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"""
Data loader for Rabbinic Hebrew/Aramaic benchmark texts from Sefaria API.
Fetches parallel Hebrew/Aramaic + English text pairs across diverse categories.
"""
import json
import os
import re
import time
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Optional
import requests
import tiktoken
# Token limit for OpenAI embedding models (text-embedding-ada-002, text-embedding-3-*)
# Using cl100k_base encoding
MAX_EMBEDDING_TOKENS = 8192
_tokenizer = None
def get_tokenizer() -> tiktoken.Encoding:
"""Get or create the tiktoken encoder (cached for performance)."""
global _tokenizer
if _tokenizer is None:
_tokenizer = tiktoken.get_encoding("cl100k_base")
return _tokenizer
def count_tokens(text: str) -> int:
"""Count the number of tokens in a text string using OpenAI's tokenizer."""
return len(get_tokenizer().encode(text))
# Sefaria host - configurable via environment variable
# Default is the public Sefaria API
DEFAULT_SEFARIA_HOST = "https://www.sefaria.org"
SEFARIA_HOST = os.environ.get("SEFARIA_HOST", DEFAULT_SEFARIA_HOST)
def set_sefaria_host(host: str) -> None:
"""Set the Sefaria host URL (e.g., 'http://localhost:8000')."""
global SEFARIA_HOST
# Remove trailing slash if present
SEFARIA_HOST = host.rstrip("/")
def get_sefaria_host() -> str:
"""Get the current Sefaria host URL."""
return SEFARIA_HOST
# Text categories with confirmed English translations
BENCHMARK_TEXTS = {
"talmud_bavli": {
"category": "Talmud",
"language": "Aramaic/Hebrew",
"texts": [
"Berakhot",
"Pesachim",
"Yoma",
"Megillah",
"Chagigah",
"Ketubot",
"Gittin",
"Bava Metzia",
"Sanhedrin",
"Avodah Zarah",
"Chullin",
"Niddah",
],
},
"talmud_yerushalmi": {
"category": "Jerusalem Talmud",
"language": "Aramaic/Hebrew",
"texts": [
"Jerusalem Talmud Berakhot",
"Jerusalem Talmud Kilayim",
"Jerusalem Talmud Terumot",
"Jerusalem Talmud Shabbat",
"Jerusalem Talmud Shekalim",
"Jerusalem Talmud Sukkah",
"Jerusalem Talmud Sotah",
"Jerusalem Talmud Nedarim",
"Jerusalem Talmud Kiddushin",
"Jerusalem Talmud Bava Kamma",
"Jerusalem Talmud Sanhedrin",
"Jerusalem Talmud Avodah Zarah",
"Jerusalem Talmud Niddah",
],
},
"mishnah": {
"category": "Mishnah",
"language": "Rabbinic Hebrew",
"texts": [
"Mishnah Berakhot",
"Mishnah Peah",
"Mishnah Kilayim",
"Mishnah Shabbat",
"Mishnah Pesachim",
"Mishnah Sukkah",
"Mishnah Taanit",
"Mishnah Chagigah",
"Mishnah Yevamot",
"Mishnah Sotah",
"Mishnah Kiddushin",
"Mishnah Bava Kamma",
"Mishnah Sanhedrin",
"Mishnah Eduyot",
"Mishnah Avot",
"Mishnah Zevachim",
"Mishnah Chullin",
"Mishnah Tamid",
"Mishnah Kelim",
"Mishnah Parah",
"Mishnah Niddah",
],
},
"midrash_rabbah": {
"category": "Midrash Rabbah",
"language": "Hebrew/Aramaic",
"texts": [
"Bereishit Rabbah",
"Shemot Rabbah",
"Vayikra Rabbah",
"Bamidbar Rabbah",
"Devarim Rabbah",
"Shir HaShirim Rabbah",
"Ruth Rabbah",
"Eichah Rabbah",
"Kohelet Rabbah",
"Esther Rabbah",
],
},
"tanakh_commentary": {
"category": "Tanakh Commentary",
"language": "Hebrew",
"texts": [
"Rashi on Genesis",
"Rashi on Exodus",
"Rashi on Leviticus",
"Rashi on Numbers",
"Rashi on Deuteronomy",
"Ramban on Genesis",
"Ramban on Exodus",
"Ramban on Leviticus",
"Ramban on Numbers",
"Ramban on Deuteronomy",
"Radak on Genesis",
"Akeidat Yitzchak",
"Rabbeinu Behaye, Bereshit",
"Rabbeinu Behaye, Shemot",
"Rabbeinu Behaye, Vayikra",
"Rabbeinu Behaye, Bamidbar",
"Rabbeinu Behaye, Devarim",
],
},
"hasidic_kabbalistic": {
"category": "Hasidic/Kabbalistic",
"language": "Hebrew",
