_core,
                alpha_soft=masks.alpha_soft
            )

            # 8. Optional boundary/contact refinement
            refined = maybe_refine_boundary_contact(
                restored=restored,
                raw=raw.image,
                asset=asset,
                masks=masks,
                scene_plan=scene_plan,
                budget=budget
            )

            # 9. Critic scoring
            score_report = critic_score(
                original_foreground=asset.fg_rgb,
                alpha=asset.alpha,
                raw_image=raw.image,
                final_image=refined,
                user_prompt=user_prompt,
                scene_plan=scene_plan,
                fg_info=fg_info
            )

            candidate = {
                "final": refined,
                "raw": raw.image,
                "prompt": prompt,
                "model": raw.model_name,
                "score": score_report,
                "metadata": raw.metadata
            }

            round_candidates.append(candidate)
            history.append(candidate)

        # 10. Rerank
        round_candidates.sort(
            key=lambda c: c["score"]["scores"]["overall"],
            reverse=True
        )
        if best is None or round_candidates[0]["score"]["scores"]["overall"] > best["score"]["scores"]["overall"]:
            best = round_candidates[0]

        # 11. Stop or repair
        if should_accept(best["score"]):
            break

        repair_action = repair_planner(
            best_score=best["score"],
            history=history,
            scene_plan=scene_plan,
            masks=masks
        )

        scene_plan, masks, canvas, models = apply_repair_action(
            repair_action,
            scene_plan,
            masks,
            canvas,
            models
        )

    # 12. Export
    return export_result(best, asset, masks, history)
```

---

## 16. `report.json` 设计

每次输出必须可复查、可复现。

```json
{
  "task_id": "fci_20260602_0001",
  "input": {
    "foreground_path": "foreground.png",
    "alpha_path": "alpha.png",
    "user_prompt": "rainy Tokyo street at night",
    "canvas_size": [1536, 1024]
  },
  "models": [
    {
      "name": "gpt-image-2-2026-04-21",
      "role": "masked_background_generator",
      "requests": 8
    },
    {
      "name": "gemini-3.1-flash-image",
      "role": "multi_reference_generator",
      "requests": 4
    }
  ],
  "foreground_analysis": {},
  "scene_plan": {},
  "masks": {
    "alpha_core": "alpha_core.png",
    "alpha_soft": "alpha_soft.png",
    "background_edit": "mask_bg.png",
    "boundary_ring": "mask_ring.png",
    "contact": "mask_contact.png"
  },
  "best_candidate": {
    "candidate_id": 5,
    "model": "gpt-image-2-2026-04-21",
    "prompt": "...",
    "score": {
      "foreground_preservation": 5,
      "prompt_alignment": 4,
      "spatial_rationality": 5,
      "lighting_harmony": 4,
      "boundary_quality": 4,
      "aesthetic_quality": 4,
      "overall": 4.55
    },
    "failure_tags": []
  },
  "all_candidates": [
    {
      "candidate_id": 0,
      "model": "...",
      "prompt": "...",
      "raw_path": "...",
      "final_path": "...",
      "score": {},
      "failure_tags": ["missing_shadow"]
    }
  ],
  "export": {
    "final_composite": "final.png",
    "background": "background.png",
    "foreground": "foreground.png",
    "alpha": "alpha.png",
    "contact_shadow": "shadow.png"
  }
}
```

---

## 17. 实验设计

### 17.1 Baselines

必须包含以下 baseline：

| Baseline | 描述 |
|---|---|
| `GPT-raw` | 直接 GPT-image-2 masked edit，不重贴前景 |
| `GPT+Restore` | GPT-image-2 + 原前景强制复合 |
| `GPT+Restore+Rerank` | 生成 K 个候选后 rerank |
| `GPT+Restore+Refine` | 加 boundary/contact refinement |
| `GPT-Agent` | 完整 repair loop |
| `Nano-raw` | Nano Banana 多参考图直接编辑 |
| `Nano+Restore` | Nano Banana + 原前景复合 |
| `Nano-Agent` | Nano Banana + critic + repair |
| `Hybrid-Agent` | GPT 做显式 mask edit，Nano 做复杂多参考或风格候选 |
| `Open-source Inpainting` | BrushNet / PowerPaint / SD inpainting / Pinco 等 |

### 17.2 Ablation

重点消融：

```text
w/o foreground restoration
w/o boundary ring
w/o contact refinement
w/o prompt planner
w/o prompt ensemble
w/o VLM critic
w/o repair loop
GPT-only vs Nano-only vs Hybrid
K=1 vs K=4 vs K=8 vs K=16
T=1 vs T=2 vs T=3
```

### 17.3 Benchmark 组成

建议构造 **Commercial-FCI-Bench**：

| 类别 | 样本数建议 | 难点 |
|---|---:|---|
| 商品硬边 | 100 | logo、文字、反射、接触阴影 |
| 人像 | 100 | 脸、手、头发、衣服纹理 |
| 动物 | 80 | 毛发、地面接触 |
| 车辆 | 60 | 轮胎接触、尺度、透视 |
| 家具 | 60 | 支撑脚、室内透视 |
| 透明/反光物 | 60 | 玻璃、金属、反射 |
| 复杂边界 | 60 | 羽毛、树枝、蕾丝 |
| 多前景 | 80 | 相对位置、遮挡、尺度 |

每个前景配 5 个背景 prompt：

