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    In accordance with its mandate to provide guidance to Member States on health policy matters, WHO issues a series of regularly updated position papers on vaccines and vaccine combinations against diseases that have an international public health impact. These papers are concerned primarily with the use of vaccines in large-scale immunization programmes. They summarize essential background information on their respective diseases and vaccines, and conclude with the current WHO position concerning their use in the global context.

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    Conformément à son mandat, qui prévoit qu’elle conseille les États Membres en matière de politique sanitaire, l’OMS publie une série de notes de synthèse régulièrement mises à jour sur les vaccins et les associations vacci- nales contre les maladies ayant une incidence sur la santé publique internationale. Ces notes, qui portent essentiellement sur l’utili- sation des vaccins dans les programmes de vaccination à grande échelle, résument les informations essentielles sur les maladies et les vaccins associés et présentent en conclu- sion la position actuelle de l’OMS concernant l’utilisation de ces vaccins dans le contexte mondial.

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    The papers are reviewed by external experts and WHO staff, and reviewed and endorsed by the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immuniza- tion (http://www.who.int/immunization/ sage/en/). The GRADE methodology is used to systematically assess the quality of available evidence. The SAGE decision- making process is reflected in an evidence- to-recommendation table.1 A description of the process followed for the develop- ment of vaccine position papers is avail- able at: http://www.who.int/immunization/ position_papers/position_paper_process. pdf.

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    Ces notes sont examinées par des experts externes et des membres du personnel de l’OMS, et évaluées et approuvées par le Groupe stratégique consultatif d’experts sur la vacci- nation (SAGE) de l’OMS (http://www.who.int/ immunization/sage/fr). La méthodologie GRADE est utilisée pour évaluer de manière systématique la qualité des données dispo- nibles. Le processus de décision du SAGE est reflété dans un tableau des données à l’appui des recommandations.1 La procédure suivie pour élaborer les notes de synthèse sur les vaccins est décrite dans le document: http:// www.who.int/immunization/position_papers/ position_paper_process.pdf.

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    The position papers are intended for use mainly by national public health officials and managers of immunization programmes. They may also be of inter- est to international funding agencies, vaccine advisory groups, vaccine manu- facturers, the medical community, scien- tific media and the general public.

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    Les notes de synthèse de l’OMS s’adressent avant tout aux responsables nationaux de la santé publique et aux administrateurs des programmes de vaccination. Toutefois, elles peuvent également présenter un intérêt pour les bailleurs de fonds internationaux, les groupes consultatifs sur la vaccination, les fabricants de vaccins, le corps médical, les médias scientifiques et le grand public.

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  • 1 SAGE guidance for the development of evidence-based vac- cine-related recommendations. Available at http://www.who. int/immunization/sage/Guidelines_development_recommen- dations.pdf, accessed July 2017.
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  • 1 SAGE guidance for the development of evidence-based vaccine-rela- ted recommendations. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/sage/Guidelines_development_recommendations.pdf, consulté en juillet 2017.
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    369

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 0, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.88, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.8, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c3cfea1b722412a23bf846ee09305cef", - "text": "This document replaces the 2009 WHO position paper on hepatitis B vaccines.2 It provides updated informa- tion on hepatitis B vaccines and their storage, transport and deployment. The recommendations concern the target groups for vaccination and the appropriate schedules. In particular, the recommendations stress the importance of vaccination of all infants at birth as the most effective intervention for the prevention of hepatitis B virus-associated disease worldwide. Recom- mendations on the use of hepatitis B vaccine were discussed by SAGE in October 2016; evidence presented at that meeting can be accessed at: http://www.who.int/ immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/en/.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "d1ce240735b12b540a9c8eeb8ef032a1", - "text_as_html": "

    This document replaces the 2009 WHO position paper on hepatitis B vaccines.2 It provides updated informa- tion on hepatitis B vaccines and their storage, transport and deployment. The recommendations concern the target groups for vaccination and the appropriate schedules. In particular, the recommendations stress the importance of vaccination of all infants at birth as the most effective intervention for the prevention of hepatitis B virus-associated disease worldwide. Recom- mendations on the use of hepatitis B vaccine were discussed by SAGE in October 2016; evidence presented at that meeting can be accessed at: http://www.who.int/ immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/en/.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.94, - "y0": 56.6, - "x1": 273.83, - "y1": 198.14 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-11", - "text": "\n\n\nBackground\nAlthough many different viruses can cause hepatitis, hepatitis as the main manifestation of viral infection in humans is caused by only 5 virus species: hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV). Together these viruses caused 1.34 million deaths in 2015.3 All of the hepatitis viruses cause acute hepa- titis; HBV, HCV and HDV also frequently cause chronic hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis can lead to cirrhosis which may progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of primary liver cancer. In addition, HEV can occasionally cause chronic infection, primarily among immunosuppressed persons.4", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "57f56126b53ee53f2e85109351f57a9f", - "text": "Background", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Background

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 220.27, - "x1": 100.7, - "y1": 231.29 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "cd7b4bf39e3f82526b35ea05417c1f62", - "text": "Although many different viruses can cause hepatitis, hepatitis as the main manifestation of viral infection in humans is caused by only 5 virus species: hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV). Together these viruses caused 1.34 million deaths in 2015.3 All of the hepatitis viruses cause acute hepa- titis; HBV, HCV and HDV also frequently cause chronic hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis can lead to cirrhosis which may progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of primary liver cancer. In addition, HEV can occasionally cause chronic infection, primarily among immunosuppressed persons.4", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "57f56126b53ee53f2e85109351f57a9f", - "text_as_html": "

    Although many different viruses can cause hepatitis, hepatitis as the main manifestation of viral infection in humans is caused by only 5 virus species: hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV). Together these viruses caused 1.34 million deaths in 2015.3 All of the hepatitis viruses cause acute hepa- titis; HBV, HCV and HDV also frequently cause chronic hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis can lead to cirrhosis which may progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of primary liver cancer. In addition, HEV can occasionally cause chronic infection, primarily among immunosuppressed persons.4

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 233.91, - "x1": 273.87, - "y1": 375.8 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-12", - "text": "\n\n\nEpidemiology\nDisease caused by HBV has a worldwide distribution. The endemicity of active HBV infection is reflected in the serologic prevalence of the hepatitis B surface anti- gen (HBsAg) in the general population of a defined geographical area. HBsAg prevalence of ≥8% defines highly endemic areas, prevalence of 5%–7% defines high intermediate, 2%–4% low intermediate, and <2% defines low endemic areas.5 Based on serological data, it was estimated that in 1995 more than 2 billion people glob- ally had evidence of past or present HBV infection.6 In 2015 the global prevalence of HBV infection in the general population was estimated at 3.5% with about 257 million persons living with chronic HBV infection.3 Prevalence varies considerably among the WHO Regions, with the highest in the African (6.1%) and Western Pacific Regions (6.2%).\nPersons with chronic hepatitis B infection are at risk for serious illness and death, and can transmit the infec-\n3 Global Hepatitis Report, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2017. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng. pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.\n4 Kamar N et al. Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection and Treatment. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2013;3(2):134–140.\n5 Guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection World Health Organization, Geneva, 2015. Available at http://apps.who. int/iris/bitstream/10665/154590/1/9789241549059_eng.pdf, accessed April 2017.\n6 Kane M. Global programme for control of hepatitis B infection. Vaccine. 1995;13 Suppl 1:S47-9.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "f852361f8aa04106cafd296c16088310", - "text": "Epidemiology", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Epidemiology

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 397.74, - "x1": 111.56, - "y1": 409.1 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "4e7afe142e4775bd2ca69e7f6787f082", - "text": "Disease caused by HBV has a worldwide distribution. The endemicity of active HBV infection is reflected in the serologic prevalence of the hepatitis B surface anti- gen (HBsAg) in the general population of a defined geographical area. HBsAg prevalence of ≥8% defines highly endemic areas, prevalence of 5%–7% defines high intermediate, 2%–4% low intermediate, and <2% defines low endemic areas.5 Based on serological data, it was estimated that in 1995 more than 2 billion people glob- ally had evidence of past or present HBV infection.6 In 2015 the global prevalence of HBV infection in the general population was estimated at 3.5% with about 257 million persons living with chronic HBV infection.3 Prevalence varies considerably among the WHO Regions, with the highest in the African (6.1%) and Western Pacific Regions (6.2%).", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "f852361f8aa04106cafd296c16088310", - "text_as_html": "

    Disease caused by HBV has a worldwide distribution. The endemicity of active HBV infection is reflected in the serologic prevalence of the hepatitis B surface anti- gen (HBsAg) in the general population of a defined geographical area. HBsAg prevalence of ≥8% defines highly endemic areas, prevalence of 5%–7% defines high intermediate, 2%–4% low intermediate, and <2% defines low endemic areas.5 Based on serological data, it was estimated that in 1995 more than 2 billion people glob- ally had evidence of past or present HBV infection.6 In 2015 the global prevalence of HBV infection in the general population was estimated at 3.5% with about 257 million persons living with chronic HBV infection.3 Prevalence varies considerably among the WHO Regions, with the highest in the African (6.1%) and Western Pacific Regions (6.2%).

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.3, - "y0": 411.26, - "x1": 273.62, - "y1": 586.47 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "8ff3cb13ab1c3536cac9f1f0c53a77b3", - "text": "Persons with chronic hepatitis B infection are at risk for serious illness and death, and can transmit the infec-", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "f852361f8aa04106cafd296c16088310", - "text_as_html": "

    Persons with chronic hepatitis B infection are at risk for serious illness and death, and can transmit the infec-

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.79, - "y0": 615.61, - "x1": 272.89, - "y1": 636.11 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "bc42100681dd50df22caf614f7e2840e", - "text": "3 Global Hepatitis Report, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2017. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng. pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 3 Global Hepatitis Report, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2017. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng. pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 40.89, - "y0": 684.06, - "x1": 272.32, - "y1": 707.93 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "4271d1c05382b4c72c3d705f3ac85970", - "text": "4 Kamar N et al. Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection and Treatment. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2013;3(2):134–140.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 4 Kamar N et al. Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection and Treatment. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2013;3(2):134–140.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.2, - "y0": 710.93, - "x1": 272.86, - "y1": 726.92 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "87e322aab4200557fd8880019821c349", - "text": "5 Guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection World Health Organization, Geneva, 2015. Available at http://apps.who. int/iris/bitstream/10665/154590/1/9789241549059_eng.pdf, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 5 Guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection World Health Organization, Geneva, 2015. Available at http://apps.who. int/iris/bitstream/10665/154590/1/9789241549059_eng.pdf, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.48, - "y0": 729.91, - "x1": 272.61, - "y1": 753.59 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "67bd2c12fe8212c7f91241b853e77b0e", - "text": "6 Kane M. Global programme for control of hepatitis B infection. Vaccine. 1995;13 Suppl 1:S47-9.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 6 Kane M. Global programme for control of hepatitis B infection. Vaccine. 1995;13 Suppl 1:S47-9.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.58, - "y0": 756.64, - "x1": 273.92, - "y1": 772.42 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-13", - "text": "\n\n\n370\nLe présent document remplace la précédente note de synthèse sur les vaccins anti-hépatite B, publiée par l’OMS en 2009.2 Il fournit des informations actualisées sur les vaccins anti-hépa- tite B, leur conservation, leur transport et leur distribution, et émet des recommandations concernant les groupes cibles et les calendriers de vaccination. Ces recommandations soulignent en particulier l’importance de la vaccination à la naissance de tous les nourrissons, une intervention qui constitue le moyen le plus efficace de prévenir les maladies associées au virus de l’hépa- tite B à l’échelle mondiale. Les recommandations relatives à l’utilisation des vaccins anti-hépatite B ont été examinées par le SAGE en octobre 2016; les éléments présentés lors de cette réunion peuvent être consultés à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/ immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/en/.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "5efa9c3d221908d45af125ffe36ce9a1", - "text": "370", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    370