"texts": [
"Likutei Moharan",
"Tomer Devorah",
"Or Neerav, PART I",
"Or Neerav, PART II",
"Or Neerav, PART III",
"Shekel HaKodesh, On Abstinence",
"Shekel HaKodesh, On Wisdom",
"Kalach Pitchei Chokhmah",
],
},
"halacha": {
"category": "Halacha",
"language": "Hebrew",
"texts": [
"Sefer HaChinukh",
"Shev Shmateta, Introduction",
"Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions",
"Sefer Yesodei HaTorah",
],
},
"philosophy": {
"category": "Philosophy",
"language": "Hebrew",
"texts": [
"Sefer HaIkkarim, Maamar 1",
"Sefer HaIkkarim, Maamar 2",
"Sefer HaIkkarim, Maamar 3",
"Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1",
"Guide for the Perplexed, Part 2",
"Guide for the Perplexed, Part 3",
],
},
"targum": {
"category": "Targum",
"language": "Aramaic",
"texts": [
"Aramaic Targum to Song of Songs",
],
},
"mussar": {
"category": "Mussar/Ethics",
"language": "Hebrew",
"texts": [
"Iggeret HaRamban",
"Shulchan Shel Arba",
"Chafetz Chaim",
"Yesod HaYirah, On Endurance",
"Yesod HaYirah, On Humility",
"Kav HaYashar",
],
},
}
def strip_html(text: str) -> str:
"""
Remove HTML tags from text.
Some tags are dropped completely with their content:
- <sup class="footnote-marker">...</sup>
- <i class="footnote"...>...</i>
Other tags are stripped but their inner content is preserved.
"""
# First, remove footnote markers (simple, no nesting issues)
clean = re.sub(r'<sup[^>]*class="footnote-marker"[^>]*>.*?</sup>', '', text, flags=re.DOTALL)
# Remove footnotes with nested <i> tags - need to handle nesting
# Strategy: find footnote start, then count <i> and </i> to find matching close
clean = _remove_footnote_tags(clean)
# Then strip remaining HTML tags (keeping their content)
clean = re.sub(r"<[^>]+>", "", clean)
# Clean up extra whitespace
clean = re.sub(r"\s+", " ", clean).strip()
return clean
def _remove_footnote_tags(text: str) -> str:
"""Remove <i class="footnote"...>...</i> tags, handling nested <i> tags."""
result = []
i = 0
while i < len(text):
# Look for footnote opening tag
match = re.match(r'<i[^>]*class="footnote"[^>]*>', text[i:], flags=re.IGNORECASE)
if match:
# Found a footnote, now find the matching </i>
start = i + match.end()
depth = 1
j = start
while j < len(text) and depth > 0:
if text[j:j+3].lower() == '<i ' or text[j:j+3].lower() == '<i>':
depth += 1
j += 1
elif text[j:j+4].lower() == '</i>':
depth -= 1
if depth == 0:
# Skip past the closing </i>
j += 4
break
j += 1
else:
j += 1
# Skip the entire footnote (from i to j)
i = j
else:
result.append(text[i])
i += 1
return ''.join(result)
def extract_bold_only(text: str) -> str:
"""
Extract only content within <b>...</b> tags, for Talmud Bavli.
The Steinsaltz English has bold for actual translation and non-bold for
elucidation. We only want the translation.
Example:
"<b>The Rabbis say:</b> The time for... is <b>until midnight.</b>"
-> "The Rabbis say: until midnight."
"""
# Find all content within <b>...</b> tags
bold_parts = re.findall(r'<b>(.*?)</b>', text, flags=re.DOTALL)
if not bold_parts:
# No bold tags found, fall back to regular strip
return strip_html(text)
# Strip any nested HTML from each bold part and join with spaces
cleaned_parts = [strip_html(part) for part in bold_parts]
# Join parts, ensuring proper spacing
result = ' '.join(cleaned_parts)
# Clean up extra whitespace
result = re.sub(r"\s+", " ", result).strip()
return result
def get_text_from_sefaria(ref: str, retries: int = 3) -> Optional[dict]:
"""
Fetch a text from Sefaria API.
