quiz-data.js

export const questions = [
    {
        question: "Which AWS service is most suitable for running a highly available, serverless application that processes real-time data streams with sub-second latency?",
        options: [
            "AWS Lambda with Amazon S3",
            "Amazon Kinesis Data Streams with AWS Lambda",
            "Amazon EC2 with Auto Scaling",
            "AWS Glue with Amazon RDS"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "Amazon Kinesis Data Streams with AWS Lambda provides a serverless, highly available solution for processing real-time data streams with low latency. Kinesis handles the streaming data, and Lambda processes it without server management."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the primary benefit of using Amazon CloudFront in conjunction with an S3 bucket configured as a static website?",
        options: [
            "Reduced storage costs for S3",
            "Improved global content delivery speed",
            "Automatic encryption of all S3 objects",
            "Simplified IAM policy management"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "CloudFront is a CDN that caches content at edge locations worldwide, reducing latency and improving delivery speed for static websites hosted on S3."
    },
    {
        question: "When designing a cost-optimized architecture, which purchasing option provides the greatest discount for Amazon EC2 instances with a predictable workload over three years?",
        options: [
            "Spot Instances",
            "Reserved Instances with All Upfront payment",
            "On-Demand Instances",
            "Savings Plans with Partial Upfront payment"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "Reserved Instances with All Upfront payment offer the deepest discounts (up to 72%) for predictable, long-term workloads, compared to other options like Spot (variable) or On-Demand (no discount)."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS feature allows you to enforce a minimum number of running instances across multiple Availability Zones for fault tolerance?",
        options: [
            "Elastic Load Balancer target groups",
            "Auto Scaling group with a desired capacity",
            "Amazon RDS Multi-AZ deployment",
            "AWS Lambda concurrency limits"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "An Auto Scaling group with a desired capacity ensures a minimum number of instances run across AZs, enhancing fault tolerance by replacing failed instances automatically."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the maximum duration a single AWS Lambda function can execute before it times out, assuming no custom configuration changes?",
        options: [
            "5 minutes",
            "10 minutes",
            "15 minutes",
            "30 minutes"
        ],
        answer: 2,
        explanation: "The default maximum execution time for a Lambda function is 15 minutes, configurable up to this limit, making it suitable for short to medium tasks."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a fully managed data warehouse solution optimized for complex queries on large datasets?",
        options: [
            "Amazon RDS",
            "Amazon Redshift",
            "Amazon DynamoDB",
            "Amazon ElastiCache"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "Amazon Redshift is a managed data warehouse designed for complex SQL queries and analytics on petabyte-scale datasets, unlike RDS (OLTP) or DynamoDB (NoSQL)."
    },
    {
        question: "In AWS, what is the primary purpose of an IAM role when attached to an EC2 instance?",
        options: [
            "To encrypt all traffic between the instance and S3",
            "To grant temporary security credentials for AWS service access",
            "To enforce multi-factor authentication for SSH access",
            "To restrict inbound traffic to the instance"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "IAM roles provide temporary security credentials to EC2 instances, allowing secure access to AWS services like S3 without embedding credentials in code."
    },
    {
        question: "Which storage class in Amazon S3 is designed for infrequently accessed data with a retrieval time of hours and the lowest cost per GB?",
        options: [
            "S3 Standard-Infrequent Access",
            "S3 Glacier",
            "S3 Glacier Deep Archive",
            "S3 Intelligent-Tiering"
        ],
        answer: 2,
        explanation: "S3 Glacier Deep Archive offers the lowest cost per GB for infrequently accessed data, with retrieval times of 12+ hours, ideal for long-term archival."