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.57, - "y0": 779.02, - "x1": 57.82, - "y1": 786.78 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "9c2235cba12156533dff0863e991bf58", - "text": "Le présent document remplace la précédente note de synthèse sur les vaccins anti-hépatite B, publiée par l’OMS en 2009.2 Il fournit des informations actualisées sur les vaccins anti-hépa- tite B, leur conservation, leur transport et leur distribution, et émet des recommandations concernant les groupes cibles et les calendriers de vaccination. Ces recommandations soulignent en particulier l’importance de la vaccination à la naissance de tous les nourrissons, une intervention qui constitue le moyen le plus efficace de prévenir les maladies associées au virus de l’hépa- tite B à l’échelle mondiale. Les recommandations relatives à l’utilisation des vaccins anti-hépatite B ont été examinées par le SAGE en octobre 2016; les éléments présentés lors de cette réunion peuvent être consultés à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/ immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/en/.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "5efa9c3d221908d45af125ffe36ce9a1", - "text_as_html": "

    Le présent document remplace la précédente note de synthèse sur les vaccins anti-hépatite B, publiée par l’OMS en 2009.2 Il fournit des informations actualisées sur les vaccins anti-hépa- tite B, leur conservation, leur transport et leur distribution, et émet des recommandations concernant les groupes cibles et les calendriers de vaccination. Ces recommandations soulignent en particulier l’importance de la vaccination à la naissance de tous les nourrissons, une intervention qui constitue le moyen le plus efficace de prévenir les maladies associées au virus de l’hépa- tite B à l’échelle mondiale. Les recommandations relatives à l’utilisation des vaccins anti-hépatite B ont été examinées par le SAGE en octobre 2016; les éléments présentés lors de cette réunion peuvent être consultés à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/ immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/en/.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 56.36, - "x1": 552.05, - "y1": 209.13 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-14", - "text": "\n\n\nGénéralités\nBien que de nombreux virus différents puissent être à l’origine d’une hépatite, seules 5 espèces sont responsables d’infections virales dont le tableau clinique est dominé par l’hépatite chez l’homme: virus de l’hépatite A (VHA), virus de l’hépatite B (VHB), virus de l’hépatite C (VHC), virus de l’hépatite D (VHD) et virus de l’hépatite E (VHE). Ensemble, ces virus ont été responsables de 1,34 million de décès en 2015.3 Tous les virus de l’hépatite provoquent une hépatite aiguë; l’infection par les virus VHB, VHC et VHD conduit aussi souvent à une hépatite chronique. L’hépatite chronique peut entraîner une cirrhose qui évolue vers un carcinome hépatocellulaire, le type le plus fréquent de cancer primitif du foie. En outre, le VHE peut occa- sionnellement provoquer une infection chronique, principale- ment chez les personnes immunodéprimées.4", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "f02c6ff87e962f994307703135c47d30", - "text": "Généralités", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Généralités

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.97, - "y0": 219.48, - "x1": 347.41, - "y1": 232.06 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "6fb52061b36e5818b708667326845301", - "text": "Bien que de nombreux virus différents puissent être à l’origine d’une hépatite, seules 5 espèces sont responsables d’infections virales dont le tableau clinique est dominé par l’hépatite chez l’homme: virus de l’hépatite A (VHA), virus de l’hépatite B (VHB), virus de l’hépatite C (VHC), virus de l’hépatite D (VHD) et virus de l’hépatite E (VHE). Ensemble, ces virus ont été responsables de 1,34 million de décès en 2015.3 Tous les virus de l’hépatite provoquent une hépatite aiguë; l’infection par les virus VHB, VHC et VHD conduit aussi souvent à une hépatite chronique. L’hépatite chronique peut entraîner une cirrhose qui évolue vers un carcinome hépatocellulaire, le type le plus fréquent de cancer primitif du foie. En outre, le VHE peut occa- sionnellement provoquer une infection chronique, principale- ment chez les personnes immunodéprimées.4", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "f02c6ff87e962f994307703135c47d30", - "text_as_html": "

    Bien que de nombreux virus différents puissent être à l’origine d’une hépatite, seules 5 espèces sont responsables d’infections virales dont le tableau clinique est dominé par l’hépatite chez l’homme: virus de l’hépatite A (VHA), virus de l’hépatite B (VHB), virus de l’hépatite C (VHC), virus de l’hépatite D (VHD) et virus de l’hépatite E (VHE). Ensemble, ces virus ont été responsables de 1,34 million de décès en 2015.3 Tous les virus de l’hépatite provoquent une hépatite aiguë; l’infection par les virus VHB, VHC et VHD conduit aussi souvent à une hépatite chronique. L’hépatite chronique peut entraîner une cirrhose qui évolue vers un carcinome hépatocellulaire, le type le plus fréquent de cancer primitif du foie. En outre, le VHE peut occa- sionnellement provoquer une infection chronique, principale- ment chez les personnes immunodéprimées.4

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 233.62, - "x1": 552.36, - "y1": 386.8 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-15", - "text": "\n\n\nÉpidémiologie\nL’hépatite due au VHB est présente partout dans le monde. L’endémicité des infections évolutives à VHB est illustrée par la prévalence sérologique de l’antigène de surface de l’hépa- tite B (AgHBs) dans la population générale d’une zone géogra- phique donnée. L’endémicité d’une zone est considérée comme forte si la prévalence de l’AgHBs est ≥8%, comme intermédiaire de niveau supérieur pour une prévalence de 5%-7%, comme intermédiaire de niveau inférieur pour une prévalence de 2%-4%, et comme faible si la prévalence est <2%.5 Sur la base des données sérologiques, on a estimé qu’en 1995, plus de 2 milliards de personnes dans le monde présentaient des signes d’infection passée ou présente par le VHB.6 En 2015, la préva- lence mondiale de l’infection à VHB était estimée à 3,5% dans la population générale et quelque 257 millions de personnes présentaient une infection chronique à VHB.3 La prévalence varie considérablement d’une Région de l’OMS à l’autre, les taux les plus élevés étant observés dans la Région africaine (6,1%) et la Région du Pacifique occidental (6,2%).\nLes personnes atteintes d’hépatite B chronique sont exposées à un risque de maladie grave et de décès et peuvent transmettre\n3 Global Hepatitis Report, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2017. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.\n4 Kamar N et al. Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection and Treatment. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2013;3(2):134–140.\n5 Guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infec- tion Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2015. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/ iris/bitstream/10665/154590/1/9789241549059_eng.pdf, consulté en avril 2017.\n6 Kane M. Global programme for control of hepatitis B infection. Vaccine. 1995;13 Suppl 1:S47-9.\ntion to others.3, 7, 8, 9 In 2015 an estimated 887 220 persons died as a result of HBV infection globally (337 454 due to HCC, 462 690 due to cirrhosis and 87 076 due to acute hepatitis).10 HCC caused by HBV predominated over other important causes of HCC (such as HCV) in coun- tries where the prevalence of chronic HBV infection is high.\nMost of the burden of HBV-related disease results from infections acquired in infancy through perinatal or early childhood exposure to HBV because infection acquired at an early age is more likely to become chronic than infection acquired later in life. The risk of chronic infection remains high until after 5 years of age when the rate stabilizes at around 5%.11\nCo-infections with other viral infections occur most frequently in high HBV endemic areas. About 2.7 million (interquartile range: 1.8–3.9) of the 36.7 million people infected with HIV worldwide are co-infected with HBV.3 Approximately 10%–15% of patients with chronic HBV infection are co-infected with HCV.12 HDV infection occurs exclusively in HBV-infected individuals, as the virus is deficient, requiring HBV surface proteins to form its envelope in HDV/HBV co-infected hepatocytes. Approximately 5% of HBV-infected persons are infected with HDV.3\nMajor progress in the global response to viral hepatitis has been achieved through the expansion of routine hepatitis B vaccination, which was facilitated by the introduction of new combination vaccines. In 2015, global coverage with 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine during infancy reached 84%. Between the date of intro- duction of the vaccine, (ranging from the 1980s to the early 2000s in different countries) and 2015, the propor- tion of children <5 years of age who became chronically infected fell from 4.7% to 1.3%.3 For example, in the WHO Western Pacific Region, in 22 of 36 countries, including China, the prevalence of HBsAg positivity was ≥8% before the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination; with increasing hepatitis B vaccination coverage, includ- ing introduction of the birth dose, the prevalence of HBsAg among children born in 2012 had declined to <1% in 24 of the 36 countries.13 Using mathematical models, it was estimated that by 2013 hepatitis B vacci-\n7 Schweitzer A et al. Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. Lancet. 2015;386:1546–1555.\n8 Shimakawa Y et al. Natural history of chronic HBV infection in West Africa: a longi- tudinal population-based study from The Gambia. Gut. 2016;65:2007–2016.\n9 Jones E and Edmunds J. Estimating the impact of HBV vaccination policies, SAGE meeting October 2016, vaccination policies. Available at http://www.who.int/im- munization/sage/meetings/2016/october/Session9-Estimating-the-impact-of-HBV- vaccination-policies.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.\n10 WHO global health estimated for 2015 published in 2016 (Global Health Estimates 2015: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and region, 2000–2015. Available at http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GHE2015_Deaths_ Global_2000_2015.xls?ua=1, accessed May 2017.\n11 Van Damme P et al. Hepatitis B Vaccines, In Vaccines 6th Edition. Plotkin SA, Orens- tein WA, Offit PA editors, Elsevier Sanders, 2017.\n12 Konstantinou D et al. The spectrum of HBV/HCV coinfection: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, viral interactions and management. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28(2):221–228.\n13 Wiesen E et al. Progress towards hepatitis B prevention through vaccination in the Western Pacific, 1990–2014. Vaccine. 2016;34:2855–2862.\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017\nla maladie à d’autres personnes.3, 7, 8, 9 On estime qu’en 2015, l’infection à VHB a occasionné 887 220 décès à l’échelle mondiale (337 454 dus au carcinome hépatocellulaire, 462 690 imputables à la cirrhose et 87 076 résultant d’une hépatite aiguë).10 L’infec- tion à VHB était la cause prédominante de carcinome hépato- cellulaire (par rapport aux autres causes majeures, comme l’infection à VHC) dans les pays à forte prévalence d’infection chronique par le VHB.\nLa charge de morbidité associée au VHB résulte en grande partie d’infections contractées par les nourrissons suite à une exposition au VHB durant la période périnatale ou la petite enfance, car la probabilité d’évolution vers une hépatite chro- nique est plus grande si l’infection survient à un jeune âge que si elle apparaît plus tard dans la vie. Le risque d’infection chro- nique demeure élevé jusqu’à l’âge de 5 ans, puis se stabilise autour de 5%.11\nLa co-infection avec d’autres virus se produit le plus souvent dans les zones de forte endémie de VHB. Sur les 36,7 millions de personnes infectées par le VIH dans le monde, environ 2,7 millions (intervalle interquartile: 1,8-3,9) présentent une co-infection par le VHB.3 Quelque 10%-15% des patients atteints d’une infection à VHB chronique sont co-infectés par le VHC.12 Le VHD infecte uniquement les sujets porteurs du VHB car il s’agit d’un virus défectif, qui a besoin des protéines de surface du VHB pour former une enveloppe dans les hépatocytes co-infectés par les VHD/VHB. Environ 5% des personnes infec- tées par le VHB présentent une co-infection par le VHD.3\nLe renforcement de la vaccination systématique contre l’hépa- tite B, facilité par l’introduction de nouveaux vaccins combinés, a permis de réaliser d’importants progrès dans la lutte mondiale contre l’hépatite virale. En 2015, la couverture mondiale par 3 doses de vaccin anti-hépatite B chez le nourrisson avait atteint 84%. Entre la date d’introduction du vaccin (qui varie entre les années 1980 et les années 2000 selon le pays) et 2015, la propor- tion d’enfants de <5 ans atteints d’une infection à VHB chro- nique a chuté, passant de 4,7% à 1,3%.3 Par exemple, parmi les 36 pays de la Région OMS du Pacifique occidental, 22, dont la Chine, enregistraient une prévalence ≥8% de la positivité à l’AgHBs avant l’introduction de la vaccination contre l’hépa- tite B; l’augmentation de la couverture par le vaccin anti-hépa- tite B, et notamment l’introduction d’une dose à la naissance, ont conduit à un déclin de la prévalence de l’AgHBs, cette dernière s’établissant à <1% dans 24 des 36 pays parmi les enfants nés en 2012.13 Selon les estimations obtenues par modé- lisation mathématique, 14,2 millions de cas d’infection à VHB\n7 Schweitzer A et al. Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. Lancet. 2015;386:1546–1555.\n8 Shimakawa Y et al. Natural history of chronic HBV infection in West Africa: a longitudinal popu- lation-based study from The Gambia. Gut. 2016;65:2007–2016.\n9 Jones E and Edmunds J. Estimating the impact of HBV vaccination policies, SAGE meeting Octo- ber 2016, vaccination policies. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/mee- tings/2016/october/Session9-Estimating-the-impact-of-HBV-vaccination-policies.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.\n10 WHO global health estimated for 2015 published in 2016 (Global Health Estimates 2015: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and region, 2000–2015. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/enti- ty/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GHE2015_Deaths_Global_2000_2015.xls?ua=1, consul- té en mai 2017.\n11 Van Damme P et al. Hepatitis B Vaccines, In Vaccines 6th Edition. Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA editors, Elsevier Sanders, 2017.\n12 Konstantinou D et al. The spectrum of HBV/HCV coinfection: epidemiology, clinical characteris- tics, viral interactions and management. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28(2):221–228.\n13 Wiesen E et al. Progress towards hepatitis B prevention through vaccination in the Western Pacific, 1990–2014. Vaccine. 2016;34:2855–2862.\n371\nnation had prevented 14.2 million cases of chronic HBV infection among children aged 0–5 years worldwide.9\nAs of 2015, 185 (95%) countries had incorporated hepa- titis B vaccination in the national infant immunization schedule, and 97 (49%) countries had introduced the recommended birth dose. In 22 (11%) countries, the hepatitis B birth dose was introduced only for infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers and in 4 coun- tries (2%), hepatitis B vaccine is provided only for specific risk groups or adolescents.14\nChildren continue to have intermediate or high HBsAg prevalence in countries where high hepatitis B vaccina- tion coverage has not been achieved. A substantial burden of chronic HBV infection persists because the global coverage with the birth dose is still low, estimated globally at 39% in 2015. In the absence of the universal birth dose or other effective interventions, the transmis- sion of HBV infection from mother to child remains a major source of chronic liver disease when infected children become adults.3\nThe UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development includes ‘combat hepatitis’ within one of its goals. In May 2016, the Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis set targets for 2020 and 2030: to reduce new cases of chronic HBV infection by 30% by 2020, which is equivalent to HBsAg prevalence of 1% among chil- dren aged 5 years, and to achieve 0.1% prevalence of HBV infection in children aged 5 years by 2030.15, 16", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "eb05d329f4a6f5aaade561e0f9fd3c86", - "text": "Épidémiologie", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Épidémiologie