Args:
ref: Sefaria reference string (e.g., "Berakhot.2a")
retries: Number of retry attempts
Returns:
Dict with 'he' (Hebrew/Aramaic) and 'en' (English) texts, or None if failed/error
"""
url = f"{SEFARIA_HOST}/api/texts/{ref}"
params = {"context": 0}
for attempt in range(retries):
try:
response = requests.get(url, params=params, timeout=30)
if response.status_code == 200:
data = response.json()
# Check if response contains an error
if "error" in data:
return None
return data
elif response.status_code == 429:
# Rate limited, wait and retry
time.sleep(2 ** attempt)
else:
return None
except requests.RequestException:
if attempt < retries - 1:
time.sleep(1)
continue
return None
def get_index_from_sefaria(title: str) -> Optional[dict]:
"""
Get index/structure information for a text.
Args:
title: The title of the text
Returns:
Index data or None if failed or text not found
"""
url = f"{SEFARIA_HOST}/api/index/{title}"
try:
response = requests.get(url, timeout=30)
if response.status_code == 200:
data = response.json()
# Check if response contains an error
if "error" in data:
return None
return data
except requests.RequestException:
pass
return None
def extract_parallel_segments(data: dict, ref: str, category: str = "") -> list[dict]:
"""
Extract parallel Hebrew/English segments from API response.
Args:
data: API response data
ref: The reference string
category: Category name (used for special handling, e.g., "Talmud")
Returns:
List of dicts with 'ref', 'he', 'en' keys
"""
segments = []
he_text = data.get("he", [])
en_text = data.get("text", [])
# Handle nested arrays (common in Talmud)
if he_text and isinstance(he_text, list):
# Flatten if nested
if he_text and isinstance(he_text[0], list):
he_flat = []
en_flat = []
for i, (he_seg, en_seg) in enumerate(zip(he_text, en_text)):
if isinstance(he_seg, list):
he_flat.extend(he_seg)
en_flat.extend(en_seg if isinstance(en_seg, list) else [en_seg])
else:
he_flat.append(he_seg)
en_flat.append(en_seg)
he_text = he_flat
en_text = en_flat
# Handle single string responses
if isinstance(he_text, str):
he_text = [he_text]
if isinstance(en_text, str):
en_text = [en_text]
# For Talmud Bavli, extract only bold text (actual translation, not elucidation)
is_bavli = category == "Talmud"
# Pair up segments
for i, (he, en) in enumerate(zip(he_text, en_text)):
if he and en:
he_clean = strip_html(str(he)) if he else ""
# Use bold-only extraction for Bavli English
if is_bavli:
en_clean = extract_bold_only(str(en)) if en else ""
else:
en_clean = strip_html(str(en)) if en else ""
# Skip empty or very short segments
if len(he_clean) > 10 and len(en_clean) > 10:
# Check token limits for OpenAI embedding models
he_tokens = count_tokens(he_clean)
en_tokens = count_tokens(en_clean)
if he_tokens > MAX_EMBEDDING_TOKENS:
print(f" Skipping {ref}:{i+1} - Hebrew text exceeds token limit ({he_tokens} > {MAX_EMBEDDING_TOKENS})")
continue
if en_tokens > MAX_EMBEDDING_TOKENS:
print(f" Skipping {ref}:{i+1} - English text exceeds token limit ({en_tokens} > {MAX_EMBEDDING_TOKENS})")
continue
segments.append({
"ref": f"{ref}:{i+1}" if ":" not in ref else ref,
"he": he_clean,
"en": en_clean,
})
return segments
def fetch_text_pairs(
text_title: str,
category: str,
max_segments: int = 500,
delay: float = 0.5
) -> list[dict]:
"""
Fetch parallel text pairs for a given text.
Args:
text_title: Title of the text to fetch
category: Category name for metadata
max_segments: Maximum segments to fetch per text
delay: Delay between API calls (rate limiting)
Returns:
List of segment dicts with ref, he, en, category
"""
pairs = []
# Get text index to understand structure
index = get_index_from_sefaria(text_title)
if not index:
print(f" Could not get index for {text_title}")
return pairs
# Determine refs to fetch based on text structure
schema = index.get("schema", {})
# For simple texts, just fetch the whole thing
if schema.get("nodeType") == "JaggedArrayNode":
depth = schema.get("depth", 2)
address_types = schema.get("addressTypes", [])
