initial commit

DroidDetective/.github/FUNDING.yml

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+# These are supported funding model platforms
+
+ko_fi: JamesStevenson

DroidDetective/DroidDetective.py

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+import json
+import os
+import pickle
+import sys
+from datetime import datetime
+
+import pandas as pd
+from androguard.misc import AnalyzeAPK
+from sklearn import metrics
+from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
+from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
+
+
+class APK_Analyser():
+    '''
+    Main class for analysing Android APK, using a random forest classifier for identifying if malware
+    '''
+
+    # This list is used to define all colums being analysed
+    colums = ['android.permission.ACCESS_ALL_DOWNLOADS',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_BLUETOOTH_SHARE',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_CACHE_FILESYSTEM',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_CHECKIN_PROPERTIES',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_CONTENT_PROVIDERS_EXTERNALLY',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_DOWNLOAD_MANAGER',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_DOWNLOAD_MANAGER_ADVANCED',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_DRM_CERTIFICATES',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_EPHEMERAL_APPS',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_FM_RADIO',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_INPUT_FLINGER',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_KEYGUARD_SECURE_STORAGE',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_LOCATION_EXTRA_COMMANDS',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_MOCK_LOCATION',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_MTP',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_CONDITIONS',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_NOTIFICATIONS',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_NOTIFICATION_POLICY',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_PDB_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_SURFACE_FLINGER',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_VOICE_INTERACTION_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_VR_MANAGER',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCESS_WIMAX_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.ACCOUNT_MANAGER',
+                                        'android.permission.ALLOW_ANY_CODEC_FOR_PLAYBACK',
+                                        'android.permission.ASEC_ACCESS',
+                                        'android.permission.ASEC_CREATE',
+                                        'android.permission.ASEC_DESTROY',
+                                        'android.permission.ASEC_MOUNT_UNMOUNT',
+                                        'android.permission.ASEC_RENAME',
+                                        'android.permission.AUTHENTICATE_ACCOUNTS',
+                                        'android.permission.BACKUP',
+                                        'android.permission.BATTERY_STATS',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_APPWIDGET',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_CARRIER_MESSAGING_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_CARRIER_SERVICES',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_CHOOSER_TARGET_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_CONDITION_PROVIDER_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_CONNECTION_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_DEVICE_ADMIN',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_DIRECTORY_SEARCH',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_DREAM_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_INCALL_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_INPUT_METHOD',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_INTENT_FILTER_VERIFIER',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_JOB_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_KEYGUARD_APPWIDGET',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_MIDI_DEVICE_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_NFC_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_NOTIFICATION_LISTENER_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_NOTIFICATION_RANKER_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_PACKAGE_VERIFIER',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_PRINT_RECOMMENDATION_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_PRINT_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_PRINT_SPOOLER_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_QUICK_SETTINGS_TILE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_REMOTEVIEWS',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_REMOTE_DISPLAY',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_ROUTE_PROVIDER',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_RUNTIME_PERMISSION_PRESENTER_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_SCREENING_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_TELECOM_CONNECTION_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_TEXT_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_TRUST_AGENT',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_TV_INPUT',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_TV_REMOTE_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_VOICE_INTERACTION',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_VPN_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_VR_LISTENER_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.BIND_WALLPAPER',
+                                        'android.permission.BLUETOOTH',
+                                        'android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN',
+                                        'android.permission.BLUETOOTH_MAP',
+                                        'android.permission.BLUETOOTH_PRIVILEGED',
+                                        'android.permission.BLUETOOTH_STACK',
+                                        'android.permission.BRICK',
+                                        'android.permission.BROADCAST_CALLLOG_INFO',
+                                        'android.permission.BROADCAST_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED',
+                                        'android.permission.BROADCAST_PACKAGE_REMOVED',
+                                        'android.permission.BROADCAST_PHONE_ACCOUNT_REGISTRATION',
+                                        'android.permission.BROADCAST_SMS',
+                                        'android.permission.BROADCAST_STICKY',
+                                        'android.permission.BROADCAST_WAP_PUSH',
+                                        'android.permission.android.permission.ACCESS_ALL_DOWNLOADS',
+                                        'android.permission.CACHE_CONTENT',
+                                        'android.permission.CALL_PRIVILEGED',
+                                        'android.permission.CAMERA_DISABLE_TRANSMIT_LED',
+                                        'android.permission.CAMERA_SEND_SYSTEM_EVENTS',
+                                        'android.permission.CAPTURE_AUDIO_HOTWORD',
+                                        'android.permission.CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT',
+                                        'android.permission.CAPTURE_SECURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT',
+                                        'android.permission.CAPTURE_TV_INPUT',
+                                        'android.permission.CAPTURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT',
+                                        'android.permission.CARRIER_FILTER_SMS',
+                                        'android.permission.CHANGE_APP_IDLE_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.CHANGE_BACKGROUND_DATA_SETTING',
+                                        'android.permission.CHANGE_COMPONENT_ENABLED_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.CHANGE_CONFIGURATION',
+                                        'android.permission.CHANGE_DEVICE_IDLE_TEMP_WHITELIST',
+                                        'android.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.CHANGE_WIFI_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.CHANGE_WIMAX_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.CLEAR_APP_CACHE',
+                                        'android.permission.CLEAR_APP_GRANTED_URI_PERMISSIONS',
+                                        'android.permission.CLEAR_APP_USER_DATA',
+                                        'android.permission.CONFIGURE_DISPLAY_COLOR_TRANSFORM',
+                                        'android.permission.CONFIGURE_WIFI_DISPLAY',
+                                        'android.permission.CONFIRM_FULL_BACKUP',
+                                        'android.permission.CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL',
+                                        'android.permission.CONTROL_INCALL_EXPERIENCE',
+                                        'android.permission.CONTROL_KEYGUARD',
+                                        'android.permission.CONTROL_LOCATION_UPDATES',
+                                        'android.permission.CONTROL_VPN',
+                                        'android.permission.CONTROL_WIFI_DISPLAY',
+                                        'android.permission.COPY_PROTECTED_DATA',
+                                        'android.permission.CREATE_USERS',
+                                        'android.permission.CRYPT_KEEPER',
+                                        'android.permission.DELETE_CACHE_FILES',
+                                        'android.permission.DELETE_PACKAGES',
+                                        'android.permission.DEVICE_POWER',
+                                        'android.permission.DIAGNOSTIC',
+                                        'android.permission.DISABLE_KEYGUARD',
+                                        'android.permission.DISPATCH_NFC_MESSAGE',
+                                        'android.permission.DISPATCH_PROVISIONING_MESSAGE',
+                                        'android.permission.DOWNLOAD_CACHE_NON_PURGEABLE',
+                                        'android.permission.DUMP',
+                                        'android.permission.DVB_DEVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.EXPAND_STATUS_BAR',
+                                        'android.permission.FACTORY_TEST',
+                                        'android.permission.FILTER_EVENTS',
+                                        'android.permission.FLASHLIGHT',
+                                        'android.permission.FORCE_BACK',
+                                        'android.permission.FORCE_STOP_PACKAGES',
+                                        'android.permission.FRAME_STATS',
+                                        'android.permission.FREEZE_SCREEN',
+                                        'android.permission.GET_ACCOUNTS_PRIVILEGED',
+                                        'android.permission.GET_APP_GRANTED_URI_PERMISSIONS',
+                                        'android.permission.GET_APP_OPS_STATS',
+                                        'android.permission.GET_DETAILED_TASKS',
+                                        'android.permission.GET_INTENT_SENDER_INTENT',
+                                        'android.permission.GET_PACKAGE_IMPORTANCE',
+                                        'android.permission.GET_PACKAGE_SIZE',
+                                        'android.permission.GET_PASSWORD',
+                                        'android.permission.GET_PROCESS_STATE_AND_OOM_SCORE',
+                                        'android.permission.GET_TASKS',
+                                        'android.permission.GET_TOP_ACTIVITY_INFO',
+                                        'android.permission.GLOBAL_SEARCH',
+                                        'android.permission.GLOBAL_SEARCH_CONTROL',
+                                        'android.permission.GRANT_RUNTIME_PERMISSIONS',
+                                        'android.permission.HARDWARE_TEST',
+                                        'android.permission.HDMI_CEC',