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 397.19, - "x1": 362.51, - "y1": 409.7 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "b6b1517f5688ccde7688a758fab8a5f2", - "text": "L’hépatite due au VHB est présente partout dans le monde. L’endémicité des infections évolutives à VHB est illustrée par la prévalence sérologique de l’antigène de surface de l’hépa- tite B (AgHBs) dans la population générale d’une zone géogra- phique donnée. L’endémicité d’une zone est considérée comme forte si la prévalence de l’AgHBs est ≥8%, comme intermédiaire de niveau supérieur pour une prévalence de 5%-7%, comme intermédiaire de niveau inférieur pour une prévalence de 2%-4%, et comme faible si la prévalence est <2%.5 Sur la base des données sérologiques, on a estimé qu’en 1995, plus de 2 milliards de personnes dans le monde présentaient des signes d’infection passée ou présente par le VHB.6 En 2015, la préva- lence mondiale de l’infection à VHB était estimée à 3,5% dans la population générale et quelque 257 millions de personnes présentaient une infection chronique à VHB.3 La prévalence varie considérablement d’une Région de l’OMS à l’autre, les taux les plus élevés étant observés dans la Région africaine (6,1%) et la Région du Pacifique occidental (6,2%).", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "eb05d329f4a6f5aaade561e0f9fd3c86", - "text_as_html": "

    L’hépatite due au VHB est présente partout dans le monde. L’endémicité des infections évolutives à VHB est illustrée par la prévalence sérologique de l’antigène de surface de l’hépa- tite B (AgHBs) dans la population générale d’une zone géogra- phique donnée. L’endémicité d’une zone est considérée comme forte si la prévalence de l’AgHBs est ≥8%, comme intermédiaire de niveau supérieur pour une prévalence de 5%-7%, comme intermédiaire de niveau inférieur pour une prévalence de 2%-4%, et comme faible si la prévalence est <2%.5 Sur la base des données sérologiques, on a estimé qu’en 1995, plus de 2 milliards de personnes dans le monde présentaient des signes d’infection passée ou présente par le VHB.6 En 2015, la préva- lence mondiale de l’infection à VHB était estimée à 3,5% dans la population générale et quelque 257 millions de personnes présentaient une infection chronique à VHB.3 La prévalence varie considérablement d’une Région de l’OMS à l’autre, les taux les plus élevés étant observés dans la Région africaine (6,1%) et la Région du Pacifique occidental (6,2%).

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 410.93, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 608.46 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "26a9d3a0dc88fb5d86274e6e3b20cb8e", - "text": "Les personnes atteintes d’hépatite B chronique sont exposées à un risque de maladie grave et de décès et peuvent transmettre", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "eb05d329f4a6f5aaade561e0f9fd3c86", - "text_as_html": "

    Les personnes atteintes d’hépatite B chronique sont exposées à un risque de maladie grave et de décès et peuvent transmettre

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 614.76, - "x1": 552.05, - "y1": 636.11 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "785c1297bec5f2354366c564bbfee83c", - "text": "3 Global Hepatitis Report, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2017. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 3 Global Hepatitis Report, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2017. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.84, - "y0": 684.13, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 708.74 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "5e9f0409d526cdf74548e33335aa85c4", - "text": "4 Kamar N et al. Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection and Treatment. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2013;3(2):134–140.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 4 Kamar N et al. Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection and Treatment. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2013;3(2):134–140.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.37, - "y0": 711.27, - "x1": 551.48, - "y1": 727.22 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "55a5c573812d3c2d7f61dc579acf0fce", - "text": "5 Guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infec- tion Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2015. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/ iris/bitstream/10665/154590/1/9789241549059_eng.pdf, consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 5 Guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infec- tion Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2015. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/ iris/bitstream/10665/154590/1/9789241549059_eng.pdf, consulté en avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.32, - "y0": 729.97, - "x1": 552.1, - "y1": 753.59 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "eee92bb8ddbb0baaab681c4492149ed8", - "text": "6 Kane M. Global programme for control of hepatitis B infection. Vaccine. 1995;13 Suppl 1:S47-9.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 6 Kane M. Global programme for control of hepatitis B infection. Vaccine. 1995;13 Suppl 1:S47-9.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.03, - "y0": 756.03, - "x1": 550.68, - "y1": 764.42 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "1f4583b066e41f9a266d10435098385f", - "text": "tion to others.3, 7, 8, 9 In 2015 an estimated 887 220 persons died as a result of HBV infection globally (337 454 due to HCC, 462 690 due to cirrhosis and 87 076 due to acute hepatitis).10 HCC caused by HBV predominated over other important causes of HCC (such as HCV) in coun- tries where the prevalence of chronic HBV infection is high.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    tion to others.3, 7, 8, 9 In 2015 an estimated 887 220 persons died as a result of HBV infection globally (337 454 due to HCC, 462 690 due to cirrhosis and 87 076 due to acute hepatitis).10 HCC caused by HBV predominated over other important causes of HCC (such as HCV) in coun- tries where the prevalence of chronic HBV infection is high.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.93, - "y0": 55.94, - "x1": 272.79, - "y1": 132.15 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "4f656ffab20cf2e261af7f6cf5686be4", - "text": "Most of the burden of HBV-related disease results from infections acquired in infancy through perinatal or early childhood exposure to HBV because infection acquired at an early age is more likely to become chronic than infection acquired later in life. The risk of chronic infection remains high until after 5 years of age when the rate stabilizes at around 5%.11", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Most of the burden of HBV-related disease results from infections acquired in infancy through perinatal or early childhood exposure to HBV because infection acquired at an early age is more likely to become chronic than infection acquired later in life. The risk of chronic infection remains high until after 5 years of age when the rate stabilizes at around 5%.11

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 149.13, - "x1": 273.22, - "y1": 225.78 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "a36afc09abf1f98246d3a0160d910a75", - "text": "Co-infections with other viral infections occur most frequently in high HBV endemic areas. About 2.7 million (interquartile range: 1.8–3.9) of the 36.7 million people infected with HIV worldwide are co-infected with HBV.3 Approximately 10%–15% of patients with chronic HBV infection are co-infected with HCV.12 HDV infection occurs exclusively in HBV-infected individuals, as the virus is deficient, requiring HBV surface proteins to form its envelope in HDV/HBV co-infected hepatocytes. Approximately 5% of HBV-infected persons are infected with HDV.3", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Co-infections with other viral infections occur most frequently in high HBV endemic areas. About 2.7 million (interquartile range: 1.8–3.9) of the 36.7 million people infected with HIV worldwide are co-infected with HBV.3 Approximately 10%–15% of patients with chronic HBV infection are co-infected with HCV.12 HDV infection occurs exclusively in HBV-infected individuals, as the virus is deficient, requiring HBV surface proteins to form its envelope in HDV/HBV co-infected hepatocytes. Approximately 5% of HBV-infected persons are infected with HDV.3

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.14, - "y0": 243.18, - "x1": 272.97, - "y1": 363.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "1242eaeb051f30c9406a124ccfc520f2", - "text": "Major progress in the global response to viral hepatitis has been achieved through the expansion of routine hepatitis B vaccination, which was facilitated by the introduction of new combination vaccines. In 2015, global coverage with 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine during infancy reached 84%. Between the date of intro- duction of the vaccine, (ranging from the 1980s to the early 2000s in different countries) and 2015, the propor- tion of children <5 years of age who became chronically infected fell from 4.7% to 1.3%.3 For example, in the WHO Western Pacific Region, in 22 of 36 countries, including China, the prevalence of HBsAg positivity was ≥8% before the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination; with increasing hepatitis B vaccination coverage, includ- ing introduction of the birth dose, the prevalence of HBsAg among children born in 2012 had declined to <1% in 24 of the 36 countries.13 Using mathematical models, it was estimated that by 2013 hepatitis B vacci-", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Major progress in the global response to viral hepatitis has been achieved through the expansion of routine hepatitis B vaccination, which was facilitated by the introduction of new combination vaccines. In 2015, global coverage with 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine during infancy reached 84%. Between the date of intro- duction of the vaccine, (ranging from the 1980s to the early 2000s in different countries) and 2015, the propor- tion of children <5 years of age who became chronically infected fell from 4.7% to 1.3%.3 For example, in the WHO Western Pacific Region, in 22 of 36 countries, including China, the prevalence of HBsAg positivity was ≥8% before the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination; with increasing hepatitis B vaccination coverage, includ- ing introduction of the birth dose, the prevalence of HBsAg among children born in 2012 had declined to <1% in 24 of the 36 countries.13 Using mathematical models, it was estimated that by 2013 hepatitis B vacci-