# Check if this uses Talmud daf notation (2a, 2b, etc.)
uses_talmud_daf = address_types and address_types[0] == "Talmud"
if uses_talmud_daf:
# Talmud-style structure with daf notation (e.g., Berakhot.2a)
# Start from daf 3 for Jerusalem Talmud to avoid overlap with Bavli
start_daf = 3 if category == "Jerusalem Talmud" else 2
# Fetch daf by daf
done = False
for daf_num in range(start_daf, 200):
if len(pairs) >= max_segments or done:
break
for side in ["a", "b"]:
if len(pairs) >= max_segments:
break
ref = f"{text_title}.{daf_num}{side}"
data = get_text_from_sefaria(ref)
# None means API error (daf doesn't exist)
if data is None:
if side == "a":
done = True # Daf doesn't exist, we're done with tractate
break
if not data.get("he"):
continue # Empty side, try next
segments = extract_parallel_segments(data, ref, category)
for seg in segments:
seg["category"] = category
pairs.extend(segments)
time.sleep(delay)
elif depth == 1:
# Single-level structure (e.g., Iggeret HaRamban - just paragraphs)
# Fetch the whole text at once
data = get_text_from_sefaria(text_title)
if data and data.get("he"):
segments = extract_parallel_segments(data, text_title, category)
for seg in segments:
seg["category"] = category
pairs.extend(segments)
elif depth == 2:
# Two-level structure (e.g., Mishnah chapter:verse)
# Start from chapter 2 for Mishnah to avoid overlap with Talmud
start_chapter = 2 if category == "Mishnah" else 1
consecutive_empty = 0
# Fetch chapter by chapter
for chapter in range(start_chapter, 200): # Reasonable upper bound
if len(pairs) >= max_segments:
break
ref = f"{text_title}.{chapter}"
data = get_text_from_sefaria(ref)
# None means API error (ref doesn't exist)
if data is None:
break
# Empty array means chapter exists but has no content
if not data.get("he"):
consecutive_empty += 1
if consecutive_empty >= 5:
break # Probably past end of book
time.sleep(delay)
continue
consecutive_empty = 0
segments = extract_parallel_segments(data, ref, category)
for seg in segments:
seg["category"] = category
pairs.extend(segments)
time.sleep(delay)
elif depth >= 3:
# Three+ level structure (e.g., commentary chapter:verse:comment)
# Fetch chapter.verse by chapter.verse
# For Jerusalem Talmud, start from 1.3 to avoid overlap with Bavli
start_verse = 3 if category == "Jerusalem Talmud" else 1
consecutive_empty_chapters = 0
for chapter in range(1, 200):
if len(pairs) >= max_segments:
break
chapter_had_content = False
# Use start_verse only for first chapter
first_verse = start_verse if chapter == 1 else 1
for verse in range(first_verse, 100):
if len(pairs) >= max_segments:
break
ref = f"{text_title}.{chapter}.{verse}"
data = get_text_from_sefaria(ref)
# None means API error (ref doesn't exist)
if data is None:
break # No more verses in this chapter
# Empty array means verse exists but has no content
if not data.get("he"):
continue
chapter_had_content = True
segments = extract_parallel_segments(data, ref, category)
for seg in segments:
seg["category"] = category
pairs.extend(segments)
time.sleep(delay)
if not chapter_had_content:
consecutive_empty_chapters += 1
if consecutive_empty_chapters >= 5:
break # Probably past end of book
else:
consecutive_empty_chapters = 0
else:
# Complex structure (SchemaNode) - try different ref patterns
# First try simple numeric refs (works for Sefer HaChinukh style)
consecutive_empty = 0
for section in range(1, 1000):
if len(pairs) >= max_segments:
break
ref = f"{text_title}.{section}"
data = get_text_from_sefaria(ref)
if data is None:
break
if not data.get("he"):
consecutive_empty += 1
if consecutive_empty >= 5:
break
time.sleep(delay)
continue
consecutive_empty = 0
segments = extract_parallel_segments(data, ref, category)
for seg in segments:
seg["category"] = category
pairs.extend(segments)
time.sleep(delay)
# If we haven't reached max_segments, try chapter.verse style refs (commentary pattern)
if len(pairs) < max_segments:
consecutive_empty = 0
for chapter in range(1, 100):
if len(pairs) >= max_segments:
break
chapter_had_content = False
for verse in range(1, 50):
if len(pairs) >= max_segments:
break
ref = f"{text_title}.{chapter}.{verse}"
data = get_text_from_sefaria(ref)
if data is None:
break # This verse doesn't exist, try next chapter
if data.get("he"):
chapter_had_content = True
consecutive_empty = 0
segments = extract_parallel_segments(data, ref, category)
for seg in segments:
seg["category"] = category
pairs.extend(segments)
time.sleep(delay)
if not chapter_had_content:
consecutive_empty += 1
if consecutive_empty >= 5:
break
return pairs[:max_segments]
def build_benchmark_dataset(
output_path: str = "benchmark_data/benchmark.json",
segments_per_text: int = 200,
total_target: int = 10000,
) -> list[dict]:
"""
Build the full benchmark dataset from all configured texts.