+                                        'android.permission.INJECT_EVENTS',
+                                        'android.permission.INSTALL_GRANT_RUNTIME_PERMISSIONS',
+                                        'android.permission.INSTALL_LOCATION_PROVIDER',
+                                        'android.permission.INSTALL_PACKAGES',
+                                        'android.permission.INTENT_FILTER_VERIFICATION_AGENT',
+                                        'android.permission.INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS',
+                                        'android.permission.INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS_FULL',
+                                        'android.permission.INTERNAL_SYSTEM_WINDOW',
+                                        'android.permission.INTERNET',
+                                        'android.permission.INVOKE_CARRIER_SETUP',
+                                        'android.permission.KILL_BACKGROUND_PROCESSES',
+                                        'android.permission.KILL_UID',
+                                        'android.permission.LAUNCH_TRUST_AGENT_SETTINGS',
+                                        'android.permission.LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS',
+                                        'android.permission.LOCATION_HARDWARE',
+                                        'android.permission.LOOP_RADIO',
+                                        'android.permission.MANAGE_ACCOUNTS',
+                                        'android.permission.MANAGE_ACTIVITY_STACKS',
+                                        'android.permission.MANAGE_APP_OPS_RESTRICTIONS',
+                                        'android.permission.MANAGE_APP_TOKENS',
+                                        'android.permission.MANAGE_CA_CERTIFICATES',
+                                        'android.permission.MANAGE_DEVICE_ADMINS',
+                                        'android.permission.MANAGE_DOCUMENTS',
+                                        'android.permission.MANAGE_FINGERPRINT',
+                                        'android.permission.MANAGE_MEDIA_PROJECTION',
+                                        'android.permission.MANAGE_NETWORK_POLICY',
+                                        'android.permission.MANAGE_NOTIFICATIONS',
+                                        'android.permission.MANAGE_PROFILE_AND_DEVICE_OWNERS',
+                                        'android.permission.MANAGE_SOUND_TRIGGER',
+                                        'android.permission.MANAGE_USB',
+                                        'android.permission.MANAGE_USERS',
+                                        'android.permission.MANAGE_VOICE_KEYPHRASES',
+                                        'android.permission.MASTER_CLEAR',
+                                        'android.permission.MEDIA_CONTENT_CONTROL',
+                                        'android.permission.MODIFY_APPWIDGET_BIND_PERMISSIONS',
+                                        'android.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_ROUTING',
+                                        'android.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_SETTINGS',
+                                        'android.permission.MODIFY_CELL_BROADCASTS',
+                                        'android.permission.MODIFY_DAY_NIGHT_MODE',
+                                        'android.permission.MODIFY_NETWORK_ACCOUNTING',
+                                        'android.permission.MODIFY_PARENTAL_CONTROLS',
+                                        'android.permission.MODIFY_PHONE_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.MOUNT_FORMAT_FILESYSTEMS',
+                                        'android.permission.MOUNT_UNMOUNT_FILESYSTEMS',
+                                        'android.permission.MOVE_PACKAGE',
+                                        'android.permission.NET_ADMIN',
+                                        'android.permission.NET_TUNNELING',
+                                        'android.permission.NFC',
+                                        'android.permission.NFC_HANDOVER_STATUS',
+                                        'android.permission.NOTIFY_PENDING_SYSTEM_UPDATE',
+                                        'android.permission.OBSERVE_GRANT_REVOKE_PERMISSIONS',
+                                        'android.permission.OEM_UNLOCK_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.OVERRIDE_WIFI_CONFIG',
+                                        'android.permission.PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS',
+                                        'android.permission.PACKAGE_VERIFICATION_AGENT',
+                                        'android.permission.PACKET_KEEPALIVE_OFFLOAD',
+                                        'android.permission.PEERS_MAC_ADDRESS',
+                                        'android.permission.PERFORM_CDMA_PROVISIONING',
+                                        'android.permission.PERFORM_SIM_ACTIVATION',
+                                        'android.permission.PERSISTENT_ACTIVITY',
+                                        'android.permission.PROCESS_CALLLOG_INFO',
+                                        'android.permission.PROCESS_PHONE_ACCOUNT_REGISTRATION',
+                                        'android.permission.PROVIDE_TRUST_AGENT',
+                                        'android.permission.QUERY_DO_NOT_ASK_CREDENTIALS_ON_BOOT',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_BLOCKED_NUMBERS',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_DREAM_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_FRAME_BUFFER',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_INPUT_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_INSTALL_SESSIONS',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_LOGS',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_NETWORK_USAGE_HISTORY',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_OEM_UNLOCK_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_PRECISE_PHONE_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_PROFILE',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_SEARCH_INDEXABLES',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_SOCIAL_STREAM',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_SYNC_SETTINGS',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_SYNC_STATS',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_USER_DICTIONARY',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_WIFI_CREDENTIAL',
+                                        'android.permission.REAL_GET_TASKS',
+                                        'android.permission.REBOOT',
+                                        'android.permission.RECEIVE_BLUETOOTH_MAP',
+                                        'android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED',
+                                        'android.permission.RECEIVE_DATA_ACTIVITY_CHANGE',
+                                        'android.permission.RECEIVE_EMERGENCY_BROADCAST',
+                                        'android.permission.RECEIVE_MEDIA_RESOURCE_USAGE',
+                                        'android.permission.RECEIVE_STK_COMMANDS',
+                                        'android.permission.RECEIVE_WIFI_CREDENTIAL_CHANGE',
+                                        'android.permission.RECOVERY',
+                                        'android.permission.REGISTER_CALL_PROVIDER',
+                                        'android.permission.REGISTER_CONNECTION_MANAGER',
+                                        'android.permission.REGISTER_SIM_SUBSCRIPTION',
+                                        'android.permission.REGISTER_WINDOW_MANAGER_LISTENERS',
+                                        'android.permission.REMOTE_AUDIO_PLAYBACK',
+                                        'android.permission.REMOVE_DRM_CERTIFICATES',
+                                        'android.permission.REMOVE_TASKS',
+                                        'android.permission.REORDER_TASKS',
+                                        'android.permission.REQUEST_IGNORE_BATTERY_OPTIMIZATIONS',
+                                        'android.permission.REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES',
+                                        'android.permission.RESET_FINGERPRINT_LOCKOUT',
+                                        'android.permission.RESET_SHORTCUT_MANAGER_THROTTLING',
+                                        'android.permission.RESTART_PACKAGES',
+                                        'android.permission.RETRIEVE_WINDOW_CONTENT',
+                                        'android.permission.RETRIEVE_WINDOW_TOKEN',
+                                        'android.permission.REVOKE_RUNTIME_PERMISSIONS',
+                                        'android.permission.SCORE_NETWORKS',
+                                        'android.permission.SEND_CALL_LOG_CHANGE',
+                                        'android.permission.SEND_DOWNLOAD_COMPLETED_INTENTS',
+                                        'android.permission.SEND_RESPOND_VIA_MESSAGE',
+                                        'android.permission.SEND_SMS_NO_CONFIRMATION',
+                                        'android.permission.SERIAL_PORT',
+                                        'android.permission.SET_ACTIVITY_WATCHER',
+                                        'android.permission.SET_ALWAYS_FINISH',
+                                        'android.permission.SET_ANIMATION_SCALE',
+                                        'android.permission.SET_DEBUG_APP',
+                                        'android.permission.SET_INPUT_CALIBRATION',
+                                        'android.permission.SET_KEYBOARD_LAYOUT',
+                                        'android.permission.SET_ORIENTATION',
+                                        'android.permission.SET_POINTER_SPEED',
+                                        'android.permission.SET_PREFERRED_APPLICATIONS',
+                                        'android.permission.SET_PROCESS_LIMIT',
+                                        'android.permission.SET_SCREEN_COMPATIBILITY',
+                                        'android.permission.SET_TIME',
+                                        'android.permission.SET_TIME_ZONE',
+                                        'android.permission.SET_WALLPAPER',
+                                        'android.permission.SET_WALLPAPER_COMPONENT',
+                                        'android.permission.SET_WALLPAPER_HINTS',
+                                        'android.permission.SHUTDOWN',
+                                        'android.permission.SIGNAL_PERSISTENT_PROCESSES',
+                                        'android.permission.START_ANY_ACTIVITY',
+                                        'android.permission.START_PRINT_SERVICE_CONFIG_ACTIVITY',
+                                        'android.permission.START_TASKS_FROM_RECENTS',
+                                        'android.permission.STATUS_BAR',
+                                        'android.permission.STATUS_BAR_SERVICE',
+                                        'android.permission.STOP_APP_SWITCHES',
+                                        'android.permission.STORAGE_INTERNAL',
+                                        'android.permission.SUBSCRIBED_FEEDS_READ',
+                                        'android.permission.SUBSCRIBED_FEEDS_WRITE',
+                                        'android.permission.SUBSTITUTE_NOTIFICATION_APP_NAME',
+                                        'android.permission.SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW',
+                                        'android.permission.TABLET_MODE',
+                                        'android.permission.TEMPORARY_ENABLE_ACCESSIBILITY',
+                                        'android.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED',
+                                        'android.permission.TRANSMIT_IR',
+                                        'android.permission.TRUST_LISTENER',
+                                        'android.permission.TV_INPUT_HARDWARE',
+                                        'android.permission.TV_VIRTUAL_REMOTE_CONTROLLER',
