"""
Preprocessing pipeline for Prithvi EO V2 flood inference.

Handles GeoTIFF loading, band selection, normalization, and tiling
to produce model-ready [B, 6, 224, 224] tensors.
"""

from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import List, Optional, Tuple

import numpy as np
import rasterio
import torch

# Sentinel-2 6-band indices from 13-band product (0-indexed)
S2_6BAND_INDICES = [1, 2, 3, 8, 11, 12]
S2_6BAND_NAMES = ["B02", "B03", "B04", "B8A", "B11", "B12"]

# HLS normalization statistics (for 6 bands: Blue, Green, Red, NIR, SWIR1, SWIR2)
HLS_MEANS = [0.033, 0.055, 0.054, 0.197, 0.120, 0.073]
HLS_STDS = [0.023, 0.031, 0.040, 0.071, 0.058, 0.047]

INPUT_SIZE = 224


@dataclass
class GeoMetadata:
    """Geospatial metadata extracted from a GeoTIFF."""

    crs: Optional[str]
    transform: Optional[List[float]]
    bounds: Optional[List[float]]
    width: int
    height: int
    num_bands: int


def load_geotiff(path: str) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, GeoMetadata]:
    """Load a GeoTIFF and return pixel data + geo metadata.

    Args:
        path: Path to the .tif file.

    Returns:
        (data [C, H, W] float32, GeoMetadata)
    """
    with rasterio.open(path) as src:
        data = src.read().astype(np.float32)  # [C, H, W]
        meta = GeoMetadata(
            crs=str(src.crs) if src.crs else None,
            transform=list(src.transform)[:6] if src.transform else None,
            bounds=list(src.bounds) if src.bounds else None,
            width=src.width,
            height=src.height,
            num_bands=src.count,
        )
    return data, meta


def select_bands(data: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
    """Select 6 Sentinel-2 bands from a 13-band product.

    If already 6 bands, returns as-is.

    Args:
        data: [C, H, W] array.

    Returns:
        [6, H, W] array with bands [B02, B03, B04, B8A, B11, B12].
    """
    if data.shape[0] == 13:
        return data[S2_6BAND_INDICES, :, :]
    if data.shape[0] == 6:
        return data
    raise ValueError(
        f"Expected 6 or 13 bands, got {data.shape[0]}. "
        f"Provide a 6-band or 13-band Sentinel-2 GeoTIFF."
    )


def normalize_reflectance(data: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
    """Scale raw UInt16 reflectance (0-10000) to 0-1 range.

    Args:
        data: [C, H, W] float32 array.

    Returns:
        [C, H, W] array in 0-1 range.
    """
    if data.max() > 10.0:
        data = data / 10000.0
    return data


def normalize_per_band(
    data: np.ndarray,
    means: Optional[List[float]] = None,
    stds: Optional[List[float]] = None,
) -> np.ndarray:
    """Apply per-band HLS normalization.

    Args:
        data: [C, H, W] float32 array in 0-1 range.
        means: Per-band means (defaults to HLS statistics).
        stds: Per-band standard deviations (defaults to HLS statistics).

    Returns:
        Normalized [C, H, W] array.
    """
    means = means or HLS_MEANS
    stds = stds or HLS_STDS
    for i in range(data.shape[0]):
        data[i] = (data[i] - means[i]) / (stds[i] + 1e-8)
    return data


def center_crop(data: np.ndarray, size: int = INPUT_SIZE) -> np.ndarray:
    """Center-crop spatial dimensions to size x size.

    Args:
        data: [C, H, W] array.
        size: Target spatial dimension.

    Returns:
        [C, size, size] array.
    """
    _, h, w = data.shape
    if h < size or w < size:
        # Pad if smaller
        pad_h = max(0, size - h)
        pad_w = max(0, size - w)
        data = np.pad(
            data,
            ((0, 0), (pad_h // 2, pad_h - pad_h // 2), (pad_w // 2, pad_w - pad_w // 2)),
            mode="constant",
            constant_values=0,
        )
        _, h, w = data.shape
    top = (h - size) // 2
    left = (w - size) // 2
    return data[:, top : top + size, left : left + size]


def tile_image(
    data: np.ndarray, tile_size: int = INPUT_SIZE, overlap: int = 0
) -> Tuple[List[np.ndarray], List[Tuple[int, int]], Tuple[int, int]]:
    """Tile a large image into tile_size x tile_size patches.