    },
    {
        question: "What happens to an Amazon EC2 instance in an Auto Scaling group when the health check fails?",
        options: [
            "It is immediately terminated and replaced",
            "It is placed into a standby state for manual review",
            "It continues running until manually terminated",
            "It is rebooted automatically without replacement"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "Auto Scaling terminates and replaces unhealthy instances based on health checks to maintain application availability and desired capacity."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS tool provides personalized recommendations for optimizing costs, performance, and security across your AWS resources?",
        options: [
            "AWS Cost Explorer",
            "AWS Trusted Advisor",
            "AWS Systems Manager",
            "Amazon Inspector"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "AWS Trusted Advisor analyzes your resources and provides actionable recommendations for cost, performance, security, and fault tolerance."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the default behavior of Amazon RDS when a primary instance fails in a Multi-AZ deployment?",
        options: [
            "It promotes the standby replica to primary with minimal downtime",
            "It requires manual intervention to switch to the standby",
            "It launches a new instance in a different region",
            "It suspends all database operations until recovery"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "In a Multi-AZ setup, RDS automatically fails over to the standby replica in another AZ with minimal downtime, ensuring high availability."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service allows you to decouple application components by enabling asynchronous message passing between them?",
        options: [
            "Amazon SNS",
            "Amazon SQS",
            "AWS Step Functions",
            "Amazon MQ"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "Amazon SQS (Simple Queue Service) enables asynchronous message queuing, decoupling producers and consumers for scalable, reliable architectures."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the maximum size of an individual object that can be stored in Amazon S3?",
        options: [
            "5 GB",
            "500 GB",
            "5 TB",
            "50 TB"
        ],
        answer: 2,
        explanation: "Amazon S3 supports objects up to 5 terabytes, making it suitable for large files, with multipart upload for efficient handling."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS networking service allows you to create a private connection between your on-premises data center and AWS without traversing the public internet?",
        options: [
            "Amazon Route 53",
            "AWS Direct Connect",
            "AWS Transit Gateway",
            "Amazon VPC Peering"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "AWS Direct Connect provides a dedicated, private network connection from on-premises to AWS, bypassing the public internet for security and performance."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the primary purpose of tagging AWS resources in the context of cost management?",
        options: [
            "To enforce security policies",
            "To allocate and track costs across projects or teams",
            "To improve resource performance",
            "To enable cross-region replication"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "Tagging allows you to categorize resources and track costs by project, team, or environment using tools like AWS Cost Explorer."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a managed blockchain platform for creating scalable blockchain networks?",
        options: [
            "Amazon Managed Blockchain",
            "AWS Blockchain Templates",
            "Amazon Quantum Ledger Database (QLDB)",
            "AWS Crypto Toolkit"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "Amazon Managed Blockchain simplifies the creation and management of scalable blockchain networks using frameworks like Hyperledger Fabric."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the default encryption behavior for objects uploaded to an S3 bucket without a bucket policy specifying encryption?",
        options: [
            "Objects are encrypted with SSE-S3 by default",
            "Objects are not encrypted unless explicitly configured",
            "Objects are encrypted with SSE-KMS using a default key",
            "Objects are encrypted with client-side encryption only"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "S3 does not encrypt objects by default; encryption (e.g., SSE-S3 or SSE-KMS) must be explicitly enabled via bucket policies or at upload."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a centralized way to manage and automate patch compliance across multiple EC2 instances?",
        options: [
            "AWS Config",
            "AWS Systems Manager",
            "Amazon Inspector",
            "AWS Shield"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "AWS Systems Manager includes Patch Manager, which automates patching for EC2 instances and ensures compliance across your fleet."
    },
    {
        question: "When using Amazon VPC, what is the maximum number of IP addresses available in a single subnet with a /24 CIDR block?",
        options: [
            "256",
            "251",
            "254",
            "250"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "A /24 CIDR block has 256 IPs, but AWS reserves 5 (e.g., network, broadcast, and VPC router), leaving 251 usable IPs."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service enables you to run containerized workloads without managing the underlying infrastructure?",
        options: [
            "Amazon ECS with EC2 launch type",
            "Amazon EKS with self-managed nodes",
            "AWS Fargate",
            "AWS App Runner"
        ],
        answer: 2,
        explanation: "AWS Fargate is a serverless compute engine for containers, eliminating the need to manage EC2 instances or clusters."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the primary difference between Amazon SNS and Amazon SQS in terms of message delivery?",
        options: [
            "SNS is push-based, while SQS is pull-based",
            "SNS supports FIFO queues, while SQS does not",
            "SQS is push-based, while SNS is pull-based",
            "SNS requires polling, while SQS delivers instantly"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "SNS pushes messages to subscribers (e.g., email, Lambda), while SQS requires consumers to poll the queue for messages."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a fully managed extract, transform, load (ETL) solution for preparing data for analytics?",
        options: [
            "AWS Glue",
            "Amazon EMR",
            "AWS Data Pipeline",
            "Amazon Athena"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "AWS Glue is a serverless ETL service that automates data preparation for analytics, integrating with S3, Redshift, and more."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the minimum duration for which you must commit to a Reserved Instance to receive a discount?",
        options: [
            "1 month",
            "6 months",
            "1 year",
            "3 years"
        ],
        answer: 2,
        explanation: "Reserved Instances require a minimum 1-year commitment for discounts, with greater savings for 3-year terms."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS feature allows you to monitor and log API calls made to your AWS resources for security and compliance purposes?",
        options: [
            "AWS CloudTrail",
            "Amazon CloudWatch",
            "AWS Config",
            "Amazon GuardDuty"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "AWS CloudTrail logs all API calls, providing an audit trail for security, compliance, and troubleshooting."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the primary benefit of using AWS Organizations over managing multiple standalone AWS accounts?",
        options: [
            "Centralized billing and policy management",
            "Improved instance performance",
            "Automatic data replication across accounts",
            "Reduced latency for cross-account communication"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "AWS Organizations centralizes billing, account management, and applies service control policies (SCPs) across multiple accounts."