+                                        'android.permission.UPDATE_APP_OPS_STATS',
+                                        'android.permission.UPDATE_CONFIG',
+                                        'android.permission.UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS',
+                                        'android.permission.UPDATE_LOCK',
+                                        'android.permission.UPDATE_LOCK_TASK_PACKAGES',
+                                        'android.permission.USER_ACTIVITY',
+                                        'android.permission.USE_CREDENTIALS',
+                                        'android.permission.VIBRATE',
+                                        'android.permission.WAKE_LOCK',
+                                        'android.permission.WRITE_APN_SETTINGS',
+                                        'android.permission.WRITE_BLOCKED_NUMBERS',
+                                        'android.permission.WRITE_DREAM_STATE',
+                                        'android.permission.WRITE_GSERVICES',
+                                        'android.permission.WRITE_MEDIA_STORAGE',
+                                        'android.permission.WRITE_PROFILE',
+                                        'android.permission.WRITE_SECURE_SETTINGS',
+                                        'android.permission.WRITE_SETTINGS',
+                                        'android.permission.WRITE_SMS',
+                                        'android.permission.WRITE_SOCIAL_STREAM',
+                                        'android.permission.WRITE_SYNC_SETTINGS',
+                                        'android.permission.WRITE_USER_DICTIONARYCACHE_CONTENT',
+                                        'android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE',
+                                        'android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE',
+                                        'android.permission.WRITE_USER_DICTIONARY',
+                                        'other_permission',
+                                        'num_of_permissions',
+                                        'is_malware']
+    # Defines the Random Forest model
+    model = None
+
+    def unpack_apk(self, apk_path):
+        '''
+        A function used for extracting ifnormation from an APK file
+        :param apk_path:  the path to the APK
+        :return: A dictionary of APK data
+        '''
+        a, d, dx = AnalyzeAPK(apk_path)
+        info_data = {
+            "package_name": a.get_app_name(),
+            "package": a.get_package(),
+            "icon": a.get_app_icon(),
+            "permissions": a.get_permissions(),
+            "activities": a.get_activities(),
+            "android_version_code": a.get_androidversion_code(),
+            "android_version_name": a.get_androidversion_name(),
+            "min_sdk_version": a.get_min_sdk_version(),
+            "max_sdk_version": a.get_max_sdk_version(),
+            "target_sdk_version": a.get_target_sdk_version(),
+            "effective_sdk_version": a.get_effective_target_sdk_version()
+        }
+
+        return info_data
+
+    def train_model(self, malware_apks_folder_path, normal_apks_folder_path):
+        '''
+        Trains the random forest model by getting APKs known as normal and known as malware and extracting the
+        defined data from them.
+        :param malware_apks_folder_path: a folder containing malware APKs
+        :param normal_apks_folder_path: a folder containing normal APKs
+        '''
+
+        data_from_apks = []
+
+        # Get normal APKs
+        for subdir, dirs, files in os.walk(normal_apks_folder_path):
+            for filename in files:
+                try:
+                    full_path = os.path.join(subdir, filename)
+                    print(full_path)
+                    if filename.endswith(".apk"):
+                        apk_data = self.unpack_apk(full_path)
+                        list_of_apk_data = self.apk_variables_to_df_friendly_list(apk_data, is_malware=0)
+                        data_from_apks.append(list_of_apk_data)
+                except:
+                    print("Failed on file {}".format(filename))
+
+        # Get malware APKs
+        for subdir, dirs, files in os.walk(malware_apks_folder_path):
+            for filename in files:
+                try:
+                    full_path = os.path.join(subdir, filename)
+                    print(full_path)
+                    if filename.endswith(".apk"):
+                        apk_data = self.unpack_apk(full_path)
+                        list_of_apk_data = self.apk_variables_to_df_friendly_list(apk_data, is_malware=1)
+                        data_from_apks.append(list_of_apk_data)
+                except:
+                    print("Failed on file {}".format(filename))
+
+        # create dataframe
+        df = pd.DataFrame(columns=self.colums)
+        for iterator in range(0, len(data_from_apks)):
+            df.loc[iterator] = data_from_apks[iterator]
+
+        feature_data = df
+        if "ID" in feature_data.keys():
+            feature_data.drop(feature_data.columns[0], axis=1, inplace=True)
+        feature_data.reset_index(drop=True, inplace=True)
+
+        y = feature_data[['is_malware']]  # Labels
+        X = feature_data.drop(axis=1, labels=['is_malware'])  # Features
+
+        # Split dataset into training set and test set
+        X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2)  # 80% training and 20% test
+
+        # Create a Gaussian Classifier
+        random_forest = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=100, max_depth=50, oob_score=True)
+
+        # Train the model using the training sets y_pred=random_forest.predict(X_test)
+        random_forest.fit(X_train, y_train.values.ravel())
+
+        y_pred = random_forest.predict(X_test)
+
+        # Model Accuracy, how often is the classifier correct?
+        self.accuracy = metrics.accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)
+        self.recall = metrics.recall_score(y_test, y_pred)
+        self.precision = metrics.precision_score(y_test, y_pred)
+        self.f_measure = metrics.f1_score(y_test, y_pred)
+
+        print("Accuracy: {}".format(self.accuracy))
+        print("Recall: {}".format(self.recall))
+        print("Precision: {}".format(self.precision))
+        print("F-Measure: {}".format(self.f_measure))
+
+        self.model = random_forest
+
+        self.original_name = "model"
+        self.creation_date = datetime.today().strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
+
+        # write model and accuracy to file to file
+        model_data = {"model": self.model,
+                      "original_name": self.original_name,
+                      "creation_date": self.creation_date,
+                      "accuracy": self.accuracy,
+                      "recall": self.recall,
+                      "precision": self.precision,
+                      "f1": self.f_measure,
+                      }
+
+        pickle.dump(model_data, open("apk_malware.model", "wb"))
+
+    def apk_variables_to_df_friendly_list(self, apk_data, is_malware=0):
+        '''
+        A function that takes a dict of APK data and converts it to a list of sloats compatable with the random forest
+        classifier
+        :param apk_data: a dict of APK data
+        :param is_malware: a boolean if the data should be classed as malware or not, can also be None if predicting
+        :return: a list of floats
+        '''
+
+        # set dict to be all values from the set, where the dicts values are 0
+        dict_of_apk_permissions = dict((el, 0) for el in self.colums)
+
+        # check what permissions the APK has and set these to 1
+        for permission in apk_data["permissions"]:
+            if permission in list(self.colums):
+                dict_of_apk_permissions[permission] = 1
+            else:
+                dict_of_apk_permissions["other_permission"] = int(dict_of_apk_permissions["other_permission"]) + 1
+
+        # Add fields for is_malware and the number of permissions
+        dict_of_apk_permissions["num_of_permissions"] = len(apk_data["permissions"])
+        if is_malware == None:
+            dict_of_apk_permissions.pop("is_malware")
+        else:
+            dict_of_apk_permissions["is_malware"] = is_malware
+
+        # return the dict as a list of it's values
+        return list(dict_of_apk_permissions.values())
+
+    def identify(self, apk_location, model_location):
+        '''
+        Used to identify if a given apk is malware
+        :param apk_location: the path to the apk
+        :param model_location: the path to the model
+        :return:
+        '''
+        if self.model == None:
+            saved_file = pickle.load(open(model_location, "rb"))
+            self.model = saved_file["model"]
+            self.accuracy = saved_file["accuracy"]
+            self.recall = saved_file["recall"]
+            self.precision = saved_file["precision"]
+            self.f_measure = saved_file["f1"]
+
+        # Loop through all feature importance scores and save to file
+        weights = {}
+        for iterator in range(len(self.model.feature_importances_)):
+            weight = self.model.feature_importances_[iterator]
+            weights[self.colums[iterator]] = weight
+
+        sorted_weights = dict(sorted(weights.items(), key=lambda item: item[1]))
+
+        stats_file = open("model_stats.json","w")
+        json.dump(sorted_weights, stats_file, indent=4)
+        stats_file.close()
+        apk_data = self.unpack_apk(apk_path=apk_location)
+        list_of_data = self.apk_variables_to_df_friendly_list(apk_data, is_malware=None)
+        result = self.model.predict([list_of_data])
+
+        return result[0], apk_data
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+    # a boolean, if set the ML model will be re-trained
+    analyser = APK_Analyser()
+    model_path = f"{os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))}/apk_malware.model"
+
+    # Check param given
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1:
+        file_to_check = sys.argv[1]
+
+        if not file_to_check.endswith(".apk"):
+            raise Exception("Please provide an .apk file.")
+
+
+    else:
+        raise Exception("Please provide an APK to analyse")
+
+    # Check should train
+    if not os.path.isfile(model_path):
+        if os.path.isdir("malware") and os.path.isdir("normal"):
+            apk_info = analyser.train_model(malware_apks_folder_path="malware", normal_apks_folder_path="normal")
+        else:
+            raise Exception(
+                "When training a model, ensure that a 'malware' and 'normal' folder exist at the root of this project "
+                "and that training APKs exist in both folders.")
+    # Check if model exists
+    if os.path.exists(model_path):
+
+        result, apk_data = analyser.identify(file_to_check, model_path)
+
+        if result == 1:
+            print("Analysed file '{}', identified as malware!".format(file_to_check))
+        else:
+            print("Analysed file '{}', identified as not malware.".format(file_to_check))
+
+        # Second param is dst json file
+        if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+            dst_file = sys.argv[2]
+            if dst_file.endswith(".json"):
+
+                if result == 1:
+                    result = True
+                else:
+                    result = False
+
+                # check if file exists and if so append to the json, if not create new file
+                if os.path.isfile(dst_file) and not os.stat(dst_file).st_size == 0:
+                    with open(dst_file) as json_file :
+                        current_json_data = json.load(json_file)
+                        key = apk_data["package"]
+                        current_json_data[key] = result
+                        data_to_write = current_json_data
+                else:
+                    data_to_write = {apk_data["package"]: result}
+
+                with open(dst_file, 'w') as fp:
+                    json.dump(data_to_write, fp, indent=4)
+                print()
+
+            else:
+                raise Exception("A destination file was provided but it was not a Json file.")
+
+    else:
+        raise Exception("No model found, please train model")

