the whole project including corpus

cleaning/helpers.py

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+import re
+import nltk
+import wordninja
+
+from nltk import pos_tag
+from nltk.corpus import wordnet, stopwords
+from nltk.stem import WordNetLemmatizer
+
+
+class ScraperHelper():
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        """
+        this thing should be only initialized once before looping every document
+        in order to clean it
+        """
+        # Download stopwords if not already downloaded
+        try:
+            nltk.data.find('corpora/stopwords')
+        except LookupError:
+            nltk.download('stopwords')
+
+        # Define stopwords but keep critical ones like "not"
+        base_stopwords = set(stopwords.words('english'))
+        preserve = {'no', 'not', 'nor', 'never'}
+        self.custom_stopwords = base_stopwords - preserve
+
+        self.lemmatizer = WordNetLemmatizer()
+        self.emoji_pattern = (
+            re.compile("["
+
+                       # Emoticons (e.g., 😀😁😂🤣😃😄😅😆)
+                       u"\U0001F600-\U0001F64F"
+
+                       # Symbols & pictographs (e.g., 🔥🎉💡📦📱)
+                       u"\U0001F300-\U0001F5FF"
+
+                       # Transport & map symbols (e.g., 🚗✈️🚀🚉)
+                       u"\U0001F680-\U0001F6FF"
+
+                       # Flags (e.g., 🇺🇸🇬🇧🇨🇦 — these are pairs of regional indicators)
+                       u"\U0001F1E0-\U0001F1FF"
+
+                       # Dingbats (e.g., ✂️✈️✉️⚽)
+                       u"\u2700-\u27BF"
+
+                       # Supplemental Symbols & Pictographs (e.g., 🤖🥰🧠🦾)
+                       u"\U0001F900-\U0001F9FF"
+
+                       # Symbols & Pictographs Extended-A (e.g., 🪄🪅🪨)
+                       u"\U0001FA70-\U0001FAFF"
+
+                       # Miscellaneous symbols (e.g., ☀️☁️☂️⚡)
+                       u"\u2600-\u26FF"
+
+                       "]+", flags=re.UNICODE))
+
+        # This pattern will match common text-based emoticons that aren't covered by the emoji Unicode ranges
+        # These emoticons are made up of regular ASCII characters like colons, parentheses, etc.
+
+        self.emoticon_pattern = re.compile(r'(:\)|:\(|:D|:P|;\)|:-\)|:-D|:-P|:\'\(|:\||:\*)')
+
+    def lowercase_text(self, text):
+        # Convert text to lowercase.
+        return str(text).lower()
+
+
+
+    def replace_urls(self, text: str):
+        """
+        Replace URLs in the text with the token 'URL'.
+        Prints before and after if a replacement occurs.
+        """
+        # Define a regex pattern to identify URLs in the text
+        url_pattern = r"(?:https?|ftp)://[^\s/$.?#].[^\s]*"
+        text_str = str(text)
+        replaced_text = re.sub(url_pattern, 'URL', text_str)
+        return replaced_text
+
+    # re.compile will compile the regex pattern into a regex object, necessary for
+    # efficient pattern matching. This creates a reusable pattern object that can be
+    # used multiple times without recompiling the pattern each time, improving performance.
+    # u stands for Unicode
+
+    def remove_and_print(self, text):
+        if self.emoji_pattern.search(text) or self.emoticon_pattern.search(text):
+            print(f"Before: {text}")
+            text = self.emoji_pattern.sub('', text)
+            text = self.emoticon_pattern.sub('', text)
+            print(f"After: {text}")
+            print()
+        return text
+
+    def replace_usernames(self, text):
+        """
+        Replace email addresses and true @usernames with 'USER'.
+        Avoid matching embedded @ in profanity or stylized words.
+        Print before and after if replacement occurs.
+        """
+        original = str(text)
+        updated = original
+
+        # Replace full email addresses
+        updated = re.sub(r'\b[\w\.-]+@[\w\.-]+\.\w+\b', 'USER', updated)
+
+        # Replace @usernames only when preceded by space, punctuation, or start of string
+        updated = re.sub(r'(?:(?<=^)|(?<=[\s.,;!?]))@\w+\b', 'USER', updated)
+
+        return updated
+
+
+    def clean_text(self, text, keep_punct=False):
+        """
+        Clean and normalize text for NLP classification tasks.
+
+        Parameters:
+        - text (str): The input text to be cleaned.
+        - keep_punct (bool):
+            If True, retains key punctuation (. ! ?) which may carry emotional or contextual weight.
+            If False, removes all non-alphabetic characters for simpler lexical analysis.
+
+        Returns:
+        - str: The cleaned text string, lowercased and stripped of unwanted characters.
+
+        This function is designed for flexibility across different NLP tasks like sentiment analysis,
+        topic classification, or spam detection. It handles:
+        - Lowercasing text for normalization
+        - Removing or preserving select punctuation
+        - Removing digits, symbols, and special characters
+        - Reducing multiple spaces to a single space
+        - Optionally printing changes for debugging or logging
+
+        When to use `keep_punct=True`:
+        - Sentiment analysis: punctuation (e.g., "!", "?") can reflect strong emotion
+        - Social media or informal text: expressive punctuation often carries signal
+        - Sarcasm, emphasis, or tone-sensitive tasks
+
+        When to use `keep_punct=False`:
+        - Topic classification or document clustering: punctuation rarely adds value
+        - Preprocessing for bag-of-words, TF-IDF, or topic modeling
+        - When punctuation is inconsistent or noisy (e.g., OCR scans, scraped data)
+        """
+
+        # Convert input to string (safe handling)
+        original = str(text)
+
+        if keep_punct:
+            # Keep only lowercase letters, spaces, and select punctuation (. ! ?)
+            # Useful for capturing tone/sentiment
+            cleaned = re.sub(r"[^a-z\s.!?]", "", original)
+        else:
+            # Keep only lowercase letters and spaces; remove all punctuation and symbols
+            cleaned = re.sub(r"[^a-z\s]", "", original)
+
+        # Normalize whitespace (collapse multiple spaces to one, strip leading/trailing)
+        cleaned = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', cleaned).strip()
+
+        # Optional: print before and after if a change occurred
+        return cleaned
+
+    def remove_consecutive_letters(self, text, max_repeat=2):
+        """
+        Normalize elongated words by limiting repeated characters.
+
+        In informal or emotional text (e.g., reviews, tweets), users often repeat letters
+        to add emphasis: "sooooo good", "loooove it", "greeaaat".
+
+        This function reduces any character repeated more than `max_repeat` times
+        to exactly `max_repeat` occurrences (default: 2), preserving emphasis without bloating vocabulary.
+
+        Parameters:
+        - text (str): The input text
+        - max_repeat (int): The maximum allowed repetitions for any character
+
+        Returns:
+        - str: Text with repeated characters normalized
+        """
+        text_str = str(text)
+        pattern = r'(\w)\1{' + str(max_repeat) + r',}'
+        cleaned = re.sub(pattern, r'\1' * max_repeat, text_str)
+
+        return cleaned
+
+    def remove_short_words(self, text, min_length=3, preserve_words=None):
+        """
+        Remove short words from text based on a minimum length threshold.
+
+        Parameters:
+        - text (str): The input text
+        - min_length (int): Minimum word length to keep (default = 3)
+        - preserve_words (set or list): Optional set of short but important words to keep (e.g., {'no', 'not'})
+
+        Returns:
+        - str: Text with short words removed, except for preserved ones
+
+        Notes:
+        - Use with care in sentiment analysis. Important short words like 'no', 'not', 'bad' may affect meaning.
+        - Best used after stopword removal or on very noisy text.
+        """
+        preserve = set(preserve_words or [])
+        words = str(text).split()
+        filtered = [word for word in words if len(word) >= min_length or word.lower() in preserve]
+        result = ' '.join(filtered)
+
+        return result
+
+    def remove_stopwords(self, text):
+        """
+        Remove stopwords from text, preserving key negation words.
+
+        This function uses a customized stopword list that retains important
+        short words like 'not', 'no', 'nor', and 'never' which carry significant
+        meaning in tasks like sentiment analysis.
+
+        Parameters:
+        - text (str): Lowercased input text
+
+        Returns:
+        - str: Text with stopwords removed, but critical negation words preserved
+        """
+        words = str(text).split()
+        filtered = [word for word in words if word not in self.custom_stopwords]
+        result = ' '.join(filtered)
+
+        return result
+
+    # Download required NLTK resources
+    nltk.download('wordnet')  # Download WordNet, a lexical database of English words
+    nltk.download(
+        'omw-1.4')  # WordNet Lemmas sometimes need this, which is a mapping of WordNet lemmas to their Part of Speech (POS) tags.
+    nltk.download('averaged_perceptron_tagger_eng')  # Download English POS tagger
+
+
+    # POS mapping function
+    # POS tags can be: ADJ (adjective), ADV (adverb), NOUN (noun), VERB (verb), etc
+    def get_wordnet_pos(self, tag):
+        # Determine the WordNet POS tag based on the first letter of the input tag
+        if tag.startswith('J'):
+            return wordnet.ADJ  # Adjective
+        elif tag.startswith('V'):
+            return wordnet.VERB  # Verb
+        elif tag.startswith('N'):
+            return wordnet.NOUN  # Noun
+        elif tag.startswith('R'):
+            return wordnet.ADV  # Adverb
+        else:
+            return wordnet.NOUN  # Default to Noun if no match
+
+    def lemmatize_text(self, text):
+        """
+        Lemmatize text using WordNet lemmatizer with POS tagging.
+
+        This version prints each change along with the POS tag of the changed word.
+        """
+        # Convert the input text to a string to ensure compatibility
+        original_text = str(text)
+        # Split the text into individual words
+        words = original_text.split()
+        # Obtain Part of Speech (POS) tags for each word
+        pos_tags = pos_tag(words)
+
+        # Initialize lists to store lemmatized words and any changes
+        lemmatized_words = []
+        changes = []
+
+        # Iterate over each word and its POS tag
+        for word, tag in pos_tags:
+            # Map the POS tag to a WordNet POS tag
+            wn_tag = self.get_wordnet_pos(tag)
+            # Lemmatize the word using the mapped POS tag
+            lemma = self.lemmatizer.lemmatize(word, wn_tag)
+
+            # Check if the lemmatized word is different from the original
+            if lemma != word:
+                # Record the change if a difference is found
+                changes.append((word, lemma, tag))
+            # Add the lemmatized word to the list
+            lemmatized_words.append(lemma)
+
+        # Join the lemmatized words back into a single string
+        result = ' '.join(lemmatized_words)
+        return result
+
+    def remove_punctuation(self, text):
+        """
+        Removes all punctuation from the text, keeping only letters, digits, and spaces.
+        Also collapses extra spaces and strips leading/trailing whitespace.
+        """
+        text = re.sub(r'[^\w\s]', '', str(text))  # Remove punctuation
+        text = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', text)  # Collapse multiple spaces
+        return text.strip()
+
+    def smart_respace(self, text):
+        words = wordninja.split(text)
+        return " ".join(words)

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%81%A8%E_fd99299c2f/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%81%A8%E_fd99299c2f.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%81%A8%E_fd99299c2f",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%81%A8%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC",
+    "transformers_text": "One Piece is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Eiichiro Oda which has been translated into various languages and spawned a substantial media franchise , including animated and live action television series, films , video games , and associated music and merchandise. It follows the adventures of the teenaged boy and pirate captain Monkey D. Luffy , whose body gained the properties of rubber after he accidentally ate a supernatural fruit, as he travels the oceans in search of the series' titular treasure and organizes a diverse crew, named the Straw Hats .\n\nIn Japan, the series is published by Shueisha . Individual chapters have been published regularly in the shōnen manga anthology Weekly Shōnen Jump since July 22, 1997 and tankōbon format volumes (each collecting 10 to 12 chapters) have been published since December 24, 1997. [ 1 ] The series spans over 1128 chapters and, as of November 2024 [update] , has 111 tankōbon volumes, making One Piece the 19th longest manga series by volume count .\n\nThe series has been translated and released in multiple countries. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] English localization began in North America, where Viz Media currently serializes One Piece in the Shonen Jump digital vault simultaneously with Japan. It originally published its English language adaptation of the series in the now-defunct monthly print anthology Shonen Jump starting with the magazine's launch in November 2002. [ 5 ] It also publishes tankōbon format books since June 2003, [ 6 ] which have been collected into omnibus editions incorporating three tankōbon each since December 2009; [ 7 ] chapters and books also are published digitally through its website. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] In the United Kingdom, the tankōbon were published by Gollancz Manga , starting March 2006, [ 11 ] until Viz Media took over after the fourteenth volume. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] In Australia and New Zealand, the English volumes have been distributed by Madman Entertainment since November 10, 2008. [ 14 ] By October 6, 2009, only 22 volumes had been released in English. [ 15 ] However, as announced in July 2009, Viz Media increased that number to 53 by June 2010, using an accelerated publishing schedule of five volumes per month during the first half of 2010. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] As of July 2024 [update] , 106 volumes of the English version have been officially released by Viz Media.",
+    "tf_idf_text": "one piece japanese manga series write illustrated eiichiro oda translate various language spawn substantial medium franchise include animated live action television series film video game associate music merchandise follow adventure teenaged boy pirate captain monkey luffy whose body gain property rubber accidentally ate supernatural fruit travel oceans search series titular treasure organize diverse crew name straw hat japan series publish shueisha individual chapter publish regularly shnen manga anthology weekly shnen jump since july tankbon format volume collect chapter publish since december series span chapter november update tankbon volume make one piece long manga series volume count series translate released multiple country english localization begin north america viz medium currently serialize one piece shonen jump digital vault simultaneously japan originally publish english language adaptation series nowdefunct monthly print anthology shonen jump start magazine launch november also publish tankbon format book since june collect omnibus edition incorporate three tankbon since december chapter book also publish digitally website united kingdom tankbon publish gollancz manga start march viz medium take fourteenth volume australia new zealand english volume distribute madman entertainment since november october volume release english however announce july viz medium increase number june use accelerated publishing schedule five volume per month first half july update volume english version officially release viz medium"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_2016_Kumamoto_earthquakes/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_2016_Kumamoto_earthquakes.json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_2016_Kumamoto_earthquakes",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Kumamoto_earthquakes",
+    "transformers_text": "The 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes ( Japanese : 平成28年熊本地震 , Hepburn : Heisei 28-nen Kumamoto jishin ) were a series of earthquakes , [ 2 ] including a magnitude 7.0 mainshock which struck at 01:25 JST on April 16, 2016 (16:25 UTC on April 15) beneath Kumamoto City of Kumamoto Prefecture in Kyushu Region , Japan , at a depth of about 10 kilometres (6.2 miles), [ 8 ] and a foreshock earthquake with a magnitude 6.2 at 21:26 JST (12:26 UTC ) on April 14, 2016, at a depth of about 11 kilometres (6.8 miles). [ 4 ]\n\nIn total, the two earthquakes killed 277 people [ 9 ] and injured 2,809 others, a majority of them indirectly, [ 7 ] [ 10 ] This earthquake sequence was the deadliest in Japan since the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , [ 11 ] until the 2024 Noto earthquake . Of these, 50 deaths were directly caused by the earthquake, 218 were disaster-related deaths ( 災害関連死 , Saigai-kanren-shi ) [ 12 ] caused by aggravation of injuries from the earthquake or aggravation of illnesses during evacuation, and 5 of the deaths caused by the heavy rains from June 19–25 were related to the earthquake. [ 13 ]\n\nSevere damage occurred in Kumamoto and Ōita Prefectures, with numerous structures collapsing and catching fire. More than 44,000 people were evacuated from their homes due to the disaster.\n\nKumamoto Prefecture lies at the southern end of the Japan Median Tectonic Line , Japan's longest, where a system of active faults forks in two directions at the Beppu-Haneyama Fault Zone. [ 14 ] Specifically, the series of quakes ruptured the 81-km-long Hinagu Fault and 64-km-long Futagawa Fault to its north, as well as lesser but discernable interaction with the farther flung Beppu-Haneyama Fault Zone. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] A 27-km section of the Futagawa Fault Zone slid 3.5 meters. [ 16 ] The earthquakes are occurring along the Beppu–Shimabara graben , [ 17 ] with epicentres moving from west to east over time. [ 18 ]\n\nAround 08:30 local time on April 16, Mount Aso saw a small-scale eruption with ash billowing 100 m (330 ft) into the air; the eruption was not related to the earthquake. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Mount Aso had already been active since before the earthquakes, [ 21 ] being under a Level 2 warning from the JMA since November 24, 2015. [ 22 ] [ 23 ]\n\nAlthough the focus of the foreshock earthquake was 12.0 kilometres (7.5 miles) beneath Mount Kinpo to the north-northwest of Kumamoto 's city center, the worst-hit area was in the eastern Kumamoto suburb of Mashiki , where the foreshock earthquake's victims perished. [ 24 ] The earthquake was strongly felt as far north as Shimonoseki on southwestern Honshu , and as far south as the Kirishima in Kagoshima Prefecture . [ 25 ] In the following hours, there were at least 11 aftershocks of at least 4.5 magnitude, one of which was a magnitude 6; [ 26 ] more than 140 aftershocks were registered within two days. [ 27 ] It was the first earthquake to occur on the island of Kyushu to register as a 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] On April 15, the JMA officially labelled it Heisei 28-nen Kumamoto jishin ( 平成28年熊本地震 , \" Heisei 28 Kumamoto Earthquake\")–Heisei 28 being the year 2016 on the Japanese calendar . [ 30 ]\n\nAt 01:25 JST on April 16 (16:25 UTC, April 15), a 7.0 magnitude earthquake, under Higashi Ward of Kumamoto City, occurred as the result of strike-slip faulting at shallow depth. [ 2 ] Significant additional damage occurred in those areas of Kumamoto Prefecture recovering from the April 14 earthquake, with strong tremors and damage also recorded as far east as Beppu in Ōita Prefecture . [ 33 ] It was also felt as far away as Busan , South Korea , with an intensity of MMI III. [ 2 ] [ 34 ] A tsunami advisory was issued at 01:27 JST for areas along the Ariake Sea and Yatsushiro Sea , with the wave height forecast at 0.2 to 1 m (0.7 to 3.3 ft), [ 35 ] but was lifted less than an hour later at 02:14 JST . [ 36 ]\n\nThe following is a list of major aftershocks that have occurred in Kumamoto Prefecture since April 14, 2016.\n\nAt least nine people died and 1,108 more were injured by the April 14 foreshock. [ 27 ] The roof and exterior walls of Kumamoto Castle sustained damage. [ 39 ] The castle's shachihoko were also destroyed. [ 40 ] Service on the Kyushu Shinkansen was suspended after a train derailed. [ 41 ] The foreshock displaced an estimated 44,000 people and collapsed at least 19 homes. [ 42 ] Merchandaise were knocked off shelves in stores. Fires broke out and landslides severely damaged roads. [ 43 ]\n\nAt least 277 people were killed and 2,809 others were injured by the mainshock, including many indirectly. [ 9 ] [ 7 ] [ 44 ] Of these, 50 deaths were directly caused by the earthquake, 218 were disaster-related deaths ( 災害関連死 , Saigai-kanren-shi ) [ 12 ] caused by aggravation of injuries from the earthquake or aggravation of illnesses during evacuation, and 5 of the deaths caused by the heavy rains from June 19–25 were related to the earthquake. [ 13 ] Across Kumamoto Prefecture , 8,657 houses were completely destroyed, 34,491 were partially destroyed and 155,095 others, as well as 467 public buildings and 12,857 structures of unspecified use, were damaged, including 270 houses which were affected by flooding. Three people were killed and 34 others were injured in Oita Prefecture , where 10 houses collapsed, 222 were severely damaged and 8,110 others were partially damaged. In Fukuoka Prefecture , 17 people were injured and 255 houses were damaged, four of them severely, while 13 people were injured and one house was damaged in Saga Prefecture . Eight people were injured and 41 houses were damaged in Miyazaki Prefecture , two of them severely, with damage also recorded in Yamaguchi and Nagasaki Prefectures . [ 13 ]\n\nAs a result of the mainshock, the entirety of Kumamoto city was left without water. [ 45 ] All residents of Nishihara Village in Kumamoto Prefecture were evacuated over fears that a nearby dam could collapse. [ 45 ] Kumamoto Airport was also closed to all but emergency flights, and service on the Kyushu Shinkansen was suspended after a train derailed due to the earthquake. [ 46 ] Numerous structures collapsed or caught fire as a result of the earthquake. Government officials estimated more than 1,000 buildings had been seriously damaged, with 90 destroyed. [ 47 ] A 500-bed hospital in Kumamoto City was knocked off its foundations, forcing the evacuation of all patients, [ 27 ] and a natural gas leak prompted Saibu Gas to turn off supplies to multiple homes in the city. [ 29 ]\n\nNumerous landslides took place across the mountains of Kyushu, rendering roads impassable, [ 35 ] [ 48 ] The Great Aso Bridge [ ja ] of the Japan National Route 325 in Minamiaso collapsed into the Kurokawa river. [ 49 ] A rockslide blocked the entirety of the four-lane expressway close to the fallen bridge, leaving a large scar that ran almost completely up the hill that suffered the rockslide. [ citation needed ]\n\nThe Aso Shrine was also heavily damaged in the earthquake. The shrine's rōmon (tower gate), officially classified as an Important Cultural Property by the Japanese government, and the haiden (worshiping hall) both completely collapsed. [ 50 ] Kumamoto Castle , another Important Cultural Property sustained damage to its roof and exterior buildings and walls because of the earthquakes and associated aftershocks. [ 51 ] Several of the castle's shachihoko ornaments were destroyed, [ 52 ] and a large number of kawara tiles also fell from the roof. Other historical buildings such as Janes' Residence, the first western-style house built in Kumamoto (dating from 1871) [ 53 ] were also totally destroyed. [ 54 ] The former registered Cultural Asset was initially located in the grounds of Kumamoto Castle, but was later relocated near Suizen-ji Jōju-en .\n\nEarly estimates of the economic costs of the damage range from $5.5 billion to $7.5 billion, with insured property losses estimated to be between $800 million to $1.2 billion, according to Risk Management Solutions or between $1.7 billion to $2.9 billion, according to Guy Carpenter . [ 55 ] Through the first half of 2016, about $3.2 billion of claims for damage to residential dwellings were paid out by insurance companies, according to data from the General Insurance Association of Japan. [ 56 ]\n\nKumamoto Prefectural Police received more than 300 calls, while Ōita Prefectural Police received more than 100 calls. [ 57 ] More than 91,700 people were evacuated. An additional 15,000 soldiers from the Japan Self-Defense Forces joined relief efforts following the earthquake. [ 58 ] By April 16, more than 44,000 people were evacuated from the hardest-hit areas. [ 35 ] Prime Minister Shinzō Abe mobilized 3,000 personnel of the Japan Self-Defense Forces to assist local authorities with search and rescue and recovery efforts. [ 35 ] By April 18, the number of people seeking shelter had risen to 180,000, while at least eight people remained missing in a landslide caused by the earthquake.",
+    "tf_idf_text": "kumamoto earthquakes japanese hepburn heisei nen kumamoto jishin series earthquakes include magnitude mainshock strike jst april utc april beneath kumamoto city kumamoto prefecture kyushu region japan depth kilometre mile foreshock earthquake magnitude jst utc april depth kilometres mile total two earthquake kill people injured others majority indirectly earthquake sequence deadliest japan since thoku earthquake tsunami noto earthquake death directly cause earthquake disasterrelated death saigaikanrenshi cause aggravation injury earthquake aggravation illnesses evacuation death cause heavy rain june related earthquake severe damage occur kumamoto ita prefectures numerous structure collapse catch fire people evacuate home due disaster kumamoto prefecture lie southern end japan median tectonic line japan longest system active fault fork two direction beppuhaneyama fault zone specifically series quake rupture kmlong hinagu fault kmlong futagawa fault north well lesser discernable interaction far flung beppuhaneyama fault zone section futagawa fault zone slide meter earthquake occur along beppushimabara graben epicentre move west east time around local time april mount aso saw smallscale eruption ash billow air eruption not related earthquake mount aso already active since earthquake level warn jma since november although focus foreshock earthquake kilometre mile beneath mount kinpo northnorthwest kumamoto city center worsthit area eastern kumamoto suburb mashiki foreshock earthquake victim perish earthquake strongly felt far north shimonoseki southwestern honshu far south kirishima kagoshima prefecture follow hour least aftershock least magnitude one magnitude aftershock register within two day first earthquake occur island kyushu register japan meteorological agency seismic intensity scale april jma officially label heisei nen kumamoto jishin heisei kumamoto earthquakeheisei year japanese calendar jst april utc april magnitude earthquake higashi ward kumamoto city occur result strikeslip fault shallow depth significant additional damage occur area kumamoto prefecture recover april earthquake strong tremor damage also record far east beppu ita prefecture also felt far away busan south korea intensity mmi tsunami advisory issue jst area along ariake sea yatsushiro sea wave height forecast lifted less hour later jst follow list major aftershock occur kumamoto prefecture since april least nine people die injured april foreshock roof exterior wall kumamoto castle sustained damage castle shachihoko also destroy service kyushu shinkansen suspend train derail foreshock displace estimate people collapse least home merchandaise knock shelf store fire break landslide severely damage road least people kill others injured mainshock include many indirectly death directly cause earthquake disasterrelated death saigaikanrenshi cause aggravation injury earthquake aggravation illnesses evacuation death cause heavy rain june related earthquake across kumamoto prefecture house completely destroy partially destroy others well public building structure unspecified use damage include house affect flooding three people kill others injured oita prefecture house collapse severely damage others partially damage fukuoka prefecture people injured house damage four severely people injure one house damage saga prefecture eight people injured house damage miyazaki prefecture two severely damage also record yamaguchi nagasaki prefecture result mainshock entirety kumamoto city leave without water resident nishihara village kumamoto prefecture evacuate fear nearby dam could collapse kumamoto airport also close emergency flight service kyushu shinkansen suspend train derail due earthquake numerous structure collapse caught fire result earthquake government official estimate building seriously damage destroy bed hospital kumamoto city knock foundation force evacuation patient natural gas leak prompt saibu gas turn supply multiple home city numerous landslide take place across mountain kyushu render road impassable great aso bridge japan national route minamiaso collapse kurokawa river rockslide block entirety fourlane expressway close fall bridge leave large scar run almost completely hill suffer rockslide citation need aso shrine also heavily damage earthquake shrine rmon tower gate officially classify important cultural property japanese government haiden worship hall completely collapse kumamoto castle another important cultural property sustain damage roof exterior building wall earthquake associate aftershock several castle shachihoko ornament destroy large number kawara tile also fell roof historical building janes residence first westernstyle house build kumamoto dating also totally destroyed former register cultural asset initially locate ground kumamoto castle later relocate near suizenji jjuen early estimate economic cost damage range billion billion insured property loss estimate million billion accord risk management solution billion billion accord guy carpenter first half billion claim damage residential dwelling pay insurance company accord data general insurance association japan kumamoto prefectural police receive call ita prefectural police receive call people evacuate additional soldier japan selfdefense force join relief effort follow earthquake april people evacuate hardesthit area prime minister shinz abe mobilize personnel japan selfdefense force assist local authority search rescue recovery effort april number people seek shelter rise least eight people remain miss landslide cause earthquake"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_2024%E2%80%9325_NBA_season/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_2024%E2%80%9325_NBA_season.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_2024%E2%80%9325_NBA_season",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_NBA_season",
+    "transformers_text": "The 2024–25 NBA season was the 79th season of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The regular season began on October 22, 2024, and ended on April 13, 2025. [ 1 ] The NBA held an in-season tournament for the second consecutive year, now called the Emirates NBA Cup . [ 2 ] The 2025 NBA All-Star Game was played on February 16, 2025, at Chase Center in San Francisco . [ 3 ] The play-in tournament was played from April 15 to 18, 2025, followed by the playoffs the next day, and concluded with the finals on June 22, 2025, when the Oklahoma City Thunder defeated the Indiana Pacers in seven games . Shai Gilgeous-Alexander was named the Finals MVP. This was the first game 7 in the finals since 2016 , and the 20th overall.\n\nThe first round of the 2024 NBA draft took place on June 26, 2024, at Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York. The second round took place the next day at ESPN's Seaport District Studios in Manhattan . [ 15 ] [ 16 ]\n\nThe Atlanta Hawks take French teen Zaccharie Risacher as the #1 overall pick.\n\nFree agency negotiations began on June 30, 2024, at 6 p.m. ET. Players were officially signed after the July moratorium on July 6 at 12 p.m. ET.\n\nIn addition to regular preseason games hosted at NBA teams' own arenas, the NBA often hosts neutral site preseason games (either in domestic non-NBA markets or foreign markets) or against non-NBA teams. Listed below are only those neutral site or preseason games.\n\nThe majority of the regular season was released on August 15, with those group play games counting as part of the in-season tournament, now branded as the NBA Cup , announced two days earlier on August 13. The two games that were dependent on the results of the in-season tournament, along with the knockout round schedule, were announced at the conclusion of group play ( see details below ). [ 45 ] [ 1 ]\n\nThe Spurs played two alternate-site games at the Moody Center at the University of Texas in Austin, Texas in February, when the San Antonio Stock Show and Rodeo took over Frost Bank Center.\n\nThe NBA Cup , formerly the In-season tournament, returned for the 2024–25 season, with the same structure: [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 45 ]\n\nNotes\n\nThe top six seeds in each conference advanced to the main rounds of the 2025 NBA playoffs , while the next four seeds participated in a Page playoff system tournament from April 15–18, 2025. In each conference: The 7th-place team hosted the 8th-place team in the double-chance round needing to win one game to advance, with the winner clinching the 7th seed in the playoffs. The 9th-place team hosted the 10th-place team in the elimination round requiring two wins to advance, with the loser being eliminated from the contention. The loser in the double-chance round hosted the elimination-round game-winner, with the winner clinching the 8th seed and the loser being eliminated. [ 55 ]\n\nBold Game winner Italic Team with home-court advantage * Division winner\n\nBold Game winner Italic Team with home-court advantage * Division winner\n\nThe playoffs began on April 19, 2025.\n\nBold Series winner Italic Team with home-court advantage * Division winner\n\nThe following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week.\n\nThe following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month.\n\nThe following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Defensive Players of the Month.\n\nThe following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Rookies of the Month .\n\nThe following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month.\n\nThis was the last season of a nine-year deal with the ESPN family of networks , TNT Sports , and NBA TV , before new 11-year deals with ESPN/ ABC , NBC/Peacock and Amazon Prime Video begin in 2025–26 . TNT , in its final year of NBA coverage, has aired live NBA games since 1989. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] The NBA rejected TNT Sports' matching rights offer for Amazon's package, claiming TNT was unable to fully match the terms of Amazon's all-streaming contract. TNT then filed a lawsuit against the league in a Manhattan New York state court, seeking to delay the new media deals from taking effect and to rule that TNT's offer matched Amazon's deal. [ 111 ] In November, the two parties agreed to a settlement, with TNT acquiring live game rights in selected international territories, and entering into a separate sublicensing agreement with The Walt Disney Company (parent company of ESPN and ABC) to broadcast TNT's Inside the NBA studio on ESPN/ABC in 2025–26. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] TNT Sports later announced in June 2025 that it would no longer operate NBA's digital properties, including NBA TV and the NBA.com website, effective October 1. [ 114 ]\n\nThe Chicago Bulls, the NHL 's Chicago Blackhawks , MLB 's Chicago White Sox , and Standard Media launched the Chicago Sports Network prior to the start of this season, replacing NBC Sports Chicago as their regional broadcaster. [ 130 ] [ 131 ]\n\nThe Portland Trail Blazers and Root Sports mutually agreed to end their television agreement prior to the season. [ 132 ] On September 23, 2024, the Trail Blazers announced that they had signed a multi-year agreement with Sinclair Broadcast Group to be their new broadcaster. Under the deal, KATU and KUNP were named as the flagship stations, the group of over-the-air stations carrying games across the team's broadcast territory was branded as the Rip City Television Network , and games stream locally on a new direct-to-consumer streaming service named BlazerVision . [ 133 ]\n\nAltitude Sports and Entertainment , the television home of the Denver Nuggets, reached an agreement with Tegna Inc. to simulcast 20 games on KTVD in Denver. Select games are being simulcast on KUSA . [ 134 ]\n\nThis is the first season that the Gotham Sports App, owned by a joint venture between MSG Networks and YES Network , became the exclusive streaming home of the Knicks and Nets. The app will not change the television rights for these teams. [ 135 ]\n\nDiamond Sports Group , the parent company of the regional sports network chain FanDuel Sports Network (formerly Bally Sports), has been under Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection since March 2023. As part of the bankruptcy, on August 23, 2024, Diamond Sports signed a long-term agreement with thirteen of the NBA teams that it holds rights to, committing to broadcast their games through at least the 2024–25 season, but with a 30 to 40 percent reduction in their rights fees. Despite being a long-term deal, if Diamond Sports is unable to get a bankruptcy plan approved by the court, the agreement will expire following the end of the season. [ 136 ] [ 137 ]\n\nDiamond also terminated its contracts with the Dallas Mavericks and New Orleans Pelicans , [ 136 ] [ 137 ] and both teams would sign with over-the-air broadcasters. The Mavericks signed a multi-year agreement with Tegna Inc. as their broadcaster, with KFAA (formerly KMPX) and WFAA as flagship stations. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Meanwhile, the Pelicans announced a new agreement with Gray Television , under which games will be broadcast by the new Gulf Coast Sports & Entertainment Network , with WVUE-DT in New Orleans as flagship. [ 140 ]\n\nOn October 21, Bally Sports rebranded as FanDuel Sports Network , after Diamond ended its sponsorship agreements with Bally's Corporation and entered into a new agreement with online gambling company FanDuel Group . [ 141 ] [ 142 ]\n\nAlong with airing on FanDuel Sports Network, the Bucks, Cavaliers, Grizzlies, Hawks, Hornets, Pacers, Pistons, Thunder and Timberwolves also announced agreements to simulcast five games on local over-the-air networks . The Bucks will air games on Weigel Broadcasting -owned WMLW-TV (in English) and WYTU-LD (in Spanish). [ 143 ] The Cavaliers will air games on Gray Media -owned Rock Entertainment Sports Network and WUAB . [ 144 ] The Grizzlies will air games on Gray Media -owned WMC-TV , WSMV-TV and WBXX-TV . [ 145 ] The Hawks will air games on Gray Media owned- WPCH-TV and Peachtree Sports Network . [ 146 ] The Hornets will air games on Cox Media Group -owned WSOC-TV and WAXN-TV , Gray Media -owned WIS-TV , WCSC-TV , WMBF -TV, WHNS , WITN-DT2 and WECT-DT2 , and Capitol Broadcasting Company -owned WRAZ-DT2 . [ 147 ] [ 148 ] The Pacers will air games on Tegna Inc. -owned WTHR . [ 149 ] The Pistons will air games on E. W. Scripps Company -owned WMYD . [ 150 ] The Thunder will air games on Griffin Media -owned KWTV-DT or KSBI (in Oklahoma City) and KOTV-DT or KQCW-DT (in Tulsa). [ 151 ] The Timberwolves will air games on Tegna Inc. owned KARE . [ 152 ]\n\nOn January 2, 2025, Diamond emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy and rebranded themselves as the Main Street Sports Group . [ 153 ]\n\nESPN analyst JJ Redick left the network to became head coach of the Los Angeles Lakers. He was initially replaced by a cast of rotating analysts joining Mike Breen and Doris Burke on the network's lead announce team. [ 154 ] On February 24, ESPN announced that Richard Jefferson will remain with Breen and Burke for the rest of the season. [ 155 ]\n\nESPN analyst Hubie Brown announced his retirement at the end of the season. Brown has called games for ESPN since 2004 and previously called games for USA Network , CBS and TNT. [ 156 ] He called his last game on February 9, 2025, during the 76ers–Bucks game. [ 157 ]\n\nThe Boston Celtics promoted backup TV play-by-play announcer Drew Carter to full time this season following the retirement of Mike Gorman . Carter was hired by the team soon after Gorman announced his retirement prior to the start of 2023–24 ; Gorman primarily called Celtics home games during his final season while Carter primarily called away games. [ 158 ]\n\nThe San Antonio Spurs hired Jacob Tobey to be their new TV play-by-play announcer this season following the retirement of Bill Land. Tobey previously held play-by-play roles with Fox Sports and the Pac-12 Network . [ 159 ]\n\nThe Philadelphia 76ers home game on March 3, as well as the Boston Celtics home game on March 5, was called by Mike Tirico , in preparation for his new role as the lead play-by-play announcer on NBC next season. These games marked the first time Tirico called NBA games since the 2015–16 season , while at ESPN. [ 160 ]\n\nThe 2024–25 NBA teams by average home attendance:",
+    "tf_idf_text": "nba season season national basketball association nba regular season begin october end april nba hold inseason tournament second consecutive year call emirates nba cup nba allstar game play february chase center san francisco playin tournament play april follow playoff next day conclude final june oklahoma city thunder defeat indiana pacer seven game shai gilgeousalexander name final mvp first game final since overall first round nba draft take place june barclays center brooklyn new york second round take place next day espns seaport district studio manhattan atlanta hawk take french teen zaccharie risacher overall pick free agency negotiation begin june player officially sign july moratorium july addition regular preseason game host nba team arenas nba often host neutral site preseason game either domestic nonnba market foreign market nonnba team list neutral site preseason game majority regular season release august group play game count part inseason tournament brand nba cup announce two day earlier august two game dependent result inseason tournament along knockout round schedule announce conclusion group play see detail spur play two alternatesite game moody center university texas austin texas february san antonio stock show rodeo take frost bank center nba cup formerly inseason tournament return season structure note top six seed conference advance main round nba playoff next four seed participate page playoff system tournament april conference thplace team host thplace team doublechance round need win one game advance winner clinch seed playoff thplace team host thplace team elimination round require two win advance loser eliminate contention loser doublechance round host eliminationround gamewinner winner clinch seed loser eliminate bold game winner italic team homecourt advantage division winner bold game winner italic team homecourt advantage division winner playoff begin april bold series winner italic team homecourt advantage division winner follow player name eastern western conference player week follow player name eastern western conference player month follow player name eastern western conference defensive player month follow player name eastern western conference rookie month follow coach name eastern western conference coach month last season nineyear deal espn family network tnt sport nba new year deal espn abc nbcpeacock amazon prime video begin tnt final year nba coverage air live nba game since nba reject tnt sport match right offer amazon package claim tnt unable fully match term amazon allstreaming contract tnt file lawsuit league manhattan new york state court seek delay new medium deal take effect rule tnt offer matched amazon deal november two party agree settlement tnt acquire live game right select international territory enter separate sublicensing agreement walt disney company parent company espn abc broadcast tnt inside nba studio espnabc tnt sport later announce june would longer operate nbas digital property include nba nbacom website effective october chicago bull nhl chicago blackhawks mlb chicago white sox standard medium launch chicago sport network prior start season replace nbc sport chicago regional broadcaster portland trail blazer root sport mutually agree end television agreement prior season september trail blazer announce signed multiyear agreement sinclair broadcast group new broadcaster deal katu kunp name flagship station group overtheair station carry game across team broadcast territory brand rip city television network game stream locally new directtoconsumer stream service name blazervision altitude sport entertainment television home denver nugget reach agreement tegna inc simulcast game ktvd denver select game simulcast kusa first season gotham sport app own joint venture msg network yes network become exclusive streaming home knicks net app not change television right team diamond sport group parent company regional sport network chain fanduel sport network formerly bally sport chapter bankruptcy protection since march part bankruptcy august diamond sport sign longterm agreement thirteen nba team hold right commit broadcast game least season percent reduction right fee despite longterm deal diamond sport unable get bankruptcy plan approve court agreement expire follow end season diamond also terminate contract dallas maverick new orleans pelican team would sign overtheair broadcaster maverick sign multiyear agreement tegna inc broadcaster kfaa formerly kmpx wfaa flagship station meanwhile pelican announce new agreement gray television game broadcast new gulf coast sport entertainment network wvuedt new orleans flagship october bally sport rebranded fanduel sport network diamond end sponsorship agreement ballys corporation enter new agreement online gamble company fanduel group along air fanduel sport network buck cavalier grizzly hawk hornet pacer piston thunder timberwolves also announce agreement simulcast five game local overtheair network buck air game weigel broadcast own wmlwtv english wytuld spanish cavalier air game gray medium own rock entertainment sport network wuab grizzly air game gray medium own wmctv wsmvtv wbxxtv hawk air game gray medium own wpchtv peachtree sport network hornet air game cox medium group own wsoctv waxntv gray medium own wistv wcsctv wmbf whns witndt wectdt capitol broadcast company own wrazdt pacer air game tegna inc own wthr piston air game scripps company own wmyd thunder air game griffin medium own kwtvdt ksbi oklahoma city kotvdt kqcwdt tulsa timberwolves air game tegna inc own kare january diamond emerge chapter bankruptcy rebranded main street sport group espn analyst redick leave network become head coach los angeles lakers initially replace cast rotating analyst join mike breen doris burke network lead announce team february espn announce richard jefferson remain breen burke rest season espn analyst hubie brown announce retirement end season brown call game espn since previously call game usa network cbs tnt call last game february ersbucks game boston celtic promote backup playbyplay announcer draw carter full time season follow retirement mike gorman carter hire team soon gorman announce retirement prior start gorman primarily call celtic home game final season carter primarily call away game san antonio spur hire jacob tobey new playbyplay announcer season follow retirement bill land tobey previously hold playbyplay roles fox sport pac network philadelphia ers home game march well boston celtic home game march call mike tirico preparation new role lead playbyplay announcer nbc next season game mark first time tirico call nba game since season espn nba team average home attendance"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_2025_Malagasy_protests/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_2025_Malagasy_protests.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_2025_Malagasy_protests",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Malagasy_protests",
+    "transformers_text": "Government of Madagascar\n\nPro-Rajoelina groups\n\nNo centralized leadership\n\nAndry Rajoelina Christian Ntsay Mamy Ravatomanga [ 11 ] Jean Herbert Andriantahiana Rakotomalala [ 12 ] Richard Ravalomanana Angelo Ravelonarivo [ 12 ]\n\nProtests have occurred across Madagascar since September 2025, focused in the capital of Antananarivo . The protests were triggered by frequent water and power outages in the city. Homes of high-profile politicians have been targeted. The protests have also spread to other cities across Madagascar. [ 14 ]\n\nSince 25 September, 22 people including protesters and civilians have been killed due to both security forces' response or due to looting and general disorder. Commercial areas and public facilities of major cities have experienced looting and vandalism. After removing his energy minister on 26 September, Malagasy President Andry Rajoelina announced the dissolution of the government of Prime Minister Christian Ntsay on 29 September. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] On 6 October 2025 he appointed military general Ruphin Zafisambo as the new Prime Minister. [ 17 ] On 11 October, units of the Madagascar Armed Forces carried out a coup d'état in support of the protests. [ 18 ]\n\nLocated off the coast of East Africa in the Indian Ocean, Madagascar has long been one of the poorest countries in the world. The World Bank estimated that in 2022, 75% of the country lived under the poverty line, out of a country of 30 million. [ 19 ] Incumbent President Andry Rajoelina — who has dominated the country's politics since its 2009 political crisis , and was recently re-elected in 2023 [ 20 ] in a vote that faced significant boycotts from the opposition — has been blamed for much of the country's recent economic woes. [ 21 ] [ 22 ]\n\nThe capital of Antananarivo regularly sees widespread power outages and water cuts that last for up to 12 hours at a time [ 23 ] while the government simultaneously invests in high-profile projects, such as the $152 million cable car in Antananarivo spanning 13 kilometers, widely criticized as irrelevant to citizens' basic needs but defended by Andry Rajoelina while referring to the same criticism the Eiffel Tower received at the beginning of the project. [ 24 ]\n\nPresident Andry Rajoelina , who also holds French nationality, has become a focal point of public resentment due to his family's visible wealth and privileges. His daughter Ilona Rajoelina is often seen wearing designer brands, while his son Arena Rajoelina reportedly attends the elite EHL Lausanne hospitality school, opportunities unavailable to the majority of Malagasy citizens due to its high cost of enrollment. [ 25 ] Viral TikTok videos by pages such as GasyBaddhie and BasedMerina denounce their luxurious lifestyle, drawing parallels to international examples such as Shrinkhala Khatiwada , former Miss Nepal and daughter of an ex-health minister, whose travels and elite status sparked public backlash. [ 26 ]\n\nThe protests are rooted in a combination of historical grievances and recent triggers. On 15 September 2025, Transparency International helped organize a small rally known as Democrasia Mainty in Ambohijatovo, Antananarivo . [ 27 ]\n\nOn 18 September 2025, politicians Clémence Raharinirina and Baba Faniry Rakotoarisoa publicly called for mass protests in front of the Senate in Anosy to denounce chronic power outages, water cuts, and systemic corruption in public utilities. [ 28 ] Their movement was named Tsy Manaiky Lembenana (\"We Refuse to Be Trampled\") and Leo Delestage (\"Fed up with load shedding\"), [ 29 ]\n\nFollowing this, a Facebook page named Gen Z Madagascar emerged as the primary organizing hub for the movement, rapidly gaining over 100,000 followers in five days. [ 30 ] Its logo draws inspiration from the manga One Piece , replacing the traditional straw hat with a Malagasy-style hat. [ 19 ] [ 23 ]\n\nThe previous day, September 24, 2025, was marked by the absence of President Andry Rajoelina and his delegation, who were in New York City for the 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly , where he delivered a speech. [ 31 ] On the same day, the local government of the capital had banned protests on the grounds that they could lead to unrest. Nevertheless, demonstrations took place in the capital, Antananarivo, as well as in provincial towns such as Toamasina , Antsirabe , Toliara , and Antsiranana on September 25, 2025. Since 5:30 a.m. (EAT) on September 25, a large gendarmerie unit was present in the capital, cordoning off certain areas. Protesters were therefore unable to reach their meeting place. [ 29 ] [ 32 ] Protestors were thus unable to go to their dedicated meeting ground. [ 33 ]\n\nThousands of young people attempted to gather at Ambohijatovo, historically designated as the \"Place of Democracy\" by Andry Rajoelina himself in 2009. Police blocked all access points, preventing assembly. Protesters then tried to reach the square from multiple neighborhoods, including Antsahabe, Faravohitra, Anosy, and Ambatonakanga, but each route was met with heavy police presence with tear gas bombs and rubber bullets. Despite these obstacles, the city saw widespread marches of students chanting slogans such as \"Mitsangana ry Tanora\" (a nationalist rally song) and \"Andry Rajoelina Masosopory\", a parody of Andry Rajoelina's election campaign song in 2018. Starting from the second week, it was the \"Miala pory Rajoelina (Step down, Rajoelina)\" that became more popular, referred by some as \"the official hymn of the protest\". [ 34 ] Protestors flew Malagasy flags as well as flags featuring the Straw Hat Jolly Roger from the One Piece franchise. [ 33 ]\n\nAt 10:45 (EAT), the first shots of tear gas were used by police, led by Colonel Tojo Raoilijon. Police used tear gas and rubber bullets throughout the day. [ 33 ] Protestors set up barricades and burned tires and rocks. Three homes of politicians close to Rajoelina were set ablaze by rioters, including the house of Senator Lalatiana Rakotondrazafy and MP Naivo Raholdina . [ 35 ] Looting at various retail, bank, and appliance establishments in Antananarivo began to take place in the afternoon, beginning in Anosibe with the burning of a train station. Looters set ablaze a hotel, a bank, and stations of the country's cable car system. [ 33 ] [ 36 ] According to a hospital source, five people died, all bearing AK-47 gunfire wounds, and an unknown number were injured. [ 32 ] Outside of the city, the offices of Jirama , the national electricity and water provider, were attacked by protestors. [ 33 ] The rally in Antsirabe and Toamasina also devolved into looting and vandalism. [ 29 ] [ 37 ]\n\nMost looters were affiliated with the TMH group, led by Fidy, with participants from the districts of Andavamamba and Anosibe. However, videos also showed unaffiliated individuals looting furniture, freezers, and arcade equipment. Antananarivo police prefect Angelo Ravelonarivo announced a curfew lasting from 7 p.m. (EAT), to 5 a.m. the next day. [ 33 ] Despite the protests initially dispersing, they spread into various parts of the capital. National Police chief Jean Herbert Andriantahiana Rakotomalala warned that authorities would \"take firm preventive...measures against those tempted to break the law.\" [ 14 ] [ 20 ]\n\nIn Antsirabe , protesters gathered at the city's train station at around 10 a.m. before being dispersed with tear gas by police. By noon, looting had began to occur against commercial buildings in the city, with limited police presence as most officers had been redeployed to Antananarivo. [ 38 ] Around 4 p.m., the death of Jean-Jacques Rabenirinia, the member of parliament for Betioky from the opposition group Firaisankina and dean of the National Assembly, was announced, after he succumbed to his injuries from an accident. His vehicle had been struck by a truck at a barricade erected by protesters. [ 39 ]\n\nDuring his address starting at 7:30 p.m., live from New York City (where he was attending the United Nations General Assembly ), Andry Rajoelina announced the dismissal of Jean-Baptiste Olivier, the Minister of Energy and Hydrocarbons, under the pretext that he \"was not doing his job\". [ 40 ] Rajoelina further condemned the violence which occurred after the protests as \"acts of destabilisation\", [ 41 ] and accused opposition politicians of taking advantage of the protests in an attempt to orchestrate a coup. [ 42 ]\n\nSix people, including a university student, were reportedly killed in clashes with police across Antsiranana. Thirty people were also injured. [ 43 ]\n\nProtesters continued to gather in Antananarivo , with some wearing colored straw hats as a symbol. [ 41 ] Rajoelina returned from New York, and summoned a meeting of military and police commanders to deploy military and security forces to secure fuel stations and storage, along with commercial areas. [ 44 ]\n\nThese protests took on a more specifically student and high school student character, with gatherings organized in six major cities across Madagascar. Student protesters complained of difficult living conditions and demanded the right to equitable study conditions, specifically calling for the same opportunities as the children of Malagasy leaders who study abroad. In Antananarivo, security forces pushed back the protesters using AK-47s and tear gas all along General Charles-de-Gaulle Avenue in Tsiadana, up to the Ankatso campus of the University of Antananarivo . This crackdown sparked additional outrage due to the presence, along this avenue, of the Mpitsabo Mikambanana 24/24 private hospital, one of the most prestigious medical institutions in the country. [ 45 ]\n\nCurfews ranging from 7/8 p.m. to 4/5 a.m. were announced outside Antananarivo, Mahajanga , Toamasina , Antsirabe and Toliara . [ 46 ]\n\nStudent associations called for a general mobilization, and demanded the release of protesters arrested on 27 September on top of their initial denouncement of the water and electricity cuts. [ 47 ] As the group of students marched from the University of Antananarivo campus towards the Ambohijatovo neighborhood, they were blocked by security forces who attempted to disperse and push back the protesters with tear gas. Protesters also began demanding the resignation of Rajoelina. [ 48 ]\n\nAs protests continued, Rajoelina announced that he would dissolve the government (under Prime Minister Christian Ntsay ), and provided a three-day period for choosing a new Prime Minister. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] MP Antoine Rajerison [ mg ] was arrested by security forces. [ 48 ] The curfew in Antananarivo was adjusted to 8 p.m. to 4 a.m. [ 49 ]\n\nAccording to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights chairman Volker Türk , 22 people had been killed and 100 injured throughout the course of the protests, including both those killed by security forces and those killed in the looting and general violence by looters and gangs. The Malagasy Ministry of Foreign Affairs rejected this figure. [ 50 ]\n\nProtesters called for another rally to be held in Antananarivo starting on 11 a.m. EAT. [ 51 ] Thousands of protesters gathered in Antananarivo's Ambohijatovo Square, with some protesters having travelled from provincial towns to join the protest. [ 52 ] In one incident, Senate President Richard Ravalomanana 's car was accosted by protesters, which led him to disembark from his vehicle and pursue the protesters on foot. [ 53 ] There were also reports of violence against journalists including Mendrika Razafindratsima and Leonardjo Andriamparany, brutalized by GSIS forces in the afternoon in Ambohijatovo. [ 54 ]\n\nProtests spread to other cities and towns, including Toliara , some 925 kilometres (575 mi) south of Antananarivo . [ 3 ] The government accused the demonstrators of vandalism and of promoting a coup d'état . [ 3 ] Opposition leader Rivo Rakotovao announced that his party and allies will not join any government under the leadership of Rajoelina and asked him to step down. [ 3 ] [ 55 ]\n\nLabour unions began joining protests, and calls were made for a general strike. Protests on 1 October were relatively contained by police forces, and violence was much lower than in the previous days. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Rajoelina met with foreign diplomats at the presidential palace on 1 October, and presidential spokesperson Lova Ranoromaro claimed that protesters had largely dispersed \"without a clear leader emerging\". [ 57 ] Pro-Rajoelina groups began announcing that they would hold counter-protests. [ 58 ]\n\nCounterprotesters only numbered in the hundreds, lower than what President Andry Rajoelina hoped for. Barely any had clothing with his portrait. [ 59 ]\n\nPolice used tear gas on hundreds of protesters. A march was stopped by a barricade. One man was hospitalized. The United Nations criticized the police and the usage of live ammunition. [ 60 ]\n\nPresident Andry Rajoelina offered talks, but the protesters rejected them as long as protests are being suppressed. [ 61 ] President Andry Rajoelina called the protests a coup. [ 62 ]\n\nStun grenades, tear gas and rubber bullets were used on protesters. [ 63 ]\n\nA contingent of the Malagasy military ( CAPSAT ) mutinied and called for the military to back and protect the protestors, encountering little resistance as it took control of central Antananarivo. [ 64 ]\n\nCAPSAT announced it had seized control of all military forces. [ 65 ] President Andry Rajoelina fled the country. [ 66 ]\n\nRajoelina issued a decree dissolving the National Assembly that was scheduled to launch impeachment measures against him. [ 67 ] Despite this, the National Assembly proceeded to impeach him with 130 votes in favor and one blank vote. At the same time, protests were held in Antananarivo denouncing Rajoelina as a French stooge over his dual citizenship and support from Paris. Several protesters carried Malagasy flags and the Straw Hat Pirates' Jolly Roger flag from the manga series One Piece . [ 68 ] After the vote, Colonel Michael Randrianirina declared that all state institutions were being dissolved, except for the National Assembly. [ 69 ] [ 70 ]\n\nColonel Michael Randrianirina was inaugurated as interim president. [ 71 ]\n\nPresident Michael Randrianirina appointed businessman Herintsalama Rajaonarivelo to be his prime minister, however this action was met with criticism from Gen Z Mada, who claimed that it was done in a \"non-transparent\" manner and \"without consultation\". [ 72 ] The opposition to the appointment stemmed from the questionable connection Rajaonarivelo had with the previous administration. [ 72 ]\n\nThe Council of Christian Churches in Madagascar (FFKM) issued a statement calling for an end to violence, looting, and destruction of property, while also noting that \"the population must enjoy its most basic rights, those of having electricity and drinking water\". [ 73 ] African Union Chairperson Mahamoud Ali Youssouf called for restraint and calm. [ 74 ] Pope Leo XIV released a statement decrying violence and asking for social harmony, the promotion of justice and the common good. [ 3 ]\n\nReporters Without Borders denounced \"police violence against at least three journalists\" on 25 September, [ 75 ] and Amnesty International condemned the \"unlawful and excessive force used by state security officials\" and called for investigations into the deaths. [ 76 ] The United Nations secretary general expressed sadness at the violence. [ 77 ]\n\nOn 13 October 2025, French president Emmanuel Macron expressed concern over the political crisis in Madagascar, emphasizing the need to respect the constitutional order and institutional continuity, supporting the actions of the African Union and SADC, and warning against any use of youth for political or military purposes. He commented on reports that President Andry Rajoelina had boarded a French military plane to Réunion before leaving for another destination with his family, stating, \"I cannot confirm anything today,\" while speaking to the press from Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, during a summit on the Gaza peace agreement. [ 78 ] [ 79 ]\n\nOn 26 September, school officials in Antananarivo announced that schools in the city would be closed until order was restored. In much of the city, schools were closed early on 25 September when tear gas began to seep into the schools. [ 80 ] Gas stations were also closed in Antananarivo after a surge of panic buying by drivers. [ 81 ] Supermarkets and modern retail stores were also closed in fear of looters for several days, resulting in shortages of packaged products such as diapers and bottled water. Losses due to looting at retail stores were projected in the billions of ariary . [ 82 ] Local newspaper Midi Madagasikara warned of potential mass layoffs due to losses caused by the looting. [ 83 ]\n\nA large number of flights to and from Antananarivo's Ivato International Airport were cancelled, leaving many international tourists stranded. [ 84 ] Air France has suspended flights between Paris and Antananarivo from October 11 to October 13, inclusive. [ 85 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "government madagascar prorajoelina group centralize leadership andry rajoelina christian ntsay mamy ravatomanga jean herbert andriantahiana rakotomalala richard ravalomanana angelo ravelonarivo protest occur across madagascar since september focus capital antananarivo protest trigger frequent water power outage city home highprofile politician target protest also spread city across madagascar since september people include protester civilian kill due security force response due loot general disorder commercial area public facility major city experience loot vandalism remove energy minister september malagasy president andry rajoelina announce dissolution government prime minister christian ntsay september october appoint military general ruphin zafisambo new prime minister october unit madagascar arm force carry coup dtat support protest locate coast east africa indian ocean madagascar long one poor country world world bank estimate country live poverty line country million incumbent president andry rajoelina dominate country politics since political crisis recently reelect vote face significant boycotts opposition blame much country recent economic woe capital antananarivo regularly see widespread power outage water cut last hour time government simultaneously invest highprofile project million cable car antananarivo span kilometer widely criticize irrelevant citizen basic need defend andry rajoelina refer criticism eiffel tower receive begin project president andry rajoelina also hold french nationality become focal point public resentment due family visible wealth privilege daughter ilona rajoelina often see wear designer brand son arena rajoelina reportedly attend elite ehl lausanne hospitality school opportunity unavailable majority malagasy citizen due high cost enrollment viral tiktok video page gasybaddhie basedmerina denounce luxurious lifestyle drawing parallel international example shrinkhala khatiwada former miss nepal daughter exhealth minister whose travel elite status spark public backlash protest root combination historical grievance recent trigger september transparency international help organize small rally know democrasia mainty ambohijatovo antananarivo september politician clmence raharinirina baba faniry rakotoarisoa publicly call mass protest front senate anosy denounce chronic power outage water cut systemic corruption public utility movement name tsy manaiky lembenana refuse trample leo delestage feed load shed follow facebook page name gen madagascar emerge primary organize hub movement rapidly gain follower five day logo draws inspiration manga one piece replace traditional straw hat malagasystyle hat previous day september mark absence president andry rajoelina delegation new york city session unite nation general assembly deliver speech day local government capital ban protest ground could lead unrest nevertheless demonstration take place capital antananarivo well provincial town toamasina antsirabe toliara antsiranana september since eat september large gendarmerie unit present capital cordoning certain area protester therefore unable reach meeting place protestors thus unable dedicated meeting ground thousand young people attempt gather ambohijatovo historically designated place democracy andry rajoelina police block access point prevent assembly protester try reach square multiple neighborhood include antsahabe faravohitra anosy ambatonakanga route meet heavy police presence tear gas bomb rubber bullet despite obstacle city saw widespread march student chant slogan mitsangana tanora nationalist rally song andry rajoelina masosopory parody andry rajoelinas election campaign song start second week miala pory rajoelina step rajoelina become popular refer official hymn protest protestors fly malagasy flag well flag feature straw hat jolly roger one piece franchise eat first shot tear gas use police lead colonel tojo raoilijon police use tear gas rubber bullet throughout day protestors set barricade burn tire rock three home politician close rajoelina set ablaze rioter include house senator lalatiana rakotondrazafy naivo raholdina loot various retail bank appliance establishment antananarivo begin take place afternoon begin anosibe burn train station looter set ablaze hotel bank station countrys cable car system accord hospital source five people die bear gunfire wound unknown number injured outside city office jirama national electricity water provider attack protestors rally antsirabe toamasina also devolve loot vandalism looter affiliate tmh group lead fidy participant district andavamamba anosibe however video also show unaffiliated individual loot furniture freezer arcade equipment antananarivo police prefect angelo ravelonarivo announce curfew lasting eat next day despite protest initially disperse spread various part capital national police chief jean herbert andriantahiana rakotomalala warn authority would take firm preventivemeasures tempt break law antsirabe protester gather citys train station around disperse tear gas police noon loot begin occur commercial building city limited police presence officer redeploy antananarivo around death jeanjacques rabenirinia member parliament betioky opposition group firaisankina dean national assembly announce succumbed injury accident vehicle strike truck barricade erect protester address start live new york city attend united nation general assembly andry rajoelina announce dismissal jeanbaptiste olivier minister energy hydrocarbon pretext not job rajoelina condemn violence occur protest act destabilisation accuse opposition politician take advantage protest attempt orchestrate coup six people include university student reportedly kill clash police across antsiranana thirty people also injure protester continue gather antananarivo wear colored straw hat symbol rajoelina return new york summon meet military police commander deploy military security force secure fuel station storage along commercial area protest take specifically student high school student character gathering organize six major city across madagascar student protester complain difficult living condition demand right equitable study condition specifically call opportunity child malagasy leader study abroad antananarivo security force push back protester use aks tear gas along general charlesdegaulle avenue tsiadana ankatso campus university antananarivo crackdown spark additional outrage due presence along avenue mpitsabo mikambanana private hospital one prestigious medical institution country curfews range announce outside antananarivo mahajanga toamasina antsirabe toliara student association call general mobilization demand release protester arrest september top initial denouncement water electricity cut group student march university antananarivo campus towards ambohijatovo neighborhood block security force attempt disperse push back protester tear gas protester also begin demand resignation rajoelina protest continue rajoelina announce would dissolve government prime minister christian ntsay provide threeday period choose new prime minister antoine rajerison arrest security force curfew antananarivo adjust accord united nation commission human right chairman volker trk people kill injured throughout course protest include kill security force kill loot general violence looter gang malagasy ministry foreign affair reject figure protester call another rally hold antananarivo start eat thousand protester gather antananarivos ambohijatovo square protester travel provincial town join protest one incident senate president richard ravalomanana car accost protester lead disembark vehicle pursue protester foot also report violence journalist include mendrika razafindratsima leonardjo andriamparany brutalized gsis force afternoon ambohijatovo protest spread city town include toliara kilometre south antananarivo government accuse demonstrator vandalism promote coup dtat opposition leader rivo rakotovao announce party ally not join government leadership rajoelina ask step labour union begin join protest call make general strike protest october relatively contained police force violence much lower previous day rajoelina meet foreign diplomat presidential palace october presidential spokesperson lova ranoromaro claim protester largely disperse without clear leader emerge prorajoelina group begin announce would hold counterprotests counterprotesters number hundred lower president andry rajoelina hop barely clothe portrait police use tear gas hundred protester march stop barricade one man hospitalize united nation criticize police usage live ammunition president andry rajoelina offer talk protester reject long protest suppress president andry rajoelina call protest coup stun grenade tear gas rubber bullet use protester contingent malagasy military capsat mutiny call military back protect protestors encounter little resistance take control central antananarivo capsat announce seize control military force president andry rajoelina flee country rajoelina issue decree dissolve national assembly schedule launch impeachment measure despite national assembly proceed impeach vote favor one blank vote time protest hold antananarivo denounce rajoelina french stooge dual citizenship support paris several protester carry malagasy flag straw hat pirate jolly roger flag manga series one piece vote colonel michael randrianirina declare state institution dissolve except national assembly colonel michael randrianirina inaugurate interim president president michael randrianirina appoint businessman herintsalama rajaonarivelo prime minister however action meet criticism gen mada claim do nontransparent manner without consultation opposition appointment stem questionable connection rajaonarivelo previous administration council christian church madagascar ffkm issue statement call end violence loot destruction property also note population must enjoy basic right electricity drinking water african union chairperson mahamoud ali youssouf call restraint calm pope leo xiv release statement decry violence ask social harmony promotion justice common good reporter without border denounce police violence least three journalist september amnesty international condemn unlawful excessive force use state security official call investigation death united nation secretary general express sadness violence october french president emmanuel macron expressed concern political crisis madagascar emphasize need respect constitutional order institutional continuity support action african union sadc warn use youth political military purpose comment report president andry rajoelina board french military plane runion leave another destination family state cannot confirm anything today speak press sharm elsheikh egypt summit gaza peace agreement september school official antananarivo announced school city would close order restore much city school close early september tear gas begin seep school gas station also close antananarivo surge panic buying driver supermarket modern retail store also close fear looter several day result shortage package product diaper bottle water loss due loot retail store project billion ariary local newspaper midi madagasikara warn potential mass layoff due loss cause loot large number flight antananarivos ivato international airport cancel leave many international tourist strand air france suspend flight paris antananarivo october october inclusive"
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corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_2025_Nepalese_Gen_Z_protests/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_2025_Nepalese_Gen_Z_protests.json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_2025_Nepalese_Gen_Z_protests",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Nepalese_Gen_Z_protests",
+    "transformers_text": "Protesters\n\nGovernment of Nepal\n\nDecentralised leadership\n\nIn September 2025, large-scale anti-corruption protests and demonstrations took place across Nepal , predominantly organized by Generation Z students and young citizens. [ 8 ] Also known as \"the Gen Z protests \", [ a ] [ 9 ] they began following a nationwide ban on numerous social media platforms including YouTube, Facebook and WhatsApp, and they incorporated the public's frustration with corruption and display of wealth by government officials and their families, as well as allegations of mismanagement of public funds . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] The movement expanded to encompass broader issues of governance, transparency, and political accountability. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] The protests escalated, with police violence against children and hospitals, [ 16 ] protests against public officials and vandalism of government and political buildings taking place throughout the country.\n\nOn 9 September 2025, Prime Minister K. P. Sharma Oli , along with a few government ministers, resigned. On 12 September, Sushila Karki was appointed as interim prime minister of Nepal . The protests had died down by 13 September. [ 17 ] [ 18 ]\n\nAt least 76 people were killed; of these, one was a 12-year-old child and at least 19 were young students. At least 34 protesters died from gunshot wounds . [ 16 ]\n\nOn 4 September 2025, the Government of Nepal ordered the shutdown of 26 social media platforms, including Facebook , X , YouTube , LinkedIn , Reddit , Signal , and Snapchat , for failing to register under the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology 's new rules. [ 14 ] According to People's Dispatch , the registration requirement had been motivated in part as a way to enable the enforcement of a new Digital Services Tax and stricter value-added tax rules on foreign e-service providers in an effort to boost revenue. [ 19 ] [ better source needed ] However, critics alleged the shutdown was prompted by a social media trend highlighting nepotism , focusing on the undue privileges enjoyed by the children and relatives of influential political leaders. [ 20 ]\n\nAccording to People's Dispatch , the media platform ban had a significant impact on Nepalese political economy . 33% of the Nepalese GDP comes from remittances , with hundreds of thousands of exit permits being issued, alongside 20% youth unemployment. These remittances keep thousands of households afloat and pay import bills, and also indicate a lack of structural transformation in the domestic economy toward an employment-first model, pushing the youth into work in online spaces. [ 19 ] [ better source needed ] Banning social media thus threatened youth livelihood. [ citation needed ]\n\nPrior to the protests, the average Nepali citizen made US$1,400 per year, [ 21 ] while families of the country's ruling elite displayed their wealth on social media. This \"Nepo Kid\" trend prompted significant public anger, particularly from Generation Z users. [ 20 ] [ 22 ] The median age of Nepal's population is 25, meaning that a large part of the population is in Gen Z, the age group that uses social media the most. This relatively young population, combined with the country's largely rural, rough terrain and substantial migration abroad, leads Nepal to have some of the highest social media usage in South Asia. 48% of Nepalese have a social media account while only 33.7% of Indians have a social media account. [ 23 ]\n\nYouth participatory groups, particularly Hami Nepal [ 24 ] (a non-governmental organization ), used Discord online communities (called \"servers\" in Discord [ b ] ) and Instagram channels as central organising tools in the Gen Z protests. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Anyone could join the Hami Nepal Discord group, making it vulnerable to trolls or people not living in Nepal. [ 27 ]\n\nAccording to India Today , messages in the Hami Nepal discord advocated for violence against the Nepalese leadership. [ 5 ] Tactical discussions on Discord included procurement and use of Molotov cocktails , suggestions to seize ammunition from police stations, and instructions on disabling aeroplane tyres using acetylene gas . After police response led to 19 deaths, organisers in some Discord servers asked members to stop attending classes. They called for an indefinite closure of colleges and schools until the government accepted accountability for the fatalities. [ 28 ]\n\nProtestors used VPNs and posted flyers with QR codes to evade the social media ban. [ 29 ]\n\nAfter Oli's resignation, the army's chiefs met with Hami Nepal and asked them to suggest nominees for an interim leader who would oversee national elections. On a Discord server with over 100,000 members, [ 27 ] more than 10,000 users [ 26 ] met virtually in a Discord channel [ c ] to debate. After discussions, several polls, and the use of sub-channels for fact-checking , [ 26 ] the members settled on Sushila Karki .\n\nShaswot Lamichhane, who established the Discord server [ 27 ] and served as a channel moderator , was a recent graduate with a background in science and technology. [ 30 ] He played a pivotal role in the technical coordination that underpinned these exercises in digital democracy, explaining that the discussions were meant to simulate a \"mini-election\". [ 27 ] Supporters of the process were seen by Al Jazeera English as viewing the online process as \"a revolutionary counter to the traditional practice of politicians choosing leaders behind closed doors, which had displayed little transparency.\" [ 26 ]\n\nSudan Gurung, founder of the youth organization Hami Nepal and widely regarded as one of the central figures of the 2025 Gen Z protests, emerged as a leading voice advocating for transparency and digital democracy. Gurung coordinated online discussions through Discord and served as a liaison between protest organizers and the Nepali Army during the transition period that followed Prime Minister K. P. Sharma Oli's resignation. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ]\n\nScholars of nonviolent resistance argue that digital literacy and secure communication have become increasingly central to sustaining nonviolent campaigns in the twenty-first century. [ 34 ] In Nepal, the 2025 Gen Z protests began as youth-led demonstrations against a government ban on major social media platforms and long-standing corruption and inequality, and were initially framed by organizers as peaceful rallies and symbolic actions. [ 35 ]\n\nThe shutdown of 26 platforms, including Facebook, YouTube and WhatsApp, heightened fears of surveillance and content removal. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Drawing on wider patterns of “digital repression”, activists reported that mainstream platforms felt heavily monitored and vulnerable to takedowns. [ 36 ] Youth organizations therefore relied on platforms such as Discord and Instagram as central tools for coordination, using Discord’s server structure, channels and role-based permissions to manage access, share logistical information and hold large-scale discussions about strategy. [ 35 ] Some organizers also used flyers with QR codes and virtual private networks (VPNs) to direct supporters to these spaces and to bypass platform restrictions. [ 35 ]\n\nAt the same time, reports on Discord chat logs indicate that some users also discussed more confrontational tactics, including Molotov cocktails and attacks on infrastructure, revealing tensions within the movement over how far to escalate. [ 35 ] Analysts of nonviolent resistance note that such debates are common in contemporary protest waves, where movements often combine mass peaceful mobilization with episodes of rioting or property destruction. [ 34 ] The Nepalese case highlights how Gen Z activists have intertwined nonviolent ideals with concerns about digital security, seeking to protect both physical protesters and their online communities while challenging entrenched political elites. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ]\n\nLarge gatherings took place in Kathmandu , [ 9 ] particularly at Maitighar Mandala and around the federal parliament building , New Baneshwor, with tens of thousands of participants. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] The protests were originally organized as a peaceful rally by Hami Nepal, [ 5 ] an NGO [ 39 ] [ 40 ] whose website highlights earthquake relief projects. [ 41 ] Anil Baniya, one of the protest organisers from Hami Nepal, said the government cracked down on the protesters after Megraj Giri, another protester, threw a rock at a CCTV camera. Baniya stated that what began as a peaceful protest was hijacked by \"external forces and political party cadres\" but that regardless, the government should not have responded to stones being thrown with live ammunition from the armed police. [ 21 ] The Straw Hat Pirates' Jolly Roger flag from the manga series One Piece was used by some protesters, in similar fashion to the 2025 Indonesian protests . [ 42 ]\n\nThe original protest grew and evolved to a movement with no formal leadership, individuals joined voluntarily in opposition to corruption and the social media ban. The demonstrations escalated when protesters attempted to enter the Federal Parliament of Nepal , leading security forces to respond with tear gas, water cannons, rubber bullets, and live ammunition. [ 43 ] Video Geolocation published in the evening showed numerous victims killed in front of the parliament building . Victims were seen lying inanimate on the ground, many with serious or fatal wounds to the head and torso. Videos showed victims with their faces blown off. An expert identified bullets fired as coming from a lightweight 7.62x51mm automatic rifle. [ 44 ] The Kathmandu District Administration Office imposed a curfew in parts of the capital near government buildings. However, protests continued. [ 21 ]\n\nThe confrontations resulted in at least 19 people killed and more than 347 people injured. [ 45 ] [ 43 ] [ 46 ] Seventeen of those protesters were killed in the capital. [ 44 ] The National Human Rights Commission called on authorities not to use excessive force and to \"show restraint in handling the protests.\" [ 47 ]\n\nIn the evening, the government lifted the ban on social media platforms. [ 48 ] Home Minister Ramesh Lekhak resigned. [ 49 ] A curfew was imposed in several major cities including Kathmandu, Birgunj , Bhairahawa , Butwal , Pokhara , Itahari , and Damak . [ 50 ] Following this, protests for the complete dissolution of parliament began. This was primarily caused by the initial government response to the original protests. [ 21 ]\n\nPrime Minister K. P. Sharma Oli began the day with a call to all parties to cease violent action, but he did not respond to the corruption allegations. [ 1 ] Then he directed his Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) ministers not to resign their posts and resigned his own office. [ 1 ] [ 51 ] Afterwards, Oli fled to an army barracks outside of Kathmandu Valley as per his interview in Kantipur's fireside. [ 52 ] There were conflicting reports on whether President Ram Chandra Poudel resigned as well, as the Nepalese Army denied reports of Poudel's resignation. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Despite this, protests continued nationwide. Protestors set fire to many government buildings: part of Singha Durbar , the administrative headquarters of Nepal; [ 56 ] the adjacent building of the Supreme Court of Nepal ; [ 57 ] the president's residence at Sital Niwas ; [ 58 ] [ 59 ] [ 60 ] the prime minister's residence at Baluwatar ; [ 61 ] and the headquarters of the Communist Party UML. [ 62 ] Multiple reports allege that Nepali Army commander Ashok Raj Sigdel advised Oli to resign in order for the Army to restore peace. [ 63 ]\n\nProtest actions targeted several prominent locations in Kathmandu, including the residences of the prime minister and the president, as well as the homes of various government ministers and members of parliament, which were set ablaze by protesters. [ 64 ] The parliament building was set on fire. [ 65 ] The headquarters of the UML and Nepali Congress was vandalized, with party flags stripped and burned. [ 66 ] Security forces, including the Nepali Army , facilitated the safe evacuation of politicians from affected areas and evacuated to Tribhuvan International Airport (TIA), while attempting to control the escalating incidents of arson and destruction. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] Minister of Agriculture Ram Nath Adhikari and Health Minister Pradip Paudel along with 21 MPs from the Rastriya Swatantra Party resigned, [ 69 ] along with all the MPs of the Rastriya Prajatantra Party . [ 70 ] Several members left Oli's UML party. [ 71 ] Protestors went to TIA to block the political leaders from fleeing. The airport was closed and occupied by the Nepali Army. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] There was ensuing confusion as hundreds of travelers were left stranded in the TIA prompted airlines to order personnel to keep all individuals sheltered within the airport. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Scheduled international flights were diverted to Pokhara or cancelled. [ 76 ] Kantipur media house was set on fire in the early evening. [ 77 ] The online news portal was stopped due to damage in its server, forcing it to post in Facebook as an alternative. [ 78 ] Other buildings burned by protesters were the new Hilton Hotel in Kathmandu and the Ministry of Health building in Ramshahpath. [ 79 ]\n\nSeveral political leaders and their residences were attacked. Former prime minister Sher Bahadur Deuba and his wife, foreign minister Arzu Rana Deuba , were injured while their house was set on fire. They were handed over to the police by protestors. [ 80 ] Deputy prime minister Prakash Man Singh 's house and vehicle were set on fire, [ 81 ] followed by the house of former president Bidya Devi Bhandari at Bhangal, Kathmandu. [ 82 ] Former prime minister Jhala Nath Khanal 's residence was also set on fire, critically injuring his wife Ravi Laxmi Chitrakar. [ 83 ] The residence of Ramesh Lekhak was also set on fire in Naikap, Kathmandu. [ 84 ] In Rupandehi district, the houses of local politicians Bal Krishna Khand , Bhoj Prasad Shrestha and several mayors were burned. [ 85 ] In Chitwan District , the house of former prime minister Prachanda was set on fire. [ 86 ] His daughter Ganga Dahal's house was also set on fire at Lalitpur. A person was found dead the next day in the house. [ 87 ] In Hetauda , several government offices were vandalized and set on fire. [ 88 ] In Karnali Province , the parliament building and the residence of chief minister Yam Lal Kandel was set on fire. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] In Biratnagar , the capital of Koshi Province , the district office and district court were set on fire, followed by the residence of the chief minister and cabinet ministers. [ 91 ]\n\nThe prison in Kailali district was attacked by the protestors. All inmates fled. [ 92 ] Rabi Lamichhane was set free from the Nakhu Jail in Kathmandu, the prison was later set on fire; all prisoners fled. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Kaski prison was also set on fire, resulting in the escape of 773 inmates. [ 95 ] In Banke District , five inmates were killed after security forces opened fire during a jailbreak at a juvenile correctional facility. [ 96 ] The building of the Road Department was severely damaged after being set on fire by protestors, [ 97 ] along with the office of Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority . [ 98 ] The lower station of the Chandragiri Cable Car was also set on fire, along with the CG Electronics Digital Park, Balambu and Thankot Police Station. [ 99 ]\n\nSeveral protesters were injured. Thirty-three were treated in the Teaching Hospital. [ 100 ] Three policemen died in Koteshwor . [ 101 ]\n\nCurfew was imposed in several cities including Kathmandu , Birgunj , Bhairahawa , Butwal , Pokhara , Itahari , and Damak . [ 50 ] Additionally, the police and armed forces began going house-by-house near the protests searching for protesters, and raided the Civil Service Hospital where wounded and dying protesters were taken after being shot or otherwise beaten by government forces. [ 21 ] Tear gas was shot into the hospital. [ 16 ]\n\nA friendly football match between Nepal and Bangladesh that was scheduled for 9 September at the Dasharath Stadium was cancelled because of the events in Nepal. [ 102 ]\n\nTalks about restoring the monarchy re-emerged, with former king Gyanendra emerging as a \"symbol of resistance for those disillusioned with the current political system\", particularly from the royalist opposition to the post Nepali civil war governments. Earlier in the year, monarchists protested , calling for a restoration, ending with a heavy crackdown that caused at least two deaths. [ 103 ] However, organizers urged not to resurface pro-monarchy sentiment, nor hold the Nepali flag as they believed it was a royal form of \"ultranationalism.\" Authors and scholars began to debate the actual intention of these comments, and whether protesters really wanted a restoration of the monarchy. [ 104 ]\n\nAt around 22:00 NPT , the Nepali Army stated that it would \"take charge\" of the country in the absence of the prime minister to ensure \"law and order\" is maintained. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] The press release called for cooperation as they deployed troops later that evening into the early hours of the following day. [ 107 ] Later in the evening, the Chief of Army Staff Ashok Raj Sigdel appealed to the agitating groups for talks. [ 108 ]\n\nIn the early morning, Nepali Army forces were seen patrolling neighborhoods in critical areas. [ 109 ] General Sigdel again encouraged protesters to remain peaceful as the government attempts to restore peace. [ 74 ] [ 110 ] Between approximately 10:00 NPT on 9 September and 22:00 NPT on 10 September, the Army announced detention of 27 individuals on counts of looting, arson, and other \"destructive and anarchic activities\" and seizing weaponry. [ 111 ] Later reports counted 31 firearms. [ 96 ]\n\nIn some places, protestors continued raiding government buildings and politicians' homes through the night, with one video showing a group of protestors taking firearms from homes, including what is believed to be a GSG-522 carbine and a bolt-action rifle. [ 96 ] [ 112 ] The pace was slowed down by noon. A group of protestors started cleaning the street near the parliament building that was set on fire the previous day. [ 113 ] Many army weapons were captured by protesters. One video included armor vests , L1A1 SLR rifles, 37mm Webley & Scott \"Schermuly\" grenade launchers , INSAS 1B1 rifles, Lee–Enfield rifles, and Ishapore 1A1 rifles. [ 114 ]\n\nProtestors held online discussions on Discord to select an interim leader. Around 10:00 pm NPT, the group voted and selected Sushila Karki , The first female prime minister in the history of Nepal.|date=10 September 2025 |title=Nepal's Army Takes Back Kathmandu's Streets After Two Days of Protests: Update from Alex Travelli |url= https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/09/10/world/nepal-protests/77209a26-a919-58b5-99d4-abf665cac32c?smid=url-share |access-date=10 September 2025 |work= The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> Balen Shah , mayor of Kathmandu, and Kul Man Ghising were other candidates. Balen reportedly did not pick up the phone. [ 115 ] Durga Prasai separately met with the army chief, but no concrete conclusion was met. [ 116 ] Karki confirmed her willingness to accept the role in an interview with News18 . [ 117 ]\n\nIn Pokhara, two dead bodies were found inside a burned house at Nayabazar and Lakeside. [ 113 ]\n\nPolice stated that as of 10 September, more than 13,500 prisoners had escaped from prisons nationwide. [ 118 ] Soldiers arrested 303 of those prisoners and handed them over to police. Seventy-three rifles were also returned. [ 87 ] In Dhading District , two inmates were shot dead and seven injured by soldiers when they tried to flee, [ 119 ] while soldiers also thwarted an attempted jailbreak in Kathmandu's main prison. [ 120 ]\n\nTIA's closure was extended late in the morning, but eventually resumed operations. [ 96 ] [ 121 ]\n\nThe New York Times reported that more than 100,000 citizens were using Discord , an online communication software, to select a nominee for interim leader. The server, described as \"the Parliament of Nepal\", had jumped to 145,000 members. The server had reportedly settled on Sushila Karki, the country's former chief justice, and proposed her name for meetings with the Army. [ 27 ]\n\nIn the morning a meeting was held that included President Ram Chandra Poudel , Nepali Army Chief Ashok Raj Sigdel and Gen Z representatives. The meeting was held at Bhadrakali army headquarters as part of efforts to select an interim leader. The Gen Z group advocated for Sushila Karki to be interim prime minister. Balendra Shah, Kul Man Ghising, and mayor of Dharan , Harka Raj Rai were also considered. [ 122 ]\n\nThe Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) announced its support for the protests, with party chairperson Pushpa Kamal Dahal urging protestors to work within the democratic framework. [ 123 ]\n\nMeanwhile, the death toll increased to 34, while more than 1,300 people were injured, according to Nepal's Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP). [ 124 ]\n\nAccording to police spokesperson Binod Ghimire, the dead include 21 protesters, nine prisoners, three police officers, and 18 others. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] Ghimire confirmed that more than 12,500 fugitives remain at large, after escaping from various prisons in Nepal. Some tried to cross into India, where they were apprehended by Indian border forces . [ 127 ] [ 128 ]\n\nSushila Karki , a former Supreme Court chief justice, was inaugurated as interim prime minister. She is the first female prime minister in the history of Nepal. [ 129 ] [ 130 ] Shortly afterwards, president Poudel dissolved parliament and set 5 March as the date for the next election . [ 131 ] [ 132 ]\n\nThe curfew was lifted in the Kathmandu area. [ 133 ] Prime Minister Karki began visiting injured protesters in hospitals. [ 134 ] Deutsche Welle reported that calm appeared to have returned to the streets of the capital, and that normal daily activities had resumed. [ 135 ]\n\nAt least 76 people were killed in the protests; [ 6 ] of these, one was a 12-year-old child and at least 19 were young students. At least 34 protesters died from gunshot wounds \"to the head, chest, abdomen, and neck\" confirmed by autopsy. [ 16 ]\n\nAt least 2,113 were injured. [ 136 ] Search teams were dispatched to recover bodies from all structures set on fire, according to the MoHP. [ 137 ] A day of national mourning for the victims was held on 17 September 2025. [ 138 ]\n\nProtests destroyed numerous public offices, destroying equipment of essential services. Spared offices continued to operate normally while burned offices pitched tents and scraped together materials to resume services. [ 139 ]\n\nAccording to officials from Sushila Karki's interim government, any family who lost a member in the protests would receive monetary compensation of 1 million Nepalese rupees , maximum amount allowed by the law (equivalent to about US$7,000 as of September 2025). [ 140 ] [ 141 ] Those who were injured during the protests would also be compensated. At the same meeting, she called out for unity in order to rebuild the country. [ 130 ]\n\nThe day Karki took office, on 14 September, she \"urged calm and cooperation to rebuild\" following the protests. [ 142 ] She also condemned the destruction caused by protests and claimed that some of the arson was premeditated. She also criticised those who caused damage and pledged to investigate conspiracies behind the violence, intending to spare nobody. [ 143 ] Karki said that she would remain in power for no more than six months. [ 142 ]\n\nAfter the parliament were dissolved and elections were announced for 5 March 2026 mainstream political forces faced debate for change in leadership. In the meantime new parties were registered by popular personalities to take part in the election announced.\n\nNepali Congress: Party youth leaders including Gagan Thapa , Bishwa Prakash Sharma and Pradip Paudel led a debate within party and proposed party convention to be conducted before election to bring reform in the party. [ 144 ] Amidst such discussions, Sher Bahadur Deuba became first politician of any mainstream major party to hand over leadership assigning party vice president Purna Bahadur Khadka as acting president. [ 145 ]\n\nCPN (UML): Debate for call for restructuring of leadership raised by leaders Ishwar Pokhrel , Yogesh Bhattarai and others, Oli did not step down as party chair. Despite widely criticized for uprise and destruction, Oli called party convention in Kathmandu pleading for HoR reinstatement as he was bared from going outside valley. [ 146 ] Publicly, Mahesh Basnet was widely criticized for providing protection and royal treatment to him. [ 147 ]\n\nCPN (Maoist Centre): While party chair Dahal resigned as party chair, he declared himself as party coordinator till party convention would be conducted. [ 148 ] The party then merged with eight different parties including Madhav Kumar Nepal led CPN (Unified Socialist) to form Nepali Communist Party . [ 149 ] In the eve of unification, a group led by former ministers and party portfolios Janardan Sharma , Ram Karki and Sudan Kirati declared Progressive Campaign, Nepal . [ 150 ]\n\nRastriya Swatantra Party: Party faced criticism for leader worship when Sumana Shrestha left party while leaders including Ganesh Karki and Toshima Karki faced setback within party for criticizing leadership. [ 151 ] Later chief whip Santosh Pariyar left the party and joined hands with Baburam Bhattarai and Janardan Sharma to form Progressive Citizens' Party . [ 152 ] [ 153 ]\n\nRegional party Janamat faced a split when chief minister Satish Kumar Singh sided split under Janaswaraj Party and senior leader along with spokesperson left party asking for end to leader worship. [ 154 ] [ 155 ] Parties were registered under the leadership of Harka Sampang , Birendra Bahadur Basnet while a party named Ujyaalo Nepal Party was formed by Kul Man Ghising as an alternative force. [ 156 ] [ 157 ]\n\nFormer Minister of Justice Gobinda Bandi said the social media ban goes against the constitution and basic freedoms, including rights protected by Nepal's constitution and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). [ 158 ]\n\nThe Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP), part of the opposition, condemned the social media ban and the police response to the protests, and called for the immediate dissolution of the current government . [ 159 ]\n\nIn a Facebook post, Kathmandu's mayor Balendra Shah said he could not attend the protests because of the age limit set by the organizers. However, he believed it was important to listen to their voices. [ 160 ] President Ram Chandra Poudel and the Nepalese army appealed for calm and political dialogue. [ 161 ]\n\nGyanendra , the former King of Nepal , issued a statement condemning the violent crackdown on the protests and calling on the government to listen to the demands of the protesters. He further urged the protest movement to remain peaceful and avoid being hijacked by criminal elements. [ 162 ] Various hotels in Pokhara's lakeside area were set on fire during the protests. The Hotel Association Pokhara Nepal called for an investigation on the vandalism and for government compensation, as Pokhara's tourism industry was heavily hit. [ 163 ] [ 164 ]\n\nIn October, Nepalese physicians pleaded to the UN Human Rights Council to investigate the human rights violations against children and health-care personnel. They have asked the UN International Children's Emergency Fund and the WHO to help the victims. [ 16 ]\n\nThe unrest in Nepal impacted activities along the India–Nepal border . Local sources noted that markets had fallen silent, causing larger economic stagnation across neighbouring regions. Shortly after the worries, the Maharashtra State Emergency Operations Centre (SEOC) issued a travel advisory on 9 September requesting Indian citizens not to travel until further notice. It made emergency helplines available and encouraged both Indian and Nepali citizens in Nepal to also remain in place. [ 74 ] [ 165 ] Early in the morning of 10 September, Air India , IndiGo , SpiceJet , and several other Indian airlines officially cancelled all flights in and out of Tribhuvan International Airport , commonly known as TIA. [ 74 ] After TIA was reopened later that day, IndiGo resumed flights. [ 166 ] However, sources from inside TIA reported that the airport was still at a standstill, with little communication of updates from authorities. [ 167 ]\n\nIndia's Ministry of External Affairs said it was closely monitoring the protests, expressing grief over the casualties and extending condolences to the victims' families. It also wished a speedy recovery for the injured and advised Indian citizens in Nepal to follow curfew orders and safety guidelines. [ 168 ] [ 169 ] [ 170 ]\n\nThe Bangladeshi Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that it was closely monitoring the situation in Nepal, while expressing condolences to the families of the deceased and wishing recovery to the injured. It also stated that it hoped a \"peaceful and constructive dialogue\" among \"all relevant parties\" in the country to resolve any kind of differences. [ 171 ]\n\nThe military leader of Myanmar, Min Aung Hlaing , stated during a meeting with the State Security and Peace Commission that \"[lessons should be learned from the] outside interference [in Nepal].\" [ 172 ] [ 173 ]\n\nUnited Nations Secretary-General António Guterres 's spokesman, Stéphane Dujarric , said the secretary-general was \"deeply saddened by the loss of life\" and called on the authorities to comply with international human rights law and for the protestors to respect life and property. [ 174 ]\n\nVolker Türk , the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, said he was \"appalled\" by the escalating violence and called on the security forces to exercise the utmost restraint. [ 175 ] He also called for an investigation into conduct of the security forces, particularly the deaths of protestors and reports of \"disproportionate use of force\". [ 176 ]\n\nAmnesty International condemned the crackdown and called for independent investigation and accountability on 8 September. It called for a de-escalation while urging authorities to \"exercise maximum restraint\" in its use of force. It supported the protesters rights to protest peacefully and demanded the government heed the \"legitimate demands of the youth to end corruption\" to reestablish civil liberties. [ 177 ]\n\nHuman Rights Watch did not immediately make a statement on the protests, but suggested certain actions in a news report on 9 September. Its statements were supported by findings that the Nepali government has \"a record of silencing online speech,\" which fueled growing discontent in younger population. Citing the ban's lifting and rampant militaristic police violence it suggested that \"Nepali authorities should promptly and impartially investigate the police use of force and appropriately discipline or prosecute all those responsible for abuses, regardless of rank.\" Its Asia director, Meenakshi Ganguly, underscored that the police shootings \"shows the administration's appalling disregard for the lives of its own citizens and desperate need to suppress criticism.\" It further cited the UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms and tracking of the UN Human Rights Committee to argue that the government's use of live ammunition was extrajudicial. [ 178 ]\n\nThe International Federation for Human Rights and World Organisation Against Torture released a joint statement condemning the crackdown on peaceful protests on 9 September. It called for the government to \"immediately halt all forms of violation and brutality by authorities against protesters,\" ensure that the ban rollback was permanent through legal means, and to uphold its state party status to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) by maintaining \"respect [for] the fundamental rights of its people–both online and offline.\" [ 179 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "protester government nepal decentralise leadership september largescale anticorruption protest demonstration take place across nepal predominantly organize generation student young citizen also know gen protest begin follow nationwide ban numerous social medium platform include youtube facebook whatsapp incorporate public frustration corruption display wealth government official family well allegation mismanagement public fund movement expand encompass broad issue governance transparency political accountability protest escalate police violence child hospital protest public official vandalism government political building take place throughout country september prime minister sharma oli along government minister resign september sushila karki appoint interim prime minister nepal protest die september least people kill one yearold child least young student least protester die gunshot wound september government nepal order shutdown social medium platform include facebook youtube linkedin reddit signal snapchat fail register ministry communication information technology new rule accord people dispatch registration requirement motivate part way enable enforcement new digital service tax stricter valueadded tax rule foreign eservice provider effort boost revenue well source need however critic allege shutdown prompt social medium trend highlight nepotism focus undue privilege enjoy child relatives influential political leader accord people dispatch medium platform ban significant impact nepalese political economy nepalese gdp come remittance hundred thousand exit permit issue alongside youth unemployment remittance keep thousand household afloat pay import bill also indicate lack structural transformation domestic economy toward employmentfirst model push youth work online space well source need ban social medium thus threaten youth livelihood citation need prior protest average nepali citizen make per year family countrys rule elite display wealth social medium nepo kid trend prompt significant public anger particularly generation user median age nepal population mean large part population gen age group use social medium relatively young population combine countrys largely rural rough terrain substantial migration abroad lead nepal high social medium usage south asia nepalese social medium account indians social medium account youth participatory group particularly hami nepal nongovernmental organization use discord online community call server discord instagram channel central organise tool gen protest anyone could join hami nepal discord group make vulnerable troll people not live nepal accord india today message hami nepal discord advocate violence nepalese leadership tactical discussion discord include procurement use molotov cocktail suggestion seize ammunition police station instruction disable aeroplane tyre use acetylene gas police response lead death organiser discord server ask member stop attend class call indefinite closure college school government accept accountability fatality protestors use vpns post flyer code evade social medium ban olis resignation army chief meet hami nepal ask suggest nominee interim leader would oversee national election discord server member user meet virtually discord channel debate discussion several poll use subchannels factchecking member settle sushila karki shaswot lamichhane establish discord server serve channel moderator recent graduate background science technology play pivotal role technical coordination underpin exercise digital democracy explain discussion meant simulate minielection supporter process see jazeera english view online process revolutionary counter traditional practice politician choose leader behind closed door display little transparency sudan gurung founder youth organization hami nepal widely regard one central figure gen protest emerge leading voice advocate transparency digital democracy gurung coordinate online discussion discord serve liaison protest organizer nepali army transition period follow prime minister sharma olis resignation scholar nonviolent resistance argue digital literacy secure communication become increasingly central sustain nonviolent campaign twentyfirst century nepal gen protest begin youthled demonstration government ban major social medium platform longstanding corruption inequality initially frame organizer peaceful rally symbolic action shutdown platform include facebook youtube whatsapp heighten fear surveillance content removal draw wider pattern digital repression activist report mainstream platform felt heavily monitor vulnerable takedown youth organization therefore rely platform discord instagram central tool coordination use discord server structure channel rolebased permission manage access share logistical information hold largescale discussion strategy organizer also use flyer cod virtual private network vpns direct supporter space bypass platform restriction time report discord chat logs indicate user also discuss confrontational tactic include molotov cocktail attack infrastructure reveal tension within movement far escalate analyst nonviolent resistance note debate common contemporary protest wave movement often combine mass peaceful mobilization episode riot property destruction nepalese case highlight gen activist intertwine nonviolent ideal concern digital security seek protect physical protester online community challenge entrenched political elite large gathering take place kathmandu particularly maitighar mandala around federal parliament build new baneshwor ten thousand participant protest originally organize peaceful rally hami nepal ngo whose website highlight earthquake relief project anil baniya one protest organiser hami nepal say government crack protester megraj giri another protester throw rock cctv camera baniya state begin peaceful protest hijack external force political party cadre regardless government not respond stone thrown live ammunition arm police straw hat pirate jolly roger flag manga series one piece use protester similar fashion indonesian protest original protest grow evolved movement formal leadership individual join voluntarily opposition corruption social medium ban demonstration escalate protester attempt enter federal parliament nepal lead security force respond tear gas water cannon rubber bullet live ammunition video geolocation publish evening show numerous victim kill front parliament building victim see lie inanimate ground many serious fatal wound head torso video show victim face blown expert identify bullet fire come lightweight xmm automatic rifle kathmandu district administration office impose curfew part capital near government building however protest continue confrontation result least people kill people injure seventeen protester kill capital national human right commission call authority not use excessive force show restraint handle protest even government lift ban social medium platform home minister ramesh lekhak resign curfew impose several major city include kathmandu birgunj bhairahawa butwal pokhara itahari damak follow protest complete dissolution parliament begin primarily cause initial government response original protest prime minister sharma oli begin day call party cease violent action not respond corruption allegation direct communist party nepal unified marxistleninist minister not resign post resign office afterwards oli flee army barrack outside kathmandu valley per interview kantipurs fireside conflict report whether president ram chandra poudel resign well nepalese army deny report poudels resignation despite protest continue nationwide protestors set fire many government building part singha durbar administrative headquarters nepal adjacent build supreme court nepal president residence sital niwas prime minister residence baluwatar headquarters communist party uml multiple report allege nepali army commander ashok raj sigdel advise oli resign order army restore peace protest action target several prominent location kathmandu include residence prime minister president well home various government minister member parliament set ablaze protester parliament building set fire headquarters uml nepali congress vandalize party flag strip burn security force include nepali army facilitate safe evacuation politician affect area evacuate tribhuvan international airport tia attempt control escalate incident arson destruction minister agriculture ram nath adhikari health minister pradip paudel along mp rastriya swatantra party resign along mp rastriya prajatantra party several member leave olis uml party protestors go tia block political leader flee airport close occupied nepali army ensue confusion hundred traveler leave stranded tia prompt airline order personnel keep individual shelter within airport schedule international flight divert pokhara cancel kantipur medium house set fire early evening online news portal stop due damage server force post facebook alternative building burn protester new hilton hotel kathmandu ministry health build ramshahpath several political leader residence attack former prime minister sher bahadur deuba wife foreign minister arzu rana deuba injured house set fire hand police protestors deputy prime minister prakash man singh house vehicle set fire follow house former president bidya devi bhandari bhangal kathmandu former prime minister jhala nath khanal residence also set fire critically injure wife ravi laxmi chitrakar residence ramesh lekhak also set fire naikap kathmandu rupandehi district house local politician bal krishna khand bhoj prasad shrestha several mayor burn chitwan district house former prime minister prachanda set fire daughter ganga dahals house also set fire lalitpur person find dead next day house hetauda several government office vandalize set fire karnali province parliament build residence chief minister yam lal kandel set fire biratnagar capital koshi province district office district court set fire follow residence chief minister cabinet minister prison kailali district attack protestors inmate flee rabi lamichhane set free nakhu jail kathmandu prison later set fire prisoner flee kaski prison also set fire result escape inmate banke district five inmate kill security force open fire jailbreak juvenile correctional facility build road department severely damage set fire protestors along office commission investigation abuse authority low station chandragiri cable car also set fire along electronics digital park balambu thankot police station several protester injure thirtythree treat teaching hospital three policeman die koteshwor curfew impose several city include kathmandu birgunj bhairahawa butwal pokhara itahari damak additionally police arm force begin go housebyhouse near protest search protester raid civil service hospital wound die protester take shot otherwise beaten government force tear gas shot hospital friendly football match nepal bangladesh schedule september dasharath stadium cancel event nepal talk restore monarchy reemerged former king gyanendra emerge symbol resistance disillusion current political system particularly royalist opposition post nepali civil war government earlier year monarchist protest call restoration end heavy crackdown cause least two death however organizer urge not resurface promonarchy sentiment nor hold nepali flag believe royal form ultranationalism author scholars begin debate actual intention comment whether protester really want restoration monarchy around npt nepali army state would take charge country absence prime minister ensure law order maintain press release call cooperation deploy troop later even early hour follow day later even chief army staff ashok raj sigdel appeal agitate group talk early morning nepali army force see patrol neighborhood critical area general sigdel encourage protester remain peaceful government attempt restore peace approximately npt september npt september army announce detention individual count loot arson destructive anarchic activity seize weaponry later report count firearm place protestors continue raid government building politician home night one video show group protestors take firearm home include believe gsg carbine boltaction rifle pace slow noon group protestors start clean street near parliament building set fire previous day many army weapon capture protester one video include armor vest slr rifle webley scott schermuly grenade launcher insas rifle leenfield rifle ishapore rifle protestors hold online discussion discord select interim leader around npt group vote select sushila karki first female prime minister history nepaldate september titlenepals army take back kathmandus street two day protest update alex travelli url accessdate september work new york time languageenref balen shah mayor kathmandu kul man ghising candidate balen reportedly not pick phone durga prasai separately meet army chief concrete conclusion meet karki confirm willingness accept role interview news pokhara two dead body find inside burn house nayabazar lakeside police state september prisoner escape prison nationwide soldier arrest prisoner hand police seventythree rifle also return dhading district two inmate shoot dead seven injured soldier try flee soldier also thwart attempted jailbreak kathmandu main prison tias closure extend late morning eventually resume operation new york time report citizen use discord online communication software select nominee interim leader server describe parliament nepal jump member server reportedly settle sushila karki country former chief justice propose name meeting army morning meeting hold include president ram chandra poudel nepali army chief ashok raj sigdel gen representative meet hold bhadrakali army headquarters part effort select interim leader gen group advocate sushila karki interim prime minister balendra shah kul man ghising mayor dharan harka raj rai also consider communist party nepal maoist centre announce support protest party chairperson pushpa kamal dahal urge protestors work within democratic framework meanwhile death toll increase people injured accord nepal ministry health population mohp accord police spokesperson binod ghimire dead include protester nine prisoner three police officer others ghimire confirm fugitive remain large escape various prison nepal try cross india apprehend indian border force sushila karki former supreme court chief justice inaugurate interim prime minister first female prime minister history nepal shortly afterwards president poudel dissolve parliament set march date next election curfew lift kathmandu area prime minister karki begin visit injured protester hospital deutsche welle report calm appear returned street capital normal daily activity resume least people kill protest one yearold child least young student least protester die gunshot wound head chest abdomen neck confirm autopsy least injured search team dispatch recover body structure set fire accord mohp day national mourning victim hold september protest destroy numerous public office destroy equipment essential service spar office continue operate normally burn office pitch tent scrap together material resume service accord official sushila karkis interim government family lose member protest would receive monetary compensation million nepalese rupee maximum amount allow law equivalent september injured protest would also compensate meeting call unity order rebuild country day karki take office september urge calm cooperation rebuild follow protest also condemn destruction cause protest claim arson premeditate also criticise cause damage pledge investigate conspiracy behind violence intend spare nobody karki say would remain power six month parliament dissolve election announce march mainstream political force face debate change leadership meantime new party register popular personality take part election announce nepali congress party youth leader include gagan thapa bishwa prakash sharma pradip paudel lead debate within party propose party convention conduct election bring reform party amidst discussion sher bahadur deuba become first politician mainstream major party hand leadership assign party vice president purna bahadur khadka act president cpn uml debate call restructuring leadership raise leader ishwar pokhrel yogesh bhattarai others oli not step party chair despite widely criticize uprise destruction oli call party convention kathmandu plead hor reinstatement bar go outside valley publicly mahesh basnet widely criticize provide protection royal treatment cpn maoist centre party chair dahal resign party chair declare party coordinator till party convention would conduct party merge eight different party include madhav kumar nepal lead cpn unified socialist form nepali communist party eve unification group lead former minister party portfolio janardan sharma ram karki sudan kirati declare progressive campaign nepal rastriya swatantra party party face criticism leader worship sumana shrestha leave party leader include ganesh karki toshima karki face setback within party criticize leadership later chief whip santosh pariyar leave party join hand baburam bhattarai janardan sharma form progressive citizen party regional party janamat face split chief minister satish kumar singh side split janaswaraj party senior leader along spokesperson leave party ask end leader worship party register leadership harka sampang birendra bahadur basnet party name ujyaalo nepal party form kul man ghising alternative force former minister justice gobinda bandi say social medium ban go constitution basic freedom include right protect nepal constitution international covenant civil political right iccpr rastriya prajatantra party rpp part opposition condemn social medium ban police response protest call immediate dissolution current government facebook post kathmandu mayor balendra shah say could not attend protest age limit set organizer however believe important listen voice president ram chandra poudel nepalese army appeal calm political dialogue gyanendra former king nepal issue statement condemn violent crackdown protest call government listen demand protester urge protest movement remain peaceful avoid hijack criminal element various hotel pokharas lakeside area set fire protest hotel association pokhara nepal call investigation vandalism government compensation pokharas tourism industry heavily hit october nepalese physician plead human right council investigate human right violation child healthcare personnel ask international childrens emergency fund help victim unrest nepal impacted activity along indianepal border local source note market fall silent cause large economic stagnation across neighbour region shortly worry maharashtra state emergency operation centre seoc issue travel advisory september request indian citizen not travel notice make emergency helplines available encouraged indian nepali citizen nepal also remain place early morning september air india indigo spicejet several indian airline officially cancel flight tribhuvan international airport commonly know tia tia reopen later day indigo resume flight however source inside tia report airport still standstill little communication update authority indias ministry external affair say closely monitoring protest express grief casualty extend condolence victim family also wish speedy recovery injure advised indian citizen nepal follow curfew order safety guideline bangladeshi ministry foreign affair state closely monitoring situation nepal express condolence family decease wish recovery injure also state hop peaceful constructive dialogue among relevant party country resolve kind difference military leader myanmar min aung hlaing state meeting state security peace commission lesson learn outside interference nepal united nation secretarygeneral antnio guterres spokesman stphane dujarric say secretarygeneral deeply sadden loss life call authority comply international human right law protestors respect life property volker trk united nation high commissioner human right say appalled escalating violence call security force exercise utmost restraint also call investigation conduct security force particularly deaths protestors report disproportionate use force amnesty international condemn crackdown call independent investigation accountability september call deescalation urge authority exercise maximum restraint use force support protester right protest peacefully demanded government heed legitimate demand youth end corruption reestablish civil liberty human right watch not immediately make statement protest suggest certain action news report september statement support finding nepali government record silence online speech fuel grow discontent young population cite ban lift rampant militaristic police violence suggest nepali authority promptly impartially investigate police use force appropriately discipline prosecute responsible abuse regardless rank asia director meenakshi ganguly underscored police shooting show administration appal disregard live citizen desperate need suppress criticism cite basic principle use force firearm track human right committee argue government use live ammunition extrajudicial international federation human right world organisation torture release joint statement condemn crackdown peaceful protest september call government immediately halt form violation brutality authority protester ensure ban rollback permanent legal mean uphold state party status office unite nation high commissioner human right ohchr international covenant civil political right iccpr maintain respect fundamental right peopleboth online offline"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_About.com/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_About.com.json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_About.com",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com",