    Args:
        data: [C, H, W] normalized array.
        tile_size: Patch size.
        overlap: Pixel overlap between adjacent tiles.

    Returns:
        (tiles, positions, original_hw) where:
            tiles: list of [C, tile_size, tile_size] arrays
            positions: list of (top, left) offsets
            original_hw: (H, W) of the padded image
    """
    _, h, w = data.shape
    stride = tile_size - overlap

    # Pad to ensure full coverage
    pad_h = (stride - (h % stride)) % stride if h % stride != 0 else 0
    pad_w = (stride - (w % stride)) % stride if w % stride != 0 else 0
    if pad_h > 0 or pad_w > 0:
        data = np.pad(data, ((0, 0), (0, pad_h), (0, pad_w)), mode="constant")

    _, h_padded, w_padded = data.shape
    tiles = []
    positions = []

    for top in range(0, h_padded - tile_size + 1, stride):
        for left in range(0, w_padded - tile_size + 1, stride):
            tile = data[:, top : top + tile_size, left : left + tile_size]
            tiles.append(tile)
            positions.append((top, left))

    return tiles, positions, (h_padded, w_padded)


def stitch_tiles(
    tiles: List[np.ndarray],
    positions: List[Tuple[int, int]],
    canvas_hw: Tuple[int, int],
    tile_size: int = INPUT_SIZE,
) -> np.ndarray:
    """Stitch tiles back into a full-size image using averaging for overlaps.

    Args:
        tiles: List of [H_tile, W_tile] prediction arrays.
        positions: (top, left) for each tile.
        canvas_hw: (H, W) of the output canvas.
        tile_size: Size of each tile.

    Returns:
        [H, W] stitched array.
    """
    h, w = canvas_hw
    canvas = np.zeros((h, w), dtype=np.float64)
    counts = np.zeros((h, w), dtype=np.float64)

    for tile, (top, left) in zip(tiles, positions):
        canvas[top : top + tile_size, left : left + tile_size] += tile.astype(np.float64)
        counts[top : top + tile_size, left : left + tile_size] += 1.0

    counts = np.maximum(counts, 1.0)
    return (canvas / counts).astype(np.float32)


def preprocess_geotiff(
    path: str,
    tile_size: int = INPUT_SIZE,
    overlap: int = 0,
    device: str = "cpu",
) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, GeoMetadata, Optional[List[Tuple[int, int]]], Optional[Tuple[int, int]]]:
    """Full preprocessing pipeline: load -> select bands -> normalize -> tile/crop.

    For images <= tile_size, returns a single center-cropped tensor.
    For larger images, returns tiled patches.

    Args:
        path: Path to GeoTIFF.
        tile_size: Target tile size (224 for Prithvi).
        overlap: Overlap for tiling large images.
        device: Target tensor device.

    Returns:
        (tensor [B, 6, H, W], geo_metadata, positions_or_None, canvas_hw_or_None)
    """
    data, meta = load_geotiff(path)
    data = select_bands(data)
    data = normalize_reflectance(data)
    data = normalize_per_band(data)

    _, h, w = data.shape

    if h <= tile_size and w <= tile_size:
        # Single center crop
        cropped = center_crop(data, tile_size)
        tensor = torch.from_numpy(cropped).unsqueeze(0).to(device)
        return tensor, meta, None, None
    else:
        # Tile large image
        tiles, positions, canvas_hw = tile_image(data, tile_size, overlap)
        batch = np.stack(tiles, axis=0)  # [N, C, H, W]
        tensor = torch.from_numpy(batch).to(device)
        return tensor, meta, positions, canvas_hw