DroidDetective/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
+                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
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+
+   A machine learning malware analysis framework for Android apps.
+    Copyright (C) 2022 James Stevenson
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
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+  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
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+    DroidDetective  Copyright (C) 2022  James Stevenson
+    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
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+Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.

DroidDetective/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<p align="center">
+    <img width=100% src="cover.png">
+  </a>
+</p>
+<p align="center"> 🕵️ A machine learning malware analysis framework for Android apps. ☢️ </p>
+
+<br>
+
+DroidDetective is a Python tool for analysing Android applications (APKs) for potential malware related behaviour and configurations. When provided with a path to an application (APK file) Droid Detective will make a prediction (using it's ML model) of if the application is malicious. Features and qualities of Droid Detective include:
+- Analysing which of ~330 permissions are specified in the application's ```AndroidManifest.xml``` file. 🙅
+- Analysing the number of standard and proprietary permissions in use in the application's ```AndroidManifest.xml``` file. 🧮
+- Using a RandomForest machine learning classifier, trained off the above data, from ~14 malware families and ~100 Google Play Store applications. 💻
+
+# 🤖 Getting Started 
+## Installation 
+All DroidDetective dependencies can be installed manually or via the requirements file, with 
+
+``` bash
+pip install -r REQUIREMENTS.txt
+```
+
+DroidDetective has been tested on both Windows 10 and Ubuntu 18.0 LTS.
+
+## Usage 
+DroidDetective can be run by providing the Python file with an APK as a command line parameter, such as:
+```
+python DroidDetective.py myAndroidApp.apk
+```
+If an ```apk_malware.model``` file is not present, then the tooling will first train the model and will require a training set of APKs in both a folder at the root of the project called ```malware``` and another called ```normal```. Once run successfully a result will be printed onto the CLI on if the model has identified the APK to be malicious or benign. An example of this output can be seen below:
+
+```
+>> Analysed file 'com.android.camera2.apk', identified as not malware.
+```
+
+An additional parameter can be provided to ```DroidDetective.py``` as a Json file to save the results to. If this Json file already exists the results of this run will be appended to the Json file.
+
+```
+python DroidDetective.py myAndroidApp.apk output.json
+```
+
+An example of this output Json is as follows: 
+
+```json 
+{
+    "com.android.camera2": false,
+}
+```
+
+# ⚗️ Data Science | The ML Model
+DroidDetective is a Python tool for analyzing Android applications (APKs) for potential malware related behaviour. This works by training a Random Forest classifier on information derived from both known malware APKs and standard APKs available on the Android app store. This tooling comes pre-trained, however, the model can be re-trained on a new dataset at any time. ⚙️
+
+This model currently uses permissions from an APKs ```AndroidManifest.xml``` file as a feature set. This works by creating a dictionary of [each standard Android permission](https://gist.github.com/Arinerron/1bcaadc7b1cbeae77de0263f4e15156f) and setting the feature to ```1``` if the permission is present in the APK. Similarly, a feature is added for the amount of permissions in use in the manifest and for the amount of unidentified permissions found in the manifest. 
+
+The pre-trained model was trained off approximately 14 malware families (each with one or more APK files), located from [ashisdb's repository](https://github.com/ashishb/android-malware), and approximately 100 normal applications located from the Google Play Store.
+
+The below denotes the statistics for this ML model:
+
+```
+Accuracy: 0.9310344827586207
+Recall: 0.9166666666666666
+Precision: 0.9166666666666666
+F-Measure: 0.9166666666666666
+```
+
+The top 10 highest weighted features (i.e. Android permissions) used by this model, for identifying malware, can be seen below:
+
+```
+"android.permission.SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW": 0.019091367939223395,
+"android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE": 0.021001765263234648,
+"android.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE": 0.02198962579120518,
+"android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED": 0.026398914436102188,
+"android.permission.GET_TASKS": 0.03595458598076517,
+"android.permission.WAKE_LOCK": 0.03908212881520419,
+"android.permission.WRITE_SMS": 0.057041576632290585,
+"android.permission.INTERNET": 0.08816028225034145,
+"android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE": 0.09835914154294739,
+"other_permission": 0.10189463965313218,
+"num_of_permissions": 0.12392224814084198
+```
+
+
+# 📜 License
+[GNU General Public License v3.0](https://choosealicense.com/licenses/gpl-3.0/)

DroidDetective/apk_malware.model

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+oid sha256:ed396e17d893369cacf3164cb3a985a4389550b5c2c52252d2665d78ae6961f8
+size 502840