+    "transformers_text": "People Inc. (formerly The Mining Company , About.com , Dotdash and Dotdash Meredith ) is an American digital media company based in New York City . It publishes online articles and videos about various subjects across categories including health, home, food, finance, tech, beauty, lifestyle, travel, and education. [ 2 ]\n\nThe firm operates 40 brands, including the flagship title People , Life , Food & Wine , Travel + Leisure , Better Homes and Gardens , Verywell , Allrecipes , Real Simple , Investopedia , Southern Living , Byrdie, Serious Eats , The Spruce , EatingWell, Health , Parents , InStyle , Simply Recipes , Entertainment Weekly , and Martha Stewart Living . [ 3 ]\n\nIn August 2012, About.com became a property of IAC , [ 4 ] owner of Ask.com and numerous other online brands, and its revenue is generated by advertising. In addition to its Manhattan headquarters, Dotdash Meredith maintains offices elsewhere in the New York metropolitan area , as well as in Des Moines, Iowa , and Birmingham, Alabama . [ 5 ]\n\nIt took its Dotdash Meredith name in 2021 after IAC acquired Meredith Corporation and Time Inc. Time had merged with Warner Communications in 1990 to form Time Warner (TW), but was spun off as a publicly traded company in 2014. TW kept its legal name until being acquired by AT&T in 2018 and being renamed WarnerMedia (and Warner Bros. Discovery in 2022).\n\nFounded in 1996 as The Mining Company, the site was launched on April 21, 1997, by Scott Kurnit , owner of General Internet, Bill Day, and a group of other entrepreneurs in New York City . [ 6 ] The original goal was to maintain 1,800 topic areas, but after five years of operation, this number was reduced to around 700. [ 7 ]\n\nIn May 1999, the company changed its name to \"About Inc.\" and the website name from \"miningco.com\" to \"about.com\". [ 8 ] The company was acquired by Primedia (now Rent Group ), in 2000 through a deal valued at US$690 million, whereby Primedia swapped 45.2 million shares for About, Inc.'s 18.1 million shares. At the time of the acquisition announcement, About Inc. was measured at US$133 million in cash and no debt (Sept. 30, 2000), while the Media Metrix company tallied 21 million unique monthly visitors—making it the seventh-most-visited \"network of sites\" at the time—a network of over 700 topic sites, sorted into 36 areas and 50,000 subjects, and approximately 4,000 advertisers. Following the purchase, which was finalized in the first quarter of 2001, the combined company was called \"Primedia\" and Kurnit remained chief executive officer (CEO). [ 7 ]\n\nIn February 2005, The New York Times Company (Times Co.) announced it was buying About.com, [ 9 ] [ 10 ] a purchase that was completed in the first half of the year for US$410 million. [ 11 ] Google and Yahoo! were reportedly among the other bidders. [ 12 ] Following the Times Co. acquisition, Peter C. Horan was appointed as About Inc.'s president and CEO, but he was soon replaced by Scott Meyer in May 2005. [ 13 ]\n\nIn March 2007, About.com's patronage was measured at 33.5 million unique visitors. On May 7, 2007, About Inc. acquired ConsumerSearch.com—a site that generated 3 million unique monthly visitors during the first quarter of 2007—for US$33 million in cash following two other purchases that were made in the preceding eight-month period: UCompareHealthCare.com and Calorie-Count.com. [ 14 ]\n\nInitially conceived of in January 2007, About.com's first fully owned foreign venture, the China-based Abang.com, debuted in December 2007. [ 15 ] At the time of the launch, the company had a Japan-based online entity, Allabout.co.jp, but it functioned under a licensing agreement. By January 2008, the China site consisted of around 25 employees, as well as 80 guides who were responsible for article production within seven categories: Fashion, Food, Health, Hobbies, Pets, Digital, and Travel. As part of the localization process, the China initiative—led by Matt Roberts, who became the CEO of Abang.com, and Wen-Wei Wang, the vice president of technology for the launch—was named \"Abang\" because the Chinese character \"bang\" refers to the concept of a group or community. [ 16 ] [ 17 ]\n\nThe About Group generated US$102.7 million in 2007, which represented a 135-percent increase from the time of the Times Co. acquisition. Meyer stepped down from the chief executive role in March 2008 and was replaced by Cella Irvine, who previously worked for Hearst Corp. and Microsoft Corp. [ 18 ] In April 2011, Irvine launched the About en Español website, which was About's first Spanish-language channel and initially featured nine topics, including movies and makeup, that were to be expanded by around 100 by the start of 2012. The launch was part of an overall strategy that included a redesigned About.com homepage, a doubling of the number of \"how-to\" and do-it-yourself videos on About.com's 24 channels, and new outlets on About.com for advertisers. [ 19 ]\n\nThe significant impact of the Great Recession upon online advertising was experienced shortly after Irvine's appointment, and she was removed from the CEO role after three years and three consecutive quarters in which revenue decreased. Martin Nisenholtz, SVP of digital operations, temporarily replaced Irvine following her departure in May 2011. [ 20 ]\n\nIn July 2011, Darline Jean was named CEO of the About Group, after the company's second-quarter revenues totalled US$27.8 million. Jean previously served as About's chief financial officer (CFO) and was promoted on September 1, 2011. [ 21 ]\n\nA media report published in August 2012 indicated that Answers.com had reached a preliminary agreement to acquire About.com for US$270 million. [ 22 ] However, on August 26, Barry Diller 's IAC announced that it would acquire About.com instead for US$300 million in cash. [ 23 ] A source for TechCrunch later confirmed that Answers.com's offer was reportedly valued at US$270 million, but consisted of debt and equity in Answers.com. [ 24 ]\n\nIn the corresponding press release, IAC explained that the acquisition would help bolster and accompany its existing properties, such as the Ask.com web search engine . [ 9 ] Jean fulfilled her role as chief executive during the transition period, while ownership was transferred to IAC, and then left About.com shortly after the sale was finalized. [ 25 ] At the time of the IAC acquisition, which was signed on August 26, 2012, About.com consisted of nearly 1,000 topic sites and over three million unique articles, while, in traffic terms, Alexa Internet ranked the site as number 37 in the U.S. and 80 in the global context. [ 24 ] [ 26 ]\n\nOn April 2, 2013, Neil Vogel became the new CEO of About.com. Up until March 2003, Vogel was a key executive member of the marketing and media company Alloy Inc., a role that he left to cofound the Recognition Media marketing business that is responsible for producing the annual Webby Awards event, as well as the Internet Week NY and Europe events. [ 27 ] Vogel was selected by Business Insider for its 2012 \"The Coolest People In New York Tech This Year\" list, for his work as a venture partner of FirstMark Capital. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] As of May 2013 [update] , About.com was receiving about 84 million unique monthly visitors. [ 30 ]\n\nFollowing his appointment, Vogel's overall plan for About focused on social, mobile, and user experience, with an emphasis on increasing the amount of time that users remain on the site, rather than attracting people in the first instance. [ 30 ] Vogel also stressed the importance of monetization in his numerous post-appointment interviews, and he included a summary of About's revenue model as part of his discussion of the future with Bloomberg :\n\n[We make money] one way, in general: we're advertising-supported. And that's monetized two ways: we do a lot of display advertising, and we do a lot of people clicking on links that we get paid for from Google and others... If we have all this traffic, and we have all this content, if we can make people engage with content more, and spend more time here [About.com], and do more things, we're going to have more page views and much more of an opportunity to monetize About. [ 31 ]\n\nVogel further explained that IAC has been able to create \"compelling\" content that manages to successfully engage Internet users, while About's content, in particular, is favoured by the Google search engine. [ 31 ] Furthermore, Vogel stated that native advertising is a marketing initiative that he would like to explore with caution, as \"it's a really big opportunity to let marketers talk to our audience in the voice that they're already comfortable with.\" [ 32 ]\n\nIn April 2014, Vogel revealed to the media that the About.com team had grown from 100 employees to 176, and the number of site contributors had increased by 20 percent. The company's developers updated the website's backend to be capable of handling a greater degree of interactivity at the front end, while a major emphasis was placed on responsive web design, as the traffic from mobile devices and tablets was measured at nearly 40 percent. [ 33 ]\n\nThe About.com website was relaunched in September 2014, following a significant redesign that expanded upon the new homepage that debuted in July 2014. Based on an analysis of the needs of both users and advertisers, the redesign sought to create an improved user experience and facilitate social sharing, including the addition of social media buttons that were not featured at the time of Vogel's appointment. [ 33 ]\n\nOn May 2, 2017, IAC announced the completed rebranding of About.com to Dotdash, [ 34 ] after about a year of transition. [ 35 ] CEO Neil Vogel said that the company had lost mind share and needed to change its marketing strategy. [ 36 ] According to WIRED , the About.com brand was retired, despite its profitability, to make way for a new business model. [ 37 ] The company refocused on vertical markets through its niche websites: The Balance (personal finance), Lifewire (tech), The Spruce (home and food), VeryWell (health), TripSavvy (travel), and ThoughtCo (education). [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 38 ]\n\nOn March 29, 2018, Dotdash won Digiday's Publisher of the Year. [ 39 ] In July of the same year, Dotdash acquired Investopedia . [ 40 ] [ 41 ] On October 15, TripSavvy launched the Editors' Choice Awards. [ 42 ]\n\nOn January 8, 2019, Dotdash announced the acquisition of Byrdie (beauty) and MyDomaine (women's lifestyle) from Clique Brands. [ 43 ] On May 15, Dotdash announced the acquisition of Brides from Conde Nast . [ 44 ] In the spring of 2019, Dotdash's home site, The Spruce , announced the launch of its first-ever paint collection, The Spruce Best Home, in partnership with KILZ and sold exclusively on Amazon . [ 45 ] On October 1, Dotdash announced the acquisition of Liquor.com. [ 46 ]\n\nOn February 4, 2020, Dotdash announced the acquisition of TreeHugger and Mother Nature Network. [ 47 ] In June, Dotdash was named Digiday's Publisher of the Year in Digiday's Media Awards 2020. [ 48 ] The Spruce won for Best User Experience and CEO Neil Vogel won Executive of the Year. [ 49 ] On September 22, Dotdash announced that it acquired Simply Recipes and Serious Eats from Fexy Media. [ 50 ]\n\nOn October 6, 2021, Dotdash announced the acquisition of Meredith 's magazine and other non-broadcast assets (including the former Time Inc. assets) for $2.7 billion, forming a new entity called Dotdash Meredith. [ 51 ] The transaction was finalized on December 1. [ 52 ] On February 9, 2022, Dotdash CEO Neil Vogel issued a memo revealing that six former Meredith Corporation magazines ( Entertainment Weekly , InStyle , EatingWell , Health , Parents , and People en Español ) would cease print circulation and switch to a digital-only format. [ 53 ]\n\nOn July 31, 2025, the company announced it had rebranded as People Inc. [ 54 ] Vogel explained that the company wanted a simpler name that was more reflective of its business (suggesting that Dotdash Meredith sounded like a law firm or oil company), and chose to name it after People to reflect its position as both their flagship property, and to symbolize that amid the growth of artificial intelligence, \"People\" was \"a really good representation of our narrative and what we do in this world.\" [ 55 ]\n\nAssets of People, Inc.:\n\nHealth [ 56 ]\n\nFinance [ 57 ]\n\nFood & Drink [ 58 ]\n\nHome [ 59 ]\n\nBeauty & Style [ 60 ]\n\nTravel [ 61 ]\n\nTech & Sustainability [ 62 ]\n\nEntertainment [ 63 ]\n\nPremium Publishing [ 64 ]\n\nPeople Inc. has offices at three locations in the USA including New York, Des Moines, and Birmingham. [ 65 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "people inc formerly mine company aboutcom dotdash dotdash meredith american digital medium company base new york city publishes online article videos various subject across category include health home food finance tech beauty lifestyle travel education firm operate brand include flagship title people life food wine travel leisure well home garden verywell allrecipes real simple investopedia southern living byrdie serious eats spruce eatingwell health parent instyle simply recipes entertainment weekly martha stewart live august aboutcom become property iac owner askcom numerous online brand revenue generate advertising addition manhattan headquarters dotdash meredith maintains office elsewhere new york metropolitan area well des moines iowa birmingham alabama take dotdash meredith name iac acquire meredith corporation time inc time merge warner communication form time warner spin publicly trade company keep legal name acquire att rename warnermedia warner bros discovery found mining company site launch april scott kurnit owner general internet bill day group entrepreneurs new york city original goal maintain topic area five year operation number reduce around may company change name inc website name miningcocom aboutcom company acquire primedia rent group deal value million whereby primedia swap million share incs million share time acquisition announcement inc measure million cash debt sept medium metrix company tally million unique monthly visitorsmaking seventhmostvisited network site timea network topic site sort area subject approximately advertiser follow purchase finalize first quarter combine company call primedia kurnit remain chief executive officer ceo february new york time company times announce buying aboutcom purchase complete first half year million google yahoo reportedly among bidder follow time acquisition peter horan appoint incs president ceo soon replace scott meyer may march aboutcoms patronage measure million unique visitor may inc acquire consumersearchcoma site generate million unique monthly visitor first quarter million cash follow two purchase make precede eightmonth period ucomparehealthcarecom caloriecountcom initially conceive january aboutcoms first fully own foreign venture chinabased abangcom debut december time launch company japanbased online entity allaboutcojp function licensing agreement january china site consist around employee well guide responsible article production within seven category fashion food health hobby pet digital travel part localization process china initiativeled matt robert become ceo abangcom wenwei wang vice president technology launchwas name abang chinese character bang refers concept group community group generate million represented percent increase time time acquisition meyer step chief executive role march replace cella irvine previously work hearst corp microsoft corp april irvine launch espaol website abouts first spanishlanguage channel initially feature nine topic include movie makeup expand around start launch part overall strategy include redesign aboutcom homepage double number howto doityourself videos aboutcoms channel new outlet aboutcom advertiser significant impact great recession upon online advertising experience shortly irvines appointment remove ceo role three year three consecutive quarter revenue decrease martin nisenholtz svp digital operation temporarily replace irvine follow departure may july darline jean name ceo group company secondquarter revenue total million jean previously serve abouts chief financial officer cfo promote september medium report publish august indicate answerscom reach preliminary agreement acquire aboutcom million however august barry diller iac announce would acquire aboutcom instead million cash source techcrunch later confirm answerscoms offer reportedly value million consisted debt equity answerscom correspond press release iac explained acquisition would help bolster accompany exist property askcom web search engine jean fulfil role chief executive transition period ownership transfer iac leave aboutcom shortly sale finalized time iac acquisition sign august aboutcom consist nearly topic sit three million unique article traffic term alexa internet rank site number global context april neil vogel become new ceo aboutcom march vogel key executive member marketing medium company alloy inc role leave cofound recognition medium marketing business responsible produce annual webby award event well internet week europe event vogel select business insider coolest people new york tech year list work venture partner firstmark capital may update aboutcom receive million unique monthly visitor follow appointment vogels overall plan focus social mobile user experience emphasis increase amount time user remain site rather attract people first instance vogel also stress importance monetization numerous postappointment interview include summary abouts revenue model part discussion future bloomberg make money one way general advertisingsupported thats monetize two way lot display advertising lot people click link get pay google others traffic content make people engage content spend time aboutcom thing go page view much opportunity monetize vogel explain iac able create compelling content manages successfully engage internet user abouts content particular favour google search engine furthermore vogel state native advertising marketing initiative would like explore caution really big opportunity let marketer talk audience voice theyre already comfortable april vogel reveal medium aboutcom team grow employee number site contributor increase percent company developer update website backend capable handling great degree interactivity front end major emphasis place responsive web design traffic mobile device tablet measure nearly percent aboutcom website relaunched september follow significant redesign expand upon new homepage debut july base analysis need user advertiser redesign sought create improve user experience facilitate social share include addition social medium button not featured time vogels appointment may iac announce complete rebranding aboutcom dotdash year transition ceo neil vogel say company lose mind share need change marketing strategy accord wire aboutcom brand retire despite profitability make way new business model company refocus vertical market niche websites balance personal finance lifewire tech spruce home food verywell health tripsavvy travel thoughtco education march dotdash digidays publisher year july year dotdash acquire investopedia october tripsavvy launch editor choice award january dotdash announce acquisition byrdie beauty mydomaine womens lifestyle clique brand may dotdash announced acquisition bride conde nast spring dotdashs home site spruce announce launch firstever paint collection spruce best home partnership kilz sell exclusively amazon october dotdash announce acquisition liquorcom february dotdash announce acquisition treehugger mother nature network june dotdash name digidays publisher year digidays medium award spruce best user experience ceo neil vogel executive year september dotdash announce acquire simply recipes serious eats fexy medium october dotdash announce acquisition meredith magazine nonbroadcast asset include former time inc asset billion form new entity call dotdash meredith transaction finalize december february dotdash ceo neil vogel issue memo reveal six former meredith corporation magazine entertainment weekly instyle eatingwell health parent people espaol would cease print circulation switch digitalonly format july company announce rebranded people inc vogel explain company want simpler name reflective business suggest dotdash meredith sound like law firm oil company choose name people reflect position flagship property symbolize amid growth artificial intelligence people really good representation narrative world asset people inc health finance food drink home beauty style travel tech sustainability entertainment premium publishing people inc office three location usa include new york de moines birmingham"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Adventure_fiction/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Adventure_fiction.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Adventure_fiction",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_fiction",
+    "transformers_text": "Adventure fiction is a type of fiction that usually presents danger, or gives the reader a sense of excitement. Some adventure fiction also satisfies the literary definition of romance fiction . [ 1 ]\n\nIn the introduction to the Encyclopedia of Adventure Fiction , Critic Don D'Ammassa defines the genre as follows:\n\n.. An adventure is an event or series of events that happens outside the course of the protagonist's ordinary life, usually accompanied by danger, often by physical action. Adventure stories almost always move quickly, and the pace of the plot is at least as important as characterization, setting, and other elements of creative work. [ 2 ]\n\nD'Ammassa argues that adventure stories make the element of danger the focus; hence he argues that Charles Dickens 's novel A Tale of Two Cities is an adventure novel because the protagonists are in constant danger of being imprisoned or killed, whereas Dickens's Great Expectations is not because \"Pip's encounter with the convict is an adventure, but that scene is only a device to advance the main plot, which is not truly an adventure.\" [ 2 ]\n\nAdventure has been a common theme since the earliest days of written fiction. Indeed, the standard plot of Heliodorus, and so durable as to be still alive in Hollywood movies , a hero would undergo a first set of adventures before he met his lady. A separation would follow, with the second set of adventures leading to a final reunion. [ citation needed ]\n\nVariations kept the genre alive. From the mid-19th century onwards, when mass literacy grew, adventure became a popular subgenre of fiction. Although not exploited to its fullest, adventure has seen many changes over the years – from being constrained to stories of knights in armor to stories of high-tech espionage.\n\nExamples of that period include Sir Walter Scott , Alexandre Dumas, père , [ 3 ] Jules Verne , the Brontë Sisters , Rudyard Kipling , Sir H. Rider Haggard , Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , Edgar Rice Burroughs , Victor Hugo , [ 4 ] Emilio Salgari , Karl May , Louis Henri Boussenard , Thomas Mayne Reid , Sax Rohmer , A. Merritt , Talbot Mundy , Edgar Wallace , and Robert Louis Stevenson .\n\nAdventure novels and short stories were popular subjects for American pulp magazines , which dominated American popular fiction between the Progressive Era and the 1950s. [ 5 ] Several pulp magazines such as Adventure , Argosy , Blue Book , Top-Notch , and Short Stories specialized in this genre. Notable pulp adventure writers included Edgar Rice Burroughs , Talbot Mundy , Theodore Roscoe , Johnston McCulley , Arthur O. Friel , Harold Lamb , Carl Jacobi , George F. Worts , [ 5 ] Georges Surdez , H. Bedford-Jones , and J. Allan Dunn . [ 6 ]\n\nAdventure fiction often overlaps with other genres, notably war novels , crime novels , detective novels , sea stories , Robinsonades , spy stories (as in the works of John Buchan , Eric Ambler and Ian Fleming ), science fiction , fantasy , ( Robert E. Howard and J. R. R. Tolkien both combined the secondary world story with the adventure novel) [ 7 ] and Westerns . Not all books within these genres are adventures. Adventure fiction takes the setting and premise of these other genres, but the fast-paced plot of an adventure focuses on the actions of the hero within the setting. [ according to whom? ] With a few notable exceptions (such as Baroness Orczy , Leigh Brackett and Marion Zimmer Bradley ) [ 8 ] adventure fiction as a genre has been largely dominated by male writers, though female writers are now becoming common.\n\nAdventure stories written specifically for children began in the 19th century. Early examples include Johann David Wyss 's The Swiss Family Robinson (1812), Frederick Marryat's The Children of the New Forest (1847), and Harriet Martineau's The Peasant and the Prince (1856). [ 9 ] The Victorian era saw the development of the genre, with W. H. G. Kingston , R. M. Ballantyne , and G. A. Henty specializing in the production of adventure fiction for boys. [ 10 ] This inspired writers who normally catered to adult audiences to essay such works, such as Robert Louis Stevenson writing Treasure Island for a child readership. [ 10 ] In the years after the First World War, writers such as Arthur Ransome developed the adventure genre by setting the adventure in Britain rather than distant countries, while Geoffrey Trease , Rosemary Sutcliff [ 11 ] and Esther Forbes brought a new sophistication to the historical adventure novel. [ 10 ] Modern writers such as Mildred D. Taylor ( Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry ) and Philip Pullman (the Sally Lockhart novels) have continued the tradition of the historical adventure. [ 10 ] The modern children's adventure novel sometimes deals with controversial issues like terrorism ( Robert Cormier , After the First Death (1979)) [ 10 ] and warfare in the Third World ( Peter Dickinson , AK (1990)). [ 10 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "adventure fiction type fiction usually present danger give reader sense excitement adventure fiction also satisfy literary definition romance fiction introduction encyclopedia adventure fiction critic dammassa defines genre follow adventure event series event happen outside course protagonist ordinary life usually accompany danger often physical action adventure stories almost always move quickly pace plot least important characterization set element creative work dammassa argue adventure story make element danger focus hence argue charles dickens novel tale two city adventure novel protagonist constant danger imprison kill whereas dickenss great expectation not pip encounter convict adventure scene device advance main plot not truly adventure adventure common theme since early day write fiction indeed standard plot heliodorus durable still alive hollywood movie hero would undergo first set adventure meet lady separation would follow second set adventure lead final reunion citation need variation keep genre alive midth century onwards mass literacy grow adventure become popular subgenre fiction although not exploit full adventure see many change year constrain story knight armor story hightech espionage example period include sir walter scott alexandre duma pre jules verne bront sister rudyard kipling sir rider haggard sir arthur conan doyle edgar rice burroughs victor hugo emilio salgari karl may louis henri boussenard thomas mayne reid sax rohmer merritt talbot mundy edgar wallace robert louis stevenson adventure novel short story popular subject american pulp magazine dominate american popular fiction progressive era several pulp magazine adventure argosy blue book topnotch short story specialize genre notable pulp adventure writer include edgar rice burroughs talbot mundy theodore roscoe johnston mcculley arthur friel harold lamb carl jacobi george wort george surdez bedfordjones allan dunn adventure fiction often overlap genre notably war novel crime novel detective novel sea story robinsonades spy story work john buchan eric ambler ian fleming science fiction fantasy robert howard tolkien combine secondary world story adventure novel westerns not book within genre adventure adventure fiction take set premise genre fastpaced plot adventure focus action hero within set accord notable exception baroness orczy leigh brackett marion zimmer bradley adventure fiction genre largely dominate male writer though female writer become common adventure story write specifically child begin century early example include johann david wyss swiss family robinson frederick marryats child new forest harriet martineaus peasant prince victorian era saw development genre kingston ballantyne henty specialize production adventure fiction boy inspire writer normally cater adult audience essay work robert louis stevenson write treasure island child readership year first world war writer arthur ransome developed adventure genre set adventure britain rather distant country geoffrey trease rosemary sutcliff esther forbes bring new sophistication historical adventure novel modern writer mildred taylor roll thunder hear cry philip pullman sally lockhart novel continue tradition historical adventure modern childrens adventure novel sometimes deal controversial issue like terrorism robert cormier first death warfare third world peter dickinson"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs",
+    "transformers_text": "The Agency for Cultural Affairs ( Japanese : 文化庁 , Hepburn : Bunka-chō ) is a special body of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). It was set up in 1968 to promote Japanese arts and culture.\n\nThe agency's budget for FY 2018 rose to ¥107.7 billion. [ 3 ]\n\nThe agency's Cultural Affairs Division disseminates information about the arts within Japan and internationally, and the Cultural Properties Protection Division protects the nation's cultural heritage. The Cultural Affairs Division is concerned with such areas as art and culture promotion, art copyrights , and improvements in the national language . It also supports both national and local arts and cultural festivals, and it funds traveling cultural events in music, theater, dance, art exhibitions, and film-making. Special prizes are offered to encourage young artists and established practitioners, and some grants are given each year to enable them to train abroad. The agency funds national museums of modern art in Kyoto and Tokyo and The National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo, which exhibit both Japanese and international shows. The agency also supports the Japan Art Academy , which honors eminent persons of arts and letters, appointing them to membership and offering ¥3.5 million in prize money. Awards are made in the presence of the Emperor , who personally bestows the highest accolade, the Order of Culture . In 1989, for the first time two women—a writer and a costume designer—were nominated for the Order of Cultural Merit , another official honor carrying the same stipend.\n\nThe Cultural Properties Protection Division originally was established to oversee restorations after World War II . As of April 2018, [update] it was responsible for 1,805 historic sites, including the ancient capitals of Asuka , Heijokyo , and Fujiwara , 410 scenic places, and 1,027 national monuments, and for such indigenous fauna as ibis and storks . In addition, over 10,000 items had the lesser designation of Important Cultural Properties , with fine arts and crafts accounting for the largest share, with over 10,000 so designated. [ 3 ]\n\nThe government protects buried properties, of which some 300,000 had been identified. During the 1980s, many important prehistoric and historic sites were investigated by the archaeological institutes that the agency funded, resulting in about 2,000 excavations in 1989. The wealth of material unearthed shed new light on the controversial period of the formation of the Japanese state.\n\nA 1975 amendment to the Cultural Properties Protection Act of 1897 enabled the Agency for Cultural Affairs to designate traditional areas and buildings in urban centers for preservation. From time to time, various endangered traditional artistic skills are added to the agency's preservation roster, such as the 1989 inclusion of a kind of ancient doll making.\n\nOne of the most important roles of the Cultural Properties Protection Division is to preserve the traditional arts and crafts and performing arts through their living exemplars. Individual artists and groups, such as a dance troupe or a pottery village, are designated as mukei bunkazai (intangible cultural assets) in recognition of their skill. Major exponents of the traditional arts have been designated as ningen kokuho (living national treasures). About seventy persons are so honored at any one time; in 1989 the six newly designated masters were a kyogen (comic) performer, a chanter of bunraku (puppet) theater, a performer of the nagauta shamisen (a special kind of stringed instrument), the head potter making Nabeshima decorated porcelain ware, the top pictorial lacquer-ware artist, and a metal-work expert. Each was provided a lifetime annual pension of ¥2 million and financial aid for training disciples.\n\nA number of institutions come under the aegis of the Agency for Cultural Affairs: the national museums of Japanese and Asian art in Tokyo , Kyoto , Nara , Osaka and Fukuoka , the cultural properties research institutes at Tokyo and Nara, and the national theaters. During the 1980s, the National Noh Theatre and the National Bunraku Theater were constructed by the government.\n\nAs of April 2021, it is led by the Commissioner for Cultural Affairs, Shunichi Tokura .\n\nThe agency is based in the Kamigyo Ward of Kyoto City . Main parts of the agency moved to Kyoto in 2023, while other parts remained in Tokyo. [ 4 ]\n\nThe agency contains the following divisions: [ 2 ] [ 5 ]\n\nThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Country Studies . Federal Research Division .",
+    "tf_idf_text": "agency cultural affair japanese hepburn bunkach special body japanese ministry education culture sport science technology mext set promote japanese art culture agency budget rise billion agencys cultural affair division disseminate information art within japan internationally cultural property protection division protect nation cultural heritage cultural affair division concern area art culture promotion art copyright improvement national language also support national local art cultural festival fund travel cultural event music theater dance art exhibition filmmaking special prize offer encourage young artist establish practitioner grant give year enable train abroad agency fund national museum modern art kyoto tokyo national museum western art tokyo exhibit japanese international show agency also support japan art academy honor eminent person arts letter appoint membership offer million prize money award make presence emperor personally bestow high accolade order culture first time two womena writer costume designerwere nominate order cultural merit another official honor carry stipend cultural property protection division originally establish oversee restoration world war april update responsible historic site include ancient capital asuka heijokyo fujiwara scenic place national monument indigenous fauna ibis stork addition item less designation important cultural property fine art craft account large share designated government protects bury property identify many important prehistoric historic site investigate archaeological institute agency fund result excavation wealth material unearth shed new light controversial period formation japanese state amendment cultural property protection act enable agency cultural affair designate traditional area building urban center preservation time time various endanger traditional artistic skill add agencys preservation roster inclusion kind ancient doll make one important roles cultural property protection division preserve traditional art craft perform art live exemplar individual artist group dance troupe pottery village designate mukei bunkazai intangible cultural asset recognition skill major exponent traditional art designate ningen kokuho live national treasure seventy person honor one time six newly designate master kyogen comic performer chanter bunraku puppet theater performer nagauta shamisen special kind string instrument head potter make nabeshima decorate porcelain ware top pictorial lacquerware artist metalwork expert provide lifetime annual pension million financial aid training disciple number institution come aegis agency cultural affair national museum japanese asian art tokyo kyoto nara osaka fukuoka cultural property research institute tokyo nara national theater national noh theatre national bunraku theater construct government april lead commissioner cultural affair shunichi tokura agency base kamigyo ward kyoto city main part agency move kyoto part remain tokyo agency contains follow division article incorporate text source public domain country study federal research division"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Akamaru_Jump/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Akamaru_Jump.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Akamaru_Jump",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamaru_Jump",
+    "transformers_text": "Weekly Shōnen Jump ( Japanese : 週刊少年ジャンプ , Hepburn : Shūkan Shōnen Janpu ; stylized in English as WEEKLY JUMP ) is a weekly shōnen manga anthology published in Japan by Shueisha under the Jump line of magazines. The manga series within the magazine consist of many action scenes and a fair amount of comedy . Chapters of the series that run in Weekly Shōnen Jump are collected and published in tankōbon volumes under the Jump Comics imprint every two to three months. It is one of the longest-running manga magazines, with the first issue being released with a cover date of August 1, 1968.\n\nThe magazine has sold over 7.5 billion copies since 1968, making it the best-selling comic / manga magazine , ahead of competitors such as Weekly Shōnen Magazine and Weekly Shōnen Sunday . The mid-1980s to the mid-1990s represents the era when the magazine's circulation was at its highest, 6.53 million copies per week, with a total readership of 18 million people in Japan. Throughout 2021, it had an average circulation of over 1.3 million copies per week. Many of the best-selling manga series —including One Piece , Dragon Ball , Naruto , Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba , Slam Dunk , and KochiKame: Tokyo Beat Cops , all of which are among the top ten best-selling manga of all time—originate from Weekly Shōnen Jump .\n\nWeekly Shōnen Jump has sister magazines such as Jump SQ , V Jump , Saikyō Jump , and digital counterpart Shōnen Jump+ which boasts its own exclusive titles. The magazine has also had several international counterparts, including the North American Weekly Shonen Jump . It also spawned a crossover media franchise including anime and video games (since Famicom Jump ) which bring together various Shōnen Jump characters.\n\nWeekly Shōnen Jump was launched by Shueisha on July 11, 1968, [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ a ] to compete with the already-successful Weekly Shōnen Magazine and Weekly Shōnen Sunday . [ 8 ] Weekly Shōnen Jump ' s sister publication was a manga magazine called Shōnen Book , which was originally a male version of the short-lived shōjo manga anthology Shōjo Book . [ 9 ] Prior to issue 20, Weekly Shōnen Jump was originally called simply Shōnen Jump as it was originally a bi-weekly magazine. In 1969, Shōnen Book ceased publication [ 10 ] at which time Shōnen Jump became a weekly magazine [ 10 ] and a new monthly magazine called Bessatsu Shōnen Jump was made to take Shōnen Book ' s place. This magazine was later rebranded as Monthly Shōnen Jump before eventually being discontinued and replaced by Jump SQ .\n\nHiroki Goto was appointed chief editor in 1986 and remained in the position until 1993. His tenure saw significant increases in circulation, and the serialization of numerous popular series. When asked about the period, Goto stated: \"We only tried to create manga that everybody can enjoy. There were no specific rules. Idol and tabloid magazines dominated in the Media & Entertainment industry at that time and we aimed to stand out from the crowd by using only manga as our weapon.\" [ 11 ] Famicom Jump: Hero Retsuden , released in 1988 for the Family Computer was produced to commemorate the magazine's 20th anniversary. It was followed by a sequel: Famicom Jump II: Saikyō no Shichinin in 1991, also for the Family Computer. Shōnen Jump's circulation continued to increase year on year until 1995, peaking at 6.53 million copies. By 1998, circulation had dropped to 4.15 million copies, a decline in part ascribed to the conclusion of popular manga series Dragon Ball and Slam Dunk . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The magazine peaked with a total readership of 18 million people in Japan during the early 1990s. [ 14 ]\n\nCirculation for the magazine continued to decline through the early 2000s, before reaching some stability around 2005, well below its earlier peak. [ 12 ] In 2000, two more games were created for the purpose of commemorating the magazine's anniversaries. A crossover fighting game titled Jump Super Stars was released for the Nintendo DS in 2005. It was followed by Jump Ultimate Stars in 2006. Due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , the shipment of the 15th issue of 2011 was delayed in some areas of Japan. In response, Shueisha published the series included in that issue for free on its website from March 23 to April 27. [ 15 ]\n\nOn July 11, 2013, the Namco Bandai Group opened an amusement park themed around Weekly Shōnen Jump series. Titled J-World Tokyo, it is located on the third floor of the Sunshine City World Import Mart Building in Ikebukuro and is 1.52 acres. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] In celebration of the magazine's 45th anniversary in 2013, Shueisha began a contest where anyone can submit manga in three different languages, Japanese, English and Chinese. Judged by the magazine's editorial department, four awards will be given, a grand prize and one for each language, each including 500,000 yen (about US$4,900) and guaranteed publication in either Jump , its special editions, North American edition, China's OK! Comic , or Taiwan's Formosa Youth . [ 18 ]\n\nA mobile phone app titled \"Jump Live\" was launched in August 2013, it features exclusive content from the artists whose series run in Weekly Shōnen Jump . [ 19 ] On September 22, 2014, the free Shōnen Jump+ ( 少年ジャンプ+ , Shōnen Janpu Purasu ; abbreviated J+ ) mobile app and website was launched in Japan. It sells digital versions of the Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine, simultaneous with its print release, and tankōbon volumes of individual Jump series past and present. However, it also has large samples of the manga that can be read for free. [ 20 ] There are also series that are serialized exclusively on the app, such as Marvel × Shōnen Jump+ Super Collaboration ; unlike those in Weekly Shōnen Jump , these series may be aimed at adult men or women. [ 21 ] These exclusive series are later published in print tankōbon volumes under the Jump Comics+ imprint. In 2019, the Shōnen Jump+ website and app had about 2.4 million active users. [ 22 ] As of January 2020, the app had been downloaded more than 13 million times. [ 22 ]\n\nAs the magazine shifted towards digital provision, print circulation once again began to decline. By 2017, print circulation was down to under two million, less than a third of its peak during the golden age. [ 23 ] This decline follows similar trends seen by other magazines in the sector. [ 24 ]\n\nA new crossover game, J-Stars Victory Vs. , was released in 2014 for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita to commemorate Jump's 45 anniversary. In June 2018, a limited 50th Anniversary Shōnen Jump Edition of the Famicom Mini (NES Classic Edition) game console was released in Japan. It sold 110,000 units in two days. [ 25 ]\n\nOn January 28, 2019, Shueisha launched the global English-language version of Shōnen Jump+ , titled Manga Plus . It is freely available in every country except China and South Korea, which have their own separate services. A Spanish-language version was launched in February 2019, and has a different library of content. [ 20 ] Like the Japanese app, it has large samples of manga that can be read for free including all the current titles of Weekly Shōnen Jump , a sizeable number of titles from Shōnen Jump+ and some titles from Jump Square . However, unlike the Japanese version, the latest chapters of current Weekly Shōnen Jump manga are made available free for a limited-time and it does not sell content.\n\nWeekly Shōnen Jump , in association with parent company Shueisha , holds annual competitions for new or up and coming manga artists to create one-shot stories. The best are put to a panel of judges (including manga artists past and present) where the best are given a special award for the best of these new series. The Tezuka Award , named for manga pioneer Osamu Tezuka , is given for all different styles of stories. The Akatsuka Award , named for gag manga pioneer Fujio Akatsuka , is a similar competition for comedy and gag manga. Many Weekly Shōnen Jump manga artists have gotten their start either winning or being acknowledged by these competitions.\n\nWSJ is also the center of the Shueisha's branding of its main manga products due to the popularity and recognition of the series and characters published in it. Although the manga are published both in the main magazine as well as in the Jump Comics imprint line of tankōbon , they also are republished in various other editions such as kanzenban and \"Remixes\" of the original work, usually publishing series older or previously established series. The Jump brand is also used on the tankōbon released of their manga series, related drama CDs, and at \" Jump Festa \", a festival showing off the people and products behind the Weekly Shōnen Jump manga titles.\n\nWeekly Shōnen Jump is the bestselling manga magazine in Japan. [ 26 ] In 1982, Weekly Shōnen Jump had a circulation of 2.55 million. By 1995, circulation numbers swelled to 6.53 million. The magazine's former editor-in-chief Masahiko Ibaraki (2003–2008) stated this was due to the magazine including \"hit titles such as Dragon Ball , Slam Dunk , and others.\" After hitting this peak, the circulation numbers continued to drop. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] 1998's New Year's issue was the first time in 24 years that Weekly Shōnen Jump lost as the highest selling shōnen manga magazine (4.15 million copies sold), ceding to Weekly Shōnen Magazine (4.45 million). [ 29 ] It was not until 2007 that the magazine saw its first increase in 11 years, from 2.75 million to 2.78 million, an increase that Ibaraki credited to One Piece . [ 30 ]\n\nBy publishing shōnen manga , the magazine is targeted to young teenage males. However, Index Digital reported in 2005 that the favorite non- shōjo magazine of elementary and middle school-aged female readers is Weekly Shōnen Jump at 61.9%. [ 31 ] Strengthening it, Oricon conducted a poll among 2,933 female Japanese readers on their favorite manga magazines in 2007. Weekly Shōnen Jump was the number one answer, with One Piece , Death Note , and The Prince of Tennis cited as the reasons. [ 32 ] In 2009, it was reported that 62.9% of the magazine's readers were under the age of fourteen. [ 33 ] However, in 2019 Shueisha revealed that its largest demographic of 27.4% was aged 25 or older. [ 22 ]\n\nThere are currently 23 manga titles present in Weekly Shōnen Jump . Out of them, Burn the Witch ' s continuation is yet to be scheduled and Hunter × Hunter is published infrequently.\n\nJump Giga ( ジャンプGIGA ) is a special seasonal offshoot of Weekly Shōnen Jump launched on July 20, 2016. [ 62 ] Its original predecessor started in 1969 as a regular special issue of the bi-weekly Shōnen Jump . When Shōnen Jump became a weekly publication and was renamed Weekly Shōnen Jump in October of that same year, the special issue changed to a quarterly release and kept the shorter name. [ 63 ] In the mid-1980s, the magazine took on the Weekly Shōnen Jump name with each issue subtitled the Spring, Summer, Autumn, or Winter Special .\n\nBeginning in 1996, it was published three times a year for Golden Week , Obon and New Years under the name Akamaru Jump ( 赤マルジャンプ , Akamaru Janpu ) until April 30, 2010, when it was renamed Shōnen Jump Next! ( 少年ジャンプNEXT! ) . [ 63 ] [ 64 ] Jump Next! has had several other past special versions:\n\nIn 2012 it returned to a quarterly schedule. [ 63 ] A second exclamation point was added to the title in March 2014, when it switched to a bi-monthly release. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] After relaunching as Jump Giga , the magazine published four issues or \"volumes\" in 2016 and 2017, [ 69 ] six in 2018 and 2019 (three in summer and three in winter), and seems to have returned to a seasonal quarterly release since 2020.\n\nJump Giga features many amateur manga artists who get their one-shots published in the magazine. It also puts additional one-shot titles by professional manga artists, which promote upcoming series to be published in the main magazine. It has also featured the last chapters of cancelled series from Weekly Shōnen Jump, such as Enigma and Magico . It also features yonkoma of popular series such as Death Note and Naruto , as well as the pilot chapter of Bleach . Final epilogue chapters of The Disastrous Life of Saiki K. and Food Wars! Shokugeki no Soma were also featured, [ 70 ] [ 71 ] while Gintama and Black Clover were transferred to allow for their completion. [ 72 ] [ 73 ]\n\nThere is currently one manga title being serialized in Jump GIGA .\n\nV Jump ( Vジャンプ , Bui Janpu ) was originally an offshoot of the Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine in a special issue called Weekly Shōnen Jump Tokubetsu Henshū Zōkan V Jump ( 週刊少年ジャンプ特別編集増刊 V JUMP ) . The special issues lasted from 1992 through 1993. V Jump became its own independent anthology in 1993 for coverage of games, including video and card games.\n\nSuper Jump ( スーパージャンプ , Sūpā Janpu ) was also originally an offshoot of the Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine in a special issue called Weekly Shōnen Jump Tokubetsu Henshū Zōkan Super Jump ( 週刊少年ジャンプ特別編集増刊 スーパージャンプ ) . The magazine was published from 1968 to 1988, when it became a separate anthology for seinen manga .\n\nJump VS was a special issue of Weekly Shōnen Jump , published on March 22, 2013. The issue focused on \"battle manga\" and included 12 one-shots. [ 75 ] [ 76 ]\n\nManga titles from Weekly Shōnen Jump are translated into many foreign languages, and some even have their own separate version of the Weekly Shōnen Jump anthology. Weekly Shōnen Jump manga are also published in many other countries where the magazine itself is not published, like the United Kingdom , Argentina , Mexico , Spain , Australia , and South Korea .\n\nShonen Jump , published in North America by Viz Media , debuted in November 2002, with a January 2003 cover date. Though based on Weekly Shōnen Jump , the English language Shonen Jump is retooled for English readers and the American audience and is published monthly, instead of weekly. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] It features serialized chapters from seven manga series, and articles on Japanese language and culture, manga, anime, video games, and figurines. [ 79 ] In conjunction with the magazine, Viz launched new imprints for releasing media related to the series presented in the magazine, and other shōnen works. This includes two new manga imprints, an anime DVD imprint, a fiction line for releasing light novels , a label for fan and data books, and a label for the release of art books. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ]\n\nPrior to the magazine's launch, Viz launched an extensive marketing campaign to promote the magazine and help it succeed where other manga anthologies in North America have failed. [ 84 ] Shueisha purchased an equity interest in Viz to help fund the venture, [ 85 ] and Cartoon Network , Suncoast , and Diamond Distributors became promotional partners in the magazine. [ 84 ] The first issue required three printings to meet demand, with over 300,000 copies sold. [ 86 ] It was awarded the ICv2 \"Comic Product of the Year\" award in December 2002, and continued to enjoy high sales with a monthly circulation of 215,000 in 2008. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] Shonen Jump was discontinued in April 2012 in favor of its digital successor, Weekly Shonen Jump . With it ending in an incomplete, but yet almost complete picture spine of the Naruto splash page of \" Declaration of War \" on the side of each said magazine.\n\nWeekly Shonen Jump , Viz Media's successor to the monthly print anthology Shonen Jump , was a North American digital shōnen manga anthology published simultaneously with the Japanese editions of Weekly Shōnen Jump , in part to combat the copyright violation of manga through bootleg scanlation services. It began serialization on January 30, 2012, as Weekly Shonen Jump Alpha with a lineup of six titles and new issues published online two weeks after Japanese release, but within a year had expanded to twelve ongoing series, and on January 21, 2013, it underwent a rebranding and transitioned to simultaneous publication with Japan. [ 89 ] [ 90 ]\n\nBanzai! is a German-language version of Weekly Shōnen Jump published by Carlsen Verlag that was published from 2001 through December 2005 before being canceled. [ 91 ] In addition to the Weekly Shōnen Jump manga series, the magazine also included original German language manga-influenced comics . The magazine competed as a sister publication to a shōjo anthology called Daisuki . It had a circulation of 140,000 copies. [ 92 ]\n\nRèmén Shàonián Top (熱門少年TOP) is the former weekly Chinese-language version of Weekly Shōnen Jump , published in Taiwan by Da Ran Publishing. In the 1990s Da Ran went bankrupt and the magazine had to cease publication. Rèmén Shàonián Top serialized series such as Yu-Gi-Oh! , Tottemo! Luckyman , Hikaru no Go , and One Piece as well as several other domestic manhua .\n\nFormosa Youth (寶島少年 Báodǎo Shàonián ) is the current [ when? ] weekly Chinese version of Weekly Shōnen Jump . Formosa Youth features various series from Weekly Shōnen Jump . The Formosa Youth magazine translates Weekly Shōnen Jump manga up to date. A sister publication of Formosa Youth is Dragon Youth Comic (龍少年 Lóng Shàonián ), which specializes in domestic manhua. In 1977, the Tong Li company was created and founded by Fang Wan-Nan which created bootlegs, this ended in 1992. [ 93 ] A law in Taiwan restricted the act of bootlegging all manga. [ 93 ] During 1992, Tong Li created many manga and manhua magazines, New Youth Bulletin , Youth Comic , Margaret Girl , Dragon Youth Comic , and Formosa Youth . [ 94 ] Some series like One Piece and Hikaru no Go were first published in the manga/manhua magazine Rèmén Shàonián Top (熱門少年TOP) by Da Ran Publishing, but when Daran Publishing went bankrupt the series were transferred to Formosa Youth .\n\nEX-am is the Hong Kong version of Weekly Shōnen Jump published by Culturecom Holdings's comic division Culturecom Comics, the largest comic distributors in all of Asia. [ 95 ] The magazine published Hunter × Hunter , Captain Tsubasa and Dragon Ball —which holds the highest circulation of manga in Hong Kong, alongside the highest of domestic manhua which would be Chinese Hero: Tales of the Blood Sword . [ 95 ]\n\nC-Kids (ซีคิดส์ See Kít ) is the Thai language Weekly Shōnen Jump published by Siam Inter Comics . [ 96 ] C-Kids publishes many Weekly Shōnen Jump series such as One Piece, Gintama [ 97 ] along with many original manga-influenced comics from the division Cartoon Thai Studio like EXEcutional . [ 98 ]\n\nBoom (บูม) is another Thai language Weekly Shōnen Jump published by Nation Edutainment. Boom publishes many Weekly Shōnen Jump series such as Naruto , Death Note along with many original manga-influenced comics from Factory Studio like Meed Thii Sib-Sam and Apaimanee Saga .\n\nIn November 2004, Manga Media began publication of a Swedish language version of Weekly Shōnen Jump in Sweden, called Shonen Jump as a sister publication to their existing magazines Manga Mania and Shojo Stars . The magazine included chapters from various popular Weekly Shōnen Jump titles including Bleach , Naruto , Shaman King , and Yu-Gi-Oh! . In November 2007, after 37 issues published, Manga Media ceased publication of the magazine. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] It had a circulation of 30,000 copies. [ 92 ]\n\nA Norwegian language edition of Weekly Shōnen Jump began publication in Norway in March 2005. Published by Schibsted , the Norwegian edition was a direct translation of Bonnier's Swedish version of the magazine, containing the same series and titles. When Bonnier lost the license for Weekly Shōnen Jump , the Norwegian version also ceased publication, with the last issue released on February 26, 2007. They also created two short lived book imprints: \"En Bok Fra Shonen Jump\" (a book from Shonen Jump) for profile books and \"Dragon Ball Ekstra\" (Dragon Ball Extra) a line specifically for manga written by Akira Toriyama . [ 101 ] Also a film comic based on the Dragon Ball Z anime was released under the \"TV Anime Comic\" imprint. [ 102 ]\n\nJump Comics is used as an imprint label for publishing manga, most often for collected tankōbon volumes of manga series originally serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump and other Jump magazines. [ 103 ] The imprint is published in the U.S. under the names Shonen Jump and Shonen Jump Advanced. Shōnen Jump Advanced was created for the distribution of manga series considered more mature due to content or themes. Series released under SJA include Eyeshield 21 , Ichigo 100% , Pretty Face , I\"s , Hunter × Hunter , Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo (first edition) and Death Note .\n\nWeekly Shōnen Jump formerly ran a manga line of aizōban editions called Jump Comics Deluxe. Jump Comics+ is the imprint for all the manga series exclusively digitally released on the app and website Shōnen Jump+ after the chapters of the series get reunited and released in print in tankōbon format. Weekly Shōnen Jump has also run a line of light novels and guidebooks called Jump J-Books. Weekly Shōnen Jump has also run a line bunkobon editions called Shueisha Comic Bunko. A line of large square-bound phone book size issues of early Jump Comics series named Shueisha Jump Remix has also been published.\n\nThe mid-1980s to the mid-1990s represents the era when the magazine's circulation was at its highest, 6.53 million copies per week, with a total readership of 18 million people in Japan. The magazine has sold over 7.5 billion copies since 1968, making it the best-selling comic / manga magazine , ahead of competitors such as Weekly Shōnen Magazine and Weekly Shōnen Sunday . [ 26 ] [ 104 ] Throughout 2019, it had an average circulation of over 1.6 million copies per week.\n\nThe following table lists the manga series that have had the highest circulation in Shōnen Jump magazine. It lists the number of issues where they're serialized, and estimated circulation figures and sales revenue of those Shōnen Jump issues (based on the magazine circulation figures above). Of the series listed below, only Bleach , Gintama and Black Clover began their serialization after the conclusion of the golden age in the late 1990s.",
+    "tf_idf_text": "weekly shnen jump japanese hepburn shkan shnen janpu stylize english weekly jump weekly shnen manga anthology publish japan shueisha jump line magazine manga series within magazine consist many action scene fair amount comedy chapter series run weekly shnen jump collect publish tankbon volume jump comic imprint every two three month one longestrunning manga magazine first issue release cover date august magazine sell billion copy since make bestselling comic manga magazine ahead competitor weekly shnen magazine weekly shnen sunday mids mids represent era magazine circulation high million copy per week total readership million people japan throughout average circulation million copy per week many bestselling manga series include one piece dragon ball naruto demon slayer kimetsu yaiba slam dunk kochikame tokyo beat cop among top ten bestselling manga timeoriginate weekly shnen jump weekly shnen jump sister magazine jump jump saiky jump digital counterpart shnen jump boast exclusive title magazine also several international counterpart include north american weekly shonen jump also spawn crossover medium franchise include anime video game since famicom jump bring together various shnen jump character weekly shnen jump launch shueisha july compete alreadysuccessful weekly shnen magazine weekly shnen sunday weekly shnen jump sister publication manga magazine call shnen book originally male version shortlived shjo manga anthology shjo book prior issue weekly shnen jump originally call simply shnen jump originally biweekly magazine shnen book cease publication time shnen jump become weekly magazine new monthly magazine call bessatsu shnen jump make take shnen book place magazine later rebranded monthly shnen jump eventually discontinue replaced jump hiroki goto appoint chief editor remain position tenure saw significant increase circulation serialization numerous popular series ask period goto state tried create manga everybody enjoy specific rule idol tabloid magazine dominate medium entertainment industry time aim stand crowd use manga weapon famicom jump hero retsuden release family computer produce commemorate magazine anniversary follow sequel famicom jump saiky shichinin also family computer shnen jump circulation continue increase year year peak million copy circulation drop million copy decline part ascribe conclusion popular manga series dragon ball slam dunk magazine peak total readership million people japan early circulation magazine continue decline early reaching stability around well early peak two game create purpose commemorate magazine anniversary crossover fight game title jump super star release nintendo follow jump ultimate star due thoku earthquake tsunami shipment issue delay area japan response shueisha publish series include issue free website march april july namco bandai group open amusement park theme around weekly shnen jump series title jworld tokyo locate third floor sunshine city world import mart build ikebukuro acre celebration magazine anniversary shueisha begin contest anyone submit manga three different languages japanese english chinese judge magazine editorial department four award give grand prize one language include yen guarantee publication either jump special edition north american edition china comic taiwan formosa youth mobile phone app title jump live launch august feature exclusive content artist whose series run weekly shnen jump september free shnen jump shnen janpu purasu abbreviate mobile app website launch japan sell digital version weekly shnen jump magazine simultaneous print release tankbon volume individual jump series past present however also large sample manga read free also series serialize exclusively app marvel shnen jump super collaboration unlike weekly shnen jump series may aim adult men woman exclusive series later publish print tankbon volume jump comic imprint shnen jump website app million active user january app download million time magazine shift towards digital provision print circulation begin decline print circulation two million less third peak golden age decline follow similar trend see magazine sector new crossover game jstars victory release playstation playstation vita commemorate jump anniversary june limit anniversary shnen jump edition famicom mini ne classic edition game console release japan sell unit two day january shueisha launch global englishlanguage version shnen jump title manga plus freely available every country except china south korea separate service spanishlanguage version launch february different library content like japanese app large sample manga read free include current title weekly shnen jump sizeable number title shnen jump title jump square however unlike japanese version late chapter current weekly shnen jump manga make available free limitedtime not sell content weekly shnen jump association parent company shueisha hold annual competition new come manga artist create oneshot story best put panel judge include manga artist past present best give special award best new series tezuka award name manga pioneer osamu tezuka give different style story akatsuka award name gag manga pioneer fujio akatsuka similar competition comedy gag manga many weekly shnen jump manga artist get start either win acknowledge competition wsj also center shueishas brand main manga product due popularity recognition series character publish although manga publish main magazine well jump comic imprint line tankbon also republish various edition kanzenban remixes original work usually publish series older previously establish series jump brand also use tankbon release manga series relate drama cd jump festa festival show people product behind weekly shnen jump manga title weekly shnen jump bestselling manga magazine japan weekly shnen jump circulation million circulation number swell million magazine former editorinchief masahiko ibaraki state due magazine include hit title dragon ball slam dunk others hit peak circulation number continue drop new year issue first time year weekly shnen jump lose high sell shnen manga magazine million copy sell cede weekly shnen magazine million not magazine saw first increase year million million increase ibaraki credit one piece publishing shnen manga magazine target young teenage male however index digital report favorite non shjo magazine elementary middle schoolaged female reader weekly shnen jump strengthen oricon conduct poll among female japanese reader favorite manga magazine weekly shnen jump number one answer one piece death note prince tennis cite reason report magazine reader age fourteen however shueisha reveal large demographic age older currently manga title present weekly shnen jump burn witch continuation yet schedule hunter hunter publish infrequently jump giga giga special seasonal offshoot weekly shnen jump launch july original predecessor start regular special issue biweekly shnen jump shnen jump become weekly publication rename weekly shnen jump october year special issue change quarterly release keep short name mids magazine take weekly shnen jump name issue subtitle spring summer autumn winter special beginning publish three time year golden week obon new year name akamaru jump akamaru janpu april rename shnen jump next next jump next several past special version return quarterly schedule second exclamation point add title march switch bimonthly release relaunching jump giga magazine publish four issue volume six three summer three winter seem return seasonal quarterly release since jump giga feature many amateur manga artist get oneshots publish magazine also put additional oneshot title professional manga artist promote upcoming series publish main magazine also feature last chapter cancel series weekly shnen jump enigma magico also feature yonkoma popular series death note naruto well pilot chapter bleach final epilogue chapter disastrous life saiki food war shokugeki soma also feature gintama black clover transfer allow completion currently one manga title serialize jump giga jump bui janpu originally offshoot weekly shnen jump magazine special issue call weekly shnen jump tokubetsu hensh zkan jump jump special issue last jump become independent anthology coverage game include video card game super jump janpu also originally offshoot weekly shnen jump magazine special issue call weekly shnen jump tokubetsu hensh zkan super jump magazine publish become separate anthology seinen manga jump special issue weekly shnen jump publish march issue focus battle manga include oneshots manga title weekly shnen jump translate many foreign language even separate version weekly shnen jump anthology weekly shnen jump manga also publish many country magazine not publish like united kingdom argentina mexico spain australia south korea shonen jump publish north america viz medium debut november january cover date though base weekly shnen jump english language shonen jump retool english reader american audience publish monthly instead weekly feature serialize chapter seven manga series article japanese language culture manga anime video game figurines conjunction magazine viz launch new imprint release medium related series present magazine shnen work include two new manga imprint anime dvd imprint fiction line release light novel label fan data book label release art book prior magazine launch viz launch extensive marketing campaign promote magazine help succeed manga anthology north america fail shueisha purchase equity interest viz help fund venture cartoon network suncoast diamond distributor become promotional partner magazine first issue require three printing meet demand copy sell award icv comic product year award december continue enjoy high sale monthly circulation shonen jump discontinue april favor digital successor weekly shonen jump end incomplete yet almost complete picture spine naruto splash page declaration war side say magazine weekly shonen jump viz medias successor monthly print anthology shonen jump north american digital shnen manga anthology publish simultaneously japanese edition weekly shnen jump part combat copyright violation manga bootleg scanlation service begin serialization january weekly shonen jump alpha lineup six title new issue publish online two week japanese release within year expand twelve ongoing series january underwent rebranding transition simultaneous publication japan banzai germanlanguage version weekly shnen jump publish carlsen verlag publish december canceled addition weekly shnen jump manga series magazine also include original german language mangainfluenced comic magazine compete sister publication shjo anthology call daisuki circulation copy rmn shonin top top former weekly chineselanguage version weekly shnen jump publish taiwan ran publishing run go bankrupt magazine cease publication rmn shonin top serialize series yugioh tottemo luckyman hikaru one piece well several domestic manhua formosa youth bodo shonin current weekly chinese version weekly shnen jump formosa youth feature various series weekly shnen jump formosa youth magazine translates weekly shnen jump manga date sister publication formosa youth dragon youth comic lng shonin specialize domestic manhua tong company create found fang wannan create bootleg end law taiwan restrict act bootleg manga tong create many manga manhua magazine new youth bulletin youth comic margaret girl dragon youth comic formosa youth series like one piece hikaru first publish mangamanhua magazine rmn shonin top top run publish daran publishing go bankrupt series transfer formosa youth exam hong kong version weekly shnen jump publish culturecom holdingss comic division culturecom comic large comic distributor asia magazine publish hunter hunter captain tsubasa dragon ball hold high circulation manga hong kong alongside high domestic manhua would chinese hero tale blood sword ckids see thai language weekly shnen jump publish siam inter comic ckids publishes many weekly shnen jump series one piece gintama along many original mangainfluenced comic division cartoon thai studio like executional boom another thai language weekly shnen jump publish nation edutainment boom publish many weekly shnen jump series naruto death note along many original mangainfluenced comic factory studio like meed thii sibsam apaimanee saga november manga medium begin publication swedish language version weekly shnen jump sweden call shonen jump sister publication exist magazine manga mania shojo star magazine include chapter various popular weekly shnen jump title include bleach naruto shaman king yugioh november issue publish manga medium cease publication magazine circulation copy norwegian language edition weekly shnen jump begin publication norway march publish schibsted norwegian edition direct translation bonniers swedish version magazine contain series title bonnier lose license weekly shnen jump norwegian version also cease publication last issue release february also create two short live book imprint bok fra shonen jump book shonen jump profile book dragon ball ekstra dragon ball extra line specifically manga write akira toriyama also film comic base dragon ball anime release anime comic imprint jump comic use imprint label publishing manga often collect tankbon volume manga series originally serialize weekly shnen jump jump magazine imprint publish names shonen jump shonen jump advance shnen jump advance create distribution manga series consider mature due content theme series release sja include eyeshield ichigo pretty face hunter hunter bobobobo bobobo first edition death note weekly shnen jump formerly run manga line aizban edition call jump comic deluxe jump comic imprint manga series exclusively digitally release app website shnen jump chapter series get reunite release print tankbon format weekly shnen jump also run line light novel guidebooks call jump jbooks weekly shnen jump also run line bunkobon edition call shueisha comic bunko line large squarebound phone book size issue early jump comic series name shueisha jump remix also publish mids mids represent era magazine circulation high million copy per week total readership million people japan magazine sell billion copy since make bestselling comic manga magazine ahead competitor weekly shnen magazine weekly shnen sunday throughout average circulation million copy per week follow table list manga series high circulation shnen jump magazine list number issue theyre serialize estimated circulation figure sale revenue shnen jump issue base magazine circulation figure series list bleach gintama black clover begin serialization conclusion golden age late"
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+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Akane-banashi",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akane-banashi",
+    "transformers_text": "Akane-banashi ( Japanese : あかね噺 ; \"Akane's Story\") is a Japanese manga series written by Yuki Suenaga and illustrated by Takamasa Moue. It follows teenager Akane Osaki as she aims to reach the highest rank in rakugo , partly to avenge her father, who was expelled from the profession six years earlier. The rakugo in the series is supervised by professional rakugoka Kikuhiko Hayashiya. Akane-banashi has been serialized in Shueisha 's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump since February 2022, with the chapters collected into 19 tankōbon volumes as of November 2025. Viz Media has licensed the series for English release in North America. An anime television series adaptation produced by Zexcs is set to premiere in 2026.\n\nAkane-banashi has received a positive reception from reviewers and has been nominated for various awards.\n\nGrowing up, Akane admired her father and his rakugo , a traditional Japanese form of storytelling where a lone performer, called a rakugoka , depicts a long, complicated, and usually funny story involving multiple characters, who are distinguished by changes in pitch, tone, slight turns of the head, and hand movements, all while sitting in place. But when she was in elementary school, her father and all the other applicants were expelled from the Arakawa School during the promotional test to obtain rakugo ' s third and highest rank of shin'uchi . Six years later, Akane, who had been secretly receiving lessons from her father's former master, sets out to become a shin'uchi of the Arakawa School to avenge her father and prove rakugo is a legitimate profession.\n\nAuthor Yuki Suenaga stated that Akane-banashi originated with Akane, a character he created but did not know what to do with. [ 4 ] A fan of manzai and conte , he was interested in rakugo , but felt it was too difficult to get into. Suspecting there were many people who felt the same way, and that it would be unexpected of the character, he decided to have Akane perform rakugo . Suenaga stated that because he is new to rakugo , he is able to predict the things readers might not know, and can depict them in the manga in a way they will understand. [ 4 ] The rakugo in the manga is supervised by professional rakugoka Kikuhiko Hayashiya. [ a ] Hayashiya had first worked for Shueisha by writing columns analyzing the rakugo seen in One Piece for One Piece Magazine after they had seen his Tweets doing the same. Around November 2020, he was approached by the publisher about supervising a new rakugo manga. [ 5 ] Thanks to help from Hayashiya, Suenaga interviewed more than 20 rakugoka , including Momoka Chokaroh and Miyaji Katsura. [ 6 ] The serialization of Akane-banashi was proposed in the fall of 2021. [ 6 ]\n\nArtist Takamasa Moue said when he first heard about the series he found it interesting, but worried whether readers of Weekly Shōnen Jump would be interested in rakugo . Realizing it was his job to make them interested, he said he tried to get readers emotionally invested in the characters, and to broaden the scope to appeal to those unfamiliar with rakugo . [ 4 ] Having previously only had a passing interest in rakugo , Moue said he had fun researching it for Akane-banashi . [ 7 ] To draw the rakugo scenes in the manga, Moue listens to a performance of the relevant story and thinks about how to convey the speed and intonation. [ 4 ]\n\nGendai Business columnist Kenichiro Horii wrote that Akane-banashi ' s Arakawa School is clearly modeled after the real-life Tatekawa School of rakugo , whose master, Danshi Tatekawa VII , expelled a group of zenza in 2002, after feeling that they were not showing enough effort to reach futatsume . [ 8 ] Although Kazuhiro Ito of Good Life with Books also noted the similarities, he reported that Suenaga stated Issho Arakawa was instead modeled after Enshō Sanyūtei VI [ ja ] . [ 9 ] Horii also pointed out that the Rakugo Cafe seen in the series is modeled after a real café with a similar name in Jinbōchō, Tokyo . [ 8 ] According to Hayashiya, the Yasaka-tei and Edobashi-tei theaters in the manga were modeled after Suehiro-tei [ ja ] in Shinjuku and the Oedo Nihonbashi-tei in Nihonbashi , respectively. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] For the colored title page of chapter 29, Moue was inspired by The Breakfast Club . [ 12 ] The Shikisai Festival seen in the manga was modeled after the Rakugo Association's Sharakusai Festival. [ 13 ] The story \"Giboshi\" that is depicted in chapter 87 is a little-known rakugo story that was revived by Kyotaro Yanagiya [ ja ] . Suenaga stated that he received permission to use it in Akane-banashi . [ 14 ]\n\nWritten by Yuki Suenaga and illustrated by Takamasa Moue, Akane-banashi began serialization in Shueisha 's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump on February 14, 2022. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The rakugo in the series is supervised by professional rakugoka Kikuhiko Hayashiya. [ 17 ] Publisher Shueisha is collecting the individual chapters into tankōbon volumes, with the first released on June 3, 2022. [ 18 ]\n\nBoth Shueisha and Viz Media began releasing the series in English digitally the same day it began in Japan, the former on its Manga Plus website and application. [ 16 ] Viz began publishing Akane-banashi in print in summer 2023. [ 19 ]\n\nThese chapters have yet to be published in a tankōbon volume. They were serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump .\n\nAn anime television series adaptation was announced on August 4, 2025. It will be produced by Zexcs and directed by Ayumu Watanabe , with series composition by Michihiro Tsuchiya [ ja ] , characters designed by Kii Tanaka, who will also serve as chief animation director, and music composed by Akio Izutsu [ ja ] . The series is set to premiere in 2026 on the IMAnimation programming block on TV Asahi and its affiliates, as well as BS Asahi [ ja ] . [ 3 ] [ 58 ]\n\nThe first chapter of Akane-banashi received a motion comic adaptation, where voice actors , music and sound effects are heard as the manga images appear on screen. It was uploaded to Jump Comics ' official YouTube channel in two parts on June 4 and 5, 2022. [ 18 ] [ 59 ] Akane and her father are voiced by Akane and Kappei Yamaguchi . In addition to being actual daughter and father, the Yamaguchis are also both rakugoka . [ 18 ]\n\nBy September 2022, the collected volumes of Akane-banashi had over 200,000 copies in circulation and volume one had been reprinted four times. [ 60 ] With the release of volume 13 in September 2024, the manga had 2 million copies in circulation. [ 61 ] The series has been recommended by Eiichiro Oda and Hideaki Anno . [ 62 ] It was nominated for the 2022 Next Manga Award in the print manga category and ranked third out of 50 nominees. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] The series ranked fourth in the 2023 edition of Takarajimasha 's Kono Manga ga Sugoi! list of best manga for male readers. [ 65 ] It ranked third in the Nationwide Bookstore Employees Recommended Comics of 2023. [ 66 ] Akane-banashi ranked second in the 16th Manga Taishō , losing to Draw This, Then Die! by two points. [ 67 ] It was also nominated for the 47th Kodansha Manga Award in the shōnen category in 2023. [ 68 ] The New York Public Library included Akane-banashi on its 2023 list of the Best Books for Teens. [ 69 ] Anime News Network 's Richard Eisenbeis chose it as the Best New Manga of 2023, [ 70 ] while Brigid Alverson of School Library Journal included it as one of the Top 10 Manga of 2023. [ 71 ] The Young Adult Library Services Association included the first volume of Akane-banashi on its 2024 list of Great Graphic Novels for Teens. [ 72 ] In 2024, Stephen Paul's English translation of the series for Viz Media was nominated for Best Translation at the inaugural American Manga Awards, which is co-organized by Anime NYC and Japan Society . [ 73 ]\n\nSteven Blackburn of Screen Rant praised the first chapter of Akane-banashi . He wrote that the sudden shift in protagonists from Shinta, \"a stereotypical hero who embodies everything that makes a successful shonen [manga]\", to Akane, an unconventional hero who is essentially a wunderkind , already makes the latter character compelling. \"That's a difficult dynamic to achieve, but Akane-banashi has somehow succeeded before it's even begun\". [ 74 ] In a review for Multiversity Comics, Zach Wilkerson gave the \"immensely charming and well crafted\" first chapter an 8.5 rating, with particular praise for Moue's art. [ 75 ] Robbie Pleasant of the same website strongly praised the series and its art for successfully conveying how a performer's demeanor and voice changes as they perform different characters, despite manga being a static and soundless medium. [ 76 ]\n\nIn May 2022, Kota Mukaihara of Real Sound wrote that Akane-banashi was poised to be a breakout hit. He felt that although Akane's progress in rakugo seemed to be going unusually fast and smooth, with her not yet being confronted by a tough challenge or failing at something, this allows readers to follow her growth without unnecessary stress. Mukaihara speculated that, while this could simply be because the manga was still new and needed to develop quickly in order to gain momentum, it emphasizes Akane's cleverness and the depth of her determination and is a testament to the charm of the characters and the skill with which the story is written. He also wrote that while Akane's outgoing personality and unprecedented skill make her seem like a maverick, her positivity and down-to-earth nature make her a likable character. [ 1 ] Blackburn's colleague Ben Sockol praised later chapters of the series for \"subverting the classic tournament arc trope\", writing that Akane-banashi feels fresh and different from anything else in Weekly Shōnen Jump and is one of the most exciting manga currently running in the magazine as of June 2022. [ 77 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "akanebanashi japanese akanes story japanese manga series write yuki suenaga illustrate takamasa moue follow teenager akane osaki aim reach high rank rakugo partly avenge father expel profession six year earlier rakugo series supervise professional rakugoka kikuhiko hayashiya akanebanashi serialize shueisha shnen manga magazine weekly shnen jump since february chapter collect tankbon volume november viz medium license series english release north america anime television series adaptation produce zexcs set premiere akanebanashi receive positive reception reviewer nominate various award grow akane admire father rakugo traditional japanese form storytelling lone performer call rakugoka depicts long complicate usually funny story involve multiple character distinguish change pitch tone slight turn head hand movement sit place elementary school father applicant expel arakawa school promotional test obtain rakugo third high rank shinuchi six year later akane secretly receive lesson father former master set become shinuchi arakawa school avenge father prove rakugo legitimate profession author yuki suenaga state akanebanashi originate akane character create not know fan manzai conte interested rakugo felt difficult get suspecting many people felt way would unexpected character decide akane perform rakugo suenaga state new rakugo able predict thing reader might not know depict manga way understand rakugo manga supervise professional rakugoka kikuhiko hayashiya hayashiya first work shueisha write column analyze rakugo see one piece one piece magazine see tweet around november approach publisher supervise new rakugo manga thanks help hayashiya suenaga interview rakugoka include momoka chokaroh miyaji katsura serialization akanebanashi propose fall artist takamasa moue say first heard series find interesting worried whether reader weekly shnen jump would interested rakugo realize job make interested say tried get reader emotionally invest character broaden scope appeal unfamiliar rakugo previously pass interest rakugo moue say fun research akanebanashi draw rakugo scene manga moue listens performance relevant story think convey speed intonation gendai business columnist kenichiro horii write akanebanashi arakawa school clearly model reallife tatekawa school rakugo whose master danshi tatekawa vii expel group zenza feel not show enough effort reach futatsume although kazuhiro ito good life book also note similarity report suenaga state issho arakawa instead model ensh sanytei horii also point rakugo cafe see series model real caf similar name jinbch tokyo accord hayashiya yasakatei edobashitei theater manga model suehirotei shinjuku oedo nihonbashitei nihonbashi respectively color title page chapter moue inspire breakfast club shikisai festival see manga model rakugo association sharakusai festival story giboshi depict chapter littleknown rakugo story revive kyotaro yanagiya suenaga state received permission use akanebanashi write yuki suenaga illustrate takamasa moue akanebanashi begin serialization shueisha shnen manga magazine weekly shnen jump february rakugo series supervise professional rakugoka kikuhiko hayashiya publisher shueisha collect individual chapter tankbon volume first release june shueisha viz medium begin release series english digitally day begin japan former manga plus website application viz begin publish akanebanashi print summer chapter yet publish tankbon volume serialize weekly shnen jump anime television series adaptation announce august produce zexcs direct ayumu watanabe series composition michihiro tsuchiya character design kii tanaka also serve chief animation director music compose akio izutsu series set premiere imanimation program block asahi affiliate well asahi first chapter akanebanashi receive motion comic adaptation voice actor music sound effect hear manga image appear screen uploaded jump comic official youtube channel two part june akane father voice akane kappei yamaguchi addition actual daughter father yamaguchis also rakugoka september collect volume akanebanashi copy circulation volume one reprint four time release volume september manga million copy circulation series recommend eiichiro oda hideaki anno nominate next manga award print manga category rank third nominee series rank fourth edition takarajimasha kono manga sugoi list best manga male reader rank third nationwide bookstore employee recommend comic akanebanashi rank second manga taish lose draw die two point also nominate kodansha manga award shnen category new york public library include akanebanashi list best book teen anime news network richard eisenbeis choose best new manga brigid alverson school library journal include one top manga young adult library service association include first volume akanebanashi list great graphic novel teen stephen pauls english translation series viz medium nominate best translation inaugural american manga award coorganized anime nyc japan society steven blackburn screen rant praise first chapter akanebanashi write sudden shift protagonist shinta stereotypical hero embodies everything make successful shonen manga akane unconventional hero essentially wunderkind already make latter character compel thats difficult dynamic achieve akanebanashi somehow succeed even begin review multiversity comic zach wilkerson give immensely charm well craft first chapter rating particular praise moue art robbie pleasant website strongly praise series art successfully convey performer demeanor voice change perform different character despite manga static soundless medium may kota mukaihara real sound write akanebanashi poise breakout hit felt although akanes progress rakugo seem go unusually fast smooth not yet confront tough challenge fail something allow reader follow growth without unnecessary stress mukaihara speculate could simply manga still new need develop quickly order gain momentum emphasize akanes cleverness depth determination testament charm character skill story write also write akanes outgo personality unprecedented skill make seem like maverick positivity downtoearth nature make likable character blackburn colleague ben sockol praise later chapter series subvert classic tournament arc trope write akanebanashi feel fresh different anything else weekly shnen jump one exciting manga currently run magazine june"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Akira_Toriyama/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Akira_Toriyama.json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Akira_Toriyama",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Toriyama",
+    "transformers_text": "Akira Toriyama ( Japanese : 鳥山明 , Hepburn : Toriyama Akira ; April 5, 1955 – March 1, 2024) was a Japanese manga artist and character designer. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential authors in the history of manga and created numerous highly influential and popular series, with his most famous being Dragon Ball .\n\nToriyama first achieved mainstream recognition for creating the manga series Dr. Slump , for which he earned the 1981 Shogakukan Manga Award for best shōnen / shōjo . Dr. Slump went on to sell over 35 million copies in Japan. It was adapted into an anime , with a second series created in 1997, 13 years after the manga ended.\n\nFrom 1984 to 1995 he wrote and illustrated the Dragon Ball manga, serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump . It became one of the best-selling manga series of all time, with 260 million copies sold worldwide, [ 1 ] [ a ] [ c ] and is considered a key work in increasing manga circulation to its peak in the mid-1980s and mid-1990s. Overseas, Dragon Ball ' s anime adaptations have been more successful than the manga and similarly boosted anime's general popularity.\n\nBeside his manga works, Toriyama acted as a character designer for several video games such as the Dragon Quest series, Chrono Trigger , and Blue Dragon .\n\nIn 2019, Toriyama was decorated a Chevalier of the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres for his contributions to the arts. In October 2024, Toriyama was posthumously inducted into the Harvey Awards Hall of Fame. [ 7 ]\n\nAkira Toriyama was born in the town of Kiyosu , Aichi Prefecture , Japan . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] He had a younger sister. [ 10 ] Toriyama drew pictures since a young age, mainly of the animals and vehicles that he was fond of. He remembered being blown away after seeing One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), and said he was drawn deeper into the world of illustration by hoping to draw pictures that good. [ 11 ] He was shocked again in elementary school when he saw the manga collection of a classmate's older brother, and again when he saw a television set for the first time at a neighbor's house. [ 11 ] He cited Osamu Tezuka 's Astro Boy (1952–1968) as the original source for his interest in manga. [ 12 ] Toriyama recalled that when he was in elementary school all of his classmates drew imitating anime and manga, as a result of not having many forms of entertainment. [ 13 ] He believed that he began to advance above everyone else when he started drawing pictures of his friends. [ 13 ] Despite being engrossed with manga in elementary school, Toriyama said he took a break from it in middle school, probably because he became more interested in films and TV shows. [ 11 ] When asked if he had any formative experiences with tokusatsu entertainment, Toriyama said he enjoyed the Ultraman TV show and Gamera series of kaiju films. [ 14 ]\n\nToriyama said it was a \"no-brainer\" that he would attend a high school focused on creative design, but admitted he was more interested in having fun with friends. [ 11 ] Although he still did not read much manga, he would draw one himself every once in a while. Despite his parents' strong opposition, Toriyama was confident about going into the work force upon graduation instead of continuing his education. [ 11 ] He worked at an advertising agency in Nagoya designing posters for three years. [ 10 ] Although Toriyama said he adapted to the job quickly, he admitted that he was often late because he was not a \"morning person\" and got reprimanded for dressing casually. Resenting the routine, he became sick of the environment and quit. [ 11 ]\n\nAfter quitting his job at the age of 23 and asking his mother for money while unemployed, Toriyama entered the manga industry by submitting a work to an amateur contest in Kodansha 's Weekly Shōnen Magazine , which he had randomly picked up in a coffee shop. [ 11 ] [ 15 ] The timing did not line up for that contest, but another manga magazine, Weekly Shōnen Jump , accepted submissions for their Newcomer Award every month. Kazuhiko Torishima , who would become his editor, read and enjoyed Toriyama's manga, but it was not eligible to compete because it was a parody of Star Wars instead of an original work. Torishima sent the artist a telegram and encouraged him to keep drawing and sending him manga. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] This resulted in Wonder Island , which became Toriyama's first published work when it appeared in Weekly Shōnen Jump in 1978. It finished last place in the readers survey. [ 11 ] [ 15 ] Toriyama later said that he had planned to quit manga after getting paid, but because Wonder Island 2 (1978) was also a \"flop\", his stubbornness would not let him and he continued to draw failed stories for a year; claiming around 500 pages' worth, including the published Today's Highlight Island (1979). [ 11 ] He said he learned a lot during this year and even had some fun. When Torishima told him to draw a female lead character, Toriyama hesitantly created 1979's Tomato the Cutesy Gumshoe , which had some success. Feeling encouraged, he decided to draw another female lead and created Dr. Slump . [ 11 ]\n\nDr. Slump , which was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1980 to 1984, was a huge success and made Toriyama a household name. It follows the adventures of a perverted professor and his small but super-strong robot Arale . [ 17 ] In 1981, Dr. Slump earned Toriyama the Shogakukan Manga Award for best shōnen or shōjo manga series of the year. [ 18 ] An anime adaptation began airing that same year, during the prime time Wednesday 19:00 slot on Fuji TV . Adaptations of Toriyama's work would occupy this time slot continuously for 18 years—through Dr. Slump ' s original run, Dragon Ball and its two sequels, and finally a rebooted Dr. Slump concluding in 1999. By 2008, the Dr. Slump manga had sold over 35 million copies in Japan. [ 19 ]\n\nAlthough Dr. Slump was popular, Toriyama wanted to end the series within roughly six months of creating it, but publisher Shueisha would only allow him to do so if he agreed to start another serial for them shortly after. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] So he worked with Torishima on several one-shots for Weekly Shōnen Jump and the monthly Fresh Jump . [ 22 ] In 1981, Toriyama was one of ten artists selected to create a 45-page work for Weekly Shōnen Jump ' s Reader's Choice contest. His manga Pola & Roid took first place. [ 11 ] Toriyama was selected to participate in the contest again in 1982 and submitted Mad Matic . [ 11 ] His one-shot Pink was published in the December issue of Fresh Jump . [ 23 ] Selected to participate in Weekly Shōnen Jump ' s Reader's Choice contest for a third time, Toriyama had the bad luck of drawing the first slot and had to work over New Year's on 1983's Chobit . Angry that it was unpopular, he decided to try again and created Chobit 2 (1983). [ 11 ]\n\nAn official Toriyama fan club, Akira Toriyama Hozonkai ( 鳥山明保存会 ; \"Akira Toriyama Preservation Society\") , was established in 1982. Its newsletters were called Bird Land Press and were sent to members until the club closed in 1987. [ 24 ] Toriyama founded Bird Studio in the early 1980s, [ 25 ] which is a play on his name; \"tori\" ( 鳥 ) meaning \"bird\". He began employing an assistant, mostly to work on backgrounds.\n\nTorishima suggested that, as Toriyama enjoyed kung fu films , he should create a kung fu shōnen manga. [ 26 ] This led to the two-part Dragon Boy , published in the August and October 1983 issues of Fresh Jump . [ 23 ] It follows a boy, adept at martial arts, who escorts a princess on a journey back to her home country. Dragon Boy was well-received and evolved to become the serial Dragon Ball in 1984. [ 20 ] [ 27 ] But before that, The Adventure of Tongpoo was published in Weekly Shōnen Jump ' s 52nd issue of 1983 and also contained elements that would be included in Dragon Ball . [ 23 ]\n\nSerialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1984 to 1995 and having sold 159.5 million tankōbon copies in Japan alone, [ 28 ] Dragon Ball is one of the best-selling manga series of all time. [ 29 ] It began as an adventure/gag manga but later turned into a martial arts fighting series, considered by many to be the \"most influential shōnen manga\". [ 17 ] Dragon Ball was one of the main reasons for the magazine's circulation hitting a record high of 6.53 million copies (1995). [ 30 ] [ 31 ] At the series' end, Toriyama said that he asked everyone involved to let him end the manga, so he could \"take some new steps in life\". [ 32 ] During that near-11-year period, he produced 519 chapters that were collected into 42 volumes. Moreover, the success of the manga led to five anime adaptations, several animated films , numerous video games , and mega-merchandise. Aside from its popularity in Japan, Dragon Ball was successful internationally as well, including Asia, Europe, and the Americas, with 300–350 million copies of the manga sold worldwide.\n\nWhile Toriyama was serializing Dragon Ball weekly, he continued to create the occasional one-shot manga. In 1986, Mr. Ho was published in the 49th issue of Weekly Shōnen Jump . [ 23 ] The following year saw publication of Young Master Ken'nosuke , which had a Japanese jidaigeki setting. [ 23 ] Toriyama published two Weekly Shōnen Jump one-shots in 1988; The Elder and Little Mamejiro . [ 23 ] Karamaru and the Perfect Day followed in issue #13 of 1989. [ 23 ]\n\nAlso during Dragon Ball ' s serialization, Torishima recruited him to work as character designer for the 1986 role-playing video game Dragon Quest . The artist admitted he was pulled into it without even knowing what an RPG was and that it made his already busy schedule even more hectic, but he was happy to have been a part after enjoying the finished game. [ 21 ] Toriyama continued to work on every installment in the Dragon Quest series until his death. He also served as the character designer for the Super Famicom RPG Chrono Trigger (1995) and for the fighting games Tobal No. 1 (1996) and Tobal 2 (1997) for the PlayStation . [ 33 ]\n\nThe September 23, 1988, festival film Kosuke & Rikimaru: The Dragon of Konpei Island marked the first time Toriyama made substantial contributions to an animation. He came up with the original story idea, co-wrote the screenplay with its director Toyoo Ashida , and designed the characters. [ 34 ] It was screened at the Jump Anime Carnival, which was held to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Weekly Shōnen Jump . [ 35 ]\n\nA third anime adaptation based on Dragon Ball , entitled Dragon Ball GT , began airing in 1996, though this was not based on Toriyama's manga directly. He was involved in some overarching elements, including the name of the series and designs for the main cast. [ 36 ] Toriyama continued drawing manga in this period, predominantly one-shots and short (100–200-page) pieces, including Cowa! (1997–1998), Kajika (1998), and Sand Land (2000). On December 6, 2002, Toriyama made his only promotional appearance in the United States at the launch of Weekly Shōnen Jump ' s North American counterpart, Shonen Jump , in New York City. [ 37 ] Toriyama's Dragon Ball and Sand Land were published in the magazine in the first issue, which also included an in-depth interview with him. [ 38 ] Toriyama also wrote a short self-parody of Dragon Ball entitled Neko Majin , in the form of eight one-shots released sporadically from 1999 to 2005. The eight chapters were collected into a single volume and published in April 2005. [ 39 ]\n\nOn March 27, 2005, CQ Motors began selling an electric car designed by Toriyama. [ 40 ] The one-person QVOLT is part of the company's Choro-Q series of small electric cars, with only 9 being produced. It cost 1,990,000 yen (about $19,000 US), has a top speed of 30 km/h (19 mph) and was available in five colors. [ 40 ] Toriyama stated that the car took over a year to design, \"but due to my genius mini-model construction skills, I finally arrived at the end of what was a very emotional journey.\" [ 40 ]\n\nHe worked on a 2006 one-shot called Cross Epoch , in cooperation with One Piece creator Eiichiro Oda . The story is a short crossover that presents characters from both Dragon Ball and One Piece . Toriyama was the character designer and artist for the 2006 Mistwalker Xbox 360 exclusive RPG Blue Dragon , working with Hironobu Sakaguchi and Nobuo Uematsu , both of whom he had previously worked with on Chrono Trigger . [ 41 ] At the time, Toriyama felt the 2007 Blue Dragon anime might potentially be his final work in animation. [ 42 ]\n\nIn 2008, he collaborated with Masakazu Katsura , his good friend and creator of I\"s and Zetman , for the Jump SQ one-shot Sachie-chan Good!! . [ 43 ] [ 44 ] It was later published in North America in the free SJ Alpha Yearbook 2013, which was mailed out to annual subscribers of the digital manga magazine Shonen Jump Alpha in December 2012. The two worked together again in 2009, for the three-chapter one-shot Jiya in Weekly Young Jump . [ 45 ]\n\nToriyama was engaged by 20th Century Fox as a creative consultant on Dragonball Evolution , an American live-action film adaptation of Dragon Ball . [ 46 ] The film was released in 2009 and failed both critically and financially. Toriyama later stated in 2013 that he had felt the script did not \"capture the world or the characteristics\" of his series and was \"bland\" and not interesting, so he cautioned them and gave suggestions for changes. But the Hollywood producers did not heed his advice, \"And just as I thought, the result was a movie I cannot call Dragon Ball .\" [ 47 ] [ 48 ] Avex Trax commissioned Toriyama to draw a portrait of pop singer Ayumi Hamasaki , and it was printed on the CD of her 2009 single \" Rule \", which was used as the theme song to the film. [ 49 ]\n\nToriyama drew a 2009 manga titled Delicious Island's Mr. U for Anjō 's Rural Society Project, a nonprofit environmental organization that teaches the importance of agriculture and nature to young children. [ 50 ] They originally asked him to do the illustrations for a pamphlet, but Toriyama liked the project and decided to expand it into a story. It is included in a booklet about environmental awareness that is distributed by the Anjō city government. [ 50 ] As part of Weekly Shōnen Jump ' s \"Top of the Super Legend\" project, a series of six one-shots by famed Jump artists, Toriyama created Kintoki for its November 15, 2010, issue. [ 51 ] He collaborated with Weekly Shōnen Jump to create a video to raise awareness and support for those affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011. [ 52 ]\n\nIn 2012, Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods was announced to be in development, with Toriyama involved in its creation. The film marked the series' first theatrical film in 17 years, and the first time Toriyama had been involved in one as early as the screenwriting stages. [ 53 ] The film opened on March 30, 2013. A special \" dual ticket \" that could be used to see both Battle of Gods and One Piece Film: Z was created with new art by both Toriyama and Eiichiro Oda. [ 54 ]\n\nOn March 27, 2013, the \"Akira Toriyama: The World of Dragon Ball \" exhibit opened at the Takashimaya department store in Nihonbashi , garnering 72,000 visitors in its first nineteen days. The exhibit was separated into seven areas. The first provided a look at the series' history, the second showed the 400-plus characters from the series, the third displayed Toriyama's manga manuscripts from memorable scenes, the fourth showed special color illustrations, the fifth displayed rare Dragon Ball -related materials, the sixth included design sketches and animation cels from the anime, and the seventh screened Dragon Ball -related videos. [ 55 ] It was there until April 15, when it moved to Osaka from April 17 to 23, and ended in Toriyama's native Nagoya from July 27 to September 1. [ 55 ] [ 56 ]\n\nTo celebrate the 45th anniversary of Weekly Shōnen Jump , Toriyama launched a new manga series in its July 13, 2013, issue titled Jaco the Galactic Patrolman . [ 57 ] Viz Media began serializing it in English in their digital Weekly Shonen Jump magazine, beginning just two days later. [ 58 ] The final chapter reveals that the story is set before the events of Dragon Ball and features some of its characters. It would become the final manga that Toriyama wrote and illustrated himself.\n\nThe follow-up film to Battle of Gods , Resurrection 'F' , released on April 18, 2015, features even more contributions from Toriyama, who personally wrote its original script. [ 59 ] Toriyama provided the basic story outline and some character designs for Dragon Ball Super , which began serialization in V Jump in June 2015 with an anime counterpart following in July. Although the anime ended in 2018, he continued to provide story ideas for the manga while Toyotarou illustrated it. [ 60 ] Dragon Ball Super: Broly , released in theaters on December 14, 2018, and Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero , released on June 11, 2022, continued Toriyama's deep involvement with the films, the latter being his final complete work on the Dragon Ball franchise. [ 61 ] [ 62 ]\n\nIn January 2024, a logo Toriyama designed to celebrate the 20th anniversary of his hometown of Kiyosu was unveiled. [ 63 ] Toriyama created a new story arc for the 2024 original net animation adaptation of his manga Sand Land . [ 64 ] He also created the story and character designs for the upcoming Dragon Ball Daima anime series. [ 65 ] Toriyama's final contribution to Dragon Ball was directing Toyotarou to redraw the end of chapter 103 of Dragon Ball Super , so that a departing Piccolo appears to wave back at the reader. A short tribute was included at the bottom of the page when it was published on March 28, 2024. [ 66 ]\n\nOn October 11, 2024, the Harvey Awards announced [ 67 ] that Toriyama was one of five comics creators to be inducted into the Harvey Awards Hall of Fame at the 36th annual Harvey Awards ceremony on October 18 at the New York Comic Con . [ 7 ] [ 68 ] Acknowledging the accolade for Toriyama, Bird Studio Co., Ltd. and Capsule Corporation Tokyo issued a statement saying, \"We are very honored to receive the news that Akira Toriyama has been selected for the prestigious Harvey Award Hall of Fame. As a creator, he had always said that his work says it all. We are especially grateful to the American fans for their long-standing enthusiasm and dedicated support. We hope you will continue to support his work for many years to come as we continue to develop and expand upon his masterpieces.\" [ 69 ]\n\nToriyama married Yoshimi Katō on May 2, 1982. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] She is a former manga artist from Nagoya under the pen name Nachi Mikami, [ 72 ] and occasionally helped Toriyama and his assistant on Dr. Slump when they were short on time. [ 73 ] They had two children: a son named Sasuke (born 1987) [ 74 ] and a daughter named Kikka (born 1990). [ 75 ] [ 76 ] Toriyama lived in his home studio in Kiyosu . [ 25 ] [ 77 ] He was a well-known recluse , who avoided appearing in public or media. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] In an extension to his shyness, Toriyama had used a robot avatar since 1980 to represent himself in manga and interviews. [ 81 ]\n\nToriyama had a love of cars and motorcycles, something he inherited from his father who used to race motorbikes and operated an auto repair business for a brief time, although he did not understand the mechanics himself. [ 82 ] He was an animal lover, and had kept birds, dogs, cats, fish, lizards, and bugs as pets since childhood. [ 82 ] Some were used as models for characters he created such as Karin and Beerus . Toriyama had a lifelong passion for plastic models , [ 82 ] and designed several for the Fine Molds brand. He also collected autographs of famous manga artists, having over 30 including Yudetamago and Hisashi Eguchi , a hobby he gave to the character Peasuke Soramame . [ 10 ] [ 83 ]\n\nOn March 1, 2024, Toriyama died of an acute subdural hematoma , at the age of 68. A funeral was held privately with only his family in attendance. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] His death was announced by his production company Bird Studio one week later on March 8. [ 86 ] According to sources close to Toriyama, he had planned to undergo surgery for a brain tumor in February 2024. [ 87 ] The news of his death caused an outpouring of grief among admirers of his works, who took to social media to express their condolences and celebrate his legacy. [ 88 ] [ 89 ] On Twitter , the trending topics of Akira Toriyama and Dragon Ball surpassed United States President Joe Biden 's State of the Union address , which was held at the same time the news of Toriyama's death was announced. [ 90 ] Tributes to the artist were given by One Piece creator Eiichiro Oda , Naruto creator Masashi Kishimoto , Bleach creator Tite Kubo , My Hero Academia creator Kōhei Horikoshi , Yu Yu Hakusho and Hunter × Hunter creator Yoshihiro Togashi , Video Girl Ai creator Masakazu Katsura , and video game designer Yuji Horii , who worked with Toriyama on Dragon Quest and Chrono Trigger . [ 91 ] [ 92 ] In Tokyo, fans publicly mourned while visiting a life-sized statue of Dragon Ball protagonist Goku located outside the headquarters of toy manufacturer Bandai . [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Japan's Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshimasa Hayashi credited Toriyama and his work with playing an \"extremely important role in demonstrating Japan's soft power \" around the world. [ 95 ]\n\nFrench President Emmanuel Macron shared a photo of an autographed illustration Toriyama gave him as a gift and paid tribute to him and his fans on social media. [ 96 ] French Prime Minister Gabriel Attal also paid tribute and lamented that not even \"the [Dragon Balls] and Shenron \" could revive him. [ 97 ] The foreign ministries of China and El Salvador issued statements of condolences over Toriyama's death. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] Justin Chatwin , who portrayed Goku in the live-action film Dragonball Evolution , paid respects to Toriyama and apologized for the quality of the film by posting on his Instagram story, \"sorry we messed up that adaptation so badly\". [ 100 ] Several Mexican voice actors who dubbed Dragon Ball characters in Spanish for Latin America also lamented Toriyama's death via social media. [ 101 ] A large gathering was held at the Plaza de la Constitución in Mexico City, where hundreds of fans did the Genki-dama hand motion (arms up, palm facing the zenith, pooling energy together) to honor the artist. [ 102 ] During the 18th Seiyu Awards on March 9, a moment of silence was held for Toriyama and voice actress Tarako , who died on March 4, in recognition of their contributions to the anime industry. [ 103 ] On March 10, in Argentina, thousands of fans gathered at the Obelisco monument to remember Toriyama. [ 104 ] In Lima , Peru, over 40 artists led by \"Peko\" painted a mural tribute to Toriyama, which showcases characters from Dragon Ball as well as Toriyama himself, spanning six meters high and over 110 meters long. [ 105 ] [ 106 ]\n\nToriyama admired Osamu Tezuka 's Astro Boy and was impressed by Walt Disney 's One Hundred and One Dalmatians , which he remembered for its high-quality animation. [ 16 ] [ 107 ] He was a fan of Hong Kong martial arts films , especially Bruce Lee films such as Enter the Dragon (1973) and Jackie Chan films such as Drunken Master (1978), which went on to have a large influence on his later work. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] He also cited the science fiction films Alien (1979) and Galaxy Quest (1999) as influences. [ 111 ] Toriyama stated he was influenced by animator Toyoo Ashida and the anime television series adaptation of his own Dragon Ball , from which he learned that separating colors instead of blending them makes the art cleaner and coloring illustrations easier. [ 107 ]\n\nIt was Toriyama's sound effects in Mysterious Rain Jack that caught the eye of Kazuhiko Torishima , who explained that usually they are written in katakana , but Toriyama used the Roman alphabet , which he found refreshing. [ 112 ] Torishima has stated that Toriyama aimed to be a gag manga artist because the competitions that he submitted to early on required entries in the gag category to only be 15 pages long, compared to story manga entries which had to be 31. [ 15 ] In his opinion, Toriyama excelled in black and white, utilizing black areas as a result of not having had the money to buy screentone when he started drawing manga. [ 112 ] He also described Toriyama as a master of convenience and \"sloppy, but in a good way.\" For instance, in Dragon Ball , destroying scenery in the environment and giving Super Saiyans blond hair were done in order to have less work in drawing and inking. Torishima claimed that Toriyama drew what he found interesting and was not mindful of what his readers thought, [ 113 ] nor did he get much inspiration from other comics, as he chose not to re-read previous works or read manga made by other artists, a practice that Torishima supported. [ 114 ] Furthermore, the book A History of Modern Manga (2023) describes Toriyama as \"a perfectionist at heart\" who \"didn't hesitate to redraw entire panels under the worried eye of his editor at Jump \". [ 115 ]\n\nDr. Slump is mainly a comedy series, filled with puns , toilet humor , and sexual innuendos. But it also contained many science fiction elements: aliens, anthropomorphic characters, time travel , and parodies of works such as Godzilla , Star Wars , and Star Trek . [ 17 ] Toriyama also included many real-life people in the series, such as his assistants, wife, and colleagues (such as Masakazu Katsura ), but most notably his editor Kazuhiko Torishima as the series' main antagonist, Dr. Mashirito . [ 17 ] [ 116 ] A running gag in Dr. Slump that utilizes feces has been reported as an inspiration for the Pile of Poo emoji . [ 117 ] [ 118 ]\n\nWhen Dragon Ball began, it was loosely based on the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West , [ 27 ] [ 119 ] with Goku being Sun Wukong and Bulma as Tang Sanzang . It was also inspired by Hong Kong martial arts films, [ 120 ] particularly those of Jackie Chan, [ 121 ] and was set in a fictional world based on Asia, taking inspiration from several Asian cultures including Japanese , Chinese , Indian , Central Asian , Arabic , and Indonesian cultures . [ 17 ] [ 122 ] Toriyama continued to use his characteristic comedic style in the beginning, but over the course of serialization this slowly changed, with him turning the series into a \"nearly-pure fighting manga\" later on. [ 17 ] He did not plan out in advance what would happen in the series, instead choosing to draw as he went. This, coupled with him simply forgetting things he had already drawn, caused him to find himself in situations that he had to write himself out of. [ 17 ]\n\nToriyama was commissioned to illustrate the characters and monsters for the first Dragon Quest video game (1986) in order to separate it from other role-playing games of the time. [ 123 ] He worked on every installment in the series until he died. For each game Yuji Horii first sends rough sketches of the characters with their background information to Toriyama, who then re-draws them. Lastly, Horii approves the finished work. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Toriyama explained in 1995 that for video games, because the sprites are so small, as long as they have a distinguishing feature so people can tell which character it is, he can make complex designs without concern of having to reproduce it like he usually would in manga. [ 126 ] Besides the character and monster designs, Toriyama also does the games' packaging art and, for Dragon Quest VIII , the boats and ships. [ 125 ] In 2016, Toriyama revealed that because of the series' established time period and setting, his artistic options are limited, which makes every iteration harder to design for than the last. [ 79 ] The series' Slime character, which has become a mascot for the franchise, is considered to be one of the most recognizable figures in gaming. [ 127 ]\n\nManga critic Jason Thompson declared Toriyama's art influential, saying that his \"extremely personal and recognizable style\" was a reason for Dragon Ball' s popularity. [ 17 ] He points out that the popular shōnen manga of the late 1980s and early 1990s had \" manly \" heroes, such as City Hunter and Fist of the North Star , whereas Dragon Ball starred the cartoonish and small Goku, thus starting a trend that Thompson says continues to this day. [ 17 ] Toriyama himself said he went against the normal convention that the strongest characters should be the largest in terms of physical size, designing many of the series' most powerful characters with small statures. [ 128 ] Thompson concluded his analysis by saying that only Akira Toriyama drew like this at the time and that Dragon Ball is \"an action manga drawn by a gag manga artist.\" [ 17 ] James S. Yadao, author of The Rough Guide to Manga , points out that an art shift does occur in the series, as the characters gradually \"lose the rounded, innocent look that [Toriyama] established in Dr. Slump and gain sharper angles that leap off the page with their energy and intensity.\" [ 129 ]\n\nThe role of my manga is to be a work of entertainment through and through. I dare say I don't care even if [my works] have left nothing behind, as long as they have entertained their readers.\n\nPatrick St. Michel of The Japan Times compared Toriyama to animator Walt Disney and Marvel Comics creator Stan Lee : \"All three of these individuals, Toriyama included, had a personal artistic style that has become the shorthand for their respective media.\" [ 131 ] Speaking of Dragon Ball , David Brothers of ComicsAlliance wrote that: \"Like Osamu Tezuka and Jack Kirby before him, Toriyama created a story with his own two hands that seeped deep into the hearts of his readers, creating a love for both the cast and the medium at the same time.\" [ 132 ] Thompson stated in 2011 that \" Dragon Ball is by far the most influential shonen manga of the last 30 years, and today, almost every Shōnen Jump artist lists it as one of their favorites and lifts from it in various ways.\" [ 17 ] Patrick W. Galbraith, an associate professor at the School of International Communication at Senshu University , similarly said, \"One can sense the DNA of Toriyama's work in all subsequent shōnen releases.\" [ 131 ]\n\nIn a rare 2013 interview, commenting on Dragon Ball ' s global success, Toriyama admitted, \"Frankly, I don't quite understand why it happened. While the manga was being serialized, the only thing I wanted as I kept drawing was to make Japanese boys happy.\" [ 130 ] He had previously stated in 2010, \"The truth is, I didn't like being a manga artist very much. It wasn't until relatively recently that I realized it's a wonderful job.\" [ 111 ] Many artists have named Toriyama and Dragon Ball as influences, including One Piece author Eiichiro Oda , [ 133 ] Naruto creator Masashi Kishimoto , [ 134 ] Fairy Tail and Rave author Hiro Mashima , [ 135 ] Boruto: Naruto Next Generations illustrator Mikio Ikemoto , [ 136 ] Venus Versus Virus author Atsushi Suzumi , [ 137 ] Bleach creator Tite Kubo , Black Cat author Kentaro Yabuki , and Mr. Fullswing author Shinya Suzuki. [ 138 ] German comic book artist Hans Steinbach was strongly influenced by Toriyama, [ 139 ] and Thai cartoonist Wisut Ponnimit cited Toriyama as one of his favorite cartoonists. [ 140 ] St. Michel wrote that the impact Toriyama and Dragon Ball had extends beyond inspiring newer artists, \"he influenced the style of anime as a whole and revealed new economic potential, as the comic series mutated into an anime, video games and infinite merchandise.\" [ 131 ] Ian Jones-Quartey , a producer of the American animated series Steven Universe , is a fan of both Dragon Ball and Dr. Slump , and uses Toriyama's vehicle designs as reference for his own. He also stated that \"We're all big Toriyama fans on [ Steven Universe ], which kind of shows a bit.\" [ 141 ] French director Pierre Perifel cited Toriyama and Dragon Ball as influences on his DreamWorks Animation film The Bad Guys . [ 142 ]\n\nIn 2008, Oricon conducted a poll of people's favorite manga artists, with Toriyama coming in second, behind only Nana author Ai Yazawa . He was number one among male respondents and among those over 30 years of age. [ 143 ] They held a poll on the Mangaka that Changed the History of Manga in 2010, mangaka being the Japanese word for a manga artist. Toriyama came in second, after only Osamu Tezuka, due to his works being highly influential and popular worldwide. [ 144 ] Toriyama won the Special 40th Anniversary Festival Award at the 2013 Angoulême International Comics Festival , honoring his years in cartooning. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] He actually received the most votes for the festival's Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême award that year, though the selection committee chose Willem as the recipient. [ 147 ] In a 2014 NTT Docomo poll for the manga artist that best represents Japan, Toriyama came in third place. [ 148 ] That same year, entomologist Enio B. Cano named a new species of beetle , Ogyges toriyamai , after Toriyama, and another, Ogyges mutenroshii , after the Dragon Ball character Muten Roshi . [ 149 ] Toriyama was decorated a Chevalier or \"Knight\" of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government on May 30, 2019, for his contributions to the arts. [ 78 ] [ 150 ] He was also a 2019 nominee for entry into the Will Eisner Hall of Fame . [ 151 ] Toriyama was honored with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2024 Tokyo Anime Awards Festival . [ 152 ] Due to his video game design work, IGN named Toriyama number 74 on their list of the Top 100 Game Creators of All Time. [ 33 ]\n\nBesides Dr. Slump (1980–1984) and Dragon Ball (1984–1995), Toriyama predominantly drew one-shot manga and short (100–200-page) pieces, including Pink (1982), Go! Go! Ackman (1993–1994), Cowa! (1997–1998), Kajika (1998), Sand Land (2000) and Jaco the Galactic Patrolman (2013). Many of his one-shots were collected in his three-volume anthology series, Akira Toriyama's Manga Theater (1983–1997). He also collaborated with other manga artists, such as Katsura and Oda, [ 153 ] [ 154 ] to produce one-shots and crossover shorts.\n\nToriyama also created many character designs for various video games such as the Dragon Quest series (1986–2023), Chrono Trigger (1995), Blue Dragon (2006), and some Dragon Ball video games . He also designed several characters and mascots for various manga magazines property of Shueisha , his career-long employer and Japan's largest publishing company. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] [ 157 ]\n\nBesides manga-related works, Toriyama also created various illustrations, album and book covers, model kits, mascots and logos. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] [ 160 ] For example, he sketched several versions of the Dragon Ball Z logo, which Toei Animation then refined into a definitive design. [ 161 ]\n\n2023–",