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.3, - "y0": 370.56, - "x1": 272.94, - "y1": 567.02 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "c41812bc24bc3324b052c07657f5bb92", - "text": "7 Schweitzer A et al. Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. Lancet. 2015;386:1546–1555.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 7 Schweitzer A et al. Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. Lancet. 2015;386:1546–1555.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.49, - "y0": 596.13, - "x1": 271.88, - "y1": 620.1 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "d35c2400b1201b76a063409673eb8592", - "text": "8 Shimakawa Y et al. Natural history of chronic HBV infection in West Africa: a longi- tudinal population-based study from The Gambia. Gut. 2016;65:2007–2016.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 8 Shimakawa Y et al. Natural history of chronic HBV infection in West Africa: a longi- tudinal population-based study from The Gambia. Gut. 2016;65:2007–2016.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.69, - "y0": 623.0, - "x1": 270.58, - "y1": 638.85 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "048fa9f3a691aa6578553c742089e09e", - "text": "9 Jones E and Edmunds J. Estimating the impact of HBV vaccination policies, SAGE meeting October 2016, vaccination policies. Available at http://www.who.int/im- munization/sage/meetings/2016/october/Session9-Estimating-the-impact-of-HBV- vaccination-policies.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 9 Jones E and Edmunds J. Estimating the impact of HBV vaccination policies, SAGE meeting October 2016, vaccination policies. Available at http://www.who.int/im- munization/sage/meetings/2016/october/Session9-Estimating-the-impact-of-HBV- vaccination-policies.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.3, - "y0": 641.81, - "x1": 273.38, - "y1": 673.53 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "0ea9b4d9ec94695b813fe9b2a0a441e3", - "text": "10 WHO global health estimated for 2015 published in 2016 (Global Health Estimates 2015: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and region, 2000–2015. Available at http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GHE2015_Deaths_ Global_2000_2015.xls?ua=1, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 10 WHO global health estimated for 2015 published in 2016 (Global Health Estimates 2015: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and region, 2000–2015. Available at http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GHE2015_Deaths_ Global_2000_2015.xls?ua=1, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.18, - "y0": 676.27, - "x1": 272.89, - "y1": 708.47 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "32005b50de0b7ddb411ba3afe3fdbd51", - "text": "11 Van Damme P et al. Hepatitis B Vaccines, In Vaccines 6th Edition. Plotkin SA, Orens- tein WA, Offit PA editors, Elsevier Sanders, 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 11 Van Damme P et al. Hepatitis B Vaccines, In Vaccines 6th Edition. Plotkin SA, Orens- tein WA, Offit PA editors, Elsevier Sanders, 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.46, - "y0": 711.37, - "x1": 270.78, - "y1": 727.19 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "a79d1c23b54732066795a741796bc18b", - "text": "12 Konstantinou D et al. The spectrum of HBV/HCV coinfection: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, viral interactions and management. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28(2):221–228.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 12 Konstantinou D et al. The spectrum of HBV/HCV coinfection: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, viral interactions and management. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28(2):221–228.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.99, - "y0": 730.26, - "x1": 272.22, - "y1": 754.02 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "b94efb1987c3cc0aa34e95f903b10416", - "text": "13 Wiesen E et al. Progress towards hepatitis B prevention through vaccination in the Western Pacific, 1990–2014. Vaccine. 2016;34:2855–2862.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 13 Wiesen E et al. Progress towards hepatitis B prevention through vaccination in the Western Pacific, 1990–2014. Vaccine. 2016;34:2855–2862.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.23, - "y0": 757.53, - "x1": 272.37, - "y1": 773.1 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "5ef8c3137576b107bb88eb8bfe5e5a31", - "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.66, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 222.88, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "0b485d7cd3d80101c04328d2f530115f", - "text": "la maladie à d’autres personnes.3, 7, 8, 9 On estime qu’en 2015, l’infection à VHB a occasionné 887 220 décès à l’échelle mondiale (337 454 dus au carcinome hépatocellulaire, 462 690 imputables à la cirrhose et 87 076 résultant d’une hépatite aiguë).10 L’infec- tion à VHB était la cause prédominante de carcinome hépato- cellulaire (par rapport aux autres causes majeures, comme l’infection à VHC) dans les pays à forte prévalence d’infection chronique par le VHB.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    la maladie à d’autres personnes.3, 7, 8, 9 On estime qu’en 2015, l’infection à VHB a occasionné 887 220 décès à l’échelle mondiale (337 454 dus au carcinome hépatocellulaire, 462 690 imputables à la cirrhose et 87 076 résultant d’une hépatite aiguë).10 L’infec- tion à VHB était la cause prédominante de carcinome hépato- cellulaire (par rapport aux autres causes majeures, comme l’infection à VHC) dans les pays à forte prévalence d’infection chronique par le VHB.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 55.42, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 143.15 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "aa77e49ea81997743767962a3c841f5f", - "text": "La charge de morbidité associée au VHB résulte en grande partie d’infections contractées par les nourrissons suite à une exposition au VHB durant la période périnatale ou la petite enfance, car la probabilité d’évolution vers une hépatite chro- nique est plus grande si l’infection survient à un jeune âge que si elle apparaît plus tard dans la vie. Le risque d’infection chro- nique demeure élevé jusqu’à l’âge de 5 ans, puis se stabilise autour de 5%.11", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    La charge de morbidité associée au VHB résulte en grande partie d’infections contractées par les nourrissons suite à une exposition au VHB durant la période périnatale ou la petite enfance, car la probabilité d’évolution vers une hépatite chro- nique est plus grande si l’infection survient à un jeune âge que si elle apparaît plus tard dans la vie. Le risque d’infection chro- nique demeure élevé jusqu’à l’âge de 5 ans, puis se stabilise autour de 5%.11

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 149.33, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 236.78 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "6b9ea88e2df2ba6891ccbb5bf371cb68", - "text": "La co-infection avec d’autres virus se produit le plus souvent dans les zones de forte endémie de VHB. Sur les 36,7 millions de personnes infectées par le VIH dans le monde, environ 2,7 millions (intervalle interquartile: 1,8-3,9) présentent une co-infection par le VHB.3 Quelque 10%-15% des patients atteints d’une infection à VHB chronique sont co-infectés par le VHC.12 Le VHD infecte uniquement les sujets porteurs du VHB car il s’agit d’un virus défectif, qui a besoin des protéines de surface du VHB pour former une enveloppe dans les hépatocytes co-infectés par les VHD/VHB. Environ 5% des personnes infec- tées par le VHB présentent une co-infection par le VHD.3", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    La co-infection avec d’autres virus se produit le plus souvent dans les zones de forte endémie de VHB. Sur les 36,7 millions de personnes infectées par le VIH dans le monde, environ 2,7 millions (intervalle interquartile: 1,8-3,9) présentent une co-infection par le VHB.3 Quelque 10%-15% des patients atteints d’une infection à VHB chronique sont co-infectés par le VHC.12 Le VHD infecte uniquement les sujets porteurs du VHB car il s’agit d’un virus défectif, qui a besoin des protéines de surface du VHB pour former une enveloppe dans les hépatocytes co-infectés par les VHD/VHB. Environ 5% des personnes infec- tées par le VHB présentent une co-infection par le VHD.3

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 243.11, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 363.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "08357330b6bbc2db15316827112b30a4", - "text": "Le renforcement de la vaccination systématique contre l’hépa- tite B, facilité par l’introduction de nouveaux vaccins combinés, a permis de réaliser d’importants progrès dans la lutte mondiale contre l’hépatite virale. En 2015, la couverture mondiale par 3 doses de vaccin anti-hépatite B chez le nourrisson avait atteint 84%. Entre la date d’introduction du vaccin (qui varie entre les années 1980 et les années 2000 selon le pays) et 2015, la propor- tion d’enfants de <5 ans atteints d’une infection à VHB chro- nique a chuté, passant de 4,7% à 1,3%.3 Par exemple, parmi les 36 pays de la Région OMS du Pacifique occidental, 22, dont la Chine, enregistraient une prévalence ≥8% de la positivité à l’AgHBs avant l’introduction de la vaccination contre l’hépa- tite B; l’augmentation de la couverture par le vaccin anti-hépa- tite B, et notamment l’introduction d’une dose à la naissance, ont conduit à un déclin de la prévalence de l’AgHBs, cette dernière s’établissant à <1% dans 24 des 36 pays parmi les enfants nés en 2012.13 Selon les estimations obtenues par modé- lisation mathématique, 14,2 millions de cas d’infection à VHB", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Le renforcement de la vaccination systématique contre l’hépa- tite B, facilité par l’introduction de nouveaux vaccins combinés, a permis de réaliser d’importants progrès dans la lutte mondiale contre l’hépatite virale. En 2015, la couverture mondiale par 3 doses de vaccin anti-hépatite B chez le nourrisson avait atteint 84%. Entre la date d’introduction du vaccin (qui varie entre les années 1980 et les années 2000 selon le pays) et 2015, la propor- tion d’enfants de <5 ans atteints d’une infection à VHB chro- nique a chuté, passant de 4,7% à 1,3%.3 Par exemple, parmi les 36 pays de la Région OMS du Pacifique occidental, 22, dont la Chine, enregistraient une prévalence ≥8% de la positivité à l’AgHBs avant l’introduction de la vaccination contre l’hépa- tite B; l’augmentation de la couverture par le vaccin anti-hépa- tite B, et notamment l’introduction d’une dose à la naissance, ont conduit à un déclin de la prévalence de l’AgHBs, cette dernière s’établissant à <1% dans 24 des 36 pays parmi les enfants nés en 2012.13 Selon les estimations obtenues par modé- lisation mathématique, 14,2 millions de cas d’infection à VHB

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 370.56, - "x1": 552.37, - "y1": 567.1 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "fd82412828fbe5b20f4c43dbac60f001", - "text": "7 Schweitzer A et al. Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. Lancet. 2015;386:1546–1555.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 7 Schweitzer A et al. Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. Lancet. 2015;386:1546–1555.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.85, - "y0": 595.78, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 612.26 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "37c76a50923645c3f515c8b087e2a7c8", - "text": "8 Shimakawa Y et al. Natural history of chronic HBV infection in West Africa: a longitudinal popu- lation-based study from The Gambia. Gut. 2016;65:2007–2016.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 8 Shimakawa Y et al. Natural history of chronic HBV infection in West Africa: a longitudinal popu- lation-based study from The Gambia. Gut. 2016;65:2007–2016.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.03, - "y0": 622.75, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 639.2 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ea673508a7f83803daef1e9cc74c9cb1", - "text": "9 Jones E and Edmunds J. Estimating the impact of HBV vaccination policies, SAGE meeting Octo- ber 2016, vaccination policies. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/mee- tings/2016/october/Session9-Estimating-the-impact-of-HBV-vaccination-policies.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 9 Jones E and Edmunds J. Estimating the impact of HBV vaccination policies, SAGE meeting Octo- ber 2016, vaccination policies. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/mee- tings/2016/october/Session9-Estimating-the-impact-of-HBV-vaccination-policies.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.15, - "y0": 641.85, - "x1": 551.45, - "y1": 673.78 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "73110015ee91d1a2c3809d0f59a8539e", - "text": "10 WHO global health estimated for 2015 published in 2016 (Global Health Estimates 2015: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and region, 2000–2015. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/enti- ty/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GHE2015_Deaths_Global_2000_2015.xls?ua=1, consul- té en mai 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 10 WHO global health estimated for 2015 published in 2016 (Global Health Estimates 2015: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and region, 2000–2015. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/enti- ty/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GHE2015_Deaths_Global_2000_2015.xls?ua=1, consul- té en mai 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.27, - "y0": 676.52, - "x1": 551.45, - "y1": 708.89 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "af3da7b43e1dbf901e6f27dbb14b1bb4", - "text": "11 Van Damme P et al. Hepatitis B Vaccines, In Vaccines 6th Edition. Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA editors, Elsevier Sanders, 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 11 Van Damme P et al. Hepatitis B Vaccines, In Vaccines 6th Edition. Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA editors, Elsevier Sanders, 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.2, - "y0": 711.48, - "x1": 551.45, - "y1": 727.51 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "2b57deeed1d3ebf94f5e8b0ac970bd37", - "text": "12 Konstantinou D et al. The spectrum of HBV/HCV coinfection: epidemiology, clinical characteris- tics, viral interactions and management. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28(2):221–228.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 12 Konstantinou D et al. The spectrum of HBV/HCV coinfection: epidemiology, clinical characteris- tics, viral interactions and management. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28(2):221–228.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.6, - "y0": 729.83, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 746.04 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "87a9d67c3541f54521ebee9432666858", - "text": "13 Wiesen E et al. Progress towards hepatitis B prevention through vaccination in the Western Pacific, 1990–2014. Vaccine. 2016;34:2855–2862.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 13 Wiesen E et al. Progress towards hepatitis B prevention through vaccination in the Western Pacific, 1990–2014. Vaccine. 2016;34:2855–2862.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.65, - "y0": 757.5, - "x1": 551.44, - "y1": 773.3 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "UncategorizedText", - "element_id": "33e81e100fe32cb5a471e32bd6758ada", - "text": "371", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    371

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.86, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.78, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f1ff75a62a555dc1fe32a4f82369192b", - "text": "nation had prevented 14.2 million cases of chronic HBV infection among children aged 0–5 years worldwide.9", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    nation had prevented 14.2 million cases of chronic HBV infection among children aged 0–5 years worldwide.9

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.21, - "y0": 55.5, - "x1": 272.9, - "y1": 77.16 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "1edcd7b63b22577a54e37b98bdc27b55", - "text": "As of 2015, 185 (95%) countries had incorporated hepa- titis B vaccination in the national infant immunization schedule, and 97 (49%) countries had introduced the recommended birth dose. In 22 (11%) countries, the hepatitis B birth dose was introduced only for infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers and in 4 coun- tries (2%), hepatitis B vaccine is provided only for specific risk groups or adolescents.14", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    As of 2015, 185 (95%) countries had incorporated hepa- titis B vaccination in the national infant immunization schedule, and 97 (49%) countries had introduced the recommended birth dose. In 22 (11%) countries, the hepatitis B birth dose was introduced only for infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers and in 4 coun- tries (2%), hepatitis B vaccine is provided only for specific risk groups or adolescents.14