    },
    {
        question: "Which Amazon S3 feature allows you to automatically transition objects to a lower-cost storage class after a specified period?",
        options: [
            "S3 Lifecycle policies",
            "S3 Versioning",
            "S3 Replication",
            "S3 Intelligent-Tiering"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "S3 Lifecycle policies automate transitions (e.g., to Glacier) based on time, optimizing costs for aging data."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the maximum number of Elastic IP addresses you can allocate per AWS account in a region by default?",
        options: [
            "2",
            "5",
            "10",
            "20"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "AWS limits each account to 5 Elastic IPs per region by default, though this can be increased via a support request."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides real-time threat detection by analyzing VPC flow logs and DNS logs?",
        options: [
            "AWS Shield",
            "Amazon GuardDuty",
            "AWS WAF",
            "Amazon Inspector"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "Amazon GuardDuty uses machine learning to analyze logs (e.g., VPC Flow Logs) for real-time threat detection."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the default retention period for Amazon CloudWatch Logs if not explicitly configured?",
        options: [
            "30 days",
            "90 days",
            "1 year",
            "Indefinitely"
        ],
        answer: 3,
        explanation: "CloudWatch Logs retain data indefinitely by default unless a retention period is set, potentially increasing storage costs."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service allows you to run SQL queries directly against data stored in S3 without provisioning compute resources?",
        options: [
            "Amazon Redshift Spectrum",
            "Amazon Athena",
            "AWS Glue",
            "Amazon QuickSight"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "Amazon Athena is a serverless query service that runs SQL directly on S3 data, requiring no infrastructure management."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the primary purpose of the AWS Shared Responsibility Model?",
        options: [
            "To define the division of security and operational responsibilities between AWS and the customer",
            "To allocate costs between AWS and the customer",
            "To ensure automatic scaling of all AWS services",
            "To enforce compliance with regional data laws"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "The Shared Responsibility Model clarifies that AWS secures the cloud infrastructure, while customers secure their data and applications."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a managed solution for hosting static websites with custom domains?",
        options: [
            "Amazon EC2",
            "Amazon S3 with CloudFront",
            "AWS Elastic Beanstalk",
            "AWS AppSync"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "S3 hosts static content, and CloudFront adds global delivery and custom domain support for a fully managed static website."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the maximum number of subnets you can create in a single Amazon VPC by default?",
        options: [
            "50",
            "100",
            "200",
            "500"
        ],
        answer: 2,
        explanation: "AWS allows up to 200 subnets per VPC by default, sufficient for most architectures, with the limit adjustable via support."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a fully managed NoSQL database with single-digit millisecond latency at any scale?",
        options: [
            "Amazon RDS",
            "Amazon DynamoDB",
            "Amazon Aurora",
            "Amazon ElastiCache"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "DynamoDB is a managed NoSQL database designed for low-latency performance at scale, ideal for high-throughput applications."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the primary advantage of using Spot Instances over On-Demand Instances?",
        options: [
            "Guaranteed availability",
            "Significantly lower cost",
            "Higher performance",
            "Fixed pricing"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "Spot Instances offer up to 90% cost savings over On-Demand by leveraging unused capacity, though they can be interrupted."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service allows you to automate workflows across multiple AWS services and on-premises systems?",
        options: [
            "AWS Step Functions",
            "Amazon SWF",
            "AWS Batch",
            "AWS Lambda"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "AWS Step Functions coordinates workflows across AWS services and on-premises systems using state machines for complex processes."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the default behavior of an Elastic Load Balancer when a target becomes unhealthy?",
        options: [
            "It stops routing traffic to the unhealthy target",
            "It terminates the unhealthy target",
            "It reboots the unhealthy target",
            "It sends an alert but continues routing traffic"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "ELB stops sending traffic to unhealthy targets based on health checks, ensuring requests go only to healthy instances."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a managed solution for running Kubernetes clusters?",
        options: [
            "Amazon ECS",
            "AWS Fargate",
            "Amazon EKS",
            "AWS App Runner"
        ],
        answer: 2,