+    "tf_idf_text": "akira toriyama japanese hepburn toriyama akira april march japanese manga artist character designer widely regard one great influential author history manga create numerous highly influential popular series famous dragon ball toriyama first achieve mainstream recognition create manga series slump earn shogakukan manga award best shnen shjo slump go sell million copy japan adapted anime second series create year manga end write illustrated dragon ball manga serialize weekly shnen jump become one bestselling manga series time million copy sell worldwide consider key work increase manga circulation peak mids mids overseas dragon ball anime adaptation successful manga similarly boost animes general popularity beside manga work toriyama act character designer several video game dragon quest series chrono trigger blue dragon toriyama decorate chevalier french ordre de art de lettres contribution art october toriyama posthumously induct harvey award hall fame akira toriyama bear town kiyosu aichi prefecture japan young sister toriyama draw picture since young age mainly animal vehicle fond remember blown away see one hundred one dalmatian say draw deep world illustration hop draw picture good shock elementary school saw manga collection classmate older brother saw television set first time neighbor house cite osamu tezuka astro boy original source interest manga toriyama recall elementary school classmate draw imitate anime manga result not many form entertainment believe begin advance everyone else start draw picture friends despite engrossed manga elementary school toriyama say take break middle school probably become interested film show ask formative experience tokusatsu entertainment toriyama say enjoy ultraman show gamera series kaiju film toriyama say nobrainer would attend high school focus creative design admit interested fun friend although still not read much manga would draw one every despite parent strong opposition toriyama confident go work force upon graduation instead continue education work advertising agency nagoya design poster three year although toriyama say adapted job quickly admit often late not morning person get reprimanded dress casually resent routine become sick environment quit quit job age ask mother money unemployed toriyama enter manga industry submit work amateur contest kodansha weekly shnen magazine randomly pick coffee shop time not line contest another manga magazine weekly shnen jump accept submission newcomer award every month kazuhiko torishima would become editor read enjoy toriyamas manga not eligible compete parody star war instead original work torishima send artist telegram encourage keep draw send manga result wonder island become toriyamas first publish work appear weekly shnen jump finish last place reader survey toriyama later say plan quit manga get pay wonder island also flop stubbornness would not let continued draw fail story year claim around page worth include publish today highlight island say learn lot year even fun torishima tell draw female lead character toriyama hesitantly create tomato cutesy gumshoe success feel encourage decide draw another female lead create slump slump serialize weekly shnen jump huge success make toriyama household name follow adventure pervert professor small superstrong robot arale slump earn toriyama shogakukan manga award best shnen shjo manga series year anime adaptation begin air year prime time wednesday slot fuji adaptation toriyamas work would occupy time slot continuously yearsthrough slump original run dragon ball two sequel finally reboot slump conclude slump manga sell million copy japan although slump popular toriyama want end series within roughly six month create publisher shueisha would allow agreed start another serial shortly work torishima several oneshots weekly shnen jump monthly fresh jump toriyama one ten artists select create page work weekly shnen jump reader choice contest manga pola roid take first place toriyama select participate contest submit mad matic oneshot pink publish december issue fresh jump select participate weekly shnen jump reader choice contest third time toriyama bad luck draw first slot work new year chobit angry unpopular decide try create chobit official toriyama fan club akira toriyama hozonkai akira toriyama preservation society establish newsletter call bird land press send member club closed toriyama found bird studio early play name torus mean bird begin employ assistant mostly work background torishima suggest toriyama enjoyed kung film create kung shnen manga lead twopart dragon boy publish august october issue fresh jump follow boy adept martial art escort princess journey back home country dragon boy wellreceived evolved become serial dragon ball adventure tongpoo publish weekly shnen jump issue also contain element would include dragon ball serialize weekly shnen jump sell million tankbon copy japan alone dragon ball one bestselling manga series time begin adventuregag manga later turn martial art fight series consider many influential shnen manga dragon ball one main reason magazine circulation hitting record high million copy series end toriyama say ask everyone involve let end manga could take new step life nearyear period produce chapter collect volume moreover success manga lead five anime adaptation several animated film numerous video game megamerchandise aside popularity japan dragon ball successful internationally well include asia europe america million copy manga sell worldwide toriyama serialize dragon ball weekly continue create occasional oneshot manga publish issue weekly shnen jump follow year saw publication young master kennosuke japanese jidaigeki set toriyama publish two weekly shnen jump oneshots elder little mamejiro karamaru perfect day follow issue also dragon ball serialization torishima recruit work character designer roleplay video game dragon quest artist admit pull without even know rpg make already busy schedule even hectic happy part enjoy finished game toriyama continue work every installment dragon quest series death also serve character designer super famicom rpg chrono trigger fight game tobal tobal playstation september festival film kosuke rikimaru dragon konpei island mark first time toriyama make substantial contribution animation come original story idea cowrote screenplay director toyoo ashida design character screen jump anime carnival hold commemorate anniversary weekly shnen jump third anime adaptation base dragon ball entitle dragon ball begin air though not base toriyamas manga directly involve overarching element include name series design main cast toriyama continue draw manga period predominantly oneshots short page piece include cowa kajika sand land december toriyama make promotional appearance united state launch weekly shnen jump north american counterpart shonen jump new york city toriyamas dragon ball sand land publish magazine first issue also include indepth interview toriyama also write short selfparody dragon ball entitle neko majin form eight oneshots release sporadically eight chapter collect single volume publish april march motor begin sell electric car design toriyama oneperson qvolt part company choroq series small electric car produce cost yen top speed kmh mph available five color toriyama state car take year design due genius minimodel construction skills finally arrived end emotional journey work oneshot call cross epoch cooperation one piece creator eiichiro oda story short crossover present character dragon ball one piece toriyama character designer artist mistwalker xbox exclusive rpg blue dragon work hironobu sakaguchi nobuo uematsu previously work chrono trigger time toriyama felt blue dragon anime might potentially final work animation collaborate masakazu katsura good friend creator zetman jump oneshot sachiechan good later publish north america free alpha yearbook mail annual subscriber digital manga magazine shonen jump alpha december two work together threechapter oneshot jiya weekly young jump toriyama engage century fox creative consultant dragonball evolution american liveaction film adaptation dragon ball film release fail critically financially toriyama later state felt script not capture world characteristic series bland not interesting caution give suggestion change hollywood producer not heed advice think result movie cannot call dragon ball avex trax commission toriyama draw portrait pop singer ayumi hamasaki print single rule use theme song film toriyama draw manga title delicious island anj rural society project nonprofit environmental organization teach importance agriculture nature young child originally ask illustration pamphlet toriyama like project decide expand story include booklet environmental awareness distribute anj city government part weekly shnen jump top super legend project series six oneshots famed jump artist toriyama create kintoki november issue collaborate weekly shnen jump create video raise awareness support affect thoku earthquake tsunami march dragon ball battle god announce development toriyama involve creation film mark series first theatrical film year first time toriyama involve one early screenwriting stage film open march special dual ticket could use see battle god one piece film create new art toriyama eiichiro oda march akira toriyama world dragon ball exhibit open takashimaya department store nihonbashi garner visitor first nineteen day exhibit separate seven area first provide look series history second show plus character series third display toriyamas manga manuscript memorable scene fourth show special color illustration fifth display rare dragon ball related material sixth included design sketch animation cels anime seventh screen dragon ball relate video april move osaka april end toriyamas native nagoya july september celebrate anniversary weekly shnen jump toriyama launch new manga series july issue title jaco galactic patrolman viz medium begin serialize english digital weekly shonen jump magazine begin two day later final chapter reveals story set event dragon ball feature character would become final manga toriyama write illustrated followup film battle god resurrection release april feature even contribution toriyama personally write original script toriyama provide basic story outline character design dragon ball super begin serialization jump june anime counterpart follow july although anime end continue provide story idea manga toyotarou illustrate dragon ball super broly release theater december dragon ball super super hero release june continue toriyamas deep involvement film latter final complete work dragon ball franchise january logo toriyama design celebrate anniversary hometown kiyosu unveil toriyama create new story arc original net animation adaptation manga sand land also create story character design upcoming dragon ball daima anime series toriyamas final contribution dragon ball direct toyotarou redraw end chapter dragon ball super depart piccolo appear wave back reader short tribute include bottom page publish march october harvey award announce toriyama one five comic creator induct harvey award hall fame annual harvey award ceremony october new york comic con acknowledge accolade toriyama bird studio ltd capsule corporation tokyo issue statement say honor receive news akira toriyama select prestigious harvey award hall fame creator always say work say especially grateful american fan longstanding enthusiasm dedicate support hope continue support work many year come continue develop expand upon masterpiece toriyama marry yoshimi kat may former manga artist nagoya pen name nachi mikami occasionally help toriyama assistant slump short time two child son name sasuke bear daughter name kikka bear toriyama live home studio kiyosu wellknown recluse avoid appear public medium extension shyness toriyama use robot avatar since represent manga interview toriyama love car motorcycle something inherited father use race motorbike operated auto repair business brief time although not understand mechanic animal lover keep bird dog cat fish lizard bug pet since childhood use model character create karin beerus toriyama lifelong passion plastic model design several fine mold brand also collect autographs famous manga artist include yudetamago hisashi eguchi hobby give character peasuke soramame march toriyama die acute subdural hematoma age funeral hold privately family attendance death announce production company bird studio one week later march accord source close toriyama plan undergo surgery brain tumor february news death cause outpouring grief among admirer work take social medium express condolence celebrate legacy twitter trend topic akira toriyama dragon ball surpass united state president joe biden state union address hold time news toriyamas death announce tribute artist give one piece creator eiichiro oda naruto creator masashi kishimoto bleach creator tite kubo hero academia creator khei horikoshi hakusho hunter hunter creator yoshihiro togashi video girl creator masakazu katsura video game designer yuji horii work toriyama dragon quest chrono trigger tokyo fan publicly mourn visit lifesized statue dragon ball protagonist goku locate outside headquarters toy manufacturer bandai japan chief cabinet secretary yoshimasa hayashi credit toriyama work play extremely important role demonstrate japan soft power around world french president emmanuel macron share photo autograph illustration toriyama give gift pay tribute fan social medium french prime minister gabriel attal also pay tribute lament not even dragon ball shenron could revive foreign ministry china salvador issued statement condolence toriyamas death justin chatwin portray goku liveaction film dragonball evolution pay respect toriyama apologized quality film post instagram story sorry mess adaptation badly several mexican voice actor dub dragon ball character spanish latin america also lament toriyamas death via social medium large gather held plaza constitucin mexico city hundred fan genkidama hand motion arm palm face zenith pool energy together honor artist seiyu award march moment silence hold toriyama voice actress tarako die march recognition contribution anime industry march argentina thousand fan gather obelisco monument remember toriyama lima peru artist lead peko paint mural tribute toriyama showcases character dragon ball well toriyama span six meter high meter long toriyama admire osamu tezuka astro boy impressed walt disney one hundred one dalmatian remembered highquality animation fan hong kong martial art film especially bruce lee film enter dragon jackie chan film drunken master go large influence later work also cite science fiction film alien galaxy quest influence toriyama state influenced animator toyoo ashida anime television series adaptation dragon ball learn separate color instead blend make art cleaner color illustration easy toriyamas sound effect mysterious rain jack caught eye kazuhiko torishima explain usually write katakana toriyama use roman alphabet find refresh torishima state toriyama aim gag manga artist competition submit early require entry gag category page long compare story manga entry opinion toriyama excel black white utilizing black area result not money buy screentone start draw manga also describe toriyama master convenience sloppy good way instance dragon ball destroy scenery environment give super saiyans blond hair do order less work draw ink torishima claim toriyama drew find interest not mindful reader think nor get much inspiration comic choose not reread previous work read manga make artist practice torishima support furthermore book history modern manga describe toriyama perfectionist heart didnt hesitate redraw entire panel worry eye editor jump slump mainly comedy series fill puns toilet humor sexual innuendo also contain many science fiction element alien anthropomorphic character time travel parody work godzilla star war star trek toriyama also include many reallife people series assistant wife colleague masakazu katsura notably editor kazuhiko torishima series main antagonist mashirito run gag slump utilizes feces report inspiration pile poo emoji dragon ball begin loosely base classic chinese novel journey west goku sun wukong bulma tang sanzang also inspire hong kong martial art film particularly jackie chan set fictional world base asia take inspiration several asian culture include japanese chinese indian central asian arabic indonesian culture toriyama continue use characteristic comedic style begin course serialization slowly change turn series nearlypure fight manga later not plan advance would happen series instead choose draw go couple simply forgetting thing already draw cause find situation write toriyama commission illustrate character monster first dragon quest video game order separate roleplay game time work every installment series die game yuji horii first send rough sketch character background information toriyama redraws lastly horii approves finish work toriyama explain video game sprites small long distinguishing feature people tell character make complex design without concern reproduce like usually would manga besides character monster design toriyama also game package art dragon quest vii boat ship toriyama reveal series establish time period set artistic option limit make every iteration harder design last series slime character become mascot franchise consider one recognizable figure game manga critic jason thompson declare toriyamas art influential say extremely personal recognizable style reason dragon ball popularity point popular shnen manga late early manly heroes city hunter fist north star whereas dragon ball star cartoonish small goku thus start trend thompson say continue day toriyama say go normal convention strong character large term physical size design many series powerful character small stature thompson conclude analysis say akira toriyama draw like time dragon ball action manga drawn gag manga artist james yadao author rough guide manga point art shift occur series character gradually lose rounded innocent look toriyama establish slump gain sharp angle leap page energy intensity role manga work entertainment dare say dont care even work leave nothing behind long entertained reader patrick michel japan time compare toriyama animator walt disney marvel comic creator stan lee three individual toriyama include personal artistic style become shorthand respective medium speak dragon ball david brother comicsalliance write like osamu tezuka jack kirby toriyama create story two hand seep deep heart reader create love cast medium time thompson state dragon ball far influential shonen manga last year today almost every shnen jump artist list one favorites lift various way patrick galbraith associate professor school international communication senshu university similarly say one sense dna toriyamas work subsequent shnen release rare interview comment dragon ball global success toriyama admit frankly dont quite understand happen manga serialized thing want keep draw make japanese boy happy previously state truth didnt like manga artist much wasnt relatively recently realize wonderful job many artist name toriyama dragon ball influence include one piece author eiichiro oda naruto creator masashi kishimoto fairy tail rave author hiro mashima boruto naruto next generation illustrator mikio ikemoto venus versus virus author atsushi suzumi bleach creator tite kubo black cat author kentaro yabuki fullswing author shinya suzuki german comic book artist han steinbach strongly influence toriyama thai cartoonist wisut ponnimit cite toriyama one favorite cartoonist michel write impact toriyama dragon ball extend beyond inspire new artist influence style anime whole reveal new economic potential comic series mutate anime video game infinite merchandise ian jonesquartey producer american animated series steven universe fan dragon ball slump use toriyamas vehicle design reference also state big toriyama fan steven universe kind show bite french director pierre perifel cite toriyama dragon ball influence dreamworks animation film bad guy oricon conduct poll people favorite manga artist toriyama come second behind nana author yazawa number one among male respondent among year age hold poll mangaka change history manga mangaka japanese word manga artist toriyama come second osamu tezuka due work highly influential popular worldwide toriyama special anniversary festival award angoulme international comic festival honor year cartoon actually receive vote festival grand prix ville dangoulme award year though selection committee choose willem recipient ntt docomo poll manga artist best represent japan toriyama come third place year entomologist enio cano name new specie beetle ogyges toriyamai toriyama another ogyges mutenroshii dragon ball character muten roshi toriyama decorate chevalier knight ordre de art de lettres french government may contributions art also nominee entry eisner hall fame toriyama honor lifetime achievement award tokyo anime award festival due video game design work ign name toriyama number list top game creator time besides slump dragon ball toriyama predominantly drew oneshot manga short page piece include pink ackman cowa kajika sand land jaco galactic patrolman many oneshots collect threevolume anthology series akira toriyamas manga theater also collaborate manga artist katsura oda produce oneshots crossover short toriyama also create many character design various video game dragon quest series chrono trigger blue dragon dragon ball video game also design several character mascots various manga magazine property shueisha careerlong employer japan large publish company besides mangarelated work toriyama also create various illustration album book cover model kit mascot logos example sketch several version dragon ball logo toei animation refine definitive design"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Alabasta/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Alabasta.json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Alabasta",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabasta",
+    "transformers_text": "Alabasta (from Greek αλάβαστρος (alábastros) ' alabaster ' ) is a genus of arcellinid testate amoebae belonging to the family Hyalospheniidae . [ 2 ] It contains species with an elongated test and a strongly curved \"pseudostome\" (the test opening) with a flare and a notch in narrow view. These species previously belonged to the genus Nebela , but were later found to be a distinct monophyletic group different from Nebela . It is the sister group to Planocarina . [ 1 ]\n\nMembers of Alabasta have a rigid, elongated test that is colourless or yellowish, with a maximum width at about two thirds of the distance from the test's aperture and sides, then thinner towards the aperture. The test is proteinaceous , often incorporating silica scales taken from euglyphid preys. The pseudostome (i.e. aperture) is strongly convex with a flare (i.e. fan shape) in broad view and a deep notch in profile view. Lateral pores are usually present at about one third of the distance from the pseudostome to the fundus (i.e. the bottom of the test, opposite to the aperture). [ 1 ]\n\nAlabasta was described in 2018 by Clément Duckert, Quentin Blandenier, Anush Kosakyan and David Singer. The description of the genus was published in the European Journal of Protistology . [ 1 ]\n\nThe genus was named after the greek word αλάβαστρος (alábastros), as a reference to the diaphanous and yellowish appearance of the test. It is also related to Alabasta, a fictitious desert island described in the manga One Piece , which is reminiscent of the ecological preferences of Alabasta militaris , used in the monitoring of peatlands as an indicator of dryness. [ 1 ]\n\nThere are 3 species of Alabasta : [ 1 ]\n\nThis Amoebozoa -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .",
+    "tf_idf_text": "alabasta greek albastros alabaster genus arcellinid testate amoeba belong family hyalospheniidae contain specie elongate test strongly curve pseudostome test opening flare notch narrow view specie previously belong genus nebela later find distinct monophyletic group different nebela sister group planocarina member alabasta rigid elongate test colourless yellowish maximum width two third distance test aperture side thinner towards aperture test proteinaceous often incorporate silica scale take euglyphid preys pseudostome aperture strongly convex flare fan shape broad view deep notch profile view lateral pore usually present one third distance pseudostome fundus bottom test opposite aperture alabasta describe clment duckert quentin blandenier anush kosakyan david singer description genus publish european journal protistology genus name greek word albastros reference diaphanous yellowish appearance test also relate alabasta fictitious desert island describe manga one piece reminiscent ecological preference alabasta militaris use monitoring peatlands indicator dryness specie alabasta amoebozoa related article stub help wikipedia expand"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_All_caps/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_All_caps.json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_All_caps",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_caps",
+    "transformers_text": "In typography , text or font in all caps (short for \" all capitals \") contains capital letters without any lowercase letters. For example: THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG. All caps text can be seen in legal documents, advertisements , newspaper headlines , and the titles on book covers. Short strings of words in capital letters appear bolder and \"louder\" than mixed case, and this is sometimes referred to as \"screaming\" or \"shouting\". [ 1 ] All caps can also be used to indicate that a given word is an acronym .\n\nStudies have been conducted on the readability and legibility of all caps text. Scientific testing from the 20th century onward has generally indicated that all caps text is less legible and readable than lower-case text. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In addition, switching to all caps may make text appear hectoring and obnoxious for cultural reasons, since all-capitals is often used in transcribed speech to indicate that the speaker is shouting. [ 4 ] All caps text is common in comic books, as well as on older teleprinter and radio transmission systems, which often do not indicate letter case at all. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]\n\nIn professional documents, a commonly preferred alternative to all caps text is the use of small caps to emphasise key names or acronyms (for example, Text in Small Caps ), or the use of italics or (more rarely) bold . [ 7 ] In addition, if all caps must be used it is customary to slightly widen the spacing between the letters, by around 10 percent of the point height. This practice is known as tracking or letterspacing. [ 8 ] Some digital fonts contain alternative spacing metrics for this purpose. [ 9 ]\n\nMessages completely in capital letters are often equated on social media to shouting and other impolite or argumentative behaviors. [ 10 ] This became a mainstream interpretation with the advent of networked computers, from the 1980s onward. However, a similar interpretation was already evidenced by written sources that predated the computing era, in some cases by at least a century, and the textual display of shouting or emphasis was still not a settled matter by 1984. The following sources may be relevant to the history of all caps: [ 11 ]\n\nBefore the development of lower-case letters in the 8th century, texts in the Latin alphabet were written in a single case, which is now considered to be capital letters. Text in all caps is not widely used in body copy . The main exception to this is the so-called fine print in legal documents.\n\nCapital letters have been widely used in printed headlines from the early days of newspapers until the 1950s. In the 1990s, more than three-quarters of newspapers in the western world used lower-case letters in headline text. Discussion regarding the use of all caps for headlines centers on the greater emphasis offered by all caps versus the greater legibility offered by lower-case letters. [ 2 ] Colin Wheildon conducted a scientific study with 224 readers who analyzed various headline styles and concluded that \"Headlines set in capital letters are significantly less legible than those set in lower case.\" [ 15 ]\n\nAll caps typography was common on teletype machines, such as those used by police departments, news, and the United States' then-called Weather Bureau , as well as early computers, such as certain early Apple II models and the ZX81 , which had a limited support for lower-case text. This changed as full support of ASCII became standard, allowing lower-case characters.\n\nSome Soviet computers , such as Radio-86RK , Vector-06C , Agat-7 , use 7-bit character encoding called KOI-7N2 , where capital Russian letters replace lower-case Latin letters in the ASCII table , so can display both alphabets, but all caps only. Mikrosha is switchable to KOI-7N1, in this mode, it can display both caps and lower-case, but in Russian only. Other Soviet computers, such as BK0010 , MK 85 , Corvette and Agat-9 , use 8-bit encoding called KOI-8 , they can display both Russian and Latin letters in caps and lower-case. [ citation needed ]\n\nMany, but not all, NES games use all caps because of tile graphics, where charset and tiles share the same ROM. Game designers often choose to have less characters in favor of more tiles. [ citation needed ]\n\nWith the advent of the bulletin board system , or BBS, and later the Internet, typing messages in all caps commonly became closely identified with \"shouting\" or attention-seeking behavior, and may be considered rude. Its equivalence to shouting traces back to at least 1984 and before the Internet, back to printed typography usage of all capitals to mean shouting. [ 16 ]\n\nFor this reason, etiquette generally discourages the use of all caps when posting messages online. While all caps can be used as an alternative to rich-text \"bolding\" for a single word or phrase, to express emphasis, repeated use of all caps can be considered \"shouting\" or irritating. [ 17 ]\n\nSome aspects of Microsoft's Metro design language involve the use of all caps headings and titles. This has received particular attention when menu and ribbon titles appeared in all caps in Visual Studio 2012 and Office 2013 , respectively. Critics have compared this to a computer program shouting at its user. Information technology journalist Lee Hutchinson described Microsoft's using the practice as \"LITERALLY TERRIBLE ... [it] doesn't so much violate OS X's design conventions as it does take them out behind the shed, pour gasoline on them, and set them on fire.\" [ 18 ]\n\nIn programming, writing in all caps (possibly with underscores replacing spaces ) is an identifier naming convention in many programming languages that symbolizes that the given identifier represents a constant .\n\nA practice exists (most commonly in Francophone countries) [ 19 ] of distinguishing the surname from the rest of a personal name by stylizing the surname only in all caps. This practice is also common among Japanese, when names are spelled using Roman letters. [ 20 ]\n\nIn April 2013, the U.S. Navy moved away from an all caps-based messaging system, which was begun with 1850s-era teleprinters that had only uppercase letters. [ 21 ] The switch to mixed-case communications was estimated to save the Navy $20 million a year and is compliant with current Internet protocol. [ 21 ]\n\nAn antiquated practice that still remains in use, especially by older American lawyers who grew up before the arrival of computers, is to use all caps text for text that is legally required to be emphasised and clearly readable. [ 22 ] The practice dates to the period of typewriters, which generally did not offer bold text, small capitals, or the opportunity to add marginal notes emphasising key points.\n\nLegal writing expert Bryan A. Garner has described the practice as \"ghastly\". [ 23 ] A 2020 study found that all caps in legal texts is ineffective and is, in fact, harmful to older readers. [ 24 ] In 2002, a US court spoke out against the practice, ruling that simply making text all-capitals has no bearing on whether it is clear and easily readable:\n\nLawyers who think their caps lock keys are instant \"make conspicuous\" buttons are deluded. In determining whether a term is conspicuous, we look at more than formatting. A term that appears in capitals can still be inconspicuous if it is hidden on the back of a contract in small type. Terms that are in capitals but also appear in hard-to-read type may flunk the conspicuousness test. A sentence in capitals, buried deep within a long paragraph in capitals will probably not be deemed conspicuous...it is entirely possible for text to be conspicuous without being in capitals. [ 25 ]\n\nCertain musicians—such as Marina , Finneas , who are both known mononymously, and MF DOOM —as well as some bands such as Haim , Blackpink and Kiss —have their names stylised in all caps. Additionally, it is common for bands with vowelless names (a process colourfully known as \" disemvoweling \") to use all caps, with prominent examples including STRFKR , MSTRKRFT , PWR BTTM , SBTRKT , JPNSGRLS (now known as Hotel Mira), BLK JKS , MNDR , and DWNTWN . It has also become common for albums and their track listings to be stylised in all caps, particularly in hip hop .\n\nMiles Tinker , renowned for his landmark work, Legibility of Print , performed scientific studies on the legibility and readability of all-capital print. His findings were as follows:\n\nAll-capital print greatly retards speed of reading in comparison with lower-case type. Also, most readers judge all capitals to be less legible. Faster reading of the lower-case print is due to the characteristic word forms furnished by this type. This permits reading by word units, while all capitals tend to be read letter by letter. Furthermore, since all-capital printing takes at least one-third more space than lower case, more fixation pauses are required for reading the same amount of material. The use of all capitals should be dispensed with in every printing situation. [ 26 ]\n\nAccording to Tinker, \"As early as 1914, Starch reported that material set in Roman lower case was read somewhat faster than similar material printed in all capitals.\" [ 27 ] Another study in 1928 showed that \"all-capital text was read 11.8 percent slower than lower case, or approximately 38 words per minute slower\", [ 28 ] and that \"nine-tenths of adult readers consider lower case more legible than all capitals\". [ 29 ]\n\nA 1955 study by Miles Tinker showed that \"all-capital text retarded speed of reading from 9.5 to 19.0 percent for the 5 and 10-minute time limits, and 13.9 percent for the whole 20-minute period\". [ 30 ] Tinker concluded that, \"Obviously, all-capital printing slows reading to a marked degree in comparison with Roman lower case.\" [ 29 ]\n\nTinker provides the following explanations for why all capital printing is more difficult to read:\n\nText in all capitals covers about 35 percent more printing surface than the same material set in lower case. This would tend to increase the reading time. When this is combined with the difficulty in reading words in all-capital letters as units, the hindrance to rapid reading becomes marked. In the eye-movement study by Tinker and Patterson, the principal difference in oculomotor patterns between lower case and all capitals was the very large increase in number of fixation pauses for reading the all-capital print. [ 31 ]\n\nAll caps text should be eliminated from most forms of composition, according to Tinker:\n\nConsidering the evidence that all-capital printing retards speed of reading to a striking degree in comparison with lower case and is not liked by readers, it would seem wise to eliminate such printing whenever rapid reading and consumer (reader) views are of importance. Examples of this would include any continuous reading material, posters, bus cards, billboards, magazine advertising copy, headings in books, business forms and records, titles of articles, books and book chapters, and newspaper headlines. [ 32 ]\n\nColin Wheildon stated that there is an \"apparent consensus\" that lower-case text is more legible, but that some editors continue to use all caps in text regardless. In his studies of all caps in headlines , he states that, \"Editors who favor capitals claim that they give greater emphasis. Those who prefer lower case claim their preferences gives greater legibility.\" Wheildon, who informs us that \"When a person reads a line of type, the eye recognizes letters by the shapes of their upper halves\", asserts that recognizing words in all caps \"becomes a task instead of a natural process\". [ 33 ] His conclusions, based on scientific testing in 1982–1990, are: \"Headlines set in capital letters are significantly less legible than those set in lower case.\" [ 34 ]\n\nJohn Ryder , in the Case for Legibility , stated that \"Printing with capital letters can be done sufficiently well to arouse interest and, with short lines, reading at a slowed speed is possible – but in principle too many factors of low legibility are involved.\" [ 35 ]\n\nOther critics are of the opinion that all caps letters in text are often \"too tightly packed against each other\". [ 36 ]\n\nBesides the aforementioned speed of reading, all caps is prone to character -based ambiguities.\n\nNamely, the upper-case letters are globally simpler than their lower-case counterpart. For example, they lack ascenders and descenders . Since they are built from fewer positional and building elements (e.g. a smaller grid pertaining to minimalist digital fonts), they are more fragile to small changes.\n\nThese variations, generally involuntary but sometimes induced on purpose, are caused by a misinterpretation (the information is transferred) or by a deterioration (the data is lost, in the analysis wording). They can occur horizontally and/or vertically, while misreading (without this extra effort or time), or during a delicate scanning of characters (from a damaged image that needs further contextual text correction).\n\nDepending on the typeface , these similarities accidentally create various duplicates (even quite briefly and without realizing it when reading). E.g. H/A, F/E or I/T by adding a bar; P/R, O/Q, even C/G from similar errors; V/U, D/O, even B/S while rounding the shape; and more deformations implying mixings.\n\nAdding digits in all caps styled texts may multiply these confusions, which is one aim of Leet (intentional pseudo duplicates) and can provide simple means of concealing messages (often numbers).",
+    "tf_idf_text": "typography text font cap short capital contain capital letter without lowercase letter example quick brown fox jump lazy dog cap text see legal document advertisement newspaper headline title book cover short string word capital letter appear bolder louder mixed case sometimes refer scream shout cap also use indicate give word acronym study conduct readability legibility cap text scientific test century onward generally indicate cap text less legible readable lowercase text addition switch cap may make text appear hector obnoxious cultural reason since allcapitals often use transcribed speech indicate speaker shout cap text common comic book well old teleprinter radio transmission system often not indicate letter case professional document commonly prefer alternative cap text use small cap emphasise key name acronyms example text small cap use italic rarely bold addition cap must use customary slightly widen space letter around percent point height practice know track letterspacing digital font contain alternative spacing metric purpose message completely capital letter often equate social medium shout impolite argumentative behavior become mainstream interpretation advent network computer onward however similar interpretation already evidence write source predate compute era case least century textual display shout emphasis still not settle matter follow source may relevant history cap development lowercase letter century text latin alphabet write single case consider capital letter text cap not widely use body copy main exception socalled fine print legal document capital letter widely use print headline early day newspaper threequarters newspaper western world use lowercase letter headline text discussion regard use cap headline center great emphasis offer cap versus great legibility offer lowercase letter colin wheildon conduct scientific study reader analyze various headline style conclude headline set capital letter significantly less legible set lower case cap typography common teletype machine use police department news united state thencalled weather bureau well early computer certain early apple model limit support lowercase text change full support ascii become standard allow lowercase character soviet computer radiork vectorc agat use bit character encode call koin capital russian letter replace lowercase latin letter ascii table display alphabets caps mikrosha switchable koin mode display cap lowercase russian soviet computer corvette agat use bit encode call koi display russian latin letter cap lowercase citation need many not ne game use cap tile graphic charset tile share rom game designer often choose less character favor tile citation need advent bulletin board system bbs later internet type message cap commonly become closely identify shout attentionseeking behavior may consider rude equivalence shout trace back least internet back print typography usage capital mean shout reason etiquette generally discourage use cap post message online cap use alternative richtext bolding single word phrase express emphasis repeat use cap consider shout irritate aspect microsofts metro design language involve use cap heading title receive particular attention menu ribbon title appear cap visual studio office respectively critic compare computer program shout user information technology journalist lee hutchinson describe microsofts use practice literally terrible doesnt much violate design convention take behind shed pour gasoline set fire program write cap possibly underscore replace space identifier name convention many programming language symbolize give identifier represent constant practice exist commonly francophone country distinguish surname rest personal name stylize surname cap practice also common among japanese name spell use roman letter april navy move away capsbased messaging system begin serum teleprinter uppercase letter switch mixedcase communication estimate save navy million year compliant current internet protocol antiquate practice still remain use especially old american lawyer grow arrival computer use cap text text legally require emphasise clearly readable practice date period typewriter generally not offer bold text small capital opportunity add marginal note emphasise key point legal writing expert bryan garner describe practice ghastly study find cap legal text ineffective fact harmful old reader court speak practice ruling simply make text allcapitals bear whether clear easily readable lawyer think cap lock key instant make conspicuous button delude determine whether term conspicuous look format term appear capital still inconspicuous hide back contract small type term capital also appear hardtoread type may flunk conspicuousness test sentence capital bury deep within long paragraph capital probably not deem conspicuousit entirely possible text conspicuous without capital certain musicianssuch marina finneas know mononymously doom well band haim blackpink kiss name stylise cap additionally common band vowelless names process colourfully know disemvoweling use cap prominent example include strfkr mstrkrft pwr bttm sbtrkt jpnsgrls know hotel mira blk jks mndr dwntwn also become common album track listing stylise cap particularly hip hop mile tinker renowned landmark work legibility print perform scientific study legibility readability allcapital print finding follow allcapital print greatly retard speed read comparison lowercase type also reader judge capital less legible faster read lowercase print due characteristic word form furnish type permit read word unit capital tend read letter letter furthermore since allcapital printing take least onethird space lower case fixation pause require reading amount material use capital dispense every printing situation accord tinker early starch report material set roman low case read somewhat fast similar material print capital another study show allcapital text read percent slow low case approximately word per minute slow ninetenths adult reader consider low case legible capital study mile tinker show allcapital text retard speed read percent minute time limit percent whole minute period tinker conclude obviously allcapital printing slow reading mark degree comparison roman low case tinker provide following explanation capital print difficult read text capital cover percent print surface material set low case would tend increase reading time combine difficulty reading word allcapital letter unit hindrance rapid reading becomes mark eyemovement study tinker patterson principal difference oculomotor pattern low case capital large increase number fixation pause read allcapital print cap text eliminate form composition accord tinker consider evidence allcapital printing retard speed read strike degree comparison lower case not like reader would seem wise eliminate printing whenever rapid reading consumer reader view importance example would include continuous read material poster bus card billboard magazine advertising copy heading book business form record title article book book chapter newspaper headline colin wheildon state apparent consensus lowercase text legible editor continue use cap text regardless study cap headline state editor favor capital claim give great emphasis prefer low case claim preference give great legibility wheildon informs person read line type eye recognize letter shape upper half assert recognize word cap becomes task instead natural process conclusion base scientific test headline set capital letter significantly less legible set lower case john ryder case legibility state printing capital letter do sufficiently well arouse interest short line read slow speed possible principle many factor low legibility involve critic opinion cap letter text often tightly pack besides aforementioned speed reading cap prone character base ambiguity namely uppercase letter globally simpler lowercase counterpart example lack ascenders descender since build few positional building element small grid pertain minimalist digital font fragile small change variation generally involuntary sometimes induced purpose cause misinterpretation information transfer deterioration data lose analysis word occur horizontally andor vertically misread without extra effort time delicate scan character damage image need contextual text correction depend typeface similarity accidentally create various duplicate even quite briefly without realize read add bar even similar error even round shape deformation imply mixing add digit cap style text may multiply confusion one aim leet intentional pseudo duplicate provide simple mean conceal message often number"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Animate_(retailer)/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Animate_(retailer).json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Animate_(retailer)",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animate_(retailer)",
+    "transformers_text": "Animate Ltd. ( 株式会社アニメイト , Kabushiki gaisha Animeito ) is the retailing arm of Movic and is the largest retailer of anime , video games and manga in Japan. The first flagship store of Animate was opened in 1983 in Ikebukuro , a district in Tokyo, Japan .\n\nCurrently there are 118 Animate stores in Japan, four in mainland China ( Beijing , Shanghai , Nanjing and Chengdu ), three in Taiwan ( Taipei , Taichung and Kaohsiung ), two in Thailand ( Bangkok and Rangsit ), and one in Seoul , South Korea . [ 1 ] Animate opened a store in the Del Amo Fashion Center in Torrance, California , in summer 2023. [ 2 ] Animate is opening a store in Hong Kong in 2025, after a previous store closed in 2020. [ 3 ]\n\nAnimate currently has two online stores: the animate Online Shop, which has been active since 2005, [ 4 ] and animate International. [ 5 ]\n\nMeito Anisawa ( 兄沢 命斗 , Anisawa Meito ) is Animate's mascot character, affectionately known as the Anime Tenchō ( アニメ店長 ) . He is depicted as a wild anime character with spiky hair and rippling muscles, clad with the Animate uniform, going to extreme measures to promote Animate's goods. An original video animation based on the character was produced by Gainax and released in 2002. Another OVA was released in 2010. An animation project which crosses over Anime Tencho with the Touhou Project was produced by ufotable and aired on November 20, 2010, at the Animate Ichioshi Bishojo Anime Matsuri to celebrate the 10th anniversary of Animate's mascot character. [ 16 ] Meito has also made various appearances in other media, such as the Lucky Star anime series and video games such as Disgaea 4 and Touch My Katamari . [ 17 ] Meito is voiced by Tomokazu Seki in his anime appearances, and is voiced by Lex Lang in the English dub of Lucky Star . [ 18 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "animate ltd kabushiki gaisha animeito retail arm movic large retailer anime video game manga japan first flagship store animate open ikebukuro district tokyo japan currently animate store japan four mainland china beijing shanghai nanjing chengdu three taiwan taipei taichung kaohsiung two thailand bangkok rangsit one seoul south korea animate open store del amo fashion center torrance california summer animate opening store hong kong previous store close animate currently two online store animate online shop active since animate international meito anisawa anisawa meito animate mascot character affectionately know anime tench depict wild anime character spiky hair ripple muscle clad animate uniform go extreme measure promote animate good original video animation base character produce gainax release another ovum release animation project cross anime tencho touhou project produce ufotable aired november animate ichioshi bishojo anime matsuri celebrate anniversary animates mascot character meito also make various appearance medium lucky star anime series video game disgaea touch katamari meito voice tomokazu seki anime appearance voice lex lang english dub lucky star"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Anime/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Anime.json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Anime",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime",
+    "transformers_text": "Anime ( Japanese : アニメ ; IPA: [aꜜɲime] ⓘ ; [ a ] derived from a shortening of the English word animation ) is animation originating from Japan . Outside Japan and in English, anime refers specifically to animation produced in Japan. [ 1 ] However, anime , in Japan and in Japanese, describes all animated works, regardless of style or origin. Many works of animation with a similar style to Japanese animation are also produced outside Japan. Video games sometimes also feature themes and art styles that may be labelled as anime.\n\nThe earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to 1917. A characteristic art style emerged in the 1960s with the works of cartoonist Osamu Tezuka and spread in the following decades, developing a large domestic audience. Anime is distributed theatrically, through television broadcasts, directly to home media , and over the Internet . In addition to original works, anime are often adaptations of Japanese comics ( manga ), light novels , or video games . It is classified into numerous genres targeting various broad and niche audiences. [ 2 ]\n\nAnime is a diverse medium with distinctive production methods that have adapted in response to emergent technologies. Predominantly hand-drawn , even into the modern day, anime combines graphic art, characterization, cinematography, and other forms of imaginative and individualistic techniques. [ 3 ] Compared to Western animation, anime production generally focuses less on movement and more on the detail of settings and use of \"camera effects\", such as panning, zooming, and angle shots. [ 3 ] Diverse art styles are used, and character proportions and features can be quite varied, with a common characteristic feature being large and emotive eyes. [ 4 ]\n\nThe anime industry consists of over 430 production companies , including major studios such as Studio Ghibli , Kyoto Animation , Sunrise , Bones , Ufotable , MAPPA , Wit Studio , CoMix Wave Films , Madhouse, Inc. , TMS Entertainment , Studio Pierrot , Production I.G , Nippon Animation and Toei Animation . Since the 1980s, the medium has also seen widespread international success with the rise of foreign dubbed and subtitled programming, and since the 2010s due to the rise of streaming services and a widening demographic embrace of anime culture, both within Japan and worldwide. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] As of 2016, [update] Japanese animation accounted for 60% of the world's animated television shows . [ 7 ] By 2022, anime had become one of the fastest-growing genres of content globally. [ 8 ] The medium is currently characterised by increased globalisation, expansive cross-cultural collaboration, and significant brand integration, as Japanese-produced animation continues to influence and shape media and popular culture on a global scale. [ 9 ]\n\nAs a type of animation , anime is an art form that comprises many genres found in other mediums; it is sometimes mistakenly classified as a genre itself. [ 10 ] In Japanese, the term anime is used to refer to all animated works, regardless of style or origin. [ 11 ] English-language dictionaries typically define anime ( / ˈ æ n ɪ m eɪ / ) [ 12 ] as \"a style of Japanese animation\" [ 13 ] or as \"a style of animation originating in Japan\". [ 14 ] Other definitions are based on origin, making production in Japan a requisite for a work to be considered \"anime\". [ 15 ]\n\nThe etymology of the word anime is disputed. The English word \"animation\" is written in Japanese katakana as アニメーション ( animēshon ) and as アニメ ( anime , pronounced [a.ɲi.me] ⓘ ) in its shortened form. [ 15 ] Some sources claim that the term is derived from the French term for animation dessin animé (\"cartoon\", literally 'animated drawing'), [ 16 ] but others believe this to be a myth derived from the popularity of anime in France in the late 1970s and 1980s. [ 15 ]\n\nIn English, anime —when used as a common noun —normally functions as a mass noun . (For example: \"Do you watch anime?\" or \"How much anime have you watched?\") [ 17 ] [ 18 ] As with a few other Japanese words, such as saké and Pokémon , English texts sometimes spell anime as animé (as in French), with an acute accent over the final e , to cue the reader to pronounce the letter, not to leave it silent as English orthography may suggest. Prior to the widespread use of anime , the term Japanimation , a portmanteau of Japan and animation, was prevalent throughout the 1970s and 1980s. In the mid-1980s, the term anime began to supplant Japanimation ; [ 19 ] in general, the latter term now only appears in period works where it is used to distinguish and identify Japanese animation. [ 20 ]\n\nEmakimono and shadow plays ( kage-e ) are considered precursors to Japanese animation. [ 21 ] Emakimono was a common form of entertainment in the 11th century. Traveling storytellers narrated legends and anecdotes while the emakimono was unrolled from the right to left in chronological order, as a moving panorama. [ 21 ] Kage-e was popular during the Edo period and originated from the shadow plays of China. [ 21 ] Magic lanterns from the Netherlands were also popular in the 18th century. [ 21 ] The paper play called kamishibai surged in the 12th century and remained popular in street theater until the 1930s. [ 21 ] Puppets of the Bunraku theater and ukiyo-e prints are considered ancestors of characters of most Japanese animation. [ 21 ] Finally, manga was a heavy inspiration for anime. Cartoonists Kitzawa Rakuten and Okamoto Ippei used film elements in their strips. [ 21 ]\n\nAnimation in Japan began in the early 20th century, when filmmakers started to experiment with techniques pioneered in France, Germany, the United States, and Russia. [ 22 ] A claim for the earliest Japanese animation is Katsudō Shashin ( c. 1907 ), [ 23 ] a private work by an unknown creator. [ 24 ] In 1917, the first professional and publicly displayed works began to appear; animators such as Ōten Shimokawa , Seitarō Kitayama , and Jun'ichi Kōuchi (known as the \"fathers of anime\") produced numerous films, with the oldest surviving one being Kōuchi's Namakura Gatana . [ 25 ] Many early works were lost in the destruction of Shimokawa's warehouse during the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake . [ 26 ]\n\nBy the mid-1930s, animation was well-established in Japan as an alternative format to live action works. It suffered competition from foreign producers, such as Disney , and many animators, including Noburō Ōfuji and Yasuji Murata , continued to work with cheaper cutout animation rather than cel animation . [ 27 ] Other creators, including Kenzō Masaoka and Mitsuyo Seo , nevertheless made great strides in technique, benefiting from the patronage of the government, which employed animators to produce educational shorts and propaganda . [ 28 ] In 1940, the government dissolved several artists' organizations to form the Shin Nippon Mangaka Kyōkai . [ b ] [ 29 ] The first talkie anime was Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka (1933), a short film produced by Masaoka. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] The first feature-length anime film was Momotaro: Sacred Sailors (1945), produced by Seo with a sponsorship from the Imperial Japanese Navy . [ 32 ] The 1950s saw a proliferation of short, animated advertisements created for television. [ 33 ]\n\nIn the 1960s, manga artist and animator Osamu Tezuka adapted and simplified Disney animation techniques to reduce costs and limit frame counts in his productions. [ 34 ] Originally intended as temporary measures to allow him to produce material on a tight schedule with inexperienced staff, many of his limited animation practices came to define the medium's style. [ 35 ] Three Tales (1960) was the first anime film broadcast on television; [ 36 ] the first anime television series was Instant History (1961–64). [ 37 ] An early and influential success was Astro Boy (1963–66), a television series directed by Tezuka based on his manga of the same name . Many animators at Tezuka's Mushi Production later established major anime studios, among those being Madhouse , Sunrise , and Studio Pierrot .\n\nThe 1970s saw growth in the popularity of manga, many of which later received animated adaptations. Tezuka's work—and that of other pioneers in the field—inspired characteristics and genres that remain fundamental elements of anime today. The giant robot genre (also known as \" mecha \"), for instance, took shape under Tezuka, developed into the super robot genre under Go Nagai and others, and was revolutionized at the end of the decade by Yoshiyuki Tomino , who developed the real robot genre. [ 38 ] Robot anime series such as Gundam , Space Runaway Ideon , [ 39 ] and Super Dimension Fortress Macross were influential classics in the 1980s, and the genre remained one of the most popular in the following decades. [ 40 ] The bubble economy of the 1980s spurred a new era of high-budget and experimental anime films, including Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984), Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise (1987), and Akira (1988). [ 41 ]\n\nExperimental anime titles continued to draw attention in the 1990s, as Neon Genesis Evangelion (1995), Ghost in the Shell (1995) and Cowboy Bebop (1998) garnered international popularity. During this period, anime began attracting greater interest in Western countries; other international successes include Sailor Moon and Dragon Ball Z , both of which were dubbed into more than a dozen languages worldwide. In 2003, Spirited Away , a Studio Ghibli feature film directed by Hayao Miyazaki , won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 75th Academy Awards . It later became the highest-grossing anime film , [ c ] grossing more than $355 million worldwide. Since the 2000s, an increased number of anime works have been adaptations of light novels and visual novels ; successful examples include The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya and Fate/stay night (both 2006). Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba the Movie: Mugen Train became the highest-grossing Japanese film and one of the world's highest-grossing films of 2020. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] It also became the fastest-grossing film in Japanese cinema history, earning 10 billion yen ($95.3m; £72m) in 10 days. [ 43 ] It beat the previous record holder Spirited Away , which took 25 days to gross the same amount. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ]\n\nIn 2021, the anime adaptations of Jujutsu Kaisen , Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba and Tokyo Revengers were among the top 10 most discussed TV shows worldwide on Twitter. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] In 2022, Attack on Titan won the award of \"Most In-Demand TV Series in the World 2021\" at the Global TV Demand Awards. Attack on Titan became the first ever non-English language series to earn the title of World's Most In-Demand TV Show, previously held by only The Walking Dead and Game of Thrones . [ 50 ] In 2024, Jujutsu Kaisen broke the Guinness World Record for the \"Most in-demand animated TV show\" with a global demand rating 71.2 times than that of the average TV show, previously held by Attack on Titan . [ 51 ] [ 52 ]\n\nAnime differs from other forms of animation with its art styles, methods of animation, production, and process. Visually, anime works exhibit a wide variety of art styles, differing between creators, artists, and studios. [ 53 ] While no single art style predominates anime as a whole, they do share some similar attributes in terms of animation technique and character design.\n\nAnime is fundamentally characterized by the use of limited animation, flat expression, the suspension of time, its thematic range, the presence of historical figures, its complex narrative line and, above all, a peculiar drawing style, with characters characterized by large and oval eyes, with very defined lines, bright colors and reduced movement of the lips. [ 54 ] [ 55 ]\n\nModern anime follows a typical animation production process, involving storyboarding , voice acting , character design , and cel production . Since the 1990s, animators have increasingly used computer animation to improve the efficiency of the production process. Early anime works were experimental, and consisted of images drawn on blackboards, stop motion animation of paper cutouts, and silhouette animation . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Cel animation grew in popularity until it came to dominate the medium. In the 21st century, the use of other animation techniques is mostly limited to independent short films , [ 58 ] including the stop motion puppet animation work produced by Tadahito Mochinaga , Kihachirō Kawamoto and Tomoyasu Murata. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] Computers were integrated into the animation process in the 1990s, with works such as Ghost in the Shell (1995) and Princess Mononoke (1997) mixing cel animation with computer-generated imagery. [ 61 ] Fuji Film , a major cel production company, announced it would cease cel production, causing an industry panic to procure cel imports and hastening the switch to digital processes. [ 61 ]\n\nPrior to the digital era, anime was produced with traditional animation methods using a pose to pose approach. [ 56 ] The majority of mainstream anime uses fewer expressive key frames and more in-between animation. [ 62 ]\n\nJapanese animation studios were pioneers of many limited animation techniques, and have given anime a distinct set of conventions. Unlike Disney animation, where the emphasis is on the movement, anime emphasizes the art quality and lets limited animation techniques make up for the lack of time spent on movement. Such techniques are often used not only to meet deadlines but also as artistic devices. [ 63 ] Anime scenes often place emphasis on achieving three-dimensional views, and backgrounds are instrumental in creating the atmosphere of the work. [ 22 ] The backgrounds are not always purely fictional and are occasionally based on real locations, as exemplified in Howl's Moving Castle and The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya . [ 64 ] [ better source needed ] John Oppliger stated that anime is one of the rare mediums where putting together an all-star cast usually comes out looking \"tremendously impressive\". [ 65 ]\n\nThe cinematic effects of anime differentiates itself from the stage plays found in American animation . Anime is cinematically shot as if by camera, including panning, zooming, and distance and angle shots to more complex dynamic shots that would be difficult to produce in reality. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] In anime, the animation is almost always produced before the voice acting, contrary to American animation, where the voice acting typically comes first. [ 69 ]\n\nThe body proportions of human anime characters tend to accurately reflect the proportions of the human body in reality. The height of the head is usually considered by the artist as the base unit of proportion. Head to height ratios vary drastically by art style, with most anime characters falling between 5 and 8 heads tall. Anime artists occasionally make deliberate modifications to body proportions to produce chibi characters that feature a disproportionately small body compared to the head; many chibi characters are two to four heads tall. Some anime works like Crayon Shin-chan completely disregard these proportions, in such a way that they resemble caricatured Western cartoons .\n\nA common anime character design convention is exaggerated eye size. The animation of characters with large eyes in anime can be traced back to Osamu Tezuka, who was deeply influenced by such early animation characters such as the ones by Walt Disney and Betty Boop , who were drawn with disproportionately large eyes. [ 70 ] Tezuka is a central figure in anime and manga history, whose iconic art style and character designs allowed for the entire range of human emotions to be depicted solely through the eyes. [ 71 ] The artist may add variable color shading to the eyes and particularly to the cornea to give them greater depth. Generally, a mixture of a light shade, the tone color, and a dark shade is used. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] However, not all anime characters have large eyes. For example, the works of Hayao Miyazaki are known for having realistically proportioned eyes, as well as realistic hair colors on their characters. [ 74 ]\n\nHair in anime is often unnaturally lively and colorful or uniquely styled. The movement of hair in anime is exaggerated and \"hair actions\" are used to emphasize the action and emotions of characters for added visual effect. [ 75 ] Artist Gilles Poitras traces hairstyle color to cover illustrations on manga, where eye-catching artwork and colorful tones are considered appealing for children's manga. [ 75 ] Some anime will depict non-Japanese characters with specific ethnic features, such as a pronounced nose and jutting jaw for European characters. [ 76 ] In other cases, anime feature characters whose ethnicity or nationality is not always defined, and this is often a deliberate decision, such as in the Pokémon animated series. [ 77 ]\n\nAnime and manga artists often draw from a common canon of iconic facial expression illustrations to denote particular moods and thoughts. [ 78 ] These techniques are often different in form than their counterparts in Western animation, and they include a fixed iconography that is used as shorthand for certain emotions and moods. [ 79 ] For example, a male character may develop a nosebleed when sexually aroused. [ 79 ] A variety of visual symbols are employed, including sweat drops to depict nervousness, symbolized red veins for anger, visible blushing for embarrassment, or glowing eyes for an intense glare. [ 80 ] Another recurring sight gag is the use of chibi (deformed, simplified character designs) figures to comedically punctuate emotions like confusion or embarrassment. [ 79 ]\n\nThe opening and credits sequences of most anime television series are accompanied by J-pop or J-rock songs, often by reputed bands—as written with the series in mind—but are also aimed at the general music market; therefore they often allude (only vaguely or not at all) to the thematic settings or plot of the series. Also, they are often used as incidental music (\"insert songs\") in an episode, in order to highlight particularly important scenes. [ 81 ] [ better source needed ]\n\nFuture funk , a musical microgenre that evolved in the early 2010s from vaporwave with a French house and Eurodisco influence, heavily uses anime visuals and samples along with Japanese city pop to build an aesthetic. [ 82 ]\n\nSince the 2020s, anime songs have experienced a rapid growth in global online popularity due to their widened availability on music streaming services such as Spotify and promotion by fans and artists on social media. [ 83 ] In 2023, the opening theme \" Idol \" by Yoasobi of the anime series Oshi no Ko topped the Billboard Global 200 Excl. U.S. charts with 45.7 million streams and 24,000 copies sold outside the U.S. \"Idol\" has become the first Japanese song and anime song to top the Billboard Global chart, as well as to take the top spot on Apple Music 's Top 100: Global chart. [ 84 ] [ 85 ]\n\nAnime are often classified by target demographic, including children's ( 子供 , kodomo ) , girls' ( 少女 , shōjo ) , boys' ( 少年 , shōnen ) , young men ( 青年 , seinen ) , young women ( 女性 , josei ) and a diverse range of genres targeting an adult audience. Shōjo and shōnen anime sometimes contain elements popular with children of all genders in an attempt to gain crossover appeal. Adult anime may feature a slower pace or greater plot complexity that younger audiences may typically find unappealing, as well as adult themes and situations. [ 86 ] A subset of adult anime works featuring pornographic elements are labeled \"R18\" in Japan, and are internationally known as hentai (originating from the Japanese word for pervert ( 変態 , hentai ) ). By contrast, some anime subgenres incorporate ecchi , sexual themes or undertones without depictions of sexual intercourse , as typified in the comedic or harem genres; due to its popularity among adolescent and adult anime enthusiasts, the inclusion of such elements is considered a form of fan service . [ 87 ] [ 88 ] Some genres explore homosexual romances, such as yaoi (male homosexuality) and yuri (female homosexuality). While often used in a pornographic context, the terms yaoi and yuri can also be used broadly in a wider context to describe or focus on the themes or the development of the relationships themselves. [ 89 ]\n\nAnime's genre classification differs from other types of animation and does not lend itself to simple classification. [ 90 ] Gilles Poitras compared the labeling of Gundam 0080 and its complex depiction of war as a \"giant robot\" anime akin to simply labeling War and Peace a \"war novel\". [ 90 ] Science fiction is a major anime genre and includes important historical works like Tezuka's Astro Boy and Yokoyama 's Tetsujin 28-go . A major subgenre of science fiction is mecha , with the Gundam metaseries being iconic. [ 91 ] The diverse fantasy genre includes works based on Asian and Western traditions and folklore; examples include the Japanese feudal fairytale Inuyasha , and the depiction of Scandinavian goddesses who move to Japan to maintain a computer called Yggdrasil in Ah! My Goddess . [ 92 ] Genre crossing in anime is also prevalent, such as the blend of fantasy and comedy in Dragon Half , and the incorporation of slapstick humor in the crime anime film Castle of Cagliostro . [ 93 ] Other subgenres found in anime include magical girl , harem, sports, martial arts, literary adaptations, medievalism , [ 94 ] and war. [ 95 ]\n\nEarly anime works were made for theatrical viewing, and required played musical components before sound and vocal components were added to the production. In 1958, Nippon Television aired Mogura no Abanchūru (\" Mole's Adventure \"), both the first televised and first color anime to debut. [ 96 ] It was not until the 1960s when the first televised series were broadcast and it has remained a popular medium since. [ 97 ] Works released in a direct-to-video format are known as \" original video animations \" (OVAs) or \"original animation videos\" (OAVs); and are typically not released theatrically or televised prior to home media release. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] [ better source needed ] The emergence of the Internet has led some animators to distribute works online in a format called \" original net animation \" (ONA). [ 100 ] [ better source needed ]\n\nThe home distribution of anime releases was popularized in the 1980s with the VHS and LaserDisc formats. [ 98 ] The VHS NTSC video format used in both Japan and the United States is credited with aiding the rising popularity of anime in the 1990s. [ 98 ] The LaserDisc and VHS formats were transcended by the DVD format which offered unique advantages, including multiple subtitling and dubbing tracks on the same disc. [ 101 ] The DVD format also had its drawbacks in its usage of region coding , adopted by the industry to combat licensing, piracy and exporting, as well as usage in restricted regions indicated on the DVD player. [ 101 ] The Video CD (VCD) format was popular in Hong Kong and Taiwan, but became only a minor format in the United States that was closely associated with bootleg copies. [ 101 ]\n\nWhereas many American television series had an episodic format, with each episode typically consisting of a self-contained story, anime series, such as Dragon Ball Z , had a serialization format, where continuous story arcs stretch over multiple episodes or seasons, thus distinguishing them from traditional American shows; serialization has since also become a common characteristic of American streaming television shows during the \" Golden Age of Television \" era. [ 102 ]\n\nThe animation industry consists of more than 430 production companies, with some of the major and most prominent studios including Toei Animation , Madhouse , Gonzo , Sunrise , Bones , TMS Entertainment , Nippon Animation , P.A. Works , Studio Pierrot , Production I.G , Ufotable and Studio Ghibli . [ 103 ] Many of the studios are organized into a trade association , The Association of Japanese Animations . There is also a labor union for workers in the industry, the Japanese Animation Creators Association . Studios will often work together to produce more complex and costly projects, as done with Studio Ghibli's Spirited Away . [ 103 ] An anime episode can cost between US$100,000 and US$300,000 to produce. [ 104 ] In 2001, animation accounted for 7% of the Japanese film market, above the 4.6% market share for live action works. [ 103 ] The popularity and success of anime is seen through the profitability of the DVD market, contributing nearly 70% of total sales. [ 103 ] According to a 2016 article on Nikkei Asian Review , Japanese television stations have bought over ¥60 billion worth of anime from production companies \"over the past few years\", compared with under ¥20 billion from overseas. [ 105 ] There has been a rise in sales of shows to television stations in Japan, caused by late night anime with adults as the target demographic . [ 105 ] This type of anime is less popular outside Japan, being considered \"more of a niche product \". [ 105 ] Spirited Away (2001) was the all-time highest-grossing film in Japan until it was overtaken by Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – The Movie: Mugen Train in 2020. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] [ 108 ] It was also the highest-grossing anime film worldwide until it was overtaken by Makoto Shinkai 's 2016 film Your Name . [ 109 ] Anime films represent a large part of the highest-grossing Japanese films yearly in Japan, with 6 out of the top 10 in 2014 , 2015 and 2016 .\n\nAnime has to be licensed by companies in other countries in order to be legally released. While anime has been licensed by its Japanese owners for use outside Japan since at least the 1960s, the practice became well-established in the United States in the late 1970s to early 1980s, when such TV series as Gatchaman and Captain Harlock were licensed from their Japanese parent companies for distribution in the American market. The trend towards American distribution of anime continued into the 1980s with the licensing of titles such as Voltron and the 'creation' of new series such as Robotech through the use of source material from several original series. [ 110 ]\n\nIn the early 1990s, several companies began to experiment with the licensing of less child-oriented material. Some, such as A.D. Vision , and Central Park Media and its imprints, achieved fairly substantial commercial success and went on to become major players in the now very lucrative American anime market. Others, such as AnimEigo , achieved limited success. Many companies created directly by Japanese parent companies did not do as well, most releasing only one or two titles before completing their American operations. [ citation needed ]\n\nLicenses are expensive, often costing hundreds of thousands of dollars for one series and tens of thousands for one movie. [ 111 ] The prices vary widely; for example, Jinki: Extend costed only $91,000 to license while Kurau Phantom Memory costed $960,000. [ 111 ] Simulcast Internet streaming rights can be cheaper, with prices around $1,000–2,000 an episode, [ 112 ] but can also be more expensive, with some series costing more than US$200,000 per episode. [ 113 ]\n\nThe anime market for the United States was worth approximately $2.74 billion in 2009. [ 114 ] Dubbed animation began airing in the United States in 2000 on networks like The WB and Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim . [ 115 ] In 2005, this resulted in five of the top ten anime titles having previously aired on Cartoon Network. [ 115 ] As a part of localization, some editing of cultural references may occur to better follow the references of the non-Japanese culture. [ 116 ] The cost of English localization averages US$10,000 per episode. [ 117 ]\n\nThe industry has been subject to both praise and condemnation for fansubs , the addition of unlicensed and unauthorized subtitled translations of anime series or films. [ 118 ] Fansubs, which were originally distributed on bootlegged VHS cassettes in the 1980s, have been freely available and disseminated online since the 1990s. [ 118 ] Since this practice raises concerns for copyright and piracy issues, fansubbers tend to adhere to an unwritten moral code to destroy or no longer distribute an anime once an officially translated or subtitled version becomes licensed. They also try to encourage viewers to buy an official copy of the release once it comes out in English, although fansubs typically continue to circulate through file-sharing networks. [ 119 ] Even so, the laid back regulations of the Japanese animation industry tend to overlook these issues, allowing it to grow underground and thus increasing its popularity until there is a demand for official high-quality releases for animation companies. This has led to an increase in global popularity of Japanese animation, reaching $40 million in sales in 2004. [ 120 ] Fansub practices have rapidly declined since the early-2010s due to the advent of legal streaming services which simulcast new anime series, often within a few hours of their domestic release. [ 121 ]\n\nSince the 2010s, anime has become a global multibillion-dollar industry, setting a sales record in 2017 of ¥2.15 trillion ($19.8 billion), driven largely by demand from overseas audiences. [ 122 ] In 2019, Japan's anime industry was valued at $24 billion a year, with 48% of that revenue coming from overseas (which is now its largest industry sector). [ 123 ] By 2025, the anime industry is expected to reach a value of $30 billion, with over 60% of that revenue coming from overseas. [ 124 ]\n\nThe Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) valued the domestic anime market in Japan at ¥2.4 trillion ( $24 billion ), including ¥2 trillion from licensed products, in 2005. [ 125 ] JETRO reported sales of overseas anime exports in 2004 to be ¥2 trillion ( $18 billion ). [ 126 ] JETRO valued the anime market in the United States at ¥520 billion ( $5.2 billion ), [ 125 ] including $500 million in home video sales and over $4 billion from licensed products, in 2005. [ 127 ] JETRO projected in 2005 that the worldwide anime market, including sales of licensed products, would grow to ¥10 trillion ( $100 billion ). [ 125 ] [ 127 ] The anime market in China was valued at $21 billion in 2017, [ 128 ] and was projected to reach $31 billion by 2020. [ 129 ] In Europe , the anime merchandising market was valued at about $950 million with the figurine segment accounting for most of the share and is expected to reach a value of over $2 billion by 2030. [ 130 ] The global anime market size was valued at $26.055 billion in 2021 with 29% of the revenue coming from merchandise . It is expected that the global anime market will reach a value of $47.14 billion by 2028. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] In 2023, the anime industry generated $19.8 billion in total global revenue, including $5.5 billion from streaming and $14.3 billion from merchandise sales. North America and Asia contributed a combined $14.3 billion in total revenue, accounting for over 72% of anime's global impact. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] By 2030, the global anime market is expected to reach a value of $48.3 billion, with the largest contributors to this growth being North America , Europe, Asia–Pacific and the Middle East . [ 135 ] The global anime market size was valued at $25.8 billion in 2022 and is expected to increase to $62.7 billion by 2032, with a CAGR of 9.4%. [ 136 ] [ 137 ] [ 138 ] In 2019, the annual overseas exports of Japanese animation exceeded $10 billion for the first time in history. [ 139 ] According to Dentsu ’s 2025 Global Research Report “Anime: A Growing Opportunity for Brands”, data collected between October 2024 and March 2025 from 8,600 consumers across 10 countries (the United States , United Kingdom , Poland , Spain , France , Italy , Japan, China , Indonesia , and Thailand ) showed that the anime fandom is continuing to expand markedly worldwide. Globally, 3 in 10 consumers reported watching anime weekly, with that proportion rising to 50% among Gen Z viewers. In Southeast Asia in particular, enthusiasm is strong: in Thailand, nearly one-third (31%) of anime viewers spent over US$200 on merchandise in the past year, while in Indonesia the figure is about 23%. Moreover, in Indonesia about 1 in 5 Gen Z anime fans say they post about anime on social platforms or participate in anime-related Discord communities, indicating high active engagement rather than passive consumption. In the EMEA markets surveyed (UK, France, Spain, Italy, Poland), around 20% in France and 19% in Italy of respondents report watching anime weekly. In the United States, the global survey found that 40% of anime consumers reported spending more than US$200 on related merchandise over the past year, with Netflix identified as the most widely used platform for anime viewing in the country alongside Europe and parts of Asia. [ 140 ]\n\nThe anime industry hosts several annual awards that honor the year's best works. Major annual awards in Japan include the Ōfuji Noburō Award , the Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film , the Animation Kobe Awards, the Japan Media Arts Festival animation awards, the Seiyu Awards for voice actors, the Tokyo Anime Award , and the Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year . Internationally, anime TV series and films compete in shows such as the Crunchyroll Anime Awards and The Astra Awards . There were also the American Anime Awards , which were designed to recognize excellence in anime titles nominated by the industry, though it was held only once in 2006. [ 141 ] Anime productions have also been nominated and won awards not exclusively for anime, like the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature or the Golden Bear .\n\nIn recent years, the anime industry has been accused by both Japanese and foreign media of overworking and underpaying its animators. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] [ 144 ] In response, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida promised to improve the working conditions and salary of all animators and creators working in the industry. [ 145 ] A few anime studios such as MAPPA have taken actions to improve the working conditions of their employees. [ 146 ] There was a slight increase in production costs and animator salaries during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ 147 ] Throughout 2020 and 2021, the American streaming service Netflix announced that it would greatly invest and fund the anime industry, as well as support training programs for new animators. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 150 ] On April 27, 2023, the Nippon Anime Film Culture Association (NAFCA) was officially founded. The association aims to address and solve problems in the industry, including the improvement of working conditions for animators. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] The Japanese government is actively working to improve the working conditions within the anime industry as part of its broader initiative to support and further expand the sector in order to sustain its growing global demand. [ 153 ]\n\nAnime has become commercially profitable in the Western world , [ 155 ] [ 156 ] [ 157 ] as demonstrated by early commercially successful Western adaptations of anime, such as Astro Boy and Speed Racer . Early American adaptions in the 1960s made Japan expand into the continental European market, first with productions aimed at European and Japanese children, such as Heidi , Vicky the Viking and Barbapapa , which aired in various countries. Italy , Spain , and France [ 158 ] [ 159 ] developed a particular interest in Japan's output, due to its cheap selling price and productive output. As of 2014, Italy imported the most anime outside Japan. [ 160 ] Anime and manga were introduced to France in the late 1970s and became massively popular in spite of a moral panic led by French politicians in the 1980s and 1990s. [ 161 ] These mass imports influenced anime's popularity in East Asian , [ 162 ] [ 163 ] [ 164 ] Southeast Asian , [ 165 ] South Asian , [ 166 ] [ 167 ] Latin American , [ 168 ] [ 169 ] Arabic , [ 170 ] [ 171 ] Israeli [ 172 ] and German markets. [ 173 ]\n\nThe beginning of 1980 saw the introduction of Japanese anime series into the American market. [ 174 ] In the 1990s, Japanese animation slowly gained popularity in the United States, as media companies such as Viz and Mixx began publishing and releasing animated works into the American market. [ 175 ] The 1988 film Akira is largely credited with popularizing anime in the Western world during the early 1990s, before anime was further popularized by television shows such as Pokémon and Dragon Ball Z in the latter part of the decade. [ 176 ] [ 177 ] By 1997, Japanese anime was the fastest-growing genre in the American video industry. [ 178 ] The growth of the Internet later provided international audiences with an easy way to access Japanese content. [ 120 ] Early on, online piracy played a major role in this, through over time legal alternatives appeared, which significantly reduced illegal practices. [ 179 ] Since the 2010s, streaming services have become increasingly involved in the production, licensing and distribution of anime for international markets. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] This is especially the case with net services such as Netflix , Crunchyroll and others which have large catalogs in many countries, although until 2020, anime fans in multiple developing countries had fewer options for obtaining access to legal content, and therefore would still turn to online piracy. [ 182 ] [ 183 ] However, beginning with the 2020s, anime has been experiencing yet another boom in global popularity and demand due to the COVID-19 pandemic and streaming services like Netflix, Amazon Prime Video , HBO Max , Disney+ , Hulu and anime-only services like Crunchyroll and Hidive , increasing the international availability of the amount of newly licensed anime shows, as well as the size of their catalogs. [ 184 ] [ 185 ] [ 186 ] [ 187 ] [ 188 ] Netflix reported that between October 2019 and September 2020, more than 100 million member households worldwide had watched at least one anime title on the platform. Anime titles appeared on the streaming platform's top-ten lists in almost 100 countries within the one-year period. [ 189 ] By 2025, Netflix reported that more than 150 million member households, representing an estimated 300 million viewers, commonly watched anime on the platform. [ 190 ]\n\n“Anime is no longer niche. It’s mainstream.”\n\nAs of 2021, anime series are the most demanded foreign-language television shows in the United States, accounting for 30.5% of the market share. (In comparison, Spanish-language and Korean-language shows account for 21% and 11% of the market share, respectively.) [ 192 ] In 2021, more than half of Netflix's global members watched anime. [ 193 ] [ 194 ] In 2022, the anime series Attack on Titan won the award for \"Most In-Demand TV Series in the World 2021\" in the Global TV Demand Awards. Attack on Titan became the first ever non-English language series to earn the title of \"World's Most In-Demand TV Show\", previously held by only The Walking Dead and Game of Thrones . [ 50 ] [ 195 ] In 2024, the anime series Jujutsu Kaisen won the award of \"Most In-Demand TV Series in the World 2023\" in the Global TV Demand Awards. [ 196 ]\n\nRising interest in anime as well as Japanese video games has led to an increase of university students in the United Kingdom aspiring to get a degree in the Japanese language . [ 197 ] The word anime , alongside other Japanese pop cultural terms like shonen , shojo and isekai , have been added to the Oxford English Dictionary . [ 198 ] [ 199 ]\n\nVarious anime and manga series have influenced Hollywood in the making of numerous famous movies and characters. [ 200 ] Hollywood itself has produced live action adaptations of various anime series such as Ghost in the Shell , Death Note , Dragon Ball and Cowboy Bebop . However most of these adaptations have been received negatively by both critics and audiences and became box-office bombs . The primary reasons for the unsuccessfulness of Hollywood's adaptions of anime are due to change of plot and characters from the original source material and the limited capabilities a live action movie or series has in comparison to an animated counterpart. [ 201 ] [ 202 ] One of the few particular exceptions to this trend is Alita: Battle Angel , which became a moderate commercial success and received generally positive reviews from both critics and audiences for its visual effects and faithfulness to the source material. The movie grossed $404 million worldwide, making it director Robert Rodriguez 's highest-grossing film. [ 203 ] [ 204 ]\n\nAnime has significantly influenced fashion by blending bold visual storytelling with distinctive character aesthetics, inspiring everything from streetwear and cosplay culture to high-fashion collaborations. [ 205 ]\n\nAnime and manga , alongside many other imports of Japanese pop culture , have helped build a positive worldwide image toward Japan and improve its relations with other countries. [ 206 ] [ 207 ] [ 208 ] In 2015, during remarks welcoming Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe to the White House, President Barack Obama thanked Japan for its cultural contributions to the United States by saying:\n\nThis visit is a celebration of the ties of friendship and family that bind our peoples. I first felt it when I was 6 years old when my mother took me to Japan. I felt it growing up in Hawaii, like communities across our country, home to so many proud Japanese Americans... Today is also a chance for Americans, especially our young people, to say thank you for all the things we love from Japan. Like karate and karaoke . Manga and anime. And, of course, emojis . [ 209 ]\n\nIn July 2020, after the approval of a Chilean government project in which citizens of Chile would be allowed to withdraw up to 10% of their privately held retirement savings, journalist Pamela Jiles celebrated by running through Congress with her arms spread out behind her, imitating the move of many characters of the manga and anime series Naruto . [ 210 ] [ 211 ] In April 2021, Peruvian politicians Jorge Hugo Romero of the PPC and Milagros Juárez of the UPP cosplayed as anime characters to get the otaku vote. [ 212 ] On October 28, 2024, the Vatican unveiled its own anime-styled mascot, \" Luce \", in order to connect with Catholic youth through pop culture. [ 213 ]\n\nIn April 2023, the Japan Business Federation laid out a proposal aiming to spur the economic growth of Japan by further promoting the contents industry abroad, primarily anime, manga and video games , for measures to invite industry experts from abroad to come to Japan to work, and to link with the tourism sector to help foreign fans of manga and anime visit sites across the country associated with particular manga stories. The federation seeks on quadrupling the sales of Japanese content in overseas markets within the upcoming 10 years. [ 214 ] [ 215 ]\n\nA 2018 survey conducted in 20 countries and territories using a sample consisting of 6,600 respondents held by Dentsu revealed that 34% of all surveyed people found excellency in anime and manga more than other Japanese cultural or technological aspects, which makes this mass Japanese media the third most-liked \"Japanese thing\", below Japanese cuisine (34.6%) and Japanese robotics (35.1%). The advertisement company views anime as a profitable tool for marketing campaigns in foreign countries due to its popularity and reception. [ 216 ]\n\nAnime plays a role in driving tourism to Japan. In surveys held by Statista between 2019 and 2020, 24.2% of tourists from the United States, 7.7% of tourists from China and 6.1% of tourists from South Korea said they were motivated to visit Japan because of Japanese popular culture . [ 217 ] In a 2021 survey held by Crunchyroll market research, 94% of Gen Z and 73% of the general population said that they were familiar with anime. [ 218 ] [ 219 ]\n\nAnime clubs gave rise to anime conventions in the 1990s with the \"anime boom\", a period marked by anime's increased global popularity. [ 220 ] These conventions are dedicated to anime and manga and include elements like cosplay contests and industry talk panels. [ 221 ] Cosplay, a portmanteau of \"costume play\", is not unique to anime and has become popular in contests and masquerades at anime conventions. [ 222 ] Japanese culture and words have entered English usage through the popularity of the medium, including otaku , an unflattering Japanese term commonly used in English to denote an obsessive fan of anime or manga. [ 223 ] Another word that has arisen describing obsessive fans in the United States is wapanese , referring to white individuals who want to be Japanese, or later known as weeaboo or weeb , individuals who demonstrate an obsession with Japanese anime, a term that originated from abusive content posted on the website 4chan.org . [ 224 ] While originally derogatory, the terms \"otaku\" and \"weeb\" have been reappropriated by the anime fandom overtime and today are used by some fans to refer to themselves in a comedic and more positive way. [ 225 ] Anime enthusiasts have produced fan fiction and fan art , including computer wallpapers, and anime music videos (AMVs). [ 226 ] Many fans visit sites depicted in anime, games, manga and other forms of otaku culture. This behavior is known as \" anime pilgrimage \". [ 227 ]\n\nBy the 2020s, anime had firmly established itself as a major global cultural force, resonating with audiences far beyond its origins in Japan. Over half of Generation Z worldwide identified as anime fans, reflecting the medium’s widespread appeal across cultures and languages. The growing international enthusiasm for anime has been attributed to its emotional depth, distinctive visual style, and ability to explore universal themes such as identity, friendship, and perseverance. Its influence can be seen in global entertainment, fashion, and online communities, demonstrating how anime has evolved from a regional art form into a defining element of modern pop culture. [ 228 ] [ 229 ]\n\nAs of the 2020s, many anime fans and followers use social media platforms and other sites like YouTube , Bilibili , [ 230 ] Twitch , [ 231 ] Fandom , [ 232 ] Facebook , Instagram , Reddit , Discord , [ 233 ] Tumblr , [ 234 ] 4chan , TikTok and Twitter , [ 49 ] with online communities and databases such as IMDb and MyAnimeList to discuss anime, manga, and track their progress watching respective series, as well as using news outlets such as Anime News Network . [ 235 ] [ 236 ]\n\nAccording to Crunchyroll's research data from 2023 to 2024 provided by its President Rahul Parini, there are approximately 800 million people globally (outside of China and Japan) who are either highly aware of anime, show interest in anime, or currently watch anime and identify as fans. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] [ 239 ] According to a 2024 survey conducted on anime fans by Polygon , 65% of the surveyed anime fans said that they find anime more emotionally compelling than other forms of media and more than 3 in 4 of millennial and Gen Z fans use the medium as a form of escapism . Almost two-thirds of the anime-watching Gen Z audience said they emotionally connect better with anime than they do with traditional media. Over 50% of surveyed Gen Z anime fans said that anime influences their identity, fashion and social understanding. [ 240 ]\n\nDue to anime's increased popularity in the 21st century, a large number of celebrities such as Elon Musk , BTS and Ariana Grande have stated that they are anime fans. [ 241 ]\n\nOne of the key points that differentiated anime from a handful of Western cartoons is the potential for visceral content. Once the expectation that the aspects of visual intrigue or animation are just for children is put aside, the audience can realize that themes involving violence, suffering, sexuality, pain, and death can all be storytelling elements utilized in anime just as much as other media. [ 242 ]\n\n\"Japanese animation is so different from what airs here. It's far edgier, more adult and violent.\"\n\nHowever, as anime itself became increasingly popular, its styling has been inevitably the subject of both satire and serious creative productions. [ 15 ] South Park ' s \" Chinpokomon \" and \" Good Times with Weapons \" episodes, Adult Swim 's Perfect Hair Forever , and Nickelodeon 's Kappa Mikey are examples of Western satirical depictions of Japanese culture and anime, but anime tropes have also been satirized by some anime such as KonoSuba .\n\nTraditionally only Japanese works have been considered anime, but some works have sparked debate about blurring the lines between anime and cartoons, such as the American anime-style productions Avatar: The Last Airbender and The Legend of Korra . [ 244 ] These anime-styled works have become defined as anime-influenced animation , in an attempt to classify all anime styled works of non-Japanese origin. [ 245 ] Some creators of these works cite anime as a source of inspiration; for example the French production team for Ōban Star-Racers moved to Tokyo to collaborate with a Japanese production team. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] [ 248 ] When anime is defined as a \"style\" rather than as a national product, it leaves open the possibility of anime being produced in other countries, [ 244 ] but this has been contentious amongst fans, with John Oppliger stating, \"The insistence on referring to original American art as Japanese \"anime\" or \"manga\" robs the work of its cultural identity.\" [ 15 ] [ 249 ]\n\nWhile some anime will depict non-Japanese characters with specific ethnic features, such as a pronounced nose and jutting jaw for European characters, [ 76 ] there are some styles that deliberately forgo any identification of its characters with real-world ethnicities or nationalities, termed in criticism as mukokuseki (statelessness). Mukokuseki characters can significantly impact the reception of a property outside of Japan. [ 250 ] [ 251 ]\n\nA U.A.E. - Filipino produced TV series called Torkaizer is dubbed as the \"Middle East's First Anime Show\", and is currently in production [ 252 ] and looking for funding. [ 253 ] [ needs update ] Netflix has produced multiple anime series in collaboration with Japanese animation studios, [ 254 ] and in doing so, has offered a more accessible channel for distribution to Western markets. [ 255 ] Similar initiatives have been enacted by the US-based streaming service Crunchyroll, [ 256 ] producing titles such as High Guardian Spice and an adaptation of Tower of God .\n\nThe web-based series RWBY , produced by Texas -based company Rooster Teeth , is produced using an anime art style, and the series has been described as \"anime\" by multiple sources. For example, Adweek , in the headline to one of its articles, described the series as \"American-made anime\", [ 257 ] and in another headline, The Huffington Post described it as simply \"anime\", without referencing its country of origin. [ 258 ] In 2013, Monty Oum , the creator of RWBY , said \"Some believe just like Scotch needs to be made in Scotland, an American company can't make anime. I think that's a narrow way of seeing it. Anime is an art form, and to say only one country can make this art is wrong.\" [ 259 ] RWBY has been released in Japan with a Japanese dub; [ 260 ] the CEO of Rooster Teeth , Matt Hullum , commented \"This is the first time any American-made anime has been marketed to Japan. It definitely usually works the other way around, and we're really pleased about that.