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.79, - "y0": 94.35, - "x1": 273.16, - "y1": 181.79 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f4423da2267020de149df756e7b4823a", - "text": "Children continue to have intermediate or high HBsAg prevalence in countries where high hepatitis B vaccina- tion coverage has not been achieved. A substantial burden of chronic HBV infection persists because the global coverage with the birth dose is still low, estimated globally at 39% in 2015. In the absence of the universal birth dose or other effective interventions, the transmis- sion of HBV infection from mother to child remains a major source of chronic liver disease when infected children become adults.3", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Children continue to have intermediate or high HBsAg prevalence in countries where high hepatitis B vaccina- tion coverage has not been achieved. A substantial burden of chronic HBV infection persists because the global coverage with the birth dose is still low, estimated globally at 39% in 2015. In the absence of the universal birth dose or other effective interventions, the transmis- sion of HBV infection from mother to child remains a major source of chronic liver disease when infected children become adults.3

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 188.06, - "x1": 273.61, - "y1": 297.42 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ae6f3482447fae3f25b1cd26cccb4977", - "text": "The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development includes ‘combat hepatitis’ within one of its goals. In May 2016, the Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis set targets for 2020 and 2030: to reduce new cases of chronic HBV infection by 30% by 2020, which is equivalent to HBsAg prevalence of 1% among chil- dren aged 5 years, and to achieve 0.1% prevalence of HBV infection in children aged 5 years by 2030.15, 16", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development includes ‘combat hepatitis’ within one of its goals. In May 2016, the Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis set targets for 2020 and 2030: to reduce new cases of chronic HBV infection by 30% by 2020, which is equivalent to HBsAg prevalence of 1% among chil- dren aged 5 years, and to achieve 0.1% prevalence of HBV infection in children aged 5 years by 2030.15, 16

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.19, - "y0": 303.28, - "x1": 273.64, - "y1": 391.05 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-16", - "text": "\n\n\nPathogen\nHBV (family Hepadnaviridae, genus Orthohepadnavi- rus) has a small, circular, partially double-stranded enveloped DNA genome within an icosahedral core particle. Hepatocytes are the primary site for the repli- cation of HBV.11, 17 Humans are the only known reservoir for human HBV genotypes, but closely related HBV genotypes exist in higher primates.11, 17 HBV is relatively heat stable, (remains infectious for at least one week in the environment) and highly infectious.18, 19 HBV is sensitive to detergents and solvents which extract lipids from the viral envelope.20\nHBV contains 3 important antigens: c, e and s. The hepa- titis B core antigen (HBcAg) is present on the assembled capsids which enclose the viral DNA. Antibodies against\n14 WHO immunization coverage. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/mo- nitoring_surveillance/data/en, accessed April 2017.\n15 Monitoring and evaluation for viral hepatitis B and C: Recommended indicators and framework. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://apps. who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204790/1/9789241510288_eng.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.\n16 Global Health Sector Strategy on viral hepatitis 2016–2021, towards ending viral hepatitis. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://apps.who. int/iris/bitstream/10665/246177/1/WHO-HIV-2016.06-eng.pdf, accessed April 2016.\n17 Gerlich WH. Medical Virology of Hepatitis B: how it began and where we are now, Virol J., 2013;10:239. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-239.\n18 Komiya Y et al. Minimum infectious dose of hepatitis B virus in chimpanzees and difference in the dynamics of viremia between genotype A and genotype C. Trans- fusion. 2008;48(2):286–294.\n19 Bond WW et al. Survival of hepatitis B virus after drying and storage for one week. Lancet. 1981;1:550–551.\n20 Guidelines on viral inactivation and removal procedures intended to assure the viral safety of human blood plasma products. WHO Technical report series No. 924. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2004. Available at http://www.who.int/bloodpro- ducts/publications/WHO_TRS_924_A4.pdf, accessed May 2017.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "fcae83440fb48b2f6649f0d22f4c9b2b", - "text": "Pathogen", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Pathogen

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 401.95, - "x1": 90.66, - "y1": 413.62 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "461c77f372a51eb583e62b08ef107bf9", - "text": "HBV (family Hepadnaviridae, genus Orthohepadnavi- rus) has a small, circular, partially double-stranded enveloped DNA genome within an icosahedral core particle. Hepatocytes are the primary site for the repli- cation of HBV.11, 17 Humans are the only known reservoir for human HBV genotypes, but closely related HBV genotypes exist in higher primates.11, 17 HBV is relatively heat stable, (remains infectious for at least one week in the environment) and highly infectious.18, 19 HBV is sensitive to detergents and solvents which extract lipids from the viral envelope.20", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "fcae83440fb48b2f6649f0d22f4c9b2b", - "text_as_html": "

    HBV (family Hepadnaviridae, genus Orthohepadnavi- rus) has a small, circular, partially double-stranded enveloped DNA genome within an icosahedral core particle. Hepatocytes are the primary site for the repli- cation of HBV.11, 17 Humans are the only known reservoir for human HBV genotypes, but closely related HBV genotypes exist in higher primates.11, 17 HBV is relatively heat stable, (remains infectious for at least one week in the environment) and highly infectious.18, 19 HBV is sensitive to detergents and solvents which extract lipids from the viral envelope.20

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 415.14, - "x1": 273.94, - "y1": 535.73 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "91d119c72139a5056e77d626bc0698e8", - "text": "HBV contains 3 important antigens: c, e and s. The hepa- titis B core antigen (HBcAg) is present on the assembled capsids which enclose the viral DNA. Antibodies against", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "fcae83440fb48b2f6649f0d22f4c9b2b", - "text_as_html": "

    HBV contains 3 important antigens: c, e and s. The hepa- titis B core antigen (HBcAg) is present on the assembled capsids which enclose the viral DNA. Antibodies against

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.71, - "y0": 542.59, - "x1": 272.92, - "y1": 574.37 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "4b547c843c23c9a90b6151c0bc19f450", - "text": "14 WHO immunization coverage. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/mo- nitoring_surveillance/data/en, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "fcae83440fb48b2f6649f0d22f4c9b2b", - "text_as_html": "
  • 14 WHO immunization coverage. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/mo- nitoring_surveillance/data/en, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.54, - "y0": 595.52, - "x1": 271.45, - "y1": 611.85 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "db15a51100c6c9696e69a68e592d76aa", - "text": "15 Monitoring and evaluation for viral hepatitis B and C: Recommended indicators and framework. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://apps. who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204790/1/9789241510288_eng.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "fcae83440fb48b2f6649f0d22f4c9b2b", - "text_as_html": "
  • 15 Monitoring and evaluation for viral hepatitis B and C: Recommended indicators and framework. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://apps. who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204790/1/9789241510288_eng.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.92, - "y0": 614.59, - "x1": 273.81, - "y1": 646.34 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "673e3e39add8a947877939f3d2183650", - "text": "16 Global Health Sector Strategy on viral hepatitis 2016–2021, towards ending viral hepatitis. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://apps.who. int/iris/bitstream/10665/246177/1/WHO-HIV-2016.06-eng.pdf, accessed April 2016.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "fcae83440fb48b2f6649f0d22f4c9b2b", - "text_as_html": "
  • 16 Global Health Sector Strategy on viral hepatitis 2016–2021, towards ending viral hepatitis. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://apps.who. int/iris/bitstream/10665/246177/1/WHO-HIV-2016.06-eng.pdf, accessed April 2016.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.33, - "y0": 649.38, - "x1": 272.95, - "y1": 673.48 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "30087d116662d289a1fb102f6cc02693", - "text": "17 Gerlich WH. Medical Virology of Hepatitis B: how it began and where we are now, Virol J., 2013;10:239. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-239.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "fcae83440fb48b2f6649f0d22f4c9b2b", - "text_as_html": "
  • 17 Gerlich WH. Medical Virology of Hepatitis B: how it began and where we are now, Virol J., 2013;10:239. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-239.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.56, - "y0": 675.81, - "x1": 272.33, - "y1": 692.14 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "19c80d2f9ef1fef6074b9b733e6b5e3b", - "text": "18 Komiya Y et al. Minimum infectious dose of hepatitis B virus in chimpanzees and difference in the dynamics of viremia between genotype A and genotype C. Trans- fusion. 2008;48(2):286–294.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "fcae83440fb48b2f6649f0d22f4c9b2b", - "text_as_html": "
  • 18 Komiya Y et al. Minimum infectious dose of hepatitis B virus in chimpanzees and difference in the dynamics of viremia between genotype A and genotype C. Trans- fusion. 2008;48(2):286–294.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.77, - "y0": 695.1, - "x1": 273.9, - "y1": 718.89 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "6960050674d1df595ca71a441fd2d39c", - "text": "19 Bond WW et al. Survival of hepatitis B virus after drying and storage for one week. Lancet. 1981;1:550–551.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "fcae83440fb48b2f6649f0d22f4c9b2b", - "text_as_html": "
  • 19 Bond WW et al. Survival of hepatitis B virus after drying and storage for one week. Lancet. 1981;1:550–551.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.6, - "y0": 721.88, - "x1": 273.81, - "y1": 737.84 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "9f38a6ae82a863866708c68d1235f8cb", - "text": "20 Guidelines on viral inactivation and removal procedures intended to assure the viral safety of human blood plasma products. WHO Technical report series No. 924. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2004. Available at http://www.who.int/bloodpro- ducts/publications/WHO_TRS_924_A4.pdf, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "fcae83440fb48b2f6649f0d22f4c9b2b", - "text_as_html": "
  • 20 Guidelines on viral inactivation and removal procedures intended to assure the viral safety of human blood plasma products. WHO Technical report series No. 924. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2004. Available at http://www.who.int/bloodpro- ducts/publications/WHO_TRS_924_A4.pdf, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.49, - "y0": 740.75, - "x1": 273.24, - "y1": 772.49 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-17", - "text": "\n\n\n372\nchronique ont pu être évités dans le monde chez les enfants de 0 à 5 ans grâce à la vaccination anti-hépatite B réalisée jusqu’en 2013.9\nEn 2015, 185 pays (95%) avaient intégré la vaccination anti- hépatite B dans leur calendrier national de vaccination des nourrissons, et 97 pays (49%) avaient introduit la dose recom- mandée à la naissance. Dans 22 pays (11%), la dose à la nais- sance de vaccin anti-hépatite B a été introduite uniquement à l’intention des nourrissons nés de mères positives pour l’AgHBs; dans 4 pays (2%), le vaccin anti-hépatite B est seulement admi- nistré à certains groupes à risque ou aux adolescents.14\nDans les pays n’ayant pas encore atteint un haut niveau de couverture par le vaccin anti-hépatite B, la prévalence de l’AgHBs chez les enfants demeure à un niveau intermédiaire ou élevé. La charge des infections chroniques à VHB reste considérable car la couverture mondiale par la dose à la naissance, estimée à 39% en 2015, demeure faible. En l’absence d’une administration universelle de la dose à la naissance et d’autres interventions efficaces, la transmission de l’infection à VHB de la mère à l’en- fant demeure une source majeure d’affection hépatique chro- nique lorsque les enfants infectés atteignent l’âge adulte.3\nLa lutte contre l’hépatite figure parmi les objectifs du Programme de développement durable des Nations Unies à l’horizon 2030. En mai 2016, la Stratégie mondiale du secteur de la santé contre l’hépatite virale a fixé des cibles pour 2020 et 2030: réduire de 30% le nombre de nouveaux cas d’infection chronique à VHB d’ici à 2020, ce qui équivaut à une prévalence de 1% de l’AgHBs chez les enfants de 5 ans, et parvenir à une prévalence de 0,1% de l’infection à VHB chez les enfants de 5 ans d’ici à 2030.15, 16", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "22fc0768deabd49e53f687f48a696040", - "text": "372", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    372

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    chronique ont pu être évités dans le monde chez les enfants de 0 à 5 ans grâce à la vaccination anti-hépatite B réalisée jusqu’en 2013.9