DroidDetective/model_stats.json

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+{
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+    "android.permission.ACCESS_CHECKIN_PROPERTIES": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_CONTENT_PROVIDERS_EXTERNALLY": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_DOWNLOAD_MANAGER_ADVANCED": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_DRM_CERTIFICATES": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_EPHEMERAL_APPS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_FM_RADIO": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_INPUT_FLINGER": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_LOCATION_EXTRA_COMMANDS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_CONDITIONS": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.BIND_APPWIDGET": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.BIND_SCREENING_SERVICE": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.BIND_TV_INPUT": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.BLUETOOTH_MAP": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BLUETOOTH_PRIVILEGED": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BRICK": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BROADCAST_CALLLOG_INFO": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BROADCAST_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.android.permission.ACCESS_ALL_DOWNLOADS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CACHE_CONTENT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CAMERA_DISABLE_TRANSMIT_LED": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CAMERA_SEND_SYSTEM_EVENTS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CAPTURE_AUDIO_HOTWORD": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CAPTURE_SECURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CAPTURE_TV_INPUT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CAPTURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CARRIER_FILTER_SMS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CHANGE_BACKGROUND_DATA_SETTING": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CHANGE_WIMAX_STATE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CLEAR_APP_GRANTED_URI_PERMISSIONS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CONFIGURE_DISPLAY_COLOR_TRANSFORM": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CONFIGURE_WIFI_DISPLAY": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CONFIRM_FULL_BACKUP": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.CONTROL_WIFI_DISPLAY": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.DIAGNOSTIC": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.DISPATCH_PROVISIONING_MESSAGE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.DOWNLOAD_CACHE_NON_PURGEABLE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.DVB_DEVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.FACTORY_TEST": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.FILTER_EVENTS": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.GET_APP_GRANTED_URI_PERMISSIONS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.GET_PACKAGE_IMPORTANCE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.GET_PASSWORD": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.GET_PROCESS_STATE_AND_OOM_SCORE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.GLOBAL_SEARCH": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.GLOBAL_SEARCH_CONTROL": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.HARDWARE_TEST": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.HDMI_CEC": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.INSTALL_GRANT_RUNTIME_PERMISSIONS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.INVOKE_CARRIER_SETUP": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.KILL_UID": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.LAUNCH_TRUST_AGENT_SETTINGS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.LOCATION_HARDWARE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.LOOP_RADIO": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_ACTIVITY_STACKS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_APP_OPS_RESTRICTIONS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_APP_TOKENS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_CA_CERTIFICATES": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_DEVICE_ADMINS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_DOCUMENTS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_FINGERPRINT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_MEDIA_PROJECTION": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_NETWORK_POLICY": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_PROFILE_AND_DEVICE_OWNERS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_SOUND_TRIGGER": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_VOICE_KEYPHRASES": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MODIFY_APPWIDGET_BIND_PERMISSIONS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MODIFY_CELL_BROADCASTS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MODIFY_NETWORK_ACCOUNTING": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MODIFY_PARENTAL_CONTROLS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MOUNT_FORMAT_FILESYSTEMS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.NET_ADMIN": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.NET_TUNNELING": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.NFC_HANDOVER_STATUS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.NOTIFY_PENDING_SYSTEM_UPDATE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.OBSERVE_GRANT_REVOKE_PERMISSIONS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.OEM_UNLOCK_STATE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.PACKAGE_VERIFICATION_AGENT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.PACKET_KEEPALIVE_OFFLOAD": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.PERFORM_CDMA_PROVISIONING": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.PERFORM_SIM_ACTIVATION": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.PERSISTENT_ACTIVITY": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.PROCESS_CALLLOG_INFO": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.PROVIDE_TRUST_AGENT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.QUERY_DO_NOT_ASK_CREDENTIALS_ON_BOOT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.READ_DREAM_STATE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.READ_INPUT_STATE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.READ_INSTALL_SESSIONS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.READ_SEARCH_INDEXABLES": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.READ_SOCIAL_STREAM": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.READ_USER_DICTIONARY": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.READ_WIFI_CREDENTIAL": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.RECEIVE_BLUETOOTH_MAP": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.RECEIVE_DATA_ACTIVITY_CHANGE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.RECEIVE_EMERGENCY_BROADCAST": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.RECEIVE_MEDIA_RESOURCE_USAGE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.RECEIVE_STK_COMMANDS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.RECEIVE_WIFI_CREDENTIAL_CHANGE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.RECOVERY": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.REGISTER_CALL_PROVIDER": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.REGISTER_CONNECTION_MANAGER": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.REGISTER_SIM_SUBSCRIPTION": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.REGISTER_WINDOW_MANAGER_LISTENERS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.REMOVE_DRM_CERTIFICATES": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.RESET_FINGERPRINT_LOCKOUT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.RESET_SHORTCUT_MANAGER_THROTTLING": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.RETRIEVE_WINDOW_CONTENT": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.SET_POINTER_SPEED": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.START_TASKS_FROM_RECENTS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.STORAGE_INTERNAL": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.SUBSCRIBED_FEEDS_WRITE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.TABLET_MODE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.TEMPORARY_ENABLE_ACCESSIBILITY": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.TRUST_LISTENER": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.TV_INPUT_HARDWARE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.TV_VIRTUAL_REMOTE_CONTROLLER": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.UPDATE_CONFIG": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.UPDATE_LOCK": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.UPDATE_LOCK_TASK_PACKAGES": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_DREAM_STATE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_GSERVICES": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_PROFILE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_SOCIAL_STREAM": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_USER_DICTIONARYCACHE_CONTENT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_INCALL_SERVICE": 2.3581681476419717e-06,
+    "android.permission.BIND_DEVICE_ADMIN": 3.5559678416821885e-06,
+    "android.permission.GET_DETAILED_TASKS": 1.0714285714285379e-05,
+    "android.permission.BROADCAST_PHONE_ACCOUNT_REGISTRATION": 2.0439381898074015e-05,
+    "android.permission.CRYPT_KEEPER": 2.358936684124777e-05,
+    "android.permission.FORCE_BACK": 3.541512687854153e-05,
+    "android.permission.INSTALL_LOCATION_PROVIDER": 3.588068890922859e-05,
+    "android.permission.DUMP": 4.0488027438542116e-05,
+    "android.permission.GET_PACKAGE_SIZE": 6.600765306122452e-05,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_KEYGUARD_SECURE_STORAGE": 6.63204546699692e-05,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_SURFACE_FLINGER": 6.641256641256639e-05,
+    "android.permission.UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS": 7.247899159663838e-05,
+    "android.permission.SHUTDOWN": 8.457364921740765e-05,
+    "android.permission.MOVE_PACKAGE": 9.47802197802198e-05,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_USB": 0.00013598676713285834,
+    "android.permission.REMOTE_AUDIO_PLAYBACK": 0.0001433264591159318,
+    "android.permission.GET_TOP_ACTIVITY_INFO": 0.00014563198128963748,
+    "android.permission.SIGNAL_PERSISTENT_PROCESSES": 0.00015101638681184093,
+    "android.permission.READ_BLOCKED_NUMBERS": 0.00015126237348459483,
+    "android.permission.SET_WALLPAPER_COMPONENT": 0.00016627902029402988,
+    "android.permission.INJECT_EVENTS": 0.0001770584777120706,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_USER_DICTIONARY": 0.0001996591185780381,
+    "android.permission.TRANSMIT_IR": 0.0002087872185911402,
+    "android.permission.READ_NETWORK_USAGE_HISTORY": 0.0002124907612712491,
+    "android.permission.MODIFY_DAY_NIGHT_MODE": 0.00021993574051407572,
+    "android.permission.CONTROL_INCALL_EXPERIENCE": 0.0002208141321044547,
+    "android.permission.SEND_CALL_LOG_CHANGE": 0.0002316361246569526,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_NOTIFICATIONS": 0.0002444727891156462,
+    "android.permission.COPY_PROTECTED_DATA": 0.0002553104575163398,
+    "android.permission.SET_DEBUG_APP": 0.000258659469185785,
+    "android.permission.CHANGE_APP_IDLE_STATE": 0.0002711846461846461,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_MTP": 0.00028942125848389156,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_BLOCKED_NUMBERS": 0.00031489594742606803,
+    "android.permission.BIND_NFC_SERVICE": 0.00031839580730709744,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_VR_MANAGER": 0.00035087852013233276,
+    "android.permission.BACKUP": 0.0003659301789637839,
+    "android.permission.PEERS_MAC_ADDRESS": 0.00037185883222468595,
+    "android.permission.RETRIEVE_WINDOW_TOKEN": 0.00037885918674698794,
+    "android.permission.SET_TIME_ZONE": 0.0003907099369428135,
+    "android.permission.BLUETOOTH_STACK": 0.0003945775180714943,
+    "android.permission.DISPATCH_NFC_MESSAGE": 0.0004362098112098108,
+    "android.permission.BIND_DIRECTORY_SEARCH": 0.0004380997763419641,
+    "android.permission.CHANGE_DEVICE_IDLE_TEMP_WHITELIST": 0.00044271397431586786,
+    "android.permission.GET_INTENT_SENDER_INTENT": 0.00044463856111811196,
+    "android.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED": 0.00044697059863539504,
+    "android.permission.GET_APP_OPS_STATS": 0.00047295832542709374,
+    "android.permission.FLASHLIGHT": 0.00047907812884946985,
+    "android.permission.USER_ACTIVITY": 0.0005068870523415984,
+    "android.permission.PROCESS_PHONE_ACCOUNT_REGISTRATION": 0.0005137232101615344,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_BLUETOOTH_SHARE": 0.0005218843198418364,
+    "android.permission.OVERRIDE_WIFI_CONFIG": 0.0005300951975498846,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_NOTIFICATIONS": 0.0005313005313005312,
+    "android.permission.DEVICE_POWER": 0.0005333070800142958,
+    "android.permission.MEDIA_CONTENT_CONTROL": 0.0006110405854857903,
+    "android.permission.SET_SCREEN_COMPATIBILITY": 0.0006241679309202618,
+    "android.permission.GET_ACCOUNTS_PRIVILEGED": 0.0006528828026186985,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_ALL_DOWNLOADS": 0.0006711936611780281,
+    "android.permission.SET_ACTIVITY_WATCHER": 0.000688101441265998,
+    "android.permission.SUBSCRIBED_FEEDS_READ": 0.0007191848205557883,
+    "android.permission.DISABLE_KEYGUARD": 0.000728526220245477,
+    "android.permission.REVOKE_RUNTIME_PERMISSIONS": 0.0008025276074953263,
+    "android.permission.REAL_GET_TASKS": 0.0008026046338546365,
+    "android.permission.READ_SYNC_SETTINGS": 0.0008391960018354132,
+    "android.permission.GRANT_RUNTIME_PERMISSIONS": 0.00085211732930065,
+    "android.permission.STOP_APP_SWITCHES": 0.0008849369206495518,
+    "android.permission.CREATE_USERS": 0.0008982903482696866,
+    "android.permission.READ_FRAME_BUFFER": 0.0009035714285714288,
+    "android.permission.CALL_PRIVILEGED": 0.0009629715353869405,
+    "android.permission.STATUS_BAR": 0.0009824982782046464,
+    "android.permission.CHANGE_COMPONENT_ENABLED_STATE": 0.0010207853356058944,
+    "android.permission.REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES": 0.0010515103518906608,
+    "android.permission.DELETE_CACHE_FILES": 0.0011957243653227586,
+    "android.permission.STATUS_BAR_SERVICE": 0.0012049216146589913,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_DOWNLOAD_MANAGER": 0.0012203450735132767,
+    "android.permission.INTENT_FILTER_VERIFICATION_AGENT": 0.0012464008125131617,
+    "android.permission.BROADCAST_SMS": 0.0012706680860043085,
+    "android.permission.BIND_WALLPAPER": 0.0012856431248604227,
+    "android.permission.START_PRINT_SERVICE_CONFIG_ACTIVITY": 0.001464869589114707,
+    "android.permission.READ_SYNC_STATS": 0.001528555901511666,
+    "android.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_ROUTING": 0.0015813750618622615,
+    "android.permission.MASTER_CLEAR": 0.0016437394899916716,
+    "android.permission.BIND_CARRIER_SERVICES": 0.0016479150127368528,
+    "android.permission.BROADCAST_WAP_PUSH": 0.0016615421555002357,
+    "android.permission.LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS": 0.001721047894585582,
+    "android.permission.CLEAR_APP_USER_DATA": 0.0018920857010222825,
+    "android.permission.SEND_DOWNLOAD_COMPLETED_INTENTS": 0.00189939928179308,
+    "android.permission.EXPAND_STATUS_BAR": 0.0019800025835586964,
+    "android.permission.BROADCAST_PACKAGE_REMOVED": 0.0020895051392456543,
+    "android.permission.INTERNAL_SYSTEM_WINDOW": 0.0021033231831248523,
+    "android.permission.UPDATE_APP_OPS_STATS": 0.002227881116151777,
+    "android.permission.READ_PRECISE_PHONE_STATE": 0.0022339773931326916,
+    "android.permission.REORDER_TASKS": 0.0022905589770054018,
+    "android.permission.READ_PROFILE": 0.002350049252620653,
+    "android.permission.SUBSTITUTE_NOTIFICATION_APP_NAME": 0.0026912000178107016,
+    "android.permission.CONTROL_VPN": 0.002779980431967564,
+    "android.permission.BATTERY_STATS": 0.0027921471814704208,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_MOCK_LOCATION": 0.0029139534469208245,
+    "android.permission.CHANGE_CONFIGURATION": 0.0030094920598613024,
+    "android.permission.READ_OEM_UNLOCK_STATE": 0.0030108684372664573,
+    "android.permission.CLEAR_APP_CACHE": 0.003473560848205689,
+    "android.permission.READ_LOGS": 0.0037950112292192517,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_SYNC_SETTINGS": 0.003928029293643143,
+    "android.permission.REBOOT": 0.003947905987547195,
+    "android.permission.REQUEST_IGNORE_BATTERY_OPTIMIZATIONS": 0.003993492161391373,
+    "android.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_SETTINGS": 0.004121216973199242,
+    "android.permission.NFC": 0.004133915708722107,
+    "android.permission.INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS_FULL": 0.004238567962458395,
+    "android.permission.CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL": 0.004390162794060207,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_SECURE_SETTINGS": 0.004456849437612022,
+    "android.permission.AUTHENTICATE_ACCOUNTS": 0.004516935210329915,
+    "android.permission.BROADCAST_STICKY": 0.004810906191931197,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_USERS": 0.005158822914323014,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_NOTIFICATION_POLICY": 0.005256397821908367,
+    "android.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE": 0.005699815000363686,
+    "android.permission.DELETE_PACKAGES": 0.005973369035181792,
+    "android.permission.PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS": 0.006270510312365077,
+    "android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN": 0.006463547754603444,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_MEDIA_STORAGE": 0.006713011322447824,
+    "android.permission.CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE": 0.006904486590726039,
+    "android.permission.MODIFY_PHONE_STATE": 0.007240846261408641,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_APN_SETTINGS": 0.0073899437543908045,
+    "android.permission.MOUNT_UNMOUNT_FILESYSTEMS": 0.007579246447161441,
+    "android.permission.INSTALL_PACKAGES": 0.00909328273001448,
+    "android.permission.CHANGE_WIFI_STATE": 0.009454277665923992,
+    "android.permission.RESTART_PACKAGES": 0.009494975964757256,
+    "android.permission.BLUETOOTH": 0.010347563715776392,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_SETTINGS": 0.010527505006360714,
+    "android.permission.SET_WALLPAPER": 0.010631933006215302,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_ACCOUNTS": 0.01103857346952233,
+    "android.permission.KILL_BACKGROUND_PROCESSES": 0.013440070239968177,
+    "android.permission.INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS": 0.013537440717104303,
+    "android.permission.VIBRATE": 0.014552026201336816,
+    "android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE": 0.015178371582936114,
+    "android.permission.USE_CREDENTIALS": 0.01797655668413146,
+    "android.permission.READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE": 0.018251395713628174,
+    "android.permission.SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW": 0.019091367939223395,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE": 0.021001765263234648,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE": 0.02198962579120518,
+    "android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED": 0.026398914436102188,
+    "android.permission.GET_TASKS": 0.03595458598076517,
+    "android.permission.WAKE_LOCK": 0.03908212881520419,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_SMS": 0.057041576632290585,
+    "android.permission.INTERNET": 0.08816028225034145,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE": 0.09835914154294739,
+    "other_permission": 0.10189463965313218,
+    "num_of_permissions": 0.12392224814084198
+}