```text
studio product photography
outdoor natural scene
night city / rainy street
luxury commercial advertisement
indoor table/floor scene
```

### 17.4 主指标

| 指标 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| Human Preference Win Rate | 与 baseline 成对比较 |
| Foreground Preservation Score | 人工/VLM + raw foreground deviation |
| Prompt Alignment Score | VLM/CLIP/human |
| Spatial Rationality Score | 是否漂浮、尺度、透视、接触 |
| Boundary Quality Score | halo、硬边、融合自然度 |
| Lighting Harmony Score | 阴影方向、色温、反射 |
| Diversity | 同一前景同一 prompt 下合理候选多样性 |
| Cost-quality curve | API 成本/延迟 vs 质量 |

不要只用 FID。该任务的核心不是整体图像分布，而是条件一致性、空间合理性和前景保持。

---

## 18. 工程实现建议

### 18.1 代码结构

```text
commercial_fci_agent/
  configs/
    default.yaml
    gpt_image_2.yaml
    nano_banana.yaml
    eval.yaml
  core/
    asset_normalizer.py
    mask_builder.py
    canvas_builder.py
    compositor.py
    shadow_refiner.py
  agents/
    foreground_analyzer.py
    scene_planner.py
    prompt_ensemble.py
    critic.py
    repair_planner.py
  generators/
    base.py
    openai_gpt_image.py
    google_nano_banana.py
    router.py
  eval/
    metrics.py
    vlm_eval.py
    human_eval_export.py
  pipelines/
    run_single.py
    run_batch.py
    run_benchmark.py
  schemas/
    request.py
    result.py
    report.py
  outputs/
```

### 18.2 配置示例

```yaml
canvas:
  width: 1536
  height: 1024
  background: neutral_gray
  align_to_multiple: 16

mask:
  threshold: 0.5
  r_core: 3
  r_dilate: 8
  sigma: 1.0
  contact_radius: 80

generation:
  K: 8
  T: 2
  models:
    - gpt-image-2-2026-04-21
    - gemini-3.1-flash-image
  quality: high
  max_parallel_requests: 4

rerank:
  accept_threshold: 4.2
  weights:
    foreground_preservation: 0.25
    prompt_alignment: 0.20
    spatial_rationality: 0.25
    lighting_harmony: 0.15
    boundary_quality: 0.10
    aesthetic_quality: 0.05

repair:
  enable: true
  max_rounds: 2
  enable_boundary_refine: true
  switch_model_on_repeated_failure: true

export:
  save_raw_candidates: true
  save_masks: true
  save_report_json: true
```

### 18.3 API 成本与并发

开发时要把 candidate generation 做成异步队列：

```text
Queue:
  task_id
  candidate_id
  model
  prompt
  mask
  canvas
  status
  retry_count
  result_path
  request_id
```

推荐：

```text
Preview mode:
  K=4, quality=medium/auto, T=1

Production mode:
  K=8, quality=high, T=2

Offline benchmark:
  K=16, quality=high, T=2~3
```

### 18.4 版本锁定

尽量记录：

```text
model snapshot
API date
SDK version
prompt template version
mask builder version
critic prompt version
```

闭源模型会更新。如果 API 支持 snapshot，应优先使用 snapshot 以提高实验复现性。

---

## 19. 失败模式与解决策略

| 失败 | 原因 | 解决 |
|---|---|---|
| 前景被改 | 商业模型重画主体 | 强制复合；扩大 A_core；prompt 加 preserve constraints |
| logo/文字变形 | 模型生成式重绘 | logo 区硬保护；critic 单独检查 |
| 主体漂浮 | 缺接触阴影/地面 | contact refinement；scene plan 加 support surface |
| 尺度不对 | prompt 参照不足 | 加真实尺寸、镜头、参照物 |
| 透视不对 | 没有 horizon/camera | layout guide + camera prompt |
| 阴影方向错 | 背景光照与前景不一致 | Foreground Analyzer 提取光照，repair prompt 指定 |
| halo 白边 | alpha/mask 边界差 | A_ring 软融合；color decontamination |
| 背景过乱 | prompt 过开放 | minimal/conservative prompt |
| 出现复制主体 | 模型把前景当 prompt 对象 | negative constraints + mask guide + rerank |
| 多轮编辑漂移 | conversation edit 累积误差 | 每轮都从原始前景和原始 canvas 重新生成，而不是连续改最终图 |

---

## 20. 推荐论文结构

```text
Title:
Commercial-FCI-Agent: Training-Free Foreground-Conditioned Inpainting with Commercial Multimodal Image Models

Abstract

1. Introduction
   - Foreground-conditioned inpainting 的实用价值
   - 开源模型训练成本高，闭源模型强但不可控
   - 我们提出 agentic black-box protocol