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 55.84, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 88.16 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ec4ad6409b841b7fd91eee61c84ca35d", - "text": "En 2015, 185 pays (95%) avaient intégré la vaccination anti- hépatite B dans leur calendrier national de vaccination des nourrissons, et 97 pays (49%) avaient introduit la dose recom- mandée à la naissance. Dans 22 pays (11%), la dose à la nais- sance de vaccin anti-hépatite B a été introduite uniquement à l’intention des nourrissons nés de mères positives pour l’AgHBs; dans 4 pays (2%), le vaccin anti-hépatite B est seulement admi- nistré à certains groupes à risque ou aux adolescents.14", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "22fc0768deabd49e53f687f48a696040", - "text_as_html": "

    En 2015, 185 pays (95%) avaient intégré la vaccination anti- hépatite B dans leur calendrier national de vaccination des nourrissons, et 97 pays (49%) avaient introduit la dose recom- mandée à la naissance. Dans 22 pays (11%), la dose à la nais- sance de vaccin anti-hépatite B a été introduite uniquement à l’intention des nourrissons nés de mères positives pour l’AgHBs; dans 4 pays (2%), le vaccin anti-hépatite B est seulement admi- nistré à certains groupes à risque ou aux adolescents.14

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 94.05, - "x1": 552.43, - "y1": 181.79 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "100bdd9b961e84cea98ed1474abf5f07", - "text": "Dans les pays n’ayant pas encore atteint un haut niveau de couverture par le vaccin anti-hépatite B, la prévalence de l’AgHBs chez les enfants demeure à un niveau intermédiaire ou élevé. La charge des infections chroniques à VHB reste considérable car la couverture mondiale par la dose à la naissance, estimée à 39% en 2015, demeure faible. En l’absence d’une administration universelle de la dose à la naissance et d’autres interventions efficaces, la transmission de l’infection à VHB de la mère à l’en- fant demeure une source majeure d’affection hépatique chro- nique lorsque les enfants infectés atteignent l’âge adulte.3", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "22fc0768deabd49e53f687f48a696040", - "text_as_html": "

    Dans les pays n’ayant pas encore atteint un haut niveau de couverture par le vaccin anti-hépatite B, la prévalence de l’AgHBs chez les enfants demeure à un niveau intermédiaire ou élevé. La charge des infections chroniques à VHB reste considérable car la couverture mondiale par la dose à la naissance, estimée à 39% en 2015, demeure faible. En l’absence d’une administration universelle de la dose à la naissance et d’autres interventions efficaces, la transmission de l’infection à VHB de la mère à l’en- fant demeure une source majeure d’affection hépatique chro- nique lorsque les enfants infectés atteignent l’âge adulte.3

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 188.38, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 297.42 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "968fc809be38896e3af57fe1526019de", - "text": "La lutte contre l’hépatite figure parmi les objectifs du Programme de développement durable des Nations Unies à l’horizon 2030. En mai 2016, la Stratégie mondiale du secteur de la santé contre l’hépatite virale a fixé des cibles pour 2020 et 2030: réduire de 30% le nombre de nouveaux cas d’infection chronique à VHB d’ici à 2020, ce qui équivaut à une prévalence de 1% de l’AgHBs chez les enfants de 5 ans, et parvenir à une prévalence de 0,1% de l’infection à VHB chez les enfants de 5 ans d’ici à 2030.15, 16", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "22fc0768deabd49e53f687f48a696040", - "text_as_html": "

    La lutte contre l’hépatite figure parmi les objectifs du Programme de développement durable des Nations Unies à l’horizon 2030. En mai 2016, la Stratégie mondiale du secteur de la santé contre l’hépatite virale a fixé des cibles pour 2020 et 2030: réduire de 30% le nombre de nouveaux cas d’infection chronique à VHB d’ici à 2020, ce qui équivaut à une prévalence de 1% de l’AgHBs chez les enfants de 5 ans, et parvenir à une prévalence de 0,1% de l’infection à VHB chez les enfants de 5 ans d’ici à 2030.15, 16

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 303.11, - "x1": 552.09, - "y1": 391.05 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-18", - "text": "\n\n\nAgent pathogène\nLe VHB (famille des Hepadnaviridae, genre Orthohepadnavirus) est un virus enveloppé possédant un génome compact à ADN circulaire partiellement bicaténaire contenu dans une nucléo- capside icosaédrique. L’hépatocyte est le principal site de répli- cation du VHB.11, 17 L’être humain est le seul réservoir connu des génotypes humains du VHB, mais d’autres génotypes étroi- tement apparentés existent chez les primates supérieurs.11, 17 Le VHB est relativement thermostable (il demeure infectieux pendant au moins une semaine dans l’environnement) et forte- ment contagieux.18, 19 Il est sensible aux produits détergents et aux solvants qui extraient les lipides de l’enveloppe virale.20\nLe VHB contient 3 antigènes importants: c, e et s. L’antigène de capside du virus de l’hépatite B (AgHBc) se trouve sur les capsides assemblées contenant l’ADN viral. Suite à l’infection,\n14 WHO immunization coverage. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_ surveillance/data/en, consulté en avril 2017.\n15 Monitoring and evaluation for viral hepatitis B and C: Recommended indicators and framework. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstr eam/10665/204790/1/9789241510288_eng.pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.\n16 Global Health Sector Strategy on viral hepatitis 2016–2021, towards ending viral hepatitis. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/246177/1/WHO-HIV-2016.06-eng.pdf, consulté en avril 2016.\n17 Gerlich WH. Medical Virology of Hepatitis B: how it began and where we are now, Virol J., 2013;10:239. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-239.\n18 Komiya Y et al. Minimum infectious dose of hepatitis B virus in chimpanzees and difference in the dynamics of viremia between genotype A and genotype C. Transfusion. 2008;48(2):286– 294.\n19 Bond WW et al. Survival of hepatitis B virus after drying and storage for one week. Lancet. 1981;1:550–551.\n20 Guidelines on viral inactivation and removal procedures intended to assure the viral safety of human blood plasma products. Série de rapports techniques de l’OMS No 924. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2004. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/bloodproducts/publi- cations/WHO_TRS_924_A4.pdf, consulté en mai 2017.\nHBcAg (anti-HBc) are readily formed at high titres during the course of infection but are not protective. The open reading frame encoding the core protein has the preC sequence, which converts the core protein to a secreted protein. This protein does not form capsids or HBcAg but a new antigen specificity named hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg).21 The presence of HBeAg in the blood indicates that HBV replication is highly active and that the blood and other body fluids (saliva, semen and vaginal fluids) are highly contagious. The viral envelope contains the HBsAg which includes 3 proteins: small (SHBs), middle (MHBs), and large surface proteins (LHBs). SHBs is the major component of the viral envelope and forms in addi- tion smaller non-infectious sub-viral particles (SVPs) which are secreted into the blood (ratio virus particles: SVPs = 1:3000). The HBV DNA may integrate into the genome of the infected hepatocyte which results in lifelong infection and the integrated DNA fragments may contrib- ute to the development of HCC. A nonstructural protein HBx supports the transcription of the viral DNA and may contribute to the oncogenicity of HBV.11, 17, 22\nHBV occurs in 10 different genotypes (A to J) with a DNA variation of >8% between genotypes. Genotypic distribution varies geographically. Many HBV subgeno- types exist and which differ by >4%. HBV genotypes are associated with variable courses of disease, severity of liver disease, and treatment outcomes.11, 17, 23, 24, 25", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "1c58f972f22e8107c54e10be80fa7d0d", - "text": "Agent pathogène", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Agent pathogène

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.21, - "y0": 401.86, - "x1": 373.85, - "y1": 413.89 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "423ede907eaa65a0188fdada00ca3d89", - "text": "Le VHB (famille des Hepadnaviridae, genre Orthohepadnavirus) est un virus enveloppé possédant un génome compact à ADN circulaire partiellement bicaténaire contenu dans une nucléo- capside icosaédrique. L’hépatocyte est le principal site de répli- cation du VHB.11, 17 L’être humain est le seul réservoir connu des génotypes humains du VHB, mais d’autres génotypes étroi- tement apparentés existent chez les primates supérieurs.11, 17 Le VHB est relativement thermostable (il demeure infectieux pendant au moins une semaine dans l’environnement) et forte- ment contagieux.18, 19 Il est sensible aux produits détergents et aux solvants qui extraient les lipides de l’enveloppe virale.20", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "1c58f972f22e8107c54e10be80fa7d0d", - "text_as_html": "

    Le VHB (famille des Hepadnaviridae, genre Orthohepadnavirus) est un virus enveloppé possédant un génome compact à ADN circulaire partiellement bicaténaire contenu dans une nucléo- capside icosaédrique. L’hépatocyte est le principal site de répli- cation du VHB.11, 17 L’être humain est le seul réservoir connu des génotypes humains du VHB, mais d’autres génotypes étroi- tement apparentés existent chez les primates supérieurs.11, 17 Le VHB est relativement thermostable (il demeure infectieux pendant au moins une semaine dans l’environnement) et forte- ment contagieux.18, 19 Il est sensible aux produits détergents et aux solvants qui extraient les lipides de l’enveloppe virale.20

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 415.25, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 535.73 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f796d308744fcecd727cf5f4cb650ea9", - "text": "Le VHB contient 3 antigènes importants: c, e et s. L’antigène de capside du virus de l’hépatite B (AgHBc) se trouve sur les capsides assemblées contenant l’ADN viral. Suite à l’infection,", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "1c58f972f22e8107c54e10be80fa7d0d", - "text_as_html": "

    Le VHB contient 3 antigènes importants: c, e et s. L’antigène de capside du virus de l’hépatite B (AgHBc) se trouve sur les capsides assemblées contenant l’ADN viral. Suite à l’infection,

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 541.8, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 574.37 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "d5fe3027d0c6c5ffdfead148bc631248", - "text": "14 WHO immunization coverage. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_ surveillance/data/en, consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "1c58f972f22e8107c54e10be80fa7d0d", - "text_as_html": "
  • 14 WHO immunization coverage. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_ surveillance/data/en, consulté en avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.9, - "y0": 595.19, - "x1": 549.78, - "y1": 612.06 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "2d5faf96a7e54e0c539914474628166f", - "text": "15 Monitoring and evaluation for viral hepatitis B and C: Recommended indicators and framework. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstr eam/10665/204790/1/9789241510288_eng.pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "1c58f972f22e8107c54e10be80fa7d0d", - "text_as_html": "
  • 15 Monitoring and evaluation for viral hepatitis B and C: Recommended indicators and framework. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstr eam/10665/204790/1/9789241510288_eng.pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.23, - "y0": 614.56, - "x1": 551.43, - "y1": 638.55 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "a2b222713a7e783c865ce572b2fc5f8d", - "text": "16 Global Health Sector Strategy on viral hepatitis 2016–2021, towards ending viral hepatitis. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/246177/1/WHO-HIV-2016.06-eng.pdf, consulté en avril 2016.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "1c58f972f22e8107c54e10be80fa7d0d", - "text_as_html": "
  • 16 Global Health Sector Strategy on viral hepatitis 2016–2021, towards ending viral hepatitis. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/246177/1/WHO-HIV-2016.06-eng.pdf, consulté en avril 2016.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.49, - "y0": 649.27, - "x1": 551.47, - "y1": 673.44 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "3e6075b73861c690d8667fba6065a119", - "text": "17 Gerlich WH. Medical Virology of Hepatitis B: how it began and where we are now, Virol J., 2013;10:239. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-239.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "1c58f972f22e8107c54e10be80fa7d0d", - "text_as_html": "
  • 17 Gerlich WH. Medical Virology of Hepatitis B: how it began and where we are now, Virol J., 2013;10:239. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-239.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.79, - "y0": 675.79, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 692.25 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "378d647169d2e08b1187ee9849d2aa17", - "text": "18 Komiya Y et al. Minimum infectious dose of hepatitis B virus in chimpanzees and difference in the dynamics of viremia between genotype A and genotype C. Transfusion. 2008;48(2):286– 294.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "1c58f972f22e8107c54e10be80fa7d0d", - "text_as_html": "
  • 18 Komiya Y et al. Minimum infectious dose of hepatitis B virus in chimpanzees and difference in the dynamics of viremia between genotype A and genotype C. Transfusion. 2008;48(2):286– 294.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.0, - "y0": 694.7, - "x1": 553.1, - "y1": 720.0 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "deb108b192df02150a66c383d490638e", - "text": "19 Bond WW et al. Survival of hepatitis B virus after drying and storage for one week. Lancet. 1981;1:550–551.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "1c58f972f22e8107c54e10be80fa7d0d", - "text_as_html": "
  • 19 Bond WW et al. Survival of hepatitis B virus after drying and storage for one week. Lancet. 1981;1:550–551.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.3, - "y0": 721.76, - "x1": 551.49, - "y1": 737.75 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "03139cb591706509de3fe4fb40438ce4", - "text": "20 Guidelines on viral inactivation and removal procedures intended to assure the viral safety of human blood plasma products. Série de rapports techniques de l’OMS No 924. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2004. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/bloodproducts/publi- cations/WHO_TRS_924_A4.pdf, consulté en mai 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "1c58f972f22e8107c54e10be80fa7d0d", - "text_as_html": "
  • 20 Guidelines on viral inactivation and removal procedures intended to assure the viral safety of human blood plasma products. Série de rapports techniques de l’OMS No 924. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2004. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/bloodproducts/publi- cations/WHO_TRS_924_A4.pdf, consulté en mai 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.49, - "y0": 740.58, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 772.65 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "15fccc69d9e91f7ef35afb616798b2b5", - "text": "HBcAg (anti-HBc) are readily formed at high titres during the course of infection but are not protective. The open reading frame encoding the core protein has the preC sequence, which converts the core protein to a secreted protein. This protein does not form capsids or HBcAg but a new antigen specificity named hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg).21 The presence of HBeAg in the blood indicates that HBV replication is highly active and that the blood and other body fluids (saliva, semen and vaginal fluids) are highly contagious. The viral envelope contains the HBsAg which includes 3 proteins: small (SHBs), middle (MHBs), and large surface proteins (LHBs). SHBs is the major component of the viral envelope and forms in addi- tion smaller non-infectious sub-viral particles (SVPs) which are secreted into the blood (ratio virus particles: SVPs = 1:3000). The HBV DNA may integrate into the genome of the infected hepatocyte which results in lifelong infection and the integrated DNA fragments may contrib- ute to the development of HCC. A nonstructural protein HBx supports the transcription of the viral DNA and may contribute to the oncogenicity of HBV.11, 17, 22", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "1c58f972f22e8107c54e10be80fa7d0d", - "text_as_html": "