README.md

@@ -1,13 +1,83 @@
----
-title: DroidDetective
-emoji: 😻
-colorFrom: green
-colorTo: green
-sdk: gradio
-sdk_version: 3.0.24
-app_file: app.py
-pinned: false
-license: gpl-3.0
----
-
-Check out the configuration reference at https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/spaces-config-reference
+<p align="center">
+    <img width=100% src="cover.png">
+  </a>
+</p>
+<p align="center"> 🕵️ A machine learning malware analysis framework for Android apps. ☢️ </p>
+
+<br>
+
+DroidDetective is a Python tool for analysing Android applications (APKs) for potential malware related behaviour and configurations. When provided with a path to an application (APK file) Droid Detective will make a prediction (using it's ML model) of if the application is malicious. Features and qualities of Droid Detective include:
+- Analysing which of ~330 permissions are specified in the application's ```AndroidManifest.xml``` file. 🙅
+- Analysing the number of standard and proprietary permissions in use in the application's ```AndroidManifest.xml``` file. 🧮
+- Using a RandomForest machine learning classifier, trained off the above data, from ~14 malware families and ~100 Google Play Store applications. 💻
+
+# 🤖 Getting Started 
+## Installation 
+All DroidDetective dependencies can be installed manually or via the requirements file, with 
+
+``` bash
+pip install -r REQUIREMENTS.txt
+```
+
+DroidDetective has been tested on both Windows 10 and Ubuntu 18.0 LTS.
+
+## Usage 
+DroidDetective can be run by providing the Python file with an APK as a command line parameter, such as:
+```
+python DroidDetective.py myAndroidApp.apk
+```
+If an ```apk_malware.model``` file is not present, then the tooling will first train the model and will require a training set of APKs in both a folder at the root of the project called ```malware``` and another called ```normal```. Once run successfully a result will be printed onto the CLI on if the model has identified the APK to be malicious or benign. An example of this output can be seen below:
+
+```
+>> Analysed file 'com.android.camera2.apk', identified as not malware.
+```
+
+An additional parameter can be provided to ```DroidDetective.py``` as a Json file to save the results to. If this Json file already exists the results of this run will be appended to the Json file.
+
+```
+python DroidDetective.py myAndroidApp.apk output.json
+```
+
+An example of this output Json is as follows: 
+
+```json 
+{
+    "com.android.camera2": false,
+}
+```
+
+# ⚗️ Data Science | The ML Model
+DroidDetective is a Python tool for analyzing Android applications (APKs) for potential malware related behaviour. This works by training a Random Forest classifier on information derived from both known malware APKs and standard APKs available on the Android app store. This tooling comes pre-trained, however, the model can be re-trained on a new dataset at any time. ⚙️
+
+This model currently uses permissions from an APKs ```AndroidManifest.xml``` file as a feature set. This works by creating a dictionary of [each standard Android permission](https://gist.github.com/Arinerron/1bcaadc7b1cbeae77de0263f4e15156f) and setting the feature to ```1``` if the permission is present in the APK. Similarly, a feature is added for the amount of permissions in use in the manifest and for the amount of unidentified permissions found in the manifest. 
+
+The pre-trained model was trained off approximately 14 malware families (each with one or more APK files), located from [ashisdb's repository](https://github.com/ashishb/android-malware), and approximately 100 normal applications located from the Google Play Store.
+
+The below denotes the statistics for this ML model:
+
+```
+Accuracy: 0.9310344827586207
+Recall: 0.9166666666666666
+Precision: 0.9166666666666666
+F-Measure: 0.9166666666666666
+```
+
+The top 10 highest weighted features (i.e. Android permissions) used by this model, for identifying malware, can be seen below:
+
+```
+"android.permission.SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW": 0.019091367939223395,
+"android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE": 0.021001765263234648,
+"android.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE": 0.02198962579120518,
+"android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED": 0.026398914436102188,
+"android.permission.GET_TASKS": 0.03595458598076517,
+"android.permission.WAKE_LOCK": 0.03908212881520419,
+"android.permission.WRITE_SMS": 0.057041576632290585,
+"android.permission.INTERNET": 0.08816028225034145,
+"android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE": 0.09835914154294739,
+"other_permission": 0.10189463965313218,
+"num_of_permissions": 0.12392224814084198
+```
+
+
+# 📜 License
+[GNU General Public License v3.0](https://choosealicense.com/licenses/gpl-3.0/)