        explanation: "Amazon EKS (Elastic Kubernetes Service) manages Kubernetes clusters, simplifying deployment and scaling of containerized workloads."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the maximum throughput for a single Amazon EBS gp3 volume?",
        options: [
            "1,000 MiB/s",
            "16,000 MiB/s",
            "64,000 MiB/s",
            "128,000 MiB/s"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "EBS gp3 volumes support up to 16,000 MiB/s throughput, configurable independently of IOPS, for high-performance workloads."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS tool allows you to estimate your monthly AWS bill based on your usage patterns?",
        options: [
            "AWS Budgets",
            "AWS Cost Explorer",
            "AWS Pricing Calculator",
            "AWS Trusted Advisor"
        ],
        answer: 2,
        explanation: "The AWS Pricing Calculator provides cost estimates based on usage inputs, helping plan budgets before deployment."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the primary purpose of Amazon Route 53 in the AWS ecosystem?",
        options: [
            "Load balancing across multiple EC2 instances",
            "Domain name system (DNS) management and routing",
            "Content delivery acceleration",
            "VPC traffic management"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "Route 53 is a scalable DNS service for domain registration, resolution, and traffic routing (e.g., latency-based routing)."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a managed solution for running Apache Kafka clusters?",
        options: [
            "Amazon MSK",
            "Amazon MQ",
            "AWS Data Pipeline",
            "Amazon Kinesis"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "Amazon MSK (Managed Streaming for Apache Kafka) simplifies Kafka cluster management for real-time data streaming."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the default cooldown period for an Auto Scaling group after a scaling activity?",
        options: [
            "60 seconds",
            "300 seconds",
            "600 seconds",
            "900 seconds"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "The default cooldown of 300 seconds prevents rapid scaling actions, allowing the group to stabilize post-activity."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a managed solution for hybrid cloud storage, integrating on-premises environments with AWS?",
        options: [
            "AWS Storage Gateway",
            "Amazon EFS",
            "AWS Snowball",
            "Amazon FSx"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "AWS Storage Gateway connects on-premises systems to AWS storage (e.g., S3) for hybrid cloud use cases."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the maximum number of rules you can associate with a single security group in Amazon VPC?",
        options: [
            "50",
            "100",
            "200",
            "500"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "A security group supports up to 50 inbound and 50 outbound rules by default, with limits adjustable via support."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a serverless compute platform optimized for event-driven architectures?",
        options: [
            "AWS Lambda",
            "Amazon EC2",
            "AWS Elastic Beanstalk",
            "AWS Batch"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "AWS Lambda executes code in response to events without managing servers, ideal for event-driven applications."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the primary difference between Amazon EBS and Amazon EFS?",
        options: [
            "EBS is block storage, while EFS is file storage",
            "EBS is file storage, while EFS is block storage",
            "EBS is object storage, while EFS is file storage",
            "EBS is cheaper, while EFS is more durable"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "EBS provides block-level storage for single instances, while EFS offers scalable file storage for multiple instances."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a managed solution for running relational databases with automatic backups and patching?",
        options: [
            "Amazon RDS",
            "Amazon DynamoDB",
            "Amazon Redshift",
            "Amazon Aurora Serverless"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "Amazon RDS manages relational databases (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL) with automated backups, patching, and scaling."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the maximum duration an AWS Savings Plan can be committed to for cost savings?",
        options: [
            "1 year",
            "3 years",
            "5 years",
            "7 years"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "Savings Plans offer 1- or 3-year commitments for cost savings, with 3 years providing the highest discount."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a managed solution for analyzing streaming data in real time?",
        options: [
            "Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics",
            "AWS Glue",
            "Amazon QuickSight",
            "Amazon Athena"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "Kinesis Data Analytics processes streaming data in real time with SQL or Apache Flink, ideal for live analytics."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the primary purpose of AWS WAF in protecting web applications?",
        options: [
            "To filter and block malicious HTTP traffic",
            "To encrypt all incoming traffic",
            "To balance load across multiple servers",
            "To monitor application performance"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "AWS WAF (Web Application Firewall) filters HTTP traffic to block attacks like SQL injection or XSS."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a fully managed file system that can be mounted across multiple EC2 instances?",