\" [ 257 ]\n\nIn Japanese culture and entertainment, the term media mix refers to a strategy to disperse content across multiple representations: different broadcast media , gaming platforms, cell phones, toys, amusement parks , and other methods. [ 261 ] It is the Japanese term for a transmedia franchise . [ 262 ] [ 263 ] The term gained circulation in the late 1980s, but the origins of the strategy can be traced back to the 1960s with the proliferation of anime, with its interconnection of media and commodity goods. [ 264 ]\n\nA number of anime and manga media franchises such as Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba , Dragon Ball , Fate/stay night , Yu-Gi-Oh! , Neon Genesis Evangelion and Gundam have gained considerable global popularity, and are among the world's highest-grossing media franchises . Pokémon in particular is estimated to be the highest-grossing media franchise of all time. [ 265 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "anime japanese ipa aime derive shorten english word animation animation originate japan outside japan english anime refers specifically animation produce japan however anime japan japanese describes animate works regardless style origin many work animation similar style japanese animation also produce outside japan video game sometimes also feature theme art style may label anime early commercial japanese animation date characteristic art style emerge work cartoonist osamu tezuka spread follow decade develop large domestic audience anime distribute theatrically television broadcast directly home medium internet addition original work anime often adaptations japanese comic manga light novel video game classify numerous genre target various broad niche audience anime diverse medium distinctive production method adapt response emergent technology predominantly handdrawn even modern day anime combine graphic art characterization cinematography form imaginative individualistic technique compare western animation anime production generally focus less movement detail setting use camera effect pan zoom angle shot diverse art style use character proportion feature quite varied common characteristic feature large emotive eye anime industry consist production company include major studio studio ghibli kyoto animation sunrise bone ufotable mappa wit studio comix wave film madhouse inc tm entertainment studio pierrot production nippon animation toei animation since medium also see widespread international success rise foreign dub subtitle program since due rise streaming service widen demographic embrace anime culture within japan worldwide update japanese animation account world animate television show anime become one fastestgrowing genre content globally medium currently characterise increase globalisation expansive crosscultural collaboration significant brand integration japaneseproduced animation continue influence shape medium popular culture global scale type animation anime art form comprise many genre find medium sometimes mistakenly classified genre japanese term anime use refer animate works regardless style origin englishlanguage dictionary typically define anime style japanese animation style animation originate japan definition base origin make production japan requisite work consider anime etymology word anime dispute english word animation write japanese katakana animshon anime pronounce aime shorten form source claim term derive french term animation dessin anim cartoon literally animate draw others believe myth derive popularity anime france late english anime use common noun normally function mass noun example watch anime much anime watch japanese word sak pokmon english text sometimes spell anime anim french acute accent final cue reader pronounce letter not leave silent english orthography may suggest prior widespread use anime term japanimation portmanteau japan animation prevalent throughout mids term anime begin supplant japanimation general latter term appear period work use distinguish identify japanese animation emakimono shadow play kagee consider precursor japanese animation emakimono common form entertainment century travel storyteller narrate legend anecdotes emakimono unrolled right leave chronological order move panorama kagee popular edo period originate shadow play china magic lantern netherlands also popular century paper play call kamishibai surge century remain popular street theater puppet bunraku theater ukiyoe print consider ancestor character japanese animation finally manga heavy inspiration anime cartoonist kitzawa rakuten okamoto ippei use film element strip animation japan begin early century filmmaker start experiment technique pioneer france germany united state russia claim early japanese animation katsud shashin private work unknown creator first professional publicly display work begin appear animator ten shimokawa seitar kitayama junichi kuchi know father anime produce numerous film old survive one kuchis namakura gatana many early work lose destruction shimokawas warehouse great kant earthquake mids animation wellestablished japan alternative format live action work suffer competition foreign producer disney many animator include nobur fuji yasuji murata continue work cheaper cutout animation rather cel animation creator include kenz masaoka mitsuyo seo nevertheless make great stride technique benefit patronage government employ animator produce educational short propaganda government dissolve several artist organization form shin nippon mangaka kykai first talkie anime chikara onna naka short film produce masaoka first featurelength anime film momotaro sacred sailor produce seo sponsorship imperial japanese navy saw proliferation short animate advertisement create television manga artist animator osamu tezuka adapt simplify disney animation technique reduce cost limit frame count production originally intend temporary measure allow produce material tight schedule inexperienced staff many limited animation practice come define medium style three tale first anime film broadcast television first anime television series instant history early influential success astro boy television series direct tezuka base manga name many animator tezukas mushi production later establish major anime studio among madhouse sunrise studio pierrot saw growth popularity manga many later receive animated adaptation tezukas workand pioneer fieldinspired characteristic genre remain fundamental element anime today giant robot genre also know mecha instance take shape tezuka develop super robot genre nagai others revolutionize end decade yoshiyuki tomino develop real robot genre robot anime series gundam space runaway ideon super dimension fortress macross influential classic genre remain one popular follow decade bubble economy spur new era highbudget experimental anime film include nausica valley wind royal space force wing honnamise akira experimental anime title continue draw attention neon genesis evangelion ghost shell cowboy bebop garner international popularity period anime begin attract great interest western country international success include sailor moon dragon ball dub dozen language worldwide spirit away studio ghibli feature film direct hayao miyazaki academy award best animated feature academy award later become highestgrossing anime film gross million worldwide since increase number anime work adaptation light novel visual novel successful example include melancholy haruhi suzumiya fatestay night demon slayer kimetsu yaiba movie mugen train become highestgrossing japanese film one world highestgrossing film also become fastestgrossing film japanese cinema history earn billion yen day beat previous record holder spirit away take day gross amount anime adaptation jujutsu kaisen demon slayer kimetsu yaiba tokyo revengers among top discuss show worldwide twitter attack titan award indemand series world global demand award attack titan become first ever nonenglish language series earn title world indemand show previously hold walk dead game throne jujutsu kaisen break guinness world record indemand animate show global demand rating time average show previously hold attack titan anime differs form animation art style method animation production process visually anime work exhibit wide variety art style differ creator artists studio single art style predominates anime whole share similar attribute term animation technique character design anime fundamentally characterize use limited animation flat expression suspension time thematic range presence historical figure complex narrative line peculiar draw style character characterize large oval eye define line bright color reduce movement lip modern anime follow typical animation production process involve storyboarding voice act character design cel production since animator increasingly use computer animation improve efficiency production process early anime work experimental consist image draw blackboard stop motion animation paper cutout silhouette animation cel animation grow popularity come dominate medium century use animation technique mostly limited independent short film include stop motion puppet animation work produce tadahito mochinaga kihachir kawamoto tomoyasu murata computer integrate animation process work ghost shell princess mononoke mix cel animation computergenerated imagery fuji film major cel production company announce would cease cel production cause industry panic procure cel import hasten switch digital process prior digital era anime produce traditional animation method use pose pose approach majority mainstream anime use few expressive key frame inbetween animation japanese animation studio pioneer many limited animation technique give anime distinct set convention unlike disney animation emphasis movement anime emphasize art quality let limited animation technique make lack time spend movement technique often use not meet deadline also artistic device anime scene often place emphasis achieve threedimensional view background instrumental create atmosphere work background not always purely fictional occasionally base real location exemplify howls move castle melancholy haruhi suzumiya well source need john oppliger state anime one rare medium put together allstar cast usually come look tremendously impressive cinematic effect anime differentiate stage play find american animation anime cinematically shot camera include pan zoom distance angle shot complex dynamic shot would difficult produce reality anime animation almost always produce voice act contrary american animation voice act typically come first body proportion human anime character tend accurately reflect proportion human body reality height head usually consider artist base unit proportion head height ratio vary drastically art style anime character fall head tall anime artist occasionally make deliberate modification body proportion produce chibi character feature disproportionately small body compare head many chibi character two four head tall anime work like crayon shinchan completely disregard proportion way resemble caricatured western cartoon common anime character design convention exaggerate eye size animation character large eye anime trace back osamu tezuka deeply influence early animation character one walt disney betty boop drawn disproportionately large eye tezuka central figure anime manga history whose iconic art style character design allow entire range human emotion depict solely eyes artist may add variable color shade eye particularly cornea give great depth generally mixture light shade tone color dark shade use however not anime character large eye example work hayao miyazaki know realistically proportioned eye well realistic hair color character hair anime often unnaturally lively colorful uniquely styled movement hair anime exaggerated hair action use emphasize action emotion character add visual effect artist gilles poitras trace hairstyle color cover illustration manga eyecatching artwork colorful tone consider appeal childrens manga anime depict nonjapanese character specific ethnic feature pronounce nose jut jaw european character case anime feature character whose ethnicity nationality not always define often deliberate decision pokmon animate series anime manga artist often draw common canon iconic facial expression illustration denote particular mood thought technique often different form counterpart western animation include fix iconography use shorthand certain emotion mood example male character may develop nosebleed sexually aroused variety visual symbol employ include sweat drop depict nervousness symbolize red vein anger visible blush embarrassment glow eye intense glare another recur sight gag use chibi deform simplified character design figure comedically punctuate emotion like confusion embarrassment open credit sequence anime television series accompany jpop jrock song often repute bandsas write series mindbut also aim general music market therefore often allude vaguely not thematic setting plot series also often used incidental music insert song episode order highlight particularly important scene well source need future funk musical microgenre evolve early vaporwave french house eurodisco influence heavily use anime visuals sample along japanese city pop build aesthetic since anime song experience rapid growth global online popularity due widen availability music stream service spotify promotion fan artists social medium open theme idol yoasobi anime series oshi top billboard global excl chart million stream copy sell outside idol become first japanese song anime song top billboard global chart well take top spot apple music top global chart anime often classified target demographic include childrens kodomo girl shjo boy shnen young men seinen young woman josei diverse range genre target adult audience shjo shnen anime sometimes contain element popular child gender attempt gain crossover appeal adult anime may feature slow pace great plot complexity young audience may typically find unappealing well adult theme situation subset adult anime work feature pornographic element label japan internationally know hentai originate japanese word pervert hentai contrast anime subgenres incorporate ecchi sexual theme undertone without depiction sexual intercourse typify comedic harem genre due popularity among adolescent adult anime enthusiast inclusion element consider form fan service genre explore homosexual romance yaoi male homosexuality yuri female homosexuality often use pornographic context term yaoi yuri also use broadly wide context describe focus theme development relationship animes genre classification differs type animation not lend simple classification gilles poitras compare label gundam complex depiction war giant robot anime akin simply label war peace war novel science fiction major anime genre include important historical work like tezukas astro boy yokoyama tetsujin major subgenre science fiction mecha gundam metaseries iconic diverse fantasy genre include work base asian western tradition folklore example include japanese feudal fairytale inuyasha depiction scandinavian goddess move japan maintain computer call yggdrasil goddess genre cross anime also prevalent blend fantasy comedy dragon half incorporation slapstick humor crime anime film castle cagliostro subgenres find anime include magical girl harem sport martial art literary adaptation medievalism war early anime work make theatrical viewing require played musical component sound vocal component add production nippon television air mogura abanchru mole adventure first televise first color anime debut not first televise series broadcast remain popular medium since work release directtovideo format know original video animation ovas original animation video oavs typically not release theatrically televise prior home medium release well source need emergence internet lead animator distribute work online format call original net animation ona well source need home distribution anime release popularize vhs laserdisc format vhs ntsc video format use japan united state credit aid rise popularity anime laserdisc vhs format transcend dvd format offer unique advantage include multiple subtitle dub track disc dvd format also drawbacks usage region cod adopt industry combat license piracy export well usage restrict region indicate dvd player video vcd format popular hong kong taiwan become minor format united state closely associate bootleg copy whereas many american television series episodic format episode typically consist selfcontained story anime series dragon ball serialization format continuous story arcs stretch multiple episode season thus distinguish traditional american show serialization since also become common characteristic american streaming television show golden age television era animation industry consist production company major prominent studio include toei animation madhouse gonzo sunrise bone tms entertainment nippon animation work studio pierrot production ufotable studio ghibli many studio organize trade association association japanese animation also labor union worker industry japanese animation creator association studio often work together produce complex costly project do studio ghiblis spirit away anime episode cost produce animation account japanese film market market share live action work popularity success anime see profitability dvd market contribute nearly total sale accord article nikkei asian review japanese television station buy billion worth anime production company past year compare billion overseas rise sale show television station japan cause late night anime adult target demographic type anime less popular outside japan consider niche product spirit away alltime highestgrossing film japan overtake demon slayer kimetsu yaiba movie mugen train also highestgrossing anime film worldwide overtaken makoto shinkai film name anime films represent large part highestgrossing japanese film yearly japan top anime license company country order legally release anime license japanese owner use outside japan since least practice become wellestablished united state late early series gatchaman captain harlock license japanese parent company distribution american market trend towards american distribution anime continue license title voltron creation new series robotech use source material several original series early several company begin experiment licensing less childoriented material vision central park medium imprint achieve fairly substantial commercial success go become major player lucrative american anime market others animeigo achieve limited success many company create directly japanese parent company not well release one two title complete american operation citation need license expensive often cost hundred thousand dollar one series tens thousand one movie price vary widely example jinki extend cost license kurau phantom memory cost simulcast internet stream right cheap price around episode also expensive series cost per episode anime market united state worth approximately billion dubbed animation begin air united state network like cartoon network adult swim result five top ten anime title previously air cartoon network part localization edit cultural reference may occur good follow reference nonjapanese culture cost english localization average per episode industry subject praise condemnation fansubs addition unlicensed unauthorized subtitled translation anime series film fansubs originally distribute bootleg vhs cassette freely available disseminate online since since practice raise concern copyright piracy issue fansubbers tend adhere unwritten moral code destroy longer distribute anime officially translate subtitled version becomes license also try encourage viewer buy official copy release come english although fansubs typically continue circulate filesharing network even lay back regulation japanese animation industry tend overlook issue allow grow underground thus increase popularity demand official highquality release animation company lead increase global popularity japanese animation reach million sale fansub practice rapidly decline since earlys due advent legal streaming service simulcast new anime series often within hour domestic release since anime become global multibilliondollar industry set sale record trillion billion drive largely demand overseas audience japan anime industry value billion year revenue come overseas large industry sector anime industry expect reach value billion revenue come overseas japan external trade organization jetro value domestic anime market japan trillion billion include trillion licensed product jetro report sale overseas anime export trillion billion jetro value anime market united state billion billion include million home video sale billion license product jetro project worldwide anime market include sale license product would grow trillion billion anime market china value billion project reach billion europe anime merchandise market value million figurine segment accounting share expect reach value billion global anime market size value billion revenue come merchandise expect global anime market reach value billion anime industry generate billion total global revenue include billion stream billion merchandise sale north america asia contribute combine billion total revenue account anime global impact global anime market expect reach value billion large contributor growth north america europe asiapacific middle east global anime market size value billion expected increase billion cagr annual overseas export japanese animation exceed billion first time history accord dentsu global research report anime grow opportunity brand data collect october march consumer across country united state united kingdom poland spain france italy japan china indonesia thailand show anime fandom continue expand markedly worldwide globally consumer report watch anime weekly proportion rise among gen viewer southeast asia particular enthusiasm strong thailand nearly onethird anime viewer spend merchandise past year indonesia figure moreover indonesia gen anime fan say post anime social platform participate animerelated discord community indicate high active engagement rather passive consumption emea market survey france spain italy poland around france italy respondent report watch anime weekly united state global survey find anime consumer report spending related merchandise past year netflix identify widely use platform anime view country alongside europe part asia anime industry host several annual award honor year best work major annual award japan include fuji nobur award mainichi film award best animation film animation kobe award japan medium art festival animation award seiyu award voice actor tokyo anime award japan academy prize animation year internationally anime series film compete show crunchyroll anime award astra award also american anime award design recognize excellence anime title nominate industry though held anime production also nominate award not exclusively anime like academy award best animated feature golden bear recent year anime industry accuse japanese foreign medium overwork underpaying animator response japanese prime minister fumio kishida promise improve work condition salary animator creator work industry anime studios mappa take action improve work condition employee slight increase production cost animator salary covid pandemic throughout american stream service netflix announce would greatly invest fund anime industry well support train program new animator april nippon anime film culture association nafca officially found association aim address solve problem industry include improvement work condition animator japanese government actively work improve work condition within anime industry part broader initiative support expand sector order sustain grow global demand anime become commercially profitable western world demonstrate early commercially successful western adaptation anime astro boy speed racer early american adaption make japan expand continental european market first production aim european japanese child heidi vicky viking barbapapa air various country italy spain france develop particular interest japan output due cheap sell price productive output italy import anime outside japan anime manga introduce france late become massively popular spite moral panic lead french politician mass import influence anime popularity east asian southeast asian south asian latin american arabic israeli german market begin saw introduction japanese anime series american market japanese animation slowly gain popularity united state medium company viz mixx begin publish release animate work american market film akira largely credit popularizing anime western world early anime popularize television show pokmon dragon ball latter part decade japanese anime fastestgrowing genre american video industry growth internet later provide international audience easy way access japanese content early online piracy play major role time legal alternative appear significantly reduce illegal practice since stream service become increasingly involved production license distribution anime international market especially case net service netflix crunchyroll others large catalog many country although anime fan multiple develop country few option obtain access legal content therefore would still turn online piracy however begin anime experience yet another boom global popularity demand due covid pandemic streaming service like netflix amazon prime video hbo max disney hulu animeonly service like crunchyroll hidive increase international availability amount newly license anime show well size catalog netflix report october september million member household worldwide watch least one anime title platform anime title appear stream platform topten list almost country within oneyear period netflix report million member household represent estimate million viewer commonly watch anime platform anime longer niche mainstream anime series demand foreignlanguage television show unite state account market share comparison spanishlanguage koreanlanguage show account market share respectively half netflixs global member watch anime anime series attack titan award indemand series world global demand award attack titan become first ever nonenglish language series earn title world indemand show previously hold walk dead game throne anime series jujutsu kaisen award indemand series world global demand award rise interest anime well japanese video game lead increase university student united kingdom aspire get degree japanese language word anime alongside japanese pop cultural term like shonen shojo isekai add oxford english dictionary various anime manga series influence hollywood make numerous famous movie character hollywood produce live action adaptation various anime series ghost shell death note dragon ball cowboy bebop however adaptation receive negatively critic audience become boxoffice bomb primary reason unsuccessfulness hollywood adaption anime due change plot character original source material limited capability live action movie series comparison animate counterpart one particular exception trend alita battle angel become moderate commercial success receive generally positive review critic audience visual effect faithfulness source material movie gross million worldwide make director robert rodriguez highestgrossing film anime significantly influenced fashion blend bold visual storytelling distinctive character aesthetic inspire everything streetwear cosplay culture highfashion collaboration anime manga alongside many import japanese pop culture help build positive worldwide image toward japan improve relation country remark welcome japanese prime minister shinzo abe white house president barack obama thank japan cultural contribution united state say visit celebration tie friendship family bind people first felt year old mother take japan felt grow hawaii like community across country home many proud japanese american today also chance american especially young people say thank thing love japan like karate karaoke manga anime course emojis july approval chilean government project citizen chile would allow withdraw privately hold retirement saving journalist pamela jiles celebrate run congress arm spread behind imitate move many character manga anime series naruto april peruvian politician jorge hugo romero ppc milagros jurez upp cosplayed anime character get otaku vote october vatican unveil animestyled mascot luce order connect catholic youth pop culture april japan business federation lay proposal aim spur economic growth japan promote content industry abroad primarily anime manga video game measure invite industry expert abroad come japan work link tourism sector help foreign fan manga anime visit site across country associate particular manga story federation seek quadruple sale japanese content overseas market within upcoming year survey conduct country territory use sample consist respondent hold dentsu reveal survey people find excellency anime manga japanese cultural technological aspect make mass japanese medium third mostliked japanese thing japanese cuisine japanese robotics advertisement company view anime profitable tool marketing campaign foreign country due popularity reception anime play role drive tourism japan survey hold statista tourist unite state tourist china tourist south korea say motivate visit japan japanese popular culture survey hold crunchyroll market research gen general population say familiar anime anime club give rise anime convention anime boom period mark anime increase global popularity convention dedicate anime manga include element like cosplay contest industry talk panel cosplay portmanteau costume play not unique anime become popular contest masquerade anime convention japanese culture word enter english usage popularity medium include otaku unflattering japanese term commonly use english denote obsessive fan anime manga another word arisen describe obsessive fan united state wapanese refer white individual want japanese later know weeaboo weeb individual demonstrate obsession japanese anime term originate abusive content post website chanorg originally derogatory term otaku weeb reappropriated anime fandom overtime today use fan refer comedic positive way anime enthusiast produce fan fiction fan art include computer wallpaper anime music video amvs many fan visit site depict anime game manga form otaku culture behavior know anime pilgrimage anime firmly establish major global cultural force resonate audience far beyond origin japan half generation worldwide identify anime fan reflect medium widespread appeal across culture languages grow international enthusiasm anime attribute emotional depth distinctive visual style ability explore universal theme identity friendship perseverance influence see global entertainment fashion online community demonstrate anime evolve regional art form define element modern pop culture many anime fan follower use social medium platform site like youtube bilibili twitch fandom facebook instagram reddit discord tumblr chan tiktok twitter online community databases imdb myanimelist discus anime manga track progress watch respective series well use news outlet anime news network accord crunchyrolls research data provide president rahul parini approximately million people globally outside china japan either highly aware anime show interest anime currently watch anime identify fan accord survey conduct anime fan polygon survey anime fan say find anime emotionally compel form medium millennial gen fan use medium form escapism almost twothirds animewatching gen audience say emotionally connect good anime traditional medium survey gen anime fan say anime influence identity fashion social understanding due anime increase popularity century large number celebrity elon musk bts ariana grande state anime fan one key point differentiate anime handful western cartoon potential visceral content expectation aspects visual intrigue animation child put aside audience realize theme involve violence suffer sexuality pain death storytelling element utilized anime much medium japanese animation different air far edgier adult violent however anime become increasingly popular style inevitably subject satire serious creative production south park chinpokomon good time weapon episode adult swim perfect hair forever nickelodeon kappa mikey example western satirical depiction japanese culture anime anime trope also satirize anime konosuba traditionally japanese work consider anime work sparked debate blurring line anime cartoon american animestyle production avatar last airbender legend korra animestyled work become defined animeinfluenced animation attempt classify anime style work nonjapanese origin creator work cite anime source inspiration example french production team ban starracers move tokyo collaborate japanese production team anime define style rather national product leave open possibility anime produce country contentious amongst fan john oppliger state insistence refer original american art japanese anime manga robs work cultural identity anime depict nonjapanese character specific ethnic feature pronounce nose jut jaw european character style deliberately forgo identification character realworld ethnicity nationality term criticism mukokuseki statelessness mukokuseki character significantly impact reception property outside japan uae filipino produce series call torkaizer dub middle east first anime show currently production look funding need update netflix produce multiple anime series collaboration japanese animation studio offer accessible channel distribution western market similar initiative enact usbased streaming service crunchyroll produce title high guardian spice adaptation tower god webbased series rwby produce texas base company rooster teeth produce use anime art style series describe anime multiple source example adweek headline one article describe series americanmade anime another headline huffington post describe simply anime without reference country origin monty oum creator rwby say believe like scotch need make scotland american company cant make anime think thats narrow way see anime art form say one country make art wrong rwby release japan japanese dub ceo rooster teeth matt hullum comment first time americanmade anime market japan definitely usually work way around really pleased japanese culture entertainment term medium mix refers strategy disperse content across multiple representation different broadcast medium game platform cell phone toy amusement park method japanese term transmedia franchise term gain circulation late origins strategy trace back proliferation anime interconnection medium commodity good number anime manga medium franchise demon slayer kimetsu yaiba dragon ball fatestay night yugioh neon genesis evangelion gundam gain considerable global popularity among world highestgrossing medium franchise pokmon particular estimate highestgrossing medium franchise time"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_AnimeClick.it/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_AnimeClick.it.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_AnimeClick.it",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnimeClick.it",
+    "transformers_text": "AnimeClick.it is an Italian web portal that provides daily news and a database about anime and manga . The website, often regarded as the most important in that field in Italy, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] also provides related information such as trivia about the Japanese culture , videogames and fansubs in Italian.\n\nAnimeClick.it is an amateur site founded at the end of 1998 as a side branch of a local web portal called VeronaClick. [ 4 ] It has published its first news on October 4, 1999.\n\nOn May 31, 2011, the editorial staff of AnimeClick.it came together at the no-profit cultural association Associazione NewType Media. [ 5 ] On the same day, the founder of the site, Andrea Sartori, entrusted the management of the portal to said association. [ 6 ]\n\nIn the Autumn of the same year, AnimeClick.it was involved by manga and anime publisher Dynit in the casting of the main voice actors for the Italian official release of Puella Magi Madoka Magica , through a survey among the users of the site. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Following this, the site expanded its offer, giving more coverage to live-action productions, j-pop and k-pop , and to the phenomenon of Italian fansubs . [ 9 ]\n\nIn October, 2011, AnimeClick.it released on the Android Market an app that offers some of the site's services. [ 10 ] Since 2011, the site also started to have its own official stand and official collaborations with various Italian comics and games conventions such as Lucca Comics & Games , [ 11 ] Napoli Comicon , [ 12 ] Cartoomics, [ 13 ] Etna Comics , [ 14 ] Romics , [ 15 ] Udine 's Far East Film Festival , becoming the official Media Partner of some of them. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ]\n\nIn 2015, the site became a network with the opening of two other web portals: SerialClick.it, [ 19 ] about TV series and live actions, in January (then closed in 2019) [ 20 ] and GamerClick.it, [ 21 ] a portal about videogames, in June.\n\nIn 2018, during the Lucca Comics & Games convention, AnimeClick.it held the first edition of the AnimeClick Awards. [ 22 ] In 2021, the site became an official Streaming Media Partner of Lucca Comics & Games and kept the role since. [ 23 ]\n\nIn October 2023, the publishing house Rizzoli published the book La super guida manga, curated by the editorial staff of the site. [ 24 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "animeclickit italian web portal provide daily news database anime manga website often regarded important field italy also provide related information trivia japanese culture videogames fansubs italian animeclickit amateur site found end side branch local web portal call veronaclick publish first news october may editorial staff animeclickit come together noprofit cultural association associazione newtype medium day founder site andrea sartori entrust management portal say association autumn year animeclickit involve manga anime publisher dynit cast main voice actor italian official release puella magi madoka magica survey among user site follow site expand offer give coverage liveaction production jpop kpop phenomenon italian fansubs october animeclickit release android market app offer site service since site also start official stand official collaboration various italian comic game convention lucca comic game napoli comicon cartoomics etna comic romics udine far east film festival become official medium partner site become network open two web portal serialclickit series live action january close gamerclickit portal videogames june lucca comic game convention animeclickit hold first edition animeclick award site become official streaming medium partner lucca comic game keep role since october publishing house rizzoli publish book super guida manga curated editorial staff site"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Anime_News_Network/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Anime_News_Network.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Anime_News_Network",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network",
+    "transformers_text": "Anime News Network ( ANN ) is a news website that reports on the status of anime , manga , video games , Japanese popular music and other related cultures within North America, Australia, Southeast Asia and Japan. The website offers reviews and other editorial content, forums where readers can discuss current issues and events, and an encyclopedia that contains many anime and manga with information on the staff, cast, theme music , plot summaries, and user ratings. [ 2 ]\n\nThe website was founded in July 1998 by Justin Sevakis, and operated the magazine Protoculture Addicts from 2005 to 2008. Based in the United States, [ 3 ] it has separate versions of its news content aimed toward audiences in five separate regions: the United States and Canada, the United Kingdom and Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, [ 4 ] Southeast Asia, [ 5 ] and India.\n\nThe website was founded by Justin Sevakis in July 1998. [ 3 ] In May 2000, CEO Christopher Macdonald joined the website editorial staff, replacing editor-in-chief Isaac Alexander. On 30 June 2002, Anime News Network launched its Encyclopedia, a collaborative database of anime and manga titles also including information about the staff, cast, and the companies which were involved in the production or localization of those titles. [ 6 ]\n\nOn 7 September 2004, the Sci Fi Channel online newsletter Sci Fi Weekly named ANN the Web Site of the Week. [ 2 ] On 18 September 2004, the editorial staff at ANN became formally involved with the anime magazine Protoculture Addicts ; the magazine began publishing under ANN's editorial control in January 2005. [ 7 ]\n\nIn January 2007, ANN launched a separate version for Australian audiences. [ 4 ] On 4 July 2008, ANN launched its video platform with a library of anime trailers as well as its own news show ANNtv. [ 8 ]\n\nOn 7 August 2017, a hacker took control of Anime News Network's domain (animenewsnetwork.com), and compromised some of the site's Twitter accounts, including the personal accounts of ANN's CEO Christopher Macdonald and Executive Editor Zac Bertschy. The site was temporarily live at animenewsnetwork.cc until the staff regained control of the original domain. [ 9 ] In an article a few days after the loss of the domain, Macdonald published the full story on how the domain was stolen. [ 10 ]\n\nOn 1 November 2022, Kadokawa Corporation announced an agreement to acquire a majority of Anime News Network's media business through a new subsidiary Kadokawa World Entertainment. Christopher Macdonald, the president of ANN, was appointed as the publisher of Kadokawa World Entertainment. Macdonald and Bandai Namco Filmworks retain minority shares in the new company. [ 11 ] [ 12 ]\n\nAnime News Network stories related to anime and manga are researched by the ANN staff. Other contributors, under staff discretion, also contribute news articles. [ 3 ]\n\nThe website maintains a listing of anime and manga titles, as well as people and companies involved in the production of those titles, which it dubs an \"encyclopedia\". [ 2 ] The site has hosted several regular columns, including a question-and-answer column \"Hey Answerman\", a review column entitled \"Shelf Life\", a column on old and forgotten media called \"Buried Treasure\" written by Sevakis. [ 13 ]\n\nANN also hosts forums , [ 2 ] [ 14 ] and includes threads to accompany each news item for purposes of discussion. Anime News Network hosts an IRC channel on the WorldIRC network, #animenewsnetwork.",
+    "tf_idf_text": "anime news network ann news website report status anime manga video game japanese popular music relate culture within north america australia southeast asia japan website offer review editorial content forum reader discuss current issue event encyclopedia contain many anime manga information staff cast theme music plot summary user rating website found july justin sevakis operate magazine protoculture addict base united state separate version news content aim toward audience five separate region united state canada united kingdom ireland australia new zealand southeast asia india website found justin sevakis july may ceo christopher macdonald join website editorial staff replace editorinchief isaac alexander june anime news network launch encyclopedia collaborative database anime manga title also include information staff cast company involve production localization title september sci channel online newsletter sci weekly name ann web site week september editorial staff ann become formally involve anime magazine protoculture addict magazine begin publish anns editorial control january january ann launch separate version australian audience july ann launch video platform library anime trailer well news show anntv august hacker take control anime news network domain animenewsnetworkcom compromise site twitter account include personal account anns ceo christopher macdonald executive editor zac bertschy site temporarily live animenewsnetworkcc staff regain control original domain article day loss domain macdonald publish full story domain stolen november kadokawa corporation announce agreement acquire majority anime news network medium business new subsidiary kadokawa world entertainment christopher macdonald president ann appoint publisher kadokawa world entertainment macdonald bandai namco filmworks retain minority share new company anime news network story relate anime manga research ann staff contributor staff discretion also contribute news article website maintains list anime manga title well people company involve production title dub encyclopedia site host several regular column include questionandanswer column hey answerman review column entitle shelf life column old forgotten medium call buried treasure write sevakis ann also host forum include thread accompany news item purpose discussion anime news network host irc channel worldirc network animenewsnetwork"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Art_book/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Art_book.json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Art_book",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_book",
+    "transformers_text": "Artists' books (or book art or book objects ) are works of art that engage with and transform the form of a book. Some are mass-produced with multiple editions, and some in small editions, while others are produced as one-of-a-kind objects. [ 1 ]\n\nThere is no single definition of an artist's book, and formulating a definition is cumbersome and subject to debate. [ 2 ] Importantly, the creation of artists' books incorporates a variety of formats and genres. [ 3 ] They have a complex history, with a particular focus and growth in contemporary artist movements. [ 4 ] They also have recently grown in popularity, especially in art institutions, and have become popular in art library reference workshops. [ 4 ] The exact definition and usage of artists' books has become more fluid and porous alongside the growth in popularity of artists' books. [ 5 ]\n\nArtists' books have employed a wide range of forms, including the traditional Codex form as well as less common forms like scrolls , fold-outs, concertinas or loose items contained in a box. Artists have been active in printing and book production for centuries, but the artist's book is primarily a late 20th-century form. Book forms were also created within earlier movements, such as Dada , Constructivism , Futurism , and Fluxus . [ 6 ]\n\nOne suggested definition of an artist's book is as follows:\n\nArtists' books are books or book-like objects over the final appearance of which an artist has had a high degree of control; where the book is intended as a work of art in itself.\n\n— Stephen Bury [ 7 ]\n\nGenerally, an artist's book is interactive, portable, movable, and easily shared. Some artists' books challenge the conventional book format and become sculptural objects. Artists' books also may be created in order to make art accessible to people outside of the formal contexts of galleries or museums. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]\n\nArtists' books can be made from a variety of materials, including found objects. [ 8 ] The VCU Book Arts LibGuide writes that the following methods and practices are common (but certainly not the only methods) in artists' book production:\n\nWhilst artists have been involved in the production of books in Europe since the early medieval period (such as the Book of Kells and the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry ), most writers on the subject cite the English visionary artist and poet William Blake (1757–1827) as the earliest direct antecedent. [ 6 ] [ 10 ]\n\nBooks such as Songs of Innocence and of Experience were written, illustrated, printed, coloured and bound by Blake and his wife Catherine , and the merging of handwritten texts and images created intensely vivid, original works without any obvious precedents. These works would set the tone for later artists' books, connecting self-publishing and self-distribution with the integration of text, image and form. [ citation needed ] All of these factors have remained key concepts in artists' books up to the present day.\n\nAs Europe plunged headlong towards World War I , various groups of avant-garde artists across the continent started to focus on pamphlets, posters, manifestos, and books. This was partially as a way to gain publicity within an increasingly print-dominated world, but also as a strategy to bypass traditional gallery systems. This allowed for the dissemination of new ideas and the creation of affordable work that might (theoretically) be seen by people who would not otherwise enter art galleries. [ 11 ]\n\nThis move toward radicalism was exemplified by the Italian Futurists , and by Filippo Marinetti (1876–1944) in particular. The publication of the \" Futurist Manifesto \", 1909, on the front cover of the French daily newspaper Le Figaro was an audacious coup de théâtre that resulted in international notoriety. [ 12 ] Marinetti used the ensuing fame to tour Europe, kickstarting movements across the continent that all veered towards book-making and pamphleteering.\n\nIn London, for instance, Marinetti's visit directly precipitated Wyndham Lewis ' founding of the Vorticist movement, whose literary magazine BLAST is an early example of a modernist periodical, while David Bomberg's book Russian Ballet (1919), with its interspersing of a single carefully spaced text with abstract colour lithographs, is a landmark in the history of English language artists' books. [ citation needed ]\n\nRegarding the creation of artists' books, the most influential offshoot of futurist principles occurred in Russia. Centered in Moscow , around the Gileia Group of Transrational ( zaum ) poets David and Nikolai Burliuk , Elena Guro , Vasili Kamenski and Velimir Khlebnikov , the Russian futurists created a sustained series of artists' books that challenged every assumption of orthodox book production. Whilst some of the books created by this group would be relatively straightforward typeset editions of poetry, many others played with form, structure, materials, and content that still seems contemporary.\n\nKey works such as Worldbackwards (1912), by Khlebnikov and Kruchenykh , Natalia Goncharova , Larionov Rogovin and Tatlin , Transrational Boog (1915) by Aliagrov and Kruchenykh & Olga Rozanova , and Universal War (1916) by Kruchenykh used hand-written text, integrated with expressive lithographs and collage elements, creating small editions with dramatic differences between individual copies. Other titles experimented with materials such as wallpaper, printing methods including carbon copying and hectographs, and binding methods including the random sequencing of pages, ensuring no two books would have the same contextual meaning. [ 13 ] Marinetti visited in 1914, proselytizing on behalf of Futurist principles of speed, danger, and cacophony. [ 14 ] [ 15 ]\n\nRussian futurism gradually evolved into Constructivism after the Russian Revolution , centered on the key figures of Malevich and Tatlin . Attempting to create a new proletarian art for a new communist epoch, constructivist books would also have a huge impact on other European avant-gardes, with design and text-based works such as El Lissitzky 's For The Voice (1922) having a direct impact on groups inspired by or directly linked to communism . Dada in Zurich and Berlin, the Bauhaus in Weimar, and De Stijl in the Netherlands all printed numerous books, periodicals, and theoretical tracts within the newly emerging International Modernist style. Artists' books from this era include Kurt Schwitters and Kate Steinitz's book The Scarecrow (1925), and Theo van Doesburg 's periodical De Stijl .\n\nDada was initially started at the Cabaret Voltaire , by a group of exiled artists in neutral Switzerland during World War I . Originally influenced by the sound poetry of Wassily Kandinsky, and the Blaue Reiter Almanac that Kandinsky had edited with Marc , artists' books, periodicals, manifestoes and absurdist theatre were central to each of Dada's main incarnations. Berlin Dada in particular, started by Richard Huelsenbeck after leaving Zurich in 1917, would publish a number of incendiary artists' books, such as George Grosz 's The Face Of The Dominant Class (1921), a series of politically motivated satirical lithographs about the German bourgeoisie .\n\nWhilst concerned mainly with poetry and theory, Surrealism created a number of works that continued in the French tradition of the Livre d'Artiste, whilst simultaneously subverting it. Max Ernst 's Une Semaine de Bonté (1934), collaging found images from Victorian books, is a famous example, as is Marcel Duchamp 's cover for Le Surréalisme' (1947) featuring a tactile three-dimensional pink breast made of rubber. [ 16 ]\n\nOne important Russian writer/artist who created artist books was Alexei Remizov . [ 17 ] Drawing on medieval Russian literature, he creatively combined dreams, reality, and pure whimsy in his artist books.\n\nAfter World War II , many artists in Europe attempted to rebuild links beyond nationalist boundaries, and used the artist's book as a way of experimenting with form, disseminating ideas and forging links with like-minded groups in other countries.\n\nIn the fifties artists in Europe developed an interest in the book, under the influence of modernist theory and in the attempt to rebuild positions destroyed by the war.\n\n— Dieter Schwarz [ 18 ]\n\nAfter the war, a number of leading artists and poets started to explore the functions and forms of the book 'in a serious way'. [ 19 ] Concrete poets in Brazil such as Augusto and Haroldo de Campos , Cobra artists in the Netherlands and Denmark and the French Lettrists all began to systematically deconstruct the book. A fine example of the latter is Isidore Isou 's Le Grand Désordre , (1960), a work that challenges the viewer to reassemble the contents of an envelope back into a semblance of narrative. Two other examples of poet-artists whose work provided models for artists' books include Marcel Broodthaers and Ian Hamilton Finlay . [ 20 ]\n\nYves Klein in France was similarly challenging Modernist integrity with a series of works such as Yves: Peintures (1954) and Dimanche (1960) which turned on issues of identity and duplicity. [ 21 ] Other examples from this era include Guy Debord and Asger Jorn 's two collaborations, Fin de Copenhague (1957) and Mémoires' (1959), two works of Psychogeography created from found magazines of Copenhagen and Paris respectively, collaged and then printed over in unrelated colours. [ 22 ]\n\nOften credited with defining the modern artist's book, Dieter Roth (1930–98) produced a series of works which systematically deconstructed the form of the book throughout the fifties and sixties. [ 23 ] These disrupted the codex's authority by creating books with holes in (e.g. Picture Book , 1957), allowing the viewer to see more than one page at the same time. Roth was also the first artist to re-use found books: comic books, printer's end papers and newspapers (such as Daily Mirror , 1961 and AC , 1964). [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Although originally produced in Iceland in extremely small editions, Roth's books would be produced in increasingly large runs, through numerous publishers in Europe and North America, and would ultimately be reprinted together by the German publisher Hansjörg Mayer in the 1970s, making them more widely available in the last half-century than the work of any other comparable artist.\n\nAlmost contemporaneously in the United States, Ed Ruscha (1937–present) printed his first book, Twentysix Gasoline Stations , in 1963 in an edition of 400, but had printed almost 4000 copies by the end of the decade. [ 26 ] The book is directly related to American photographic travelogues, such as Robert Frank 's The Americans' (1965), but deals with a banal journey on route 66 between Ruscha's home in Los Angeles and his parents' in Oklahoma. [ 27 ] Like Roth, Ruscha created a series of homogenous books throughout the sixties, including Every Building on the Sunset Strip , 1966, and Royal Road Test , 1967.\n\nA Swiss artist worth mentioning is Warja Honegger-Lavater , who created artists' books contemporaneously with Dieter Roth and Ed Ruscha.\n\nGrowing out of John Cage 's Experimental Composition classes from 1957 to 1959 at the New School for Social Research , Fluxus was a loose collective of artists from North America and Europe that centered on George Maciunas (1931–78), who was born in Lithuania. Maciunas set up the AG Gallery in New York, 1961, with the intention of putting on events and selling books and multiples by artists he liked. The gallery closed within a year, apparently having failed to sell a single item. [ 28 ] The collective survived, and featured an ever-changing roster of like-minded artists including George Brecht , Joseph Beuys , Davi Det Hompson , Daniel Spoerri , Yoko Ono , Emmett Williams and Nam June Paik . [ 29 ] [ 30 ]\n\nArtists' books (such as An Anthology of Chance Operations ) and multiples [ 31 ] (as well as happenings ), were central to Fluxus' ethos disdaining galleries and institutions, replacing them with \"art in the community\", and the definition of what was and wasn't a book became increasingly elastic throughout the decade as the two forms collided. Many of the Fluxus editions share characteristics with both; George Brecht's Water Yam (1963), for instance, involves a series of scores collected in a box, whilst similar scores are collected together in a bound book in Yoko Ono 's Grapefruit (1964). Another famous example is Literature Sausage by Dieter Roth, one of many artists to be affiliated to Fluxus at one or other point in its history; each one was made from a pulped book mixed with onions and spices and stuffed into sausage skin. Literally a book, but utterly unreadable. Litsa Spathi and Ruud Jansen of the Fluxus Heidelberg Center in the Netherlands have an online archive of fluxus publications and fluxus webslinks. [ 32 ]\n\nArtists' books began to proliferate in the sixties and seventies in the prevailing climate of social and political activism. Inexpensive, disposable editions were one manifestation of the dematerialization of the art object and the new emphasis on process.... It was at this time too that a number of artist-controlled alternatives began to develop to provide a forum and venue for many artists denied access to the traditional gallery and museum structure. Independent art publishing was one of these alternatives, and artists' books became part of the ferment of experimental forms.\n\n— Joan Lyons. [ 33 ]\n\nAdditionally, critical to the Fluxus and The Multiple movements was Drucker 's term \"democratic multiple\" (46). [ 5 ] Democratic multiple refers to the creation of artists books in high edition numbers to make them more publicly available for the everyday consumer. This coincided with the rise of the Fluxus and The Multiple movements and enabled broader participation in the creation and dissemination of artist's books.\n\nThe artist's book proved central to the development of conceptual art . Lawrence Weiner , Bruce Nauman and Sol LeWitt in North America, Art & Language in the United Kingdom, Maurizio Nannucci in Italy, Jochen Gerz and Jean Le Gac in France and Jaroslaw Kozlowski in Poland all used the artist's book as a central part of their art practice. An early example, the exhibition January 5–31, 1969 organised in rented office space in New York City by Seth Siegelaub , featured nothing except a stack of artists' books, also called January 5–31, 1969 and featuring predominantly text-based work by Lawrence Weiner , Douglas Huebler , Joseph Kosuth , and Robert Barry . Sol LeWitt 's Brick Wall , (1977), for instance, simply chronicled shadows as they passed across a brick wall, Maurizio Nannucci \"M/40\" with 92 typesetting pages (1967) and \"Definizioni/Definitions\" (1970), whilst Kozlowski's Reality (1972) took a section of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason , removing all of the text, leaving only the punctuation behind. Another example is the Einbetoniertes Buch , [ 34 ] 1971 (book in concrete) by Wolf Vostell .\n\nLouise Odes Neaderland , the founder and Director of the non-profit group International Society of Copier Artists (I.S.C.A.) helped to establish electrostatic art as a legitimate art form, and to offer a means of distribution and exhibition to Xerox book Artists. Volume 1, #1 of The I.S.C.A. Quarterly was issued in April 1982 in a folio of 50 eight by eleven inch unbound prints in black and white or color Xerography . Each contributing artist's work of Xerox art was numbered in the Table of Contents and the corresponding number was stamped on the back of each artist's work. \"The format changed over the years and eventually included an Annual Bookworks Edition, which contained a box of small handmade books from the I.S.C.A. contributors.\" [ citation needed ] After the advent of home computers and printers made it easier for artists to do what the copy machine formerly did, Volume 21, #4 in June 2003 was the final issue. \"The 21 years of The I.S.C.A. Quarterlies represented a visual record of artists’ responses to timely social and political issues,\" as well as to personal experiences. [ 35 ] The complete I.S.C.A quarterly collection is housed and catalogued at the Jaffe Center for Book Arts at the Florida Atlantic University library. [ 36 ]\n\nAs the form has expanded, many of the original distinctive elements of artists' books have been lost, blurred or transgressed. Artists such as Cy Twombly , Anselm Kiefer and PINK de Thierry , with her series Encyclopaedia Arcadia, [ 37 ] routinely make unique, hand crafted books in a deliberate reaction to the small mass-produced editions of previous generations; Albert Oehlen , for instance, whilst still keeping artists' books central to his practice, has created a series of works that have more in common with Victorian sketchbooks. A return to the cheap mass-produced aesthetic has been evidenced since the early 90s, with artists such as Mark Pawson and Karen Reimer making cheap mass production central to their practice.\n\nContemporary and post-conceptual artists also have made artist's books an important aspect of their practice, notably William Wegman , Bob Cobbing , Martin Kippenberger , Raymond Pettibon , Freddy Flores Knistoff and Suze Rotolo . Book artists in pop-up books and other three-dimensional one-of-a-kind books include Bruce Schnabel, Carol Barton , Hedi Kyle , Julie Chen , Ed Hutchins and Susan Joy Share .\n\nMany book artists working in traditional, as well as non-traditional, forms have taught and shared their art in workshops at centers such as the Center for Book Arts [ 38 ] in New York City, and the Visual Arts Studio ( VisArts ), the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Studio School, the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Statewide Outreach Program, and the no longer extant Richmond Printmaking Workshop, all in Richmond, Virginia . Other institutions devoted to the art form include San Francisco Center for the Book , Visual Studies Workshop in Rochester, New York , and Women's Studio Workshop in Rosendale, New York .\n\nThere are a variety of manners in which one can purchase and learn more about artists books. In fact, the recent boom in artists' books production and dissemination is closely linked to art book fairs:\n\nEven if the buzz of interest in publication as an art practice around the turn of the twenty-first century resembles the hype around the “artist’s book” in the 1970s, the phenomenon of art book fairs in this quantity and intensity is something new. (...) Art book fairs today are not only a venue for representing a separate, prior publishing scene, they are also a central forum for constituting and nurturing a community around publishing as artistic practice.\n\n— Michalis Pichler [ 39 ]\n\nMany bookstores facilitate the dissemination of artists books. Printed Matter in New York City hosts an expansive collection of purchasable artists books. They offer artists the opportunity to submit their book for printing and then selling in their store, giving artists a platform to disseminate their work. Printed Matter is also an important distributor of artists books for both individuals and institutions.\n\nOne other important way to find and/or buy artists books is through Artists Book Fairs, which provide spaces for artists and their appreciators to come together and share/disseminate/buy artist books. Tony White provides a list of some artist books fairs that offer a place for dissemination and sharing:\n\nArtist book fairs ( Los Angeles , New York , Seoul , Tokyo , Mexico City, etc.); Codex International Book Art Fair ; 8-Ball Zine Fair (Tokyo); I Never Read, Art Book Fair Basel ; Libros Mutantes Madrid ; MISS Read Artist Book Fair (Berlin); Offprint Art Book Fair Paris and London ; Rencontres d’Arles \" — Tony White [ 4 ]\n\nIn the early 1970s the artist's book began to be recognized as a distinct genre, and with this recognition came the beginnings of critical appreciation of and debate on the subject. Institutions devoted to the study and teaching of the form were founded ( The Center for Book Arts in New York , for example); library and art museum collections began to create new rubrics with which to classify and catalog artists' books and also actively began to expand their fledgling collections; new collections were founded (such as Franklin Furnace in New York); and numerous group exhibitions of artist's books were organized in Europe and America (notably one at Moore College of Art and Design in Philadelphia in 1973, the catalog of which, according to Stefan Klima's Artists Books: A Critical Survey of the Literature , is the first place the term \"Artist's Book\" was used). Artists' books became a popular form for feminist artists beginning in the 1970s. The Women's Studio Workshop (NY) and the Women's Graphic Center at the Woman's Building (LA), founded by graphic designer, Sheila de Bretteville were centers where women artists could work and explore feminist themes. [ 40 ] Bookstores specializing in artists' books were founded, usually by artists, including Ecart in 1968 (Geneva), Other Books and So in 1975 (Amsterdam), Art Metropole in 1974 (Toronto) and Printed Matter in New York (1976). All of these also had publishing programmes over the years, and the latter two are still active today.\n\nIn the 1980s this consolidation of the field intensified, with an increasing number of practitioners, greater commercialization, and also the appearance of a number of critical publications devoted to the form. In 1983, for example, Cathy Courtney began a regular column for the London-based Art Monthly (Courtney contributed articles for 17 years, and this feature continues today with different contributors). The Library of Congress adopted the term artists books in 1980 in its list of established subjects, and maintains an active collection in its Rare Book and Special Collections Division.\n\nIn the 1980s and 1990s, BA, MA and MFA programs in Book Art were founded, some notable examples of which are the MFA at Mills College in California, the MFA at The University of the Arts in Philadelphia, the MA at Camberwell College of Arts in London, and the BA at the College of Creative Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara . The Journal of Artists' Books (JAB) was founded in 1994 to \"raise the level of critical inquiry about artists' books.\"\n\nIn 1994, a National Book Art Exhibition, [ 41 ] Art ex libris , [ 42 ] [ 43 ] was held at Artspace Gallery in Richmond, Virginia, and the Virginia Commission for the Arts awarded a technical assistance grant for videotaping the exhibition. [ 44 ]\n\nIn 1995, excerpts from Art ex Libris: The National Book Art Invitational at Artspace video documentary were shown in the Frances and Armand Hammer Auditorium at the 4th Biannual Book Arts Fair sponsored by Pyramid Atlantic Art Center at the Corcoran Gallery of Art . In 1996, the Art ex Libris documentary was included in an auction at Swann Galleries to benefit the Center for Book Arts in New York City. Many of the books exhibited in Art ex Libris at Artspace Gallery and Art ex Machina at 1708 Gallery are now in the Sackner Archive of Concrete and Visual Poetry in Miami, Florida.\n\nIn recent decades the artist's book has been developed, by way of the artists' record album concept pioneered by Laurie Anderson into new media forms including the artist's CD-ROM and the artist's DVD-ROM . Beginning in 2007, the Codex Foundation began its Book Fair and Symposium, [ 45 ] a biennial 4-day event in the San Francisco Bay Area attended by collectors and producers of artist books as well as laypeople and academics interested in the medium.\n\nA number of critical issues around artists' book have been debated, including their content, form, function, and usage. These issues and debates include:\n\nThe name itself has been called into question and an exact definition is hard to create. There are many different terms that often overlap, and thus distinguishing between the terms \"artist's book\", \"book art\", \"bookworks\", \"livre d'artiste\", fine press books, etc. can be difficult. Some scholars and artists argue that the definition should be encapsulated in its broadest sense; as Tony White argues, \"the simplest definition uses the Duchampian prompt: 'It's an artist book if the artist says it is'\" (99). [ 4 ] Lucy Lippard argues that the term artist book refers to an entirely distinct form of art: \"neither an art book (collected reproductions of separate art works) nor a book on art (critical exegeses and/or artists’ writings), the artist’s book is a work of art on its own, conceived specifically for the book form and often published by the artist him/herself\" (quoted in White, 45). [ 4 ] [ 5 ] John Perreault follows on this thinking, determining that artists' books \"make art statements in their own right, within the context of art rather than of literature\" (15). [ 51 ] Ulises Carrión builds upon this, understanding artists' books as autonomous forms that are not reduced only to text, like a traditional book. [ 52 ] This thinking mostly comes about because artists' books are often a production, something to be experienced and engaged with rather than simply read (17). [ 51 ] Nevertheless, this variety of thinking and terminology about artists' books indicates there is no monolithic conception of an artist's book; it is open to a variety of definitions and interpretations.\n\nHowever, some artists have asserted that the term \"artist's book\" is problematic and sounds outdated:\n\n“Artist’s book” as a term is problematic because it ghettoizes, enforces the separation from broader everyday practices and limits the subversive potential of books by putting an art tag on them. (…) While extended discussions have taken place around the term, including heated debate over whether and where to put the apostrophe in artist’s book, Lawrence Weiner once cut through the Gordian knot by concluding: “Don’t call it an artist’s book, just call it a book.”\n\n— Michalis Pichler [ 53 ]\n\nNo matter the terminology or naming convention, contemporary scholars understand the artist to have full control over the creation, meaning, and purpose of the artist's book. [ 3 ]\n\nOne critical issue related to artists' books is how they function politically. Artists' books are often artistic expressions that challenge dominant political systems, and this can occur in a variety of manners. Often, artists' books are created independently outside of the art gallery system/world, which, as White argues, is one way to challenge how \"the art gallery world...[privileges] works by predominantly white, male artists\" (224). [ 11 ] Working independently is a critical way to incorporate new and emerging voices, allowing for \"greater equity and inclusion and for more diverse voices and perspectives\" (224). [ 11 ] This notion of working independently is often combined with working through intersectionality , where the artist's lived experience directly impacts the creation of the artist's book. Clearly, this focus on incorporating new artists from a variety of backgrounds and experiences challenges white, heteronormative systems.\n\nQueer artists, for instance, often use the artist's book form to make their lives and experiences visible in the face of oppression. Part of the reason for this is that both Queer people and artists' books \"exist on the fringes of larger communities\". [ 47 ] As Queer people are marginalized in our society, so are artists' books in the art world, according to Carosone and Freeman. [ 47 ] Yet, it is in this marginalization that artists' books create new narratives outside of heteronormativity and give spaces for Queer people to fully express themselves. As Carosone concludes, \"I feel that there is definitely something queer about artists' books\". [ 47 ] In this way, we see another example of intersectionality between the artist book form and Queer identities.\n\nOne other critical issue is how the form of the artist book is related to issues of illness and corporeality. Amanda Couch, for instance, has written extensively on how the production of artists' books mirrors forms of digestion, both in terms of the physical construction of the artist book and the experience of \"digesting\" an artist book when viewing the material. The actual structure of one of Couch's artist books mirrors the bodily system of digestion: \"the accordion format, itself, [is] an embodiment of the digestive system, emulating the alimentary tract within the belly cavity\" (9). [ 50 ] Combining with the actual materiality and structure of the artist book is the actual writing of the book. As Couch notes, she specifically constructed the text to mirror the undulating and curving structure of the digestion pathway: \"the cursive text has no spaces, a scripto continua, which runs across and back along its nine-meter length. Each word is tied to the previous, to the next, and to the subsequent line, from left to right, then upside down right to left. Writing in a curve...[where] the bends also recall medical diagrams of coiled intestines\" (9). [ 50 ] In this, Couch argues that the artist book is a way to visually represent physical processes of the body. This represents how artists' books can be used to simulate and/or mirror issues of the body; this, as Couch argues, allows for a more personal communication of one's body functions.\n\nSimilar to Couch's conversations, Bolaki argues that there is an increasing intersection between artists books and medical humanities. [ 49 ] Bolaki envisions artists book that talk about disabilities/illnesses as a way to stop the reduction of chronic illness stories/experiences to just medical data (21-22). [ 49 ] By this, Bolaki recognizes that many doctors favor a data-only approach to talking about chronic illness that prevents the actual lived experience of the patient from being realized (also called the medical model of disability ). In examining the artists books of three separate artists, Bolaki finds that \"artists' books can provide invaluable insights into a range of embodied experiences, offering in the process an intimate authority that encourages the medical and health humanities community to rethink key assumptions of illness narrative(s)\" (24). [ 49 ]\n\nOne artist Bolaki discusses is Martha Hall . Hall was well-known for crafting artists books that detailed her struggles with cancer. One of her most famous works is The Rest of My Life II , which includes a box of the artist's calendar and other planning documents, detailing the intricacies, the struggles, of scheduling medical appointments in addition to her everyday life.\n\nBolaki utilizes the complexity of the artist book form (as demonstrated in Hall's The Rest of My Life II ) to indicate how a \"tactile and multi sensory engagement\" like this can offer a more complete understanding of someone's experiences with disability and chronic illness (37). [ 49 ] For Hall, her doctors only considered her body in terms of its disease; they did not consider the stress and labor involved in life outside of the medical office. The artist book form communicates this understanding.",
+    "tf_idf_text": "artist book book art book object work art engage transform form book massproduced multiple edition small edition others produce oneofakind object single definition artist book formulate definition cumbersome subject debate importantly creation artist book incorporates variety format genres complex history particular focus growth contemporary artist movement also recently grow popularity especially art institution become popular art library reference workshop exact definition usage artists book become fluid porous alongside growth popularity artists book artist book employ wide range form include traditional codex form well less common form like scroll foldout concertina loose item contain box artist active printing book production century artists book primarily late thcentury form book form also create within early movement dada constructivism futurism fluxus one suggest definition artist book follow artist book book booklike object final appearance artist high degree control book intend work art stephen bury generally artists book interactive portable movable easily share artist book challenge conventional book format become sculptural object artist book also may create order make art accessible people outside formal context gallery museums artist book make variety material include found object vcu book art libguide write follow method practice common certainly not method artist book production whilst artist involve production book europe since early medieval period book kells trs rich heures duc berry writer subject cite english visionary artist poet william blake early direct antecedent book song innocence experience write illustrate print coloured bound blake wife catherine merge handwritten texts image create intensely vivid original work without obvious precedent work would set tone late artist book connect selfpublishing selfdistribution integration text image form citation need factor remain key concept artist book present day europe plunge headlong towards world war various group avantgarde artist across continent start focus pamphlet poster manifestos book partially way gain publicity within increasingly printdominated world also strategy bypass traditional gallery system allow dissemination new idea creation affordable work might theoretically see people would not otherwise enter art gallery move toward radicalism exemplify italian futurist filippo marinetti particular publication futurist manifesto front cover french daily newspaper figaro audacious coup thtre result international notoriety marinetti use ensue fame tour europe kickstarting movement across continent veer towards bookmaking pamphleteering london instance marinettis visit directly precipitate wyndham lewis found vorticist movement whose literary magazine blast early example modernist periodical david bombergs book russian ballet intersperse single carefully space text abstract colour lithograph landmark history english language artist book citation need regard creation artist book influential offshoot futurist principle occur russia center moscow around gileia group transrational zaum poet david nikolai burliuk elena guro vasili kamenski velimir khlebnikov russian futurist create sustained series artist book challenge every assumption orthodox book production whilst book create group would relatively straightforward typeset edition poetry many others play form structure material content still seem contemporary key work worldbackwards khlebnikov kruchenykh natalia goncharova larionov rogovin tatlin transrational boog aliagrov kruchenykh olga rozanova universal war kruchenykh use handwritten text integrate expressive lithograph collage element create small edition dramatic difference individual copy title experiment material wallpaper print method include carbon copying hectograph bind method include random sequencing page ensure two book would contextual meaning marinetti visit proselytize behalf futurist principle speed danger cacophony russian futurism gradually evolve constructivism russian revolution center key figure malevich tatlin attempt create new proletarian art new communist epoch constructivist book would also huge impact european avantgardes design textbased work lissitzky voice direct impact group inspire directly link communism dada zurich berlin bauhaus weimar stijl netherlands print numerous book periodical theoretical tract within newly emerge international modernist style artist book era include kurt schwitters kate steinitzs book scarecrow theo van doesburg periodical stijl dada initially start cabaret voltaire group exile artist neutral switzerland world war originally influence sound poetry wassily kandinsky blaue reiter almanac kandinsky edit marc artist book periodical manifesto absurdist theatre central dada main incarnation berlin dada particular start richard huelsenbeck leave zurich would publish number incendiary artist book george grosz face dominant class series politically motivated satirical lithographs german bourgeoisie whilst concern mainly poetry theory surrealism create number work continue french tradition livre dartiste whilst simultaneously subvert max ernst une semaine bont collaging find image victorian book famous example marcel duchamp cover surralisme feature tactile threedimensional pink breast make rubber one important russian writerartist create artist book alexei remizov draw medieval russian literature creatively combined dream reality pure whimsy artist book world war many artist europe attempt rebuild link beyond nationalist boundary use artist book way experiment form disseminate idea forge link likeminded group country fifty artist europe develop interest book influence modernist theory attempt rebuild position destroy war dieter schwarz war number lead artist poet start explore function form book serious way concrete poet brazil augusto haroldo campos cobra artists netherlands denmark french lettrists begin systematically deconstruct book fine example latter isidore isou grand dsordre work challenge viewer reassemble content envelope back semblance narrative two example poetartists whose work provide model artist book include marcel broodthaers ian hamilton finlay yves klein france similarly challenging modernist integrity series work yves peintures dimanche turn issue identity duplicity examples era include guy debord asger jorn two collaboration fin copenhague mmoires two work psychogeography create find magazine copenhagen paris respectively collaged print unrelated colour often credit define modern artist book dieter roth produce series work systematically deconstruct form book throughout fifty sixty disrupt codexs authority create book hole picture book allow viewer see one page time roth also first artist reuse find book comic book printer end paper newspaper daily mirror although originally produce iceland extremely small edition roth book would produce increasingly large run numerous publisher europe north america would ultimately reprint together german publisher hansjrg mayer make widely available last halfcentury work comparable artist almost contemporaneously united state ruscha present print first book twentysix gasoline station edition print almost copy end decade book directly related american photographic travelogue robert frank american deal banal journey route ruschas home los angeles parent oklahoma like roth ruscha create series homogenous book throughout sixty include every building sunset strip royal road test swiss artist worth mention warja honeggerlavater create artist book contemporaneously dieter roth ruscha grow john cage experimental composition class new school social research fluxus loose collective artist north america europe center george maciunas bear lithuania maciunas set gallery new york intention put event sell book multiple artist like gallery close within year apparently fail sell single item collective survive featured everchanging roster likeminded artist include george brecht joseph beuys davi det hompson daniel spoerri yoko ono emmett williams nam june paik artist book anthology chance operation multiple well happening central fluxus ethos disdain gallery institution replace art community definition wasnt book become increasingly elastic throughout decade two form collide many fluxus edition share characteristic george brecht water yam instance involve series score collect box whilst similar score collect together bound book yoko ono grapefruit another famous example literature sausage dieter roth one many artist affiliate fluxus one point history one make pulp book mixed onion spice stuff sausage skin literally book utterly unreadable litsa spathi ruud jansen fluxus heidelberg center netherlands online archive fluxus publication fluxus webslinks artist book begin proliferate sixty seventy prevail climate social political activism inexpensive disposable edition one manifestation dematerialization art object new emphasis process time number artistcontrolled alternative begin develop provide forum venue many artist deny access traditional gallery museum structure independent art publish one alternative artists book become part ferment experimental form joan lyon additionally critical fluxus multiple movement drucker term democratic multiple democratic multiple refers creation artist book high edition number make publicly available everyday consumer coincide rise fluxus multiple movement enable broad participation creation dissemination artist book artist book prove central development conceptual art lawrence weiner bruce nauman sol lewitt north america art language united kingdom maurizio nannucci italy jochen gerz jean gac france jaroslaw kozlowski poland use artist book central part art practice early example exhibition january organise rented office space new york city seth siegelaub feature nothing except stack artist book also call january featuring predominantly textbased work lawrence weiner douglas huebler joseph kosuth robert barry sol lewitt brick wall instance simply chronicle shadow pass across brick wall maurizio nannucci typeset page definizionidefinitions whilst kozlowskis reality take section kant critique pure reason remove text leave punctuation behind another example einbetoniertes buch book concrete wolf vostell louise ode neaderland founder director nonprofit group international society copier artist isca help establish electrostatic art legitimate art form offer mean distribution exhibition xerox book artist volume isca quarterly issue april folio eight eleven inch unbound print black white color xerography contribute artist work xerox art number table content correspond number stamp back artists work format change year eventually include annual bookworks edition contain box small handmade book isca contributor citation need advent home computer printer make easy artist copy machine formerly volume june final issue year isca quarterly represent visual record artists response timely social political issue well personal experience complete isca quarterly collection house catalogue jaffe center book art florida atlantic university library form expand many original distinctive element artist book lose blur transgressed artist twombly anselm kiefer pink thierry series encyclopaedia arcadia routinely make unique hand craft book deliberate reaction small massproduced edition previous generation albert oehlen instance whilst still keep artist book central practice create series work common victorian sketchbook return cheap massproduced aesthetic evidence since early artist mark pawson karen reimer make cheap mass production central practice contemporary postconceptual artist also make artist book important aspect practice notably william wegman bob cobbing martin kippenberger raymond pettibon freddy flores knistoff suze rotolo book artists popup book threedimensional oneofakind book include bruce schnabel carol barton hedi kyle julie chen hutchins susan joy share many book artist work traditional well nontraditional form teach share art workshops center center book arts new york city visual art studio visarts virginia museum fine arts studio school virginia museum fine art statewide outreach program longer extant richmond printmaking workshop richmond virginia institution devote art form include san francisco center book visual study workshop rochester new york womens studio workshop rosendale new york variety manner one purchase learn artist book fact recent boom artists book production dissemination closely link art book fair even buzz interest publication art practice around turn twentyfirst century resembles hype around artist book phenomenon art book fair quantity intensity something new art book fair today not venue represent separate prior publishing scene also central forum constitute nurture community around publish artistic practice michalis pichler many bookstore facilitate dissemination artist book print matter new york city host expansive collection purchasable artist book offer artists opportunity submit book print sell store give artist platform disseminate work print matter also important distributor artist book individual institution one important way find andor buy artist book artist book fair provide space artists appreciator come together sharedisseminatebuy artist book tony white provide list artist book fair offer place dissemination share artist book fair los angeles new york seoul tokyo mexico city etc codex international book art fair ball zine fair tokyo never read art book fair basel libros mutantes madrid miss read artist book fair berlin offprint art book fair paris london rencontres darles tony white early artist book begin recognize distinct genre recognition come beginning critical appreciation debate subject institution devote study teach form found center book arts new york example library art museum collection begin create new rubric classify catalog artist book also actively begin expand fledgling collection new collection found franklin furnace new york numerous group exhibition artists book organize europe america notably one moore college art design philadelphia catalog accord stefan klimas artist book critical survey literature first place term artist book use artist book become popular form feminist artist begin womens studio workshop womens graphic center woman build found graphic designer sheila bretteville center woman artist could work explore feminist theme bookstores specialize artist book found usually artists include ecart geneva book amsterdam art metropole toronto print matter new york also publish programme year latter two still active today consolidation field intensify increase number practitioner great commercialization also appearance number critical publication devote form example cathy courtney begin regular column londonbased art monthly courtney contribute article year feature continue today different contributor library congress adopt term artist book list establish subject maintain active collection rare book special collection division mfa program book art found notable example mfa mill college california mfa university art philadelphia camberwell college art london college creative study university california santa barbara journal artist book jab found raise level critical inquiry artist book national book art exhibition art libris held artspace gallery richmond virginia virginia commission art award technical assistance grant videotape exhibition excerpt art libris national book art invitational artspace video documentary show france armand hammer auditorium biannual book art fair sponsor pyramid atlantic art center corcoran gallery art art libris documentary include auction swann gallery benefit center book arts new york city many book exhibit art libris artspace gallery art machina gallery sackner archive concrete visual poetry miami florida recent decade artist book develop way artist record album concept pioneer laurie anderson new medium form include artist cdrom artist dvdrom begin codex foundation begin book fair symposium biennial day event san francisco bay area attend collector producer artist book well laypeople academic interested medium number critical issue around artist book debate include content form function usage issue debate include name call question exact definition hard create many different term often overlap thus distinguish term artist book book art bookworks livre dartiste fine press book etc difficult scholar artists argue definition encapsulate broad sense tony white argues simple definition use duchampian prompt artist book artist say lucy lippard argue term artist book refers entirely distinct form art neither art book collect reproduction separate art work nor book art critical exegesis andor artist writing artist book work art conceive specifically book form often publish artist himherself quote white john perreault follow think determine artist book make art statement right within context art rather literature ulises carrin build upon understand artist book autonomous form not reduce text like traditional book think mostly come artist book often production something experience engage rather simply read nevertheless variety think terminology artist book indicate monolithic conception artist book open variety definition interpretation however artist assert term artist book problematic sound outdated artist book term problematic ghettoizes enforces separation broad everyday practice limit subversive potential book put art tag extend discussion take place around term include heated debate whether put apostrophe artist book lawrence weiner cut gordian knot conclude dont call artist book call book michalis pichler matter terminology name convention contemporary scholar understand artist full control creation mean purpose artist book one critical issue relate artist book function politically artist book often artistic expression challenge dominant political system occur variety manner often artists book create independently outside art gallery systemworld white argue one way challenge art gallery worldprivileges work predominantly white male artist work independently critical way incorporate new emerge voice allow great equity inclusion diverse voice perspectives notion work independently often combine work intersectionality artist live experience directly impact creation artist book clearly focus incorporate new artist variety background experience challenge white heteronormative system queer artists instance often use artist book form make life experience visible face oppression part reason queer people artists book exist fringe large community queer people marginalize society artist book art world accord carosone freeman yet marginalization artist book create new narrative outside heteronormativity give space queer people fully express carosone concludes feel definitely something queer artist book way see another example intersectionality artist book form queer identities one critical issue form artist book relate issue illness corporeality amanda couch instance write extensively production artist book mirror form digestion term physical construction artist book experience digest artist book view material actual structure one couch artist book mirror bodily system digestion accordion format embodiment digestive system emulate alimentary tract within belly cavity combine actual materiality structure artist book actual writing book couch note specifically construct text mirror undulate curve structure digestion pathway cursive text space scripto continuum run across back along ninemeter length word tie previous next subsequent line leave right upside right leave write curvewhere bend also recall medical diagram coil intestine couch argues artist book way visually represent physical process body represent artist book use simulate andor mirror issue body couch argues allow personal communication one body function similar couch conversation bolaki argues increase intersection artist book medical humanity bolaki envisions artist book talk disabilitiesillnesses way stop reduction chronic illness storiesexperiences medical data bolaki recognize many doctor favor dataonly approach talk chronic illness prevents actual live experience patient realize also call medical model disability examine artist book three separate artist bolaki find artist book provide invaluable insight range embodied experience offer process intimate authority encourage medical health humanity community rethink key assumption illness narratives one artist bolaki discuss martha hall hall wellknown craft artist book detailed struggle cancer one famous work rest life include box artist calendar plan document detail intricacy struggle schedule medical appointment addition everyday life bolaki utilizes complexity artist book form demonstrate hall rest life indicate tactile multi sensory engagement like offer complete understanding someone experience disability chronic illness hall doctor consider body term disease not consider stress labor involve life outside medical office artist book form communicate understand"
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corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Asahi_Shimbun/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Asahi_Shimbun.json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Asahi_Shimbun",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun",
+    "transformers_text": "The Asahi Shimbun ( 朝日 新聞 ; IPA: [asaçi ɕiꜜmbɯɴ] , lit. ' morning sun newspaper ' ) is a Japanese daily newspaper founded in 1879. It is one of the oldest newspapers in Japan and Asia , and is considered a newspaper of record for Japan.\n\nThe Asahi Shimbun is one of the five largest newspapers in Japan along with the Yomiuri Shimbun , the Mainichi Shimbun , the Nihon Keizai Shimbun and Chunichi Shimbun . [ 14 ] The newspaper's circulation, which was 4.57 million for its morning edition and 1.33 million for its evening edition as of July 2021, [ 15 ] was second behind that of the Yomiuri Shimbun . By print circulation, it is the second largest newspaper in the world behind the Yomiuri , though its digital size trails that of many global newspapers including The New York Times . [ 16 ]\n\nIts publisher, The Asahi Shimbun Company, [ 17 ] is a media conglomerate with its registered headquarters in Osaka . It is a privately held family business with ownership and control remaining with the founding Murayama and Ueno families. According to the Reuters Institute Digital Report 2018, public trust in the Asahi Shimbun is the lowest among Japan's major dailies, though confidence is declining in all the major newspapers. [ 18 ]\n\nOne of Japan's oldest and largest national daily newspapers, the Asahi Shimbun began publication in Osaka on 25 January 1879 as a small-print, four-page illustrated paper that sold for one sen (a hundredth of a yen) a copy, and had a circulation of approximately 3,000 copies. The three founding officers of a staff of twenty were Kimura Noboru (company president), Murayama Ryōhei [ ja ] (owner), and Tsuda Tei (managing editor). The company's first premises were at Minami-dōri, Edobori in Osaka. On 13 September of the same year, Asahi printed its first editorial.\n\nIn 1881, the Asahi adopted an all-news format, and enlisted Ueno Riichi as co-owner. From 1882, Asahi began to receive financial support from the Government and Mitsui , and hardened the management base. Then, under the leadership of Ueno, whose brother was one of the Mitsui managers, and Murayama, the Asahi began its steady ascent to national prominence. On 10 July 1888, the first issue of the Tokyo Asahi Shimbun was published from the Tokyo office at Motosukiyachō, Kyōbashi. The first issue was numbered No. 1,076 as it was a continuation of three small papers: Jiyū no Tomoshibi , Tomoshibi Shimbun and Mesamashi Shimbun. [ 19 ]\n\nOn 1 April 1907, the renowned writer Natsume Sōseki , then 41, resigned his teaching positions at Tokyo Imperial University, now Tokyo University , to join the Tokyo Asahi Shimbun . This was soon after the publication of his novels Wagahai wa Neko de Aru ( I Am a Cat ) and Botchan , which made him the center of literary attention. [ 19 ]\n\nOn 1 October 1908, Osaka Asahi Shimbun and Tokyo Asahi Shimbun were merged into a single unified corporation, Asahi Shimbun Gōshi Kaisha , with a capitalization of approximately 600,000 yen. [ 20 ]\n\nIn 1918, because of its critical stance towards Terauchi Masatake 's cabinet during the Rice Riots , government authorities suppressed an article in the Osaka Asahi , leading to a softening of its liberal views, and the resignation of many of its staff reporters in protest. [ 21 ] [ 22 ]\n\nIndeed, the newspaper's liberal position led to its vandalization during the February 26 Incident of 1936, as well as repeated attacks from ultranationalists throughout this period (and for that matter, throughout its history).\n\nFrom the latter half of the 1930s, Asahi ardently supported Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe 's wartime government (called Konoe Shin Taisei , or Konoe's New Political Order) and criticized capitalism harshly under Taketora Ogata , the Editor in Chief of Asahi Shimbun . Influential editorial writers of Asahi such as Shintarō Ryū, Hiroo Sassa, and Hotsumi Ozaki (an informant for the famous spy Richard Sorge ) were the center members of the Shōwa Kenkyūkai , which was a political think tank for Konoe.\n\nOgata was one of the leading members of the Genyōsha which had been formed in 1881 by Tōyama Mitsuru . The Genyōsha was an ultranationalist group of organized crime figures and those with far right-wing political beliefs. Kōki Hirota , who was later hanged as a Class A war criminal, was also a leading member of the Genyōsha and one of Ogata's best friends. Hirota was the chairman of Tōyama's funeral committee, and Ogata was the vice-chairman.\n\nRyū, who had been a Marxist economist of the Ōhara Institute for Social Research [ 23 ] before he entered Asahi , advocated centrally planned economies in his Nihon Keizai no Saihensei (Reorganization of Japanese Economies. 1939). And Sassa, a son of ultranationalistic politician Sassa Tomofusa, joined hands with far-right generals (they were called Kōdōha or Imperial Way Faction ) and terrorists who had assassinated Junnosuke Inoue (ex–Minister of Finance), Baron Dan Takuma (chairman of the board of directors of the Mitsui zaibatsu ) and Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi to support Konoe. In 1944, they attempted assassination of Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō (one of the leaders of Tōseiha or Control Group which conflicted with Kōdōha in the Japanese Army ).\n\nOn 9 April 1937, the Kamikaze , a Mitsubishi aircraft sponsored by the Asahi Shimbun company and flown by Masaaki Iinuma, arrived in London , to the astonishment of the Western world . It was the first Japanese-built aircraft to fly to Europe.\n\nOn 1 September 1940, the Osaka Asahi Shimbun and the Tokyo Asahi Shimbun unified their names into the Asahi Shimbun .\n\nOn 1 January 1943, the publication of the Asahi Shimbun was stopped by the government after the newspaper published a critical essay contributed by Seigō Nakano , who was also one of the leading members of the Genyōsha and Ogata's best friend.\n\nOn 27 December 1943, Nagataka Murayama [ ja ] , a son-in-law of Murayama Ryōhei and the President of Asahi , removed Ogata from the Editor in Chief and relegated him to the Vice President to hold absolute power in Asahi .\n\nOn 22 July 1944, Ogata, Vice President of Asahi , became a Minister without Portfolio and the President of Cabinet Intelligence Agency in Kuniaki Koiso 's cabinet.\n\nOn 7 April 1945, Hiroshi Shimomura , former Vice President of Asahi , became the Minister without Portfolio and the President of Cabinet Intelligence Agency in Kantarō Suzuki 's cabinet.\n\nOn 17 August 1945, Ogata became the Minister without Portfolio and the Chief Cabinet Secretary and the President of Cabinet Intelligence Agency in Prince Higashikuni 's cabinet.\n\nOn 5 November 1945, as a way of assuming responsibility for compromising the newspaper's principles during the war, the Asahi Shimbun's president and senior executives resigned en masse.\n\nOn 21 November 1946, the newspaper adopted the modern kana usage system ( shin kanazukai ).\n\nOn 30 November 1949, the Asahi Shimbun started to publish the serialized cartoon strip Sazae-san by Machiko Hasegawa. This was a landmark cartoon in Japan's postwar era.\n\nBetween 1954 and 1971, Asahi Shimbun published a glossy, large-format annual in English entitled This is Japan .\n\nBetween April and May 1989, the paper reported that a coral reef near Okinawa was defaced by \"すさんだ心根の日本人\" (a man with a Japanese dissolute mind). It later turned to be a report in which the reporter himself defaced the coral reef. This incident was called ja:朝日新聞珊瑚記事捏造事件 (the Asahi Shimbun coral article hoax incident ). [ 24 ] [ citation needed ] , and the president resigned to take responsibility for it. [ 25 ]\n\nOn 26 June 2007, Yoichi Funabashi was named the third editor-in-chief of Asahi Shimbun .\n\nShōichi Ueno , the newspaper's co-owner since 1997, died on 29 February 2016. [ 26 ]\n\nWhile Shin-ichi Hakojima was CEO, a partnership with the International Herald Tribune led to the publication of an English-language newspaper, the International Herald Tribune/Asahi Shimbun . It continued from April 2001 until February 2011. [ 27 ] It replaced Asahi's previous English-language daily, the Asahi Evening News . In 2010, this partnership was dissolved due to unprofitability and the Asahi Shimbun now operates the Asia & Japan Watch online portal for English readers. [ 27 ] The Tribune (now known as The International New York Times ) cooperates with Asahi on Aera English , a glossy magazine for English learners. [ 28 ]\n\nThe Asahi Shimbun is considered left-leaning [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] and has been called \"the intellectual flagship of Japan's political left,\" [ 32 ] with a long tradition of reporting on big political scandals more often than its conservative counterparts. [ 33 ] The paper is considered a newspaper of record in Japan. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ]\n\nThe Asahi Shimbun is critical of right-wing Japanese nationalism and shows progressive tendencies in cultural and diplomatic issues, but has a neoliberal tendency economically. The latter contrasts with Mainichi Shimbun ' s relatively Keynesian economic viewpoint. [ 37 ] However, in general evaluation, the Asahi Shimbun seems to have a tone representing Japanese social-liberals (left-liberals). [ 3 ] [ 4 ]\n\nThe Asahi has called for the upholding of Japan's postwar Constitution and particularly Article 9 , which bars the use of war to resolve disputes. The newspaper has also opposed changes in interpretation of the anti-war provision, including one made in 2014 that allowed the Japan Self-Defense Forces to come to the aid of an ally under attack—the so-called right of collective self-defense. [ 38 ]\n\nWhile the Asahi retracted articles based on the discredited testimony of Seiji Yoshida , its editorial position still recognizes the existence of the comfort women as Korean and other women from Japan's conquered territories during World War II who were coerced into prostitution to serve the Japanese military. [ 39 ]\n\nAccording to the Digital News Report from the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism in 2018, the Asahi earned the lowest trust among the five largest newspapers in Japan (5.35, compared to 5.68 of Sankei Shimbun ). Further analysis from the institute indicated the low trust against the Asahi is due to high distrust because of strong criticism from political right in Japan . [ 40 ] [ 41 ]\n\nIn August 2014, the newspaper retracted the discredited testimonies of Seiji Yoshida about the forcible recruitment of comfort women that were cited in several articles published by the Asahi and other major Japanese newspapers in the 1980s and 1990s. The paper drew ire from conservative media who, along with Abe's government, criticized it for damaging Japan's reputation abroad, [ 42 ] [ 43 ] some leveraging on this episode to imply that sexual slavery itself was a fabrication. The Asahi newspaper reaffirmed in its retracting article that \"the fact that women were coerced into being sexual partners for Japanese soldiers cannot be erased\" but also confirmed \"No official documents were found that directly showed forcible taking away by the military on the Korean Peninsula and Taiwan, where the people living there were made 'subjects' of the Japanese Empire under Japanese colonial rule. Prostitution agents were prevalent due to the poverty and patriarchal family system. For that reason, even if the military was not directly involved, it is said it was possible to gather many women through such methods as work-related scams and human trafficking.\" [ 44 ] [ 45 ]\n\nFollowing the March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster , the Asahi and other newspapers faced growing public criticism for adhering too closely to the government narrative during their reporting of the disaster. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] In response, the Asahi strengthened its investigative reporting unit, called the Tokubetsu Hodobu, or Special Reports Section, to take a more independent approach to its coverage. The section won many awards, including the Japan Newspaper Publishers and Editors Association Award in 2012 and again in 2013. [ 48 ]\n\nIn May 2014, the section published what it hoped would be its biggest scoop yet: a copy of the firsthand account of the disaster given by Masao Yoshida , who was the manager of the Fukushima Daiichi power plant when the triple meltdown occurred; the testimony, recorded by government investigators, had been kept hidden from public view. In the testimony, Yoshida said that 90% of the plant's employees had left the plant at the height of the crisis despite him having given instructions for them to remain. He also testified that he believed his instructions had simply not reached the employees in the chaos of the disaster. However, controversy erupted over the Asahi story, and particularly the headline, which stated: “Workers Evacuated, Violating Plant Manager Orders.\" [ 49 ] The newspaper came under intense criticism for slandering the workers by implying that they had fled the plant due to cowardice, when many in Japan had come to see Yoshida and plant workers as heroes who had prevented a worse disaster at the plant. [ 50 ]\n\nJapanese journalist Ryusho Kadota, who have previously interviewed Yoshida and plant workers, was one of the first to criticize the Asahi for mischaracterizing the evacuation. [ 51 ] The Asahi at first defended its story, demanding that Kadota's publisher apologize and issue a correction. [ 52 ] However, in August, the Yomiuri Shimbun , Sankei Shimbun , Kyodo News and NHK all acquired the same testimony, apparently from the government, and used it not to shed light on the disaster, but to attack the Asahi . [ 53 ] [ 54 ] In mid-September, facing intense criticism from other media and the government of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe for its Fukushima coverage and also its retractions of the comfort women stories, the Asahi suddenly announced that the Yoshida story had been mistaken and retracted it. The president of the Asahi , Tadakazu Kimura, a supporter of the investigative section, resigned to take responsibility. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ]\n\nThe reporters and editors responsible for the story were punished, and the Special Reports Section reduced in size, with many of its members reassigned elsewhere in the paper. Two of the top reporters later quit to found a non-profit journalism organization that is one of the first in Japan dedicated to investigative journalism, the Waseda Chronicle, later renamed to Tokyo Investigative Newsroom Tansa . The Asahi's investigative section was told to avoid coverage of the Fukushima disaster, and has largely faded from view. [ 49 ] [ 58 ]\n\nIn the evening edition of April 20, 1989, an article described how the world's largest Azami coral in a sea area designated as a natural environment conservation area in Okinawa was damaged, with the initial \"KY\" scratched on the coral. Along with a color photograph of the scratched coral, the article lamented the decline in Japanese morals. Later, investigations by local divers who had doubts about the article proved that the Asahi photographer himself made the scratches to forge a newspaper article. Taking responsibility, the president (at that time) Toichiro Hitotsuyanagi was forced to resign. [ 59 ] This was also known as the KY case.\n\nOn 27 September 1950, a solo interview with a Japanese Communist Party executive in hiding, Ritsu Ito, was posted. Later it was revealed that this was forged by the Asahi reporter in charge.\n\nThe Asahi Shimbun Asia Network (AAN) is a think tank that aims to promote information exchange in Asia and provide opportunities for scholars, researchers and journalists to share their ideas on pressing themes in Asia. It was established in 1999. [ 60 ] Their work includes annual international symposia and the publication of research reports. [ 61 ] In 2003, Gong Ro Myung was chosen as the new president of AAN. [ 60 ]\n\nSymposia have included:\n\nReports include such titles as:\n\nEstablished in 1929, the Asahi Prize is a prize awarded by the newspaper, since 1992 by the Asahi Shimbun Foundation, for achievements in scholarship or the arts that has made a lasting contribution to Japanese culture or society. [ 63 ] [ 64 ]\n\nReproductions of past issues of the Asahi Shimbun are available in three major forms; as CD-ROMs , as microfilm , and as shukusatsuban (縮刷版, literally, \"reduced-sized print editions\"). Shukusatsuban is a technology popularized by Asahi Shimbun in the 1930s as a way to compress and archive newspapers by reducing the size of the print to fit multiple pages of a daily newspaper onto one page. Shukusatsuban are geared towards libraries and archives, and are usually organized and released by month. These resources are available at many leading research universities throughout the world (usually universities with reputable Japanese studies programs).\n\nThe Asahi Shimbun has a CD-ROM database consisting of an index of headlines and sub-headlines from the years 1945–1999. A much more expensive full-text searchable database is available only at the Harvard-Yenching Library at Harvard University , which notably includes advertisements in its index. Researchers using other university libraries would probably have to first use the CD-ROM index, and then look into the microfilm or shukusatsuban versions. Microfilm versions are available from 1888; shukusatsuban versions are available from 1931. Issues of the Asahi Shimbun printed since August 1984 are available through Lexis-Nexis Academic.\n\nAsahi Shimbun was the official supporter for several Asian Football Confederation 's competitions, most recently the 2019 AFC Asian Cup . They used to support both of AFC's club competitions; the AFC Champions League and AFC Cup until 2018 season. They were official sponsors of the 2002 FIFA World Cup .",
+    "tf_idf_text": "asahi shimbun ipa asai imb light morning sun newspaper japanese daily newspaper found one old newspaper japan asia consider newspaper record japan asahi shimbun one five large newspaper japan along yomiuri shimbun mainichi shimbun nihon keizai shimbun chunichi shimbun newspaper circulation million morning edition million evening edition july second behind yomiuri shimbun print circulation second large newspaper world behind yomiuri though digital size trail many global newspaper include new york time publisher asahi shimbun company medium conglomerate register headquarters osaka privately hold family business ownership control remain found murayama ueno family accord reuters institute digital report public trust asahi shimbun low among japan major daily though confidence decline major newspaper one japan old large national daily newspaper asahi shimbun begin publication osaka january smallprint fourpage illustrate paper sell one sen hundredth yen copy circulation approximately copy three found officer staff twenty kimura noboru company president murayama ryhei owner tsuda tei manage editor company first premise minamidri edobori osaka september year asahi print first editorial asahi adopt allnews format enlist ueno riichi coowner asahi begin receive financial support government mitsui harden management base leadership ueno whose brother one mitsui manager murayama asahi begin steady ascent national prominence july first issue tokyo asahi shimbun publish tokyo office motosukiyach kybashi first issue number continuation three small paper jiy tomoshibi tomoshibi shimbun mesamashi shimbun april renowned writer natsume sseki resign teach position tokyo imperial university tokyo university join tokyo asahi shimbun soon publication novel wagahai neko aru cat botchan make center literary attention october osaka asahi shimbun tokyo asahi shimbun merge single unified corporation asahi shimbun gshi kaisha capitalization approximately yen critical stance towards terauchi masatake cabinet rice riots government authority suppress article osaka asahi lead soften liberal view resignation many staff reporter protest indeed newspaper liberal position lead vandalization february incident well repeated attack ultranationalists throughout period matter throughout history latter half asahi ardently support prime minister fumimaro konoe wartime government call konoe shin taisei konoes new political order criticize capitalism harshly taketora ogata editor chief asahi shimbun influential editorial writer asahi shintar hiroo sassa hotsumi ozaki informant famous spy richard sorge center member shwa kenkykai political think tank konoe ogata one lead member genysha form tyama mitsuru genysha ultranationalist group organize crime figure far rightwing political belief kki hirota later hanged class war criminal also lead member genysha one ogatas best friend hirota chairman tyamas funeral committee ogata vicechairman marxist economist hara institute social research enter asahi advocate centrally plan economy nihon keizai saihensei reorganization japanese economy sassa son ultranationalistic politician sassa tomofusa join hand farright general call kdha imperial way faction terrorist assassinate junnosuke inoue exminister finance baron dan takuma chairman board director mitsui zaibatsu prime minister inukai tsuyoshi support konoe attempt assassination prime minister hideki one leader tseiha control group conflict kdha japanese army april kamikaze mitsubishi aircraft sponsor asahi shimbun company fly masaaki iinuma arrive london astonishment western world first japanesebuilt aircraft fly europe september osaka asahi shimbun tokyo asahi shimbun unify name asahi shimbun january publication asahi shimbun stop government newspaper publish critical essay contribute seig nakano also one lead member genysha ogatas best friend december nagataka murayama soninlaw murayama ryhei president asahi remove ogata editor chief relegate vice president hold absolute power asahi july ogata vice president asahi become minister without portfolio president cabinet intelligence agency kuniaki koiso cabinet april hiroshi shimomura former vice president asahi become minister without portfolio president cabinet intelligence agency kantar suzuki cabinet august ogata become minister without portfolio chief cabinet secretary president cabinet intelligence agency prince higashikuni cabinet november way assume responsibility compromise newspaper principle war asahi shimbuns president senior executive resign masse november newspaper adopt modern kana usage system shin kanazukai november asahi shimbun start publish serialize cartoon strip sazaesan machiko hasegawa landmark cartoon japan postwar era asahi shimbun publish glossy largeformat annual english entitle japan april may paper report coral reef near okinawa deface man japanese dissolute mind later turn report reporter deface coral reef incident call asahi shimbun coral article hoax incident citation need president resign take responsibility june yoichi funabashi name third editorinchief asahi shimbun shichi ueno newspaper coowner since die february shinichi hakojima ceo partnership international herald tribune lead publication englishlanguage newspaper international herald tribuneasahi shimbun continue april february replace asahis previous englishlanguage daily asahi even news partnership dissolve due unprofitability asahi shimbun operate asia japan watch online portal english reader tribune know international new york time cooperate asahi aera english glossy magazine english learner asahi shimbun consider leftleaning call intellectual flagship japan political leave long tradition report big political scandal often conservative counterpart paper consider newspaper record japan asahi shimbun critical rightwing japanese nationalism show progressive tendency cultural diplomatic issue neoliberal tendency economically latter contrast mainichi shimbun relatively keynesian economic viewpoint however general evaluation asahi shimbun seem tone represent japanese socialliberals leftliberals asahi call upholding japan postwar constitution particularly article bar use war resolve dispute newspaper also oppose change interpretation antiwar provision include one make allow japan selfdefense force come aid ally attackthe socalled right collective selfdefense asahi retract article base discredited testimony seiji yoshida editorial position still recognize existence comfort woman korean woman japan conquered territory world war coerce prostitution serve japanese military accord digital news report reuters institute study journalism asahi earn low trust among five large newspaper japan compare sankei shimbun analysis institute indicate low trust asahi due high distrust strong criticism political right japan august newspaper retract discredited testimony seiji yoshida forcible recruitment comfort woman cite several article publish asahi major japanese newspaper paper draw ire conservative medium along abes government criticize damaging japan reputation abroad leverage episode imply sexual slavery fabrication asahi newspaper reaffirm retract article fact woman coerce sexual partner japanese soldier cannot erase also confirm official document find directly show forcible take away military korean peninsula taiwan people live make subject japanese empire japanese colonial rule prostitution agent prevalent due poverty patriarchal family system reason even military not directly involve say possible gather many woman method workrelated scams human traffic follow march fukushima daiichi nuclear disaster asahi newspaper face grow public criticism adhere closely government narrative reporting disaster response asahi strengthen investigative reporting unit call tokubetsu hodobu special report section take independent approach coverage section many award include japan newspaper publisher editor association award may section publish hoped would big scoop yet copy firsthand account disaster give masao yoshida manager fukushima daiichi power plant triple meltdown occur testimony record government investigator keep hidden public view testimony yoshida say plant employee leave plant height crisis despite give instruction remain also testify believe instruction simply not reach employee chaos disaster however controversy erupted asahi story particularly headline state worker evacuate violate plant manager order newspaper come intense criticism slander worker imply fled plant due cowardice many japan come see yoshida plant worker hero prevent bad disaster plant japanese journalist ryusho kadota previously interview yoshida plant worker one first criticize asahi mischaracterizing evacuation asahi first defend story demand kadotas publisher apologize issue correction however august yomiuri shimbun sankei shimbun kyodo news nhk acquire testimony apparently government use not shed light disaster attack asahi midseptember face intense criticism medium government prime minister shinzo abe fukushima coverage also retractions comfort woman story asahi suddenly announce yoshida story mistake retracted president asahi tadakazu kimura supporter investigative section resign take responsibility reporter editor responsible story punish special report section reduce size many member reassign elsewhere paper two top reporter later quit find nonprofit journalism organization one first japan dedicate investigative journalism waseda chronicle later rename tokyo investigative newsroom tansa asahis investigative section tell avoid coverage fukushima disaster largely faded view even edition april article describe world large azami coral sea area designate natural environment conservation area okinawa damage initial scratched coral along color photograph scratch coral article lament decline japanese moral later investigation local diver doubt article prove asahi photographer make scratch forge newspaper article take responsibility president time toichiro hitotsuyanagi force resign also know case september solo interview japanese communist party executive hide ritsu ito post later reveal forge asahi reporter charge asahi shimbun asia network aan think tank aim promote information exchange asia provide opportunity scholars researcher journalist share idea press theme asia establish work include annual international symposium publication research report gong myung choose new president aan symposium include report include title establish asahi prize prize award newspaper since asahi shimbun foundation achievement scholarship art make last contribution japanese culture society reproduction past issue asahi shimbun available three major form cdroms microfilm shukusatsuban literally reducedsized print edition shukusatsuban technology popularize asahi shimbun way compress archive newspaper reduce size print fit multiple page daily newspaper onto one page shukusatsuban gear towards library archive usually organize release month resource available many lead research university throughout world usually universities reputable japanese study program asahi shimbun cdrom database consist index headline subheadlines year much expensive fulltext searchable database available harvardyenching library harvard university notably include advertisement index researcher use university library would probably first use cdrom index look microfilm shukusatsuban version microfilm version available shukusatsuban version available issue asahi shimbun print since august available lexisnexis academic asahi shimbun official supporter several asian football confederation competition recently afc asian cup use support afcs club competition afc champion league afc cup season official sponsor fifa world cup"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Australasia/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Australasia.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Australasia",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia",