app.py

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import os
+import sys
+
+import nltk
+import gradio as gr
+from androguard.misc import AnalyzeAPK
+
+from DroidDetective.DroidDetective import APK_Analyser
+
+def check_apk(apk_to_check):
+
+    output_builder = ""
+
+
+    analyser = APK_Analyser()
+    model_path = f"{os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))}/DroidDetective/apk_malware.model"
+    file_to_check = apk_to_check.name
+
+    if not file_to_check.endswith(".apk"):
+        return "Please provide an .apk file."
+
+    # Check should train
+    if not os.path.isfile(model_path):
+        if os.path.isdir("malware") and os.path.isdir("normal"):
+            apk_info = analyser.train_model(malware_apks_folder_path="malware", normal_apks_folder_path="normal")
+        else:
+            return  "When training a model, ensure that a 'malware' and 'normal' folder exist at the root of this project and that training APKs exist in both folders."
+
+    # Check if model exists
+    if os.path.exists(model_path):
+
+        result, apk_data = analyser.identify(file_to_check, model_path)
+
+        if result == 1:
+            output_builder = output_builder + "Analysed file, identified as malware!"
+        else:
+            output_builder = output_builder + "Analysed file, identified as not malware.".format(file_to_check)
+
+    else:
+        return "No model found, please train model"
+
+    output_builder = output_builder + "\n"+"-"*20 +"\n"+"Permissions: \n"
+    a, d, dx = AnalyzeAPK(file_to_check)
+
+    for permission in a.get_permissions():
+        output_builder = output_builder + permission + "\n"
+
+    return output_builder
+demo = gr.Interface(
+    fn=check_apk,
+    inputs= gr.File(),
+    outputs="text",
+)
+
+demo.launch()
+