2. Related Work
   - Text-guided inpainting
   - Foreground-conditioned inpainting: Anywhere, Pinco, InpaintDPO
   - Commercial multimodal image models
   - VLM-based evaluation and agentic generation

3. Problem Formulation
   - 输入输出
   - 前景保持、背景一致性、空间合理性

4. Method
   4.1 Asset normalization and mask decomposition
   4.2 Foreground analyzer
   4.3 Scene planner
   4.4 Commercial generator router
   4.5 Alpha-aware foreground restoration
   4.6 Critic-guided reranking and repair

5. Benchmark and Metrics
   - Commercial-FCI-Bench
   - 主客观指标

6. Experiments
   - Baselines
   - Quantitative results
   - Human preference
   - Ablation
   - Cost-quality tradeoff

7. Limitations
   - 闭源不可复现性
   - API 成本
   - 安全策略和可用性
   - 极复杂透明/反射/多物体仍困难

8. Conclusion
```

---

## 21. 最小可行产品版本

MVP 只需要做：

```text
1. 输入 RGBA 前景 + prompt
2. 构造 canvas 和 background mask
3. 调 GPT-image-2 masked edit 生成 K=4 候选
4. 用原始 alpha 强制贴回前景
5. 用 VLM critic 打分
6. 返回最高分 final.png + report.json
```

MVP 的价值已经很强，因为它能证明：

```text
raw commercial model < commercial model + foreground restoration < commercial model + restoration + rerank
```

---

## 22. 开发里程碑

### Milestone 1：单模型可跑通

- 支持 RGBA 输入。
- GPT-image-2 masked edit。
- 前景强制复合。
- 输出 final 和 report。
- 人工检查 20 个样本。

### Milestone 2：critic 和 rerank

- K=8 候选。
- VLM critic JSON。
- 自动排序。
- 输出 candidate grid 和分数表。

### Milestone 3：repair loop

- failure tags。
- prompt repair。
- contact-shadow refinement。
- halo 修复。
- T=2 自动迭代。

### Milestone 4：Nano Banana adapter

- mask visualization 输入。
- 多参考图输入。
- GPT vs Nano vs Hybrid 对比。

### Milestone 5：benchmark

- 500–800 个前景。
- 每个 5 个 prompt。
- Human preference 标注。
- ablation 和 cost-quality curve。

---

## 23. 实现原则

1. **永远保存原始前景并最终重贴。**
   不要相信闭源模型会严格保护前景。

2. **让商业模型生成背景，而不是决定最终图。**
   它是 candidate generator，不是 constraint solver。

3. **把 foreground preservation、spatial rationality、boundary quality 分开评估。**
   单一美学分数会掩盖漂浮、尺度错误、logo 改写等关键问题。

4. **从第一天就记录 `report.json`。**
   没有日志就无法写论文，也无法定位失败。

5. **每轮 repair 从原始前景和原始 canvas 重新开始。**
   不要在已漂移的图上连续编辑，否则错误会累积。

6. **把 prompt、mask、layout 和模型版本都当作实验变量记录。**
   这对复现、ablation 和成本分析都很重要。

---

## 24. 一句话版方法

> **Commercial-FCI-Agent treats commercial multimodal image models as black-box background proposal generators, then enforces foreground preservation through alpha-aware restoration and improves spatial realism through VLM-guided reranking, failure diagnosis, and iterative repair.**

这套方法最 promising 的地方在于：它不和 GPT-image-2 / Nano Banana 比拼底层生成能力，而是利用它们的强生成能力，同时用系统设计补齐闭源模型在 **精确前景保护、空间关系可靠性、可复现评测和产品级可控性** 上的短板。

---

## 25. 参考资料

以下参考资料用于定位相关工作与商业模型能力。具体 API 参数、模型名称和可用能力会更新，工程实现时应以官方最新文档为准。

1. OpenAI GPT-image-2 model documentation
   <https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/models/gpt-image-2>

2. OpenAI Image generation and image edit guide
   <https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/guides/image-generation>

3. Google Gemini image generation / Nano Banana documentation
   <https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/image-generation>

4. Anywhere: A Multi-Agent Framework for Reliable and Diverse Foreground-Conditioned Image Generation
   <https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.18598>

5. Pinco: Position-induced Consistent Adapter for Diffusion Transformer in Foreground-conditioned Inpainting
   <https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content/ICCV2025/html/Lu_Pinco_Position-induced_Consistent_Adapter_for_Diffusion_Transformer_in_Foreground-conditioned_Inpainting_ICCV_2025_paper.html>

6. InpaintDPO: Spatial Relationship Hallucinations in Image Inpainting
   <https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.15644>

7. BrushNet: A Plug-and-Play Image Inpainting Model
   <https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.06976>

8. PowerPaint: A Versatile Image Inpainting Model
   <https://powerpaint.github.io/>

9. LayerDiffuse: Transparent Image Layer Diffusion
   <https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.17113>

10. LASAGNA: Layered Scene Generation with Visual Effects
    <https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.15507>