    HBcAg (anti-HBc) are readily formed at high titres during the course of infection but are not protective. The open reading frame encoding the core protein has the preC sequence, which converts the core protein to a secreted protein. This protein does not form capsids or HBcAg but a new antigen specificity named hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg).21 The presence of HBeAg in the blood indicates that HBV replication is highly active and that the blood and other body fluids (saliva, semen and vaginal fluids) are highly contagious. The viral envelope contains the HBsAg which includes 3 proteins: small (SHBs), middle (MHBs), and large surface proteins (LHBs). SHBs is the major component of the viral envelope and forms in addi- tion smaller non-infectious sub-viral particles (SVPs) which are secreted into the blood (ratio virus particles: SVPs = 1:3000). The HBV DNA may integrate into the genome of the infected hepatocyte which results in lifelong infection and the integrated DNA fragments may contrib- ute to the development of HCC. A nonstructural protein HBx supports the transcription of the viral DNA and may contribute to the oncogenicity of HBV.11, 17, 22

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.04, - "y0": 56.66, - "x1": 272.53, - "y1": 286.12 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ebc939f450ea94ad2c2a8bd6289aa8ba", - "text": "HBV occurs in 10 different genotypes (A to J) with a DNA variation of >8% between genotypes. Genotypic distribution varies geographically. Many HBV subgeno- types exist and which differ by >4%. HBV genotypes are associated with variable courses of disease, severity of liver disease, and treatment outcomes.11, 17, 23, 24, 25", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "1c58f972f22e8107c54e10be80fa7d0d", - "text_as_html": "

    HBV occurs in 10 different genotypes (A to J) with a DNA variation of >8% between genotypes. Genotypic distribution varies geographically. Many HBV subgeno- types exist and which differ by >4%. HBV genotypes are associated with variable courses of disease, severity of liver disease, and treatment outcomes.11, 17, 23, 24, 25

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    Transmission and disease

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.2, - "y0": 379.78, - "x1": 164.13, - "y1": 391.26 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-20", - "text": "\n\n\nTransmission\nHBV is transmitted by exposure of mucosal membranes or non-intact skin to infected blood or other specific body fluids (saliva, semen and vaginal fluid). Trans- mission can occur perinatally from mother to child and from person to person.11 Infants born to mothers who are positive for both HBsAg and HBeAg are at a higher risk of acquiring infection (transmission risk 70%–100% in Asia and 40% in Africa) than those born to HBsAg-positive mothers who have lost the HBeAg (5%–30% in Asia and 5% in Africa).3 Infants born to mothers with HBV infection with a high viral replica- tion rate are at highest risk for perinatal transmis- sion.26, 27 Caesarean section reduces the perinatal trans- mission of HBV infection from HBsAg-positive women to their infants.28\n21 Preferred NCBI protein names: precore; HBe antigen; PreC; HBeAg; precore protein; external core antigen; HBeAg; p25. NCBI Reference Sequence: YP_009173857.1. Avai- lable at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/YP_009173857.1, accessed June 2017.\n22 Glebe D and Bremer CM. The molecular virology of hepatitis B virus. Semin Liver Dis. 2013;33(2):103–112.\n23 Sunbul M. Hepatitis B virus genotypes: global distribution and clinical importance. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(18):5427–5434.\n24 Littlejohn M et al. Origins and Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2016;6(1):a021360.\n25 Kramvis A. The clinical implications of hepatitis B virus genotypes and HBeAg in pediatrics. Rev Med Virol. 2016;26(4):285–303.\n26 de la Hoz F et al. Eight years of hepatitis B vaccination in Colombia with a recom- binant vaccine: factors influencing hepatitis B virus infection and effectiveness. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008;12:183–189.\n27 Wong VC et al. Prevention of the HBsAg carrier state in newborn infants of mothers who are chronic carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg by administration of hepatitis-B vaccine and hepatitis-B immunoglobulin. Double-blind randomised placebo- controlled study. Lancet, 1984;1:921–926.\n28 Pan et al. Cesarean section reduces perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infec- tion from hepatitis B surface antigen-positive women to their infants. Clin Gas- troenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(10):1349–1355.\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017\nl’organisme produit sans difficulté des titres élevés d’anticorps contre l’AgHBc (anti-HBc), mais ces derniers ne sont pas protec- teurs. Le cadre de lecture ouvert codant pour la protéine de capside contient une séquence préC, qui convertit la protéine de capside en protéine secrétée. Cette protéine ne forme pas de capsides ou d’AgHBc, mais un nouvel antigène spécifique appelé antigène e (AgHBe).21 La présence d’AgHBe dans le sang indique une réplication très active du VHB et un risque élevé de conta- gion par le sang et d’autres liquides biologiques (salive, sperme et sécrétions vaginales). L’enveloppe virale contient l’AgHBs, composé de 3 protéines: les protéines de surface de petite taille (SHBs), de taille moyenne (MHBs) et de grande taille (LHBs). Les protéines SHBs, principales composantes de l’enveloppe virale, forment par ailleurs des particules sous-virales non infectieuses, qui sont secrétées dans le sang (ratio particules virales/sous-virales = 1/3000). L’ADN du VHB peut s’intégrer dans le génome de l’hépatocyte infecté, entraînant une infection à vie, et les fragments d’ADN intégrés peuvent contribuer à la survenue d’un carcinome hépatocellulaire. Une protéine non structurale, HBx, favorise la transcription de l’ADN viral et peut contribuer à l’oncogénicité du VHB.11, 17, 22\nIl existe 10 génotypes différents du VHB (A à J), avec une varia- tion de >8% de l’ADN d’un génotype à l’autre. Leur distribution varie d’une zone géographique à l’autre. Il y a en outre de nombreux sous-génotypes, présentant des divergences >4%. Chaque génotype du VHB présente des caractéristiques diffé- rentes en termes de progression de la maladie, de gravité de l’affection hépatique et d’issue thérapeutique.11, 17, 23, 24, 25", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "5c4eec5b63a46e66eb3048ecc9bc89db", - "text": "Transmission", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Transmission

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 397.97, - "x1": 99.54, - "y1": 408.85 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ab2fdd6dad77214ef2a1144a2a8b9c19", - "text": "HBV is transmitted by exposure of mucosal membranes or non-intact skin to infected blood or other specific body fluids (saliva, semen and vaginal fluid). Trans- mission can occur perinatally from mother to child and from person to person.11 Infants born to mothers who are positive for both HBsAg and HBeAg are at a higher risk of acquiring infection (transmission risk 70%–100% in Asia and 40% in Africa) than those born to HBsAg-positive mothers who have lost the HBeAg (5%–30% in Asia and 5% in Africa).3 Infants born to mothers with HBV infection with a high viral replica- tion rate are at highest risk for perinatal transmis- sion.26, 27 Caesarean section reduces the perinatal trans- mission of HBV infection from HBsAg-positive women to their infants.28", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "5c4eec5b63a46e66eb3048ecc9bc89db", - "text_as_html": "

    HBV is transmitted by exposure of mucosal membranes or non-intact skin to infected blood or other specific body fluids (saliva, semen and vaginal fluid). Trans- mission can occur perinatally from mother to child and from person to person.11 Infants born to mothers who are positive for both HBsAg and HBeAg are at a higher risk of acquiring infection (transmission risk 70%–100% in Asia and 40% in Africa) than those born to HBsAg-positive mothers who have lost the HBeAg (5%–30% in Asia and 5% in Africa).3 Infants born to mothers with HBV infection with a high viral replica- tion rate are at highest risk for perinatal transmis- sion.26, 27 Caesarean section reduces the perinatal trans- mission of HBV infection from HBsAg-positive women to their infants.28

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.99, - "y0": 411.61, - "x1": 272.9, - "y1": 575.49 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "6b2a7eaac51c84434c3fb701e85bf038", - "text": "21 Preferred NCBI protein names: precore; HBe antigen; PreC; HBeAg; precore protein; external core antigen; HBeAg; p25. NCBI Reference Sequence: YP_009173857.1. Avai- lable at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/YP_009173857.1, accessed June 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "5c4eec5b63a46e66eb3048ecc9bc89db", - "text_as_html": "
  • 21 Preferred NCBI protein names: precore; HBe antigen; PreC; HBeAg; precore protein; external core antigen; HBeAg; p25. NCBI Reference Sequence: YP_009173857.1. Avai- lable at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/YP_009173857.1, accessed June 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.67, - "y0": 587.43, - "x1": 271.89, - "y1": 611.05 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "a46aaf87fa1a522e3e440d2e5c976fd5", - "text": "22 Glebe D and Bremer CM. The molecular virology of hepatitis B virus. Semin Liver Dis. 2013;33(2):103–112.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "5c4eec5b63a46e66eb3048ecc9bc89db", - "text_as_html": "
  • 22 Glebe D and Bremer CM. The molecular virology of hepatitis B virus. Semin Liver Dis. 2013;33(2):103–112.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.4, - "y0": 613.74, - "x1": 272.54, - "y1": 629.42 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "3d2bf4610d826ad53c7d8b3e376ff026", - "text": "23 Sunbul M. Hepatitis B virus genotypes: global distribution and clinical importance. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(18):5427–5434.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "5c4eec5b63a46e66eb3048ecc9bc89db", - "text_as_html": "
  • 23 Sunbul M. Hepatitis B virus genotypes: global distribution and clinical importance. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(18):5427–5434.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.2, - "y0": 632.21, - "x1": 272.11, - "y1": 648.21 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "09ce853b9780d387861ff8df31668845", - "text": "24 Littlejohn M et al. Origins and Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2016;6(1):a021360.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "5c4eec5b63a46e66eb3048ecc9bc89db", - "text_as_html": "
  • 24 Littlejohn M et al. Origins and Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2016;6(1):a021360.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.03, - "y0": 650.66, - "x1": 271.89, - "y1": 666.53 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "bd365e758c98f0005e0ea4fd1322f9fa", - "text": "25 Kramvis A. The clinical implications of hepatitis B virus genotypes and HBeAg in pediatrics. Rev Med Virol. 2016;26(4):285–303.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "5c4eec5b63a46e66eb3048ecc9bc89db", - "text_as_html": "
  • 25 Kramvis A. The clinical implications of hepatitis B virus genotypes and HBeAg in pediatrics. Rev Med Virol. 2016;26(4):285–303.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.5, - "y0": 669.13, - "x1": 273.24, - "y1": 685.37 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "cb5c7a4bc149604cd2675af1bfea51ef", - "text": "26 de la Hoz F et al. Eight years of hepatitis B vaccination in Colombia with a recom- binant vaccine: factors influencing hepatitis B virus infection and effectiveness. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008;12:183–189.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "5c4eec5b63a46e66eb3048ecc9bc89db", - "text_as_html": "
  • 26 de la Hoz F et al. Eight years of hepatitis B vaccination in Colombia with a recom- binant vaccine: factors influencing hepatitis B virus infection and effectiveness. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008;12:183–189.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.27, - "y0": 687.59, - "x1": 273.76, - "y1": 711.61 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "66aaae390c8ceb366f7f2e6096df6f71", - "text": "27 Wong VC et al. Prevention of the HBsAg carrier state in newborn infants of mothers who are chronic carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg by administration of hepatitis-B vaccine and hepatitis-B immunoglobulin. Double-blind randomised placebo- controlled study. Lancet, 1984;1:921–926.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "5c4eec5b63a46e66eb3048ecc9bc89db", - "text_as_html": "
  • 27 Wong VC et al. Prevention of the HBsAg carrier state in newborn infants of mothers who are chronic carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg by administration of hepatitis-B vaccine and hepatitis-B immunoglobulin. Double-blind randomised placebo- controlled study. Lancet, 1984;1:921–926.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.31, - "y0": 714.19, - "x1": 274.88, - "y1": 746.24 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "0df58d3afa2f1bd97621ae40e2802312", - "text": "28 Pan et al. Cesarean section reduces perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infec- tion from hepatitis B surface antigen-positive women to their infants. Clin Gas- troenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(10):1349–1355.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "5c4eec5b63a46e66eb3048ecc9bc89db", - "text_as_html": "
  • 28 Pan et al. Cesarean section reduces perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infec- tion from hepatitis B surface antigen-positive women to their infants. Clin Gas- troenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(10):1349–1355.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.63, - "y0": 749.29, - "x1": 273.83, - "y1": 772.7 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "00b5701007cf3d34963f8397945886b3", - "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "5c4eec5b63a46e66eb3048ecc9bc89db", - "text_as_html": "