        options: [
            "Amazon EBS",
            "Amazon EFS",
            "Amazon FSx",
            "AWS Storage Gateway"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "Amazon EFS (Elastic File System) provides a scalable, shared file system for multiple EC2 instances."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the default replication behavior for objects in an S3 bucket across regions?",
        options: [
            "Objects are automatically replicated to all regions",
            "Objects are not replicated unless cross-region replication (CRR) is configured",
            "Objects are replicated to one additional region by default",
            "Objects are replicated within the same region only"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "S3 does not replicate objects across regions by default; CRR must be enabled for cross-region replication."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a managed solution for deploying machine learning models at scale?",
        options: [
            "Amazon SageMaker",
            "AWS DeepLens",
            "Amazon Comprehend",
            "AWS Lex"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "Amazon SageMaker provides tools for building, training, and deploying ML models at scale with managed infrastructure."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the maximum number of Availability Zones an AWS region can have?",
        options: [
            "2",
            "6",
            "12",
            "No fixed limit"
        ],
        answer: 3,
        explanation: "AWS regions have no fixed AZ limit; the number varies (typically 2-6+), depending on the region’s design."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a managed solution for running Windows-based file systems?",
        options: [
            "Amazon EFS",
            "Amazon FSx for Windows File Server",
            "AWS Storage Gateway",
            "Amazon EBS"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "Amazon FSx for Windows File Server provides a managed Windows file system with SMB support for Windows workloads."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the primary benefit of using AWS Global Accelerator over standard DNS routing?",
        options: [
            "Reduced latency through optimized network paths",
            "Automatic encryption of all traffic",
            "Simplified domain registration",
            "Lower cost for global traffic"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "Global Accelerator routes traffic over AWS’s global network, reducing latency compared to standard DNS routing."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a managed solution for monitoring application performance and identifying bottlenecks?",
        options: [
            "Amazon CloudWatch",
            "AWS X-Ray",
            "Amazon Inspector",
            "AWS Config"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "AWS X-Ray traces requests across distributed systems, identifying performance bottlenecks and latency issues."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the default behavior of Amazon RDS Read Replicas when the primary instance fails?",
        options: [
            "Read Replicas automatically become the primary",
            "Read Replicas remain read-only until manual promotion",
            "Read Replicas are terminated and replaced",
            "Read Replicas switch to write mode temporarily"
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation: "Read Replicas stay read-only during a primary failure; manual promotion is required to make one the new primary."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a managed solution for transferring large amounts of data into and out of AWS using physical devices?",
        options: [
            "AWS Snowball",
            "AWS Direct Connect",
            "AWS DataSync",
            "Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "AWS Snowball uses physical devices to transfer petabytes of data to/from AWS, ideal for large-scale migrations."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the maximum number of IAM users you can create in an AWS account by default?",
        options: [
            "500",
            "1,000",
            "5,000",
            "10,000"
        ],
        answer: 2,
        explanation: "AWS allows up to 5,000 IAM users per account by default, sufficient for most organizations, with limits expandable."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a managed solution for orchestrating batch computing jobs across multiple resources?",
        options: [
            "AWS Batch",
            "AWS Step Functions",
            "Amazon SWF",
            "AWS Lambda"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "AWS Batch manages batch computing jobs, dynamically provisioning resources for efficient execution."
    },
    {
        question: "What is the primary purpose of Amazon VPC peering?",
        options: [
            "To connect VPCs within the same or different AWS accounts",
            "To encrypt traffic between subnets",
            "To balance load across multiple VPCs",
            "To replicate VPC configurations across regions"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "VPC peering connects VPCs (same or different accounts/regions) for private communication without gateways."
    },
    {
        question: "Which AWS service provides a managed solution for running serverless GraphQL and REST APIs?",
        options: [
            "AWS AppSync",
            "Amazon API Gateway",
            "AWS Lambda",
            "AWS App Runner"
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation: "AWS AppSync provides a managed GraphQL and REST API service with real-time data sync and offline support."
    }
];