Args:
output_path: Path to save the benchmark JSON
segments_per_text: Target segments per text
total_target: Overall target segment count
Returns:
List of all benchmark pairs
"""
all_pairs = []
for category_key, category_info in BENCHMARK_TEXTS.items():
category_name = category_info["category"]
texts = category_info["texts"]
print(f"\n{'='*60}")
print(f"Processing category: {category_name}")
print(f"{'='*60}")
for text_title in texts:
if len(all_pairs) >= total_target:
break
print(f"\nFetching: {text_title}")
pairs = fetch_text_pairs(
text_title,
category_name,
max_segments=segments_per_text,
)
print(f" Got {len(pairs)} pairs")
all_pairs.extend(pairs)
if len(all_pairs) >= total_target:
break
# Save to file
output_file = Path(output_path)
output_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
with open(output_file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
json.dump(all_pairs, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)
print(f"\n{'='*60}")
print(f"Total pairs collected: {len(all_pairs)}")
print(f"Saved to: {output_path}")
# Save stats to markdown file
stats = get_benchmark_stats(all_pairs)
save_stats_markdown(stats, output_path)
return all_pairs
def load_benchmark_dataset(
source: str = "Sefaria/Rabbinic-Hebrew-English-Pairs",
use_local: bool = False,
) -> list[dict]:
"""
Load the benchmark dataset from HuggingFace Hub or local file.
Args:
source: HuggingFace dataset ID or local file path
use_local: If True, load from local JSON file instead of HuggingFace
Returns:
List of benchmark pairs with keys: ref, he, en, category
"""
if use_local or source.endswith(".json"):
# Load from local JSON file
with open(source, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
return json.load(f)
# Load from HuggingFace Hub
try:
from datasets import load_dataset
print(f"Loading benchmark from HuggingFace: {source}")
ds = load_dataset(source, split="train")
return ds.to_list()
except Exception as e:
print(f"Failed to load from HuggingFace: {e}")
# Fallback to local file if it exists
local_path = "benchmark_data/benchmark.json"
if Path(local_path).exists():
print(f"Falling back to local file: {local_path}")
with open(local_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
return json.load(f)
raise
def get_benchmark_stats(pairs: list[dict]) -> dict:
"""
Get statistics about the benchmark dataset.
Args:
pairs: List of benchmark pairs
Returns:
Dict with category counts and other stats
"""
from collections import Counter
categories = Counter(p["category"] for p in pairs)
he_lengths = [len(p["he"]) for p in pairs]
en_lengths = [len(p["en"]) for p in pairs]
return {
"total_pairs": len(pairs),
"categories": dict(categories),
"avg_he_length": sum(he_lengths) / len(he_lengths) if he_lengths else 0,
"avg_en_length": sum(en_lengths) / len(en_lengths) if en_lengths else 0,
}
def save_stats_markdown(stats: dict, data_path: str) -> str:
"""
Save benchmark statistics to a markdown file alongside the data.
Args:
stats: Statistics dict from get_benchmark_stats()
data_path: Path to the data file (used to derive stats file path)
Returns:
Path to the saved markdown file
"""
from datetime import datetime
# Derive markdown path from data path
data_file = Path(data_path)
stats_path = data_file.with_suffix(".stats.md")
# Build markdown content
lines = [
"# Benchmark Dataset Statistics",
"",
f"**Generated:** {datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}",
"",
"## Summary",
"",
f"- **Total pairs:** {stats['total_pairs']:,}",
f"- **Average Hebrew length:** {stats['avg_he_length']:.0f} chars",
f"- **Average English length:** {stats['avg_en_length']:.0f} chars",
"",
"## Category Breakdown",
"",
"| Category | Count |",
"|----------|-------|",
]
# Sort categories by count (descending)
sorted_categories = sorted(
stats["categories"].items(),
key=lambda x: x[1],
reverse=True
)
for category, count in sorted_categories:
lines.append(f"| {category} | {count:,} |")
lines.append("")
# Write to file
with open(stats_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
f.write("\n".join(lines))
print(f"Stats saved to: {stats_path}")
return str(stats_path)
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Build the benchmark dataset
print("Building Rabbinic Hebrew/Aramaic benchmark dataset...")
pairs = build_benchmark_dataset()
# Print stats
stats = get_benchmark_stats(pairs)
print(f"\nDataset Statistics:")
print(f" Total pairs: {stats['total_pairs']}")
print(f" Categories: {stats['categories']}")
print(f" Avg Hebrew length: {stats['avg_he_length']:.0f} chars")
print(f" Avg English length: {stats['avg_en_length']:.0f} chars")
|