+    "transformers_text": "Australasia is a subregion of Oceania , comprising Australia , New Zealand (overlapping with Polynesia ), and sometimes New Guinea and surrounding islands (overlapping with Melanesia ). The term is used in a number of different contexts, including geopolitically , physiogeographically , philologically , and ecologically , where the term covers several slightly different but related regions.\n\nCharles de Brosses coined the term (as French Australasie ) in Histoire des navigations aux terres australes [ 1 ] (1756). He derived it from the Latin for \"south of Asia \" and differentiated the area from Polynesia (to the east) and the southeast Pacific ( Magellanica ). [ 2 ]\n\nIn the late 19th century, the term Australasia was used in reference to the \"Australasian colonies\". In this sense it related specifically to the British colonies south of Asia: New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia, Victoria (i.e., the Australian colonies) and New Zealand. [ 3 ]\n\nAustralasia found continued geopolitical attention in the early 20th century. Historian Hansong Li finds that against the backdrop of British colonialism, German geopoliticians considered \"Australasia\" as a counterweight to the former German South Sea Edge (Südseerand), both of which form the \"Indo-Pacific\" region. [ 4 ]\n\nThe New Zealand Oxford Dictionary gives two meanings of \"Australasia\". One, especially in Australian use, is \"Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea , and the neighbouring islands of the Pacific\". The other, especially in New Zealand use, is just Australia and New Zealand. [ 5 ] Two Merriam-Webster dictionaries online ( Collegiate and Unabridged ) define Australasia as \"Australia, New Zealand, and Melanesia \". The American Heritage Dictionary online recognizes two senses in use: one more precise and the other broader, loosely covering all of Oceania .\n\nNew Guinea is also considered part of Melanesia as the indigenous population of the area is ethnically Melanesian, while New Zealand considered part of Polynesia as the native Maori population is ethnically Polynesian.\n\n28°06′32″S 146°18′00″E  /  28.10889°S 146.30000°E  / -28.10889; 146.30000",
+    "tf_idf_text": "australasia subregion oceania comprise australia new zealand overlap polynesia sometimes new guinea surround island overlap melanesia term use number different context include geopolitically physiogeographically philologically ecologically term cover several slightly different related region charles brosses coin term french australasie histoire de navigation aux terres australes derive latin south asia differentiate area polynesia east southeast pacific magellanica late century term australasia use reference australasian colony sense relate specifically british colony south asia new south wale queensland south australia tasmania western australia victoria australian colony new zealand australasia find continue geopolitical attention early century historian hansong find backdrop british colonialism german geopoliticians consider australasia counterweight former german south sea edge sdseerand form indopacific region new zealand oxford dictionary give two meaning australasia one especially australian use australia new zealand new guinea neighbour island pacific especially new zealand use australia new zealand two merriamwebster dictionary online collegiate unabridged define australasia australia new zealand melanesia american heritage dictionary online recognize two sens use one precise broader loosely cover oceania new guinea also consider part melanesia indigenous population area ethnically melanesian new zealand consider part polynesia native maori population ethnically polynesian"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Authoritarianism/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Authoritarianism.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Authoritarianism",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism",
+    "transformers_text": "Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality , the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo , and reductions in democracy , separation of powers , civil liberties , and the rule of law . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party , the military , or the concentration of power in a single person. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have sometimes been characterized as \"hybrid democracies\", \" hybrid regimes \" or \"competitive authoritarian\" states. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]\n\nThe political scientist Juan Linz , in an influential [ 8 ] 1964 work, An Authoritarian Regime: Spain , defined authoritarianism as possessing four qualities:\n\nMinimally defined, an authoritarian government lacks free and competitive direct elections to legislatures , free and competitive direct or indirect elections for executives , or both. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Broadly defined, authoritarian states include countries that lack human rights such as freedom of religion , or countries in which the government and the opposition do not alternate in power at least once following free elections. [ 15 ] Authoritarian states might contain nominally democratic institutions such as political parties, legislatures and elections which are managed to entrench authoritarian rule and can feature fraudulent, non-competitive elections. [ 16 ]\n\nSince 1946, the share of authoritarian states in the international political system increased until the mid-1970s but declined from then until the year 2000. [ 17 ] Prior to 2000, dictatorships typically began with a coup and replaced a pre-existing authoritarian regime. [ 18 ] Since 2000, dictatorships are most likely to begin through democratic backsliding whereby a democratically elected leader established an authoritarian regime. [ 18 ]\n\nAuthoritarianism is characterized by highly concentrated and centralized government power maintained by political repression and the exclusion of potential or supposed challengers by armed force. It uses political parties and mass organizations to mobilize people around the goals of the regime. [ 19 ] Adam Przeworski has theorized that \"authoritarian equilibrium rests mainly on lies, fear and economic prosperity.\" [ 20 ]\n\nAuthoritarianism also tends to embrace the informal and unregulated exercise of political power , a leadership that is \"self-appointed and even if elected cannot be displaced by citizens' free choice among competitors\", the arbitrary deprivation of civil liberties and little tolerance for meaningful opposition . [ 19 ] A range of social controls also attempt to stifle civil society while political stability is maintained by control over and support of the armed forces , a bureaucracy staffed by the regime and creation of allegiance through various means of socialization and indoctrination. [ 19 ] Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart identify authoritarianism in politicians and political parties by looking for values of security, conformity, and obedience. [ 21 ]\n\nAuthoritarianism is marked by \"indefinite political tenure\" of the ruler or ruling party (often in a one-party state ) or other authority. [ 19 ] The transition from an authoritarian system to a more democratic form of government is referred to as democratization . [ 19 ]\n\nAuthoritarian regimes often adopt \"the institutional trappings\" of democracies such as constitutions . [ 22 ] Constitutions in authoritarian states may serve a variety of roles, including \"operating manual\" (describing how the government is to function); \"billboard\" (signal of regime's intent), \"blueprint\" (outline of future regime plans), and \"window dressing\" (material designed to obfuscate, such as provisions setting forth freedoms that are not honored in practice). [ 23 ] Authoritarian constitutions may help legitimize, strengthen, and consolidate regimes. [ 24 ] An authoritarian constitution \"that successfully coordinates government action and defines popular expectations can also help consolidate the regime's grip on power by inhibiting re coordination on a different set of arrangements.\" [ 25 ] Unlike democratic constitutions, authoritarian constitutions do not set direct limits on executive authority; however, in some cases such documents may function as ways for elites to protect their own property rights or constrain autocrats' behavior. [ 26 ]\n\nThe Soviet Russia Constitution of 1918 , the first charter of the new Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic (RSFSR), was described by Vladimir Lenin as a \"revolutionary\" document. It was, he said, unlike any constitution drafted by a nation-state. [ 27 ] The concept of \"authoritarian constitutionalism\" has been developed by legal scholar Mark Tushnet . [ 28 ] Tushnet distinguishes authoritarian constitutionalist regimes from \"liberal constitutionalist\" regimes (\"the sort familiar in the modern West, with core commitments to human rights and self-governance implemented by means of varying institutional devices\") and from purely authoritarian regimes (which reject the idea of human rights or constraints on leaders' power). [ 28 ] He describes authoritarian constitutionalist regimes as (1) authoritarian dominant-party states that (2) impose sanctions (such as libel judgments) against, but do not arbitrarily arrest , political dissidents; (3) permit \"reasonably open discussion and criticism of its policies\"; (4) hold \"reasonably free and fair elections\", without systemic intimidation, but \"with close attention to such matters as the drawing of election districts and the creation of party lists to ensure as best it can that it will prevail – and by a substantial margin\"; (5) reflect at least occasional responsiveness to public opinion; and (6) create \"mechanisms to ensure that the amount of dissent does not exceed the level it regards as desirable.\" Tushnet cites Singapore as an example of an authoritarian constitutionalist state, and connects the concept to that of hybrid regimes . [ 28 ]\n\nThe following is a non-exhaustive list of examples of states characterized as authoritarian, as seen in the sources in the Notes and references column. Countries listed also are not rated as democracies by The Economist Democracy Index , as 'free' by Freedom House's Freedom in the World index or reach a high score [ clarification needed ] at V-Dem Democracy Indices .\n\nThe following is a non-exhaustive list of examples of states which were historically authoritarian.\n\nEnded with the People Power Revolution .\n\nScholars such as Seymour Lipset , [ 171 ] Carles Boix, Susan Stokes , [ 172 ] Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Stephens and John Stephens [ 173 ] argue that economic development increases the likelihood of democratization. Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi argue that while economic development makes democracies less likely to turn authoritarian, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that development causes democratization (turning an authoritarian state into a democracy). [ 174 ]\n\nEva Bellin argues that under certain circumstances the bourgeoise and labor are more likely to favor democratization, but less so under other circumstances. [ 175 ] Economic development can boost public support for authoritarian regimes in the short-to-medium term. [ 176 ]\n\nAccording to Michael Albertus, most land reform programs tend to be implemented by authoritarian regimes that subsequently withhold property rights from the beneficiaries of the land reform. Authoritarian regimes do so to gain coercive leverage over rural populations. [ 177 ]\n\nAuthoritarian regimes typically incorporate similar political institutions to that of democratic regimes, such as legislatures and judiciaries, although they may serve different purposes. Democratic regimes are marked by institutions that are essential to economic development and individual freedom, including representative legislatures and competitive political parties. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Most authoritarian regimes embrace these political structures, but use it in a way that reinforces their power. [ 178 ] Authoritarian legislatures, for example, are forums through which leaders may enhance their bases of support, share power, and monitor elites. [ 180 ] Additionally, authoritarian party systems are extremely unstable and unconducive to party development, largely due to monopolistic patterns of authority. [ 181 ] Judiciaries may be present in authoritarian states where they serve to repress political challengers, institutionalize punishment, and undermine the rule of law. [ 182 ]\n\nDemocratic and authoritarian arguably differ most prominently in their elections. Democratic elections are generally inclusive, competitive, and fair. [ 183 ] In most instances, the elected leader is appointed to act on behalf of the general will. Authoritarian elections, on the other hand, are frequently subject to fraud and extreme constraints on the participation of opposing parties. [ 181 ] Autocratic leaders employ tactics like murdering political opposition and paying election monitors to ensure victory. [ 178 ] [ 184 ] The proportion of authoritarian regimes with elections and support parties has risen in recent years. [ 178 ] This is largely due to the increasing popularity of democracies and electoral autocracies, leading authoritarian regimes to imitate democratic regimes in hopes of receiving foreign aid and dodging criticism. [ 178 ] [ 185 ] Flawed elections also give authoritarians a controlled way to monitor public sentiment. [ 186 ]\n\nAccording to a 2018 study, most party-led dictatorships regularly hold popular elections. Prior to the 1990s, most of these elections had no alternative parties or candidates for voters to choose. Since the end of the Cold War, about two-thirds of elections in authoritarian systems allow for some opposition, but the elections are structured in a way to heavily favor the incumbent authoritarian regime. [ 187 ] In 2020, almost half of all authoritarian systems had multi-party governments. [ 188 ] Cabinet appointments by an authoritarian regime to outsiders can consolidate their rule by dividing the opposition and co-opting outsiders. [ 188 ]\n\nHindrances to free and fair elections in authoritarian systems may include: [ 187 ]\n\nThe foundations of stable authoritarian rule are that the authoritarian prevents contestation from the masses and other elites. The authoritarian regime may use co-optation or repression (or carrots and sticks) to prevent revolts. [ 189 ] [ 190 ] Authoritarian rule entails a balancing act whereby the ruler has to maintain the support of other elites (frequently through the distribution of state and societal resources) and the support of the public (through distribution of the same resources): the authoritarian rule is at risk if the balancing act is lopsided, as it risks a coup by the elites or an uprising by the mass public. [ 191 ] [ 192 ]\n\nAccording to a 2019 study by Sergei Guriev and Daniel Treisman , authoritarian regimes have over time become less reliant on violence and mass repression to maintain control. The study shows instead that authoritarians have increasingly resorted to manipulation of information as a means of control. Authoritarians increasingly seek to create an appearance of good performance, conceal state repression, and imitate democracy. [ 193 ]\n\nWhile authoritarian regimes invest considerably in propaganda out of a belief that it enhances regime survival, scholars have offered mixed views as to whether propaganda is effective. [ 194 ]\n\nAndrew J. Nathan notes that \"regime theory holds that authoritarian systems are inherently fragile because of weak legitimacy, overreliance on coercion, over- centralization of decision making, and the predominance of personal power over institutional norms. ... Few authoritarian regimes – be they communist, fascist, corporatist, or personalist – have managed to conduct orderly, peaceful, timely, and stable successions.\" [ 195 ]\n\nPolitical scientist Theodore M. Vestal writes that authoritarian political systems may be weakened through inadequate responsiveness to either popular or elite demands and that the authoritarian tendency to respond to challenges by exerting tighter control, instead of by adapting, may compromise the legitimacy of an authoritarian state and lead to its collapse. [ 19 ]\n\nOne exception to this general trend is the endurance of the authoritarian rule of the Chinese Communist Party which has been unusually resilient among authoritarian regimes. Nathan posits that this can be attributed to four factors such as (1) \"the increasingly norm-bound nature of its succession politics\"; (2) \"the increase in meritocratic as opposed to factional considerations in the promotion of political elites\"; (3) \"the differentiation and functional specialization of institutions within the regime\"; and (4) \"the establishment of institutions for political participation and appeal that strengthen the CCP's legitimacy among the public at large.\" [ 195 ]\n\nSome scholars have challenged notions that authoritarian states are inherently brittle systems that require repression and propaganda to make people comply with the authoritarian regime. Adam Przeworski has challenged this, noting that while authoritarian regimes do take actions that serve to enhance regime survival, they also engage in mundane everyday governance and their subjects do not hold a posture towards the regime at all moments of their life. He writes, \"People in autocracies do not incessantly live under the shadow of dramatic historical events; they lead everyday routine lives.\" [ 196 ] Similarly, Thomas Pepinsky has challenged the common mental image of an authoritarian state as one of grim totalitarianism, desperate hardship, strict censorship, and dictatorial orders of murder, torture and disappearances. He writes, \"life in authoritarian states is mostly boring and tolerable.\" [ 197 ]\n\nYale University political scientist Milan Svolik argues that violence is a common characteristic of authoritarian systems. Violence tends to be common in authoritarian states because of a lack of independent third parties empowered to settle disputes between the dictator, regime allies, regime soldiers and the masses. [ 189 ]\n\nAuthoritarians may resort to measures referred to as coup-proofing (structures that make it hard for any small group to seize power). Coup-proofing strategies include strategically placing family, ethnic, and religious groups in the military; creating of an armed force parallel to the regular military; and developing multiple internal security agencies with overlapping jurisdiction that constantly monitor one another. [ 198 ] Research shows that some coup-proofing strategies reduce the risk of coups occurring [ 199 ] [ 200 ] and reduce the likelihood of mass protests. [ 201 ] However, coup-proofing reduces military effectiveness, [ 202 ] [ 203 ] [ 204 ] [ 205 ] and limits the rents that an incumbent can extract. [ 206 ] A 2016 study shows that the implementation of succession rules reduce the occurrence of coup attempts. [ 207 ] Succession rules are believed to hamper coordination efforts among coup plotters by assuaging elites who have more to gain by patience than by plotting. [ 207 ] According to political scientists Curtis Bell and Jonathan Powell, coup attempts in neighboring countries lead to greater coup-proofing and coup-related repression in a region. [ 208 ] A 2017 study finds that countries' coup-proofing strategies are heavily influenced by other countries with similar histories. [ 209 ] A 2018 study in the Journal of Peace Research found that leaders who survive coup attempts and respond by purging known and potential rivals are likely to have longer tenures as leaders. [ 210 ] A 2019 study in Conflict Management and Peace Science found that personalist dictatorships are more likely to take coup-proofing measures than other authoritarian regimes; the authors argue that this is because \"personalists are characterized by weak institutions and narrow support bases, a lack of unifying ideologies and informal links to the ruler.\" [ 211 ]\n\nAccording to a 2019 study, personalist dictatorships are more repressive than other forms of dictatorship. [ 212 ]\n\nAccording to Yale professor Juan José Linz there a three main types of political regimes today: democracies , totalitarian regimes and, sitting between these two, authoritarian regimes (with hybrid regimes ). [ 213 ] [ 214 ]\n\nAccording to University of Michigan professor Dan Slater, modern forms of authoritarianism are fundamentally dissimilar from historical forms of nondemocratic rule. He links modern authoritarianism to the era of mass politics , which began with the French Revolution . [ 215 ]\n\nSeveral subtypes of authoritarian regimes have been identified by Linz and others. [ 224 ] Linz identified the two most basic subtypes as traditional authoritarian regimes and bureaucratic-military authoritarian regimes:\n\nAccording to Barbara Geddes , there are seven typologies of authoritarian regimes: dominant party regimes, military regime, personalist regimes, monarchies, oligarchic regimes, indirect military regimes, or hybrids of the first three. [ 225 ]\n\nSubtypes of authoritarian regimes identified by Linz are corporatist or organic-statistic, racial and ethnic \"democracy\" and post-totalitarian. [ 224 ]\n\nAuthoritarian regimes are also sometimes subcategorized by whether they are more personalistic or populist . [ 224 ] [ additional citation(s) needed ] Personalistic authoritarian regimes are characterized by arbitrary rule and authority exercised \"mainly through patronage networks and coercion rather than through institutions and formal rules.\" [ 224 ] Personalistic authoritarian regimes have been seen in post-colonial Africa. By contrast, populist authoritarian regimes \"are mobilizational regimes in which a strong, charismatic, manipulative leader rules through a coalition involving key lower-class groups.\" [ 224 ] Examples include Argentina under Juan Perón , [ 224 ] Russia under Vladimir Putin , Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser [ 224 ] and Venezuela under Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro . [ 232 ] [ 233 ]\n\nA typology of authoritarian regimes by political scientists Brian Lai and Dan Slater includes four categories:\n\nLai and Slater argue that single-party regimes are better than military regimes at developing institutions (e.g. mass mobilization , patronage networks and coordination of elites) that are effective at continuing the regime's incumbency and diminishing domestic challengers; Lai and Slater also argue that military regimes more often initiate military conflicts or undertake other \"desperate measures\" to maintain control as compared to single-party regimes. [ 4 ] [ 3 ]\n\nJohn Duckitt suggests a link between authoritarianism and collectivism , asserting that both stand in opposition to individualism . [ 234 ] Duckitt writes that both authoritarianism and collectivism submerge individual rights and goals to group goals, expectations and conformities . [ 235 ]\n\nAccording to Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way, authoritarian regimes that are created in social revolutions are far more durable than other kinds of authoritarian regimes. [ 236 ]\n\nAuthoritarianism and democracy are not necessarily fundamental opposites and may be thought of as poles at opposite ends of a scale, so that it is possible for some democracies to possess authoritarian elements, and for an authoritarian system to have democratic elements. [ 238 ] [ 239 ] [ 240 ] [ verification needed ] Authoritarian regimes may also be partly responsive to citizen grievances, although this is generally only regarding grievances that do not undermine the stability of the regime. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] An illiberal democracy , or procedural democracy , is distinguished from liberal democracy , or substantive democracy , in that illiberal democracies lack features such as the rule of law , protections for minority groups , an independent judiciary and the real separation of powers . [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ] [ 246 ]\n\nA further distinction that liberal democracies have rarely made war with one another; research has extended the theory and finds that more democratic countries tend to have few wars (sometimes called militarized interstate disputes ) causing fewer battle deaths with one another and that democracies have far fewer civil wars . [ 247 ] [ 248 ]\n\nResearch shows that the democratic nations have much less democide or murder by government. Those were also moderately developed nations before applying liberal democratic policies. [ 249 ] Research by the World Bank suggests that political institutions are extremely important in determining the prevalence of corruption and that parliamentary systems, political stability and freedom of the press are all associated with lower corruption. [ 250 ]\n\nA 2006 study by economist Alberto Abadie has concluded that terrorism is most common in nations with intermediate political freedom . The nations with the least terrorism are the most and least democratic nations, and that \"transitions from an authoritarian regime to a democracy may be accompanied by temporary increases in terrorism.\" [ 251 ] Studies in 2013 and 2017 similarly found a nonlinear relationship between political freedom and terrorism, with the most terrorist attacks occurring in partial democracies and the fewest in \"strict autocracies and full-fledged democracies.\" [ 252 ] A 2018 study by Amichai Magen demonstrated that liberal democracies and polyarchies not only suffer fewer terrorist attacks as compared to other regime types, but also suffer fewer casualties in terrorist attacks as compared to other regime types, which may be attributed to higher-quality democracies' responsiveness to their citizens' demands, including \"the desire for physical safety\", resulting in \"investment in intelligence, infrastructure protection, first responders, social resilience, and specialized medical care\" which averts casualties. [ 252 ] Magen also stated that terrorism in closed autocracies sharply increased starting in 2013. [ 252 ]\n\nWithin national democratic governments, there may be subnational authoritarian enclaves. A prominent examples of this includes the Southern United States after Reconstruction , as well as areas of contemporary Argentina and Mexico. [ 253 ] [ 254 ]\n\nAnother type of authoritarian regime is the competitive authoritarian regime, a type of civilian regime that arose in the post-Cold War era. In a competitive authoritarian regime, \"formal democratic institutions exist and are widely viewed as the primary means of gaining power, but ... incumbents' abuse of the state places them at a significant advantage vis-à-vis their opponents.\" [ 255 ] [ 256 ] The term was coined by Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way in their 2010 book of the same name to discuss a type of hybrid regime that emerged during and after the Cold War . [ 255 ] [ 257 ]\n\nCompetitive authoritarian regimes differ from fully authoritarian regimes in that elections are regularly held, the opposition can openly operate without a high risk of exile or imprisonment and \"democratic procedures are sufficiently meaningful for opposition groups to take them seriously as arenas through which to contest for power.\" [ 255 ] Competitive authoritarian regimes lack one or more of the three characteristics of democracies such as free elections (i.e. elections untainted by substantial fraud or voter intimidation); protection of civil liberties (i.e. the freedom of speech, press and association) and an even playing field (in terms of access to resources, the media and legal recourse). [ 258 ]\n\nAuthoritarianism is considered a core concept of fascism [ 259 ] [ 260 ] [ 261 ] [ 262 ] and scholars agree that a fascist regime is foremost an authoritarian form of government, although not all authoritarian regimes are fascist. While authoritarianism is a defining characteristic of fascism, scholars argue that more distinguishing traits are needed to make an authoritarian regime fascist. [ 263 ]\n\nMultiple scholars have identified a form of libertarian authoritarianism emerging in the early 21st century. Wendy Brown describes it as emerging from neoliberalism, opposing both democracy and public institutions while defining freedom in terms of speech and actions that promote homophobia , white supremacy and male privilege . [ 268 ] [ 269 ] Other scholars have connected it to QAnon [ 270 ] and to the Argentinian Presidency of Javier Milei . [ 271 ]\n\nCarolin Amlinger and Oliver Nachtwey, in Offended Freedom: The Rise of Libertarian Authoritarianism , describe libertarian authoritarianism as arising from a backlash to government efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic and, more broadly, against the increasing complexity of the world, ultimately leading to hostility towards democracy. [ 272 ] [ 273 ] Writing in Jacobin and New Statesman , Amlinger and Nachtwey define libertarian authoritarians as those who believe in the abolition of the democratic state on the basis of its restrictions on individual freedoms, and \"consider the democratic state itself, the authorities and their regulations, to be invasive and harmful\"; they described the fundamental basis of libertarian authoritarianism to be based in \" post-truth politics\", and that in the late-modern era, believers validate their opinions \"with proto-scientific evidence, rumours, conspiracy theories and fake news \". They describe neoliberalism as an additional factor contributing towards the recent rise of the ideology. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] Individuals they identify as modern adherents to the ideology include Peter Thiel , Elon Musk , and Javier Milei , having merged their libertarianism with their \"authoritarian tendencies\". [ 274 ] [ 275 ]\n\nTotalitarianism is a label used by various political scientists to characterize the most tyrannical strain of authoritarian systems; in which the ruling elite, often subservient to a dictator , exert near-total control of the social, political, economic, cultural and religious aspects of society in the territories under its governance. [ 277 ]\n\nLinz distinguished new forms of authoritarianism from personalistic dictatorships and totalitarian states, taking Francoist Spain as an example. Unlike personalistic dictatorships, new forms of authoritarianism have institutionalized representation of a variety of actors (in Spain's case, including the military, the Catholic Church , Falange , monarchists , technocrats and others). Unlike totalitarian states, the regime relies on passive mass acceptance rather than popular support. [ 218 ] According to Juan Linz the distinction between an authoritarian regime and a totalitarian one is that an authoritarian regime seeks to suffocate politics and political mobilization while totalitarianism seeks to control and use them. [ 213 ] Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under governmental control. Building on the work of Yale political scientist Juan Linz, Paul C. Sondrol of the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs has examined the characteristics of authoritarian and totalitarian dictators and organized them in a chart: [ 217 ]\n\nSondrol argues that while both authoritarianism and totalitarianism are forms of autocracy , they differ in three key dichotomies :\n\n(1) Unlike their bland and generally unpopular authoritarian brethren, totalitarian dictators develop a charismatic \" mystique \" and a mass-based, pseudo-democratic interdependence with their followers via the conscious manipulation of a prophetic image.\n\n(2) Concomitant role conceptions differentiate totalitarians from authoritarians. Authoritarians view themselves as individual beings largely content to control and often maintain the status quo. Totalitarian self-conceptions are largely teleological . The tyrant is less a person than an indispensable function to guide and reshape the universe.\n\n(3) Consequently, the utilisation of power for personal aggrandizement is more evident among authoritarians than totalitarians. Lacking the binding appeal of ideology , authoritarians support their rule by a mixture of instilling fear and granting rewards to loyal collaborators, engendering a kleptocracy . [ 217 ]\n\nCompared to totalitarianism, \"the authoritarian state still maintains a certain distinction between state and society. It is only concerned with political power and as long as that is not contested it gives society a certain degree of liberty. Totalitarianism, on the other hand, invades private life and asphyxiates it.\" [ 279 ] Another distinction is that \"authoritarianism is not animated by utopian ideals in the way totalitarianism is. It does not attempt to change the world and human nature.\" [ 279 ] Carl Joachim Friedrich writes that \"a totalist ideology, a party reinforced by a secret police , and monopoly control of ... industrial mass society\" are the three features of totalitarian regimes that distinguish them from other autocracies. [ 279 ]\n\nGreg Yudin , a professor of political philosophy at the Moscow School of Social and Economic Sciences, argues \"political passivity and civic disengagement\" are \"key features\" of authoritarianism, while totalitarianism relies on \"mass mobilization, terror and homogeneity of beliefs\". [ 280 ]\n\nIn 2010, Dani Rodrik wrote that democracies outperform autocracies in terms of long-term economic growth, economic stability, adjustments to external economic shocks, human capital investment, and economic equality. [ 281 ] A 2019 study by Daron Acemoglu , Suresh Naidu , Pascual Restrepo, and James A. Robinson found that democracy increases GDP per capita by about 20 percent over the long-term. [ 282 ] According to Amartya Sen , no functioning liberal democracy has ever suffered a large-scale famine . [ 283 ] Studies suggest that several health indicators (life expectancy and infant and maternal mortality) have a stronger and more significant association with democracy than they have with GDP per capita, size of the public sector or income inequality. [ 284 ] States that undergo democratic backsliding are more likely to face downgrades in their sovereign bond ratings. [ 285 ]\n\nOne of the few areas that some scholars have theorized that autocracies may have an advantage, is in industrialization. [ 286 ] In the 20th century, Seymour Martin Lipset argued that low-income authoritarian regimes have certain technocratic \"efficiency-enhancing advantages\" over low-income democracies that gives authoritarian regimes an advantage in economic development . [ 287 ] By contrast, Morton H. Halperin , Joseph T. Siegle and Michael M. Weinstein (2005) argue that democracies \"realize superior development performance\" over authoritarianism, pointing out that poor democracies are more likely to have steadier economic growth and less likely to experience economic and humanitarian catastrophes (such as refugee crises) than authoritarian regimes; that civil liberties in democracies act as a curb on corruption and misuse of resources; and that democracies are more adaptable than authoritarian regimes. [ 287 ]\n\nAccording to Allan C. Stam and Dan Reiter, liberal democracies have an advantage in battlefield performance over non-democracies and illiberal democracies. [ 288 ] They argue that this democratic advantage is derived from the fact that democratic soldiers fight harder, democratic states tend to ally together in war, and democracies can employ more economic resources towards combat. [ 288 ] Due to elevated fears against military coups against authoritarian regimes, authoritarian regimes may also put loyalists in the military. This may reduce military effectiveness as loyalty is prioritized over experience when filling key positions within the military. [ 289 ] [ 290 ] [ 291 ] [ 292 ] However, critics argue that democracy itself makes little difference in war and that some other factors, such as overall power, determine whether a country would achieve victory or face defeat. In some cases, such as the Vietnam War , democracy may even have contributed to defeat. [ 293 ] [ 294 ] [ 295 ] [ 296 ] Jasen Castillo argues that autocratic states may in certain circumstances have an advantage over democracies; for example, authoritarian regimes may have ideologies that require unconditional loyalty, which may contribute to military cohesion. [ 297 ]\n\nAuthoritarian rule before World War II includes short-lived dictatorships and has been claimed to be understudied. [ 298 ]\n\nBoth World War II (ending in 1945) and the Cold War (ending in 1991) resulted in the replacement of authoritarian regimes by either democratic regimes or regimes that were less authoritarian.\n\nWorld War II saw the defeat of the Axis powers by the Allied powers . All the Axis powers ( Nazi Germany , Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan ) had totalitarian or authoritarian governments, and two of the three were replaced by governments based on democratic constitutions. The Allied powers were an alliance of Democratic states and (later) the Communist Soviet Union . At least in Western Europe the initial post-war era embraced pluralism and freedom of expression in areas that had been under control of authoritarian regimes. The memory of fascism and Nazism was denigrated. The new Federal Republic of Germany banned its expression. In reaction to the centralism of the Nazi state, the new constitution of West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany ) exercised \" separation of powers \" and placed \" law enforcement firmly in the hands\" of the sixteen Länder or states of the republic, not with the federal German government, at least not at first. [ 299 ]\n\nCulturally there was also a strong sense of anti-authoritarianism based on anti-fascism in Western Europe. This was attributed to the active resistance from occupation and to fears arising from the development of superpowers . [ 300 ] Anti-authoritarianism also became associated with countercultural and bohemian movements such as the Beat Generation in the 1950s, [ 301 ] the hippies in the 1960s [ 302 ] and punks in the 1970s. [ 303 ]\n\nIn South America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Chile and Uruguay moved away from dictatorships to democracy between 1982 and 1990. [ 304 ]\n\nWith the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the Soviet Union in 1991 , the other authoritarian/totalitarian \"half\" of the Allied Powers of World War II collapsed. This led not so much to revolt against authority in general, but to the belief that authoritarian states (and state control of economies) were outdated. [ 305 ] The idea that \"liberal democracy was the final form toward which all political striving was directed\" [ 306 ] became very popular in Western countries and was celebrated in Francis Fukuyama 's book The End of History and the Last Man . [ 306 ] According to Charles H. Fairbanks Jr., \"all the new states that stumbled out of the ruins of the Soviet bloc, except Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, seemed indeed to be moving towards democracy in the early 1990s\" as were the countries of East Central Europe and the Balkans. [ 307 ]\n\nIn December 2010, the Arab Spring arose in response to unrest over economic stagnation but also in opposition to oppressive authoritarian regimes, first in Tunisia , and spreading to Libya , Egypt , Yemen , Syria , Bahrain and elsewhere. Regimes were toppled in Tunisia , Libya , Egypt and partially in Yemen while other countries saw riots, civil wars or insurgencies. Most Arab Spring revolutions failed to lead to enduring democratization. In the decade following the Arab Spring, of the countries in which an autocracy was toppled in the Arab spring, only Tunisia had become a genuine democracy; Egypt backslid to return to a military-run authoritarian state, while Libya, Syria and Yemen experienced devastating civil wars. [ 308 ] [ 309 ]\n\nSince 2005, observers noted what some have called a \" democratic recession \", [ 306 ] [ 310 ] although some such as Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way have disputed that there was a significant democratic decline before 2013. [ 310 ] In 2018, the Freedom House declared that from 2006 to 2018 \"113 countries\" around the world showed \"a net decline\" in \"political rights and civil liberties\" while \"only 62\" experienced \"a net improvement.\" [ 311 ] Its 2020 report marked the fourteenth consecutive year of declining scores. [ 312 ] By 2020, all countries marked as \"not free\" by Freedom House had also developed practices of transnational repression , aiming to police and control dissent beyond state borders. [ 313 ]\n\nWriting in 2018, American political journalist David Frum stated: \"The hopeful world of the very late 20th century – the world of NAFTA and an expanding NATO ; of the World Wide Web 1.0 and liberal interventionism; of the global spread of democracy under leaders such as Václav Havel and Nelson Mandela – now looks battered and delusive.\" [ 316 ]\n\nMichael Ignatieff wrote that Fukuyama's idea of liberalism vanquishing authoritarianism \"now looks like a quaint artifact of a vanished unipolar moment\" [ 306 ] and Fukuyama himself expressed concern. [ 305 ] By 2018, only one Arab Spring uprising (that in Tunisia) resulted in a transition to constitutional democratic governance [ 317 ] and a \"resurgence of authoritarianism and Islamic extremism \" in the region [ 318 ] was dubbed the Arab Winter . [ 319 ] [ 320 ] [ 321 ] [ 322 ] [ 323 ]\n\nVarious explanations have been offered for the new spread of authoritarianism. They include the downside of globalization, and the subsequent rise of populism and neo-nationalism , [ 324 ] and the success of the Beijing Consensus , i.e. the authoritarian model of the People's Republic of China . [ 325 ] In countries such as the United States, factors blamed for the growth of authoritarianism include the 2008 financial crisis and slower real wage growth [ 326 ] [ better source needed ] as well as social media's elimination of so-called \"gatekeepers\" of knowledge – the equivalent of disintermediation in economics – so that a large fraction of the population considers to be opinion what were once \"viewed as verifiable facts\" – including everything from the danger of global warming to the preventing the spread of disease through vaccination – and considers to be fact what are actually only unproven fringe opinions. [ 327 ]\n\nIn United States politics , white supremacist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan , neo-Nazi skinheads , and adherents of the Christian Identity , ideology have long operated as a loose network. In the internet age , far-right extremists throughout the U.S. and much of the West have consolidated further into a movement known as the Alt-Right , which has inspired numerous terrorist attacks while at the same time increasing the mainstream appeal of white supremacism. [ 328 ] According to Azani et al.: [ 328 ]\n\nThe current resurgence of far-right ideology may be explained by a variety of factors, primarily, the strategic adjustment of white supremacists to soften overtly racist rhetoric in order to appeal to a wider audience. This new discourse attempts to normalize white supremacy, developing intellectual and theoretical foundations for racism based on the notion that the white race is at risk of eradication, threatened by the growing population of immigrants and people of colour. The pre-existing, offensive white supremacist, fascist and neo-Nazi ideas that drove the white power movement of the twentieth century were thus rebranded through a new innocuous defensive frame of white victimhood. As such, the new strategy of racist rhetoric has allowed the movement to co-opt mainstream political debates surrounding immigration and globalization, drawing large audiences through a deliberate obfuscation of the underlying ideology.\n\nFar-right extremism has played a key role in promoting the Great Replacement and White genocide conspiracy theories , and an \" acceleration \" of racial conflict through violent means such as assassinations , murders , terrorist attacks , and societal collapse in order to achieve the building of a white ethnostate . [ 328 ] While many contemporary extreme far-right groups eschew the hierarchical structure of other authoritarian political organizations, they often explicitly promote cultural authoritarianism alongside xenophobia , racism, antisemitism, homophobia and misogyny, as well as authoritarian government interventions against perceived societal problems. [ 328 ]\n\nThere is no one consensus definition of authoritarianism, but several annual measurements are attempted. States characterized as authoritarian are typically not rated as democracies by The Economist Democracy Index or as 'free' by Freedom House's Freedom in the World index, and do not reach a high score on V-Dem Democracy Indices . According to an April 2025 survey, known as Bright Line Watch, of more than 500 U.S.-based political scientists, the vast majority think the United States is moving from liberal democracy to a form of authoritarianism. [ 329 ]\n\nCitations",
+    "tf_idf_text": "authoritarianism political system characterize rejection political plurality use strong central power preserve political status quo reduction democracy separation power civil liberty rule law authoritarian regime may either autocratic oligarchic may base upon rule party military concentration power single person state blur boundary democracy authoritarianism sometimes characterize hybrid democracy hybrid regime competitive authoritarian state political scientist juan linz influential work authoritarian regime spain define authoritarianism possess four quality minimally define authoritarian government lack free competitive direct election legislatures free competitive direct indirect election executive broadly define authoritarian state include country lack human right freedom religion country government opposition not alternate power least following free election authoritarian state might contain nominally democratic institution political party legislatures election manage entrench authoritarian rule feature fraudulent noncompetitive election since share authoritarian state international political system increase mids decline year prior dictatorships typically begin coup replace preexist authoritarian regime since dictatorship likely begin democratic backsliding whereby democratically elect leader establish authoritarian regime authoritarianism characterize highly concentrated centralized government power maintain political repression exclusion potential suppose challenger arm force us political party mass organization mobilize people around goal regime adam przeworski theorize authoritarian equilibrium rest mainly lie fear economic prosperity authoritarianism also tend embrace informal unregulated exercise political power leadership selfappointed even elect cannot displace citizen free choice among competitor arbitrary deprivation civil liberties little tolerance meaningful opposition range social control also attempt stifle civil society political stability maintain control support arm force bureaucracy staff regime creation allegiance various mean socialization indoctrination pippa norris ronald inglehart identify authoritarianism politician political party look value security conformity obedience authoritarianism mark indefinite political tenure ruler rule party often oneparty state authority transition authoritarian system democratic form government refer democratization authoritarian regime often adopt institutional trapping democracy constitution constitution authoritarian state may serve variety role include operate manual describing government function billboard signal regime intent blueprint outline future regime plan window dress material design obfuscate provision set forth freedom not honor practice authoritarian constitution may help legitimize strengthen consolidate regime authoritarian constitution successfully coordinate government action define popular expectation also help consolidate regime grip power inhibit coordination different set arrangement unlike democratic constitution authoritarian constitution not set direct limit executive authority however case document may function way elites protect property right constrain autocrat behavior soviet russia constitution first charter new russian socialist federate soviet republic rsfsr describe vladimir lenin revolutionary document say unlike constitution draft nationstate concept authoritarian constitutionalism develop legal scholar mark tushnet tushnet distinguishes authoritarian constitutionalist regime liberal constitutionalist regime sort familiar modern west core commitment human right selfgovernance implement mean vary institutional device purely authoritarian regime reject idea human right constraint leader power describe authoritarian constitutionalist regime authoritarian dominantparty state impose sanction libel judgment not arbitrarily arrest political dissident permit reasonably open discussion criticism policy hold reasonably free fair election without systemic intimidation close attention matter draw election district creation party list ensure best prevail substantial margin reflect least occasional responsiveness public opinion create mechanism ensure amount dissent not exceed level regard desirable tushnet cite singapore example authoritarian constitutionalist state connects concept hybrid regime follow nonexhaustive list example state characterize authoritarian see source note reference column country list also not rat democracy economist democracy index free freedom house freedom world index reach high score clarification need vdem democracy index follow nonexhaustive list example state historically authoritarian end people power revolution scholars seymour lipset carles boix susan stokes dietrich rueschemeyer evelyne stephens john stephen argue economic development increase likelihood democratization adam przeworski fernando limongi argue economic development make democracy less likely turn authoritarian insufficient evidence conclude development cause democratization turn authoritarian state democracy eva bellin argue certain circumstance bourgeoise labor likely favor democratization less circumstance economic development boost public support authoritarian regime shorttomedium term accord michael albertus land reform program tend implement authoritarian regime subsequently withhold property right beneficiary land reform authoritarian regime gain coercive leverage rural population authoritarian regime typically incorporate similar political institution democratic regime legislatures judiciary although may serve different purpose democratic regime mark institution essential economic development individual freedom include representative legislature competitive political party authoritarian regime embrace political structure use way reinforces power authoritarian legislatures example forum leader may enhance base support share power monitor elites additionally authoritarian party system extremely unstable unconducive party development largely due monopolistic pattern authority judiciary may present authoritarian state serve repress political challenger institutionalize punishment undermine rule law democratic authoritarian arguably differ prominently election democratic election generally inclusive competitive fair instance elect leader appoint act behalf general authoritarian election hand frequently subject fraud extreme constraint participation oppose party autocratic leader employ tactic like murder political opposition pay election monitor ensure victory proportion authoritarian regime election support party rise recent year largely due increase popularity democracy electoral autocracy lead authoritarian regime imitate democratic regime hop receive foreign aid dodge criticism flaw election also give authoritarian control way monitor public sentiment accord study partyled dictatorship regularly hold popular election prior election alternative party candidate voter choose since end cold war twothirds election authoritarian system allow opposition election structure way heavily favor incumbent authoritarian regime almost half authoritarian system multiparty government cabinet appointment authoritarian regime outsider consolidate rule divide opposition coopting outsider hindrance free fair election authoritarian system may include foundation stable authoritarian rule authoritarian prevents contestation mass elites authoritarian regime may use cooptation repression carrot stick prevent revolt authoritarian rule entail balance act whereby ruler maintain support elites frequently distribution state societal resource support public distribution resource authoritarian rule risk balance act lopsided risk coup elites uprising mass public accord study sergei guriev daniel treisman authoritarian regime time become less reliant violence mass repression maintain control study show instead authoritarian increasingly resort manipulation information mean control authoritarians increasingly seek create appearance good performance conceal state repression imitate democracy authoritarian regimes invest considerably propaganda belief enhances regime survival scholar offer mixed view whether propaganda effective andrew nathan note regime theory hold authoritarian system inherently fragile weak legitimacy overreliance coercion centralization decision make predominance personal power institutional norm authoritarian regime communist fascist corporatist personalist manage conduct orderly peaceful timely stable succession political scientist theodore vestal writes authoritarian political system may weaken inadequate responsiveness either popular elite demand authoritarian tendency respond challenge exert tight control instead adapt may compromise legitimacy authoritarian state lead collapse one exception general trend endurance authoritarian rule chinese communist party unusually resilient among authoritarian regime nathan posit attribute four factor increasingly normbound nature succession politics increase meritocratic opposed factional consideration promotion political elite differentiation functional specialization institution within regime establishment institution political participation appeal strengthen ccps legitimacy among public large scholar challenge notion authoritarian state inherently brittle system require repression propaganda make people comply authoritarian regime adam przeworski challenge note authoritarian regime take action serve enhance regime survival also engage mundane everyday governance subject not hold posture towards regime moment life write people autocracy not incessantly live shadow dramatic historical event lead everyday routine life similarly thomas pepinsky challenge common mental image authoritarian state one grim totalitarianism desperate hardship strict censorship dictatorial order murder torture disappearance write life authoritarian state mostly bore tolerable yale university political scientist milan svolik argue violence common characteristic authoritarian system violence tend common authoritarian state lack independent third party empower settle dispute dictator regime ally regime soldier mass authoritarian may resort measure refer coupproofing structure make hard small group seize power coupproofing strategy include strategically place family ethnic religious group military create arm force parallel regular military develop multiple internal security agency overlap jurisdiction constantly monitor one another research show coupproofing strategy reduce risk coup occur reduce likelihood mass protest however coupproofing reduces military effectiveness limit rent incumbent extract study show implementation succession rule reduce occurrence coup attempt succession rule believe hamper coordination effort among coup plotter assuage elite gain patience plot accord political scientist curtis bell jonathan powell coup attempt neighbor country lead great coupproofing couprelated repression region study find country coupproofing strategy heavily influence country similar history study journal peace research find leader survive coup attempt respond purge know potential rival likely longer tenure leader study conflict management peace science find personalist dictatorship likely take coupproofing measure authoritarian regime author argue personalists characterize weak institution narrow support base lack unifying ideology informal link ruler accord study personalist dictatorship repressive form dictatorship accord yale professor juan jos linz three main type political regime today democracies totalitarian regime sit two authoritarian regime hybrid regime accord university michigan professor dan slater modern form authoritarianism fundamentally dissimilar historical form nondemocratic rule link modern authoritarianism era mass politics begin french revolution several subtypes authoritarian regime identify linz others linz identify two basic subtypes traditional authoritarian regime bureaucraticmilitary authoritarian regime accord barbara geddes seven typology authoritarian regime dominant party regime military regime personalist regime monarchy oligarchic regime indirect military regime hybrid first three subtypes authoritarian regime identify linz corporatist organicstatistic racial ethnic democracy posttotalitarian authoritarian regime also sometimes subcategorized whether personalistic populist additional citation need personalistic authoritarian regime characterize arbitrary rule authority exercise mainly patronage network coercion rather institution formal rule personalistic authoritarian regime see postcolonial africa contrast populist authoritarian regimes mobilizational regime strong charismatic manipulative leader rule coalition involve key lowerclass group example include argentina juan pern russia vladimir putin egypt gamal abdel nasser venezuela hugo chvez nicols maduro typology authoritarian regimes political scientist brian lai dan slater include four category lai slater argue singleparty regime well military regime develop institution mass mobilization patronage network coordination elites effective continue regime incumbency diminish domestic challenger lai slater also argue military regime often initiate military conflict undertake desperate measure maintain control compare singleparty regime john duckitt suggests link authoritarianism collectivism assert stand opposition individualism duckitt write authoritarianism collectivism submerge individual right goal group goal expectation conformity accord steven levitsky lucan way authoritarian regime create social revolution far durable kind authoritarian regime authoritarianism democracy not necessarily fundamental opposite may think pole opposite end scale possible democracy possess authoritarian element authoritarian system democratic element verification need authoritarian regime may also partly responsive citizen grievance although generally regard grievance not undermine stability regime illiberal democracy procedural democracy distinguish liberal democracy substantive democracy illiberal democracy lack feature rule law protection minority group independent judiciary real separation power distinction liberal democracy rarely make war one another research extend theory find democratic country tend war sometimes call militarized interstate dispute cause few battle death one another democracy far few civil war research show democratic nation much less democide murder government also moderately developed nation apply liberal democratic policy research world bank suggest political institution extremely important determine prevalence corruption parliamentary system political stability freedom press associate low corruption study economist alberto abadie conclude terrorism common nation intermediate political freedom nation least terrorism least democratic nation transition authoritarian regime democracy may accompany temporary increase terrorism study similarly find nonlinear relationship political freedom terrorism terrorist attack occur partial democracy few strict autocracy fullfledged democracy study amichai magen demonstrate liberal democracy polyarchies not suffer few terrorist attack compare regime type also suffer few casualty terrorist attack compare regime type may attribute higherquality democracy responsiveness citizen demand include desire physical safety result investment intelligence infrastructure protection first responder social resilience specialize medical care avert casualty magen also state terrorism close autocracy sharply increase start within national democratic government may subnational authoritarian enclave prominent example include southern united state reconstruction well area contemporary argentina mexico another type authoritarian regime competitive authoritarian regime type civilian regime arose postcold war era competitive authoritarian regime formal democratic institution exist widely view primary mean gain power incumbent abuse state place significant advantage visvis opponent term coin steven levitsky lucan way book name discuss type hybrid regime emerge cold war competitive authoritarian regime differ fully authoritarian regime election regularly hold opposition openly operate without high risk exile imprisonment democratic procedure sufficiently meaningful opposition group take seriously arenas contest power competitive authoritarian regime lack one three characteristic democracy free election election untainted substantial fraud voter intimidation protection civil liberty freedom speech press association even play field term access resource medium legal recourse authoritarianism consider core concept fascism scholar agree fascist regime foremost authoritarian form government although not authoritarian regime fascist authoritarianism define characteristic fascism scholar argue distinguish trait need make authoritarian regime fascist multiple scholar identify form libertarian authoritarianism emerge early century wendy brown describes emerge neoliberalism oppose democracy public institution define freedom term speech action promote homophobia white supremacy male privilege scholar connect qanon argentinian presidency javier milei carolin amlinger oliver nachtwey offend freedom rise libertarian authoritarianism describe libertarian authoritarianism arise backlash government effort contain covid pandemic broadly increase complexity world ultimately leading hostility towards democracy write jacobin new statesman amlinger nachtwey define libertarian authoritarian believe abolition democratic state basis restriction individual freedom consider democratic state authority regulation invasive harmful described fundamental basis libertarian authoritarianism base posttruth politics latemodern era believer validate opinion protoscientific evidence rumour conspiracy theory fake news describe neoliberalism additional factor contributing towards recent rise ideology individual identify modern adherent ideology include peter thiel elon musk javier milei merge libertarianism authoritarian tendency totalitarianism label use various political scientist characterize tyrannical strain authoritarian system rule elite often subservient dictator exert neartotal control social political economic cultural religious aspect society territory governance linz distinguish new form authoritarianism personalistic dictatorship totalitarian state take francoist spain example unlike personalistic dictatorship new form authoritarianism institutionalized representation variety actor spains case include military catholic church falange monarchist technocrats others unlike totalitarian state regime relies passive mass acceptance rather popular support accord juan linz distinction authoritarian regime totalitarian one authoritarian regime seek suffocate politics political mobilization totalitarianism seek control use authoritarianism primarily differ totalitarianism social economic institution exist not governmental control building work yale political scientist juan linz paul sondrol university colorado colorado spring examine characteristic authoritarian totalitarian dictator organize chart sondrol argue authoritarianism totalitarianism form autocracy differ three key dichotomy unlike bland generally unpopular authoritarian brother totalitarian dictator develop charismatic mystique massbased pseudodemocratic interdependence follower via conscious manipulation prophetic image concomitant role conception differentiate totalitarian authoritarian authoritarian view individual being largely content control often maintain status quo totalitarian selfconceptions largely teleological tyrant less person indispensable function guide reshape universe consequently utilisation power personal aggrandizement evident among authoritarian totalitarian lack bind appeal ideology authoritarian support rule mixture instill fear grant reward loyal collaborator engender kleptocracy compare totalitarianism authoritarian state still maintain certain distinction state society concern political power long not contest give society certain degree liberty totalitarianism hand invades private life asphyxiate another distinction authoritarianism not animated utopian ideal way totalitarianism not attempt change world human nature carl joachim friedrich write totalist ideology party reinforce secret police monopoly control industrial mass society three feature totalitarian regime distinguish autocracy greg yudin professor political philosophy moscow school social economic science argues political passivity civic disengagement key feature authoritarianism totalitarianism relies mass mobilization terror homogeneity beliefs dani rodrik write democracy outperform autocracy term longterm economic growth economic stability adjustment external economic shock human capital investment economic equality study daron acemoglu suresh naidu pascual restrepo james robinson find democracy increase gdp per caput percent longterm accord amartya sen function liberal democracy ever suffer largescale famine study suggest several health indicator life expectancy infant maternal mortality strong significant association democracy gdp per caput size public sector income inequality state undergo democratic backsliding likely face downgrade sovereign bond rating one area scholars theorized autocracy may advantage industrialization century seymour martin lipset argue lowincome authoritarian regime certain technocratic efficiencyenhancing advantage lowincome democracy give authoritarian regime advantage economic development contrast morton halperin joseph siegle michael weinstein argue democracy realize superior development performance authoritarianism point poor democracy likely steadier economic growth less likely experience economic humanitarian catastrophe refugee crisis authoritarian regime civil liberty democracy act curb corruption misuse resource democracy adaptable authoritarian regime accord allan stam dan reiter liberal democracy advantage battlefield performance nondemocracies illiberal democracy argue democratic advantage derive fact democratic soldier fight hard democratic state tend ally together war democracy employ economic resource towards combat due elevate fear military coup authoritarian regime authoritarian regime may also put loyalist military may reduce military effectiveness loyalty prioritize experience fill key position within military however critic argue democracy make little difference war factor overall power determine whether country would achieve victory face defeat case vietnam war democracy may even contribute defeat jasen castillo argue autocratic state may certain circumstance advantage democracy example authoritarian regime may ideologies require unconditional loyalty may contribute military cohesion authoritarian rule world war include shortlived dictatorship claim understudied world war end cold war end result replacement authoritarian regimes either democratic regime regimes less authoritarian world war saw defeat axis power ally power axis power nazi germany fascist italy imperial japan totalitarian authoritarian government two three replace government base democratic constitution ally power alliance democratic state later communist soviet union least western europe initial postwar era embrace pluralism freedom expression area control authoritarian regimes memory fascism nazism denigrate new federal republic germany ban expression reaction centralism nazi state new constitution west germany federal republic germany exercise separation power place law enforcement firmly hand sixteen lnder state republic not federal german government least not first culturally also strong sense antiauthoritarianism base antifascism western europe attribute active resistance occupation fear arise development superpower antiauthoritarianism also become associated countercultural bohemian movement beat generation hippy punks south america argentina bolivia brazil paraguay chile uruguay move away dictatorships democracy fall berlin wall soviet union authoritariantotalitarian half ally power world war collapse lead not much revolt authority general belief authoritarian state state control economy outdated idea liberal democracy final form toward political striving direct become popular western country celebrate francis fukuyama book end history last man accord charles fairbanks new state stumble ruin soviet bloc except uzbekistan turkmenistan seem indeed move towards democracy early country east central europe balkan december arab spring arose response unrest economic stagnation also opposition oppressive authoritarian regime first tunisia spread libya egypt yemen syria bahrain elsewhere regimes toppled tunisia libya egypt partially yemen country saw riot civil war insurgency arab spring revolution fail lead endure democratization decade follow arab spring country autocracy toppled arab spring tunisia become genuine democracy egypt backslid return militaryrun authoritarian state libya syria yemen experience devastate civil war since observer note call democratic recession although steven levitsky lucan way dispute significant democratic decline freedom house declare country around world show net decline political right civil liberty experience net improvement report mark fourteenth consecutive year decline score country mark not free freedom house also develop practice transnational repression aim police control dissent beyond state border write american political journalist david frum state hopeful world late century world nafta expand nato world wide web liberal interventionism global spread democracy leader vclav havel nelson mandela look batter delusive michael ignatieff write fukuyamas idea liberalism vanquish authoritarianism look like quaint artifact vanish unipolar moment fukuyama express concern one arab spring uprise tunisia result transition constitutional democratic governance resurgence authoritarianism islamic extremism region dub arab winter various explanation offer new spread authoritarianism include downside globalization subsequent rise populism neonationalism success beijing consensus authoritarian model people republic china country united state factor blame growth authoritarianism include financial crisis slow real wage growth well source need well social medias elimination socalled gatekeeper knowledge equivalent disintermediation economics large fraction population considers opinion view verifiable fact include everything danger global warm prevent spread disease vaccination considers fact actually unproven fringe opinion united state politics white supremacist group klux klan neonazi skinhead adherent christian identity ideology long operate loose network internet age farright extremists throughout much west consolidated movement know altright inspire numerous terrorist attack time increase mainstream appeal white supremacism accord azani current resurgence farright ideology may explain variety factor primarily strategic adjustment white supremacist soften overtly racist rhetoric order appeal wider audience new discourse attempt normalize white supremacy develop intellectual theoretical foundation racism base notion white race risk eradication threaten grow population immigrant people colour preexist offensive white supremacist fascist neonazi idea drive white power movement twentieth century thus rebranded new innocuous defensive frame white victimhood new strategy racist rhetoric allow movement coopt mainstream political debate surround immigration globalization draw large audience deliberate obfuscation underlie ideology farright extremism play key role promote great replacement white genocide conspiracy theory acceleration racial conflict violent mean assassination murder terrorist attack societal collapse order achieve building white ethnostate many contemporary extreme farright group eschew hierarchical structure authoritarian political organization often explicitly promote cultural authoritarianism alongside xenophobia racism antisemitism homophobia misogyny well authoritarian government intervention perceive societal problem one consensus definition authoritarianism several annual measurement attempt state characterize authoritarian typically not rat democracy economist democracy index free freedom house freedom world index not reach high score vdem democracy index accord april survey know bright line watch usbased political scientist vast majority think united state move liberal democracy form authoritarianism citation"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Avex_Trax/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Avex_Trax.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Avex_Trax",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avex_Trax",
+    "transformers_text": "Avex Trax ( Japanese : エイベックス トラックス , Hepburn : Eibekkusu Torakkusu ) is a record label owned by Japanese entertainment conglomerate Avex Inc. The label was launched in September 1990, and was the first label by the Group. [ 1 ]\n\nTwo years after Max Matsuura began a career distributing studio albums from other countries, he and his two Avex co-founders, Tom Yoda and Ken Suzuki, decided to found their own label. Aiming to compete with more established labels such as Nippon Columbia , Nippon Crown , BMG Victor , Victor Musical Industries , Toshiba-EMI , CBS/Sony , Teichiku Records , King Records , Nippon Phonogram and PolyGram K.K. , they created the Avex Trax label.\n\nThe first artist to sign to the label was the band TRF , which became a success. This led to Avex Trax becoming a \"house of refuge\" for artists who had left their former labels (e.g. Bananarama from Polydor K.K. , Ayumi Hamasaki from Nippon Columbia, Namie Amuro from Toshiba-EMI, Ami Suzuki from Sony Music Japan ). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It also appealed to artists not content with their current labels (e.g. Gackt from Nippon Crown). [ 5 ]\n\nFormerly distributed by Sohbi Corporation [ ja ] until 1992 [ 6 ] and then by the Nippon Crown label from 1992 on, in 1997 Avex became a self-distributed label together with Cutting Edge , which was formerly distributed by Toshiba-EMI.",
+    "tf_idf_text": "avex trax japanese hepburn eibekkusu torakkusu record label own japanese entertainment conglomerate avex inc label launch september first label group two year max matsuura begin career distributing studio albums country two avex cofounder tom yoda ken suzuki decide find label aim compete establish label nippon columbia nippon crown bmg victor victor musical industry toshibaemi cbssony teichiku record king record nippon phonogram polygram create avex trax label first artist sign label band trf become success lead avex trax become house refuge artists leave former label bananarama polydor ayumi hamasaki nippon columbia namie amuro toshibaemi ami suzuki sony music japan also appeal artist not content current label gackt nippon crown formerly distribute sohbi corporation nippon crown label avex become selfdistributed label together cut edge formerly distribute toshibaemi"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_BFM_TV/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_BFM_TV.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_BFM_TV",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFM_TV",
+    "transformers_text": "BFM TV ( pronounced [beɛfɛm teve] , stylized as BFMTV ) is a French news broadcast television and radio network , [ 1 ] wholly owned by RMC BFM . The flagship property of the RMC BFM division of CMA CGM , its headquarters are located in Paris .\n\nAs the country's most-watched news channel with 10 million daily viewers, BFM TV \"boasts a market share in France that is greater than any equivalent news channel around the world\". A BBC News commentator considered its economic coverage \"clearly pro-business, pro-reform, and anti the old consensus\", which is noteworthy because in France, \"economic coverage tends to come from the opposite perspective—the state sector and workers taking precedence over private enterprise\". [ 1 ]\n\nBFMTV was launched by the NextRadioTV group (now RMC BFM ) as an offshoot of BFM Business , which exclusively focused on business and the economy, on 14 December 2004. BFM is an abbreviation of \"Business FM\", the original name of BFM Business. Approved by the Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) on 5 May 2005, it began broadcasting on 28 November 2005. Alain Weill became chairman and CEO [ 2 ] in 2005.\n\nThe \"small independent news channel\" became \"one of the most influential voices in French media and politics\" by distinguishing itself with \"a reactive, live format—and dumping the French habit of endless pre-recorded talk\". [ 1 ] Ratings continuously increased, and it became the most-watched French news channel in June 2008. With a 1.8 national share (as of mid-2012), it greatly exceeds its first competitor, I-Télé (0.7 national share). As its ratings and advertising revenues increased, the budget of the network peaked at €50 million in 2011, compared to €15 million in 2006.\n\nLaunched on 7 June 2016, BFM Sport was the second all-news and sports TV channel in France after Infosport+, sister channel of Canal+ . The channel features an 8-minute update every 30 minutes (with the loop all night long). It also carries 3 magazines: After Foot (daily 10 pm – midnight), Le Grand Week-end Sport (weekends 9 am – noon) and 60 Minutes Sport (Sunday–Friday 7 – 8 pm).\n\nLaunched on 7 November 2016, BFM Paris is mainly inspired by New York's News 12 . Its main programming consists of local news updates, traffic, weather, sports, and cultural information. There's a live morning show seven days a week and an evening show on weeknights.\n\nThe channel's first schedule version focused on the morning and evening dayparts.\n\nWeekdays, from 6 am to 9:30 am, during BFM Matin , the channel ran a 30-minute block with Stéphanie de Muru on the 15-minute general news and Thomas Misrachi on the 15-minute financial news. This block kept running throughout the day with images-only newscasts (French: JT tout en image ). Between 6 pm and 11:30 pm, during BFM Soir , BFMTV carried a newscast every half-hour with Ruth Elkrief (6 pm/7 pm), Olivier Mazerolle (8 pm), Florence Duprat (7:30 pm/9 pm/11 pm) and Jean-Alexandre Baril (6:30 pm/9 pm/10 pm).\n\nEvery evening at 8:30, Mazerolle presented Mazerolle Direct , featuring an interview with one or two guests. The show was replayed two hours later.\n\nBetween 11:30 pm and 6 am, there was nothing live except the 11 pm newscast in a looped format.\n\nAt the weekend, BFMTV ran image-only newscasts every 15 minutes (except at 7 pm and 8 pm, when Guillaume Vanhems anchored half-hour news reports).\n\nThis version was launched at 6 p.m. on 9 May 2006. The channel now put anchors in the set news blocks, especially during BFM Soir , including: Thomas Misrachi (6 – 9:30 a.m.), Ruth Elkrief (6 – 8 p.m.), Olivier Mazerolle (8 – 9 p.m.), Florence Duprat (9 p.m. – midnight) and Thomas Sotto (weekends 6 – 9 p.m.).\n\nBetween BFM Matin and BFM Soir , BFMTV now had a branded block, titled BFM Non-Stop , with an updated news flash every 15 minutes and continuous loop of weather reports in-between, with: Guillaume Vanhems (9:30 a.m. – 1 p.m.), Jean-Alexandre Baril (1 – 4:30 p.m.) and Stéphanie De Muru (4:30 – 6 p.m.). However, the images-only weekend news reports were kept, except for the new block from 6 to 9 p.m. by Thomas Sotto.\n\nDuring the 2007 presidential election , Mazerolle changed his show's name from Mazerolle Direct to Journal de Campagne , still broadcast at the same time (8:30 p.m.). Also, at the same time, a new weekday political show was run on BFM TV, Bourdin 2007 , with Jean-Jacques Bourdin , from 8:30 and 9 a.m., simulcast from RMC. From November 2006, Ruth Elkrief started co-anchoring with Hedwige Chevrillon on BFM Business for the new show, Le Duo BFM , which simulcast at 12:30 p.m. on both channels. BFM TV re-ran this show at 9:30 p.m. In January 2008, the show was replaced by La Tribune BFM , which was a Sunday evening interview.\n\nIn January 2007, Elkrief also presented Élysee 2007 , a nightly political debate from 7 to 8 pm. Also, at the same time, BFM Non-Stop changed presenters: Guillaume Vanhems was no longer on air, Jean-Alexandre Baril now presented the morning news, Stéphanie de Muru was still on the afternoon. From 6 to 7 p.m. and 8 to 8:30 p.m., Nathalie Levy presented news reports with Gilane Barret (general news) and Julian Bugier (business).\n\nIn this time, the channel relaunched its infographics (graphics, music, 3D images), schedule and slogan (\"Live et Direct\" replaced \"La nouvelle chaine d'info\"). It also received 50 more journalists and presenters.\n\nChristophe Delay, who had formerly anchored from 7 to 8 am on Europe 1, replaced Thomas Misrachi, presenting alongside Karine de Menonville on the first part of Première edition (6 – 8:30 a.m.). Florence Duprat and Thomas Misrachi now presented the new midday newsshow. Weekday evening had a new program, QG de l'info , from 6 to 7 p.m., with Ronald Guintrange and Thomas Sotto. Marc Autheman and Valérie Béranger now presented the weekend evening news from 6 to 9 pm, known as Info 360 le week-end . From 6 am to 6 p.m., BFM TV still kept its image-only reports. Starting 27 August 2007, Bourdin 2007 was renamed as Bourdin Direct . Also, Marc Autheman and Stéphanie de Muru now presented the weekend evening news, renamed as Week-End 360 . Thomas Sotto had a new QG de l'info right after this show.\n\nIn February 2008, the channel set up a new weekend schedule, affecting only the 6 pm – midnight slot, with four changes:\n\nIn January 2008 BFMTV announced that the schedule would change somewhere around March and April, before postponing the change until 19 May 2008. The channel would update the morning and evening news block, while showing sports in partnership with RMC in the afternoon. From January 2008, the channel started carrying La Tribune BFM , in partnership with Dailymotion, Sundays at 6 pm.\n\nIn this new schedule, BFMTV now branded themselves as \"première chaine d'info en France\", with continuous live broadcasting. The continuous news block BFM Non-Stop now has two journalists each timeslot, instead of one, including: Diane Gouffrant and Jean-Alexandre Baril (mornings), Stéphanie de Muru and Gilane Barret/Rachid M'Barki (afternoons (already ending 1 hour earlier)). From May to June 2008, Thomas Sotto anchored Partageons nos idées each Saturday at 8:50 pm.\n\nStarting from 2008, BFMTV has been updating its schedule every September, with the announcement that it would broadcast \"all live\" from 6 am to midnight. Here are some changes:\n\nAlain Marschall and Olivier Truchot, who had been hosting Les Grandes Gueules from 11 am to 2 pm on RMC since 2004, took over Ruth Elkrief's slot (from 7 pm to 8 pm) with an interactive program offering viewers a chance to comment on current events. Ruth Elkrief started anchoring Midi Ruth Elkrief from noon to 2 pm each weekday. BFM Non-Stop now was presented by: Jean-Alexandre Baril and Roselyne Dubois from 9 am to noon, Stéphanie de Muru and Gilane Barret (newsreader in Midi Ruth Elkrief) from 2 pm to 3 pm, then Florence Duprat and Thomas Misrachi from 3 pm to 6 pm.\n\nWhile presenting La Tribune BFM-Dailymotion from 7 to 8 pm each Sunday, Olivier Mazerolle became political editor and let Thomas Sotto anchor the 8 pm newscast. Candice Mahout, who was a chronicler in Première edition , presented Showtime from 8:30 to 9 pm, a current affairs magazine.\n\nFinally, Karl Zéro anchored Karl Zéro sur BFM TV at 10:10 pm, an interview with 1 or 2 guests inspired by CNN's Larry King. Info 360 , presented by Ronald Guintrange and Nathalie Levy , was broadcast weekdays from 9 to 10 pm, then 11 pm to midnight.\n\nEach weekend, Marc Autheman anchored QG de l'info from 6 to 7 pm and from 8 to 9 pm, followed by the 9 pm – midnight Week-end 360 with Rachid M'Barki and Diane Gouffrant.\n\nIn November 2008, Marc Menant joined BFMTV for Partageons nos idées from 7 to 8 pm. 6 versions of this show were presented by Thomas Sotto until summer 2008.\n\nIn January 2009, the 8 pm edition of QG de l'info and Showtime were combined to Le 20H with Thomas Sotto. Stéphanie Soumier now presented Partageons nos idées .\n\nIn July 2009, Info 360 saw two changes: Nathalie Levy , the co-presenter, joined France 5; and Julian Bugier, the business presenter, joined i-Télé, BFMTV's main competitor.\n\nKarine de Menonville started presenting Info 360 with Ronald Guintrange (this show now ended at 12:15 am instead of midnight).\n\nGraziella Rodriguez anchored Première edition with Christophe Delay.\n\nKarl Zéro presented the live interview Sarko Info each weeknight at 8:35 pm.\n\nFrom 7 to 8 pm, the interactive show with Alain Marschall and Olivier Truchot was re-introduced, now with Louise Ekland.\n\nIn November 2009, BFMTV launched its new website, bfmtv.com (formerly bfmtv.fr), which now allowed users to watch a selection of programs, instead of just watching live.\n\nIn January 2010, BFM TV slightly changed its afternoon and early evening schedule on weekdays. Florence Duprat and Thomas Misrachi now presented BFM Non-Stop from 2 to 5 pm, followed by the new \"debate for highlight of the day\" BFM Story from 5 to 6 pm with Alain Marschall and Olivier Truchot (this show was called Top Story during the first broadcasting week). Then, from 6 to 8:30 pm, Thomas Sotto presented QG de l'info alongside Pauline Revenaz (Pascale de la Tour du Pin from March 2010). Louise Ekland continued her cultural magazine at 7:40 pm.\n\nIn March 2010, BFMTV started showing various chronicles on its 6 am – 6 pm image-only weekend block, press reviews in the morning for example.\n\nAt the end of April 2010, several presenters exchanged shifts with each other. Ronald Guintrange joined BFM Non-Stop in the morning with Roselyne Dubois (9 am – noon), replacing Jean-Alexandre Baril who took over BFM Non-Stop in the afternoon with Florence Duprat (2 – 5 pm). Thomas Misrachi, who had presented during the afternoon until then, joined Info 360 (9 pm – 12:15 am) with Stéphanie de Muru for Karine de Ménonville, who was on maternity leave until June 2010. Pascale de La Tour du Pin and Graziella Rodriguès changed roles: the former joined Première édition with Christophe Delay, the latter joined QG de l'info .\n\nThroughout the 2010 World Cup , the channel broadcast many World Cup-related magazines throughout the day. During the week before the World Cup started, Thomas Sotto presented QG de l'info live from South Africa. Rolland Courbis, a consultant on Radio RMC, joined BFM TV, where he presented his morning appointment, Le Tackle de Courbis , and at 6:25 pm and 7:25 pm, Rolland Courbis participated in Coup franc , a program presented by Gilbert Brisbois, journalist-anchor at RMC Sport. Two small parts of the After Foot program, presented by the trio Gilbert Brisbois, Rolland Courbis and Daniel Riolo on RMC, were broadcast simultaneously on BFMTV, every night from 10:45 to 11 pm and from 11:40 pm to midnight.\n\nIn the summer of 2010, Nathalie Levy returned to BFMTV, and joined Info 360 from 9 pm to 10 pm and from 11 pm to 12:30 am (the show was interrupted by QG de l'info ). As a result, the evening schedule was changed completely: afternoon BFM Non-Stop was brought forward by an hour but had the same duration (now 3-6 pm); as a consequence, BFM Story was also shifted to a new 6 – 7 pm slot. After two years working the midday slot, Ruth Elkrief joined the evening slot, with a new 7 – 8 pm debate show, and Sarko Info was extended to 8 minutes long. Thomas Sotto's 8 pm newscast was extended to an hour long (finishing now at 9 pm), before his QG de l'info . Louise Ekland's cultural magazine wasn't changed, although many changes took place elsewhere on the schedule like above. Karine de Ménonville joined the weekday midday slot with Stéphanie de Muru and Gilane Barret from noon to 3 pm, known as Midi|15H .\n\nAt the weekend, the schedule was also shifted a lot; however, QG de l'info was still broadcast from 10 to 11 pm. The new After Foot , presented by Gilbert Brisbois with Rolland Courbis and Daniel Riolo, was broadcast from 11 pm to midnight (however, since January 2011, 11:45 pm to midnight). The rest of the evening (6 – 8 pm, 9 – 10 pm, 11 – 12:30 am (11 – 11:45 pm and 12 – 12:30 am since January 2011)) carried Info 360 with Nathalie Levy .\n\nIn January 2011, following the launch of La Tribune BFM, the channel launched a new Sunday political show from 6 to 8 pm, BFM TV 2012 Le Point-RMC , in partnership with Le Point and the radio station RMC (which belongs to the same group as BFMTV). For two hours, a political personality answers the questions of Olivier Mazerolle on particular topics.\n\nIn the summer of 2011, Thomas Sotto left BFMTV to join M6 as a \"Capital\" presenter. Philippe Verdier also left the channel to join France 2 as a weathercaster.\n\nJean-Jacques Bourdin now presents, until today, Bourdin Direct from 8:35 to 9 am. Ruth Elkrief, after her show, stayed on the air until 9 pm to co-present the 8 pm newscast with Alain Marschall.\n\nAt the end of August 2011, BFMTV reorganised its evening schedule. Alain Marschall left BFM Story to present the 8 pm weekday newscast (with Marc Autheman on the weekend), and as a result, Olivier Truchot became BFM Story' s standalone presenter. Jean-Rémi Baudot was responsible for news updates between 6 and 8 pm, in addition to his evening business shift which he has been working since the beginning of 2009. Nathalie Levy stayed on the air on Info 360 , but the broadcasting time would increase (no longer two separate hour-long blocks but now a continuous three-hour block from 9 pm to midnight). Her co-partner on this show was now Jean-Baptiste Boursier (after leaving I-Télé) and he also presented the midnight newscast on BFMTV. Fanny Agostini joined the channel from RMC to present evening weather.\n\nIn September 2011, BFMTV added several multi-hour shows with set hosts and tone to compartmentalize Non-Stop (which, until then, didn't feature on-air talent of any kind). Fabien Crombé, who joined channel from RMC, and Céline Pitelet presented live news coverage from 6 am to 10 am, known as Week-end Première . Non-Stop , now added a Week-End moniker, only aired in two separate blocks from 10 am to noon and 2 pm to 6 pm. While Stéphanie de Muru and Rachid M'Barki presented the morning edition, the afternoon team was Céline Couratin and Graziella Rodrigues (plus Jean-Alexandre Baril, who left the weekday afternoon edition of Non-Stop and replaced by Mathieu Coache). Also, the morning team presented the all-new midday Midi|14H Week-End . Lucie Nuttin and Damien Gourlet (newcomers from LCP and Europe 1 , respectively) presented together Week-End 360 from 6 pm to 8 pm, 9 pm to 10 pm, 11 pm to 11:45 pm and midnight to 12:30 am.\n\nAt the beginning of 2012, two chroniclers rejoined the channel: Emmanuel Lechypre in business and Ulysse Gosset in international politics.\n\nAt the end of August 2012, BFMTV updated its evening schedule. From 9 pm to 11 pm, Nathalie Levy presented Info 360 with Jean-Rémi Baudot, and then the midnight newscast. Jean-Baptiste Boursier had a new role: presenting the all-new Le Soir BFM from 11 pm to midnight, a show focusing on the facts of the day's news (however, in March 2013, Le Soir BFM started at 10:30 pm).\n\nThe weekday schedule was also refreshed: 9 am – noon: Non-Stop with Roselyne Dubois and Damien Gourlet; noon-3 pm: Midi|15H with Karine de Ménonville and Ronald Guintrange; 3 pm – 6 pm: Non-Stop with Gilane Barret and Florence Duprat. Mathieu Coache left his afternoon shift to become Washington's correspondent.\n\nOn weekends, BFMTV had a new weekly analysis programme: 7 Jours BFM , presented by Thomas Misrachi and aired every Saturday from 6 pm to 8 pm. Frédéric de Lanouvelle and François Gapihan rejoined Stéphanie de Muru on morning Non-Stop Week-End and Midi|14H Week-End . At the afternoon Non-Stop Week-End (2 – 6 pm), Sandra Gandoin, who previously worked as a substitute host for Céline Couratin, now became an official presenter alongside Jean-Alexandre Baril. Lucie Nuttin had a new co-host on Week-end 360 : Maxime Cogny.\n\nBFMTV added a new block for Première edition from 4:30 am to 6 am, presented by Céline Pitelet and Jean-Rémi Baudot; then Christophe Delay and Pascale de La Tour du Pin anchored the normal 6 – 8:30 am slot. This decision made Première edition the earliest live news programme in France.\n\nIn July 2013, Apolline de Malherbe, who returned to BFMTV, replaced Anna Cabana on the morning political segment at 6:50 am and 7:50 am; plus she also had another political-related show alongside Hedwige Chevrillon, BFM Politique every Sunday from 6 pm to 8 pm.\n\nNathalie Levy 's Info 360 was replaced by a new show: News et Compagnie alongside Laurent Neumann and Emmanuel Lechypre from 9 pm to 10 pm Mondays to Thursdays.\n\nJean-Baptiste Boursier's Le Soir BFM was renamed Grand Angle and airing Mondays to Thursdays from 10 pm to midnight. Rachid M'Barki, who presented news bulletins every half-hour between 6 pm and 8 pm, now also presented two new newscasts at 9 pm and midnight.\n\nDominique Mari replaced Fabien Combé on 6 am – 10 am Week-end Première . Midi|14H Week-end was dropped in favor of an extra two-hour block of Non-Stop Week-End .\n\nChristophe Hondelatte rejoined BFMTV to present the 8 pm weekend newscast as well as Hondelatte Direct from 10 pm to midnight Fridays to Sundays alongside newsreader Lucie Nuttin. Fabien Combé had a new role: presenting News Week-end from 9 pm to 10 pm Fridays to Sundays as well as Le Journal de la Nuit Week-end .\n\nOn weekends, Philippe Gaudin anchored Non-Stop Week-End from 2 pm to 6 pm alongside Graziella Rodrigues.\n\nThroughout 2015, BFMTV was, according to Médiametrie, France's number one news channel. In July 2015, almost 34 million French people watched this channel, which is nearly 9 million daily in average.\n\nAs a rolling news channel, BFMTV has been criticized for \"accelerat[ing] reality, and creat[ing] pressure for instant solutions\", as well as being conflating what it means to be \"popular\" and \" populist \" due to its pursuit of audiences. Thus other media institutions have insinuated that BFMTV has furthered the cause of Marine Le Pen , the head of the nationalist Front national political party . For example, BFMTV \"star interviewer\" Jean-Jacques Bourdin has been ridiculed for \"rejoicing at the prospect of a President Le Pen\"; such insinuations tend to arouse \"fury\" in the BFMTV newsroom. In March 2014 French media regulator Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) examined BFMTV's distribution of airtime for election candidates, stating that the channel gave UMP and Socialist Party candidates limited access while allowing the Front National \"persistent overrepresentation\". [ 3 ]\n\nDaniel Schneidermann , a media commentator writing for the left-wing Libération , thinks that BFMTV \"may not set out to be right-wing but it ends up that way de facto\", claiming that BFMTV \"over-cover[s] her\" because they need good ratings and Le Pen \"always gets a good audience\". Similarly, Schneidermann notes that they prioritize coverage of sensational issues such as crime stories to the detriment of \"social\" stories. Indeed, Bourdin and another TV host Christophe Hondelatte have been described as a \"duo of shock\". [ 4 ] For example, Hondelatte revealed that his pay is tied to the size of the audience he attracts. [ 5 ]\n\nThe French media regulator Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) has stated in 2014 that BFMTV allowed the Front National \"persistent overrepresentation\" during the 2014 French municipal elections . [ 3 ] BFMTV responded, claiming to \"take note of this call to order\" and that the news channel \"will respect the law well and will reach fairness on 21 March at midnight, as it requires.\" [ 3 ]\n\nBFMTV was sued in April 2015 for its coverage of the 9 January 2015 Porte de Vincennes siege . Six hostages hiding in the Hypercacher kosher grocery store claimed that the network endangered their lives by broadcasting the fact that they were seeking refuge in the grocery's refrigerator while the siege was still ongoing. [ 6 ]\n\nIn mid-January 2023, Rachid M'Barki, journalist who presents the night newspaper, is suspended following an internal investigation for foreign interference concerning content broadcast by the channel in troubled circumstances about the economic forum of Dakhla . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] According to an investigation by France Info , the \"information\" was provided by an Israeli agency, run by former members of the army and the secret services and specialized in influence, electoral manipulation and disinformation. [ 9 ]\n\nIt was launched first on the French digital terrestrial television (TNT, or télévision numérique terrestre ) and is broadcast free 24 hours a day, by satellite on CanalSat (see frequencies below), French digital terrestrial television, by DSL providers Free , Neuf , Orange , by mobile television on Orange and SFR , by cable provider Numericable , and live on the channel's website (via Windows Media streaming).\n\nBFMTV has a policy called priorite au direct that mandates that live outside feeds are used whenever possible. [ 1 ]\n\nBFMTV is freely broadcast by satellite in DVB-S2 MPEG-4 :\n\nBFMTV journalists, who tend to be young, \"pride themselves on doing things differently\". [ 10 ]\n\nCurrently, the channel has 250 journalists, with 49 work on screen.\n\nThe Prix Spécial is awarded to a personality or an investment company. Performance, net flows and profile with the French and international financial communities are the key criterion retained to award the prize. [ 11 ]",
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mostwatched french news channel june national share mid greatly exceeds first competitor itl national share rating advertise revenue increase budget network peak million compare million launch june bfm sport second allnews sport channel france infosport sister channel canal channel feature minute update every minute loop night long also carry magazine foot daily midnight grand weekend sport weekend noon minute sport sundayfriday launch november bfm paris mainly inspire new york news main programming consist local news update traffic weather sport cultural information there live morning show seven day week even show weeknight channel first schedule version focus morning evening dayparts weekdays bfm matin channel run minute block stphanie muru minute general news thomas misrachi minute financial news block keep run throughout day imagesonly newscasts french tout image bfm soir bfmtv carry newscast every halfhour ruth elkrief olivier mazerolle florence duprat jeanalexandre baril every evening mazerolle present mazerolle direct feature interview one two guest show replay two hour later nothing live except newscast loop format weekend bfmtv run imageonly newscasts every minute except guillaume vanhems anchor halfhour news report version launch may channel put anchor set news block especially bfm soir include thomas misrachi ruth elkrief olivier mazerolle florence duprat midnight thomas sotto weekend bfm matin bfm soir bfmtv brand block title bfm nonstop update news flash every minute continuous loop weather report inbetween guillaume vanhems jeanalexandre baril stphanie muru however imagesonly weekend news report keep except new block thomas sotto presidential election mazerolle change show name mazerolle direct journal campagne still broadcast time also time new weekday political show run bfm bourdin jeanjacques bourdin simulcast rmc november ruth elkrief start coanchoring hedwige chevrillon bfm business new show duo bfm simulcast channel bfm reran show january show replace tribune bfm sunday even interview january elkrief also present lysee nightly political debate also time bfm nonstop change presenter guillaume vanhems longer air jeanalexandre baril present morning news stphanie muru still afternoon nathalie levy present news report gilane barret general news julian bugier business time channel relaunched infographics graphic music image schedule slogan live direct replace nouvelle chaine dinfo also receive journalist presenter christophe delay formerly anchor europe replace thomas misrachi present alongside karine menonville first part premire edition florence duprat thomas misrachi present new midday newsshow weekday even new program linfo ronald guintrange thomas sotto marc autheman valrie branger present weekend even news know info weekend bfm still keep imageonly report start august bourdin rename bourdin direct also marc autheman stphanie muru present weekend even news rename weekend thomas sotto new linfo right show february channel set new weekend schedule affect midnight slot four change january bfmtv announce schedule would change somewhere around march april postpone change may channel would update morning even news block show sport partnership rmc afternoon january channel start carry tribune bfm partnership dailymotion sundays new schedule bfmtv brand premire chaine dinfo france continuous live broadcasting continuous news block bfm nonstop two journalist timeslot instead one include diane gouffrant jeanalexandre baril morning stphanie muru gilane barretrachid mbarki afternoon already end hour earlier may june thomas sotto anchor partageons nos ides saturday start bfmtv update schedule every september announcement would broadcast live midnight change alain marschall olivier truchot hosting le grandes gueules rmc since take ruth elkriefs slot interactive program offering viewer chance comment current event ruth elkrief start anchor midi ruth elkrief noon weekday bfm nonstop present jeanalexandre baril roselyne dubois noon stphanie muru gilane barret newsreader midi ruth elkrief florence duprat thomas misrachi present tribune bfmdailymotion sunday olivier mazerolle become political editor let thomas sotto anchor newscast candice mahout chronicler premire edition present showtime current affair magazine finally karl zro anchor karl zro sur bfm interview guest inspire cnns larry king info present ronald guintrange nathalie levy broadcast weekday midnight weekend marc autheman anchor linfo follow midnight weekend rachid mbarki diane gouffrant november marc menant join bfmtv partageons nos ides version show present thomas sotto summer january edition linfo showtime combine thomas sotto stphanie soumier present partageons no ides july info saw two change nathalie levy copresenter join france julian bugier business presenter join itl bfmtvs main competitor karine menonville start present info ronald guintrange show end instead midnight graziella rodriguez anchor premire edition christophe delay karl zro present live interview sarko info weeknight interactive show alain marschall olivier truchot reintroduce louise ekland november bfmtv launch new website bfmtvcom formerly bfmtvfr allow user watch selection program instead watch live january bfm slightly change afternoon early evening schedule weekdays florence duprat thomas misrachi present bfm nonstop follow new debate highlight day bfm story alain marschall olivier truchot show call top story first broadcast week thomas sotto present linfo alongside pauline revenaz pascale tour pin march louise ekland continue cultural magazine march bfmtv start show various chronicle imageonly weekend block press review morning example end april several presenter exchange shift ronald guintrange join bfm nonstop morning roselyne dubois noon replace jeanalexandre baril take bfm nonstop afternoon florence duprat thomas misrachi present afternoon join info stphanie muru karine mnonville maternity leave june pascale tour pin graziella rodrigus change role former join premire dition christophe delay latter join linfo throughout world cup channel broadcast many world cuprelated magazine throughout day week world cup start thomas sotto present linfo live south africa rolland courbis consultant radio rmc join bfm present morning appointment tackle courbis rolland courbis participate coup franc program present gilbert brisbois journalistanchor rmc sport two small part foot program present trio gilbert brisbois rolland courbis daniel riolo rmc broadcast simultaneously bfmtv every night midnight summer nathalie levy return bfmtv join info show interrupt linfo result even schedule change completely afternoon bfm nonstop bring forward hour duration consequence bfm story also shift new slot two year work midday slot ruth elkrief join even slot new debate show sarko info extend minute long thomas sottos newscast extend hour long finishing linfo louise eklands cultural magazine wasnt change although many change take place elsewhere schedule like karine mnonville join weekday midday slot stphanie muru gilane barret noon know midih weekend schedule also shift lot however linfo still broadcast new foot present gilbert brisbois rolland courbis daniel riolo broadcast midnight however since january midnight rest evening since january carry info nathalie levy january follow launch tribune bfm channel launch new sunday political show bfm pointrmc partnership point radio station rmc belongs group bfmtv two hour political personality answer question olivier mazerolle particular topic summer thomas sotto leave bfmtv join capital presenter philippe verdier also leave channel join france weathercaster jeanjacques bourdin present today bourdin direct ruth elkrief show stay air copresent newscast alain marschall end august bfmtv reorganise even schedule alain marschall leave bfm story present weekday newscast marc autheman weekend result olivier truchot become bfm story standalone presenter jeanrmi baudot responsible news update addition even business shift work since begin nathalie levy stay air info broadcasting time would increase long two separate hourlong block continuous threehour block midnight copartner show jeanbaptiste boursier leave itl also present midnight newscast bfmtv fanny agostini join channel rmc present even weather september bfmtv add several multihour show set host tone compartmentalize nonstop didnt feature onair talent kind fabien cromb join channel rmc cline pitelet present live news coverage know weekend premire nonstop add weekend moniker air two separate block noon stphanie muru rachid mbarki present morning edition afternoon team cline couratin graziella rodrigues plus jeanalexandre baril leave weekday afternoon edition nonstop replace mathieu coache also morning team present allnew midday midih weekend lucie nuttin damien gourlet newcomer lcp europe respectively present together weekend midnight begin two chronicler rejoin channel emmanuel lechypre business ulysse gosset international politics end august bfmtv updated evening schedule nathalie levy present info jeanrmi baudot midnight newscast jeanbaptiste boursier new role present allnew soir bfm midnight show focusing fact day news however march soir bfm start weekday schedule also refresh noon nonstop roselyne dubois damien gourlet noon midih karine mnonville ronald guintrange nonstop gilane barret florence duprat mathieu coache leave afternoon shift become washington correspondent weekend bfmtv new weekly analysis programme jours bfm present thomas misrachi air every saturday frdric lanouvelle franois gapihan rejoin stphanie muru morning nonstop weekend midih weekend afternoon nonstop weekend sandra gandoin previously work substitute host cline couratin become official presenter alongside jeanalexandre baril lucie nuttin new cohost weekend maxime cogny bfmtv add new block premire edition present cline pitelet jeanrmi baudot christophe delay pascale tour pin anchor normal slot decision make premire edition early live news programme france july apolline malherbe return bfmtv replace anna cabana morning political segment plus also another politicalrelated show alongside hedwige chevrillon bfm politique every sunday nathalie levy info replace new show news compagnie alongside laurent neumann emmanuel lechypre monday thursdays jeanbaptiste boursiers soir bfm rename grand angle air monday thursday midnight rachid mbarki present news bulletin every halfhour also present two new newscast midnight dominique mari replace fabien comb weekend premire midih weekend drop favor extra twohour block nonstop weekend christophe hondelatte rejoin bfmtv present weekend newscast well hondelatte direct midnight friday sundays alongside newsreader lucie nuttin fabien comb new role present news weekend fridays sundays well journal nuit weekend weekend philippe gaudin anchor nonstop weekend alongside graziella rodrigues throughout bfmtv accord mdiametrie france number one news channel july almost million french people watch channel nearly million daily average roll news channel bfmtv criticize accelerating reality create pressure instant solution well conflate mean popular populist due pursuit audience thus medium institution insinuate bfmtv further cause marine pen head nationalist front national political party example bfmtv star interviewer jeanjacques bourdin ridicule rejoice prospect president pen insinuation tend arouse fury bfmtv newsroom march french medium regulator conseil suprieur laudiovisuel csa examine bfmtvs distribution airtime election candidate state channel give ump socialist party candidate limited access allow front national persistent overrepresentation daniel schneidermann medium commentator write leftwing libration think bfmtv may not set rightwing end way facto claim bfmtv overcovers need good rating pen always get good audience similarly schneidermann note prioritize coverage sensational issue crime story detriment social story indeed bourdin another host christophe hondelatte describe duo shock example hondelatte reveal pay tie size audience attract french medium regulator conseil suprieur laudiovisuel csa state bfmtv allow front national persistent overrepresentation french municipal election bfmtv respond claim take note call order news channel respect law well reach fairness march midnight require bfmtv sue april coverage january porte vincennes siege six hostage hide hypercacher kosher grocery store claim network endanger live broadcast fact seek refuge grocery refrigerator siege still ongoing midjanuary rachid mbarki journalist present night newspaper suspend follow internal investigation foreign interference concern content broadcast channel trouble circumstance economic forum dakhla accord investigation france info information provide israeli agency run former member army secret service specialize influence electoral manipulation disinformation launch first french digital terrestrial television tnt tlvision numrique terrestre broadcast free hour day satellite canalsat see frequency french digital terrestrial television dsl provider free neuf orange mobile television orange sfr cable provider numericable live channel website via window medium stream bfmtv policy call priorite direct mandate live outside feed use whenever possible bfmtv freely broadcast satellite dvbs mpeg bfmtv journalist tend young pride thing differently currently channel journalist work screen prix spcial award personality investment company performance net flow profile french international financial community key criterion retain award prize"
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corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Bandai/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Bandai.json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Bandai",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai",
