Internet and Web Technology

The Internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks using 
standardized communication protocols. It enables data exchange between billions 
of devices worldwide.

History of the Internet:

ARPANET was the precursor to the Internet, developed by the U.S. Department of 
Defense. The first message was sent on October 29, 1969, between UCLA and Stanford 
Research Institute.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) was developed by Vint 
Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974. It became the standard protocol for ARPANET in 1983.

Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web at CERN in 1989. The first website 
went live on August 6, 1991. HTML (HyperText Markup Language) and HTTP (HyperText 
Transfer Protocol) were created to enable web communication.

Key Technologies:

DNS (Domain Name System):
Translates human-readable domain names (like google.com) into IP addresses. The 
first DNS server was implemented in 1984.

HTTP and HTTPS:
HTTP is the protocol for transferring web pages. HTTPS adds encryption using TLS 
(Transport Layer Security) for secure communication. HTTPS became widely adopted 
after 2015.

Web Browsers:
Mosaic (1993) was the first popular graphical web browser. Netscape Navigator 
launched in 1994. Google Chrome was released in 2008 and became the most popular 
browser by 2012.

Internet Milestones:
- 1995: Amazon and eBay were founded
- 1998: Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin
- 2004: Facebook was launched by Mark Zuckerberg
- 2005: YouTube was created and later acquired by Google
- 2006: Twitter was founded
- 2007: The first iPhone was released, popularizing mobile internet

As of 2023, approximately 5.3 billion people use the Internet, representing about 
66% of the world's population. Fiber optic cables carry 99% of international data 
traffic across ocean floors.