model_stats.json

@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+{
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_CACHE_FILESYSTEM": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_CHECKIN_PROPERTIES": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_CONTENT_PROVIDERS_EXTERNALLY": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_DOWNLOAD_MANAGER_ADVANCED": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_DRM_CERTIFICATES": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_EPHEMERAL_APPS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_FM_RADIO": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_INPUT_FLINGER": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_LOCATION_EXTRA_COMMANDS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_CONDITIONS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_PDB_STATE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_VOICE_INTERACTION_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_WIMAX_STATE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ACCOUNT_MANAGER": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ALLOW_ANY_CODEC_FOR_PLAYBACK": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ASEC_ACCESS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ASEC_CREATE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ASEC_DESTROY": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ASEC_MOUNT_UNMOUNT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.ASEC_RENAME": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_APPWIDGET": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_CARRIER_MESSAGING_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_CHOOSER_TARGET_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_CONDITION_PROVIDER_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_CONNECTION_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_DREAM_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_INPUT_METHOD": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_INTENT_FILTER_VERIFIER": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_JOB_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_KEYGUARD_APPWIDGET": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_MIDI_DEVICE_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_NOTIFICATION_LISTENER_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_NOTIFICATION_RANKER_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_PACKAGE_VERIFIER": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_PRINT_RECOMMENDATION_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_PRINT_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_PRINT_SPOOLER_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_QUICK_SETTINGS_TILE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_REMOTEVIEWS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_REMOTE_DISPLAY": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_ROUTE_PROVIDER": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_RUNTIME_PERMISSION_PRESENTER_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_SCREENING_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_TELECOM_CONNECTION_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_TEXT_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_TRUST_AGENT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_TV_INPUT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_TV_REMOTE_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_VOICE_INTERACTION": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_VPN_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BIND_VR_LISTENER_SERVICE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BLUETOOTH_MAP": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BLUETOOTH_PRIVILEGED": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BRICK": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BROADCAST_CALLLOG_INFO": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.BROADCAST_NETWORK_PRIVILEGED": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.android.permission.ACCESS_ALL_DOWNLOADS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CACHE_CONTENT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CAMERA_DISABLE_TRANSMIT_LED": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CAMERA_SEND_SYSTEM_EVENTS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CAPTURE_AUDIO_HOTWORD": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CAPTURE_SECURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CAPTURE_TV_INPUT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CAPTURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CARRIER_FILTER_SMS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CHANGE_BACKGROUND_DATA_SETTING": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.CLEAR_APP_GRANTED_URI_PERMISSIONS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.CONFIGURE_DISPLAY_COLOR_TRANSFORM": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.CONFIRM_FULL_BACKUP": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.DIAGNOSTIC": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.DISPATCH_PROVISIONING_MESSAGE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.DOWNLOAD_CACHE_NON_PURGEABLE": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.FACTORY_TEST": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.GET_PROCESS_STATE_AND_OOM_SCORE": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.INVOKE_CARRIER_SETUP": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.KILL_UID": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.MANAGE_APP_OPS_RESTRICTIONS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_APP_TOKENS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_CA_CERTIFICATES": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.MANAGE_DOCUMENTS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_FINGERPRINT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_MEDIA_PROJECTION": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_NETWORK_POLICY": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_PROFILE_AND_DEVICE_OWNERS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_SOUND_TRIGGER": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_VOICE_KEYPHRASES": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MODIFY_APPWIDGET_BIND_PERMISSIONS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MODIFY_CELL_BROADCASTS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MODIFY_NETWORK_ACCOUNTING": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MODIFY_PARENTAL_CONTROLS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.MOUNT_FORMAT_FILESYSTEMS": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.NET_TUNNELING": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.NFC_HANDOVER_STATUS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.NOTIFY_PENDING_SYSTEM_UPDATE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.OBSERVE_GRANT_REVOKE_PERMISSIONS": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.PERFORM_CDMA_PROVISIONING": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.PERFORM_SIM_ACTIVATION": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.PERSISTENT_ACTIVITY": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.PROCESS_CALLLOG_INFO": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.PROVIDE_TRUST_AGENT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.QUERY_DO_NOT_ASK_CREDENTIALS_ON_BOOT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.READ_DREAM_STATE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.READ_INPUT_STATE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.READ_INSTALL_SESSIONS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.READ_SEARCH_INDEXABLES": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.READ_SOCIAL_STREAM": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.READ_WIFI_CREDENTIAL": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.RECEIVE_BLUETOOTH_MAP": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.RECEIVE_DATA_ACTIVITY_CHANGE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.RECEIVE_EMERGENCY_BROADCAST": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.RECEIVE_MEDIA_RESOURCE_USAGE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.RECEIVE_STK_COMMANDS": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.REGISTER_CONNECTION_MANAGER": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.REGISTER_SIM_SUBSCRIPTION": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.REGISTER_WINDOW_MANAGER_LISTENERS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.REMOVE_DRM_CERTIFICATES": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.REMOVE_TASKS": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.RESET_SHORTCUT_MANAGER_THROTTLING": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.RETRIEVE_WINDOW_CONTENT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.SCORE_NETWORKS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.SEND_RESPOND_VIA_MESSAGE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.SEND_SMS_NO_CONFIRMATION": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.SERIAL_PORT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.SET_ALWAYS_FINISH": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.SET_ANIMATION_SCALE": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.SET_INPUT_CALIBRATION": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.SET_POINTER_SPEED": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.SET_PREFERRED_APPLICATIONS": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.SET_PROCESS_LIMIT": 0.0,
+    "android.permission.SET_TIME": 0.0,
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+    "android.permission.BIND_INCALL_SERVICE": 2.3581681476419717e-06,
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+    "android.permission.PEERS_MAC_ADDRESS": 0.00037185883222468595,
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+    "android.permission.DISPATCH_NFC_MESSAGE": 0.0004362098112098108,
+    "android.permission.BIND_DIRECTORY_SEARCH": 0.0004380997763419641,
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+    "android.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED": 0.00044697059863539504,
+    "android.permission.GET_APP_OPS_STATS": 0.00047295832542709374,
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+    "android.permission.MEDIA_CONTENT_CONTROL": 0.0006110405854857903,
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+    "android.permission.ACCESS_ALL_DOWNLOADS": 0.0006711936611780281,
+    "android.permission.SET_ACTIVITY_WATCHER": 0.000688101441265998,
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+    "android.permission.READ_SYNC_SETTINGS": 0.0008391960018354132,
+    "android.permission.GRANT_RUNTIME_PERMISSIONS": 0.00085211732930065,
+    "android.permission.STOP_APP_SWITCHES": 0.0008849369206495518,
+    "android.permission.CREATE_USERS": 0.0008982903482696866,
+    "android.permission.READ_FRAME_BUFFER": 0.0009035714285714288,
+    "android.permission.CALL_PRIVILEGED": 0.0009629715353869405,
+    "android.permission.STATUS_BAR": 0.0009824982782046464,
+    "android.permission.CHANGE_COMPONENT_ENABLED_STATE": 0.0010207853356058944,
+    "android.permission.REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES": 0.0010515103518906608,
+    "android.permission.DELETE_CACHE_FILES": 0.0011957243653227586,
+    "android.permission.STATUS_BAR_SERVICE": 0.0012049216146589913,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_DOWNLOAD_MANAGER": 0.0012203450735132767,
+    "android.permission.INTENT_FILTER_VERIFICATION_AGENT": 0.0012464008125131617,
+    "android.permission.BROADCAST_SMS": 0.0012706680860043085,
+    "android.permission.BIND_WALLPAPER": 0.0012856431248604227,
+    "android.permission.START_PRINT_SERVICE_CONFIG_ACTIVITY": 0.001464869589114707,
+    "android.permission.READ_SYNC_STATS": 0.001528555901511666,
+    "android.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_ROUTING": 0.0015813750618622615,
+    "android.permission.MASTER_CLEAR": 0.0016437394899916716,
+    "android.permission.BIND_CARRIER_SERVICES": 0.0016479150127368528,
+    "android.permission.BROADCAST_WAP_PUSH": 0.0016615421555002357,
+    "android.permission.LOCAL_MAC_ADDRESS": 0.001721047894585582,
+    "android.permission.CLEAR_APP_USER_DATA": 0.0018920857010222825,
+    "android.permission.SEND_DOWNLOAD_COMPLETED_INTENTS": 0.00189939928179308,
+    "android.permission.EXPAND_STATUS_BAR": 0.0019800025835586964,
+    "android.permission.BROADCAST_PACKAGE_REMOVED": 0.0020895051392456543,
+    "android.permission.INTERNAL_SYSTEM_WINDOW": 0.0021033231831248523,
+    "android.permission.UPDATE_APP_OPS_STATS": 0.002227881116151777,
+    "android.permission.READ_PRECISE_PHONE_STATE": 0.0022339773931326916,
+    "android.permission.REORDER_TASKS": 0.0022905589770054018,
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+    "android.permission.SUBSTITUTE_NOTIFICATION_APP_NAME": 0.0026912000178107016,
+    "android.permission.CONTROL_VPN": 0.002779980431967564,
+    "android.permission.BATTERY_STATS": 0.0027921471814704208,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_MOCK_LOCATION": 0.0029139534469208245,
+    "android.permission.CHANGE_CONFIGURATION": 0.0030094920598613024,
+    "android.permission.READ_OEM_UNLOCK_STATE": 0.0030108684372664573,
+    "android.permission.CLEAR_APP_CACHE": 0.003473560848205689,
+    "android.permission.READ_LOGS": 0.0037950112292192517,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_SYNC_SETTINGS": 0.003928029293643143,
+    "android.permission.REBOOT": 0.003947905987547195,
+    "android.permission.REQUEST_IGNORE_BATTERY_OPTIMIZATIONS": 0.003993492161391373,
+    "android.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_SETTINGS": 0.004121216973199242,
+    "android.permission.NFC": 0.004133915708722107,
+    "android.permission.INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS_FULL": 0.004238567962458395,
+    "android.permission.CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL": 0.004390162794060207,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_SECURE_SETTINGS": 0.004456849437612022,
+    "android.permission.AUTHENTICATE_ACCOUNTS": 0.004516935210329915,
+    "android.permission.BROADCAST_STICKY": 0.004810906191931197,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_USERS": 0.005158822914323014,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_NOTIFICATION_POLICY": 0.005256397821908367,
+    "android.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE": 0.005699815000363686,
+    "android.permission.DELETE_PACKAGES": 0.005973369035181792,
+    "android.permission.PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS": 0.006270510312365077,
+    "android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN": 0.006463547754603444,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_MEDIA_STORAGE": 0.006713011322447824,
+    "android.permission.CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE": 0.006904486590726039,
+    "android.permission.MODIFY_PHONE_STATE": 0.007240846261408641,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_APN_SETTINGS": 0.0073899437543908045,
+    "android.permission.MOUNT_UNMOUNT_FILESYSTEMS": 0.007579246447161441,
+    "android.permission.INSTALL_PACKAGES": 0.00909328273001448,
+    "android.permission.CHANGE_WIFI_STATE": 0.009454277665923992,
+    "android.permission.RESTART_PACKAGES": 0.009494975964757256,
+    "android.permission.BLUETOOTH": 0.010347563715776392,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_SETTINGS": 0.010527505006360714,
+    "android.permission.SET_WALLPAPER": 0.010631933006215302,
+    "android.permission.MANAGE_ACCOUNTS": 0.01103857346952233,
+    "android.permission.KILL_BACKGROUND_PROCESSES": 0.013440070239968177,
+    "android.permission.INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS": 0.013537440717104303,
+    "android.permission.VIBRATE": 0.014552026201336816,
+    "android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE": 0.015178371582936114,
+    "android.permission.USE_CREDENTIALS": 0.01797655668413146,
+    "android.permission.READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE": 0.018251395713628174,
+    "android.permission.SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW": 0.019091367939223395,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE": 0.021001765263234648,
+    "android.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE": 0.02198962579120518,
+    "android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED": 0.026398914436102188,
+    "android.permission.GET_TASKS": 0.03595458598076517,
+    "android.permission.WAKE_LOCK": 0.03908212881520419,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_SMS": 0.057041576632290585,
+    "android.permission.INTERNET": 0.08816028225034145,
+    "android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE": 0.09835914154294739,
+    "other_permission": 0.10189463965313218,
+    "num_of_permissions": 0.12392224814084198
+}

requirements.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+androguard==3.3.5
+asn1crypto==1.5.1
+asttokens==2.0.5
+backcall==0.2.0
+click==8.1.3
+colorama==0.4.4
+cycler==0.11.0
+decorator==5.1.1
+executing==0.8.3
+fonttools==4.33.3
+future==0.18.2
+ipython==8.3.0
+jedi==0.18.1
+joblib==1.1.0
+kiwisolver==1.4.2
+lxml==4.8.0
+matplotlib==3.5.2
+matplotlib-inline==0.1.3
+networkx==2.8
+numpy==1.22.3
+packaging==21.3
+pandas==1.4.2
+parso==0.8.3
+pexpect==4.8.0
+pickleshare==0.7.5
+Pillow==9.1.0
+prompt-toolkit==3.0.29
+ptyprocess==0.7.0
+pure-eval==0.2.2
+pydot==1.4.2
+Pygments==2.12.0
+pyparsing==3.0.8
+python-dateutil==2.8.2
+pytz==2022.1
+scikit-learn==1.0.2
+scipy==1.8.0
+six==1.16.0
+stack-data==0.2.0
+threadpoolctl==3.1.0
+traitlets==5.2.0
+wcwidth==0.2.5