+    "transformers_text": "Bandai Co., Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational toy manufacturer and distributor headquartered in Taitō, Tokyo , including many international branches around the world. Since 2005, Bandai is the toy production division of Bandai Namco Holdings , which, in 2017, was the world's second largest toy company measured by total revenue. [ 1 ] Between 1981 and 2001, Bandai was a manufacturer of video game consoles .\n\nBandai was founded by World War II veteran Naoharu Yamashina as Bandai-Ya on July 5, 1950, as the corporate spin-off of a textile wholesaler. The company began as a distributor of metallic toys and rubber swimming rings, before moving to metal cars and aircraft models. It was renamed Bandai Co., Ltd. in 1961 and achieved considerable success with its action figures based on the anime Astro Boy .\n\nIn 1947, Naoharu Yamashina began working for a Kanazawa -based textile wholesaler. [ 2 ] The eldest son to a rice retailer, Yamashina had studied business in high school and was enlisted in World War II , where an impact from a grenade shrapnel blinded him in his right eye. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The textile business, ran by his wife's brother, was struggling financially as a result of Japan's post-war economy. [ 5 ] He made little money working, and as he was having a difficult time finding ways to allow the business to pick up, a neighbor told him about the potential of the toy industry and the financial success that could be generated from it. [ 5 ] Intrigued, Yamashina convinced his wife to travel to Tokyo with him to begin studying the potentially lucrative market for toys. [ 4 ] With little money or exposure in the field, the two worked long hours to establish a small toy distribution division within the textile business. [ 2 ]\n\nYamashina assumed full control of the toy division on July 5, 1950, when it was spun-off as a separate company named Bandai-ya [ b ] in Taitō, Tokyo . [ 2 ] [ 6 ] The name was derived from Japanese reading of Chinese phrase \"bandai fueki\" ( 万代不易 ), meaning \"eternally unchanging\" or \"things that are eternal\" which originated from the Chinese military text Six Secret Teachings in one of the seven military texts of the Seven Military Classics . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 7 ] Being assisted by Atsuko Tatsumi, publisher of the Weekly Toy News in Tokyo, Bandai-ya distributed and imported celluloid dolls, metallic toys, and rubber swimming rings. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] The company released its first original product the same year, the Rhythm Ball, a beach ball with a bell inside that suffered from numerous quality defects. [ 2 ] [ 6 ] Bandai-ya improved the quality of its products as it continued designing new kinds of toys, such as inexpensive metal cars and aircraft models. [ 4 ] [ 7 ] Several of these were exported to the United States and elsewhere as a result of their popularity, being among the earliest \"Made In Japan\" products exported outside the country. [ 4 ]\n\nAs its revenue increased, Bandai-ya began expanding its operations. [ 4 ] A new shipping and warehouse facility was constructed in spring 1953, followed by research and development (R&D) and product inspection departments later that year. [ 4 ] A manufacturing facility, Waraku Works, was opened in early 1955 to increase the production of toys. [ 4 ] In the same year, it implemented the toy industry's first quality assurance system; the first toy approved by this was the 1956 Toyopet Crown model car, which was also Bandai-ya's first product with a guarantee. [ 6 ] [ 8 ] The growing company worked on creating a friendly corporate image for itself, introducing a new logo, slogan, and television commercials that emphasized its quality products. [ 4 ] Bandai-ya was renamed Bandai in July 1961, the same time it started spreading its operations overseas, beginning with the establishment of Bandai Overseas Supply in New York City. [ 6 ] [ 8 ]\n\nWhile its toys often sold well in Japan, Bandai didn't achieve considerable success until 1963, when it began producing action figures based on the anime Astro Boy . [ 6 ] [ 4 ] [ 8 ] The toy line's success prompted Bandai to reorganize and rethink its business strategies, as the company transitioned from working on original products to funding the creation of new television series and acting as a sponsor during their run, with advertisements that showed off Bandai's tie-in action figures and costumes. [ 6 ] [ 4 ] [ 9 ] A similar blockbuster hit was found with action figures in the likenesses of Ultraman characters, largely due to the popularity of the television series at the time; the figures were later released in North America to little fanfare. [ 4 ] In July 1966, it released Crazy Foam, a line of bubble blowing canisters that sold 2.4 million units in three months, thanks to the backing of an extensive marketing campaign. [ 6 ] Bandai's other products included the Thunderbird electrical vehicles, the Water Motor bath toys, and the Naughty Flipper, the last of which received a gold medal at the 1968 New York International Innovative productions Exhibition. [ 8 ] An additional manufacturing plant was acquired in late 1969 to further increase the production of toys. [ 4 ]\n\nBandai continued its expansion throughout the 1970s. The company established a joint venture with model car manufacturer Tonka in 1970 and established Tonka Japan K.K., as part of Bandai's continuing mission in establishing ties with foreign companies. A subsidiary named Popy was formed a year later that specialized in the manufacturing of toys based on popular children's characters, the subsidiary was originally intended for candy shops and other retail outlets outside of the usual toy stores. Though Bandai became a major player in the Japanese toy industry, competing with companies such as Takara and Epoch , executives believed the company needed to further spread out into international territories to help increase worldwide brand awareness. [ 10 ] Bandai Models was later established in 1971, [ 11 ] who specialized in the manufacturing of toy characters. [ 12 ] Although not their most profitable range, Bandai's 1/48 scale AFV models dominated that segment of the model kit market. Bandai America Inc. was established as local US sales/marketing operation in 1978. Spacewarp , a line of build-it-yourself toy rolling ball \"roller coasters\" was introduced by Bandai in the 1980s.\n\nIn May 1980, Makoto Yamashina, son of the founder, became president of Bandai. Naoharu Yamashina became chairman of the board. Upon his arrival, Makoto Yamashina completely changed the ageing staff of Bandai and replaced them with younger employees with the intent of not only bringing new ideas, but also revisiting the strategy of the group. The new president took a different commercial approach by selling directly to retailers rather than going through intermediates. [ 4 ] [ 6 ]\n\nIn July 1980, Bandai launched the 'Gundam Plastic Model' based on the animated series Mobile Suit Gundam which gave birth to the Gunpla range of scale model kits. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] In November, the subsidiary Celent was created. [ 6 ]\n\nBandai became one of the first third-party developers for the Nintendo Family Computer in 1985. [ 15 ] Among its first titles was Tag Team Match: MUSCLE , a video game adaptation of the Kinnikuman manga, which sold over one million copies. [ 6 ] Bandai also produced the Family Trainer Pad, released outside Japan as the Power Pad , which also performed well commercially. A series of games was released both in the US and in Japan, including Athletic World and Stadium Events for the NES. Shortly after its release, Nintendo purchased the rights to the FFF mat in North America, replacing it with their own redesign, the Power Pad . In order to maintain branding continuity, Stadium Events was pulled from shelves after a short period of availability at Woolworth's stores. Because the game was pulled from shelves and discontinued before many copies were sold, Bandai's Stadium Events is universally accepted as the rarest licensed NES game released in North America. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] A shrink-wrapped copy of the game sold for $41,270 on eBay in February 2010. [ 18 ] The sister game to Stadium Events , called Athletic World was initially released with a label that indicated compatibility with the Family Fun Fitness mat, but was later re-released with an updated label that mentions the Power Pad instead. [ 19 ] Stadium Events was not released by name again, but instead was slightly modified and relaunched as the Power Pad pack-in game, World Class Track Meet .\n\nSince the 1980s, Bandai has become the leading toy company of Japan, and to this day, has the main toy licenses in Japan to popular properties including Daikaiju , Ultraman , Super Robot , Kamen Rider , the Super Sentai and Power Rangers series (which it took part in creating), Gundam , and many others. In February 1989, it acquired arcade game developer Coreland and reorganized it into Banpresto , which became Bandai's coin-operated entertainment division. [ 20 ] In the early 1990s, Bandai published games for Nintendo in the United Kingdom , including Street Fighter II on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . [ 21 ]\n\nBy 1989, Bandai celebrated its 39th anniversary as Makoto Yamashina spoke of the name \"Bandai Land\" as a vision for a leisure facility modeled after Disney 's theme parks when Bandai decided to shift its focus from being a toy company to an entertainment company like the above as the name \"Japan's Disney\". In that same year when Bandai suffered numeruous financial troubles, they established a partnership with video game publisher & developer Corland in order for Bandai to expand into the coin-op industry as the former would allow themselves to launch a stronghold into the above genre. [ 22 ] Later in that same year when Conland suffered similar financial constraints as they were having accumulated more than ¥1.5 billion in debt due to poor sales, Bandai rather than dropping out of the struggling Conland deal, they decided to majority-acquire the company in February 1989 and had it reorganised as their own video game publishing & development division Banpresto; the name came from a portmanteau of \"Bandai\" and \"presto\", a word used to describe magic, with Yukumasa Sugiara a member of Bandai's board of directors became president of the rebranded division. [ 22 ]\n\nIn February 1994, Bandai entered the film & television animation production business by acquiring famous anime studio Sunrise , the acquisition of Sunrise had gave Bandai their own official in-house anime production studio as Bandai's management including Satoru Matsumoto joining the acquired studio. [ 23 ]\n\nIn 1993, Bandai entered the home video game console market by launching its own video game console called Playdia which was released exclusively in Japan. However, in that year, Bandai planned to produce a second owned scaled-down version of the Macintosh purely for CD-ROM game-playing, Bandai's former president & CEO Makoto Yamashina chosed the Macintosh platform over other platforms over that time. [ 24 ] Around that year, Bandai exited the publishing business and dissolved its publishing division with them selling the remaining of its publishing operations MediaWorks , whilst Bandai retained B-Club and continued to publish the magazine.\n\nIn early 1994, Bandai approached American technology company Apple with an idea of producing a gaming console; later to be called the Apple Pippin (known as Pippin@mark in Japan) partnership with Apple. Bandai originally never intended to develop a system with Internet connection , however after receiving customer feedback, Bandai and Apple established a modem into the Pippin design. Once Bandai licensed the Pippin from Apple in December 1994, the former spent US$93 million in marketing alone to sell the Pippin line. One year later in June 1995 during the 1995 Tokyo Toy Show, Bandai established its unit Bandai Digital Software to promote early Pippin development; four months later in October of that year, Bandai launched its software publishing division Bandai Digital Entertainment Corporation in order to support the platform and developers in the United States. One year later in January 1996 two months before the launch of Apple Pippin console, Bandai established Bandai Digital Entertainment Co., Ltd. was formed on January 9, 1996, to support the platform in Japan. [ 24 ]\n\nThe Apple Pippin console was released two years later in March 1996 but both the Pippin console and the Playdia were both unsuccessful for Bandai and lead them into discontinuing the console in that year, most of the unsold consoles were converted into coin-operated Micha King machines by its subsidiary Banpresto. [ 25 ]\n\nIn January 1997, Bandai announced it would merge its operations with Japanese video game developer Sega . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] The merger, a $1 billion stock swap where Sega would acquire Bandai and dissolve the company, [ 26 ] would have established a new entertainment conglomerate named Sega Bandai Ltd. with an estimated $6 billion in revenue. [ 29 ] The announcement followed a ¥ 9 billion loss from Bandai the same month, attributed to declining game sales and the poor reception of the Apple Pippin console. [ 26 ] Bandai felt Sega was an appropriate company to merge with, as it possessed an American management model and several international offices, in addition to owning several successful franchises like Sonic the Hedgehog . [ 26 ] [ 29 ] Opposition arose within Bandai's employees and midlevel executives, as neither felt the company's family-friendly work ethic meshed well with Sega's top-down corporate culture. [ 30 ] However following the huge success of Bandai's Tamagotchi toy line and strong opposition from within Bandai caused the plan to fall through. However, the two companies were not the \"decisive factors\" in the deal's collapse and as a result, Bandai called off the merge in May before its finalization in October. [ 31 ] President Makoto Yamashina took responsibility for its failure, publicly apologizing and resigning his position within the company. [ 32 ] Even after when Bandai called off the merger talks between Bandai and Sega, the former instead agreed to a business alliance with Bandai prioritising software development for Sega's game consoles. [ 30 ]\n\nOne year later on February 27, 1998, after the merger between Bandai and Sega had fallen, Bandai sold all of the remaining inventory of hardware to American manufacturing company DayStar Digital with Bandai continued to support its own consoles until the end of 2002. [ 33 ] Later in that year, Bandai's American distribution division Bandai America launched its anime entertainment distribution arm called Bandai Entertainment in order to license and distribute anime in North America and originally released its titles on VHS under the AnimeVillage label before releasing it under its own name.\n\nIn 2002, Bandai released the pre-painted kit of a railway car shorty model with a shortened length called the \"B-Train Shorty\". Similar products similar to the \"B-Train Shorty\" were released around the same time as the \"B-Train Shorty\" such as the \"Star Train\" a candy toy that realistically models the lead car at the same scale as N gauge, and the \"ZZ Train\" a battery-powered scale model with a rail width smaller than Z gauge.\n\nIn the beginning of March 2003, Bandai announced the merger its subsidiary Yutaka with its garage kit division B-Club to form a new subsidiary named Popy, reviving the Popy brand after its folding with Bandai back in the 1980s. [ 34 ] However four years later in 2007, when Bandai's new parent Bandai Namco Holdings announced its restructuring, Popy was folded back into its parent Bandai into its subsidiary Plex whilst retaining the Popy brand.\n\nLater in that same month of that year, Bandai achieved record-high operating and ordinary profits with the launching of the \"Real Dream Doraemon Project\" to create a real Doraemon . Meanwhile, Bandai launched its upgraded version of its handheld game console WonderSwan called the \"WonderSwan Color\" was released in 2000 as the successor to the first WonderSwan handheld console enjoyed moderate popularity following the release of the \" Final Fantasy \" series for the first time on a handheld game console. However, a lack of popular software and the onslaught of Nintendo 's handheld competitor \" Game Boy Advance \" led to a gradual decline and in that same year, Bandai announced its de facto withdrawal from handheld game hardware development.\n\nIn April 2004, the company decided moved its headquarters to its current location. The new building has four elevators, each uniquely equipped with the voice of characters from its franchises and licensed properties such as Mametchi from the Tamagotchi franchise, Kamen Rider No. 1 from the Kamen Rider franchise, Anpanman from the picture book series of the same name and Amuro Ray from its anime subsidiary Sunrise Gundam franchise making announcements.\n\nIn September 2005 eight years after the proposed merger of Bandai and Sega had failed, Bandai announced that it had merged with multinational video game developer, amusement facility & entertainment company Namco (with whom Bandai had previously had a partnership) into establishing a new holding parent company that would bring all of Bandai's toy manufacturing and anime entertainment production activities and Namco's video game publishing & developing operations under one group called Bandai Namco Holdings which was called \"Namco Bandai\" outside of Japan, becoming the largest toy and videogame business. [ 35 ]\n\nAfter its merger with game developer and amusement facility operator Namco in 2005, Bandai is now under the management and a member of Bandai Namco Holdings (Bandai Namco Group). One year later on January 4, 2006, Bandai's American video game publishing division Bandai Games had merged with Namco's American developing division Namco Hometek to form Namco Bandai Games America Inc., which was housed within Bandai Games' former premises. [ 36 ] A week later on the 11th of that month in that year, Bandai's console division had been merged with Namco's console game, business program, mobile phone, and research facility divisions to form Namco Bandai Games Inc. in March 2006. Both Bandai and Namco continued working independently under the newly formed Bandai Namco Holdings until 31 March 2006, when their video game operations were merged to form Namco Bandai Games. [ 37 ] On October 30, Bandai's European video game division would merged with Namco's European game division as well, forming Namco Bandai Games Europe S.A.S. [ 38 ]\n\nAt the beginning of March 2006, Bandai's hobby building Bandai Hobby Center had been moved from its former factory in Shizuoka Works at Shimizu Ward, Shizuoka , where the plastic model production had been conducted since the former Imai era, to a new factory based in Aoi Ward, Shizuoka City and started its operations. The new facility handles all Gunpla-related areas, including development, design, mold making, and production, except for sales and promotion. By consolidating all aspects of development and production within the same facility, Bandai aims to improve production efficiency and quality.\n\nOn April 1, 2009, the Bandai Games label website operated by the company was integrated into the official website of Bandai's fellow subsidiary with the Bandai Namco Holdings call Namco Bandai Games. At the same time, Namco Bandai Games had also taken over the intellectual property rights for game titles released which the games division of Bandai had been previously managed before the integration. Furthermore, Bandai transferred its commercials for its game titles produced under the Bandai Games label into Namco Bandai Games' own commercial activities alongside its game business which had been completely integrated into Namco Bandai Games. A few weeks later on April 20 of that year, Bandai launched its official shopping website, called \"Premium Bandai\" was launched. The site offers a wide variety of products, focusing on items that are difficult to sell through general distribution channels and adult apparel.\n\nFollowing a group reorganisation in 2006, Bandai heads the group's Toys and Hobby strategic business unit (SBU). [ 39 ] Bandai Entertainment announced it would cease its distribution operations in January 2012. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] Beez Entertainment is no longer releasing new anime in Europe. [ 42 ]\n\nIn April 2014, Bandai Namco Games announced the discontinuation of the sales of Bandai's video games such as Dragon Ball and One Piece under the Bandai name and it folded into the latter fellow video game publishing & developing division Namco Bandai Games. [ 43 ]\n\nIn February 2018, Saban Brands and Bandai's US division jointly announced a mutual agreement to not renew their Power Rangers master toy license, effective Spring 2019, after which competing toy company Hasbro will inherit the license. This transition will not affect Bandai Japan's Super Sentai (the series from which Power Rangers takes footage) master toy license with Toei .\n\nA sister company, Bandai Spirits , was established on 15 February 2018. On 1 April 2018, the division of Bandai that dealt with products for adult customers (including figures and plastic models) as well as Banpresto 's prizes business were transferred over to Bandai Spirits. [ 44 ]\n\nOn September 18, 2025, Bandai and Bandai Spirits jointly warned that their brand names and logos were used for AI-generated images for figures and other items on social media without permission and has received inquiries about this situation. [ 45 ]\n\n( incomplete list )\n\nBandai has developed kits of the following Star Wars vehicles and figures:\n\nBandai's headquarters is in Taitō, Tokyo , Japan . The company owns offices in the United States (Bandai America), Mexico (Bandai Corporación Mexico), the United Kingdom (Bandai UK), Indonesia (Bandai Namco Indonesia), France, Spain, Taiwan, and mainland China. In the past, it owned offices in Hong Kong, South Korea, Thailand, Germany, and East Asia, which acted as distributors for Bandai products in their respective countries. Bandai is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings and heads its parent's Toy and Hobby Content Strategic Business Unit (CSBU).\n\nBandai is among the largest and most profitable toy companies worldwide, alongside Hasbro and Mattel . The company focuses on creating unique and innovative products for its consumers, and to bend established conventions within the industry; its slogan, \"Break out of the box\" was made in reference to this. [ 48 ]\n\nBandai Spirits Co., Ltd. produces figurines and plastic models targeted towards older demographics, utilizing popular licenses such as Mobile Suit Gundam , One Piece , Pokémon , Kirby , Disney , Star Wars , Hatsune Miku , Dragon Ball , Demon Slayer , Kamen Rider , Super Sentai , Ultraman , and My Hero Academia .\n\nBandai produces confectioneries, board games, and capsule toys through its subsidiary MegaHouse Corporation, which also releases toys and figurines under its MegaToy label. MegaHouse also holds the license for the Rubik's Cube in Japan, and has created multiple variations of the toy specifically for Japanese audiences. Manga series, television shows, and character-themed products are created by the Plex subsidiary. [ 49 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "bandai ltd japanese multinational toy manufacturer distributor headquarter tait tokyo include many international branch around world since bandai toy production division bandai namco holding worlds second large toy company measure total revenue bandai manufacturer video game console bandai founded world war veteran naoharu yamashina bandaiya july corporate spinoff textile wholesaler company begin distributor metallic toy rubber swim ring move metal car aircraft model rename bandai ltd achieve considerable success action figure base anime astro boy naoharu yamashina begin work kanazawa base textile wholesaler eldest son rice retailer yamashina study business high school enlist world war impact grenade shrapnel blind right eye textile business run wife brother struggle financially result japan postwar economy make little money work difficult time find way allow business pick neighbor tell potential toy industry financial success could generate intrigued yamashina convince wife travel tokyo begin study potentially lucrative market toy little money exposure field two work long hour establish small toy distribution division within textile business yamashina assume full control toy division july spunoff separate company name bandaiya tait tokyo name derive japanese read chinese phrase bandai fueki mean eternally unchanging thing eternal originate chinese military text six secret teaching one seven military text seven military classic assist atsuko tatsumi publisher weekly toy news tokyo bandaiya distribute import celluloid dolls metallic toy rubber swim ring company release first original product year rhythm ball beach ball bell inside suffer numerous quality defect bandaiya improve quality product continue design new kind toy inexpensive metal car aircraft model several export united state elsewhere result popularity among early make japan product export outside country revenue increase bandaiya begin expand operation new shipping warehouse facility construct spring follow research development product inspection department later year manufacture facility waraku work open early increase production toy year implement toy industry first quality assurance system first toy approve toyopet crown model car also bandaiyas first product guarantee grow company work create friendly corporate image introduce new logo slogan television commercial emphasize quality product bandaiya rename bandai july time start spread operation overseas begin establishment bandai overseas supply new york city toy often sell well japan bandai didnt achieve considerable success begin produce action figure base anime astro boy toy line success prompt bandai reorganize rethink business strategy company transition work original product fund creation new television series act sponsor run advertisement show bandais tiein action figure costume similar blockbuster hit find action figure likenesses ultraman character largely due popularity television series time figure later release north america little fanfare july release crazy foam line bubble blowing canister sell million unit three month thanks back extensive marketing campaign bandais product include thunderbird electrical vehicle water motor bath toy naughty flipper last receive gold medal new york international innovative production exhibition additional manufacturing plant acquire late increase production toy bandai continued expansion throughout company establish joint venture model car manufacturer tonka establish tonka japan part bandais continue mission establish tie foreign company subsidiary name popy form year later specialize manufacture toy base popular childrens character subsidiary originally intend candy shop retail outlet outside usual toy store though bandai become major player japanese toy industry compete company takara epoch executive believe company need spread international territory help increase worldwide brand awareness bandai model later establish specialize manufacturing toy character although not profitable range bandais scale afv model dominate segment model kit market bandai america inc establish local salesmarketing operation spacewarp line buildityourself toy roll ball roller coaster introduce bandai may makoto yamashina son founder become president bandai naoharu yamashina become chairman board upon arrival makoto yamashina completely change age staff bandai replace young employee intent not bring new idea also revisit strategy group new president take different commercial approach sell directly retailer rather go intermediate july bandai launch gundam plastic model base animated series mobile suit gundam give birth gunpla range scale model kit november subsidiary celent create bandai become one first thirdparty developer nintendo family computer among first title tag team match muscle video game adaptation kinnikuman manga sell one million copy bandai also produce family trainer pad release outside japan power pad also perform well commercially series game release japan include athletic world stadium event nes shortly release nintendo purchase right mat north america replace redesign power pad order maintain brand continuity stadium event pull shelf short period availability woolworth store game pull shelf discontinue many copy sell bandais stadium event universally accept rare license ne game release north america shrinkwrapped copy game sell ebay february sister game stadium event call athletic world initially release label indicate compatibility family fun fitness mat later rereleased updated label mention power pad instead stadium event not release name instead slightly modify relaunched power pad packin game world class track meet since bandai become lead toy company japan day main toy license japan popular property include daikaiju ultraman super robot kamen rider super sentai power ranger series take part create gundam many others february acquire arcade game developer coreland reorganize banpresto become bandais coinoperated entertainment division early bandai publish game nintendo united kingdom include street fighter super nintendo entertainment system bandai celebrate anniversary makoto yamashina speak name bandai land vision leisure facility model disney theme park bandai decide shift focus toy company entertainment company like name japan disney year bandai suffer numeruous financial trouble establish partnership video game publisher developer corland order bandai expand coinop industry former would allow launch stronghold genre later year conland suffer similar financial constraint accumulate billion debt due poor sale bandai rather drop struggle conland deal decide majorityacquire company february reorganise video game publishing development division banpresto name come portmanteau bandai presto word use describe magic yukumasa sugiara member bandais board director become president rebranded division february bandai enter film television animation production business acquire famous anime studio sunrise acquisition sunrise give bandai official inhouse anime production studio bandais management include satoru matsumoto joining acquire studio bandai enter home video game console market launch video game console call playdia release exclusively japan however year bandai plan produce second own scaleddown version macintosh purely cdrom gameplaying bandais former president ceo makoto yamashina chosed macintosh platform platform time around year bandai exit publishing business dissolve publish division selling remain publish operation mediaworks whilst bandai retain bclub continue publish magazine early bandai approach american technology company apple idea produce game console later call apple pippin know pippinmark japan partnership apple bandai originally never intend develop system internet connection however receive customer feedback bandai apple establish modem pippin design bandai license pippin apple december former spent million marketing alone sell pippin line one year later june tokyo toy show bandai establish unit bandai digital software promote early pippin development four month later october year bandai launch software publish division bandai digital entertainment corporation order support platform developer unite state one year later january two month launch apple pippin console bandai establish bandai digital entertainment ltd form january support platform japan apple pippin console release two year later march pippin console playdia unsuccessful bandai lead discontinue console year unsold console convert coinoperated micha king machine subsidiary banpresto january bandai announce would merge operation japanese video game developer sega merger billion stock swap sega would acquire bandai dissolve company would establish new entertainment conglomerate name sega bandai ltd estimate billion revenue announcement follow billion loss bandai month attribute decline game sale poor reception apple pippin console bandai felt sega appropriate company merge possess american management model several international office addition own several successful franchise like sonic hedgehog opposition arise within bandais employee midlevel executive neither felt company familyfriendly work ethic mesh well segas topdown corporate culture however follow huge success bandais tamagotchi toy line strong opposition within bandai cause plan fall however two company not decisive factor deal collapse result bandai call merge may finalization october president makoto yamashina take responsibility failure publicly apologize resign position within company even bandai call merger talk bandai sega former instead agree business alliance bandai prioritise software development segas game console one year later february merger bandai sega fall bandai sell remain inventory hardware american manufacturing company daystar digital bandai continue support console end later year bandais american distribution division bandai america launch anime entertainment distribution arm call bandai entertainment order license distribute anime north america originally release title vhs animevillage label release name bandai release prepainted kit railway car shorty model shorten length call btrain shorty similar product similar btrain shorty release around time btrain shorty star train candy toy realistically model lead car scale gauge train batterypowered scale model rail width small gauge begin march bandai announce merger subsidiary yutaka garage kit division bclub form new subsidiary name popy revive popy brand fold bandai back however four year later bandais new parent bandai namco holding announce restructure popy fold back parent bandai subsidiary plex whilst retain popy brand later month year bandai achieve recordhigh operate ordinary profit launch real dream doraemon project create real doraemon meanwhile bandai launch upgraded version handheld game console wonderswan call wonderswan color release successor first wonderswan handheld console enjoy moderate popularity follow release final fantasy series first time handheld game console however lack popular software onslaught nintendo handheld competitor game boy advance lead gradual decline year bandai announce facto withdrawal handheld game hardware development april company decide move headquarters current location new build four elevator uniquely equip voice character franchise license property mametchi tamagotchi franchise kamen rider kamen rider franchise anpanman picture book series name amuro ray anime subsidiary sunrise gundam franchise make announcement september eight year propose merger bandai sega fail bandai announce merge multinational video game developer amusement facility entertainment company namco bandai previously partnership establish new hold parent company would bring bandais toy manufacturing anime entertainment production activity namcos video game publishing develop operation one group call bandai namco holding call namco bandai outside japan become large toy videogame business merger game developer amusement facility operator namco bandai management member bandai namco holding bandai namco group one year later january bandais american video game publish division bandai game merge namcos american develop division namco hometek form namco bandai game america inc house within bandai game former premise week later month year bandais console division merge namcos console game business program mobile phone research facility division form namco bandai game inc march bandai namco continue work independently newly form bandai namco holding march video game operation merge form namco bandai game october bandais european video game division would merge namcos european game division well form namco bandai game europe sa begin march bandais hobby building bandai hobby center move former factory shizuoka work shimizu ward shizuoka plastic model production conduct since former imai era new factory base aoi ward shizuoka city start operation new facility handle gunplarelated area include development design mold make production except sale promotion consolidate aspect development production within facility bandai aim improve production efficiency quality april bandai game label website operate company integrate official website bandais fellow subsidiary bandai namco holding call namco bandai game time namco bandai game also take intellectual property right game title release game division bandai previously manage integration furthermore bandai transfer commercial game title produce bandai game label namco bandai game commercial activity alongside game business completely integrated namco bandai game week later april year bandai launch official shopping website call premium bandai launch site offer wide variety product focus item difficult sell general distribution channel adult apparel follow group reorganisation bandai head group toy hobby strategic business unit sbu bandai entertainment announce would cease distribution operation january beez entertainment longer release new anime europe april bandai namco game announce discontinuation sale bandais video game dragon ball one piece bandai name fold latter fellow video game publish develop division namco bandai game february saban brand bandais division jointly announce mutual agreement not renew power ranger master toy license effective spring compete toy company hasbro inherit license transition not affect bandai japan super sentai series power ranger take footage master toy license toei sister company bandai spirit establish february april division bandai dealt product adult customer include figure plastic model well banpresto prize business transfer bandai spirit september bandai bandai spirit jointly warn brand name logos use aigenerated image figure item social medium without permission receive inquiry situation incomplete list bandai develop kit follow star war vehicle figure bandais headquarters tait tokyo japan company own office united state bandai america mexico bandai corporacin mexico united kingdom bandai indonesia bandai namco indonesia france spain taiwan mainland china past own office hong kong south korea thailand germany east asia act distributor bandai product respective country bandai wholly own subsidiary bandai namco holding head parent toy hobby content strategic business unit csbu bandai among large profitable toy company worldwide alongside hasbro mattel company focus create unique innovative product consumer bend establish convention within industry slogan break box make reference bandai spirit ltd produce figurine plastic model target towards old demographic utilize popular license mobile suit gundam one piece pokmon kirby disney star war hatsune miku dragon ball demon slayer kamen rider super sentai ultraman hero academia bandai produce confectionery board game capsule toys subsidiary megahouse corporation also release toys figurine megatoy label megahouse also hold license rubiks cube japan create multiple variation toy specifically japanese audience manga series television show characterthemed product create plex subsidiary"
+}

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Bandai_Namco_Entertainment",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment",
+    "transformers_text": "Bandai Namco Entertainment Inc. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game publisher , and the video game branch of the wider Bandai Namco Holdings group. Founded in 2006 as Namco Bandai Games Inc. , [ b ] it is the successor to Namco 's home and arcade video game business, as well as Bandai 's former equivalent division. [ 3 ] Development operations were spun off into a new company in 2012, Namco Bandai Studios, now called Bandai Namco Studios .\n\nBandai Namco Entertainment owns several multi-million video game franchises , including Pac-Man , Tekken , Soulcalibur , Tales , Ace Combat , Taiko no Tatsujin , The Idolmaster , Ridge Racer , Dark Souls , and Little Nightmares . Pac-Man himself serves as the official mascot of the company. The company also owns the licenses to several Japanese media franchises, such as Shonen Jump , Gundam , Kamen Rider , Super Sentai , Sword Art Online , and the Ultra Series .\n\nOn 4 January 2006, Namco Hometek and Bandai Games, the North American consumer game divisions of the former companies, merged to form Namco Bandai Games America Inc., with them absorbing Namco's American subsidiaries which was housed within Namco Hometek's former premises and completing Namco and Bandai's merge in North America. [ 4 ] On 11 January, Bandai Namco Holdings Inc. announced that the Japanese video game divisions of Namco and Bandai would merge into Namco Bandai Games Inc. in March 2006. The merger would form together the home console game content, arcade game, and mobile content business under one roof. [ 2 ] Both companies in a joint statement cited Japan's decreasing birth rates and advancements in technology as the reason for the merge, and to increase their relevance to newer audiences. Both companies worked independently under the newly formed Bandai Namco Holdings until 31 March 2006, when their video game operations were merged to form Namco Bandai Games. [ 1 ] On 30 October, the European divisions of Namco and Bandai would merge as well, forming Namco Bandai Games Europe S.A.S. [ 5 ]\n\nIn November 2007, Namco Bandai Games announced the absorption of Banpresto (which had been purchased in 2006) and will take over Banpresto's video game software and amusement equipment businesses (which had been traded independently) and will fold it into Namco Bandai Games as they started taken over Banpresto's video game publishing activities which had begun one year later on 1 April 2008, whilst Banpresto's prize business including development and sales of prizes such as UFO catchers was taken over by a new company under the Banpresto name. [ 6 ] In August 2008, it was announced that Bandai Networks, Namco Bandai's mobile phone business, would also be merged into Namco Bandai Games on 1 April 2009 and folded. [ 7 ]\n\nIn September 2008, Namco Bandai Games Europe entered into a joint-venture with holding company Infogrames Entertainment SA to form Distribution Partners S.A.S., which would consolidate Atari 's entire distribution network outside of North America and Japan into a single business with exclusive physical packaged-goods distribution rights for video games produced by Namco Bandai and Infogrames within Europe, Asia, South America, Oceania and Africa. The venture would allow Namco Bandai Games to gain a distribution network for the PAL region and would hold a 34% stake, in addition to a stake in Atari Europe and it's subsidiaries. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] On 4 December 2008, Namco Bandai Games America announced that they would form a new publishing label called \"Surge\". The label would focus on publishing mature titles intended for a western audience and was intended to create a separate identity solely for this purpose. [ 13 ] The first title to be published under the label was Afro Samurai . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] No other titles were released under the label, with other titles that focused within that target audience such as Dead to Rights: Retribution and Splatterhouse being released under the Namco label instead to reflect the series' legacy.\n\nIn March 2009, Namco Bandai Games Europe announced it would purchase Atari's stake in Distribution Partners for €37 million and merge it into its own operations. This followed the news of Atari exiting the PAL distribution market to focus on publishing and developing for the massively multiplayer online market. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Atari Europe's assets were merged and folded into Namco Bandai in May 2009 [ 18 ] [ 19 ] while its sale and marketing personnel were transferred to Distribution Partners, of which the prior deal would have allowed Namco Bandai to purchase the remaining 66% stake in Atari Europe June 2012-2013. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The merger was completed on 7 July, and Distribution Partners was renamed as Namco Bandai Partners. Alongside that came Atari's entire distribution operations outside North America and Japan, including 100% of Atari Australia Pty Ltd., 100% of the shares of Atari Asia Holdings Pty. Ltd. and 100% of the shares of Atari UK Ltd. [ 22 ] Atari would secure a five-year distribution deal for Namco Bandai Partners to exclusively distribute their titles in those territories. [ 23 ] The merger would allow Namco Bandai Games to now hold operations in over 50 countries with 17 dedicated offices. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ]\n\nIn 2010, Namco Bandai Games entered the Guinness World Records as the company that released the most TV commercials for the same product, a Nintendo DS game called Solatorobo: Red the Hunter . They created 100 versions of the ad as the game consists of 100 chapters. [ 29 ]\n\nIn early 2011, Namco Networks was absorbed into Namco Bandai Games America, effectively consolidating Namco Bandai's American console, handheld, and mobile video game development operations. [ 30 ]\n\nOn 2 April 2012, Namco Bandai Games spun off its development operations into a new company called Namco Bandai Studios . The new company was spurred by Namco Bandai's interest in faster development times and tighter cohesion between disparate development teams. It comprises approximately 1,000 employees, who were already part of Namco Bandai. [ 31 ]\n\nIn March 2013, Namco Bandai Games established two new game studios. The first, Namco Bandai Studios Singapore, is Namco Bandai's \"leading development center\" in Asia and develops game content for the Asia Pacific market. [ 32 ] The second studio, Namco Bandai Studios Vancouver, works on online social games and game content development for North America and Europe, and is part of the Center for Digital Media (CDM). [ 32 ] In July 2013, it was announced that Namco Bandai Partners' operations would be merged into Namco Bandai Games Europe to push distribution and publishing into one entity. [ 33 ]\n\nIn January 2014, Namco Bandai Games and its development division Namco Bandai Studios became Bandai Namco Games and Bandai Namco Studios, respectively. The change unified the brand internationally in order to increase the \"value\" and \"appeal\" of the name. [ 34 ] The full company name was changed to Bandai Namco Entertainment on 1 April 2015. [ 35 ]\n\nIn February 2014, Bandai Namco Holdings announced that beginning in April, they would cease publishing video games under the singular Namco, Bandai, and Banpresto labels; with all current and upcoming video games being published under the standard Bandai Namco Games label from then on. [ 36 ]\n\nOn 1 April 2018, the amusement machine business division of Bandai Namco Entertainment was transferred over to sister company Bandai Namco Amusement . [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ]\n\nOn 31 July 2019, Bandai Namco Entertainment strengthen its mobile operations with the by establishing a mobile development studio based in Barcelona, Spain named Bandai Namco Mobile that would focus on developing and marketing mobile games for markets outside of Asia within the. The new mobile game development studio opened a year later in 2020 with Bandai Namco Europe & Bandai Namco America president and CEO Naoki Katashima leading the mobile division. [ 40 ]\n\nAt the end of January 2020, Bandai Namco Entertainment who had established its joint-venture BXD with Drecom back three years prior in May 2017 had announced its acquisition of the remaining 49% of its joint-venture subsidiary BXD from its partner Drecom. [ 41 ]\n\nIn September 2020, Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe and Oceania acquired Canadian video game developer Reflector Entertainment . [ 42 ]\n\nIn February 2021, Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe took a minorty stake in German developer Limbic Entertainment , [ 43 ] eventually becoming the majority stakeholder in October 2022. [ 44 ] [ 45 ]\n\nIn March 2021, Bandai Namco Amusement announced that withdrawal of the arcade game facility business in North America due to closure of various gaming facilities from the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 46 ] Despite the announcement, Bandai Namco Amusement America was not affected by this withdrawal. [ 47 ] In April 2021, Bandai Namco Entertainment America announced it would close its Santa Clara office and move to a new Southern California office. [ 48 ] [ 49 ]\n\nIn June 2022, Bandai Namco Entertainment and ILCA. Inc announced the establishment of Bandai Namco Aces, with 51% of the shares owned by Bandai Namco and 49% of the shares owned by ILCA. [ 50 ] This new development company will be responsible for the development of AAA titles, including Ace Combat . [ 51 ]\n\nOn 20 November 2024, Bandai Namco Entertainment announced the merger of Bandai Namco Online into the company, dissolving the subsidiary as a result with the employees joining the parent company. This came after the disappointing results of Blue Protocol and Gundam Evolution, games that performed below expectations with the dissolution set to be completed by April 2025. [ 52 ]\n\nBandai Namco Entertainment was originally headquartered in Shinagawa, Tokyo , moving their operations to Minato-ku, Tokyo in February 2016. [ 53 ] The North American and European divisions are respectively located in Irvine, California , as Bandai Namco Entertainment America, and in Lyon, France , as Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe. Divisions have also been established in mainland China , Hong Kong , and Taiwan .\n\nBandai Namco Entertainment is the core development division of the Bandai Namco Group's \"Content Strategic Business Unit \" (Content SBU), and the main video game branch of Bandai Namco Holdings. [ 54 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "bandai namco entertainment inc japanese multinational video game publisher video game branch wider bandai namco holding group found namco bandai game inc successor namco home arcade video game business well bandai former equivalent division development operation spin new company namco bandai studio call bandai namco studio bandai namco entertainment own several multimillion video game franchise include pacman tekken soulcalibur tale ace combat taiko tatsujin idolmaster ridge racer dark souls little nightmare pacman serve official mascot company company also own license several japanese medium franchise shonen jump gundam kamen rider super sentai sword art online ultra series january namco hometek bandai game north american consumer game division former company merge form namco bandai game america inc absorb namcos american subsidiary house within namco hometeks former premise complete namco bandais merge north america january bandai namco holding inc announce japanese video game division namco bandai would merge namco bandai game inc march merger would form together home console game content arcade game mobile content business one roof company joint statement cite japan decrease birth rate advancements technology reason merge increase relevance new audience company work independently newly form bandai namco holding march video game operation merge form namco bandai game october european division namco bandai would merge well form namco bandai game europe sas november namco bandai game announce absorption banpresto purchase take banprestos video game software amusement equipment business trade independently fold namco bandai game start take banprestos video game publishing activity begin one year later april whilst banprestos prize business include development sale prize ufo catcher take new company banpresto name august announce bandai network namco bandais mobile phone business would also merge namco bandai game april fold september namco bandai game europe entered jointventure hold company infogrames entertainment form distribution partner sas would consolidate atari entire distribution network outside north america japan single business exclusive physical packagedgoods distribution right video game produce namco bandai infogrames within europe asia south america oceania africa venture would allow namco bandai game gain distribution network pal region would hold stake addition stake atari europe subsidiary december namco bandai game america announce would form new publishing label call surge label would focus publish mature title intend western audience intend create separate identity solely purpose first title publish label afro samurai title release label title focus within target audience dead right retribution splatterhouse release namco label instead reflect series legacy march namco bandai game europe announce would purchase ataris stake distribution partner million merge operation follow news atari exit pal distribution market focus publish develop massively multiplayer online market atari europe asset merge fold namco bandai may sale marketing personnel transfer distribution partner prior deal would allow namco bandai purchase remain stake atari europe june merger complete july distribution partner rename namco bandai partner alongside come ataris entire distribution operation outside north america japan include atari australia pty ltd share atari asia holding pty ltd share atari ltd atari would secure fiveyear distribution deal namco bandai partner exclusively distribute title territory merger would allow namco bandai game hold operation country dedicate office namco bandai game enter guinness world record company release commercial product nintendo game call solatorobo red hunter create version game consist chapter early namco network absorb namco bandai game america effectively consolidate namco bandais american console handheld mobile video game development operation april namco bandai game spin development operation new company call namco bandai studio new company spur namco bandais interest faster development time tighter cohesion disparate development team comprise approximately employee already part namco bandai march namco bandai game establish two new game studio first namco bandai studio singapore namco bandais lead development center asia develop game content asia pacific market second studio namco bandai studio vancouver work online social game game content development north america europe part center digital medium cdm july announce namco bandai partner operation would merge namco bandai game europe push distribution publish one entity january namco bandai game development division namco bandai studio become bandai namco game bandai namco studio respectively change unified brand internationally order increase value appeal name full company name change bandai namco entertainment april february bandai namco holding announce begin april would cease publish video game singular namco bandai banpresto label current upcoming video game publish standard bandai namco game label april amusement machine business division bandai namco entertainment transfer sister company bandai namco amusement july bandai namco entertainment strengthen mobile operation establish mobile development studio base barcelona spain name bandai namco mobile would focus develop market mobile game market outside asia within new mobile game development studio open year later bandai namco europe bandai namco america president ceo naoki katashima lead mobile division end january bandai namco entertainment establish jointventure bxd drecom back three year prior may announce acquisition remain jointventure subsidiary bxd partner drecom september bandai namco entertainment europe oceania acquire canadian video game developer reflector entertainment february bandai namco entertainment europe take minorty stake german developer limbic entertainment eventually become majority stakeholder october march bandai namco amusement announce withdrawal arcade game facility business north america due closure various game facility covid pandemic despite announcement bandai namco amusement america not affect withdrawal april bandai namco entertainment america announce would close santa clara office move new southern california office june bandai namco entertainment ilca inc announce establishment bandai namco ace share own bandai namco share own ilca new development company responsible development title include ace combat november bandai namco entertainment announce merger bandai namco online company dissolve subsidiary result employee join parent company come disappointing result blue protocol gundam evolution game perform expectation dissolution set complete april bandai namco entertainment originally headquarter shinagawa tokyo move operation minatoku tokyo february north american european division respectively locate irvine california bandai namco entertainment america lyon france bandai namco entertainment europe division also establish mainland china hong kong taiwan bandai namco entertainment core development division bandai namco group content strategic business unit content sbu main video game branch bandai namco holding"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Baramicin/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Baramicin.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Baramicin",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baramicin",
+    "transformers_text": "Baramicin ( Bara ) is an antimicrobial peptide gene of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . Baramicin is a prominent element of the fly immune response: of the most abundant immune peptides detected in the fly hemolymph , the BaraA gene is responsible for 9 of the 24 peptides first described for their high concentrations after systemic infection. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]\n\nThe name of the Baramicin gene was inspired by One Piece character \" Buggy \" and derives from the Japanese expression \"Bara Bara\", an onomatopoeia for things breaking apart, in reference to the Baramicin precursor breaking into multiple sub-peptides. [ 3 ]\n\nThe Baramicin A precursor protein can be broken into three distinct domains: the IM10-like , IM22 , and IM24 domains. Five sub-peptides are produced by the BaraA precursor including one IM24 peptide, three IM10-like peptides, and one IM22 peptide. [ 3 ]\n\nThe Baramicin gene is part of the Toll pathway antifungal immune response. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Flies lacking BaraA genetically are susceptible to infection by entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium species , but also show some susceptibility to Enterococcus faecalis bacterial infection. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The IM10-like peptides of BaraA are specifically proposed as antifungal peptides produced by the BaraA gene. [ 3 ] The potential activity of the IM22 and IM24 peptides is unknown. Some element of the Baramicin protein may also regulate a behavioural response after infection, as flies lacking Baramicin display an erect wing phenotype after immune activation. [ 3 ]\n\nAntimicrobial peptides and neuropeptides share many common features. [ 5 ] The distinction between which of these two roles, if either, is the primary function of any given peptide is often unclear. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The Baramicin gene family of D. melanogaster includes the immune-induced BaraA and also two non-immune Baramicin genes BaraB and BaraC . The BaraB and BaraC genes are expressed in the nervous system, in neurons or glia respectively. Evolutionary study suggests the IM24 domain is the key element of the Baramicin precursor that is involved in Baramicin function in the nervous system. This finding suggests antimicrobial peptides and neuropeptides might accomplish immune or neural roles not only by dual action of a single peptide, but rather by different mechanisms of action of sub-peptides. [ 8 ]\n\nBaraA mutants also display a reduced recovery rate after the injection of neurotoxins, which is rescued somewhat by expressing BaraA in glial cells of the fly's nervous system. [ 4 ] Together with the description of antifungal activity of IM10-like peptides, [ 3 ] the BaraA gene therefore encodes both immune antimicrobials and some factor that promotes host resilience in the face of microbial toxins. [ 4 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "baramicin bara antimicrobial peptide gene fruit fly drosophila melanogaster baramicin prominent element fly immune response abundant immune peptide detect fly hemolymph baraa gene responsible peptide first describe high concentration systemic infection name baramicin gene inspire one piece character buggy derive japanese expression bara bara onomatopoeia thing break apart reference baramicin precursor break multiple subpeptides baramicin precursor protein break three distinct domain imlike domain five subpeptides produce baraa precursor include one peptide three imlike peptides one peptide baramicin gene part toll pathway antifungal immune response fly lack baraa genetically susceptible infection entomopathogenic fungi beauveria bassiana metarhizium specie also show susceptibility enterococcus faecalis bacterial infection imlike peptide baraa specifically propose antifungal peptide produce baraa gene potential activity peptide unknown element baramicin protein may also regulate behavioural response infection fly lack baramicin display erect wing phenotype immune activation antimicrobial peptide neuropeptides share many common feature distinction two role either primary function give peptide often unclear baramicin gene family melanogaster include immuneinduced baraa also two nonimmune baramicin gene barab barac barab barac gene express nervous system neuron glia respectively evolutionary study suggest domain key element baramicin precursor involve baramicin function nervous system find suggest antimicrobial peptide neuropeptides might accomplish immune neural role not dual action single peptide rather different mechanism action subpeptides baraa mutant also display reduced recovery rate injection neurotoxins rescue somewhat express baraa glial cell fly nervous system together description antifungal activity imlike peptide baraa gene therefore encode immune antimicrobial factor promote host resilience face microbial toxin"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Baron_Omatsuri_and_the_Secret_Island/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Baron_Omatsuri_and_the_Secret_Island.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Baron_Omatsuri_and_the_Secret_Island",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Omatsuri_and_the_Secret_Island",
+    "transformers_text": "Since the premiere of the anime adaptation of the manga series One Piece by Eiichiro Oda in 1999, Toei Animation has produced 15 feature films based on the franchise traditionally released during the Japanese school spring break since 2000. [ 1 ] Four of the films were originally shown as double features alongside other Toei film productions and thus have a running time below feature length (between 30 and 56 minutes). The first three films were shown at the Toei Anime Fair ( 東映アニメフェア , Toei Anime Fea ) and the eleventh was released as part of Jump Heroes Film . The films generally use original storylines, but some adapt story arcs from the manga directly. With the release of films ten, twelve, thirteen, and fourteen, tie-in story arcs of the TV series were aired concurrently.\n\nAdditionally, three of these films have had special featurette shorts, showcasing the characters engaged in various activities unrelated to the series. There are also 13 television specials that were broadcast on Fuji TV and two short films , which were shown at the 1998 Jump Super Anime Tour and 2008 Jump Super Anime Tour, respectively.\n\nAs with the franchise's anime television series, the eighth, tenth, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth films have been licensed by Funimation / Crunchyroll and released in both subtitled and dubbed formats. Additionally, the first through seventh and ninth films have been released in the United Kingdom with English subtitles. [ 2 ]\n\nOne Piece (also known as One Piece: The Movie in some markets) is the first animated feature film of the franchise, starring Mayumi Tanaka as Monkey D. Luffy , Kazuya Nakai as Roronoa Zorro , Akemi Okamura as Nami , and Kappei Yamaguchi as Usopp . It premiered in Japan on March 4, 2000 and was released to DVD on January 21, 2001. [ 3 ] The film was shown in a double bill with Digimon Adventure: Our War Game! . In the first week, the film attained second place in the Japanese box office, third place during their second week, and first place during the fourth and fifth weeks. [ 4 ]\n\nThe legend of the Great Gold Pirate Woonan remains intact, years after his disappearance. Many pirates search for his mountain of gold hidden on a remote island, among them are Captain El Drago and his men. By hunting down every member of Woonan's former crew, they eventually take possession of a map to that hidden island. On their way there, they meet and decide to rob the Straw Hat Pirates, who, still lacking a cook, are close to starvation. A short fight ensues, during which Luffy, Zorro, and Tobie, a boy who ran away from home to become part of Woonan's crew, are separated from the other Straw Hats and their ship, staying afloat on the shattered remains of what at some point was a boat. Following the scent of food, they quickly arrive at a floating oden bar, run by Tobie's grandfather, Gansu. El Drago and his crew land on Woonan's island, where they encounter Usopp, who, to evade being killed, convinces them that he is a professional treasure hunter, offers them his help, and using their map, starts leading them around. Meanwhile, somewhere else on the island, Zorro and Luffy, chained together for trying to eat-and-run, get lost and attempt to get back to the shore. With the help of Nami, Usopp gets away from the enemy crew. The Straw Hats meet up and take a closer look at the treasure map. They conclude that Woonan's treasure must be hidden on the island's only mountain and set out to climb it. On their way up, they meet Gonzo, who reveals to them that he and Woman had grown up like brothers in the same village. Atop the mountain they find an empty house with a secret entry to a basement. El Drago and his men arrive and are beaten by Luffy and Zorro. Then the group climbs into the basement. There, Woonan's skeleton is sitting in an empty room, a message for his old friend Gonzo written on the walls. With gold from El Drago's ship, the Straw Hats set sail, resuming course for the Grand Line .\n\nClockwork Island Adventure is the second animated feature film of the franchise, the first to use digital ink and paint and the first to additionally star Hiroaki Hirata as Sanji . It premiered in Japan on March 3, 2001 and was released to DVD on October 21, 2001. [ 5 ] The film was shown in a double bill with Digimon Adventure 02: Diaboromon Strikes Back . [ 6 ] The film was shown along with a six-minute featurette short named Jango's Dance Carnival .\n\nWhile the Straw Hats enjoy a warm day at the beach, their ship with all their equipment and weapons is stolen. They can do nothing but watch, as it disappears into the distance. A week later, dressed in cloth from a rental store for wedding ceremonies and riding a one-person paddle boat they set out to go after their lost belongings. At sea, they encounter the boy Akizu and the young man Borodo. The two call themselves the Thief Brothers and claim to be after a well-known treasure, called the Diamond Clock from Clockwork Island. Actually, they are the ones who stole the Straw Hats' ship and brought it to Clockwork Island to make the Straw Hats fight the Trump Siblings. The Trump Siblings Boo Jack, Honey Queen, Skunk One, Pin Joker, and Bear King (the leader), are another pirate crew who occupied Clockwork Island for years and forced its inhabitants to build weapons. A number of ships bearing the mark of the Trump Siblings appear and a short fight ensues, during which the Thief Brothers' ship is destroyed and Nami abducted. Using mere pieces of wood to stay afloat and an improvised sail for propulsion, the group manages to reach the foot of Clockwork Island. A long, circular staircase laced with deadly traps leads up to the actual island. There, Nami makes the acquaintance of the Trump Siblings' captain, Bear King. He takes a liking to her and decides to make her his bride. Eventually the Thief Brothers and the remaining Straw Hats make it to the end of the stairway and onto the main island. A beautiful landscape appears in front of them, but the island's citizens are in no mood to cherish it. Not knowing that Akizu is their son, a pair of them tells the group of the island's past. Then the heroes storm the Trump Siblings' stronghold, built around the island's key, which holds the island together. One after another, the Straw Hats get picked off and captured, until only Luffy remains. Once he reaches the stronghold's top and frees his crew, the movie climaxes in an all-out battle, during which the Trump Siblings are defeated and the island's key is destroyed. Clockwork Island crashes down into the ocean, but Akizu reunites with his family and the Straw Hats reclaim their ship.\n\nChopper's Kingdom on the Island of Strange Animals is the third animated feature film of the franchise and the first to additionally star Ikue Ohtani as Tony Tony Chopper . It premiered in Japan on March 2, 2002 and was released to DVD on October 21, 2002. [ 7 ] The film was shown in a double bill with Digimon Tamers: Runaway Locomon . From the first week, the film made a six-week run in the Top 10 of the Japanese box office, placing third in the first two weeks, fifth and fourth in the third and fourth weeks, respectively, and sixth in the fifth and sixth weeks. [ 8 ] The film was shown along with a six-minute featurette short named Dream Soccer King! .\n\nWith Chopper as their newest member, the Straw Hats arrive at the Island of Strange Animals. Before they can land, a geyser-like fountain sends their ship flying. Chopper falls off and lands in the middle of a gathering of animals. They are performing a ritual, which according to their legend, is supposed to cause a king to fall from the heavens. Believing that legend fulfilled, they proclaim Chopper their new king. The other Straw Hats, searching for their lost crewmate, make the acquaintance of the self-proclaimed genius and expert treasure hunter Count Butler, with his henchmen General Hot Dog and President Snake. Butler is in search of the horns of a particular animal living on the island, which when eaten bestows great power upon the eater. For that purpose, he uses a hoard of bovinae -like animals called horn eaters, which he controls by playing music on a special violin, to round up horn bearing animals. The Straw Hats, unknowingly, lead Butler to Chopper and the group of animals, whose king he has become. Butler gives the gathered animals an ultimatum, to hand over their king, whose horns he believes to be what he is looking for, or to be crushed by his horn eaters. But Chopper does not need to be turned over. He steps forward himself and lures the horn eaters away from the island's animals. A fight ensues and it does not take long until the remaining Straw Hats join in to take their fill. Zoro takes on Hot Dog and Sanji fights with Snake, while Usopp and Nami take care of the horn eaters. Butler fights with Chopper and is about to finish him off, when Momambi, a young boy and the only human inhabitant of the island, shows up with the former king's horns to lure Butler away from Chopper. The plan backfires, as Butler gets hold of the horns, quickly stuffs them down, and transforms into a large, horned, gorilla-like animal. With that he appears to be winning, until the island's animals and Luffy enter the fight. Luffy defeats Butler and breaks his horns, thus canceling his transformation, and sends him flying. Mobambi fears to be exiled from the island for losing the former king's horns but instead is elected the animal king.\n\nDead End Adventure is the fourth animated feature film of the franchise and the first to additionally star Yuriko Yamaguchi as Nico Robin . It premiered in Japan on March 1, 2003 and was released to DVD on July 21, 2003. [ 9 ] The film made a seven-week run in the Top 10 of the Japanese box office, placing second in its first week of showing, then fifth for two weeks, sixth for another two weeks, seventh in its sixth week, and tenth in its seventh week of showing. [ 10 ]\n\nIn a port town pub, the once again flat broke Straw Hats witness a suspicious exchange between a customer and the proprietor. Nami immediately senses money and plans to convince the host to give her whatever information he had given him. The other Straw Hats join in and soon he is persuaded. He shows them to a backdoor, behind which they find a long and winding tunnel. That tunnel leads to a large underground chamber, where a number of pirate crews have a gathering. The island they are on turns out to be the starting point of an irregularly occurring, anything-goes sailing competition. For a moment, the Straw Hats decide whether it is wise to join the race, considering that two giants and a crew of fish-men, who were once the rivals of Arlong 's gang, were participating as well. But once they learn the magnitude of the prize money, not entering is out of the question. From the bookmaker they receive an eternal pose , to lead them to the goal of the race. Free food is available at the bottom of the chamber and Luffy makes extensive use of it. His eating habit of stealing other people's food quickly angers the bounty hunter Shuraiya Bascùd, as well as a group of men from General Gasparde's crew. Gasparde is a deserted marine, with a bounty more than three times as high as Luffy's and said to be the race's favorite. A fight arises, and after Luffy and Shuraiya beat up his men, they find themselves standing before the general himself. He is impressed with their skill and offers both of them to work under him. Of course they refuse, but Luffy finds some insulting words and is caught off guard by Gasparde's right-hand man, Needles. Luffy's courage impresses Gasparde even more. He renews his offer, orders Needles to let go of the rookie pirate, and leaves the room. The next morning, a strong ocean current starts the race, by pushing the ships upstream over the island. As soon as they are over the top, the various crews start shooting broadsides, board each other's ships, and ram their competitors out of the water. But once the island is left behind, the field quickly clears up, leaving the Straw Hats time to eat. While inspecting the ship, Zoro discovers a boy named Anaguma, who had stowed away in order to earn money by killing some pirate to buy medicine for his adoptive grandfather, who works as an engineer on Gasparde's partially steam-powered ship. The race continues. After fighting yet another rival crew and an encounter with a group of large sea kings, they arrive at the island the eternal pose points to. The eternal poses were all mislabeled and led the fleet of unsuspecting pirates into reach of the cannons of the navy stronghold Navarone. Luffy has no doubt as to whose fault it is. They turn around and, using Chopper's fine nose, attempt to catch up with Gasparde's ship. Shuraiya, who had followed Gasparde's invitation to come along on his ship, turns against him to take revenge for Gasparde's killing his parents and sister. He fights Needles and throws him overboard but stands no chance against Gasparde's Syrup-Syrup Logia-type powers, which allow him to turn parts or all of his body into liquid or solid candy. The general is about to kill the bounty hunter when the Straw Hats arrive and catch his attention. Luffy confronts him and the two engage in a fierce but one-sided battle. Any attack Luffy throws at his opponent causes his limbs to get stuck in Gasparde's body. Only after Sanji gives two sacks of flour to Luffy can he overcome the villain's ability. Anaguma turns out to be a girl and Shuraiya's thought-dead sister, Adele Bascùd. With all their competitors taken out, the Straw Hats are about to finish the race, when a fleet of navy ships appears and forces them to abandon their prize money.\n\nThe Cursed Holy Sword is the fifth animated feature film of the franchise. It premiered in Japan on March 6, 2004 and was released to DVD on July 21, 2004. [ 11 ] The film made a five-week run in the Top 10 of the Japanese box office. In its first week of showing, it made third place, fourth place in its second week, followed by three weeks in fifth place. [ 12 ] The film was shown along with a five-minute featurette short named Take Aim! The Pirate Baseball King .\n\nZoro goes missing, as the Straw Hats restock. On their search for him, Sanji , Nami, Chopper, and Robin follows Maya, a girl of the island, to a village. There, Zoro appears, accompanied by a group of marines. Zoro wields his sword against Sanji and takes three jewel orbs from Maya. Luffy stumbles upon a training center of the local Marine division. There, he encounters Saga, the leader of the center and owner of the Seven Star Sword, who made Zoro take the orbs to revive that sword's slumbering power. Luffy fights him but falls from a cliff. The Seven Stars Sword was that which had ruined the country of Asuka with its cursed power a long time ago and had therefore been sealed. But with a night of a red full moon that occurs only once every hundred years, the jewel orbs in his possession, and Zoro on his side, only the remaining Straw Hats stand in the way of Saga reviving the sword's true power.\n\nBaron Omatsuri and the Secret Island is the sixth animated feature film of the franchise. It premiered in Japan on March 5, 2005 and was released to DVD on July 21, 2005. [ 13 ] The film had a six-week run in the Top 10 of the Japanese box office. It made third place in its first week, fourth place in its second week, followed by two weeks at sixth place, fifth place in its fifth week, and seventh place in the sixth week. [ 14 ]\n\nThe Straw Hats receive an invitation to an island resort on the Grand Line run by Baron Omatsuri, and the crew travels to the island intent on relaxing and having fun. The Baron welcomes them to the resort and encourages them to enjoy themselves, but only after they complete 'The Trials Of Hell'. The crew is hesitant, but Luffy accepts the challenge. The Straw Hats win the first trial, but the outraged Baron demands they compete in another challenge. Luffy, Chopper, and Robin wait at the resort while the rest of the crew participates in the second trial. Robin questions Muchigoro, one of Baron's crewmates, about a flower on the island. Muchigoro mentions something about the \"Lily Carnation\" being at the island's summit before running off. Luffy and Chopper wander off, both meeting other pirates who had previously arrived and participated in the trials. Luffy receives an ominous warning about Baron splitting up his crew. Chopper learns about Baron's past, but right before he figures out the mystery, he is stricken with an arrow shot by Baron. The Straw Hats win again, but rifts begin to grow between the crew members. The crew notices Chopper is missing, but Baron interrupts them with a dinner party. The Baron notices Robin leaving, and she reveals to him that she was looking for the Lily Carnation. Baron reveals the flower's secret to Robin while Robin looks shocked. The Straw Hats realize Chopper, Usopp, and Robin are gone. Arguments over who's to blame for their disappearances ensue before Baron announces the final trial. Tension between the crew results in the crew splitting up. The island known as Omatsuri Island was really a pirate island, only advertised as a resort by the Baron to lure pirates to the island to bring the same suffering and hatred he felt unto everyone else. Baron feeds the crew to the Lily Carnation, a flower of reincarnation, which gives life to Baron's crew. Luffy manages to save them from the Lily Carnation and defeat Baron with help from other pirates on the island. Baron cries for his friends that were lost and how he is alone. He had been fooling himself for years with the false constructs of his crew created by the Lily Carnation. Each of his dead crewmates speak with him, telling him that they were happy to be remembered, but not with his corrupted charade. They apologize for leaving him alone for so long but believe it would be for the best if he forgets the night they died and finds new friends. Luffy lays exhausted on the ground while the crew all appear unharmed with no memory of the incident. The Straw Hats gather around Luffy, wondering how he can sleep in such a place, and Luffy laughs.\n\nThe animation in this film is very different from the regular series, using the style often seen in Mamoru Hosoda's films. Some of the later episodes use styles similar to those seen in this film. The story also differs from the usually carefree and high strung style of writing that One Piece follows. The film follows a darker style of writing which received with mixed reviews.\n\nGiant Mecha Soldier of Karakuri Castle is the seventh animated feature film of the franchise. It premiered in Japan on March 4, 2006 and was released to DVD on July 21, 2006. [ 15 ] The film had a six-week run in the Top 10 of the Japanese box office. It made fourth place in its first week, sixth place in its second week, and seventh place in its third week. In its fourth week of showing, the film placed sixth again, followed by fifth place in week five, and tenth place in its sixth week of showing. [ 16 ]\n\nThe Straw Hats visit an island, known as Mecha Island, where a fisherman sings an old folk song about a Golden Crown. Searching for that mysterious treasure, they find a hidden entrance into the island. The island's leader, Ratchet, impressed with the find and in search of the Golden Crown himself, invites the crew to join him in his search, and the crew along with Ratchet and his henchmen enter the cave. As it turns out, the island's true form is that of a giant turtle. Ratchet, who had known this all along, uses his mechanical castle to take control of the turtle wishing to use it to take over the world. Now the Straw Hats have to stop not only Ratchet, but also the helpless turtle, from crashing into a nearby island.\n\nThe Desert Princess and the Pirates: Adventures in Alabasta is the eighth animated feature film of the franchise and the only One Piece film to additionally star Misa Watanabe as Nefeltari Vivi . It premiered in Japan on March 3, 2007 and was released to DVD on July 21, 2007. [ 17 ] The film was licensed by Funimation and given a limited theatrical release in the United States on February 7, 2008. Funimation also released the film to DVD on February 19, 2008 and to Blu-ray on January 27, 2009. [ 18 ] The film placed four times in the Top 10 of the Japanese weekend box office. It placed second in its first week, fourth in its second week, and ninth in its third and fourth weeks of showing. [ 19 ]\n\nThe film is an abridged retelling of the Alabasta storyline from the manga. The Straw Hats travel to Alabasta, the desert island and home of Nefertari Vivi. They find the country in the middle of a revolution. Sir Crocodile , the country's hero, secretly used his criminal organization, Baroque Works, to undermine the citizens' trust in Cobra, Vivi's father and head of the Kingdom of Sand, in order to seize the throne and the country's hidden secret for himself. The crew now has to cross the desert, stop the revolution, save thousands of lives from Baroque Works' hidden bombers, and most of all, defeat Crocodile, one of the mighty Seven Warlords of the Sea.\n\nThe TV cut of the film, first aired in April 2011 in Japan, adds a 15-minute prologue to the start of the film. The new section adapts the Whisky Peak arc in abridged form to explain how the crew meet Vivi.\n\nEpisode of Chopper Plus: Bloom in the Winter, Miracle Sakura is the ninth animated feature film of the franchise and the first to additionally star Kazuki Yao as Franky . It premiered in Japan on March 1, 2008 and was released to DVD on July 21, 2008. [ 20 ] The film had a five-week run in the Top 10 of the Japanese box office. It placed third in its first week of showing, seventh in its second, eighth in its third week, tenth in its fourth week, and ninth in its fifth week. [ 21 ]\n\nIt is the second film to focus on Chopper, as it is a retelling of the Drum Island storyline from the manga. It features Franky , Nico Robin, and the Thousand Sunny , who weren't present in the original version, replacing Nefertari Vivi , Karoo and the Going Merry from the canonical story. The plot also includes as a new character to Musshuru , Wapol 's older brother.\n\nThe 2014 TV cut of the film adds 2 new scenes, to frame the film, increasing the run time by 4 minutes. The film is shown to be a dream by Chopper set after the 2-year time skip.\n\nA picture of Chopper crying (which comes from promotional material and not the actual movie, which uses a modified shot), became a popular internet meme . [ 22 ]\n\nOne Piece Film: Strong World is the tenth animated feature film of the franchise, and the first to additionally star Chō as Brook . It was written by manga creator Eiichiro Oda himself. It was directed by Munehisa Sakai. News of the film first appeared during a showing of the Episode of Chopper Plus , during which a teaser for the tenth film was revealed. The film was originally meant for a spring release in 2009, but complications with the script pushed the release date back. Eventually, the film premiered on December 12, 2009. On July 28, 2012, Funimation announced that they had acquired the license to One Piece Film: Strong World and have since released the film on November 19, 2013.\n\nAs stated, the film is an original story written by Eiichiro Oda himself in honor of One Piece ' s Tenth Anniversary. In previous films, Oda only supplied character designs and approved story ideas. For One Piece Film: Strong World , Toei personally asked if he would write the script. The film is set between the Thriller Bark Arc and the Sabaody Archipelago Arc, as Brook is shown alongside the other Straw Hat Pirates (making this his first film appearance), and Sengoku and Garp are still in their positions in the Marines.\n\nStraw Hat Chase is the eleventh animated feature film of the franchise and the first to also use computer animation . It was directed by Hiroyuki Satō and was released in Japan on March 19, 2011, and was released to DVD and Blu-ray on July 20, 2011. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] It was double billed with the Toriko film Toriko 3D: Kaimaku! Gourmet Adventure! The film features Tomomitsu Yamaguchi as Schneider and Bazz, and the music was written and performed by the Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra . It was released as Jump Heroes Movies and Grossed $9,796,866 worldwide. [ 25 ]\n\nLuffy desperately tries to find his missing straw hat, and after extensive searching Usopp discovers that an eagle has it. Luffy and the entire Crew proceed to chase the eagle. While searching for Luffy's hat, Chopper discovers an old man lying half dead on a ship. While Luffy continues chasing the eagle and eventually crashes it into a marine base, the old man named Schneider wakes up. Chopper noticed that he had been mumbling the name Bazz in his sleep, and asks him who it is. Schneider tells Chopper that Bazz was his friend and that he was a dog that ate the \"tori tori no mi: model eagle\". He tells Chopper that he told Bazz to steal Monkey D. Luffy's hat and then he could come back. He thought that telling Bazz this would force him to abandon Schneider, because he didn't want Bazz to see him die. When Chopper informs him that not only did Bazz successfully steal Luffy's hat, but that he was on the Straw Hat Pirates' ship. Schneider immediately jumps out of bed and runs to save Bazz who at that moment is trapped in a cage with Luffy, made of kairouseki. After Luffy's crew frees him and Bazz, Schneider apologizes to Bazz and tells him to give up on the hat. Luffy meanwhile is fighting his way through a whole marine base along with three giants. Finally he makes it to the marine captain holding his hat, only to have him throw it out to sea. Luffy immediately jumps out after it, and almost has it when he starts to fall. Bazz then comes to his rescue and Luffy finally retrieves his hat. Afterwards Schneider and Bazz decide to go back out to sea and Schneider tells Luffy that the hat suits him.\n\nThe 12th One Piece film was released on December 15, 2012. As with Strong World , it is overseen by Eiichiro Oda. As well, it is the first One Piece film to take place in the New World, after the two-year time-skip. Zephyr (referred to as Z), an ex-admiral of the marines and leader of the Neo Navy, steals the Marines stash of \"Dyna Stones\", powerful explosives, that, when exposed to oxygen, explode with enough force to destroy islands. Using these stones, he plans on destroying the 3 End Points (3 volcanoes in the New World that connect to huge lava sources) and flood the New World with lava. When he runs into the Straw Hats and one of his subordinates revert Nami, Chopper, Robin, and Brook younger in age. It's up to Luffy, his crew, and other unexpected allies to find and stop Z from finishing his plan while having to fight not only the Neo Navy, but the Marines as well.\n\nThe film also portrays the cast wearing Armani Exchange suits in one part of the film, possibly as a promotional campaign. This was done in collaboration with the creator of the series, Eiichiro Oda, who selected the outfits designed by Armani Exchange. The Shibuya branch of Armani Exchange sells some of the suits in the film. [ 26 ]\n\nThe 13th One Piece film was released on July 23, 2016. The film followed the July 16, 2016 TV special titled One Piece: Heart of Gold. [ 27 ] The first 2016 issue of Shueisha's Weekly Shonen Jump magazine also revealed that Eiichiro Oda would be part of the anime film as executive producer. The report also states that anime director Hiroaki Miyamoto, who helmed \"One Piece\" episodes 352-679 and was assistant director for \"One Piece: Baron Omatsuri and the Secret Island,\" will be part of the \"One Piece Film: Gold\" as director. This anime film was penned by Tsutomu Kuroiwa, the scriptwriter of the live-action \"Black Butler\" film, the live-action \"Liar Game: The Final Stage\" film, and the live-action \"The Perfect Insider\" TV series.\n\nThe 14th One Piece film was released on August 9, 2019. [ 28 ] It was directed by Takashi Otsuka and was first announced following the broadcast of Episode of Skypiea . The film commemorates the anime's 20th anniversary. [ 29 ]\n\nThe 15th One Piece film was released on August 6, 2022. It was first announced in the November 21, 2021 issue of Weekly Shōnen Jump in commemoration of the anime Episode 1000's release. One Piece Film: Red is also the highest grossing One Piece film to date. Despite only being released to box office in Japan, its box office gross revenue is approximately 3 times higher than the next highest in Japan ( One Piece: Film Z ) and 1.7 times higher than One Piece: Stampede , which previously held the record for highest global box office revenue among One Piece films.\n\nThis film also stars Japanese pop singer Ado, who sings various original and co-written songs, such as Mrs. Green Apple's 私は最強, which topped charts across Japan.",
+    "tf_idf_text": "since premiere anime adaptation manga series one piece eiichiro oda toei animation produce feature film base franchise traditionally release japanese school spring break since four film originally show double feature alongside toei film production thus run time feature length minute first three film show toei anime fair toei anime fea eleventh release part jump hero film film generally use original storyline adapt story arc manga directly release film ten twelve thirteen fourteen tiein story arcs series air concurrently additionally three film special featurette short showcasing character engage various activity unrelated series also television special broadcast fuji two short film show jump super anime tour jump super anime tour respectively franchises anime television series eighth tenth twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth film license funimation crunchyroll release subtitle dubbed format additionally first seventh ninth film release united kingdom english subtitle one piece also know one piece movie market first animate feature film franchise star mayumi tanaka monkey luffy kazuya nakai roronoa zorro akemi okamura nami kappei yamaguchi usopp premier japan march release dvd january film show double bill digimon adventure war game first week film attain second place japanese box office third place second week first place fourth fifth week legend great gold pirate woonan remain intact year disappearance many pirate search mountain gold hidden remote island among captain drago men hunt every member woonans former crew eventually take possession map hidden island way meet decide rob straw hat pirate still lack cook close starvation short fight ensues luffy zorro tobie boy run away home become part woonans crew separated straw hat ship stay afloat shatter remains point boat follow scent food quickly arrive float oden bar run tobies grandfather gansu drago crew land woonans island encounter usopp evade kill convinces professional treasure hunter offer help use map start lead around meanwhile somewhere else island zorro luffy chain together try eatandrun get lose attempt get back shore help nami usopp get away enemy crew straw hat meet take close look treasure map conclude woonans treasure must hide island mountain set climb way meet gonzo reveals woman grow like brother village atop mountain find empty house secret entry basement drago men arrive beaten luffy zorro group climb basement woonans skeleton sit empty room message old friend gonzo write wall gold dragos ship straw hat set sail resume course grand line clockwork island adventure second animated feature film franchise first use digital ink paint first additionally star hiroaki hirata sanji premier japan march release dvd october film show double bill digimon adventure diaboromon strike back film show along sixminute featurette short name jangos dance carnival straw hat enjoy warm day beach ship equipment weapon steal nothing watch disappear distance week later dress cloth rental store wedding ceremony rid oneperson paddle boat set lose belonging sea encounter boy akizu young man borodo two call thief brother claim wellknown treasure call diamond clock clockwork island actually one stole straw hat ship brought clockwork island make straw hat fight trump sibling trump sibling boo jack honey queen skunk one pin joker bear king leader another pirate crew occupy clockwork island year force inhabitant build weapon number ship bear mark trump sibling appear short fight ensues thief brother ship destroy nami abducted use mere piece wood stay afloat improvised sail propulsion group manage reach foot clockwork island long circular staircase lace deadly traps lead actual island nami make acquaintance trump sibling captain bear king take like decides make bride eventually thief brother remain straw hat make end stairway onto main island beautiful landscape appear front island citizen mood cherish not know akizu son pair tell group islands past hero storm trump sibling stronghold build around island key hold island together one another straw hat get pick captured luffy remain reaches stronghold top free crew movie climax allout battle trump sibling defeat island key destroyed clockwork island crash ocean akizu reunites family straw hat reclaim ship chopper kingdom island strange animal third animated feature film franchise first additionally star ikue ohtani tony tony chopper premier japan march release dvd october film show double bill digimon tamer runaway locomon first week film make sixweek run top japanese box office place third first two week fifth fourth third fourth week respectively sixth fifth sixth week film show along sixminute featurette short name dream soccer king chopper new member straw hat arrive island strange animal land geyserlike fountain sends ship fly chopper fall land middle gathering animal perform ritual accord legend suppose cause king fall heaven believe legend fulfil proclaim chopper new king straw hat search lose crewmate make acquaintance selfproclaimed genius expert treasure hunter count butler henchman general hot dog president snake butler search horn particular animal live island eaten bestow great power upon eater purpose use hoard bovinae like animal call horn eater control play music special violin round horn bearing animal straw hat unknowingly lead butler chopper group animal whose king become butler give gather animal ultimatum hand king whose horn believe look crush horn eater chopper not need turned step forward lure horn eater away island animal fight ensues not take long remain straw hat join take fill zoro take hot dog sanji fight snake usopp nami take care horn eater butler fight chopper finish momambi young boy human inhabitant island show former king horn lure butler away chopper plan backfire butler get hold horn quickly stuff transforms large horn gorillalike animal appear win island animal luffy enter fight luffy defeat butler break horn thus cancel transformation sends fly mobambi fear exile island lose former king horn instead elect animal king dead end adventure fourth animated feature film franchise first additionally star yuriko yamaguchi nico robin premier japan march release dvd july film make sevenweek run top japanese box office place second first week show fifth two week sixth another two week seventh sixth week tenth seventh week show port town pub flat break straw hat witness suspicious exchange customer proprietor nami immediately sense money plan convince host give whatever information give straw hat join soon persuade show backdoor behind find long wind tunnel tunnel lead large underground chamber number pirate crew gather island turn start point irregularly occur anythinggoes sail competition moment straw hat decide whether wise join race consider two giant crew fishmen rival arlong gang participate well learn magnitude prize money not enter question bookmaker receive eternal pose lead goal race free food available bottom chamber luffy make extensive use eat habit steal people food quickly anger bounty hunter shuraiya bascd well group men general gaspardes crew gasparde desert marine bounty three time high luffys say race favorite fight arises luffy shuraiya beat men find stand general impressed skill offer work course refuse luffy find insulting word catch guard gaspardes righthand man needle luffys courage impress gasparde even renews offer order needle let rookie pirate leaf room next morning strong ocean current start race push ship upstream island soon top various crew start shoot broadside board others ship ram competitor water island leave behind field quickly clear leave straw hat time eat inspect ship zoro discovers boy name anaguma stow away order earn money kill pirate buy medicine adoptive grandfather work engineer gaspardes partially steampowered ship race continue fight yet another rival crew encounter group large sea king arrive island eternal pose point eternal pose mislabeled lead fleet unsuspecting pirate reach cannon navy stronghold navarone luffy doubt whose fault turn around use chopper fine nose attempt catch gaspardes ship shuraiya follow gaspardes invitation come along ship turn take revenge gaspardes kill parent sister fight needle throw overboard stand chance gaspardes syrupsyrup logiatype power allow turn part body liquid solid candy general kill bounty hunter straw hat arrive catch attention luffy confronts two engage fierce onesided battle attack luffy throw opponent cause limbs get stuck gaspardes body sanji give two sack flour luffy overcome villain ability anaguma turn girl shuraiyas thoughtdead sister adele bascd competitor take straw hat finish race fleet navy ship appear force abandon prize money curse holy sword fifth animate feature film franchise premier japan march release dvd july film make fiveweek run top japanese box office first week show make third place fourth place second week follow three week fifth place film show along fiveminute featurette short name take aim pirate baseball king zoro go miss straw hat restock search sanji nami chopper robin follow maya girl island village zoro appear accompany group marine zoro wields sword sanji take three jewel orb maya luffy stumble upon train center local marine division encounter saga leader center owner seven star sword make zoro take orb revive sword slumber power luffy fight fall cliff seven star sword ruin country asuka curse power long time ago therefore seal night red full moon occur every hundred year jewel orbs possession zoro side remain straw hat stand way saga revive sword true power baron omatsuri secret island sixth animated feature film franchise premier japan march release dvd july film sixweek run top japanese box office make third place first week fourth place second week follow two week sixth place fifth place fifth week seventh place sixth week straw hat receive invitation island resort grand line run baron omatsuri crew travel island intent relax fun baron welcome resort encourages enjoy complete trial hell crew hesitant luffy accepts challenge straw hat win first trial outrage baron demand compete another challenge luffy chopper robin wait resort rest crew participate second trial robin question muchigoro one baron crewmates flower island muchigoro mention something lily carnation islands summit run luffy chopper wander meeting pirate previously arrive participated trial luffy receive ominous warn baron splitting crew chopper learn baron past right figure mystery stricken arrow shot baron straw hat win rift begin grow crew member crew notice chopper miss baron interrupt dinner party baron notice robin leave reveals look lily carnation baron reveal flower secret robin robin look shocked straw hat realize chopper usopp robin go argument whos blame disappearance ensue baron announces final trial tension crew result crew splitting island know omatsuri island really pirate island advertise resort baron lure pirate island bring suffering hatred felt unto everyone else baron feed crew lily carnation flower reincarnation give life baron crew luffy manages save lily carnation defeat baron help pirate island baron cry friends lose alone fooling year false construct crew create lily carnation dead crewmates speak tell happy remember not corrupt charade apologize leave alone long believe would best forgets night die find new friend luffy lay exhaust ground crew appear unharmed memory incident straw hat gather around luffy wonder sleep place luffy laugh animation film different regular series use style often see mamoru hosodas film later episode use style similar see film story also differ usually carefree high strung style write one piece follow film follow darker style write receive mixed review giant mecha soldier karakuri castle seventh animate feature film franchise premier japan march release dvd july film sixweek run top japanese box office make fourth place first week sixth place second week seventh place third week fourth week show film place sixth follow fifth place week five tenth place sixth week show straw hat visit island know mecha island fisherman sings old folk song golden crown search mysterious treasure find hidden entrance island islands leader ratchet impress find search golden crown invite crew join search crew along ratchet henchman enter cave turns island true form giant turtle ratchet know along us mechanical castle take control turtle wish use take world straw hat stop not ratchet also helpless turtle crash nearby island desert princess pirate adventure alabasta eighth animated feature film franchise one piece film additionally star misa watanabe nefeltari vivi premier japan march release dvd july film license funimation give limited theatrical release united state february funimation also release film dvd february bluray january film place four time top japanese weekend box office place second first week fourth second week ninth third fourth week show film abridge retell alabasta storyline manga straw hat travel alabasta desert island home nefertari vivi find country middle revolution sir crocodile country hero secretly use criminal organization baroque work undermine citizen trust cobra vivis father head kingdom sand order seize throne country hidden secret crew cross desert stop revolution save thousand live baroque work hide bomber defeat crocodile one mighty seven warlord sea cut film first air april japan add minute prologue start film new section adapts whisky peak arc abridge form explain crew meet vivi episode chopper plus bloom winter miracle sakura ninth animated feature film franchise first additionally star kazuki yao franky premiered japan march release dvd july film fiveweek run top japanese box office place third first week show seventh second eighth third week tenth fourth week ninth fifth week second film focus chopper retell drum island storyline manga feature franky nico robin thousand sunny werent present original version replace nefertari vivi karoo go merry canonical story plot also include new character musshuru wapol old brother cut film add new scene frame film increase run time minute film show dream chopper set year time skip picture chopper cry come promotional material not actual movie use modify shot become popular internet meme one piece film strong world tenth animate feature film franchise first additionally star brook write manga creator eiichiro oda direct munehisa sakai news film first appear show episode chopper plus teaser tenth film reveal film originally mean spring release complication script push release date back eventually film premier december july funimation announce acquire license one piece film strong world since release film november state film original story write eiichiro oda honor one piece tenth anniversary previous film oda supplied character design approve story idea one piece film strong world toei personally ask would write script film set thriller bark arc sabaody archipelago arc brook show alongside straw hat pirate make first film appearance sengoku garp still position marine straw hat chase eleventh animate feature film franchise first also use computer animation direct hiroyuki sat release japan march release dvd bluray july double bill toriko film toriko kaimaku gourmet adventure film feature tomomitsu yamaguchi schneider bazz music write performed tokyo ska paradise orchestra release jump hero movie gross worldwide luffy desperately try find miss straw hat extensive search usopp discovers eagle luffy entire crew proceed chase eagle search luffys hat chopper discovers old man lie half dead ship luffy continue chase eagle eventually crash marine base old man name schneider wake chopper notice mumbling name bazz sleep ask schneider tell chopper bazz friend dog ate torus tori model eagle tell chopper tell bazz steal monkey luffys hat could come back think telling bazz would force abandon schneider didnt want bazz see die chopper informs not bazz successfully steal luffys hat straw hat pirate ship schneider immediately jumps bed run save bazz moment trap cage luffy make kairouseki luffys crew free bazz schneider apologizes bazz tell give hat luffy meanwhile fight way whole marine base along three giant finally make marine captain hold hat throw sea luffy immediately jump almost starts fall bazz come rescue luffy finally retrieve hat afterwards schneider bazz decide back sea schneider tell luffy hat suit one piece film release december strong world overseen eiichiro oda well first one piece film take place new world twoyear timeskip zephyr refer exadmiral marine leader neo navy steal marine stash dyna stone powerful explosive expose oxygen explode enough force destroy islands use stone plan destroy end point volcanoes new world connect huge lava source flood new world lava run straw hat one subordinate revert nami chopper robin brook young age luffy crew unexpected ally find stop finishing plan fight not neo navy marine well film also portray cast wear armani exchange suit one part film possibly promotional campaign do collaboration creator series eiichiro oda select outfit design armani exchange shibuya branch armani exchange sell suit film one piece film release july film follow july special title one piece heart gold first issue shueishas weekly shonen jump magazine also reveal eiichiro oda would part anime film executive producer report also state anime director hiroaki miyamoto helm one piece episodes assistant director one piece baron omatsuri secret island part one piece film gold director anime film pen tsutomu kuroiwa scriptwriter liveaction black butler film liveaction liar game final stage film liveaction perfect insider series one piece film release august direct takashi otsuka first announce follow broadcast episode skypiea film commemorates animes anniversary one piece film release august first announce november issue weekly shnen jump commemoration anime episode release one piece film red also high gross one piece film date despite release box office japan box office gross revenue approximately time high next high japan one piece film time higher one piece stampede previously hold record high global box office revenue among one piece film film also star japanese pop singer ado sings various original cowritten song mrs green apple top chart across japan"
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+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Battle_Stadium_D.O.N",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Stadium_D.O.N",
+    "transformers_text": "Battle Stadium D.O.N ( バトルスタジアムＤＯＮ ) is a 2006 Japanese crossover fighting game developed by Eighting and Q Entertainment and published by Namco Bandai Games for the GameCube and PlayStation 2 . The \"D.O.N.\" in the game's title is derived from Dragon Ball Z , One Piece , and Naruto , the three manga series published by Weekly Shōnen Jump upon which the game is based. Both versions of the game received a rating of 26 out of 40 from Weekly Famitsu . [ 1 ]\n\nBattle Stadium D.O.N. is a platform fighter , in which up to four players battle on one of 11 dynamic stages in battles based around free-roaming two-dimensional character movement. Unlike other fighting games, D.O.N uses a \" tug-of-war \" fighting system. Attacking opponents will knock glowing orbs out of them for players to collect, with a bar at the top of the screen indicating what percentage of the orbs in play each character possesses; the size and value of these orbs vary depending on the strength of the attack used. [ 2 ] Players who collect a majority of the orbs will enter \"burst mode\", dramatically increasing their speed and attack power. To win a fight, a player must either collect all of the orbs in play, leaving their opponents with none, or possess the highest percentage of orbs when time runs out. As such, a fight can potentially last indefinitely if no time limit is set. Characters have access to a host of special moves and abilities, with certain characters being able to use temporary transformations to increase their strength. Items will also spawn during battle, which can be used to attack opponents or induce positive and negative status effects. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]\n\nThe single player mode has the player fight through five rounds, some of which have missions with randomly selected goals; the higher the difficulty chosen by the player, the more missions are given out. Fulfilling these missions' goals rewards the player with coins that can be used in a slot machine upon defeating the boss character, allowing players to potentially unlock characters, stages, and other bonuses. [ 3 ] [ 5 ]\n\nUp to four players can participate in a multi-player session, though a multitap must be used for more than two players for the PS2 version.\n\nThe game features a total of 20 playable characters, 12 of which are available from the start. [ 6 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "battle stadium japanese crossover fighting game develop eighting entertainment publish namco bandai game gamecube playstation game title derive dragon ball one piece naruto three manga series publish weekly shnen jump upon game base version game receive rating weekly famitsu battle stadium platform fighter four player battle one dynamic stage battle base around freeroaming twodimensional character movement unlike fight game use tugofwar fight system attack opponent knock glow orbs player collect bar top screen indicate percentage orbs play character possesses size value orb vary depending strength attack use player collect majority orb enter burst mode dramatically increase speed attack power win fight player must either collect orb play leave opponent none possess high percentage orbs time run fight potentially last indefinitely time limit set character access host special move ability certain character able use temporary transformation increase strength item also spawn battle use attack opponent induce positive negative status effect single player mode player fight five round mission randomly select goal higher difficulty choose player mission give fulfil mission goal reward player coin use slot machine upon defeat bos character allow player potentially unlock character stag bonus four player participate multiplayer session though multitap must use two player version game feature total playable character available start"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Berkshire_Hathaway/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Berkshire_Hathaway.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Berkshire_Hathaway",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway",
+    "transformers_text": "Berkshire Hathaway Inc. ( / ˈ b ɜːr k ʃ ər / ) is an American multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska . Originally a textile manufacturer, the company transitioned into a conglomerate starting in 1965 under the management of chairman and CEO Warren Buffett and vice chairman Charlie Munger (from 1978 to 2023). Greg Abel now oversees most of the company's investments and has been named as Buffett's successor. Buffett personally owns 38.4% of the Class A voting shares of Berkshire Hathaway, representing a 15.1% overall economic interest in the company. [ 4 ]\n\nThe company is often compared to an investment fund ; between 1965, when Buffett gained control of the company, and 2023, the company's shareholder returns amounted to a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 19.8% compared to a 10.2% CAGR for the S&P 500 . [ 5 ] However, in the 10 years ending in 2023, Berkshire Hathaway produced a CAGR of 11.8% for shareholders, compared to a 12.0% CAGR for the S&P 500 . [ 6 ] From 1965 to 2023, the stock price had negative performance in only eleven years. [ 7 ] In August 2024, Berkshire Hathaway became the eighth U.S. public company and the first non-technology company to be valued at over $1 trillion on the list of public corporations by market capitalization . [ 8 ]\n\nBerkshire Hathaway is ranked 5th on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue and 9th on the Fortune Global 500 . [ 9 ] Berkshire is one of the ten largest components of the S&P 500 [ 10 ] and is on the list of largest employers in the United States . Its class A shares have the highest per-share price of any public company in the world, reaching $700,000 in August 2024, because the board of directors has historically been opposed to stock splits . [ 11 ]\n\nBerkshire Hathaway originated as a textile manufacturer formed in 1955 from the merger of Hathaway Manufacturing Company and Berkshire Fine Spinning Associates . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] After the merger, Berkshire Hathaway had 15 plants employing over 12,000 workers with over $120 million in revenue, and was headquartered in New Bedford . [ 16 ] However, seven of those locations were closed by the end of the 1950s, accompanied by large layoffs.\n\nIn 1962, Warren Buffett began buying Berkshire Hathaway stock for his investment fund , Buffett Partnership Ltd., at $7.50 per share, anticipating that as the company liquidated textile mills there would come a tender offer when he could sell the shares at a profit. A year later, Buffett's fund owned 7% of the company. [ 17 ] In 1964, Buffett offered to sell his shares back to the company for $11.50 each. [ 17 ] Seabury Stanton , the manager of Berkshire Hathaway, told Buffett orally that he had a deal. [ 17 ] A few weeks later, Warren Buffett received the tender offer in writing, but the tender offer was for only $11.375 per share. Buffett later admitted that this lower, undercutting offer made him angry. [ 18 ] Instead of selling at the slightly lower price, Buffett bought more of the stock at an even higher price to take control of the company and fire Stanton; Stanton and his son resigned in 1965. [ 19 ] However, this left Buffett's fund with a major interest in a declining textile business.\n\nBuffett has described buying the Berkshire Hathaway textile company as the biggest investment mistake he had ever made, denying him compounded investment returns of about $200 billion over the subsequent 45 years. [ 18 ] He has estimated that had he invested the same money directly in insurance businesses instead of indirectly via Berkshire Hathaway (due to what he perceived as a slight by an individual), it would have paid off several hundredfold. [ 20 ] In 1985, the company's last textile operations were shut down. [ 21 ]\n\nAlso in 1962, Warren Buffett set up his office in Omaha, Nebraska, at the current Berkshire Hathaway headquarters located at Blackstone Plaza (formerly named Kiewit Plaza). [ 22 ] [ 23 ] As of the end of 2024, the company had only 27 employees at that corporate headquarters. [ 24 ] In 1963, Franklin Otis Booth Jr. invested $1 million in the company (equivalent to $10,300,000 in 2024), and in 1968 David Gottesman also invested in the company. The investments eventually made both men billionaires. [ 25 ]\n\nIn March 1967, Berkshire acquired National Indemnity Company, based in Omaha, Nebraska , for $8.6 million in the first acquisition by the company under Buffett's control and the company's entrance into the insurance business. National Indemnity was founded in 1940 by Jack Dabney Ringwalt. [ 26 ] In 2012, National Indemnity acquired workers' compensation insurer GUARD for $221 million. [ 27 ]\n\nBerkshire acquired See's Candies in 1972 for $25 million. [ 28 ] It produces boxed chocolates and other confectionery products in two large kitchens in California. See's revenues are highly seasonal, with approximately 50% of total annual revenue earned in the months of November and December. [ 29 ] By 2019, the $25 million investment had returned over $2 billion, or an 8000% return, to Berkshire. [ 28 ]\n\nIn 1976, Berkshire first invested in GEICO , at a time when it was facing financial difficulty and had a very low stock price. [ 30 ]\n\nIn 1977, Berkshire bought the Buffalo Evening News and resumed publication of a Sunday edition of the paper that had ceased in 1914. After the morning newspaper Buffalo Courier-Express ceased operation in 1982, the Buffalo Evening News changed its name to The Buffalo News and began to print morning and evening editions. It now prints only a morning edition. [ 31 ] Berkshire formed BH Media Group with a purchase of the Omaha World-Herald in December 2011, [ 32 ] which included six other daily newspapers and several weeklies across Nebraska and southwest Iowa. [ 33 ] In June 2012, Berkshire bought 63 newspapers from Media General , including the Richmond Times-Dispatch and Winston-Salem Journal , for $142 million in cash. [ 34 ] In 2012, Berkshire Hathaway bought Texas dailies The Bryan-College Station Eagle and the Waco Tribune-Herald . [ 35 ] In 2013, the company bought the Tulsa World , the Greensboro, North Carolina -based News & Record , Virginia's Roanoke Times , and Press of Atlantic City . [ 36 ] In 2014, Graham Holdings Company sold its Miami television station, ABC affiliate WPLG to BH Media in a cash and stock deal. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] In June, 2018, Lee Enterprises and Berkshire Hathaway reached a five-year agreement to allow Lee Enterprises to manage Berkshire Hathaway's newspaper and digital operations. [ 39 ] In 2020, Lee Enterprises acquired BH Media Group's publications and The Buffalo News for $140 million in cash, retaining WPLG . [ 40 ] [ 41 ] In conjunction with the sale, Berkshire lent $576 million to Lee. [ 40 ]\n\nIn 1983, Berkshire acquired Nebraska Furniture Mart for $60 million. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] In 2000, Nebraska Furniture Mart bought Homemakers Furniture. [ 44 ]\n\nIn 1986, Berkshire acquired Scott Fetzer Company , a diversified group of 32 brands that manufactures and distributes products for residential, industrial, and institutional use, including Ginsu knives and World Book Encyclopedia . It included Kirby Company , which was sold in 2021, Wayne Water Systems, and Campbell Hausfeld products. [ 45 ] Campbell Hausfeld was transferred to Marmon, also a Berkshire subsidiary, in 2015.\n\nIn January 1986, Berkshire acquired Fechheimer Brothers, owner of Flying Cross, which manufactures public safety uniforms, and Vertx, a civilian tactical clothing company. [ 46 ]\n\nIn 1991, Berkshire acquired H.H. Brown Shoe Group . [ 47 ]\n\nIn May 1995, Berkshire acquired RC Willey Home Furnishings . [ 48 ] In June 1997, Berkshire acquired Star Furniture . [ 49 ]\n\nIn January 1996, Berkshire acquired full ownership of GEICO , acquiring the 49% of the company that it did not then own for $2.3 billion. [ 50 ] GEICO, headquartered in Chevy Chase, Maryland , primarily offers private passenger automobile insurance marketed directly to individual consumers in the United States. [ 51 ] The company is known for its advertising characters including a gecko and the GEICO Cavemen .\n\nIn February 1997, Berkshire acquired FlightSafety International (FSI), a pilot training company founded in 1951 by Albert Lee Ueltschi and headquartered at LaGuardia Airport in Flushing, New York . It uses flight simulators and is the largest provider of professional aviation training services. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ]\n\nIn October 1997, Berkshire acquired Dairy Queen , based in Edina, Minnesota, for $585 million. It franchises approximately 6,000 stores operating under the names Dairy Queen, Orange Julius , and Karmelkorn that sell dairy desserts, beverages, prepared foods, blended fruit drinks, popcorn, and other snack foods. [ 56 ] [ 57 ]\n\nIn July 1998, Berkshire Hathaway acquired NetJets , formerly Executive Jet Aviation, for $725 million in cash. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] NetJets is the world's largest provider of fractional ownership programs for general aviation aircraft. In 1986, NetJets created the fractional ownership of aircraft concept and introduced its NetJets program in the United States with one aircraft type. In 2019, the NetJets program operated more than 10 aircraft types with a fleet size of greater than 750. [ 60 ]\n\nIn December 1998, Berkshire acquired Gen Re , headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut , for $22 billion. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Berkshire paid for the acquisition with Class A shares valued at $58,400 each; Buffett later said he overpaid, despite strong performance by General Re. [ 63 ]\n\nIn 1999, Berkshire acquired MidAmerican Energy Holdings. At the time of purchase, Berkshire's voting interest was limited to 10% of the company's shares, but this restriction ended when the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 was repealed in 2005. It owns Northern Powergrid , which operates in the UK. [ 64 ] In 2005, it acquired PacifiCorp for $5.1 billion in cash, and assumed $4.3 billion in PacificCorp debt and preferred stock. [ 65 ] MidAmerican was rebranded as Berkshire Hathaway Energy (BHE) in April 2014. [ 66 ] The division owns a residential real estate brokerage business, which, in March 2013, was rebranded as HomeServices of America , a division of Berkshire Hathaway Energy . [ 67 ] In addition to brokerage services, it provides mortgage loan originations, title insurance and closing services, home warranty , property insurance and casualty insurance and other related services. The company has acquired several residential real estate brokerages including Long & Foster , acquired in September 2017. [ 68 ]\n\nIn October 1999, Berkshire acquired Jordan's Furniture for an estimated $200 million to $300 million. [ 69 ]\n\nCORT Business Services Corporation was acquired in February 2000 by Wesco Financial Corporation, an 80.1% owned subsidiary of Berkshire and is the largest U.S. provider of rental furniture, accessories and related services in the \"rent-to-rent\" segment of the furniture rental industry. [ 70 ]\n\nIn May 2000, Berkshire acquired Ben Bridge Jeweler , a chain of jewelry stores established in 1912 with locations primarily in the western United States. [ 71 ] Helzberg Diamonds , a chain of jewelry stores based in Kansas City that began in 1915, was acquired by Berkshire in 1995 after a chance run in between Buffett and Barnett Helzberg on a street in New York City. [ 72 ]\n\nIn June 2000, the company acquired Justin Brands, the parent company of Justin Boots , Acme Boots , and Acme Brick for $600 million in cash. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas , Acme manufactures and distributes clay bricks (Acme Brick), concrete block (Featherlite), and cut limestone (Texas Quarries). Justin Brands also owns Chippewa Boots , Nocona Boots , and Tony Lama Boots . [ 75 ]\n\nIn December 2000, Berkshire acquired Benjamin Moore & Co. , headquartered in Montvale, New Jersey . Moore formulates, manufactures, and sells architectural coatings that are available primarily in the United States and Canada. Buffett agreed not to sell the products through major retail chains. [ 76 ]\n\nIn January 2001, Berkshire acquired 87% of Dalton, Georgia -based Shaw Industries . It acquired the remaining 12% in January 2002. Shaw is the world's largest carpet manufacturer based on both revenue and volume of production and designs and manufactures over 3,000 styles of tufted and woven carpet and laminate flooring for residential and commercial use under approximately 30 brand and trade names and under certain private labels. [ 77 ]\n\nIn February 2001, Berkshire acquired Johns Manville , established in 1858 and a manufacturer of fiberglass wool insulation products for homes and commercial buildings, as well as pipe, duct, and equipment insulation products. [ 78 ]\n\nIn July 2001, Berkshire acquired a 90% equity interest in MiTek, headquartered in Chesterfield, Missouri , which makes engineered connector products, engineering software and services, and manufacturing machinery for the truss fabrication segment of the building components industry. [ 79 ] In May 2008, Mitek acquired Hohmann & Barnard, a fabricator of anchors and reinforcement systems for masonry. [ 80 ] In October 2008, Mitek acquired Blok-Lok of Toronto , Canada. On April 23, 2010, Mitek acquired the assets of Dur-O-Wal from Dayton Superior . [ 81 ]\n\nIn February 2002, Berkshire acquired Albecca, headquartered in Norcross, Georgia, operating under the Larson-Juhl name. Albecca designs, manufactures, and distributes custom framing products, including wood and metal molding, matboard, foamboard, glass, equipment, and other framing supplies. [ 82 ]\n\nIn April 2002, Berkshire acquired Fruit of the Loom for $835 million in cash. It acquired Russell Corporation in August 2006, for $600 million. [ 83 ] Fruit of the Loom also acquired Brooks Sports in 2006. [ 84 ]\n\nIn September 2002, Berkshire acquired Garanimals for $273 million. [ 85 ]\n\nIn October 2002, Berkshire acquired The Pampered Chef , the largest direct seller of kitchen tools in the United States. Products are researched, designed, and tested by The Pampered Chef, and manufactured by third-party suppliers. From its headquarters in Addison, Illinois , The Pampered Chef utilizes a network of more than 65,000 independent sales representatives to sell its products through home-based party demonstrations, principally in the United States. [ 86 ]\n\nAlso in October 2002, Berkshire also acquired CTB International . [ 87 ] [ 88 ] CTB, headquartered in Milford, Indiana, is a designer, manufacturer, and marketer of systems used in the grain industry and in the production of poultry, hogs, and eggs. Products are produced in the United States and Europe and are sold primarily through a global network of independent dealers and distributors, with peak sales occurring in the second and third quarters.\n\nIn May 2003, Berkshire acquired McLane Company from Walmart . [ 89 ] The company later acquired Professional Datasolutions and Salado Sales. McLane provides wholesale distribution and logistics services in all 50 states and internationally in Brazil to customers that include discount retailers, convenience stores, quick-service restaurants, drug stores and movie theatre complexes. [ 90 ]\n\nIn August 2003, Berkshire Hathaway acquired Clayton Homes , a maker of manufactured housing , modular homes, storage trailers, chassis, intermodal piggyback trailers and domestic containers, headquartered near Knoxville, Tennessee , for $1.7 billion. [ 91 ]\n\nIn July 2005, Berkshire Hathaway acquired Forest River , the world's largest seller of recreational vehicles , from Pete Liegl for $800 million. [ 92 ]\n\nIn 2005, Berkshire acquired Applied Underwriters. In 2019, Applied Underwriters was sold back to its founder for $920 million. [ 93 ]\n\nIn January 2006, Berkshire bought Business Wire , a U.S. press release agency. [ 94 ]\n\nIn March 2007, Berkshire Hathaway acquired TTI, Inc. Headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas , TTI is the largest distributor specialist of passive, interconnect, and electromechanical components. TTI's extensive product line includes; resistors, capacitors, connectors, potentiometers, trimmers, magnetic and circuit protection components, wire and cable, identification products, application tools, and electromechanical devices. [ 95 ]\n\nIn April 2007, Berkshire acquired 10.9% of BNSF Railway for $3.23 billion. [ 96 ] In February 2010, the remaining portion that it did not already own was acquired for $26 billion. [ 97 ] This was the largest acquisition to date in Berkshire's history. [ 98 ]\n\nNRG (Nederlandse Reassurantie Groep) was acquired by Berkshire from ING Group in December 2007. [ 99 ] [ 100 ]\n\nAlso in December 2007, when stresses that led to the 2008 financial crisis were forming, Berkshire created a government bond insurance company to insure municipal bonds , starting with New York State bonds. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] [ 100 ]\n\nIn 2008, Berkshire Hathaway acquired 60% of Marmon Group , a conglomerate owned by the Pritzker family for over fifty years that owned and operated companies that produce railroad tank cars, shopping carts, plumbing pipes, metal fasteners, wiring and water treatment products used in residential construction. Berkshire acquired the remainder of Marmon in 2013. [ 103 ]\n\nIn September 2011, Berkshire Hathaway acquired Lubrizol for $9 billion in cash. [ 104 ]\n\nIn March 2011, Berkshire Hathaway made its first foray into the Indian insurance sector with its non-direct subsidiary BerkshireInsurance.com. [ 105 ] [ 106 ]\n\nIn 2012, Berkshire acquired Oriental Trading Company , a direct marketing company for novelty items , small toys, and party items for around $500 million. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] [ 109 ]\n\nOn October 2, 2014, Berkshire Hathaway Automotive, an auto dealership subsidiary, was created through the acquisition of Van Tuyl Group, the largest auto dealer in the nation that was still independently owned up to that date. In 2016, it was the fifth-largest auto dealership group, with ownership of 81 dealerships and revenues of $8 billion. [ 110 ] [ 111 ]\n\nIn January 2016, Berkshire Hathaway acquired Precision Castparts Corp. for $32.1 billion. [ 112 ] In 2020, Buffett said he overpaid for the company and wrote down its value by approximately $10 billion. [ 113 ]\n\nIn February 2016, Berkshire Hathaway acquired Duracell from Procter & Gamble for $4.7 billion in stock in P&G previously owned by Berkshire Hathaway. [ 114 ] [ 115 ]\n\nIn 2017, Berkshire acquired 38.6% of truck stop chain Pilot Flying J for $2.8 billion, followed by the acquisition of an additional 41.4% of the company for $8.2 billion in 2023, and the remaining 20% in 2024 for $3 billion. It appointed two Berkshire Hathaway Energy executives as CEO and CFO of the company, retaining Jimmy Haslam as chairman. [ 116 ]\n\nIn October 2022, Berkshire Hathaway acquired insurance company Alleghany Corporation for $11.6 billion. [ 117 ] As part of the transaction, Berkshire reduced the purchase price of the company by any fees that it paid investment bankers. This move was touted as an example of Warren Buffett's \"disdain\" for investment bankers. [ 118 ]\n\nIn October 2025, Berkshire acquired OxyChem, a subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum , in a $9.7 billion cash deal. [ 119 ]\n\nBuffett began investing in Wells Fargo in 1989; however, by the first quarter of 2022, Berkshire Hathaway had sold its entire interest in the company. [ 120 ] [ 121 ]\n\nBuffett turned down an opportunity to invest in Amazon.com in 1994, as he was unable to predict the company's future growth and it was losing money. [ 122 ] Berkshire Hathaway bought shares in Amazon in 2019, a position worth $2 billion at the time. [ 123 ]\n\nBerkshire made its first investment in Tesco in 2006, and in 2012 it raised this stake to over 5% of the company, investing a total of $2.3 billion. [ 124 ] Buffett sold around 30% of this stake in 2013 when he \"soured somewhat on the company's then-management\", realizing a profit of $43 million. [ 125 ] As Tesco's problems mounted through 2014, Berkshire sold all the remaining shares with Buffett saying to shareholders that the delay in selling shares was costly. Berkshire realized an after-tax loss of $444 million on the Tesco investment. [ 125 ]\n\nIn early 2008, Berkshire increased its stake in ConocoPhillips to 85 million shares. [ 126 ] Buffett later described this as \"a major mistake\" as the price of oil collapsed during the Great Recession . Berkshire sold most of its shares but held 472,000 shares until 2012. That year, ConocoPhillips completed the corporate spin-off of Phillips 66 , of which Berkshire owned 27 million shares. Berkshire later sold $1.4 billion worth of shares to Phillips 66 in exchange for Phillips Specialty Products. [ 127 ] Buffett frequently referred to Phillips 66 as one of the best businesses Berkshire invested in because of its consistent dividends and share repurchase programs. However, Berkshire sold its entire holdings in 2020. [ 128 ] [ 129 ]\n\nIn September 2008, at the peak of the 2008 financial crisis , Berkshire invested $5 billion in preferred stock in Goldman Sachs to provide it with a source of funding when capital markets had become constrained. The preferred stock yielded an annual interest rate of 10%, earning Berkshire $500 million in interest income per year. Berkshire also received warrants to buy 43.5 million shares with at $115 per share, which were exercisable at any time for a five-year term. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] Goldman had the right to re-purchase the preferred stock at a 10% premium, and in March 2011 exercised this right paying $5.5 billion to Berkshire. Profit on the preferred stock was estimated at $1.8 billion [ 132 ] and exercising the warrants yielded a profit of more than $2 billion. [ 133 ] Buffett defended Lloyd Blankfein 's decisions as CEO of Goldman Sachs and his efforts to improve the reputation of the company during the 2008 financial crisis . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ]\n\nIn September 2008, BHE invested about US$230 million for approximately a 10% share of BYD Auto . [ 137 ] Some shares were sold in 2023 and 2024, with Buffett motivated by the China–United States trade war . [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ]\n\nIn October 2008, Berkshire invested $6.5 billion in Wrigley Company as part of a financing package to enable Mars Inc. to acquire the company. Berkshire sold its remaining bonds and preferred stock to Mars in 2016. [ 141 ]\n\nIn early 2011, Berkshire first invested in IBM . The shares were entirely sold in 2018. [ 142 ] [ 143 ]\n\nOn August 26, 2011, Berkshire Hathaway bought $5 billion of preferred shares in Bank of America . [ 144 ] The shares yielded 6%, earning Berkshire $300 million in annual interest. Alongside the preferred stock investment, Berkshire obtained warrants allowing Berkshire to buy 700 million common shares at $7.14 per share, which were exercised. By 2017, this position had yielded a profit of about $12 billion excluding the annual interest earned from the preferred stock. [ 145 ]\n\nIn 2013, Berkshire and 3G Capital acquired H. J. Heinz Company for $28 billion including debt. [ 146 ] In 2015, Heinz merged with Kraft Foods to form Kraft Heinz . [ 147 ] In 2019, Buffett said that he overpaid in the deal. [ 148 ]\n\nIn 2013, Berkshire owned 1.74 million shares of Gannett ; however, it sold its shares in the second quarter of 2013. [ 149 ] [ 150 ]\n\nIn the first quarter of 2016, Berkshire began investing in Apple Inc. , with a purchase of 9.8 million shares (0.2% of Apple) worth $1 billion. By the end of June 2016, this stake had increased to 15.2 million shares (0.3% of Apple). By December 31, 2016, Berkshire had built up a stake of 57.4 million shares (1.1% of Apple) with an estimated average acquisition price of $110 per share (before the 2020 4:1 split). Aggressive stock purchases continued and by March 31, 2017, Berkshire had amassed a stake of 129 million shares (2.5% of Apple). By December 31, 2017, Berkshire owned 166 million shares (3.3% of Apple). Berkshire bought 75 million more shares in early 2018. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] As of December 31, 2022, [update] Berkshire owned 5.8% of Apple. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] Berkshire Hathaway reduced its Apple stake by nearly 50%, selling $75.5 billion worth of stock in the second quarter of 2024, increasing its cash reserves to a record $276.9 billion. [ 155 ] Buffett had said that Apple has developed an ecosystem and level of brand loyalty that provides it with an economic moat , and that consumers appear to have a degree of price insensitivity when it comes to the iPhone . While Buffett generally does not invest in tech stocks, he has said that Apple is a consumer products company and that he understands consumer products businesses. [ 156 ]\n\nIn the third quarter of 2016, Berkshire surprised investors by making large equity investments in the major US airlines . Buffett had previously described airlines as a \"deathtrap for investors\". Buffett had made an investment in US Airways in 1989 which, although he sold for a profit, almost lost Berkshire a substantial sum of money. [ 157 ] In 2017, Berkshire was the largest shareholder in United Airlines and Delta Air Lines and a top 3 shareholder in Southwest Airlines and American Airlines . Buffett himself has described this as a \"call on the industry\" rather than a choice in an individual company. American Airlines' CEO Doug Parker is said to have won over Ted Weschler in arguing that the airline industry had consolidated sufficiently and rationalized supply such that longer-term profitability could be achieved in an industry that has historically been loss-making in aggregate. [ 158 ] In April 2020, Berkshire sold all shares in the airlines due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport . [ 159 ]\n\nIn June 2017, Berkshire invested $377 million in Store Capital, a Scottsdale-based real estate investment trust that owned more than 1,750 properties in 48 states; the company was sold to private equity firms in 2022. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] [ 162 ]\n\nIn June 2017, Berkshire acquired a 38.4% stake in Home Capital Group for $400 million, giving a lifeline to the Toronto -based embattled mortgage lender. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] The shares were sold in 2018. [ 165 ]\n\nIn 2019, by buying warrants and preferred stock, Berkshire provided $10 billion in financing to Occidental Petroleum as part of its acquisition of Anadarko Petroleum . Berkshire began investing in common shares of Occidental beginning in 2022 and has increased its position since. [ 166 ] [ 167 ]\n\nBetween September 2019 and August 2020, Berkshire bought more than 5% of the outstanding stock of each of the five largest Japanese sogo shosha ( Itochu , Mitsubishi , Mitsui , Sumitomo , and Marubeni ) through its National Indemnity subsidiary. These stakes were worth a total of over $6 billion as of August 2020. By April 2023, Berkshire increased its stake in each of those companies to 7.4%. [ 168 ] He continued to increase the stakes over time. [ 169 ]\n\nIn the second quarter of 2020, Berkshire added a position of more than 20 million shares in Barrick Gold ; the shares were sold in 2021. [ 170 ] In the third quarter of 2020, the company agreed to buy Dominion Energy's natural gas transmission and storage operations. [ 171 ]\n\nIn the first quarter of 2022, Berkshire acquired a $2.6 billion stake in Paramount Global . [ 172 ] However, at an annual meeting on May 4, 2024, Buffett stated that he had sold all of his shares in Paramount at a substantial loss, blaming himself for deciding to invest. [ 173 ]\n\nIn the first quarter of 2022, Berkshire acquired 121 million shares of HP Inc. valued at more than $4.2 billion; the shares were sold in 2023 and 2024. [ 174 ]\n\nIn the third quarter of 2022, Berkshire bought 60 million shares in TSMC valued at $4.1 billion; the shares were sold in late 2022 and 2023 in part due to geopolitical tensions. [ 175 ] [ 154 ] [ 176 ]\n\nBerkshire began investing in Chubb Limited in 2023; by 2024, it owned a 6.4% stake worth $6.7 billion. [ 177 ]\n\nBerkshire Hathaway bought 5.62 million shares of Constellation Brands in the fourth quarter of 2024, worth $1.24 billion. The purchase made Berkshire Hathaway the sixth-largest shareholder of Constellation Brands.\n\nBerkshire Hathaway sold its stake in Ulta Beauty in the fourth quarter of 2024, just two quarters after acquiring the shares. [ 178 ]\n\nIn the fourth quarter of 2024, Berkshire Hathaway liquidated all of its ETF holdings in the S&P 500, worth a total of $44 million. [ 179 ]\n\nAside from its subsidiaries, Berkshire manages a portfolio of non-controlling stock investments into which its insurance companies invest policy premiums. These holdings are broadly disclosed in its Form 13F filings, although the company sometimes obtains permission to keep active trades confidential. [ 180 ]\n\nAs of June 30, 2025, the company had $344 billion in Treasury bills, which together with its reported cash of $44 billion made up the largest cash position of any U.S.-based public company . [ 181 ]\n\nInsurance is a major area of operations and the retained premiums (float) serve as an important source of capital. [ 182 ] Buffett has said that he prefers to invest in evergreen businesses that generate predictable long-term returns, [ 183 ] that he doesn't invest in companies that he doesn't understand, [ 184 ] and that he does not like to invest in companies that may undergo significant change. [ 185 ] The company has generally avoided investing in high-tech firms, missing early opportunities to invest in Microsoft and Amazon.com despite having relationships with the founders of those companies. With some exceptions, the company also usually does not invest in real property due to precise pricing, lack of competitive advantage, complex management, and corporation tax disadvantages. [ 186 ]\n\nBerkshire Hathaway has never undergone a stock split of its Class A shares because of management's desire to attract long-term investors as opposed to short-term speculation . [ 187 ] However, in 1996, Berkshire Hathaway created Class B shares , with a per-share value of 1 ⁄ 30 of that of the original shares (now Class A) and 1 ⁄ 200 of the per-share voting rights, and after the January 2010 split, at 1 ⁄ 1,500 the price and 1 ⁄ 10,000 the voting rights of the Class-A shares. Holders of class A stock are allowed to convert their stock to Class B, though not vice versa. Buffett was reluctant to create the class B shares but did so to thwart the creation of unit investment trusts that would have marketed themselves as Berkshire look-alikes. [ 188 ]\n\nIn January 2010, as part of the acquisition of BNSF Railway , Berkshire completed a 50-to-1 stock split of its class B shares . The increased market liquidity resulted in the company's inclusion in the S&P 500 . [ 189 ] [ 190 ]\n\nShares closed over $1,000 for the first time on August 26, 1983, and over $10,000 on October 16, 1992. [ 191 ] Shares closed over $100,000 for the first time on October 23, 2006. [ 192 ] They first closed over $200,000 on August 14, 2014. [ 191 ] Shares closed over $500,000 for the first time on March 16, 2022. [ 193 ]\n\nThe salary for Buffett is $100,000 per year with no stock options, [ 4 ] which is among the lowest salaries [ 194 ] for CEOs of large companies in the United States. [ 195 ] Buffett's salary has not changed in 35 years. [ 4 ] Buffett also receives approximately $300,000 worth of home security services from the company annually. [ 4 ]\n\nAbel and Jain each receive a salary of $20 million per year, with a possible $3 million annual bonus at the discretion of Buffett. [ 4 ]\n\nBuffett's letters to shareholders are published annually.\n\nBerkshire's annual shareholders' meetings, nicknamed \" Woodstock for Capitalists\", take place at the CHI Health Center Omaha in Omaha, Nebraska. Attendance generally totals over 40,000 people and the meetings last for 6 to 8 hours, with Buffett himself, as well as Abel and Jain, answering questions from shareholders. [ 196 ] [ 197 ]\n\nKnown for their humor and light-heartedness, the meetings typically start with a cartoon made for Berkshire shareholders.\n\nCurrent members of the board of directors of Berkshire Hathaway are Warren Buffett (chairman), Greg Abel (vice chairman of non-insurance business operations), Ajit Jain (vice chairman of insurance operations), Chris Davis, Susan Alice Buffett (Buffett's daughter), Howard Graham Buffett (Buffett's son), Ronald Olson , Kenneth Chenault , Steve Burke , Susan Decker , Meryl Witmer, Charlotte Guyman, Esteban Rodriguez Jr. [ 3 ]\n\nCharlie Munger served as vice chairman of the company from 1978 until his death on November 28, 2023. [ 207 ]\n\nDavid L. Sokol , CEO of Berkshire Hathaway Energy until early 2008, [ 208 ] was a top lieutenant for Buffett. Sokol, who was paid $24 million per year, resigned from Berkshire in 2011 after it was disclosed that he personally made a $3 million profit from Berkshire Hathaway's purchase of Lubrizol . [ 209 ]\n\nIn October 2010, Berkshire announced that 39-year old Todd Combs , manager of the hedge fund Castle Point Capital, would join as an investment manager . [ 210 ] [ 211 ] [ 212 ] [ 213 ]\n\nIn early 2012, 50-year-old Ted Weschler , founder of Peninsula Capital Advisors, joined Berkshire as a second investment manager. [ 214 ] [ 215 ]\n\nIn January 2018, Berkshire Hathaway appointed Ajit Jain and Greg Abel to vice-chairman roles. Abel was appointed vice chairman for non-insurance business operations, and Jain became vice chairman of insurance operations. [ 216 ] [ 217 ]\n\nIn May 2021, Buffett named Greg Abel to be his successor as CEO of Berkshire Hathaway. [ 218 ]\n\nIn May 2025, Buffett announced his intention to retire as CEO of Berkshire Hathaway at the annual shareholders' meeting, with Greg Abel succeeding him at the end of 2025. [ 219 ]\n\nIn 2007, the company was named by Barron's as the most respected company in the world based on a survey of American money managers. [ 221 ] It was named second after Apple Inc. on the same survey in 2014 [ 222 ] and 2015 [ 223 ] and was second behind Johnson & Johnson in 2016. [ 224 ]\n\nIn July 2022, Trident Mortgage Company, a subsidiary of HomeServices of America (owned by Berkshire Hathaway), agreed to a $20 million settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau over allegations of redlining in the Philadelphia area. Federal investigators found that Trident failed to provide equal access to mortgage credit in neighborhoods with large Black and Latino populations. [ 225 ] [ better source needed ]\n\nIn January 2025, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau filed a lawsuit against Vanderbilt Mortgage and Finance, a Berkshire Hathaway subsidiary, alleging the company steered borrowers into unaffordable loans. The complaint described aggressive lending practices that resulted in financial hardship, late fees, and in some cases, home loss or bankruptcy. [ 226 ] [ better source needed ]\n\nA 2025 Reuters investigation reported that Berkshire Hathaway Energy continues to operate several of the most polluting coal-fired power plants in the United States. Despite investments in renewable energy, the company was criticized for its decision to operate these plants until at least 2049, raising public health and environmental concerns. [ 227 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "berkshire hathaway inc american multinational conglomerate hold company headquarter omaha nebraska originally textile manufacturer company transition conglomerate start management chairman ceo warren buffett vice chairman charlie munger greg abel oversee companys investment name buffetts successor buffett personally own class voting share berkshire hathaway represent overall economic interest company company often compare investment fund buffett gain control company company shareholder return amount compound annual growth rate cagr compare cagr however year end berkshire hathaway produce cagr shareholder compare cagr stock price negative performance eleven year august berkshire hathaway become eighth public company first nontechnology company value trillion list public corporation market capitalization berkshire hathaway rank fortune ranking large united state corporation total revenue fortune global berkshire one ten large component list large employer united state class share high pershare price public company world reach august board director historically oppose stock split berkshire hathaway originate textile manufacturer form merger hathaway manufacture company berkshire fine spin associate merger berkshire hathaway plant employ worker million revenue headquarter new bedford however seven location close end accompany large layoff warren buffett begin buy berkshire hathaway stock investment fund buffett partnership ltd per share anticipate company liquidate textile mill would come tender offer could sell share profit year later buffetts fund own company buffett offer sell share back company seabury stanton manager berkshire hathaway tell buffett orally deal week later warren buffett receive tender offer write tender offer per share buffett later admit low undercutting offer make angry instead sell slightly low price buffett buy stock even high price take control company fire stanton stanton son resign however left buffetts fund major interest decline textile business buffett describe buy berkshire hathaway textile company big investment mistake ever make deny compounded investment return billion subsequent year estimate invest money directly insurance business instead indirectly via berkshire hathaway due perceive slight individual would pay several hundredfold company last textile operation shut also warren buffett set office omaha nebraska current berkshire hathaway headquarters locate blackstone plaza formerly name kiewit plaza end company employee corporate headquarters franklin otis booth invest million company equivalent david gottesman also invest company investment eventually make men billionaire march berkshire acquire national indemnity company base omaha nebraska million first acquisition company buffetts control company entrance insurance business national indemnity found jack dabney ringwalt national indemnity acquire worker compensation insurer guard million berkshire acquire see candy million produce boxed chocolate confectionery product two large kitchen california see revenue highly seasonal approximately total annual revenue earn month november december million investment return billion return berkshire berkshire first invest geico time face financial difficulty low stock price berkshire buy buffalo even news resume publication sunday edition paper cease morning newspaper buffalo courierexpress cease operation buffalo even news change name buffalo news begin print morning evening edition print morning edition berkshire form medium group purchase omaha worldherald december include six daily newspaper several weekly across nebraska southwest iowa june berkshire buy newspaper medium general include richmond timesdispatch winstonsalem journal million cash berkshire hathaway buy texas daily bryancollege station eagle waco tribuneherald company buy tulsa world greensboro north carolina base news record virginia roanoke time press atlantic city graham holding company sell miami television station abc affiliate wplg medium cash stock deal june lee enterprises berkshire hathaway reach fiveyear agreement allow lee enterprise manage berkshire hathaway newspaper digital operation lee enterprise acquire medium group publication buffalo news million cash retain wplg conjunction sale berkshire lent million lee berkshire acquire nebraska furniture mart million nebraska furniture mart buy homemaker furniture berkshire acquire scott fetzer company diversify group brand manufacture distributes product residential industrial institutional use include ginsu knife world book encyclopedia include kirby company sell wayne water system campbell hausfeld product campbell hausfeld transfer marmon also berkshire subsidiary january berkshire acquire fechheimer brother owner fly cross manufacture public safety uniform vertx civilian tactical clothing company berkshire acquire brown shoe group may berkshire acquire willey home furnishing june berkshire acquire star furniture january berkshire acquire full ownership geico acquire company not billion geico headquarter chevy chase maryland primarily offer private passenger automobile insurance market directly individual consumer unite state company know advertising character include gecko geico caveman february berkshire acquire flightsafety international fsi pilot train company found albert lee ueltschi headquarter laguardia airport flush new york us flight simulator large provider professional aviation training service october berkshire acquire dairy queen base edina minnesota million franchise approximately store operate name dairy queen orange julius karmelkorn sell dairy dessert beverage prepare food blend fruit drink popcorn snack food july berkshire hathaway acquire netjets formerly executive jet aviation million cash netjets worlds large provider fractional ownership program general aviation aircraft netjets create fractional ownership aircraft concept introduce netjets program unite state one aircraft type netjets program operate aircraft type fleet size great december berkshire acquire gen headquarter stamford connecticut billion berkshire pay acquisition class share value buffett later say overpay despite strong performance general berkshire acquire midamerican energy holding time purchase berkshires vote interest limit companys share restriction end public utility hold company act repeal own northern powergrid operates acquire pacificorp billion cash assume billion pacificcorp debt prefer stock midamerican rebranded berkshire hathaway energy bhe april division own residential real estate brokerage business march rebranded homeservices america division berkshire hathaway energy addition brokerage service provide mortgage loan origination title insurance closing service home warranty property insurance casualty insurance relate service company acquire several residential real estate brokerage include long foster acquire september october berkshire acquire jordan furniture estimate million million cort business service corporation acquire february wesco financial corporation own subsidiary berkshire large provider rental furniture accessory relate service renttorent segment furniture rental industry may berkshire acquire ben bridge jeweler chain jewelry store establish location primarily western united state helzberg diamond chain jewelry store base kansa city begin acquired berkshire chance run buffett barnett helzberg street new york city june company acquire justin brand parent company justin boot acme boot acme brick million cash headquarter fort worth texas acme manufacture distribute clay brick acme brick concrete block featherlite cut limestone texas quarry justin brand also own chippewa boot nocona boot tony lama boot december berkshire acquire benjamin moore headquartered montvale new jersey moore formulate manufacture sell architectural coating available primarily united state canada buffett agree not sell product major retail chain january berkshire acquire dalton georgia base shaw industry acquire remain january shaw world large carpet manufacturer base revenue volume production design manufacture style tufted woven carpet laminate floor residential commercial use approximately brand trade name certain private label february berkshire acquire john manville establish manufacturer fiberglass wool insulation product home commercial building well pipe duct equipment insulation product july berkshire acquire equity interest mitek headquarter chesterfield missouri make engineer connector product engineering software service manufacture machinery truss fabrication segment building component industry may mitek acquire hohmann barnard fabricator anchor reinforcement system masonry october mitek acquire bloklok toronto canada april mitek acquire asset durowal dayton superior february berkshire acquire albecca headquarter norcross georgia operate larsonjuhl name albecca design manufacture distribute custom frame product include wood metal mold matboard foamboard glass equipment frame supply april berkshire acquire fruit loom million cash acquire russell corporation august million fruit loom also acquire brook sport september berkshire acquire garanimals million october berkshire acquire pampered chef large direct seller kitchen tool united state product research design test pampered chef manufacture thirdparty supplier headquarters addison illinois pamper chef utilizes network independent sale representative sell product homebased party demonstration principally united state also october berkshire also acquire ctb international ctb headquarter milford indiana designer manufacturer marketer system use grain industry production poultry hog eggs product produce united state europe sell primarily global network independent dealer distributor peak sale occur second third quarter may berkshire acquire mclane company walmart company later acquire professional datasolutions salado sale mclane provide wholesale distribution logistics service state internationally brazil customer include discount retailer convenience store quickservice restaurant drug store movie theatre complex august berkshire hathaway acquire clayton home maker manufacture housing modular home storage trailer chassis intermodal piggyback trailer domestic container headquarter near knoxville tennessee billion july berkshire hathaway acquire forest river world large seller recreational vehicle pete liegl million berkshire acquire applied underwriter apply underwriter sell back founder million january berkshire buy business wire press release agency march berkshire hathaway acquire tti inc headquarter fort worth texas tti large distributor specialist passive interconnect electromechanical component ttis extensive product line include resistor capacitor connector potentiometer trimmer magnetic circuit protection component wire cable identification product application tool electromechanical device april berkshire acquire bnsf railway billion february remain portion not already acquire billion large acquisition date berkshire history nrg nederlandse reassurantie groep acquire berkshire ing group december also december stress lead financial crisis forming berkshire create government bond insurance company insure municipal bond start new york state bond berkshire hathaway acquire marmon group conglomerate own pritzker family fifty year own operated company produce railroad tank car shop cart plumb pipe metal fastener wire water treatment product use residential construction berkshire acquire remainder marmon september berkshire hathaway acquire lubrizol billion cash march berkshire hathaway make first foray indian insurance sector nondirect subsidiary berkshireinsurancecom berkshire acquire oriental trading company direct marketing company novelty item small toy party item around million october berkshire hathaway automotive auto dealership subsidiary create acquisition van tuyl group large auto dealer nation still independently own date fifthlargest auto dealership group ownership dealerships revenue billion january berkshire hathaway acquire precision castparts corp billion buffett say overpay company write value approximately billion february berkshire hathaway acquire duracell procter gamble billion stock previously own berkshire hathaway berkshire acquire truck stop chain pilot fly billion followed acquisition additional company billion remain billion appoint two berkshire hathaway energy executive ceo cfo company retain jimmy haslam chairman october berkshire hathaway acquire insurance company alleghany corporation billion part transaction berkshire reduce purchase price company fee pay investment banker move touted example warren buffetts disdain investment banker october berkshire acquire oxychem subsidiary occidental petroleum billion cash deal buffett begin invest well fargo however first quarter berkshire hathaway sell entire interest company buffett turn opportunity invest amazoncom unable predict company future growth lose money berkshire hathaway buy share amazon position worth billion time berkshire make first investment tesco raise stake company invest total billion buffett sell around stake sour somewhat companys thenmanagement realize profit million tescos problem mount berkshire sell remain share buffett say shareholder delay sell share costly berkshire realize aftertax loss million tesco investment early berkshire increase stake conocophillips million share buffett later describe major mistake price oil collapse great recession berkshire sell share hold share year conocophillips complete corporate spinoff phillips berkshire own million share berkshire later sell billion worth share phillips exchange phillips specialty product buffett frequently refer phillips one best business berkshire invest consistent dividend share repurchase program however berkshire sell entire holding september peak financial crisis berkshire invest billion preferred stock goldman sachs provide source funding capital market become constrained preferred stock yield annual interest rate earn berkshire million interest income per year berkshire also receive warrant buy million share per share exercisable time fiveyear term goldman right repurchase prefer stock premium march exercise right pay billion berkshire profit prefer stock estimate billion exercise warrant yielded profit billion buffett defend lloyd blankfein decision ceo goldman sachs effort improve reputation company financial crisis september bhe invest million approximately share byd auto share sell buffett motivate chinaunited state trade war october berkshire invest billion wrigley company part financing package enable mar inc acquire company berkshire sell remain bond preferred stock mar early berkshire first invest ibm share entirely sell august berkshire hathaway buy billion preferred share bank america share yield earn berkshire million annual interest alongside prefer stock investment berkshire obtain warrant allow berkshire buy million common share per share exercise position yield profit billion exclude annual interest earn preferred stock berkshire capital acquire heinz company billion include debt heinz merge kraft food form kraft heinz buffett say overpaid deal berkshire own million share gannett however sell share second quarter first quarter berkshire begin invest apple inc purchase million share apple worth billion end june stake increase million share apple december berkshire build stake million share apple estimate average acquisition price per share split aggressive stock purchase continue march berkshire amass stake million share apple december berkshire own million share apple berkshire buy million share early december update berkshire own apple berkshire hathaway reduce apple stake nearly sell billion worth stock second quarter increase cash reserve record billion buffett say apple develop ecosystem level brand loyalty provide economic moat consumer appear degree price insensitivity come iphone buffett generally not invest tech stock say apple consumer product company understand consumer product business third quarter berkshire surprise investor make large equity investment major airline buffett previously describe airline deathtrap investor buffett make investment airway although sold profit almost lose berkshire substantial sum money berkshire large shareholder unite airline delta air line top shareholder southwest airline american airline buffett describe call industry rather choice individual company american airline ceo doug parker say ted weschler argue airline industry consolidate sufficiently rationalize supply longerterm profitability could achieve industry historically lossmaking aggregate april berkshire sell share airline due impact covid pandemic commercial air transport june berkshire invest million store capital scottsdalebased real estate investment trust own property state company sell private equity firm june berkshire acquire stake home capital group million give lifeline toronto base embattled mortgage lender share sell buy warrant preferred stock berkshire provide billion financing occidental petroleum part acquisition anadarko petroleum berkshire begin invest common share occidental begin increase position since september august berkshire buy outstanding stock five large japanese sogo shosha itochu mitsubishi mitsui sumitomo marubeni national indemnity subsidiary stake worth total billion august april berkshire increase stake company continue increase stake time second quarter berkshire add position million share barrick gold share sell third quarter company agree buy dominion energys natural gas transmission storage operation first quarter berkshire acquire billion stake paramount global however annual meeting may buffett state sold share paramount substantial loss blame decide invest first quarter berkshire acquire million share inc value billion share sell third quarter berkshire buy million share tsmc value billion share sell late part due geopolitical tension berkshire begin invest chubb limit owned stake worth billion berkshire hathaway buy million share constellation brand fourth quarter worth billion purchase make berkshire hathaway sixthlargest shareholder constellation brand berkshire hathaway sell stake ulta beauty fourth quarter two quarter acquire share fourth quarter berkshire hathaway liquidate etf holding worth total million aside subsidiary berkshire manages portfolio noncontrolling stock investment insurance company invest policy premium holding broadly disclose form filing although company sometimes obtain permission keep active trade confidential june company billion treasury bill together report cash billion make large cash position usbased public company insurance major area operation retain premium float serve important source capital buffett say prefers invest evergreen business generate predictable longterm return doesnt invest company doesnt understand not like invest company may undergo significant change company generally avoid invest hightech firm miss early opportunity invest microsoft amazoncom despite relationship founder company exception company also usually not invest real property due precise pricing lack competitive advantage complex management corporation tax disadvantage berkshire hathaway never undergone stock split class share management desire attract longterm investor oppose shortterm speculation however berkshire hathaway create class share pershare value original share class pershare vote right january split price vote right classa share holder class stock allow convert stock class though not vice versa buffett reluctant create class share thwart creation unit investment trust would market berkshire lookalikes january part acquisition bnsf railway berkshire complete stock split class share increase market liquidity result companys inclusion share close first time august october share close first time october first close august share close first time march salary buffett per year stock option among low salary ceos large company unite state buffetts salary not change year buffett also receive approximately worth home security service company annually abel jain receive salary million per year possible million annual bonus discretion buffett buffetts letter shareholder publish annually berkshires annual shareholder meeting nickname woodstock capitalist take place chi health center omaha omaha nebraska attendance generally total people meeting last hour buffett well abel jain answering question shareholder know humor lightheartedness meeting typically start cartoon make berkshire shareholder current member board director berkshire hathaway warren buffett chairman greg abel vice chairman noninsurance business operation ajit jain vice chairman insurance operation chris davis susan alice buffett buffetts daughter howard graham buffett buffetts son ronald olson kenneth chenault steve burke susan decker meryl witmer charlotte guyman esteban rodriguez charlie munger serve vice chairman company death november david sokol ceo berkshire hathaway energy early top lieutenant buffett sokol pay million per year resign berkshire disclose personally make million profit berkshire hathaways purchase lubrizol october berkshire announce year old todd comb manager hedge fund castle point capital would join investment manager early yearold ted weschler founder peninsula capital advisor join berkshire second investment manager january berkshire hathaway appoint ajit jain greg abel vicechairman roles abel appoint vice chairman noninsurance business operation jain become vice chairman insurance operation may buffett name greg abel successor ceo berkshire hathaway may buffett announce intention retire ceo berkshire hathaway annual shareholder meet greg abel succeed end company name barrons respect company world base survey american money manager name second apple inc survey second behind johnson johnson july trident mortgage company subsidiary homeservices america own berkshire hathaway agree million settlement department justice consumer financial protection bureau allegation redline philadelphia area federal investigator find trident fail provide equal access mortgage credit neighborhood large black latino population well source need january consumer financial protection bureau file lawsuit vanderbilt mortgage finance berkshire hathaway subsidiary allege company steer borrower unaffordable loan complaint described aggressive lending practice result financial hardship late fee case home loss bankruptcy well source need reuters investigation report berkshire hathaway energy continue operate several polluting coalfired power plant united state despite investment renewable energy company criticize decision operate plant least raise public health environmental concern"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Blackbeard/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Blackbeard.json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Blackbeard",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbeard",
+    "transformers_text": "Edward Teach (or Thatch ; c. 1680 – 22 November 1718), better known as Blackbeard , was an English pirate who operated around the West Indies and the eastern coast of Britain's North American colonies . Little is known about his early life, but he may have been a sailor on privateering ships during Queen Anne's War before he settled on the Bahamian island of New Providence , a base for Captain Benjamin Hornigold , whose crew Teach joined around 1716. Hornigold placed him in command of a sloop that he had captured, and the two engaged in numerous acts of piracy. Their numbers were boosted by the addition to their fleet of two more ships, one of which was commanded by Stede Bonnet , but Hornigold retired from piracy toward the end of 1717, taking two vessels with him.\n\nTeach captured a French slave ship known as La Concorde , renamed her Queen Anne's Revenge , equipped her with 40 guns, and crewed her with over 300 men. His nickname derived from his thick black beard and menacing appearance. He was reported to have tied lit fuses ( slow matches ) under his hat to frighten his enemies. He formed an alliance of pirates and blockaded the port of Charles Town, South Carolina , ransoming its inhabitants. He then ran Queen Anne's Revenge aground on a sandbar near Beaufort, North Carolina . He parted company with Stede Bonnet and settled in Bath, North Carolina , historically known as Bath Town, where he accepted a royal pardon . However, he was soon back at sea, where he attracted the attention of Alexander Spotswood , the governor of Virginia . Spotswood arranged for a party of soldiers and sailors to capture him. On 22 November 1718, following a ferocious battle at Ocracoke , Teach and several of his crew were killed by a small force of sailors led by Lieutenant Robert Maynard .\n\nTeach was a shrewd and calculating leader who spurned the use of violence, relying instead on his fearsome image to elicit the response that he desired from those whom he robbed. He was romanticised after his death and became the inspiration for an archetypal pirate in works of fiction across many genres.\n\nLittle is known about Blackbeard's early life. It is commonly believed that at the time of his death he was between 35 and 40 years old and thus born around 1680. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In contemporary records his name is most often given as Blackbeard, Edward Thatch or Edward Teach. The latter is most often used because it is the form used in the dispatches of North America's only newspaper at the time, The Boston News-Letter , but primary sources written by people who had actually met the pirate all refer to him as \"Thatch\" or variations thereof. Several spellings of his surname exist: Thatch, Thach, Thache, Thack, Tack, Thatche, and Theach. One source claims that his surname was Drummond , but the lack of any supporting documentation makes this unlikely. Pirates habitually used fictitious surnames while engaged in piracy so as not to tarnish the family name, which makes it unlikely that Teach's real name will ever be known. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]\n\nThe 17th-century rise of Britain's American colonies and the rapid 18th-century expansion of the Atlantic slave trade had made Bristol an important international seaport, and Teach was most likely raised in what was then the second-largest city in England. He could almost certainly read and write. He communicated with merchants and, upon his death, had in his possession a letter addressed to him by the Chief Justice and Secretary of the Province of Carolina , Tobias Knight. Author Robert Lee speculated that Teach may therefore have been born into a respectable, wealthy family. [ 5 ] He may have arrived in the Caribbean in the last years of the 17th century, on a merchant vessel (possibly a slave ship ). [ 6 ] The 18th-century author Charles Johnson claimed that Teach was for some time a sailor operating from Jamaica on privateer ships during the War of the Spanish Succession , and that \"he had often distinguished himself for his uncommon boldness and personal courage.\" [ 7 ] It is unknown at what point during the war Teach joined the fighting, as with the record of most of his life before he became a pirate. [ 8 ]\n\nWith its history of colonialism, trade and piracy, the West Indies was the setting for many 17th- and 18th-century maritime incidents. The privateer-turned-pirate Henry Jennings and his followers decided, early in the 18th century, to use the uninhabited island of New Providence as a base for their operations since it was within easy reach of the Florida Strait and its busy shipping lanes, which were filled with European vessels crossing the Atlantic. New Providence's harbour could easily accommodate hundreds of ships but was too shallow for the Royal Navy 's larger vessels. The author George Woodbury described New Providence as \"no city of homes. It was a place of temporary sojourn and refreshment for a literally floating population,\" continuing, \"The only permanent residents were the piratical camp followers, the traders, and the hangers-on. All others were transient.\" [ 9 ] In New Providence, pirates found a welcome respite from the law. [ 10 ]\n\nTeach was one of those who came to enjoy the island's benefits. Probably shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht , he moved there from Jamaica, and, along with most privateers once involved in the war, became involved in piracy. Possibly about 1716, he joined the crew of Captain Benjamin Hornigold , a renowned pirate who operated from New Providence's safe waters. In 1716, Hornigold placed Teach in charge of a sloop he had taken as a prize. [ 11 ] In early 1717, Hornigold and Teach, each captaining a sloop, set out for the mainland. They captured a boat carrying 120 barrels of flour out of Havana , and shortly thereafter took 100 barrels of wine from a sloop out of Bermuda . A few days later they stopped a vessel sailing from Madeira to Charles Town , South Carolina. Teach and his quartermaster, William Howard, may at this time have struggled to control their crews. By then they had probably developed a taste for Madeira wine , and on 29 September near Cape Charles all they took from the Betty of Virginia was her cargo of Madeira, before they scuttled her with the remaining cargo. [ 12 ]\n\nIt was during this cruise with Hornigold that the earliest known report of Teach was made, in which he is recorded as a pirate in his own right, in command of a large crew. In a report made by a Captain Mathew Munthe on an anti-piracy patrol for North Carolina, \"Thatch\" was described as operating \"a sloop 6 gunns and about 70 men.\" [ 13 ] In September, Teach and Hornigold encountered Stede Bonnet, a landowner and military officer from a wealthy family who had turned to piracy earlier that year. Bonnet's crew of about 70 were reportedly dissatisfied with his command, so with Bonnet's permission, Teach took control of his ship, Revenge. The pirates' flotilla now consisted of three ships: Teach on Revenge, Teach's old sloop, and Hornigold's Ranger. By October, another vessel had been captured and added to the small fleet. [ 14 ] The sloops Robert of Philadelphia and Good Intent of Dublin were stopped on 22 October 1717 and their cargo holds emptied. [ 15 ]\n\nAs a former British privateer, Hornigold attacked only his old enemies, but for his crew, the sight of British vessels filled with valuable cargo passing by unharmed became too much, and at some point toward the end of 1717 he was demoted. Whether Teach had any involvement in this decision is unknown, [ 16 ] but Hornigold quickly retired from piracy. He took Ranger and one of the sloops, leaving Teach with Revenge and the remaining sloop. [ 17 ] The two never met again and, as did many other occupants of New Providence, [ 18 ] Hornigold accepted the King's pardon . [ 19 ]\n\nOn 28 November 1717 Teach's two ships attacked a French merchant vessel off the coast of Saint Vincent . They each fired a broadside across its bulwarks, killing several of its crew, and forcing its captain to surrender. [ 20 ] The ship was La Concorde , a large French Guineaman registered in Saint-Malo and carrying a cargo of slaves. This ship had originally been the English merchantman Concord , captured in 1711 by a French squadron, and then changed hands several times by 1717. [ 21 ] Teach and his crews sailed the vessel south along Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to Bequia , where they disembarked her crew and cargo, and converted the ship for their own use. The crew of La Concorde were given the smaller of Teach's two sloops, which they renamed Mauvaise Rencontre (\"Bad Meeting\"), and sailed for Martinique. Teach may have recruited some of their slaves, but the remainder were left on the island and were later recaptured by the returning crew of Mauvaise Rencontre . [ 22 ]\n\nTeach immediately renamed La Concorde as Queen Anne's Revenge and equipped her with 40 guns. By this time Teach had placed his lieutenant Richards in command of Bonnet's Revenge . [ 23 ] In late November the same year, near Saint Vincent, he attacked the Great Allen . After a lengthy engagement, he forced the large and well-armed merchant ship to surrender. He ordered her to move closer to the shore, disembarked her crew and emptied her cargo holds, and then burned and sank the vessel. The incident was chronicled in the Boston News-Letter , which called Teach the commander of a \"French ship of 32 Guns, a Briganteen of 10 guns and a Sloop of 12 guns.\" It is not known when or where Teach collected the ten-gun briganteen, but by that time he may have been in command of at least 150 men split among three vessels. [ 24 ] [ 25 ]\n\nOn 5 December 1717 Teach stopped the merchant sloop Margaret off the coast of Crab Island, near Anguilla . Her captain, Henry Bostock, and crew, remained Teach's prisoners for about eight hours, and were forced to watch as their sloop was ransacked. Bostock, who had been held aboard Queen Anne's Revenge , was returned unharmed to Margaret and was allowed to leave with his crew. [ 26 ] He returned to his base of operations on Saint Christopher Island and reported the matter to Governor Walter Hamilton, who requested that he sign an affidavit about the encounter. Bostock's deposition details Teach's command of two vessels: a sloop and a large French guineaman, Dutch-built, with 36 cannons and a crew of 300 men. The captain believed that the larger ship carried valuable gold dust, silver plate, and \"a very fine cup\" supposedly taken from the commander of Great Allen . [ nb 1 ] Teach's crew had apparently informed Bostock that they had destroyed several other vessels, and that they intended to sail to Hispaniola and lie in wait for an expected Spanish armada, supposedly laden with money to pay the garrisons. Bostock also claimed that Teach had questioned him about the movements of local ships, [ nb 2 ] but also that he had seemed unsurprised when Bostock told him of an expected royal pardon from London for all pirates. [ 29 ]\n\nSo our Heroe, Captain Teach , assumed the Cognomen of Black-beard , from that large Quantity of Hair, which, like a frightful Meteor, covered his whole Face, and frightened America more than any Comet that has appeared there a long Time. This Beard was black, which he suffered to grow of an extravagant Length; as to Breadth, it came up to his Eyes; he was accustomed to twist it with Ribbons, in small Tails, after the Manner of our Ramilies Wiggs, and turn them about his Ears.\n\nBostock's deposition describes Teach as a \"tall spare man with a very black beard which he wore very long\". It is the first recorded account of Teach's appearance and is the source of his nickname Blackbeard. [ 31 ] Later descriptions mention that his thick black beard was braided into pigtails, sometimes tied in with small coloured ribbons. Johnson (1724) described him as \"such a figure that imagination cannot form an idea of a fury from hell to look more frightful.\" Whether Johnson's description was entirely truthful or embellished is unclear, but it seems likely that Teach understood the value of appearances; better to strike fear into the heart of one's enemies than rely on bluster alone. [ 32 ] Teach was tall, with broad shoulders. He wore knee-length boots and dark clothing, topped with a wide hat and sometimes a long coat of brightly coloured silk or velvet. Johnson also described Teach in times of battle as wearing \"a sling over his shoulders, with three brace of pistols, hanging in holsters like bandoliers; and stuck lighted slow matches under his hat\", [ 30 ] [ nb 3 ] the latter apparently to emphasise the fearsome appearance he wished to present to his enemies. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Despite his ferocious reputation, there are no verified accounts of his ever having murdered or harmed those he held captive. [ nb 4 ] Teach may have used other aliases; on 30 November, the Monserrat Merchant encountered two ships and a sloop, commanded by a Captain Kentish and Captain Edwards (the latter a known alias of Stede Bonnet). [ 38 ]\n\nTeach's movements between late 1717 and early 1718 are not known. He and Bonnet were probably responsible for an attack off Sint Eustatius in December 1717. Henry Bostock claimed to have heard the pirates say they would head toward the Spanish-controlled Samaná Bay in Hispaniola, but a cursory search revealed no pirate activity. Captain Hume of HMS Scarborough reported on 6 February that a \"Pyrate Ship of 36 Guns and 250 men, and a Sloop of 10 Guns and 100 men were Said to be Cruizing amongst the Leeward Islands\". Hume reinforced his crew with soldiers armed with muskets , and joined up with HMS Seaford to track the two ships, to no avail, though they discovered that the two ships had sunk a French vessel off St Christopher Island , and reported also that they had last been seen \"gone down the North side of Hispaniola\". Although no confirmation exists that these two ships were controlled by Teach and Bonnet, author Angus Konstam believes it very likely they were. [ 39 ]\n\nIn March 1718, while taking on water at Turneffe Island east of Belize , both ships spotted the Jamaican logwood-cutting sloop Adventure making for the harbour. She was stopped and her captain, Harriot , invited to join the pirates. Harriot and his crew accepted the invitation, and Teach sent over a crew to sail Adventure making Israel Hands the captain. [ 40 ] They sailed for the Bay of Honduras , where they added another ship and four sloops to their flotilla. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] On 9 April Teach's enlarged fleet of ships looted and burnt Protestant Caesar . His fleet then sailed to Grand Cayman where they captured a \"small turtler\". [ 43 ] Teach probably sailed toward Havana, where he may have captured a small Spanish vessel that had left the Cuban port. They then sailed to the wrecks of the 1715 Spanish fleet , off the eastern coast of Florida . There Teach disembarked the crew of the captured Spanish sloop, before proceeding north to the port of Charles Town, South Carolina, attacking three vessels along the way. [ 44 ]\n\nBy May 1718, Teach had awarded himself the rank of Commodore and was at the height of his power. Late that month his flotilla blockaded the port of Charles Town in the Province of South Carolina . All vessels entering or leaving the port were stopped, and as the town had no guard ship , [ 46 ] its pilot boat was the first to be captured. Over the next five or six days about nine vessels were stopped and ransacked as they attempted to sail past Charles Town Bar , where Teach's fleet was anchored. One such ship, headed for London with a group of prominent Charles Town citizens which included Samuel Wragg (a member of the Council of the province of Carolina), was the Crowley . Her passengers were questioned about the vessels still in port and then locked below decks for about half a day. Teach informed the prisoners that his fleet required medical supplies from the colonial government of South Carolina, and that if none were forthcoming, all prisoners would be executed, their heads sent to the Governor and all captured ships burnt. [ 47 ]\n\nWragg agreed to Teach's demands, and a Mr. Marks and two pirates were given two days to collect the drugs. Teach moved his fleet, and the captured ships, to within about five or six leagues from land. Three days later a messenger, sent by Marks, returned to the fleet; Marks's boat had capsized and delayed their arrival in Charles Town. Teach granted a reprieve of two days, but still the party did not return. He then called a meeting of his fellow sailors and moved eight ships into the harbour, causing panic within the town. When Marks finally returned to the fleet, he explained what had happened. On his arrival he had presented the pirates' demands to the Governor and the drugs had been quickly gathered, but the two pirates sent to escort him had proved difficult to find; they had been busy drinking with friends and were finally discovered, drunk. [ 48 ]\n\nTeach kept to his side of the bargain and released the captured ships and his prisoners—albeit relieved of their valuables, including the fine clothing some had worn. [ 49 ]\n\nWhilst at Charles Town, Teach learned that Woodes Rogers had left England with several men-of-war , with orders to purge the West Indies of pirates. Teach's flotilla sailed northward along the Atlantic coast and into Beaufort Inlet (then known as Topsail Inlet), off the coast of North Carolina. There they intended to careen their ships to scrape their hulls, but on 10 June 1718 the Queen Anne's Revenge ran aground on a sandbar, cracking her main-mast and severely damaging many of her timbers. Teach ordered several sloops to throw ropes across the flagship in an attempt to free her. A sloop commanded by Israel Hands of Adventure also ran aground, and both vessels appeared to be damaged beyond repair, [ 50 ] leaving only Revenge and the captured Spanish sloop. [ 51 ]\n\nTeach had at some stage learnt of the offer of a royal pardon and probably confided in Bonnet his willingness to accept it. The pardon was open to all pirates who surrendered on or before 5 September 1718, but contained a caveat stipulating that immunity was offered only against crimes committed before 5 January. Although in theory this left Bonnet and Teach at risk of being hanged for their actions at Charles Town Bar, most authorities could waive such conditions. Teach thought that Governor Charles Eden was a man he could trust, but to make sure, he waited to see what would happen to another captain. [ 52 ] Bonnet left immediately on a small sailing boat [ nb 5 ] for Bath Town, where he surrendered to Governor Eden, and received his pardon. He then travelled back to Beaufort Inlet to collect the Revenge and the remainder of his crew, intending to sail to Saint Thomas Island to receive a commission. Unfortunately for him, Teach had stripped the vessel of its valuables and provisions, and had marooned its crew; Bonnet set out for revenge, but was unable to find him. He and his crew returned to piracy and were captured on 27 September 1718 at the mouth of the Cape Fear River . All but four were tried and hanged in Charles Town. [ 54 ] [ nb 6 ]\n\nThe author Robert Lee surmised that Teach and Hands intentionally ran the ships aground to reduce the fleet's crew complement, increasing their share of the spoils. During the trial of Bonnet's crew, Revenge ' s boatswain Ignatius Pell testified that \"the ship was run ashore and lost, which Thatch [Teach] caused to be done.\" [ 55 ] Lee considers it plausible that Teach let Bonnet in on his plan to accept a pardon from Governor Eden. He suggested that Bonnet do the same, and as war between the Quadruple Alliance of 1718 and Spain was threatening, to consider taking a privateer's commission from England. Lee suggests that Teach also offered Bonnet the return of his ship Revenge . [ 56 ] Konstam (2007) proposes a similar idea, explaining that Teach began to see Queen Anne's Revenge as something of a liability; while a pirate fleet was anchored, news of this was sent to neighbouring towns and colonies, and any vessels nearby would delay sailing. It was prudent therefore for Teach not to linger for too long, although wrecking the ship was an extreme measure. [ 57 ]\n\nBefore sailing northward on his remaining sloop to Ocracoke Inlet , Teach marooned about 25 men on a small sandy island about 5 km from the mainland. He may have done this to stifle any protest they made, if they guessed their captain's plans. Bonnet rescued them two days later. [ 58 ] Teach continued on to Bath, where in June 1718—only days after Bonnet had departed with his pardon—he and his much-reduced crew received their pardon from Governor Eden. [ 59 ]\n\nHe settled in Bath, on the eastern side of Bath Creek at Plum Point, near Eden's home. [ nb 7 ] During July and August he travelled between his base in the town and his sloop off Ocracoke. Johnson's account states that he married the daughter of a local plantation owner, although there is no supporting evidence for this. Eden gave Teach permission to sail to St Thomas to seek a commission as a privateer (a useful way of removing bored and troublesome pirates from the small settlement), and Teach was given official title to his remaining sloop, which he renamed Adventure . By the end of August he had returned to piracy, and in the same month the governor of Pennsylvania issued a warrant for his arrest, but by then Teach was probably operating in Delaware Bay , some distance away. He took two French ships leaving the Caribbean, moved one crew across to the other, and sailed the remaining ship back to Ocracoke. [ 61 ] In September he told Eden that he had found the French ship at sea, deserted. A Vice Admiralty Court was quickly convened, presided over by Tobias Knight and the Collector of Customs. The ship was judged as a derelict found at sea, and of its cargo twenty hogsheads of sugar were awarded to Knight and sixty to Eden; Teach and his crew were given what remained in the vessel's hold. [ 62 ]\n\nOcracoke Inlet was Teach's favourite anchorage. It was a perfect vantage point from which to view ships travelling between the various settlements of northeast Carolina, and it was from there that Teach first spotted the approaching ship of Charles Vane , another English pirate. Several months earlier Vane had rejected the pardon brought by Woodes Rogers and escaped the men-of-war the English captain brought with him to Nassau . He had also been pursued by Teach's old commander, Benjamin Hornigold, who was by then a pirate hunter. Teach and Vane spent several nights on the southern tip of Ocracoke Island, accompanied by such notorious figures as Israel Hands, and Robert Deal . [ 63 ]\n\nAs it spread throughout the neighbouring colonies, the news of Teach and Vane's impromptu party worried the governor of Pennsylvania enough to send out two sloops to capture the pirates. [ 64 ] They were unsuccessful, but Governor of Virginia Alexander Spotswood was also concerned that the supposedly retired freebooter and his crew were living in nearby North Carolina. Some of Teach's former crew had already moved into several Virginian seaport towns, prompting Spotswood to issue a proclamation on 10 July, requiring all former pirates to make themselves known to the authorities, to give up their arms and to not travel in groups larger than three. As head of a Crown colony , Spotswood viewed the proprietary colony of North Carolina with contempt; he had little faith in the ability of the Carolinians to control the pirates, who he suspected would be back to their old ways, disrupting Virginian commerce, as soon as their money ran out. [ 65 ]\n\nSpotswood learned that William Howard, the former quartermaster of Queen Anne's Revenge , was in the area, and believing that he might know of Teach's whereabouts had him and his two slaves arrested. Spotswood had no legal authority to have pirates tried, [ nb 8 ] and as a result, Howard's attorney, John Holloway, brought charges against Captain Brand of HMS Lyme , where Howard was imprisoned. He also sued on Howard's behalf for damages of £500, claiming wrongful arrest. [ 67 ]\n\nSpotswood's council claimed that under a statute of William III the governor was entitled to try pirates without a jury in times of crisis and that Teach's presence was a crisis. The charges against Howard referred to several acts of piracy supposedly committed after the pardon's cut-off date, in \"a sloop belonging to ye subjects of the King of Spain\", but ignored the fact that they took place outside Spotswood's jurisdiction and in a vessel then legally owned. Another charge cited two attacks, one of which was the capture of a slave ship off Charles Town Bar, from which one of Howard's slaves was presumed to have come. Howard was sent to await trial before a Court of Vice-Admiralty, on the charge of piracy, but Brand and his colleague, Captain Gordon (of HMS Pearl ) refused to serve with Holloway present. [ nb 9 ] Incensed, Holloway had no option but to stand down, and was replaced by the Attorney General of Virginia , John Clayton, whom Spotswood described as \"an honester man [than Holloway]\". [ 68 ] Howard was found guilty and sentenced to be hanged, but was saved by a commission from London, which directed Spotswood to pardon all acts of piracy committed by surrendering pirates before 18 August 1718. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ]\n\nSpotswood had obtained from Howard valuable information on Teach's whereabouts, [ 72 ] and he planned to send his forces across the border into North Carolina to capture him. [ 73 ] He gained the support of two men keen to discredit North Carolina's governor—Edward Moseley and Colonel Maurice Moore. He also wrote to the Lords of Trade , suggesting that the Crown might benefit financially from Teach's capture. Spotswood personally financed the operation, possibly believing that Teach had fabulous treasures hidden away. He ordered Captains Gordon and Brand of HMS Pearl and HMS Lyme to travel overland to Bath. Lieutenant Robert Maynard of HMS Pearl was given command of two commandeered sloops, to approach the town from the sea. [ nb 10 ] An extra incentive for Teach's capture was the offer of a reward from the Assembly of Virginia, over and above any that might be received from the Crown. [ 75 ]\n\nMaynard took command of the two armed sloops on 17 November. He was given 57 men—33 from HMS Pearl and 24 from HMS Lyme . Maynard and the detachment from HMS Pearl took the larger of the two vessels and named her Jane ; the rest took Ranger , commanded by one of Maynard's officers, a Mister Hyde. Some from the two ships' civilian crews remained aboard. They sailed from Kecoughtan , along the James River , on 17 November. [ 76 ] The two sloops moved slowly, giving Brand's force time to reach Bath. Brand set out for North Carolina six days later, arriving within three miles of Bath on 23 November. Included in Brand's force were several North Carolinians, including Colonel Moore and Captain Jeremiah Vail, sent to counter any local objection to the presence of foreign soldiers. Moore went into the town to see if Teach was there, reporting back that he was not, but that he was expected at \"every minute.\" Brand then went to Governor Eden's home and informed him of his purpose. The next day, Brand sent two canoes down Pamlico River to Ocracoke Inlet, to see if Teach could be seen. They returned two days later and reported on what eventually transpired. [ 77 ]\n\nMaynard found the pirates anchored on the inner side of Ocracoke Island , on the evening of 21 November. [ 78 ] He had ascertained their position from ships he had stopped along his journey, but being unfamiliar with the local channels and shoals he decided to wait until the following morning to make his attack. He stopped all traffic from entering the inlet—preventing any warning of his presence—and posted a lookout on both sloops to ensure that Teach could not escape to sea. [ 79 ] On the other side of the island, Teach was busy entertaining guests and had not set a lookout. With Israel Hands ashore in Bath with about 24 of Adventure ' s sailors, he also had a much-reduced crew. Johnson (1724) reported Teach had \"no more than twenty-five men on board\" and that he \"gave out to all the vessels that he spoke with that he had forty\". [ 80 ] \"Thirteen white and six Negroes\", was the number later reported by Brand to the Admiralty. [ 81 ]\n\nDamn you for Villains, who are you? And, from whence came you? The Lieutenant made him Answer, You may see by our Colours we are no Pyrates. Black-beard bid him send his Boat on Board, that he might see who he was; but Mr. Maynard reply'd thus; I cannot spare my Boat, but I will come aboard of you as soon as I can, with my Sloop. Upon this, Black-beard took a Glass of Liquor and drank to him with these Words: Damnation seize my Soul if I give you Quarters, or take any from you . In Answer to which, Mr. Maynard told him, That he expected no Quarters from him, nor should he give him any .\n\nAt daybreak, preceded by a small boat taking soundings , Maynard's two sloops entered the channel. The small craft was quickly spotted by Adventure and fired at as soon as it was within range of her guns. While the boat made a quick retreat to the Jane , Teach cut the Adventure ' s anchor cable. His crew hoisted the sails and the Adventure manoeuvred to point her starboard guns toward Maynard's sloops, which were slowly closing the gap. [ 84 ] Hyde moved Ranger to the port side of Jane and the Union flag was unfurled on each ship. Adventure then turned toward the beach of Ocracoke Island, heading for a narrow channel. [ 85 ] What happened next is uncertain. Johnson claimed that there was an exchange of small arms fire following which Adventure ran aground on a sandbar , and Maynard anchored and then lightened his ship to pass over the obstacle. Another version claimed that Jane and Ranger ran aground, although Maynard made no mention of this in his log. [ 86 ]\n\nThe Adventure eventually turned her guns on the two ships and fired. The broadside was devastating; in an instant, Maynard had lost as much as a third of his forces. About 20 on Jane were either wounded or killed and 9 on Ranger . Hyde was dead and his second and third officers either dead or seriously injured. His sloop was so badly damaged that it played no further role in the attack. [ 87 ] Contemporary accounts of what happened next are confused, but small-arms fire from Jane may have cut Adventure ' s jib sheet , causing her to lose control and run onto the sandbar. In the aftermath of Teach's overwhelming attack, Jane and Ranger may also have been grounded; the battle would have become a race to see who could float their ship first. [ 88 ]\n\nMaynard had kept many of his men below deck, and in anticipation of being boarded told them to prepare for close fighting. Teach watched as the gap between the vessels closed, and ordered his men to be ready. The two vessels contacted one another as the Adventure ' s grappling hooks hit their target and several grenades, made from powder and shot-filled bottles and ignited by fuses, broke across the sloop's deck. As the smoke cleared, Teach led his men aboard, buoyant at the sight of Maynard's apparently empty ship, his men firing at the small group of men with Maynard at the stern . [ 89 ]\n\nThe rest of Maynard's men then burst from the hold, shouting and firing. The plan to surprise Teach and his crew worked; the pirates were apparently taken aback at the assault. Teach rallied his men and the two groups fought across the deck, which was already slick with blood from those killed or injured by Teach's broadside. Maynard and Teach fired their flintlocks at each other. Maynard managed to hit Teach, while Teach missed. Both then threw their flintlocks away and drew their cutlasses. Teach broke Maynard's cutlass at the hilt. Against superior training and a slight advantage in numbers, the pirates were pushed back toward the bow, allowing the Jane ' s crew to surround Maynard and Teach, who was by then completely isolated. [ 90 ] Teach pressed onward and was about to deliver a killing blow, but was slashed across the neck by one of Maynard's men. This redirected Teach's cutlass to strike Maynard's knuckles instead of killing him. Badly wounded, Teach was then attacked and killed by several more of Maynard's crew. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] The remaining pirates quickly surrendered. Those left on the Adventure were captured by the Ranger ' s crew, including one who planned to set fire to the powder room and blow up the ship. Varying accounts exist of the battle's list of casualties; Maynard reported that 8 of his men and 12 pirates were killed. Brand reported that 10 pirates and 11 of Maynard's men were killed. Spotswood claimed ten pirates and ten of the King's men dead. [ 91 ]\n\nMaynard later examined Teach's body, noting that it had been shot five times and cut about twenty. He also found several items of correspondence, including a letter from Tobias Knight. Teach's corpse was thrown into the inlet and his head was suspended from the bowsprit of Maynard's sloop so that the reward could be collected. [ 93 ] On their return to Virginia, Teach's head was placed on a pole at the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay as a warning to other pirates and a greeting to other ships, and it stood there for several years. [ 94 ]\n\nLieutenant Maynard remained at Ocracoke for several more days, making repairs and burying the dead. [ 95 ] Teach's loot—sugar, cocoa, indigo and cotton—found \"in pirate sloops and ashore in a tent where the sloops lay\", was sold at auction along with sugar and cotton found in Tobias Knight's barn, for £2,238. Governor Spotswood used a portion of this to pay for the entire operation. The prize money for capturing Teach was to have been about £400 (£79,000 in 2023) [ 96 ] , but it was split between the crews of HMS Lyme and HMS Pearl . As Captain Brand and his troops had not been the ones fighting for their lives, Maynard thought this extremely unfair. He lost much of any support he might have had though when it was discovered that he and his crew had helped themselves to about £90 of Teach's booty. The two companies did not receive their prize money for another four years, [ 97 ] [ 98 ] and despite his bravery Maynard was not promoted, and faded into obscurity. [ 99 ]\n\nThe remainder of Teach's crew and former associates were found by Brand, in Bath, [ 98 ] and were transported to Williamsburg, Virginia , where they were jailed on charges of piracy. Several were black, prompting Spotswood to ask his council what could be done about \"the Circumstances of these Negroes to exempt them from undergoing the same Tryal as other pirates.\" Regardless, the men were tried with their comrades in Williamsburg's Capitol building, under admiralty law, on 12 March 1719. No records of the day's proceedings remain, but 14 of the 16 accused were found guilty. Of the remaining two, one proved that he had partaken of the fight out of necessity, having been on Teach's ship only as a guest at a drinking party the night before, and not as a pirate. The other, Israel Hands, was not present at the fight. He claimed that during a drinking session Teach had shot him in the knee, and that he was still covered by the royal pardon. [ nb 12 ] The remaining pirates were hanged , then left to rot in gibbets along Williamsburg's Capitol Landing Road (known for some time after as \"Gallows Road\"). [ 101 ]\n\nGovernor Eden was certainly embarrassed by Spotswood's invasion of North Carolina, [ 102 ] and Spotswood disavowed himself of any part of the seizure. He defended his actions, writing to Lord Carteret , a shareholder of the province of Carolina, that he might benefit from the sale of the seized property and reminding the Earl of the number of Virginians who had died to protect his interests. He argued for the secrecy of the operation by suggesting that Eden \"could contribute nothing to the Success of the Design\", and told Eden that his authority to capture the pirates came from the king. Eden was heavily criticised for his involvement with Teach and was accused of being his accomplice. By criticising Eden, Spotswood intended to bolster the legitimacy of his invasion. [ 103 ] Lee (1974) concludes that although Spotswood may have thought that the ends justified the means, he had no legal authority to invade North Carolina, to capture the pirates and to seize and auction their goods. [ 104 ] Eden doubtless shared the same view. As Spotswood had also accused Tobias Knight of being in league with Teach, on 4 April 1719, Eden had Knight brought in for questioning. Israel Hands had, weeks earlier, testified that Knight had been on board the Adventure in August 1718, shortly after Teach had brought a French ship to North Carolina as a prize. Four pirates had testified that with Teach they had visited Knight's home to give him presents. This testimony and the letter found on Teach's body by Maynard appeared compelling, but Knight conducted his defence with competence. Despite being very sick and close to death, he questioned the reliability of Spotswood's witnesses. He claimed that Israel Hands had talked under duress, and that under North Carolinian law the other witness, an African, was unable to testify. The sugar, he argued, was stored at his house legally, and Teach had visited him only on business, in his official capacity. The board found Knight innocent of all charges. He died later that year. [ 105 ] [ 106 ]\n\nEden was annoyed that the accusations against Knight arose during a trial in which he played no part. The goods which Brand seized were officially North Carolinian property and Eden considered him a thief. The argument raged back and forth between the colonies until Eden's death on 17 March 1722. His will named one of Spotswood's opponents, John Holloway, a beneficiary. In the same year, Spotswood, who for years had fought his enemies in the House of Burgesses and the council, was replaced by Hugh Drysdale , once Robert Walpole was convinced to act. [ 67 ] [ 107 ]\n\nWe normally think about pirates as sort of blood-lusting, that they want to slash somebody to pieces. [It's probably more likely that] a pirate, just like a normal person, would probably rather not have killed someone, but pirates knew that if that person resisted them and they didn't do something about it, their reputation and thus their brand name would be impaired. So you can imagine a pirate rather reluctantly engaging in this behavior as a way of preserving that reputation.\n\nOfficial views on pirates were sometimes quite different from those held by contemporary authors, who often described their subjects as despicable rogues of the sea. Privateers who became pirates were generally considered by the English government to be reserve naval forces, and were sometimes given active encouragement; as far back as 1581 Francis Drake was knighted by Queen Elizabeth , when he returned to England from a round-the-world expedition with plunder worth an estimated £1,500,000. [ 109 ] Royal pardons were regularly issued, usually when England was on the verge of war, and the public's opinion of pirates was often favourable, some considering them akin to patrons. [ 110 ] Economist Peter Leeson believes that pirates were generally shrewd businessmen, far removed from the modern, romanticised view of them as barbarians. [ 108 ] After Woodes Rogers' 1718 landing at New Providence and his ending of the pirate republic , piracy in the West Indies fell into terminal decline. With no easily accessible outlet to fence their stolen goods, pirates were reduced to a subsistence livelihood, and following almost a century of naval warfare between the British, French and Spanish—during which sailors could find easy employment—lone privateers found themselves outnumbered by the powerful ships employed by the British Empire to defend its merchant fleets. The popularity of the slave trade helped bring to an end the frontier condition of the West Indies, and in these circumstances, piracy was no longer able to flourish as it once did. [ 111 ]\n\nSince the end of the Golden Age of Piracy , Teach and his exploits have become the stuff of lore, inspiring books, films and even amusement park rides. Much of what is known about him can be sourced to Charles Johnson's A General Historie of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates , published in Britain in 1724. [ 112 ] A recognised authority on the pirates of his time, Johnson's descriptions of such figures as Anne Bonny and Mary Read were for years required reading for those interested in the subject. [ 113 ] Readers were titillated by his stories and a second edition was quickly published, though author Angus Konstam suspects that Johnson's entry on Blackbeard was \"coloured a little to make a more sensational story.\" [ nb 13 ] A General Historie , though, is generally considered to be a reliable source. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Johnson may have been an assumed alias. As Johnson's accounts have been corroborated in personal and official dispatches, Lee (1974) considers that whoever he was, he had some access to official correspondence. [ 113 ] Konstam speculates further, suggesting that Johnson may have been the English playwright Charles Johnson , the British publisher Charles Rivington , or the writer Daniel Defoe . [ 117 ] In his 1951 work The Great Days of Piracy , author George Woodbury wrote that Johnson is \"obviously a pseudonym\", continuing \"one cannot help suspecting that he may have been a pirate himself.\" [ 118 ]\n\nDespite his infamy, Teach was not the most successful of pirates. Henry Every retired a rich man, and Bartholomew Roberts took an estimated five times the amount Teach stole. [ 120 ] Treasure hunters have long busied themselves searching for any trace of his rumoured hoard of gold and silver, but nothing found in the numerous sites explored along the east coast of the US has ever been connected to him. Some tales suggest that pirates often killed a prisoner on the spot where they buried their loot, and Teach is no exception in these stories, [ 121 ] but that no finds have come to light is not exceptional; buried pirate treasure is often considered a modern myth for which almost no supporting evidence exists. The available records include nothing to suggest that the burial of treasure was a common practice, except in the imaginations of the writers of fictional accounts such as Treasure Island . Such hoards would necessitate a wealthy owner, and their supposed existence ignores the command structure of a pirate vessel, in which the crew served for a share of the profit. [ 122 ] The only pirate ever known to bury treasure was William Kidd . [ 123 ] The only treasure so far recovered from Teach's exploits is that taken from the wreckage of what is presumed to be the Queen Anne's Revenge , which was found in 1996 by Intersal Inc., a private research firm. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] As of 2013 around 280,000 artefacts had been recovered from the wreck site, [ 126 ] a selection of which is on public display at the North Carolina Maritime Museum . [ 127 ]\n\nVarious superstitious tales exist of Teach's ghost. Unexplained lights at sea are often referred to as \"Teach's light\", and some recitals claim that the notorious pirate now roams the afterlife searching for his head, for fear that his friends, and the Devil, will not recognise him. [ 128 ] A North Carolinian tale holds that Teach's skull was used as the basis for a silver drinking chalice; a local judge even claimed to have drunk from it one night in the 1930s. [ 129 ]\n\nThe name of Blackbeard has been attached to many local attractions, such as Charleston's Blackbeard's Cove. [ 130 ] His name and persona have also featured heavily in literature. He is the main subject of Matilda Douglas's fictional 1835 work Blackbeard: A page from the colonial history of Philadelphia . [ 131 ]\n\nFilm renditions of his life include Blackbeard the Pirate (1952) starring West Country native Robert Newton whose exaggerated West Country accent is credited with popularising the stereotypical \" pirate voice \", [ 132 ] Blackbeard's Ghost (1968), Blackbeard: Terror at Sea (2005) and the 2006 Hallmark Channel miniseries Blackbeard . Parallels have also been drawn between Johnson's Blackbeard and the character of Captain Jack Sparrow in the 2003 adventure film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl . [ 133 ] Blackbeard is also portrayed as a central character in three TV series: by John Malkovich in Crossbones (2014), [ 134 ] by Ray Stevenson in seasons three and four of Black Sails (2016–2017), [ 135 ] and by Taika Waititi in Our Flag Means Death (2022). [ 136 ] [ 137 ]\n\nIn 2013 and 2015, the state government of North Carolina uploaded Nautilus Productions videos of the wreck of the Queen Anne's Revenge to its website without permission. As a result, Nautilus Productions , the company documenting the recovery since 1998, filed suit in federal court over copyright violations and the passage of \" Blackbeard's Law \" by the North Carolina General Assembly . [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] Before posting the videos the General Assembly passed \"Blackbeard's Law\", N.C. Gen Stat §121-25(b), which stated, \"All photographs, video recordings, or other documentary materials of a derelict vessel or shipwreck or its contents, relics, artifacts, or historic materials in the custody of any agency of North Carolina government or its subdivisions shall be a public record pursuant to Chapter 132 of the General Statutes.\" On 5 November 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Allen v. Cooper . [ 141 ] [ 142 ] [ 143 ] [ 144 ] The Supreme Court subsequently ruled in the state's favor, [ 145 ] and struck down the Copyright Remedy Clarification Act , which Congress passed in 1989 to attempt to curb such infringements of copyright by states. [ 146 ] [ 147 ]\n\nAs a result of the ruling Nautilus filed a motion for reconsideration in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina. [ 148 ] On 18 August 2021 Judge Terrence Boyle granted the motion for reconsideration, which North Carolina promptly appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. [ 149 ] The 4th Circuit denied the state's request to appeal on 14 October 2022. [ 150 ] Nautilus then filed their second amended complaint on 8 February 2023 alleging 5th and 14th Amendment violations of Nautilus' constitutional rights, additional copyright violations, and claiming that North Carolina's \"Blackbeard's Law\" represents a Bill of Attainder . [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Eight years after the passage of Blackbeard's Law, on 30 June 2023, North Carolina Gov. Roy Cooper signed a bill repealing the law. [ 153 ]\n\nNotes\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography",
+    "tf_idf_text": "edward teach thatch november well know blackbeard english pirate operate around west indie eastern coast britain north american colony little know early life may sailor privateering ship queen anne war settle bahamian island new providence base captain benjamin hornigold whose crew teach join around hornigold place command sloop capture two engage numerous act piracy number boost addition fleet two ship one command stede bonnet hornigold retire piracy toward end take two vessel teach capture french slave ship known concorde rename queen anne revenge equip gun crew men nickname derive thick black beard menace appearance report tied lit fuse slow match hat frighten enemy form alliance pirate blockade port charles town south carolina ransom inhabitant run queen anne revenge aground sandbar near beaufort north carolina part company stede bonnet settle bath north carolina historically know bath town accept royal pardon however soon back sea attract attention alexander spotswood governor virginia spotswood arrange party soldier sailor capture november follow ferocious battle ocracoke teach several crew kill small force sailor lead lieutenant robert maynard teach shrewd calculate leader spurn use violence rely instead fearsome image elicit response desire robbed romanticise death become inspiration archetypal pirate work fiction across many genre little known blackbeard early life commonly believe time death year old thus bear around contemporary record name often give blackbeard edward thatch edward teach latter often used form use dispatch north americas newspaper time boston newsletter primary source write people actually meet pirate refer thatch variation thereof several spelling surname exist thatch thach thache thack tack thatche theach one source claim surname drummond lack support documentation make unlikely pirate habitually use fictitious surname engage piracy not tarnish family name make unlikely teachs real name ever know thcentury rise britains american colony rapid thcentury expansion atlantic slave trade make bristol important international seaport teach likely raise secondlargest city england could almost certainly read write communicated merchant upon death possession letter address chief justice secretary province carolina tobias knight author robert lee speculate teach may therefore born respectable wealthy family may arrive caribbean last year century merchant vessel possibly slave ship thcentury author charles johnson claim teach time sailor operate jamaica privateer ship war spanish succession often distinguish uncommon boldness personal courage unknown point war teach join fighting record life become pirate history colonialism trade piracy west indie set many thcentury maritime incident privateerturnedpirate henry jennings follower decide early century use uninhabited island new providence base operation since within easy reach florida strait busy ship lane fill european vessel cross atlantic new providence harbour could easily accommodate hundred ship shallow royal navy large vessel author george woodbury describe new providence city home place temporary sojourn refreshment literally float population continue permanent resident piratical camp follower trader hangerson others transient new providence pirate find welcome respite law teach one come enjoy island benefit probably shortly sign treaty utrecht move jamaica along privateer involve war become involved piracy possibly join crew captain benjamin hornigold renowned pirate operate new providence safe water hornigold place teach charge sloop take prize early hornigold teach captain sloop set mainland capture boat carrying barrel flour havana shortly thereafter take barrel wine sloop bermuda day later stop vessel sail madeira charles town south carolina teach quartermaster william howard may time struggle control crew probably develop taste madeira wine september near cape charles take betty virginia cargo madeira scuttle remain cargo cruise hornigold early know report teach make record pirate right command large crew report make captain mathew munthe antipiracy patrol north carolina thatch describe operate sloop gunns men september teach hornigold encounter stede bonnet landowner military officer wealthy family turn piracy earlier year bonnet crew reportedly dissatisfied command bonnet permission teach take control ship revenge pirate flotilla consist three ship teach revenge teach old sloop hornigolds ranger october another vessel capture add small fleet sloop robert philadelphia good intent dublin stop october cargo hold empty former british privateer hornigold attack old enemy crew sight british vessel fill valuable cargo passing unharmed become much point toward end demote whether teach involvement decision unknown hornigold quickly retire piracy take ranger one sloops leave teach revenge remain sloop two never meet many occupant new providence hornigold accept king pardon november teach two ship attack french merchant vessel coast saint vincent fire broadside across bulwark kill several crew force captain surrender ship concorde large french guineaman register saintmalo carry cargo slave ship originally english merchantman concord capture french squadron change hand several time teach crew sail vessel south along saint vincent grenadine bequia disembark crew cargo convert ship use crew concorde give small teachs two sloop rename mauvaise rencontre bad meeting sail martinique teach may recruit slave remainder leave island later recapture return crew mauvaise rencontre teach immediately rename concorde queen anne revenge equip guns time teach place lieutenant richards command bonnet revenge late november year near saint vincent attack great allen lengthy engagement force large wellarmed merchant ship surrender order move closer shore disembarked crew empty cargo hold burn sank vessel incident chronicle boston newsletter call teach commander french ship gun briganteen gun sloop gun not know teach collect tengun briganteen time may command least men split among three vessel december teach stop merchant sloop margaret coast crab island near anguilla captain henry bostock crew remain teachs prisoner eight hour force watch sloop ransack bostock hold aboard queen anne revenge return unharmed margaret allow leave crew return base operation saint christopher island report matter governor walter hamilton request sign affidavit encounter bostocks deposition detail teachs command two vessel sloop large french guineaman dutchbuilt cannon crew men captain believe large ship carry valuable gold dust silver plate fine cup supposedly take commander great allen teach crew apparently inform bostock destroy several vessel intend sail hispaniola lie wait expect spanish armada supposedly laden money pay garrison bostock also claim teach question movement local ship also seem unsurprised bostock tell expect royal pardon london pirate heroe captain teach assume cognomen blackbeard large quantity hair like frightful meteor cover whole face frighten america comet appear long time beard black suffer grow extravagant length breadth come eyes accustomed twist ribbon small tail manner ramilies wiggs turn ear bostocks deposition describe teach tall spare man black beard wear long first record account teachs appearance source nickname blackbeard late description mention thick black beard braid pigtail sometimes tie small coloured ribbon johnson describe figure imagination cannot form idea fury hell look frightful whether johnson description entirely truthful embellish unclear seem likely teach understand value appearance well strike fear heart one enemy rely bluster alone teach tall broad shoulder wear kneelength boot dark clothing top wide hat sometimes long coat brightly colour silk velvet johnson also describe teach time battle wear sling shoulder three brace pistol hang holster like bandolier stick light slow match hat latter apparently emphasise fearsome appearance wish present enemy despite ferocious reputation verify account ever murder harmed hold captive teach may use alias november monserrat merchant encounter two ship sloop command captain kentish captain edward latter know alias stede bonnet teach movement late early not know bonnet probably responsible attack sint eustatius december henry bostock claim heard pirate say would head toward spanishcontrolled saman bay hispaniola cursory search reveal pirate activity captain hume hm scarborough report february pyrate ship gun men sloop gun men say cruizing amongst leeward island hume reinforce crew soldier arm musket join hms seaford track two ship avail though discover two ship sink french vessel christopher island report also last see go north side hispaniola although confirmation exist two ship control teach bonnet author angus konstam believe likely march take water turneffe island east belize ship spot jamaican logwoodcutting sloop adventure make harbour stop captain harriot invite join pirate harriot crew accept invitation teach send crew sail adventure make israel hand captain sailed bay honduras add another ship four sloop flotilla april teach enlarge fleet ship loot burnt protestant caesar fleet sail grand cayman capture small turtler teach probably sail toward havana may capture small spanish vessel leave cuban port sail wreck spanish fleet eastern coast florida teach disembark crew capture spanish sloop proceed north port charles town south carolina attack three vessel along way may teach award rank commodore height power late month flotilla blockade port charles town province south carolina vessel enter leave port stop town guard ship pilot boat first capture next five six day nine vessel stop ransack attempted sail past charles town bar teach fleet anchor one ship head london group prominent charles town citizen include samuel wragg member council province carolina crowley passenger question vessel still port locked deck half day teach informed prisoner fleet require medical supply colonial government south carolina none forthcoming prisoner would execute head send governor capture ship burnt wragg agree teach demand mark two pirate give two day collect drug teach move fleet captured ship within five six league land three day later messenger send mark return fleet marks boat capsize delayed arrival charles town teach grant reprieve two day still party not return call meeting fellow sailor move eight ship harbour cause panic within town mark finally return fleet explain happen arrival present pirate demand governor drug quickly gather two pirate send escort prove difficult find busy drink friend finally discover drunk teach keep side bargain release capture ship prisonersalbeit relieve valuable include fine clothing worn whilst charles town teach learn woodes rogers leave england several menofwar order purge west indie pirate teachs flotilla sail northward along atlantic coast beaufort inlet know topsail inlet coast north carolina intend careen ship scrape hull june queen anne revenge run aground sandbar crack mainmast severely damaging many timber teach ordered several sloop throw rope across flagship attempt free sloop command israel hand adventure also run aground vessel appear damage beyond repair leave revenge capture spanish sloop teach stage learnt offer royal pardon probably confide bonnet willingness accept pardon open pirate surrender september contain caveat stipulate immunity offer crime commit january although theory leave bonnet teach risk hang action charles town bar authority could waive condition teach think governor charles eden man could trust make sure wait see would happen another captain bonnet leave immediately small sail boat bath town surrender governor eden receive pardon travel back beaufort inlet collect revenge remainder crew intend sail saint thomas island receive commission unfortunately teach stripped vessel valuable provision maroon crew bonnet set revenge unable find crew return piracy capture september mouth cape fear river four try hang charles town author robert lee surmise teach hand intentionally run ship aground reduce fleet crew complement increase share spoil trial bonnet crew revenge boatswain ignatius pell testify ship run ashore lose thatch teach cause do lee considers plausible teach let bonnet plan accept pardon governor eden suggest bonnet war quadruple alliance spain threaten consider take privateer commission england lee suggests teach also offer bonnet return ship revenge konstam propose similar idea explain teach begin see queen anne revenge something liability pirate fleet anchor news send neighbouring town colony vessel nearby would delay sail prudent therefore teach not linger long although wreck ship extreme measure sail northward remain sloop ocracoke inlet teach maroon men small sandy island mainland may do stifle protest make guessed captain plan bonnet rescue two day later teach continue bath june day bonnet depart pardonhe muchreduced crew receive pardon governor eden settle bath eastern side bath creek plum point near edens home july august travel base town sloop ocracoke johnson account state marry daughter local plantation owner although support evidence eden give teach permission sail thomas seek commission privateer useful way remove bore troublesome pirate small settlement teach give official title remain sloop rename adventure end august return piracy month governor pennsylvania issue warrant arrest teach probably operate delaware bay distance away take two french ship leave caribbean move one crew across sail remain ship back ocracoke september tell eden find french ship sea desert vice admiralty court quickly convene presided tobias knight collector custom ship judged derelict find sea cargo twenty hogsheads sugar award knight sixty eden teach crew give remain vessel hold ocracoke inlet teach favourite anchorage perfect vantage point view ship travel various settlement northeast carolina teach first spot approach ship charles vane another english pirate several month earlier vane reject pardon bring woodes rogers escape menofwar english captain bring nassau also pursue teachs old commander benjamin hornigold pirate hunter teach vane spend several night southern tip ocracoke island accompany notorious figure israel hand robert deal spread throughout neighbour colony news teach vane impromptu party worried governor pennsylvania enough send two sloop capture pirate unsuccessful governor virginia alexander spotswood also concern supposedly retired freebooter crew live nearby north carolina teach former crew already move several virginian seaport town prompt spotswood issue proclamation july require former pirate make known authority give arm not travel group large three head crown colony spotswood view proprietary colony north carolina contempt little faith ability carolinian control pirate suspect would back old way disrupt virginian commerce soon money run spotswood learn william howard former quartermaster queen anne revenge area believing might know teachs whereabouts two slave arrest spotswood legal authority pirate try result howard attorney john holloway bring charge captain brand hm lyme howard imprison also sue howard behalf damage claim wrongful arrest spotswoods council claim statute william governor entitle try pirate without jury time crisis teach presence crisis charge howard refer several act piracy supposedly commit pardon cutoff date sloop belong subject king spain ignored fact take place outside spotswoods jurisdiction vessel legally own another charge cite two attack one capture slave ship charles town bar one howard slave presume come howard send await trial court viceadmiralty charge piracy brand colleague captain gordon hms pearl refuse serve holloway present incense holloway option stand replace attorney general virginia john clayton spotswood describe honest man holloway howard find guilty sentence hang save commission london direct spotswood pardon act piracy commit surrender pirate august spotswood obtain howard valuable information teach whereabouts plan send force across border north carolina capture gain support two men keen discredit north carolina governoredward moseley colonel maurice moore also write lord trade suggest crown might benefit financially teachs capture spotswood personally financed operation possibly believe teach fabulous treasure hide away ordered captain gordon brand hm pearl hm lyme travel overland bath lieutenant robert maynard hm pearl give command two commandeered sloop approach town sea extra incentive teach capture offer reward assembly virginia might receive crown maynard take command two arm sloop november give men hms pearl hm lyme maynard detachment hm pearl take large two vessel name jane rest take ranger command one maynards officer mister hyde two ship civilian crew remain aboard sail kecoughtan along james river november two sloop move slowly give brand force time reach bath brand set north carolina six day later arrive within three mile bath november include brand force several north carolinian include colonel moore captain jeremiah vail send counter local objection presence foreign soldier moore go town see teach report back not expect every minute brand go governor edens home inform purpose next day brand send two canoe pamlico river ocracoke inlet see teach could see return two day later report eventually transpire maynard find pirate anchor inner side ocracoke island even november ascertain position ship stop along journey unfamiliar local channel shoal decide wait follow morning make attack stop traffic enter inletpreventing warn presenceand post lookout sloops ensure teach could not escape sea side island teach busy entertain guest not set lookout israel hand ashore bath adventure sailor also muchreduced crew johnson report teach twentyfive men board give vessel speak forty thirteen white six negro number later report brand admiralty damn villain whence come lieutenant make answer may see colour pyrates blackbeard bid send boat board might see maynard replyd thus cannot spare boat come aboard soon sloop upon blackbeard take glass liquor drank word damnation seize soul give quarter take answer maynard tell expect quarter nor give daybreak precede small boat take sounding maynards two sloop enter channel small craft quickly spot adventure fire soon within range gun boat make quick retreat jane teach cut adventure anchor cable crew hoist sails adventure manoeuvre point starboard gun toward maynards sloop slowly close gap hyde move ranger port side jane union flag unfurl ship adventure turn toward beach ocracoke island head narrow channel happen next uncertain johnson claim exchange small arm fire follow adventure run aground sandbar maynard anchor lightened ship pas obstacle another version claim jane ranger run aground although maynard make mention log adventure eventually turn gun two ship fire broadside devastate instant maynard lose much third force jane either wound kill ranger hyde dead second third officer either dead seriously injured sloop badly damage played role attack contemporary account happen next confused smallarms fire jane may cut adventure jib sheet cause lose control run onto sandbar aftermath teach overwhelm attack jane ranger may also ground battle would become race see could float ship first maynard keep many men deck anticipation board tell prepare close fight teach watch gap vessel close order men ready two vessel contact one another adventure grapple hook hit target several grenade make powder shotfilled bottle ignite fuse break across sloop deck smoke clear teach lead men aboard buoyant sight maynards apparently empty ship men fire small group men maynard stern rest maynards men burst hold shout firing plan surprise teach crew work pirate apparently take aback assault teach rally men two group fought across deck already slick blood kill injured teach broadside maynard teach fired flintlock maynard manage hit teach teach missed threw flintlocks away drew cutlass teach break maynards cutlas hilt superior training slight advantage number pirate push back toward bow allow jane crew surround maynard teach completely isolated teach press onward deliver kill blow slash across neck one maynards men redirect teachs cutlas strike maynards knuckle instead kill badly wound teach attack kill several maynards crew remain pirate quickly surrender left adventure capture ranger crew include one plan set fire powder room blow ship vary account exist battle list casualty maynard report men pirate kill brand report pirate maynards men kill spotswood claim ten pirate ten king men dead maynard later examine teach body note shot five time cut twenty also find several item correspondence include letter tobias knight teach corpse thrown inlet head suspend bowsprit maynards sloop reward could collect return virginia teach head place pole entrance chesapeake bay warn pirate greet ship stand several year lieutenant maynard remain ocracoke several day make repairs bury dead teach lootsugar cocoa indigo cottonfound pirate sloop ashore tent sloop lay sell auction along sugar cotton find tobias knight barn governor spotswood use portion pay entire operation prize money capture teach split crew hms lyme hm pearl captain brand troop not one fight life maynard think extremely unfair lose much support might though discovered crew help teach booty two company not receive prize money another four year despite bravery maynard not promote faded obscurity remainder teach crew former associate find brand bath transport williamsburg virginia jail charge piracy several black prompt spotswood ask council could do circumstance negro exempt undergoing tryal pirate regardless men try comrade williamsburgs capitol build admiralty law march record day proceeding remain accused find guilty remain two one prove partaken fight necessity teach ship guest drink party night not pirate israel hand not present fight claim drink session teach shot knee still cover royal pardon remain pirate hang left rot gibbet along williamsburgs capitol land road know time gallows road governor eden certainly embarrass spotswoods invasion north carolina spotswood disavow part seizure defend action write lord carteret shareholder province carolina might benefit sale seize property remind earl number virginian die protect interest argue secrecy operation suggest eden could contribute nothing success design tell eden authority capture pirate come king eden heavily criticise involvement teach accuse accomplice criticise eden spotswood intend bolster legitimacy invasion lee conclude although spotswood may think end justified mean legal authority invade north carolina capture pirate seize auction good eden doubtless share view spotswood also accuse tobias knight league teach april eden knight brought question israel hand week earlier testify knight board adventure august shortly teach brought french ship north carolina prize four pirate testify teach visit knight home give present testimony letter find teach body maynard appear compelling knight conduct defence competence despite sick close death question reliability spotswoods witness claim israel hand talk duress north carolinian law witness african unable testify sugar argue store house legally teach visited business official capacity board find knight innocent charge die later year eden annoy accusation knight arose trial play part good brand seize officially north carolinian property eden consider thief argument rag back forth colony edens death march name one spotswoods opponents john holloway beneficiary year spotswood year fought enemy house burgesses council replace hugh drysdale robert walpole convince act normally think pirate sort bloodlusting want slash somebody piece probably likely pirate like normal person would probably rather not kill someone pirate know person resist didnt something reputation thus brand name would impair imagine pirate rather reluctantly engage behavior way preserve reputation official view pirate sometimes quite different hold contemporary author often describe subject despicable rogue sea privateer become pirate generally consider english government reserve naval force sometimes give active encouragement far back francis drake knight queen elizabeth return england roundtheworld expedition plunder worth estimate royal pardon regularly issue usually england verge war public opinion pirate often favourable consider akin patron economist peter leeson believe pirate generally shrewd businessmen far remove modern romanticise view barbarian woodes rogers land new providence end pirate republic piracy west indie fell terminal decline easily accessible outlet fence steal good pirate reduce subsistence livelihood follow almost century naval warfare british french spanishduring sailor could find easy employmentlone privateer find outnumbered powerful ship employ british empire defend merchant fleet popularity slave trade help bring end frontier condition west indie circumstance piracy longer able flourish since end golden age piracy teach exploit become stuff lore inspiring book film even amusement park ride much know sourced charles johnson general historie robberies murder notorious pyrates publish britain recognised authority pirate time johnson description figure anne bonny mary read year require reading interested subject reader titillate story second edition quickly publish though author angus konstam suspect johnson entry blackbeard colour little make sensational story general historie though generally consider reliable source johnson may assume alias johnson account corroborate personal official dispatch lee considers whoever access official correspondence konstam speculate suggest johnson may english playwright charles johnson british publisher charles rivington writer daniel defoe work great day piracy author george woodbury write johnson obviously pseudonym continue one cannot help suspecting may pirate despite infamy teach not successful pirate henry every retired rich man bartholomew robert take estimate five time amount teach stole treasure hunter long busy search trace rumour hoard gold silver nothing find numerous site explore along east coast ever connect tale suggest pirate often kill prisoner spot bury loot teach exception story find come light not exceptional bury pirate treasure often consider modern myth almost support evidence exists available record include nothing suggest burial treasure common practice except imagination writer fictional account treasure island hoard would necessitate wealthy owner suppose existence ignores command structure pirate vessel crew serve share profit pirate ever know bury treasure william kidd treasure far recover teachs exploit take wreckage presume queen anne revenge find intersal inc private research firm around artefact recover wreck site selection public display north carolina maritime museum various superstitious tale exist teachs ghost unexplained light sea often refer teachs light recital claim notorious pirate roams afterlife search head fear friend devil not recognise north carolinian tale hold teachs skull use basis silver drinking chalice local judge even claim drunk one night name blackbeard attach many local attraction charleston blackbeard cove name persona also feature heavily literature main subject matilda douglas fictional work blackbeard page colonial history philadelphia film rendition life include blackbeard pirate star west country native robert newton whose exaggerated west country accent credit popularise stereotypical pirate voice blackbeard ghost blackbeard terror sea hallmark channel miniseries blackbeard parallel also draw johnson blackbeard character captain jack sparrow adventure film pirate caribbean curse black pearl blackbeard also portray central character three series john malkovich crossbones ray stevenson season three four black sail taika waititi flag mean death state government north carolina uploaded nautilus production videos wreck queen anne revenge website without permission result nautilus production company document recovery since file suit federal court copyright violation passage blackbeard law north carolina general assembly post videos general assembly pass blackbeard law gen stat state photographs video recording documentary material derelict vessel shipwreck content relic artifact historic material custody agency north carolina government subdivision shall public record pursuant chapter general statutes november supreme court hear oral argument allen cooper supreme court subsequently rule state favor struck copyright remedy clarification act congress pass attempt curb infringement copyright state result rule nautilus file motion reconsideration united state district court eastern district north carolina august judge terrence boyle grant motion reconsideration north carolina promptly appeal united state court appeal fourth circuit circuit deny state request appeal october nautilus file second amend complaint february allege amendment violation nautilus constitutional right additional copyright violation claim north carolina blackbeard law represent bill attainder eight year passage blackbeard law june north carolina gov roy cooper sign bill repeal law note citation bibliography"
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corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Bloquons_tout/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Bloquons_tout.json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Bloquons_tout",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloquons_tout",
+    "transformers_text": "Bloquons tout ( French pronunciation: [blɔkɔ̃ tu] ; English: \" Block everything \" or Let's block everything [ 2 ] ) is a protest movement in France that emerged on social media in May 2025. The movement called for a general strike and nationwide \"shutdown\" on 10 September 2025, to oppose the austerity measures proposed by the government of Prime Minister François Bayrou . [ 3 ] Ring roads in Bordeaux , and other Northern French cities like Rennes , Nantes , Caen and in Paris were blocked. The second action was in combination with a strike announced by main French trade unions on 18 September 2025. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] On October 2, 2025, the third wave of protests took place. [ 6 ]\n\nThe direct cause was the 2026 budget plan of François Bayrou , which contained various proposed measures to reduce public spending. [ 7 ] Moreover, the perceived democratic deficits of the Macron presidency were an important factor, as François Bayrou was the seventh prime minister of Macron's alliance, despite increased discontent and the results of the 2024 legislative elections . [ 7 ]\n\nThe movement arose in May 2025 online among right-wing groups. [ 8 ] The first mentions of the movement appeared on the TikTok account of a 43-year-old man from Hazebrouck in May 2025, he is a founder of Les Essentiels movement. Popularity of Bloquons tout soon grew, with both left and right-wing activists endorsing it, they included ecologists and neo-nazis . [ 9 ] Before its actions, the Bloquons tout movement had drawn support from various left-wing political figures, including Jean-Luc Mélenchon of La France Insoumise , and major trade unions were initially hesitant to officially endorse the 10 September action, although they shared many of the movement's concerns about the proposed budget. [ 3 ]\n\nThe movement was later taken over by the left and far-left in response to the Bayrou government 's proposed 2026 budget disclosed on 15 July 2025, which aimed to cut €43.8 billion from public spending. The budget included controversial measures such as the removal of two French national holidays , a freeze on pensions in France , and significant cuts to healthcare in France . [ 3 ] The slogan \"Boycott, disobedience and solidarity\" ( Boycott, désobéissance et solidarité ) began circulating on social media platforms like X (formerly Twitter ), TikTok , Telegram , and Facebook , coalescing around the hashtags #10septembre2025 and #10septembre. [ 3 ] Polls by french media said that out of 400,000 Twitter posts mentioning the movement, 70% were positive. [ 9 ]\n\nCommentators have noted both similarities and differences between Bloquons tout and the earlier Yellow Vests movement . While both are grassroots movements that originated on social media, a study by sociologist Antoine Bristielle found that Bloquons tout supporters are generally younger, more aligned with the political left, and more focused on collective interests and environmental concerns. [ 10 ] The two dozen organizers of the movement, called Les Essentiels (the Essentials) [ 2 ] had described themselves as \"apolitical\" and unconnected to the trade unions . [ 11 ]\n\nIn terms of methods and organisation, the movement has been compared to the yellow vests movement of 2018, while in terms of political support, the Bloquons tout protests are left-leaning, differently from the largely apolitical yellow vest mobilisations. [ 12 ] According to the French political scientist Antoine Bristielle, movements organised from social media like the yellow vests or bloquons tout aren't comparable to those supported by the main French trade unions, which usually mobilise greater numbers. [ 13 ]\n\nThe movement's core goal was a \"total shutdown\" of the country on 10 September 2025. Supporters were encouraged to avoid work, avoid shopping at large retailers, keep children at home and engage in \"peaceful occupation of symbolic locations\". [ 3 ] [ 11 ]\n\nOn September 10, hundreds of various actions against government policy took place, including roadblocks and blockades. [ 14 ] CNN described the actions as \"small but disruptive \", closing off key ring roads in Bordeaux , and otherwise Northern French cities like Rennes , Nantes , Caen and a road outside Gare du Nord in Paris. [ 8 ] Protests were largely peaceful except for a bus in Rennes and a restaurant in the 1st arrondissement of Paris that were set on fire. [ 8 ] On 12 September 2025, it was considered a strong possibility that the movement would continue, at least until the strike announced by French unions on September 18, 2025. [ 5 ] Actions were continued and groups did not stop meeting, ensuring that the movement would last. [ 4 ] Participation was of 200 000 to 300 000 people. [ 15 ] After the 10 September, general assemblies were continued across France.\n\nOn 18 September 2025, trade union strikes were more important than actions on the 10th, [ 16 ] as nine out of ten drugstores were closed and record strikes were recorded in middle and high schools . [ 17 ] The Parisian metro network was disrupted on multiple lines. [ 18 ] One Piece flags were seen in Paris, as used in protest by youth in the August 2025 Indonesian protests , the September 2025 Philippine protests , the 2025 Nepalese Gen Z protests . [ 19 ] and the 2025 Malagasy protests . On the 18th, between 500 000 to one million people followed the movement. [ 15 ] While rural assemblies generally carried on activities not reported nationwide, the Bloquons tout movement in large cities decided to follow the schedule proposed by France's trade unions . [ 20 ] However, many members criticise the previous schedule (18 September and 2 October 2025) chosen by the Intersyndicale coalition, in hopes of establishing mobilisation dates independent of French trade unions. [ 20 ]\n\nThe results of the mobilization are a matter of debate. [ 21 ] Thanks to the previous measures taken by the French Interior Ministry, led by Bruno Retailleau , in preparation for the movement, the first day of mobilization did not see a total paralysis, as previously feared. [ 22 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "bloquons tout french pronunciation blk english block everything let block everything protest movement france emerge social medium may movement call general strike nationwide shutdown september oppose austerity measure propose government prime minister franois bayrou ring road bordeaux northern french city like rennes nantes caen paris blocked second action combination strike announce main french trade union september october third wave protest take place direct cause budget plan franois bayrou contain various propose measure reduce public spending moreover perceive democratic deficit macron presidency important factor franois bayrou seventh prime minister macron alliance despite increased discontent result legislative election movement arose may online among rightwing group first mention movement appear tiktok account yearold man hazebrouck may founder le essentiels movement popularity bloquons tout soon grow left rightwing activist endorse included ecologist neonazis action bloquons tout movement drawn support various leftwing political figure include jeanluc mlenchon france insoumise major trade union initially hesitant officially endorse september action although share many movement concern propose budget movement later take leave farleft response bayrou government propose budget disclose july aim cut billion public spending budget include controversial measure removal two french national holiday freeze pension france significant cut healthcare france slogan boycott disobedience solidarity boycott dsobissance solidarit begin circulate social medium platform like formerly twitter tiktok telegram facebook coalesce around hashtags septembre septembre poll french medium say twitter post mention movement positive commentator note similarity difference bloquons tout early yellow vest movement grassroots movement originate social medium study sociologist antoine bristielle find bloquons tout supporter generally young aligned political left focus collective interest environmental concern two dozen organizer movement call le essentiels essential describe apolitical unconnected trade union term method organisation movement compare yellow vest movement term political support bloquons tout protest leftleaning differently largely apolitical yellow vest mobilisation accord french political scientist antoine bristielle movement organise social medium like yellow vest bloquons tout arent comparable support main french trade union usually mobilise great number movement core goal total shutdown country september supporter encourage avoid work avoid shop large retailer keep child home engage peaceful occupation symbolic location september hundred various action government policy take place include roadblock blockade cnn described action small disruptive closing key ring road bordeaux otherwise northern french city like rennes nantes caen road outside gare nord paris protest largely peaceful except bus rennes restaurant arrondissement paris set fire september consider strong possibility movement would continue least strike announce french union september action continue group not stop meeting ensure movement would last participation people september general assembly continue across france september trade union strike important action nine ten drugstore close record strike record middle high school parisian metro network disrupt multiple line one piece flag see paris use protest youth august indonesian protest september philippine protest nepalese gen protest malagasy protest one million people follow movement rural assembly generally carry activity not report nationwide bloquons tout movement large city decide follow schedule propose france trade union however many member criticise previous schedule september october choose intersyndicale coalition hop establish mobilisation date independent french trade union result mobilization matter debate thanks previous measure take french interior ministry lead bruno retailleau preparation movement first day mobilization not see total paralysis previously fear"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Blue_Box_(manga)/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Blue_Box_(manga).json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Blue_Box_(manga)",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Box_(manga)",
+    "transformers_text": "Blue Box ( Japanese : アオのハコ , Hepburn : Ao no Hako ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kouji Miura . It has been serialized in Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump since April 2021, with its chapters collected in 23 tankōbon volumes as of December 2025. An anime television series adaptation produced by TMS Entertainment and animated by Telecom Animation Film aired from October 2024 to March 2025. A second season has been announced.\n\nThe series focuses on Taiki Inomata, a student at Eimei Junior and Senior High, an athletics-oriented school, where he is a member of the boys' badminton team and is considered simply average. Every morning, he trains to get better early in the gym, often at the same time and place as his upperclasswoman Chinatsu Kano, the star of the girls' basketball team. Taiki quickly develops a crush on her, but is initially too shy to speak to her despite their continual alone time together. His fortunes change, however, when Chinatsu moves in with Taiki's family after her parents leave Japan to work abroad . With Chinatsu now living with him, Taiki aims to slowly develop his relationship with her as they both strive to make it to the national championship with their respective teams. [ 4 ]\n\nWritten and illustrated by Kouji Miura , Blue Box began its serialization in Shueisha 's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump on April 12, 2021, [ 14 ] [ 15 ] after the one-shot version had been published on August 3, 2020. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Shueisha has collected its chapters into individual tankōbon volumes. The first volume was released on August 4, 2021. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] As of December 4, 2025, 23 volumes have been released. [ 20 ]\n\nBlue Box has been licensed for simultaneous publication in North America as it is released in Japan, with its chapters being digitally launched by Viz Media on its Shonen Jump website. [ 21 ] Shueisha also simulpublishes the series in English for free on the Manga Plus app and website. [ 22 ] In February 2022, Viz Media announced that they had licensed the series in print format; the first volume was released on November 1 of the same year. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] The manga is also licensed in Indonesia by Elex Media Komputindo . [ 25 ]\n\nAn anime television series adaptation was announced in November 2023. [ 5 ] Planned and produced by TMS Entertainment , [ a ] it is animated by Telecom Animation Film and directed by Yūichirō Yano, with Yūko Kakihara [ ja ] handling series composition and Miho Tanino [ ja ] designing the characters. [ 7 ] The series aired for two consecutive cours from October 3, 2024, to March 27, 2025, on TBS and its affiliates. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ b ] For the first cour, the opening theme is \"Same Blue\" by Official Hige Dandism , while the ending theme is \"Teenage Blue\" ( ティーンエイジブルー ) by Eve ; [ 26 ] for the second cour, the opening theme is \"Saraba\" ( 然らば ) by Macaroni Empitsu [ ja ] , while the ending theme is \"Contrast\" ( コントラスト ) by Tomoo . [ 12 ] Netflix licensed the series and is streaming it worldwide. [ 29 ]\n\nA second season was announced immediately following the airing of the first season finale. [ 30 ] [ 31 ]\n\nIn August 2021, the first volume of the manga had over 170,000 copies in circulation in less than a week after its release. [ 32 ]\n\nIn June 2021, Blue Box was nominated for the seventh Next Manga Award in the Best Print Manga category; [ 33 ] it placed eighth out of 50 nominees, but won the Global Prize. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] The series ranked fourth on the Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics of 2022. [ 36 ]\n\nBlue Box received critical acclaim. Anthony Gramuglia of Comic Book Resources ( CBR ) stated, \" Blue Box is a sentimental story about human connection. It's beautifully drawn, at times resembling a shōjo manga more than a typical shōnen . If Blue Box continues, it will likely become an earnest, sincere entry in Shōnen Jump ' s romantic catalog\". [ 37 ] Timothy Donohoo of CBR compared Blue Box to Kenta Shinohara 's Witch Watch and Shigure Tokita's Don't Blush, Sekime-san! due to both series having concepts and romantic aspects similar to Blue Box ' s. [ 38 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "blue box japanese hepburn hako japanese manga series write illustrated kouji miura serialize shueisha weekly shnen jump since april chapter collect tankbon volume december anime television series adaptation produce tms entertainment animate telecom animation film air october march second season announce series focus taiki inomata student eimei junior senior high athleticsoriented school member boys badminton team consider simply average every morning train get well early gym often time place upperclasswoman chinatsu kano star girl basketball team taiki quickly develop crush initially shy speak despite continual alone time together fortune change however chinatsu move taikis family parent leave japan work abroad chinatsu live taiki aim slowly develop relationship strive make national championship respective team write illustrated kouji miura blue box begin serialization shueisha shnen manga magazine weekly shnen jump april oneshot version publish august shueisha collect chapter individual tankbon volume first volume release august december volume release blue box license simultaneous publication north america release japan chapter digitally launch viz medium shonen jump website shueisha also simulpublishes series english free manga plus app website february viz medium announce licensed series print format first volume release november year manga also license indonesia elex medium komputindo anime television series adaptation announce november plan produce tms entertainment animate telecom animation film direct yichir yano yko kakihara handle series composition miho tanino design character series air two consecutive cours october march tb affiliate first cour open theme blue official hige dandism end theme teenage blue eve second cour open theme saraba macaroni empitsu end theme contrast tomoo netflix license series stream worldwide second season announce immediately follow air first season finale august first volume manga copy circulation less week release june blue box nominate seventh next manga award best print manga category place eighth nominee global prize series rank fourth nationwide bookstore employee recommend comic blue box receive critical acclaim anthony gramuglia comic book resource cbr state blue box sentimental story human connection beautifully draw time resemble shjo manga typical shnen blue box continue likely become earnest sincere entry shnen jump romantic catalog timothy donohoo cbr compare blue box kenta shinohara witch watch shigure tokitas dont blush sekimesan due series concept romantic aspect similar blue box"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Bomber_Girl/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Bomber_Girl.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Bomber_Girl",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber_Girl",
+    "transformers_text": "Bomber Girl (stylized in all caps ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Makoto Niwano . It was published in Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump from January to April 1994.\n\nIn North America, the series was published by Gutsoon Entertainment and serialized in its Raijin Comics manga anthology.\n\nThe series is about Emi Rashomon ( 羅生門エミー , Rashomon Emii ) , a bounty hunter who uses her sex appeal to defeat enemies. Guy Kurosaki ( 黒崎 ガイ , Kurosaki Gai ) is a police officer who initially opposes Emi's methods.\n\nBomber Girl is written and illustrated by Makoto Niwano . It was published in Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump from January 31 to April 11, 1994. [ 3 ] The eleven individual chapters were compiled in a single tankōbon volume on August 4, 1994. [ 4 ]\n\nIn North America, the series was published by Gutsoon Entertainment and serialized in its Raijin Comics manga anthology. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]\n\nThe series received very negative critics from manga and anime reviewers. John Jakala said that the first instalment of the series was okay, but the second was even more amateur. He referred to a car panel as it looked like something an elementary school child would draw in the margins of his math notebook. [ 7 ] He also noted that he does not want to pay for work of such unprofessional quality. He cast his vote against Bomber Girl on an online survey. [ 7 ] John Jakala continuously made fun of the series in the later reviews.\n\nJason Thompson described it as \"amoral girl with big boobs killing and torturing people,\" despising the manga as he stated, \"[it] is so awful that I assume it got published because [Makoto] Niwano jumped into an icy river to save [Tetsuo] Hara and [Tsukasa] Hojo from drowning.\" [ 8 ] Eduardo M. Chavez of Mania Entertainment pondered, \"For those looking for a manga with a lot of action, a good amount of fan-service, and some crazy looking characters this might be a good call. ... For those looking for something with a decent plot, character designs that won't disturb you, and fan-service that does not involved greased up male cult members or a gang boss that has a gattling gun [ sic ] on ... his phallus you should pass.\" [ 2 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "bomber girl stylize cap japanese manga series write illustrated makoto niwano publish shueisha weekly shnen jump january april north america series publish gutsoon entertainment serialize raijin comic manga anthology series emi rashomon rashomon emii bounty hunter use sex appeal defeat enemy guy kurosaki kurosaki gai police officer initially oppose emis method bomber girl write illustrated makoto niwano publish shueisha weekly shnen jump january april eleven individual chapter compile single tankbon volume august north america series publish gutsoon entertainment serialize raijin comic manga anthology series receive negative critic manga anime reviewer john jakala say first instalment series okay second even amateur referred car panel look like something elementary school child would draw margin math notebook also note not want pay work unprofessional quality cast vote bomber girl online survey john jakala continuously make fun series later review jason thompson describe amoral girl big boob kill torture people despise manga state awful assume get publish makoto niwano jump icy river save tetsuo hara tsukasa hojo drown eduardo chavez mania entertainment ponder look manga lot action good amount fanservice crazy look character might good call look something decent plot character design wont disturb fanservice not involve grease male cult member gang bos gattling gun sic phallus pas"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Bounty_hunter/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Bounty_hunter.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Bounty_hunter",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounty_hunter",
+    "transformers_text": "A bounty hunter in the United States is a private agent working for a bail bondsman who captures fugitives or criminals for a commission or bounty . The occupation, officially known as a bail enforcement agent or fugitive recovery agent , has traditionally operated outside the legal constraints that govern police officers and other agents of the state. This is because a bail agreement between a defendant and a bail bondsman is essentially a civil contract that is incumbent upon the bondsman to enforce. Since they are not police officers, bounty hunters are exposed to legal liabilities from which agents of the state are protected as these immunities enable police to perform their functions effectively without fear of lawsuits. Bounty hunters are typically independent contractors paid a commission of the total bail amount that is owed by the fugitive and co-signer; they provide their own professional liability insurance and only get paid if they are able to find the \" skip \" and bring them in.\n\nBounty hunting is a vestige of common law which was created during the Middle Ages. In the United States, bounty hunters primarily draw their legal imprimatur from an 1872 Supreme Court decision, Taylor v. Taintor . The practice historically existed in many parts of the world; however, as of the 21st century, it is found almost exclusively in the United States as the practice is illegal under the laws of most other countries. State laws vary widely as to the legality of the practice; Illinois , Kentucky , Oregon , and Wisconsin have outlawed commercial bail bonds, while Wyoming offers few regulations governing the practice. [ 1 ]\n\nIn 1873, the Supreme Court noted that bounty hunters were a part of the U.S. law enforcement system with a decision in Taylor v. Taintor : [ 2 ]\n\nWhen the bail is given, the principal is regarded as delivered to the custody of his sureties. Their domain is a continuance of the original imprisonment. Whenever they choose to do so, they may seize him and deliver him up to his discharge; and if it cannot be done at once, they may imprison him until it can be done. They may exercise their rights in person or by agent. They may pursue him into another state; may arrest him on the Sabbath; and if necessary, may break and enter his house for that purpose. The seizure is not made by virtue of due process. None is needed. It is likened to the arrest by the sheriff of an escaped prisoner.\n\nBounty hunters at the time were used to catch wanted criminals and children who ran away from the American Indian boarding schools . [ citation needed ]\n\nIn modern times, bounty hunters carry out arrests mostly of those who have skipped bail or whose bail has been revoked; but are often referred to as and typically prefer to be identified by more formal titles such as \"bail enforcement agents\" or \"fugitive recovery agents\". [ 3 ] [ 4 ]\n\nWhen undertaking arrest warrants, agents may wear bullet-resistant vests , badges, and other clothing bearing the inscription \"bail enforcement agent\" or similar titles. [ 5 ] Many agents arm themselves with firearms, or sometimes with less lethal weapons, such as tasers , [ 5 ] batons , tear gas ( CS gas , pepper spray ), [ 5 ] or pepper spray projectiles .\n\nThe National Association of Fugitive Recovery Agents is the professional association representing this industry. [ 6 ]\n\nBounty hunters in the United States are employed by bail bondsmen . The bounty hunter is usually paid about 10% of the total bail amount, but this commission can vary on an individual, case-by-case basis, usually depending upon the difficulty level of the assignment and the approach used to exonerate the bail bond. If the fugitive eludes bail, the bondsman, not the bounty hunter, is responsible for 100% of the total bail amount. This is a way of ensuring clients arrive at trial. As of 2003, bounty hunters claimed to catch 31,500 bail jumpers per year, about 90% of people who jump bail. [ 7 ]\n\nBounty hunters have varying levels of authority in their duties with regard to their targets, depending on which states they operate in. Barring restrictions applicable state by state, a bounty hunter may enter the fugitive's legal residence without any warrant , besides the original bail bonds contract signed by the fugitive, to execute a re-arrest.\n\nIn some states, bounty hunters do not undergo any formal training, [ 8 ] and are generally unlicensed, only requiring sanction from a bail bondsman to operate. In other states, however, they are held to varying standards of training and license . State legal requirements are often imposed on out-of-state bounty hunters, so a fugitive could temporarily escape rearrest by entering a state in which the bail agent has limited or no jurisdiction. [ citation needed ]\n\nIn the United States legal system, the 1873 U.S. Supreme Court case Taylor v. Taintor , 16 Wall (83 U.S. 366, 21 L.Ed. 287), is cited as having established that the person into whose custody an accused is remanded as part of the accuser's bail has sweeping rights to that person. [ 9 ] Though this may have been accurate at the time the decision was reached, the portion cited was obiter dictum and has no binding precedential value. [ 10 ]\n\nAs of 2008, four states, Illinois , Kentucky , Oregon , and Wisconsin , prohibit the practice, as they have abolished commercial bail bonds and banned the commercial bail bonds industry within their borders. [ 11 ] As of 2012, Nebraska and Maine similarly prohibit surety bail bonds. [ 12 ] The states of Texas and California require a license to engage in bounty hunting while other states may have no restrictions. [ 13 ]\n\nThere have been some states that have rolled out specific laws that govern bounty hunting. For example, Minnesota laws provide that a bounty hunter cannot drive a white, black, maroon, or dark green vehicle, or wear any colors that are reserved for the police in the state (e.g. maroon, which is worn by the Minnesota Highway Patrol). [ 14 ]\n\nThe State of Connecticut has a detailed licensing process which requires any person who wants to engage in the business as a bail enforcement agent (bounty hunter) to first obtain a professional license from the Commissioner of Public Safety; specifically detailing that \"No person shall, as surety on a bond in a criminal proceeding or as an agent of such surety, engage in the business of taking or attempting to take into custody the principal on the bond who has failed to appear in court and for whom a re-arrest warrant or capias has been issued unless such person is licensed as a bail enforcement agent\". Connecticut has strict standards which require bail enforcement agents to pass an extensive background check and, while engaging in fugitive recovery operations, wear a uniform, notify the local police barrack, wear a badge, and only carry licensed and approved firearms, including handguns and long guns which are permitted. Recently, the Connecticut State Police converted its bail enforcement agent licensing unit to reflect the role bail enforcement agents play in the Connecticut criminal justice system; placing them in the newly defined Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection. [ 15 ]\n\nSeveral schools in Connecticut have obtained certification by the Connecticut State Police to pre-license bail enforcement agents in a minimum of 20 hours of criminal justice training and a minimum of eight hours of firearms training. Some of the more advanced schools offer specialized training in the area of tactical firearms to prepare BEAs for conducting dangerous recovery operations. [ 16 ]\n\nIn Florida, only a \"limited surety agent\" licensed by the Florida Department of Financial Services ' Bureau of Agent and Agency Licensing may legally apprehend bail fugitives in addition to law enforcement's ability to arrest a fugitive pursuant to a bench warrant. [ 17 ] According to the Chapter 648 of Florida Statute regarding Bail Bond Agents, \"A person may not represent himself or herself to be a bail enforcement agent, bounty hunter, or other similar title in this state.\" [ 18 ]\n\nLouisiana requires bounty hunters to wear clothing identifying them as such. [ 19 ]\n\nA Nevada bounty hunter is referred to as a bail enforcement agent or bail enforcement solicitor. In order to meet state requirements, the bail agent must complete a minimum 80 hours of training (or a POST certification), and pass the required examinations and obtain a bail enforcement agent license by the Nevada Division of Insurance within nine months of employment. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] To acquire such license, one must be at least 21 years old, a United States citizen, have a high school diploma or equivalent, and undergo the required training and pass a state examination. [ 22 ] [ citation needed ]\n\nA Texas bounty hunter is required to be a peace officer, Level III (armed) security officer , or a private investigator . [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ better source needed ]\n\nInternational extradition exists only by authority of an international treaty with the nation where the fugitive is located. Extradition treaties limit extradition to certain offenses and not all fugitives can be extradited. Generally, the crime being charged against the fugitive must be recognized as a crime in the jurisdiction from which extradition is being sought.\n\nBail fugitive recovery agents may run into serious legal problems if they try to apprehend fugitives outside the United States, where they have no legal authority to arrest, and taking a person into custody could be charged as kidnapping or some other serious crime. While the United States government and most states recognize a bail agent or fugitive recovery agent's powers of arrest, the governments in other countries, including sovereign Native American territories within the United States, do not recognize a bail agent's or fugitive recovery agent's powers of arrest.\n\nBounty hunter Duane \"Dog\" Chapman , star of the TV series Dog the Bounty Hunter , was arrested in Mexico after he apprehended the multi-millionaire rapist and fugitive Andrew Luster . Chapman was subsequently released, [ 7 ] but was later declared a fugitive by a Mexican prosecutor and was subsequently arrested in the United States to be extradited back to Mexico. All charges were later dropped due to the crime passing the statute of limitations date. Chapman has maintained that under Mexico's citizen arrest law, he and his crew acted under proper policy. [ citation needed ]\n\nDaniel Kear of Fairfax, Virginia , pursued and abducted Sidney Jaffe at a residence in Canada and returned him to Florida to face trial. Kear was extradited to Canada in 1983, and convicted of kidnapping. [ 25 ] [ 26 ]\n\nSeveral bounty hunters have been arrested for killing a fugitive or apprehending the wrong individuals. [ 27 ]\n\nUnlike police officers, they have no legal protections against injuries to non-fugitives and few legal protections against injuries to their targets. [ citation needed ]\n\nIn a Texas case, bounty hunters Richard James and his partner DG Pearson were arrested in 2001 for felony charges during an arrest. The charges were levied by the fugitive and his family, but were later dismissed against the hunters after the fugitive's wife shot a deputy sheriff in another arrest attempt of the fugitive by the county sheriff's department. The hunters sued the fugitive and family, winning the civil suit for malicious prosecution with a judgment amount of $1.5 million. [ citation needed ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "bounty hunter united state private agent work bail bondsman capture fugitives criminal commission bounty occupation officially know bail enforcement agent fugitive recovery agent traditionally operate outside legal constraint govern police officer agent state bail agreement defendant bail bondsman essentially civil contract incumbent upon bondsman enforce since not police officer bounty hunter expose legal liability agent state protect immunity enable police perform function effectively without fear lawsuit bounty hunter typically independent contractor pay commission total bail amount owe fugitive cosigner provide professional liability insurance get pay able find skip bring bounty hunt vestige common law create middle age unite state bounty hunter primarily draw legal imprimatur supreme court decision taylor taintor practice historically exist many part world however century find almost exclusively united state practice illegal law country state law vary widely legality practice illinois kentucky oregon wisconsin outlaw commercial bail bond wyoming offer regulation govern practice supreme court note bounty hunter part law enforcement system decision taylor taintor bail give principal regard deliver custody surety domain continuance original imprisonment whenever choose may seize deliver discharge cannot do may imprison do may exercise right person agent may pursue another state may arrest sabbath necessary may break enter house purpose seizure not make virtue due process none need liken arrest sheriff escape prisoner bounty hunter time use catch want criminal child run away american indian boarding school citation need modern time bounty hunter carry arrest mostly skip bail whose bail revoke often refer typically prefer identify formal title bail enforcement agent fugitive recovery agent undertake arrest warrant agent may wear bulletresistant vest badge clothe bear inscription bail enforcement agent similar title many agent arm firearm sometimes less lethal weapon tasers baton tear gas gas pepper spray pepper spray projectiles national association fugitive recovery agent professional association represent industry bounty hunter united state employ bail bondsman bounty hunter usually pay total bail amount commission vary individual casebycase basis usually depend upon difficulty level assignment approach use exonerate bail bond fugitive eludes bail bondsman not bounty hunter responsible total bail amount way ensure client arrive trial bounty hunter claim catch bail jumper per year people jump bail bounty hunter vary level authority duty regard target depend state operate bar restriction applicable state state bounty hunter may enter fugitive legal residence without warrant besides original bail bond contract sign fugitive execute rearrest state bounty hunter not undergo formal training generally unlicensed require sanction bail bondsman operate state however hold varying standard train license state legal requirement often impose outofstate bounty hunter fugitive could temporarily escape rearrest enter state bail agent limited jurisdiction citation need united state legal system supreme court case taylor taintor wall lead cite establish person whose custody accuse remanded part accuser bail sweep right person though may accurate time decision reach portion cite obiter dictum bind precedential value four state illinois kentucky oregon wisconsin prohibit practice abolish commercial bail bond ban commercial bail bond industry within border nebraska maine similarly prohibit surety bail bond state texas california require license engage bounty hunt state may restriction state roll specific law govern bounty hunt example minnesota law provide bounty hunter cannot drive white black maroon dark green vehicle wear color reserve police state maroon wear minnesota highway patrol state connecticut detail licensing process require person want engage business bail enforcement agent bounty hunter first obtain professional license commissioner public safety specifically detail person shall surety bond criminal proceeding agent surety engage business take attempt take custody principal bond fail appear court rearrest warrant capias issue unless person license bail enforcement agent connecticut strict standard require bail enforcement agent pass extensive background check engage fugitive recovery operation wear uniform notify local police barrack wear badge carry license approved firearm include handgun long guns permit recently connecticut state police convert bail enforcement agent license unit reflect role bail enforcement agent play connecticut criminal justice system place newly define department emergency service public protection several school connecticut obtained certification connecticut state police prelicense bail enforcement agent minimum hour criminal justice train minimum eight hour firearms train advanced school offer specialized training area tactical firearm prepare beas conduct dangerous recovery operation florida limited surety agent license florida department financial service bureau agent agency licensing may legally apprehend bail fugitive addition law enforcement ability arrest fugitive pursuant bench warrant accord chapter florida statute regard bail bond agent person may not represent bail enforcement agent bounty hunter similar title state louisiana require bounty hunter wear clothe identify nevada bounty hunter refer bail enforcement agent bail enforcement solicitor order meet state requirement bail agent must complete minimum hour train post certification pas require examination obtain bail enforcement agent license nevada division insurance within nine month employment acquire license one must least year old united state citizen high school diploma equivalent undergo require training pas state examination citation need texas bounty hunter require peace officer level arm security officer private investigator well source need international extradition exist authority international treaty nation fugitive locate extradition treaty limit extradition certain offenses not fugitive extradite generally crime charge fugitive must recognize crime jurisdiction extradition seek bail fugitive recovery agent may run serious legal problem try apprehend fugitive outside united state legal authority arrest take person custody could charge kidnap serious crime united state government state recognize bail agent fugitive recovery agent power arrest government country include sovereign native american territory within united state not recognize bail agent fugitive recovery agent power arrest bounty hunter duane dog chapman star series dog bounty hunter arrest mexico apprehend multimillionaire rapist fugitive andrew luster chapman subsequently release later declare fugitive mexican prosecutor subsequently arrest united state extradite back mexico charge later drop due crime pass statute limitation date chapman maintain mexicos citizen arrest law crew act proper policy citation need daniel kear fairfax virginia pursue abducted sidney jaffe residence canada return florida face trial kear extradite canada convict kidnap several bounty hunter arrest kill fugitive apprehending wrong individual unlike police officer legal protection injury nonfugitives legal protection injury target citation need texas case bounty hunter richard james partner pearson arrest felony charge arrest charge levy fugitive family later dismiss hunter fugitive wife shot deputy sheriff another arrest attempt fugitive county sheriff department hunter sue fugitive family win civil suit malicious prosecution judgment amount million citation need"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Brook_(One_Piece)/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Brook_(One_Piece).json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Brook_(One_Piece)",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_(One_Piece)",
+    "transformers_text": "Brook ( ブルック , Burukku ) , widely known as \"Soul King\" Brook , is a fictional character in the anime and manga series One Piece , created and written by artist Eiichiro Oda . The character made his first appearance in the 442nd chapter of the series, which was first published in Japan in Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine on January 29, 2007. He is the ninth member of the Straw Hat Pirates and the eighth to join, serving as their musician. \"Soul King\" Brook was brought back to life by the Revive Revive Fruit and is a world-renowned rock star who can play any instrument.\n\nBrook was once the leader of a battle convoy in a kingdom before becoming the musician swordsman and later captain of the Rumbar Pirates. Fifty-two years ago before the current story, the Rumbar Pirates left their pet the infant whale Laboon at Reverse Mountain and promised Laboon to return for him after they circumnavigated the world. [ ch. 487 ] . The Rumbar Pirates were killed in the misty Florian Triangle but Brook was brought back to life by the Devil Fruit he previously ate. Decades later, Brook loses his shadow to the pirate Gecko Moria , one of the Seven Warlords of the Sea, forcing Brook to stay out of the sunlight or face disintegration.\n\nFive years later, Monkey D. Luffy recruits Brook to join the Straw Hats after restoring his shadow. Brook's goal is to circle the Grand Line and return to Reverse Mountain, reuniting with the whale, Laboon, and fulfilling the promise the Rumbar Pirates made. Within two years, \"Soul King Brook\" becomes a globally renowned rock star. Brook then returns to the Straw Hats, and steals a crucial piece of Big Mom 's treasure which helps reveal the location of the One Piece. After Luffy becomes recognized as an Emperor of the Sea, Brook is named one of Luffy's nine commanders.\n\nA living skeleton thanks to the Revive Revive Fruit, Brook \"yearns to reunite with his long-lost crewmate, the whale Laboon. He is the oldest member of the crew and a skilled jokester.\" Brook's backstory and goal reflects the three main themes of One Piece : dreams, freedom, and friendship. [ 4 ] Though Brook did not appear in the story until 2007, the idea of a skeleton musician was first conceived by Oda in 2000, about the time of Laboon's introduction. This was seven years before the first appearance of Brook. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Oda's concept art shows Brook originally had a western cowboy hat instead of an afro. This design was later incorporated as Yorki's cowboy hat instead. [ 7 ]\n\nBrook is a combination of a gentlemanly persona and a perverted sort. He speaks in a dignified, educated manner at most times, but has amazingly bad manners. He burps and farts at dinner, casually asks to see womens' panties, and picks in other peoples' food, to name only a few. He takes being a skeleton lightly, using any chance he can to joke about it. However, his backstory from Thriller Bark became the most tragic moment for Brook when he lost his crewmate along the journey before being stranded at the Florian Triangle. Brook endure his time of loneliness for fifty years by expressing his passion of music, jokes, amorous habits, and his value of life. Brook expressing his remorse on abandoning Laboon at the Twin Capes and wishes to see him again believing he had failed to fulfill his promise. When Luffy offers him to join the crew, Brook accepts his offer with tearful relief and join the Strawhat for his dream of reuniting with Laboon after his adventure across the Grand Line. After the Thriller Bark Arc, Brook become loyal to the Straw Hats on accomplishing their dreams. Despite his eccentric behavior, Brook is shown to be extremely upright and compassionate person befitting of a true gentleman, as Brook utterly disdains wickedness and cruelty.\n\nBrook ate the Revive-Revive Fruit, a Paramecia-type Devil Fruit which enhances the user's soul to the point where they resurrect after their first death. He can possess his own deceased body which allows him to animate his body which he cannot feel injuries or attacks. He even demonstrated a new form of Devil Fruit ability that allows his soul to leave the body, usually by exiting his mouth and move it everywhere he wants to. After his separation from the Straw Hats, Brook learns how to use his Devil Fruit ability to leave his skeleton body and explore his surroundings as a disembodied soul . [ ch. 629 ]\n\nHe even carries a shikomizue , a Japanese cane sword, and is skilled in its use. He can also combine his shikomizue and violin to create sound-based attacks. He was once a fighter in the surprise-attack squadron of an unknown kingdom. Brook claims he can heal from most fractures to his body by drinking milk. His head can also be opened up and used as a storage device. Brook uses an unnamed fencing sword style and is a skilled fencer who can use quick stabs because of his skeleton anatomy. [ 8 ] In addition to his sword skill, Brook's lightweight skeleton body gives him great speed and the ability to jump extraordinarily high. His body is so light that he is even capable of running on water. [ 9 ] However, Brook is still powerless if submerged in water, like all Devil Fruit users, and will sink if he stops running. [ 10 ]\n\nBrook is an excellent musician, displaying the ability to play any instrument at a highly skilled level. [ 11 ] He is usually seen playing the violin. [ ch. 486 ] Brook can even influence people with his music to the point of making them fall asleep. [ ch. 454 ] While separated from the other Straw Hats, and incognito as \"Soul King\" Brook, he gains world fame, filling concert halls with fans. [ ch. 600 ] He is also a skilled fencer who uses a shikomizue (a Japanese cane sword) in battle. [ ch. 454 ] His reduced weight allows him to jump extraordinarily high and to run across water. [ ch. 443 , 493 ] Eventually, Brook learns how to use his Devil Fruit ability to leave his skeleton body and explore his surroundings as a disembodied soul . [ ch. 629 ]\n\nOver fifty years ago, Brook was once the leader of \"a battle convoy in a certain kingdom\". At some point before becoming a pirate, Brook was friends with a mysterious little girl named Gunko who would later be revealed as a World Noble of the Manmayer Family and direct servant to Great Imu. Then he became the musician swordsman of the music-themed Rumbar Pirates, and later Brook took over the crew as the new captain. The Rumbar Pirates were all killed, but the power of the Paramecia-type Revive-Revive Fruit ( ヨミヨミの実 , Yomi Yomi no Mi ) allowed \"Dead Bones\" Brook to rise again and live a second life as a skeleton . [ ch. 443 ] [ 12 ]\n\nAlready pirates before the era of Gold Roger , the Rumbar Pirates and the baby whale Laboon enter the Grand Line. Laboon took a particular liking to \"Humming Brook\"'s peculiar afro and his enchanting music. Promising to return after sailing the Grand Line, the crew left Laboon with Crocus at the lighthouse at Reverse Mountain, stating that the Grand Line is too dangerous for such a small whale. [ 13 ] The crew captain \"Calico\" Yorki ( キャラコのヨーキ , Kyarako no Yōki ) is forced to flee the Grand Line after he catches a disease, leaving Brook to be captain. [ 9 ]\n\nBrook's crew was slaughtered by an unknown pirate crew after they entered a mysterious, misty area of the sea known as the Florian Triangle. [ 9 ] They played one last song for Laboon as they died, which Brook recorded with the use of a Tone Dial. [ ch. 489 ]\n\nBecause Brook ate the Revive Revive Fruit, the spirit of his soul returned to the Grand Line. However, he got lost due to the intense fog in the Florian Triangle. After wandering for some time, he finally found his body, which had decayed to nothing but bleached bones leaving only his afro (which remained due to strong roots). [ 9 ] Brook was returned to life as a walking, talking skeleton. During the time he spent alone on his former crew's ship, he had almost no contact with other human beings, leading to eccentric behavior at odds with social norms and a constant urge to make bone jokes and puns.\n\nEight years before meeting the Straw Hat crew, he was captured by Gecko Moria , who stole his shadow and placed it in the body of the legendary samurai Ryuma. [ 8 ] Because he could no longer be exposed to sunlight, a side effect of having no shadow in One Piece , Brook remains in the Florian Triangle, under the protective cover of the thick fog, until he meets the Straw Hat Pirates.\n\nFifty years later, the Straw Hats encounter Laboon and Crocus and learn the tale of the Rumbar Pirates as they enter the Grand Line. [ 14 ] Brook is later introduced as a skeleton inhabiting the region of the Grand Line known as the Florian Triangle. Luffy invites Brook to join his crew, but Brook declines citing his inability to walk in sunlight due to his stolen shadow. After Luffy defeats Moria and returns Brook's shadow, Brook joins the Straw Hat crew, becoming their musician. [ ch. 442 ] [ ch. 443 ] [ 13 ] Even after fifty years, Brook's goal is still to fulfill his late crew's promise after the Straw Hat Pirates go through the entirety of the Grand Line. [ ch. 459 ] [ 12 ] Brook carries a recording of the crew, whose last survivors played their cheery song \"Bink's Sake\" with their dying breaths. He fears Laboon will not recognize him since he is all bones, and so prizes and protects his distinctive afro. Roronoa Zoro and Brook share respect for one another, likely because they are both swordsman, and in the battle with the flying fish riders in chapter 494, they do a team attack showing their abilities as two skilled swordsmen. [ 15 ]\n\nWhile separated from the other Straw Hats, and incognito as \"Soul King\" Brook, he gains world fame, filling concert halls with fans. [ ch. 600 ] Despite Franky speculating he might not ever return to the pirate life, [ ch. 601 ] Brook rejoins the Straw Hats after it is revealed he is a pirate. [ ch. 602 ]\n\nOn the elephant island of Zou, Brook and the Straw Hats learn from the elders of the talking animal Mink tribe that to find the One Piece located at Laugh Tale, one must find the Four Road Poneglyphs that together reveal the coordinates to Laugh Tale. Two of these Road Poneglyphs were being held by two of the four pirate Emperors of the Sea, Big Mom and Kaido. [ ch. 818 ] [ 16 ] Luffy and Brook later infiltrate Whole Cake Island, home to Big Mom, to recover their crewmate Sanji the cook . Brook attempts to steal Big Mom's road poneglyph. [ ch. 831 ] In the process he fights Big Mom and realizes his Devil Fruit matches up well against her Soul Soul power. Brook notes that acquiring the Road Poneglyph is crucial because it allows the Straw Hats to win even if Sanji did not return to the crew. [ ch. 851 ] Brook managed to steal a copy of the Road Poneglyph and hide it in his head. [ ch. 855 ] Brook later smashes Big Mom's picture of Mother Caramel, one of her only weaknesses. [ ch. 863 ] The success of the raid leads to Luffy being dubbed the \"Fifth Emperor\" of the Sea. [ 17 ] Big Mom and Kaido then form an alliance to take down the Straw Hats, but are defeated by the Straw Hats' Ninja-Pirate-Mink-Samurai Alliance. [ ch. 1051 ] Brook becomes recognized as one of Emperor of the Sea Monkey D. Luffy's Senior Officers. [ ch. 1058 ]\n\nBrook is featured as a playable character in the video games such as Gear Spirit , Unlimited Cruise , and the One Piece: Pirate Warriors series.\n\nBrook ranked in the Top 30 of several Shōnen Jump character popularity polls, making it to the 26th position in the worldwide character popularity poll. [ 14 ]\n\nBrook's connection to Laboon was called \"one of the most notable examples of a seemingly innocuous story beat in One Piece becoming important years later, but with it involving the backstory of a main character like Brook, it's arguably one of the most important\". [ 18 ]\n\nBrook was called \"a perfect illustration of One Piece's brilliance. So many characters initially seem silly and wacky, but turn out to have tragic backstories which give that wacky presentation a haunting gravity.\" [ 12 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "brook burukku widely know soul king brook fictional character anime manga series one piece create write artist eiichiro oda character make first appearance chapter series first publish japan shueisha weekly shnen jump magazine january ninth member straw hat pirate eighth join serve musician soul king brook bring back life revive revive fruit worldrenowned rock star play instrument brook leader battle convoy kingdom become musician swordsman later captain rumbar pirate fiftytwo year ago current story rumbar pirate leave pet infant whale laboon reverse mountain promise laboon return circumnavigate world rumbar pirate kill misty florian triangle brook bring back life devil fruit previously ate decade later brook loses shadow pirate gecko moria one seven warlord sea force brook stay sunlight face disintegration five year later monkey luffy recruit brook join straw hat restore shadow brook goal circle grand line return reverse mountain reunite whale laboon fulfil promise rumbar pirate make within two year soul king brook become globally renowned rock star brook return straw hat steal crucial piece big mom treasure help reveal location one piece luffy become recognize emperor sea brook name one luffys nine commander live skeleton thanks revive revive fruit brook yearn reunite longlost crewmate whale laboon old member crew skilled jokester brook backstory goal reflect three main theme one piece dream freedom friendship though brook not appear story idea skeleton musician first conceive oda time laboons introduction seven year first appearance brook odas concept art show brook originally western cowboy hat instead afro design later incorporate yorkis cowboy hat instead brook combination gentlemanly persona pervert sort speaks dignify educated manner time amazingly bad manner burp fart dinner casually ask see womens panty pick people food name take skeleton lightly use chance joke however backstory thriller bark become tragic moment brook lose crewmate along journey strand florian triangle brook endure time loneliness fifty year express passion music joke amorous habit value life brook express remorse abandon laboon twin cape wish see believe fail fulfill promise luffy offer join crew brook accept offer tearful relief join strawhat dream reunite laboon adventure across grand line thriller bark arc brook become loyal straw hat accomplish dream despite eccentric behavior brook show extremely upright compassionate person befit true gentleman brook utterly disdain wickedness cruelty brook ate reviverevive fruit parameciatype devil fruit enhance user soul point resurrect first death possess decease body allow animate body cannot feel injury attack even demonstrate new form devil fruit ability allow soul leave body usually exit mouth move everywhere want separation straw hat brook learns use devil fruit ability leave skeleton body explore surroundings disembody soul even carry shikomizue japanese cane sword skilled use also combine shikomizue violin create soundbased attack fighter surpriseattack squadron unknown kingdom brook claim heal fracture body drink milk head also open used storage device brook use unnamed fence sword style skilled fencer use quick stab skeleton anatomy addition sword skill brook lightweight skeleton body give great speed ability jump extraordinarily high body light even capable run water however brook still powerless submerged water like devil fruit user sink stop run brook excellent musician displaying ability play instrument highly skilled level usually see play violin brook even influence people music point make fall asleep separated straw hat incognito soul king brook gain world fame fill concert hall fan also skilled fencer us shikomizue japanese cane sword battle reduce weight allows jump extraordinarily high run across water eventually brook learns use devil fruit ability leave skeleton body explore surroundings disembody soul fifty year ago brook leader battle convoy certain kingdom point become pirate brook friends mysterious little girl name gunko would later reveal world noble manmayer family direct servant great imu become musician swordsman musicthemed rumbar pirate later brook take crew new captain rumbar pirate kill power parameciatype reviverevive fruit yomi yomi allow dead bone brook rise live second life skeleton already pirate era gold roger rumbar pirate baby whale laboon enter grand line laboon take particular liking hum brook peculiar afro enchant music promise return sail grand line crew leave laboon crocus lighthouse reverse mountain state grand line dangerous small whale crew captain calico yorki kyarako yki force flee grand line catch disease leave brook captain brook crew slaughtered unknown pirate crew enter mysterious misty area sea know florian triangle play one last song laboon die brook record use tone dial brook ate revive revive fruit spirit soul return grand line however get lose due intense fog florian triangle wandering time finally find body decayed nothing bleach bone leave afro remain due strong root brook return life walk talk skeleton time spend alone former crew ship almost contact human being lead eccentric behavior odds social norm constant urge make bone joke pun eight year meet straw hat crew capture gecko moria stole shadow place body legendary samurai ryuma could longer exposed sunlight side effect shadow one piece brook remain florian triangle protective cover thick fog meet straw hat pirate fifty year later straw hat encounter laboon crocus learn tale rumbar pirate enter grand line brook later introduce skeleton inhabit region grand line know florian triangle luffy invite brook join crew brook decline cite inability walk sunlight due steal shadow luffy defeat moria return brook shadow brook join straw hat crew become musician even fifty year brook goal still fulfill late crew promise straw hat pirate entirety grand line brook carry record crew whose last survivor play cheery song binks sake die breath fear laboon not recognize since bone prize protects distinctive afro roronoa zoro brook share respect one another likely swordsman battle fly fish rider chapter team attack show ability two skilled swordsman separate straw hat incognito soul king brook gain world fame fill concert hall fan despite franky speculate might not ever return pirate life brook rejoin straw hat reveal pirate elephant island zou brook straw hat learn elder talk animal mink tribe find one piece locate laugh tale one must find four road poneglyphs together reveal coordinate laugh tale two road poneglyphs hold two four pirate emperor sea big mom kaido luffy brook later infiltrate whole cake island home big mom recover crewmate sanji cook brook attempt steal big mom road poneglyph process fight big mom realize devil fruit match well soul soul power brook note acquire road poneglyph crucial allow straw hat win even sanji not return crew brook manage steal copy road poneglyph hide head brook later smash big mom picture mother caramel one weaknesses success raid lead luffy dub fifth emperor sea big mom kaido form alliance take straw hat defeat straw hat ninjapirateminksamurai alliance brook become recognize one emperor sea monkey luffys senior officer brook feature playable character video game gear spirit unlimited cruise one piece pirate warrior series brook rank top several shnen jump character popularity poll make position worldwide character popularity poll brook connection laboon call one notable example seemingly innocuous story beat one piece become important year later involve backstory main character like brook arguably one important brook call perfect illustration one piece brilliance many character initially seem silly wacky turn tragic backstories give wacky presentation haunting gravity"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Business_Wire/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Business_Wire.json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Business_Wire",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire",
+    "transformers_text": "Business Wire is an American company that disseminates full-text press releases from thousands of companies and organizations worldwide to news media , financial markets, disclosure systems, investors, information web sites, databases, bloggers, social networks and other audiences. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway .\n\nBusiness Wire was founded in 1961 [ 5 ] by Lorry I. Lokey . It started by sending releases to 16 media outlets in California. [ 6 ] Business Wire launched its website in May 1995. [ 7 ] In 2000, ahead of its main competitor PR Newswire , Business Wire ended the practice of distributing news to financial outlets 15 minutes before anyone else, to provide immediate, equal access to company information as noted by the SEC's fair disclosure regulation ( Reg FD ). [ 8 ]\n\nBusiness Wire's first wholly owned European operation launched in 2001, with the opening of an office in London. [ 9 ] On June 1, 2005, Business Wire entered the German Ad-Hoc market with a disclosure network for companies with primary or secondary listings on the Deutsche Boerse. The service was established in compliance with BaFin , Germany's national securities regulator. On September 15, 2005, Business Wire established Regulatory Disclosure networks in France, Sweden, Switzerland and Luxembourg. The move came in anticipation of the anticipated implementation of the EU's Transparency Obligations Directive (TOD). On January 1, 2007, Autorité des marchés financiers , the French Financial Markets Regulator, approved Business Wire to operate as a Regulatory Disclosure Service in France.\n\nOn January 10, 2005, Business Wire established an Asian hub with the opening of its Tokyo , Japan bureau, and later that year added Japanese , making the site available in seven languages. On January 17, 2006, Berkshire Hathaway announced that it was purchasing Business Wire for an undisclosed amount. This acquisition was completed on March 1, 2006. [ 10 ]\n\nIn 2008, Business Wire partnered with ImpreMedia to launch LatinoWire, a news distribution service that distributes brand content to Hispanic websites, media outlets, journalists and bloggers. [ 11 ] In 2011, Business Wire received a patent for the technological process of optimizing and distributing press releases to maximize their ability to be found and tracked in leading search engines . [ 12 ] The originality of the patent was questioned by SEO expert Danny Sullivan . [ 12 ]\n\nOn September 23, 2013, Business Wire announces exclusive distribution partnership with VentureBeat [ 13 ] On November 3, 2013, Business Wire opened its office in Hong Kong . [ 14 ]\n\nIn January 2014, Business Wire launched a new news and content distribution enhancement service. [ 15 ]\n\nIn April 2017, its chief executive officer and president, Cathy Baron Tamraz, retired and was replaced by longtime CFO Geff Scott. [ 16 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "business wire american company disseminate fulltext press release thousand company organization worldwide news medium financial market disclosure system investor information web sit databases blogger social network audience wholly own subsidiary berkshire hathaway business wire found lorry lokey start send release medium outlet california business wire launch website may ahead main competitor newswire business wire end practice distribute news financial outlet minute anyone else provide immediate equal access company information note secs fair disclosure regulation reg business wire first wholly own european operation launch open office london june business wire entered german adhoc market disclosure network company primary secondary listing deutsche boerse service establish compliance bafin germanys national security regulator september business wire establish regulatory disclosure network france sweden switzerland luxembourg move come anticipation anticipate implementation eu transparency obligation directive tod january autorit de march financier french financial market regulator approve business wire operate regulatory disclosure service france january business wire establish asian hub open tokyo japan bureau later year add japanese make site available seven language january berkshire hathaway announce purchase business wire undisclosed amount acquisition complete march business wire partner impremedia launch latinowire news distribution service distribute brand content hispanic website medium outlet journalists blogger business wire receive patent technological process optimize distribute press release maximize ability find track leading search engine originality patent question seo expert danny sullivan september business wire announces exclusive distribution partnership venturebeat november business wire open office hong kong january business wire launch new news content distribution enhancement service april chief executive officer president cathy baron tamraz retire replaced longtime cfo geff scott"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Butsu_Zone/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Butsu_Zone.json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Butsu_Zone",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butsu_Zone",
+    "transformers_text": "Butsu Zone ( 仏ゾーン , Butsu Zōn ; \"Buddha Zone\") is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hiroyuki Takei . It was serialized in Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump from March to August 1997, with its chapters collected in three tankōbon volumes. \"Buddha Zone\" is the concept by which a Buddha can appear on Earth using a Buddha statue.\n\nThe series highlights the adventures of Senju (the Thousand-Hand Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva ) who has to find and protect Sachi, an incarnation of the Buddha Miroku (Maitreya Bodhisattva). Miroku is said to appear on Earth at a time when the Dharma is no longer taught and is completely forgotten, achieve complete enlightenment and then re-teach the pure dharma, becoming a successor of Śākyamuni Buddha, the founder of Buddhism. It is thus Senju's job to aid Miroku (Sachi) in achieving enlightenment, enabling her to achieve Buddha.\n\nIn 1975, a young orphan girl named Sachi protests against the planned destruction of the temple Saigan (her home) by the Minoura clan, who plans to build a hotel in its place. When one of the gangsters notices the statue of the Thousand-Hand Kannon within the temple, Sachi tells them that she will not allow anything to happen to the statue. In response, the gangsters laugh and threaten her, telling her that there is nothing the statue can do to save her. However, the Thousand-Hand Kannon comes to life, breaking the temple doors and attacking one of the gangsters. The statue shatters into pieces and inside it is a boy who tells them to lay their hands off Sachi, sending fear amongst the gangsters who then flee, vowing revenge. The boy introduces himself as Senju, the Thousand-Hand Kannon.\n\nSenju, as an emissary of the buddha Kannon, has appeared in the human world to find and protect the reincarnation of the future Buddha, Miroku . Recognizing Sachi as Miroku, Senju reveals that it is his mission to accompany her to India where she will awaken and achieve enlightenment to save the world from destruction. However, they are inhibited by the Mara , forces that seek to pollute with earthly desires, and Buddha who believe that Senju is not strong enough to protect Sachi from harm.\n\nButsu Zone is written and illustrated by Hiroyuki Takei . The manga was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from March 3 to August 14, 1997. [ 1 ] Shueisha collected the nineteen individual chapters known as \"Butsu\" into three tankōbon . The first was published on July 4, 1997; the final was released on December 4, 1997. Shueisha re-released the series in two volumes on July 18, 2007. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "butsu zone butsu buddha zone japanese manga series write illustrated hiroyuki takei serialize shueisha weekly shnen jump march august chapter collect three tankbon volume buddha zone concept buddha appear earth use buddha statue series highlight adventure senju thousandhand avalokitevara bodhisattva find protect sachi incarnation buddha miroku maitreya bodhisattva miroku say appear earth time dharma longer teach completely forget achieve complete enlightenment reteach pure dharma become successor kyamuni buddha founder buddhism thus senjus job aid miroku sachi achieve enlightenment enable achieve buddha young orphan girl name sachi protest plan destruction temple saigan home minoura clan plan build hotel place one gangster notice statue thousandhand kannon within temple sachi tell not allow anything happen statue response gangster laugh threaten tell nothing statue save however thousandhand kannon come life break temple door attack one gangster statue shatters piece inside boy tell lay hand sachi send fear amongst gangster flee vow revenge boy introduces senju thousandhand kannon senju emissary buddha kannon appear human world find protect reincarnation future buddha miroku recognize sachi miroku senju reveals mission accompany india awaken achieve enlightenment save world destruction however inhibit mara force seek pollute earthly desire buddha believe senju not strong enough protect sachi harm butsu zone write illustrated hiroyuki takei manga serialize weekly shnen jump march august shueisha collect nineteen individual chapter know butsu three tankbon first publish july final release december shueisha rereleased series two volume july"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Captain_Tsubasa/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Captain_Tsubasa.json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Captain_Tsubasa",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Tsubasa",
+    "transformers_text": "Captain Tsubasa ( Japanese : キャプテン翼 , Hepburn : Kyaputen Tsubasa ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yōichi Takahashi . The series mainly revolves around the sport of association football focusing on Tsubasa Oozora and his relationship with his friends, rivalries with his opponents, training, competition, and the action and outcome of each football match. Across the multiple Captain Tsubasa series, the plot shows Tsubasa's and his friends' growth as they face new rivals.\n\nThe Captain Tsubasa manga series was originally serialized in Shueisha 's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump between 1981 and 1988, with the chapters collected in 37 tankōbon volumes. It was followed by various manga sequels. The original manga series was adapted into an anime television series by Tsuchida Production and broadcast on TV Tokyo from 1983 to 1986. Numerous movies and television series have followed with the latest one airing between 2018 and 2019; a second season premiered in 2023.\n\nBy 2023, the overall manga had over 90 million copies in circulation worldwide, making it one of the best-selling manga series of all time. Captain Tsubasa became one of the most popular manga and anime series worldwide, most notably in Japan due to how it popularized association football. Multiple real life players have been inspired to become professionals after seeing the series. In a poll conducted by TV Asahi in 2005, the Captain Tsubasa anime series ranked 41st in a list of top 100 anime series.\n\nTsubasa Oozora is an 11-year-old elementary school student who is deeply in love with football and dreams of one day winning the FIFA World Cup for Japan . He lives together with his mother in Japan, while his father is a seafaring captain who travels around the world. Tsubasa is known as the Soccer no Moshigo which translates as \"heaven-sent child of football\". When he was almost a year old, he was almost run over by a rushing bus while playing with a ball. However, Tsubasa held the ball in front of him which served as a cushion for most of the impact. The force of the bump blew him away, but he was able to right himself with the ball. Hence, Tsubasa's motto of \"The ball is my friend\". Ever since he was little, he always went out with a ball. His mother concludes that he was indeed born to only play football. At a very young age, Tsubasa already had amazing speed, stamina, dribbling skills and shooting power – he astounded anyone who saw him play.\n\nAt the beginning of the story, Tsubasa and his mom both move to the city of Nankatsu, a fictional town in Shizuoka Prefecture well known for their talented elementary school football teams and where Tsubasa meets Ryo Ishizaki, a football-loving young student who often sneaks out from his mother's public bath houses and chores to play football. He meets Sanae Nakazawa (also known as Anego) an enthusiastic girl who also loves football and helps cheer the Nankatsu high school team on and Genzo Wakabayashi, a highly talented young goalkeeper whom he soon challenges to a game in Nankatsu's annual sports festival. He also meets Roberto Hongo, one of the best Brazilian footballers in the world who is a friend of Tsubasa's father and who starts living with Tsubasa and his mother in order to train Tsubasa. Roberto becomes a mentor to Tsubasa and helps him to harness his football skills, convincing him to join Nankatsu Elementary School and its fledgling elementary school football team, which Roberto later coaches as he passes his techniques onto Tsubasa.\n\nTsubasa meets Taro Misaki, who has travelled around Japan due to his father's job and soon joins Nankatsu. The two become the best of friends on the pitch and real life, forming a partnership soon to be renowned as the \"Golden Duo\" or \"dynamic duo\" of Nankatsu. Soon Tsubasa and his Nankatsu team start taking on the best of elementary school football, meeting such talented players as Kojiro Hyuga, Ken Wakashimazu, Jun Misugi, Hikaru Matsuyama and many others. Tsubasa's Nankatsu squad wins numerous youth national championships and he wins the U-17 World Championships for Japan by defeating Italy 2–1, Argentina 5–4 in the group stages, France 4–4 (5–4 p ) in the semifinals and eventually defeat West Germany 3–2 in the finals before leaving the country to play in Brazil.\n\nTsubasa leaves Japan for Brazil and starts playing, with his mentor Roberto as the manager, for São Paulo [ 1 ] (F.C. Brancos in the anime), [ 2 ] in Brazil's premier professional league, Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , winning the final against Flamengo (F.C. Domingos in the anime) 4–3. While in Brazil, Tsubasa gets to meet several talented Brazilian players, such as his teammate and roommate Pepe, who comes from a humble background, as well Flamengo star striker Carlos Santana, a prodigious yet emotionless talent.\n\nEnthusiastic football-loving youngster Shingo Aoi, whom Tsubasa once played against while in the high school national championships, leaves Japan to play football in Italy, where he hopes to play for a major Italian professional team. After arriving in Italy, however, Shingo gets tricked by a man who gives him fraudulent promises of getting him selected for an Italian team. After Shingo is taken to a badly furnished field, the man runs away, stealing all his money. Shingo realizes that he is swindled and tries hard to get his money back, doing such jobs as shoe-shining, until his enthusiastic attitude catches the eye of one of the coaches of Inter Milan (Intina in the anime), who sign him to play for their squad as an attacking midfielder.\n\nThe Japan's youth side plays the first phase of AFC Youth Championship without Taro Misaki, Makoto Soda, Hiroshi Jito, Shun Nitta, the Tachibana brothers Masao and Kazuo and Kojiro Hyuga. After Tsubasa, Wakabayashi and Shingo join the team, it defeats Thailand 5–4 after being 4–1 down at one stage. In the second phase, Japan beats Uzbekistan 8–1, China 6–3 and Saudi Arabia 4–1. In the semifinals, Japan beats Iraq 3–0. The Japanese win the Asia Youth title beating South Korea 2–0 and qualifying for the FIFA World Youth Championship .\n\nIn the first phase, Japan defeats Mexico 2–1, Uruguay 6–5 and Italy 4–0. In the quarterfinals, they beat Sweden 1–0 and Netherlands 1–0 in the semifinal. The Japanese win in the \"Great Final\" the World Youth Championship, defeating Brazil 3–2 after extra time with Tsubasa scoring a hat-trick and the golden goal despite the fact that Brazil used a new player at the extra time called Natureza, who became the third person to score a goal on Wakabayashi from outside the goal area – the first being Karl Heinz Schneider of Germany and second being Sho Shunko of China.\n\nTsubasa moves from São Paulo to FC Barcelona [ 3 ] (FC Catalunya in the anime), in the Spanish Liga , after the end of the FIFA World Youth Championship final, taking his childhood friend and now wife, Sanae. He asked her out before moving to Brazil and the couple maintained a long-distance relationship before he proposed to her after the World Youth Championship.\n\nWhile Tsubasa moves from São Paulo (Brancos in the anime) to Barcelona [ 3 ] (Catalunya in the anime), Kojiro Hyuga is bought by Juventus FC (F.C. Piemonte in the anime). Tsubasa plays very well in training, displaying all his skills, but the Dutch coach Van Saal (Edward in the anime, inspired by Louis van Gaal , who coached Barcelona at the time) demotes him to FC Barcelona B , [ 3 ] the reserve team that plays in the second division , because Tsubasa and Rivaul (inspired by Rivaldo ) cannot play together whilst Rivaul holds a key position for playmaking. [ 2 ]\n\nMeanwhile, Kojiro Hyuga plays for his first game for Juventus (Piemonte in the anime) against Parma in the Italian Serie A , but does not score because his physical imbalance is exposed by Parma defender Thoram (inspired by Lilian Thuram ). Juventus coach Carlo Monetti replaces him with David Trezeguet (David Tresaga in the anime), who scores the winning goal as Juventus beat Parma 1–0.\n\nIn Germany, Genzo Wakabayashi [ 4 ] and his Bundesliga team, Hamburger SV (Grunwald in the anime version), play against FC Bayern Munich (Routburg in the anime version), led by Karl Heinz Schneider. Wakabayashi makes many great saves, impressing players and coaches from both teams, but in an attempt to win at the final moment despite the coach's decision to aim for a draw, Wakabayashi left the goal area to take a free kick shot that was stopped at the last second, which gave Bayern a chance to counterattack on an undefended goal, allowing them to win 2–1.\n\nIn Spain, the Liga begins and the match between Barcelona (led by Rivaul) and Valencia CF (San Jose in the anime) (who have just bought Tsubasa's old rival Carlos Santana) ends 2–2. Tsubasa watches the match from the tribune (in the anime version, Tsubasa plays as a substitute in the match and scores a goal).\n\nIn the second stage of the Japanese J.League , Júbilo Iwata , led by Misaki, Gon Nakayama (inspired by real player Masashi Nakayama ), Ishizaki and Urabe, defeat the Urawa Red Diamonds led by Hayato Igawa and Sawada, 2–1. In other J.League matches, FC Tokyo , led by Misugi, draws 1–1 with Consadole Sapporo , led by Matsuyama. [ 5 ] In Italy, Hyuga and Aoi are bought respectively by A.C. Reggiana and A.S.D. Albese .\n\nIn Spain, Tsubasa plays three matches with FC Barcelona B and he records 12 goals and 11 assists in three matches. Tsubasa is inserted in the Barcelona lineup because of an injury of his rival Rivaul as well as the disastrous results of the Barcelona (one point in four matches) and plays the Súper Clásico against Real Madrid C.F. , who have just bought his old rival Natureza. Tsubasa ends the match with three goals and three assists and Barcelona wins 6–5.\n\nThis is the epilogue of Captain Tsubasa Road to 2002 and it is composed of five chapters. This manga follows Kojiro Hyuga and Shingo Aoi in Italy. In this manga, Kojiro Hyuga was loaned out to Reggiana while Shingo Aoi was loaned out to Albese . Kojiro Hyuga makes a hard training and he makes his debut scoring a hat-trick. [ 6 ]\n\nWhile Tsubasa plays for Barcelona against Real Valladolid , recording a goal and an assist in a 2–0 win, the 23 players of Japan's U-22 national team (\"The Golden-23\") are convoked to play two friendly matches against Denmark and Nigeria in preparation for Summer Olympics . Two futsal players, Kazami and Furukawa, who previously played for Japan national futsal team , join the national U-22 football team and display great skills, scoring two goals in a training match. Meanwhile, the Japan U-20 side led by Takeshi Sawada win the AFC Youth Championship , defeating South Korea 6–5 on penalty kicks in the final. In Brazil, Minato Gamo, the former coach of the U-20 national team, tries unsuccessfully to convince Soga, a Japanese player who plays in CR Vasco da Gama , to join the national team. Meanwhile, Tsubasa's wife Sanae informs him that she is pregnant. In Japan, the match with Denmark ends 4–2 with the following scorers: Misaki (J), Haas (D), Nitta (J), Nitta (J), Matsuyama (J) and Haas (D). In Germany, Hamburger SV plays a Bundesliga match and Genzo Wakabayashi is not in the line up because of the bad relationship with the coach Zeeman, starting rumors that Wakabayashi would leave Hamburger SV. A lot of teams were interested in signing Wakabayashi such as ACF Fiorentina , A.S. Roma , Bayern Munich and SV Werder Bremen .\n\nMeanwhile, Minato Gamo wants to convince Igawa, a player who can play in all the roles ( goalkeeper , defender , midfielder and forward ), to join the national team. Also in Spain, Barcelona plays a league match against Real Betis and Tsubasa scores two goals and makes an assist for Rikaar. In Japan, Wakabayashi joins the national team.\n\nThe match between Japan and Nigeria begins and Nigeria plays very well, as it has two champions Ochado (who plays in Paris SG , based on Jay-Jay Okocha ) and Bobang (who plays with Shingo Aoi in Albese). After some minutes from the beginning of the match, Nigeria has the first great opportunity to score the first goal in the match with a penalty kick , but the Japanese goalkeeper Genzo Wakabayashi saves in corner kick . Wakabayashi saves another shot and makes an assist for Ken Wakashimazu, who scores a goal with an overhead kick . However, Nigeria scores two goals with Bobang and Ochado. At the end of the first half, Nigeria is winning 2–1. Meanwhile, Minato Gamo convinces Gakuto Igawa to join the national team. The second half begins, the Japan attacks during the injury time Misaki scores the equalizing goal. The match ends 2–2.\n\nIn Spain, Barcelona wins 3–2 the match against Valencia led by Carlos Santana. In Japan, the match between Japan and Paraguay ends 3–0 with the following scorers: Gakuto, Wakashimazu and Nitta. In Spain, Barcelona plays against Atlético Madrid and Fersio Torres (inspired by Fernando Torres ) quickly scores a goal. However, Barcelona replies quickly and Tsubasa scores two goals.\n\nThe Asia qualifications begins and Japan beats Malaysia (6–0 for the first match and 5–0 for the return match), Thailand (2–0 for the first match, 3–0 for the return match) and Bahrain (3–0 for the first match and 5–0 for the return match) and qualifies to the third round. In the third round, Japan beats Vietnam 5–0, draws against Saudi Arabia 1–1 and loses against Australia 3–1. Standings after day 3 (of 6): Australia 9, Japan and Saudi Arabia 4 and Vietnam 0. Only the first classified is admitted to Olympic Games . In the day 4, Japan defeats Saudi Arabia 2–0 while Australia defeats Vietnam 5–0. In day 5, Japan defeats Vietnam 4–0 and Australia draws against Saudi Arabia 1–1. Standings after day 5 (of 6): Australia 13, Japan 10, Saudi Arabia 5 and Vietnam 0. In the last day, Japan plays against Australia (had Japan defeated Australia 3–0, 4–1, 5–2 and 6–3 or more, it would have qualified to Olympic Games, while had Japan won 3–1, 4–2, 5–3 or such, it would have played a playoff against Australia). Japan scores the first goal of the match against Australia, thanks to Tachibana brothers. However, the Tachibana brothers get injured and are substituted by Wakashimazu and Nitta, who scores another goal. Japan tries to score the third goal, but all their shots hit the bar or are saved by the goalkeeper. In the second half, Australia scores the goal of 2–1, but Japan reacts and scores two goals (scorers: Igawa and Misaki). Japan ultimately wins 4–1 and qualifies to Olympic Games.\n\nOne-shot released in Japan in 2009, which comprises 24 chapters. This one-shot tells the Serie C1 final season match between Reggiana and Albese, with both teams directly vying for promotion. This match is the challenge between Kojiro Hyuga (Reggiana) and Shingo Aoi (Albese). Hyuga scores two goals in the first half, showing to be strongly improved in physical game. However, in the second half, Albese reacts and scores two goals. Hyuga eventually scores the victory goal in the last minute, allowing his team to be promoted into Serie B. Albese is disappointed for its defeat because they wrongly think that U.C. AlbinoLeffe won against Ravenna F.C and overtook them in standings. However, Albinoleffe lost 2–1 to Ravenna, tying both teams in third place, and this means that both Reggiana (1st) and Albese (2nd) are promoted. Both teams celebrate their promotion.\n\nThis one-shot started in February 2010, in order to celebrate the series' 30th anniversary. It tells the return match between Barcelona and Real Madrid. From there on, seven more chapters are added in which first two goals from Barcelona been rejected by the referee . The match goes on and Rivaul finally scores a genuine goal, followed by one from Real Madrid. In the second half, Natureza scores the second goal 10 minutes before the end of the match. Tsubasa scores the draw goal with a flying drive shot in the added time and the match ends 2–2.\n\nAfter celebrating his Spanish league title win with Barcelona, Tsubasa briefly returns to Japan with Sanae, who is nearing childbirth. He then heads to Mexico to join the Japanese Olympic national team training camp. Following two friendly matches against New Zealand and Mexico, Coach Kira announces the final 23-man squad for the tournament in Madrid. Japan is drawn into a challenging group with the Netherlands, Argentina, and Nigeria. Despite the tough competition, they exceed expectations by winning all three matches and advance to the knockout stage as group leaders.\n\nIn the quarterfinals, Brazil—led by Rivaul—draws with Germany but secures the top spot in their group thanks to goal difference, while Germany moves on as the runner-up. Spain defeats Mexico, France overcomes the United States, and Brazil knocks out Argentina. Japan faces Germany in a fiercely contested match and ultimately triumphs in the second period of extra time. In the first semifinal, Brazil easily beats France to secure their place in the final, where they will face the winner of the Japan vs. Spain showdown. The series is left unfinished due to the author's retirement.\n\nYoichi Takahashi was delighted by association football after seeing the 1978 FIFA World Cup . The matches, players, and fans' love towards the sport inspired him to write a manga about football. [ 8 ] Another relevant aspect on this decision was the fact that Takahashi liked football more than baseball because he considered the players to have more freedom during matches. [ 7 ] Despite football not being popular in Japan, Takahashi aimed to depict it through his manga and to reach the general public. [ 8 ] Because of the non-popularity of the subject, getting the approval to write the manga by its publisher, Shueisha , took between 2 and 3 years, which was also difficult since it was his first manga. [ 7 ] Rather than using professional players, the manga author instead used children as protagonists, hoping readers would identify themselves with the cast. Nevertheless, Takahashi already had in mind that through the series the main characters would grow up and become professionals. [ 8 ]\n\nIn the making of the cast, Takahashi designed multiple characters with different traits in order to deliver multiple traits that would serve as obstacles for Tsubasa to surpass. The large number of characters made Takahashi careful with their designs and he wanted to give each of them recognizable features. One of Tsubasa's early rivals, Jun Misugi, was given skills that surpassed the protagonist's. As a result, he gave Misugi a heart condition that would balance the match between their teams. When asked why Tsubasa's teams always win, Takahashi stated it was because he aims the manga to be long and thus a defeat would reduce its length. [ 8 ] While the series was initially aimed at children, Takahashi was surprised at how, across the years, it has also attracted adults, as well as at the impact it had on Japan's football. When talking about its themes, Takahashi stated the main one is honor, which is meant to be superior than money, something which people value more. [ 8 ]\n\nAs Takahashi liked European football due to its competitive level, he decided to make Tsubasa leave São Paulo and join Spain's F.C. Barcelona at the age of 21. In 1998, Takahashi traveled to Barcelona and enjoyed the Camp Nou stadium so much that he was inspired by it to make the Barcelona team Tsubasa's future team. Nevertheless, Takahashi asserted it was a decision taken at random and joked that Tsubasa would have joined the Real Madrid if he had visited Santiago Bernabéu . [ 9 ] For this part, Takahashi started using professional players inspired by real-life football stars, most notably Rivaul (inspired by Rivaldo ) who would mentor Tsubasa in Barcelona. Due to Tsubasa's inexperience in his debut as an adult, Rivaul becomes his mentor. [ 10 ]\n\nBy 2010, the manga had been translated into French, Italian, German, and Spanish; at the time, no official English version existed. [ 11 ] By 2017, several volumes were available in an official Arabic translation and a third of the first print run of these were donated to Syrian refugee children by the publisher, Kinokuniya. [ 12 ] A bilingual Japanese-English version was released by Shueisha in 2020. [ 13 ] It was to be released for a digital reading device. [ 14 ] Shueisha launched the series digitally on its Manga Plus platform in April 2025, offering all chapters free for one week upon release before making them accessible exclusively through the platform's Deluxe Subscription plan. [ 15 ]\n\nWritten and illustrated by Yōichi Takahashi , the first Captain Tsubasa started in Shueisha 's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump on March 31, 1981, [ b ] and finished in the May 9, 1988, issue, [ 18 ] with its chapters collected in 37 tankōbon volumes, released from January 9, 1982, [ 19 ] to March 10, 1989. [ 20 ] The series has spawned various one-shots and sequels. In January 2024, Takahashi announced that he would retire from serializing manga, and the series' final part, Captain Tsubasa: Rising Sun – The Final , ended on April 4, 2024. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] In April 2024, it was announced that Captain Tsubasa: Rising Sun would continue with a new story arc in the form of storyboards on the Captain Tsubasa World website under the title Captain Tsubasa: Rising Sun Finals ; [ 23 ] [ 22 ] the first 27-page chapter was previewed on April 4 of the same year during the teaser site era, [ 23 ] and the site opened on July 23 of the same year, releasing the first four chapters at once. The series is updated every Tuesday. [ 24 ]\n\nAn official translation into Arabic was written by a Syrian man named Obada Kassoumah, who studied at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies beginning in 2012, [ 25 ] and had enjoyed the anime as a child. [ 26 ] Kinokuniya publishes the Arabic version and had selected Obada as the translator. [ 25 ] Sale of the volumes began in the United Arab Emirates in 2017. [ 26 ] To deal with differences in varieties of Arabic , Obada consulted people who spoke other varieties of Arabic and tried to make the language in the comic accessible to speakers of all varieties while avoiding stilted formality in Modern Standard Arabic . [ 27 ] Additionally, he made instances of alcoholic beverages ambiguous as explicit depictions of alcohol would not be published in various majority Muslim countries. [ 28 ]\n\nThe original Captain Tsubasa manga series was quickly adapted into a TV animation series, produced by Tsuchida Production, broadcast on TV Tokyo from October 10, 1983, to March 27, 1986. This first series adapts the first 25 volumes. Four animated movies followed soon after, between 1985 and 1986, continuing the storyline. In 1989 a new animation series, Shin Captain Tsubasa , was produced by Shueisha and CBS Sony Group, Inc. and spanned 13 original video animations (OVAs). Shin Captain Tsubasa adapts the manga from volume 25 to volume 36.\n\nThe series was followed soon after into a second adaptation, entitled Captain Tsubasa J , which was produced by NAS and Fuji TV and animated by Studio Comet . It was a retelling of the first volumes that continued adapting the manga where the previous series had stopped. It aired for 47 episodes on Fuji TV between October 21, 1994, and December 22, 1995, and was followed by an original video animation , Captain Tsubasa: Holland Youth , which was released in 1994. [ 70 ]\n\nA third adaptation, Captain Tsubasa: Road to Dream , also known as Captain Tsubasa ~ Road to 2002 , animated by Group TAC , aired on TV Tokyo between October 7, 2001, and October 6, 2002, with music published by Avex Mode .\n\nAll of the versions of the Captain Tsubasa animated series have been broadcast by the animation satellite television network Animax across its original network in Japan and later across its respective networks worldwide, including East Asia, Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, South Asia and other regions. English dubs of all series have aired on Animax Asia [ 71 ] [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] and some episodes of the English dub were released on VCDs by Speedy Video Malaysia. [ 73 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ]\n\nIn 2017, another anime television series adaptation was announced. [ 78 ] It is directed by Toshiyuki Kato and produced by David Production . [ 79 ] Viz Media have licensed the new anime series. [ 80 ] The series aired on TV Tokyo from April 2, 2018, to April 1, 2019. An English dub began airing on Primo TV in the United States beginning August 4, 2018. [ 81 ] A second season, directed by Katsumi Ono and produced by Studio Kai aired from October 1, 2023, to June 30, 2024. [ 82 ] It adapted the \"Junior Youth Arc\". [ 83 ]\n\nIn Arabic-speaking countries, the anime's title was changed to Captain Majid and the character became an Arab boy named Majid. [ 84 ]\n\nCaptain Tsubasa has been adapted into multiple video games:\n\nThe manga series had a circulation of 70 million volumes within Japan by 2008, [ 95 ] 82 million copies worldwide by 2018, [ 96 ] and had over 90 million copies in circulation worldwide by 2023. [ 97 ] In 2001, the anime series was ranked 49th in Animage ' s \"Top 100\" anime productions list. [ 98 ] The anime adaptation has also been very popular in Japan. In 2005, Japanese television network TV Asahi conducted a \"Top 100\" online web poll and nationwide survey: Captain Tsubasa placed 41st in the online poll and thirtieth in the survey. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] In 2006, TV Asahi conducted another online poll for the top one hundred anime and Captain Tsubasa placed 16th on \"The Celebrity List\". [ 101 ] The third television series was also highly popular in 2002, earning high ratings. [ 102 ]\n\nCaptain Tsubasa has inspired prominent footballers such as Hidetoshi Nakata , Alessandro Del Piero , Fernando Torres , Zinedine Zidane , Lionel Messi , Alexis Sánchez and Andrés Iniesta to play football and choose it as a career. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] [ 106 ] [ 107 ] [ 108 ] It also influenced Stephen Chow 's film Shaolin Soccer (2001) and a line of Adidas running shoes. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] Manga group Clamp have also produced dōjinshi works related with the Captain Tsubasa characters. [ 111 ]\n\nIn 2004, when the JSDF provided humanitarian assistance in Samawah, Iraq , stickers of characters from the manga were posted on \"twenty-six water wagons\" which became known by the children. The news was reported as an example of how Japanese pop culture could have positive results for \"cultural diplomacy and regional promotion.\" [ 112 ]\n\nA bronze statue of Tsubasa Oozora was erected in the neighborhood of the anime's creator in Katsushika, Tokyo in spring 2013. [ 113 ] Tsubasa and Misaki appeared in the video for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics at the closing ceremony for the 2016 Summer Olympics . [ 114 ] Tsubasa and Misaki performed their twin shot in one scene and Tsubasa appeared on his own later with his signature overhead kick. In a match from Japan for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , the Japanese fans held a tifo featuring an illustration from the manga with multiple messages that supported the team. [ 115 ]\n\nNippon.com (of the Nippon Communications Foundation) also made an article where they noted how Tsubasa became one of the most likeable fictional characters due to his dream and career in the series which at the same time influenced others. [ 116 ] Espin Of noted one of the series' most notable features was how Tsubasa's skills allowed him to perform goals while his training with his teammates also generated appeal to the viewers. His passion for the football and initial relationship with goalkeeper Genzo Wakabayashi was also noted to be worthy notes. [ 117 ] THEM Anime Reviews noted that Tsubasa obtained a highly international reputation but found the animation from the 1980s dated in the modern times. Additionally, he found Kojiro Hyuga's actions and his trainer's drinking problems might leave negative impressions on viewers. Nevertheless, they found the story appealing and wished it was licensed for an English release. [ 118 ] PublishersWeekly.com highly praised the series, stating that its surprising length proves the success of the series. Additionally, the manga was noted not for only bringing style to football, but also likeable characters which were rightfully adapted in the anime series. [ 11 ] In The Imperial Sportive: Sporting Lives in the Service of Modern Japan , Sandra Collins acknowledges Captain Tsubasa and Takehiko Inoue's Slam Dunk as manga that helped to popularize football and basketball, respectively, in Japan during their serializations. Similarly, Miho Koishihara referred to these two manga as responsible for increasing the popularity of their respective sports with the writer noting that Captain Tsubasa focused on realistic growth in comparison to previous works. [ 95 ] In Sport, literature, society : cultural historical studies noted the appeal of both the manga and its title character as one of the main reasons for becoming one of Japan's most popular soccer series referencing its popularity throughout its serialization. [ 119 ]\n\nA series on which Captain Tsubasa exerted a great influence was Masaya Tsunamoto's Giant Killing . [ 120 ]\n\nDuring the US occupation of Iraq, the Japan Self-Defense Force put Captain Tsubasa stickers on their water trucks. At the same time, the Japan Foundation provided an Arabic-dubbed season of Captain Tsubasa to the largest television station for free. [ 121 ]\n\nIn late 2018, the Katsushika City organized the \"Captain Tsubasa Cup, Gotta Win!\" campaign during the yearly Junior Soccer Tournament to help bring tourists to the city and keep young men active, and gave Takahashi the Honorary Citizen Award for the manga's positive impact on the city. [ 122 ]",
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anime series rank list top anime series tsubasa oozora yearold elementary school student deeply love football dream one day win fifa world cup japan live together mother japan father seafaring captain travel around world tsubasa know soccer moshigo translate heavensent child football almost year old almost run rush bus play ball however tsubasa hold ball front serve cushion impact force bump blow away able right ball hence tsubasas motto ball friend ever since little always go ball mother concludes indeed bear play football young age tsubasa already amaze speed stamen dribble skill shoot power astound anyone saw play begin story tsubasa mom move city nankatsu fictional town shizuoka prefecture well know talented elementary school football team tsubasa meet ryo ishizaki footballoving young student often sneak mother public bath house chore play football meet sanae nakazawa also know anego enthusiastic girl also love football help cheer nankatsu high school team genzo wakabayashi highly talented young goalkeeper soon challenge game nankatsus annual sport festival also meet roberto hongo one best brazilian footballer world friend tsubasas father start live tsubasa mother order train tsubasa roberto become mentor tsubasa help harness football skill convince join nankatsu elementary school fledgling elementary school football team roberto later coach pass technique onto tsubasa tsubasa meet taro misaki travel around japan due father job soon join nankatsu two become best friend pitch real life form partnership soon renowned golden duo dynamic duo nankatsu soon tsubasa nankatsu team start take best elementary school football meeting talented player kojiro hyuga ken wakashimazu jun misugi hikaru matsuyama many others tsubasas nankatsu squad win numerous youth national championship win world championships japan defeat italy argentina group stag france semifinal eventually defeat west germany final leave country play brazil tsubasa leave japan brazil start play mentor roberto manager paulo brancos anime brazil premier professional league campeonato brasileiro srie win final flamengo domingo anime brazil tsubasa get meet several talented brazilian player teammate roommate pepe come humble background well flamengo star striker carlos santana prodigious yet emotionless talent enthusiastic footballoving youngster shingo aoi tsubasa play high school national championship leave japan play football italy hop play major italian professional team arrive italy however shingo get tricked man give fraudulent promise get select italian team shingo take badly furnished field man run away steal money shingo realize swindle try hard get money back job shoeshining enthusiastic attitude catch eye one coach inter milan intina anime sign play squad attack midfielder japan youth side play first phase afc youth championship without taro misaki makoto soda hiroshi jito shun nitta tachibana brother masao kazuo kojiro hyuga tsubasa wakabayashi shingo join team defeat thailand one stage second phase japan beat uzbekistan china saudi arabia semifinal japan beat iraq japanese win asia youth title beat south korea qualify fifa world youth championship first phase japan defeat mexico uruguay italy quarterfinal beat sweden netherlands semifinal japanese win great final world youth championship defeat brazil extra time tsubasa score hattrick golden goal despite fact brazil use new player extra time call natureza become third person score goal wakabayashi outside goal area first karl heinz schneider germany second sho shunko china tsubasa move paulo barcelona catalunya anime spanish liga end fifa world youth championship final take childhood friend wife sanae ask move brazil couple maintain longdistance relationship propose world youth championship tsubasa move paulo brancos anime barcelona catalunya anime kojiro hyuga buy juventus piemonte anime tsubasa play well train display skill dutch coach van saal edward anime inspire louis van gaal coach barcelona time demote barcelona reserve team play second division tsubasa rivaul inspire rivaldo cannot play together whilst rivaul hold key position playmaking meanwhile kojiro hyuga play first game juventus piemonte anime parma italian serie not score physical imbalance expose parma defender thoram inspire lilian thuram juventus coach carlo monetti replace david trezeguet david tresaga anime score win goal juventus beat parma germany genzo wakabayashi bundesliga team hamburger grunwald anime version play bayern munich routburg anime version lead karl heinz schneider wakabayashi make many great save impress player coach team attempt win final moment despite coachs decision aim draw wakabayashi leave goal area take free kick shot stop last second give bayern chance counterattack undefended goal allow win spain liga begin match barcelona lead rivaul valencia san jose anime buy tsubasas old rival carlos santana end tsubasa watch match tribune anime version tsubasa play substitute match score goal second stage japanese jleague jbilo iwata lead misaki gon nakayama inspire real player masashi nakayama ishizaki urabe defeat urawa red diamond lead hayato igawa sawada jleague match tokyo lead misugi draw consadole sapporo lead matsuyama italy hyuga aoi buy respectively reggiana asd albese spain tsubasa play three match barcelona record goal assist three match tsubasa insert barcelona lineup injury rival rivaul well disastrous result barcelona one point four match play sper clsico real madrid buy old rival natureza tsubasa end match three goal three assist barcelona win epilogue captain tsubasa road compose five chapter manga follow kojiro hyuga shingo aoi italy manga kojiro hyuga loan reggiana shingo aoi loan albese kojiro hyuga make hard training make debut score hattrick tsubasa play barcelona real valladolid record goal assist win player japan national team golden convoke play two friendly match denmark nigeria preparation summer olympics two futsal player kazami furukawa previously play japan national futsal team join national football team display great skill score two goal train match meanwhile japan side lead takeshi sawada win afc youth championship defeat south korea penalty kick final brazil minato gamo former coach national team try unsuccessfully convince soga japanese player play vasco gama join national team meanwhile tsubasas wife sanae informs pregnant japan match denmark end follow scorer misaki haas nitta nitta matsuyama haas germany hamburger play bundesliga match genzo wakabayashi not line bad relationship coach zeeman start rumor wakabayashi would leave hamburger lot team interested sign wakabayashi acf fiorentina rom bayern munich werder bremen meanwhile minato gamo want convince igawa player play roles goalkeeper defender midfielder forward join national team also spain barcelona play league match real betis tsubasa score two goal make assist rikaar japan wakabayashi join national team match japan nigeria begin nigeria play well two champion ochado play paris base jayjay okocha bobang play shingo aoi albese minute begin match nigeria first great opportunity score first goal match penalty kick japanese goalkeeper genzo wakabayashi save corner kick wakabayashi save another shot make assist ken wakashimazu score goal overhead kick however nigeria score two goal bobang ochado end first half nigeria win meanwhile minato gamo convinces gakuto igawa join national team second half begin japan attack injury time misaki score equalize goal match end spain barcelona win match valencia lead carlos santana japan match japan paraguay end follow scorer gakuto wakashimazu nitta spain barcelona play atltico madrid fersio torres inspire fernando torres quickly score goal however barcelona reply quickly tsubasa score two goal asia qualification begin japan beat malaysia first match return match thailand first match return match bahrain first match return match qualifies third round third round japan beat vietnam draw saudi arabia loses australia standing day australia japan saudi arabia vietnam first classify admitted olympic game day japan defeat saudi arabia australia defeat vietnam day japan defeat vietnam australia draw saudi arabia standing day australia japan saudi arabia vietnam last day japan play australia japan defeat australia would qualify olympic game japan would play playoff australia japan score first goal match australia thanks tachibana brother however tachibana brother get injure substituted wakashimazu nitta score another goal japan try score third goal shot hit bar save goalkeeper second half australia score goal japan react score two goal scorer igawa misaki japan ultimately win qualifies olympic game oneshot release japan comprise chapter oneshot tell serie final season match reggiana albese team directly vie promotion match challenge kojiro hyuga reggiana shingo aoi albese hyuga score two goal first half show strongly improve physical game however second half albese reacts score two goal hyuga eventually score victory goal last minute allow team promote serie albese disappointed defeat wrongly think albinoleffe ravenna overtook standing however albinoleffe lose ravenna tie team third place mean reggiana albese promote team celebrate promotion oneshot start february order celebrate series anniversary tell return match barcelona real madrid seven chapter add first two goal barcelona reject referee match go rivaul finally score genuine goal follow one real madrid second half natureza score second goal minute end match tsubasa score draw goal fly drive shot add time match end celebrate spanish league title win barcelona tsubasa briefly return japan sanae nearing childbirth head mexico join japanese olympic national team training camp follow two friendly match new zealand mexico coach kira announce final man squad tournament madrid japan drawn challenge group netherlands argentina nigeria despite tough competition exceed expectation win three match advance knockout stage group leader quarterfinal brazilled rivauldraws germany secures top spot group thanks goal difference germany move runnerup spain defeat mexico france overcomes united state brazil knock argentina japan face germany fiercely contested match ultimately triumphs second period extra time first semifinal brazil easily beat france secure place final face winner japan spain showdown series leave unfinished due author retirement yoichi takahashi delighted association football see fifa world cup match player fan love towards sport inspire write manga football another relevant aspect decision fact takahashi like football baseball consider player freedom match despite football not popular japan takahashi aim depict manga reach general public nonpopularity subject get approval write manga publisher shueisha take year also difficult since first manga rather use professional player manga author instead use child protagonist hop reader would identify cast nevertheless takahashi already mind series main character would grow become professional make cast takahashi design multiple character different trait order deliver multiple trait would serve obstacle tsubasa surpass large number character make takahashi careful design want give recognizable feature one tsubasas early rival jun misugi give skill surpass protagonist result give misugi heart condition would balance match team ask tsubasas team always win takahashi state aim manga long thus defeat would reduce length series initially aim child takahashi surprise across year also attract adult well impact japan football talk theme takahashi state main one honor meant superior money something people value takahashi like european football due competitive level decide make tsubasa leave paulo join spain barcelona age takahashi travel barcelona enjoy camp nou stadium much inspire make barcelona team tsubasas future team nevertheless takahashi assert decision take random joked tsubasa would join real madrid visit santiago bernabu part takahashi start use professional player inspire reallife football star notably rivaul inspired rivaldo would mentor tsubasa barcelona due tsubasas inexperience debut adult rivaul become mentor manga translate french italian german spanish time official english version exist several volume available official arabic translation third first print run donate syrian refugee child publisher kinokuniya bilingual japaneseenglish version release shueisha release digital reading device shueisha launch series digitally manga plus platform april offer chapter free one week upon release make accessible exclusively platforms deluxe subscription plan write illustrated yichi takahashi first captain tsubasa start shueisha shnen manga magazine weekly shnen jump march finish may issue chapter collect tankbon volume release january march series spawn various oneshots sequel january takahashi announce would retire serialize manga series final part captain tsubasa rise sun final end april april announce captain tsubasa rise sun would continue new story arc form storyboards captain tsubasa world website title captain tsubasa rise sun final first page chapter preview april year teaser site era site open july year release first four chapter series update every tuesday official translation arabic write syrian man name obada kassoumah study tokyo university foreign study begin enjoyed anime child kinokuniya publishes arabic version select obada translator sale volume begin united arab emirates deal difference variety arabic obada consult people speak variety arabic tried make language comic accessible speaker variety avoid stilted formality modern standard arabic additionally make instance alcoholic beverage ambiguous explicit depiction alcohol would not publish various majority muslim country original captain tsubasa manga series quickly adapt animation series produce tsuchida production broadcast tokyo october march first series adapts first volumes four animate movie follow soon continue storyline new animation series shin captain tsubasa produce shueisha cbs sony group inc span original video animation ovas shin captain tsubasa adapts manga volume volume series follow soon second adaptation entitle captain tsubasa produce nas fuji animate studio comet retell first volume continue adapt manga previous series stop aired episode fuji october december follow original video animation captain tsubasa holland youth release third adaptation captain tsubasa road dream also know captain tsubasa road animate group tac air tokyo october october music publish avex mode version captain tsubasa animate series broadcast animation satellite television network animax across original network japan later across respective network worldwide include east asia hong kong southeast asia south asia region english dubs series air animax asia episode english dub release vcds speedy video malaysia another anime television series adaptation announce directed toshiyuki kato produce david production viz medium license new anime series series air tokyo april april english dub begin air primo united state begin august second season direct katsumi ono produce studio kai air october june adapt junior youth arc arabicspeaking country animes title change captain majid character become arab boy name majid captain tsubasa adapt multiple video game manga series circulation million volume within japan million copy worldwide million copy circulation worldwide anime series rank animage top anime production list anime adaptation also popular japan japanese television network asahi conduct top online web poll nationwide survey captain tsubasa place online poll thirtieth survey asahi conduct another online poll top one hundred anime captain tsubasa place celebrity list third television series also highly popular earn high rating captain tsubasa inspire prominent footballer hidetoshi nakata alessandro del piero fernando torres zinedine zidane lionel messi alexis snchez andrs iniesta play football choose career also influence stephen chow film shaolin soccer line adidas run shoe manga group clamp also produce djinshi work related captain tsubasa character jsdf provide humanitarian assistance samawah iraq sticker character manga post twentysix water wagon become known child news report example japanese pop culture could positive result cultural diplomacy regional promotion bronze statue tsubasa oozora erect neighborhood anime creator katsushika tokyo spring tsubasa misaki appear video tokyo olympics closing ceremony summer olympics tsubasa misaki perform twin shot one scene tsubasa appear later signature overhead kick match japan fifa world cup japanese fan hold tifo feature illustration manga multiple message support team nipponcom nippon communication foundation also make article noted tsubasa become one likeable fictional character due dream career series time influenced others espin note one series notable feature tsubasas skill allow perform goal train teammate also generate appeal viewer passion football initial relationship goalkeeper genzo wakabayashi also note worthy note anime review note tsubasa obtain highly international reputation find animation date modern time additionally find kojiro hyugas action trainer drink problem might leave negative impression viewer nevertheless find story appeal wish licensed english release publishersweeklycom highly praised series state surprising length prove success series additionally manga note not bring style football also likeable character rightfully adapt anime series imperial sportive sport life service modern japan sandra collins acknowledge captain tsubasa takehiko inoues slam dunk manga help popularize football basketball respectively japan serialization similarly miho koishihara refer two manga responsible increase popularity respective sport writer note captain tsubasa focus realistic growth comparison previous work sport literature society cultural historical study note appeal manga title character one main reason become one japan popular soccer series reference popularity throughout serialization series captain tsubasa exert great influence masaya tsunamotos giant kill occupation iraq japan selfdefense force put captain tsubasa sticker water truck time japan foundation provide arabicdubbed season captain tsubasa large television station free late katsushika city organize captain tsubasa cup gotta win campaign yearly junior soccer tournament help bring tourist city keep young men active give takahashi honorary citizen award mangas positive impact city"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Character_song/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Character_song.json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Character_song",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_song",
+    "transformers_text": "In Japan, an image song or character song is a song on a tie-in single or album (often called an image album or character album ) for an anime , video game , drama , manga , or other commercial product that is sometimes sung by the voice actor or actor of a character, in character with harmonies. It is meant to give a sense of the personality of the character.\n\nCharacter songs are considered an important part of an anime or drama's success, as they often provide insights to a character that may otherwise go unexplored on the program itself. The series' creators may also include details about a particular character's design stages and evolution, and on occasion even design sketches so fans can see for themselves how a character changed. There may also be comments from the voice actors or actors on how they feel about playing their characters. Sometimes character songs are incorporated into the anime itself, such as Kyōran Kazoku Nikki , which has each of its main characters sing a character song as the ending theme, each with its own animation. Another example is Prince of Tennis , which has the openings and ending songs for the OVA episodes sung by characters in the anime.\n\nCharacter songs are not restricted to anime protagonists. Antagonists such as Zechs Merquise , Master Asia , Sailor Galaxia , Vegeta , and some villains (such as Devimon and Sousuke Aizen ) also have their own character songs. In some cases, these are regarded as more interesting than those of the protagonists as they often provide the only glimpse into a villain's character.\n\nIn addition, fans are known to buy character song albums based solely on the voice actor or actor. An example of this is Megumi Hayashibara , a well-known voice actress who has released many CDs and albums over her career, including character songs of her characters.\n\nThe first anime character song album to reach No. 1 in the Japanese Oricon weekly charts was Hōkago Tea Time ( 放課後ティータイム , After School Tea Time ) , performed by the characters from K-On! in 2009, debuting at No. 1 with sales of 67,000 copies in its first week. [ 1 ] The K-On! characters later became the first anime image group to reach No. 1 in the Oricon singles chart in 2010, with the opening theme for the second season of the show, \"Go! Go! Maniac!\", [ 2 ] [ 3 ] which debuted at No. 1 with sales of over 83,000 copies in its first week. [ 4 ]\n\nA related sub-type is a character version, where a voice actor or actor sings a song from the series as the character. Famous examples of this include the various versions of Neon Genesis Evangelion ' s theme songs, redone by the voice actresses of Rei Ayanami , Asuka Langley Soryu and Misato Katsuragi . They are usually identified by a version tag at the end of the name (e.g. \" Cruel Angel's Thesis , Ayanami Version\").\n\nSimilarly, a character song can also be a song about a character, but not necessarily sung by the character's portrayer. For example, while Mazinger Z includes songs about Kouji Kabuto and his friends, they are not sung by their voice actors. Nevertheless, they still provide some insight into the character's persona.\n\nIn the Pokémon television series, Dawn and Serena 's image songs were not originally sung by their voice actors either, although their voice actors' versions were later introduced.",
+    "tf_idf_text": "japan image song character song song tiein single album often call image album character album anime video game drama manga commercial product sometimes sung voice actor actor character character harmony mean give sense personality character character song consider important part anime drama success often provide insight character may otherwise unexplored program series creator may also include detail particular character design stag evolution occasion even design sketch fan see character change may also comment voice actor actor feel play character sometimes character song incorporate anime kyran kazoku nikki main character sing character song end theme animation another example prince tennis opening end song ova episode sing character anime character song not restrict anime protagonist antagonist zechs merquise master asia sailor galaxia vegeta villain devimon sousuke aizen also character song case regard interesting protagonist often provide glimpse villain character addition fan know buy character song album base solely voice actor actor example megumi hayashibara wellknown voice actress release many cd album career include character song character first anime character song album reach japanese oricon weekly chart hkago tea time school tea time perform character kon debut sale copy first week kon character later become first anime image group reach oricon single chart open theme second season show maniac debut sale copy first week relate subtype character version voice actor actor sings song series character famous example include various version neon genesis evangelion theme song redone voice actress rei ayanami asuka langley soryu misato katsuragi usually identify version tag end name cruel angel thesis ayanami version similarly character song also song character not necessarily sung character portrayer example mazinger include song kouji kabuto friend not sung voice actor nevertheless still provide insight character persona pokmon television series dawn serena image song not originally sung voice actor either although voice actor version later introduce"
+}

corpus/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Chibi_(style)/en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Chibi_(style).json

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+{
+    "title": "en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Chibi_(style)",
+    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibi_(style)",
+    "transformers_text": "Chibi , also known as super deformation ( SD ), is an art style originating in Japan , and common in anime and manga where characters are drawn in an exaggerated way, typically small and chubby with stubby limbs, oversized eyes, oversized heads, tiny noses, tiny bodies, and minimal detail. The style has found its way into the anime and manga fandom through its usage in manga works and merchandising.\n\nThe English term chibi derives from the Japanese chibi kyara ( ちびキャラ , ' tiny character ' ) , [ 1 ] where chibi ( ちび ) is a colloquial word for very short people and children, itself deriving from chibiru ( 禿びる , v. ' to wear down ' ) , [ 2 ] and kyara ( キャラ ) is loaned from the English \"character\". [ 3 ]\n\n\"Super deformed\" and \"S.D.\" come from Japanese deforume ( デフォルメ , ' stylistic distortion ' ) , itself from French déformer . [ 4 ]\n\nCompared to the average anime character, usually about seven to eight heads tall, [ 5 ] the head of a super-deformed character is normally anywhere between one third and one half the character's height. [ 6 ] In addition to their modified proportions, super-deformed characters typically lack the detail of their normal counterparts. As a result, when a character of average proportions is depicted as a super-deformed character, certain aspects of their design will be simplified and others will be more exaggerated. Details such as folds on a jacket are ignored, and general shapes are favored. If a character has a signature characteristic (odd hair, a particular accessory, etc.) this will typically be prominent in the super deformed version of the character. [ 7 ]\n\nThe chibi style easily falls under the Japanese category of kawaii, with the specific proportions being exaggerated in the ways that they are. With it being widely regarded as cute, the chibi style allows for easy advertisement in the culture, and even in other countries. [ 8 ]\n\nOne example of the word's usage in Japanese media, which brought the term to the attention of American fans in the mid-1990s, is Chibiusa ; this diminutive pet name for the daughter of Sailor Moon comes from Chibi Usagi (\"Little Rabbit\"). [ 9 ] The chibi art style is part of the Japanese kawaii subculture. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Outside of Japan, the chibi style has also appeared in anime-influenced American series such as Teen Titans , Avatar: The Last Airbender , and Homestuck . [ 13 ]",
+    "tf_idf_text": "chibi also know super deformation art style originate japan common anime manga character draw exaggerated way typically small chubby stubby limb oversized eye oversized head tiny nose tiny body minimal detail style find way anime manga fandom usage manga work merchandise english term chibi derive japanese chibi kyara tiny character chibi colloquial word short people child derive chibiru wear kyara loan english character super deform come japanese deforume stylistic distortion french dformer compare average anime character usually seven eight head tall head superdeformed character normally anywhere one third one half character height addition modify proportion superdeformed character typically lack detail normal counterpart result character average proportion depict superdeformed character certain aspect design simplify others exaggerate detail fold jacket ignore general shape favor character signature characteristic odd hair particular accessory etc typically prominent super deform version character chibi style easily fall japanese category kawaii specific proportion exaggerate way widely regard cute chibi style allow easy advertisement culture even country one example word usage japanese medium bring term attention american fan mids chibiusa diminutive pet name daughter sailor moon come chibi usagi little rabbit chibi art style part japanese kawaii subculture outside japan chibi style also appear animeinfluenced american series teen titan avatar last airbender homestuck"
+}