    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.13, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 223.81, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "75f430065898e4eb42e38b589abbb626", - "text": "l’organisme produit sans difficulté des titres élevés d’anticorps contre l’AgHBc (anti-HBc), mais ces derniers ne sont pas protec- teurs. Le cadre de lecture ouvert codant pour la protéine de capside contient une séquence préC, qui convertit la protéine de capside en protéine secrétée. Cette protéine ne forme pas de capsides ou d’AgHBc, mais un nouvel antigène spécifique appelé antigène e (AgHBe).21 La présence d’AgHBe dans le sang indique une réplication très active du VHB et un risque élevé de conta- gion par le sang et d’autres liquides biologiques (salive, sperme et sécrétions vaginales). L’enveloppe virale contient l’AgHBs, composé de 3 protéines: les protéines de surface de petite taille (SHBs), de taille moyenne (MHBs) et de grande taille (LHBs). Les protéines SHBs, principales composantes de l’enveloppe virale, forment par ailleurs des particules sous-virales non infectieuses, qui sont secrétées dans le sang (ratio particules virales/sous-virales = 1/3000). L’ADN du VHB peut s’intégrer dans le génome de l’hépatocyte infecté, entraînant une infection à vie, et les fragments d’ADN intégrés peuvent contribuer à la survenue d’un carcinome hépatocellulaire. Une protéine non structurale, HBx, favorise la transcription de l’ADN viral et peut contribuer à l’oncogénicité du VHB.11, 17, 22", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "5c4eec5b63a46e66eb3048ecc9bc89db", - "text_as_html": "

    l’organisme produit sans difficulté des titres élevés d’anticorps contre l’AgHBc (anti-HBc), mais ces derniers ne sont pas protec- teurs. Le cadre de lecture ouvert codant pour la protéine de capside contient une séquence préC, qui convertit la protéine de capside en protéine secrétée. Cette protéine ne forme pas de capsides ou d’AgHBc, mais un nouvel antigène spécifique appelé antigène e (AgHBe).21 La présence d’AgHBe dans le sang indique une réplication très active du VHB et un risque élevé de conta- gion par le sang et d’autres liquides biologiques (salive, sperme et sécrétions vaginales). L’enveloppe virale contient l’AgHBs, composé de 3 protéines: les protéines de surface de petite taille (SHBs), de taille moyenne (MHBs) et de grande taille (LHBs). Les protéines SHBs, principales composantes de l’enveloppe virale, forment par ailleurs des particules sous-virales non infectieuses, qui sont secrétées dans le sang (ratio particules virales/sous-virales = 1/3000). L’ADN du VHB peut s’intégrer dans le génome de l’hépatocyte infecté, entraînant une infection à vie, et les fragments d’ADN intégrés peuvent contribuer à la survenue d’un carcinome hépatocellulaire. Une protéine non structurale, HBx, favorise la transcription de l’ADN viral et peut contribuer à l’oncogénicité du VHB.11, 17, 22

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 56.66, - "x1": 552.34, - "y1": 286.12 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "67e48d06193819857748d24ea1fe1c38", - "text": "Il existe 10 génotypes différents du VHB (A à J), avec une varia- tion de >8% de l’ADN d’un génotype à l’autre. Leur distribution varie d’une zone géographique à l’autre. Il y a en outre de nombreux sous-génotypes, présentant des divergences >4%. Chaque génotype du VHB présente des caractéristiques diffé- rentes en termes de progression de la maladie, de gravité de l’affection hépatique et d’issue thérapeutique.11, 17, 23, 24, 25", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "5c4eec5b63a46e66eb3048ecc9bc89db", - "text_as_html": "

    Il existe 10 génotypes différents du VHB (A à J), avec une varia- tion de >8% de l’ADN d’un génotype à l’autre. Leur distribution varie d’une zone géographique à l’autre. Il y a en outre de nombreux sous-génotypes, présentant des divergences >4%. Chaque génotype du VHB présente des caractéristiques diffé- rentes en termes de progression de la maladie, de gravité de l’affection hépatique et d’issue thérapeutique.11, 17, 23, 24, 25

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 292.31, - "x1": 552.37, - "y1": 368.76 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-21", - "text": "\n\n\nTransmission et maladie", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "3ff7081d6acd685654c9e475b99aeac2", - "text": "Transmission et maladie", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Transmission et maladie

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.21, - "y0": 379.16, - "x1": 406.82, - "y1": 391.42 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-22", - "text": "\n\n\nTransmission\nLe VHB se transmet par exposition des muqueuses ou de la peau lésée à du sang ou d’autres liquides biologiques spéci- fiques contaminés (salive, sperme et sécrétions vaginales). Il peut se transmettre d’une personne à l’autre et, au cours de la période périnatale, de la mère à l’enfant.11 Les nourrissons nés de mères positives à la fois pour l’AgHBs et l’AgHBe sont expo- sés à un risque d’infection plus important (risque de transmis- sion de 70%-100% en Asie et de 40% en Afrique) que ceux qui sont nés de mères qui sont positives pour l’AgHBs mais ne présentent plus d’AgHBe (5%-30% en Asie et 5% en Afrique).3 Les nourrissons nés de mères présentant une infection à VHB et un taux élevé de réplication virale sont les plus exposés au risque de transmission périnatale.26, 27 La césarienne réduit le risque de transmission périnatale de l’infection à VHB des femmes positives pour l’AgHBs à leurs nourrissons.28\n21 Preferred NCBI protein names: precore; HBe antigen; PreC; HBeAg; precore protein; external core antigen; HBeAg; p25. NCBI Reference Sequence: YP_009173857.1. Disponible sur https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/YP_009173857.1, consulté en juin 2017.\n22 Glebe D and Bremer CM. The molecular virology of hepatitis B virus. Semin Liver Dis. 2013;33(2):103–112.\n23 Sunbul M. Hepatitis B virus genotypes: global distribution and clinical importance., World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(18):5427–5434.\n24 Littlejohn M et al. Origins and Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2016;6(1):a021360.\n25 Kramvis A. The clinical implications of hepatitis B virus genotypes and HBeAg in pediatrics. Rev Med Virol. 2016;26(4):285–303.\n26 de la Hoz F et al. Eight years of hepatitis B vaccination in Colombia with a recombinant vaccine: factors influencing hepatitis B virus infection and effectiveness. International Journal of Infec- tious Diseases. 2008;12:183–189.\n27 Wong VC et al. Prevention of the HBsAg carrier state in newborn infants of mothers who are chronic carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg by administration of hepatitis-B vaccine and hepatitis-B immunoglobulin. Double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet, 1984;1:921–926.\n28 Pan et al. Cesarean section reduces perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection from hepatitis B surface antigen-positive women to their infants. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(10):1349–1355.\n373\nHBV transmission can occur even in the absence of visible blood, e.g. by sharing toothbrushes or razors, contact with exudates from dermatologic lesions, contact with saliva through bites or other breaks in the skin, needle stick injuries or re-use of needles and syringes, premastication or oral prewarming of food, sharing of chewing gum or food items, or contact with HBV-contaminated surfaces. Among adolescents and adults major routes of infection are sexual transmission by contact with semen or vaginal fluid, and percutane- ous transmission through the use of contaminated needles such as in injecting drug use.11", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "9fef1058a75a495127ba8550f8d880fe", - "text": "Transmission", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Transmission

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.52, - "y0": 397.19, - "x1": 347.06, - "y1": 409.35 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "3a6c5707775a9f46fb7be80ba591c5b0", - "text": "Le VHB se transmet par exposition des muqueuses ou de la peau lésée à du sang ou d’autres liquides biologiques spéci- fiques contaminés (salive, sperme et sécrétions vaginales). Il peut se transmettre d’une personne à l’autre et, au cours de la période périnatale, de la mère à l’enfant.11 Les nourrissons nés de mères positives à la fois pour l’AgHBs et l’AgHBe sont expo- sés à un risque d’infection plus important (risque de transmis- sion de 70%-100% en Asie et de 40% en Afrique) que ceux qui sont nés de mères qui sont positives pour l’AgHBs mais ne présentent plus d’AgHBe (5%-30% en Asie et 5% en Afrique).3 Les nourrissons nés de mères présentant une infection à VHB et un taux élevé de réplication virale sont les plus exposés au risque de transmission périnatale.26, 27 La césarienne réduit le risque de transmission périnatale de l’infection à VHB des femmes positives pour l’AgHBs à leurs nourrissons.28", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "9fef1058a75a495127ba8550f8d880fe", - "text_as_html": "

    Le VHB se transmet par exposition des muqueuses ou de la peau lésée à du sang ou d’autres liquides biologiques spéci- fiques contaminés (salive, sperme et sécrétions vaginales). Il peut se transmettre d’une personne à l’autre et, au cours de la période périnatale, de la mère à l’enfant.11 Les nourrissons nés de mères positives à la fois pour l’AgHBs et l’AgHBe sont expo- sés à un risque d’infection plus important (risque de transmis- sion de 70%-100% en Asie et de 40% en Afrique) que ceux qui sont nés de mères qui sont positives pour l’AgHBs mais ne présentent plus d’AgHBe (5%-30% en Asie et 5% en Afrique).3 Les nourrissons nés de mères présentant une infection à VHB et un taux élevé de réplication virale sont les plus exposés au risque de transmission périnatale.26, 27 La césarienne réduit le risque de transmission périnatale de l’infection à VHB des femmes positives pour l’AgHBs à leurs nourrissons.28

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 411.89, - "x1": 553.41, - "y1": 575.49 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "8041839fb3dc549e3bbedf5da6bc4b9a", - "text": "21 Preferred NCBI protein names: precore; HBe antigen; PreC; HBeAg; precore protein; external core antigen; HBeAg; p25. NCBI Reference Sequence: YP_009173857.1. Disponible sur https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/YP_009173857.1, consulté en juin 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "9fef1058a75a495127ba8550f8d880fe", - "text_as_html": "
  • 21 Preferred NCBI protein names: precore; HBe antigen; PreC; HBeAg; precore protein; external core antigen; HBeAg; p25. NCBI Reference Sequence: YP_009173857.1. Disponible sur https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/YP_009173857.1, consulté en juin 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.02, - "y0": 586.93, - "x1": 551.45, - "y1": 611.45 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ae1bfb7c9e5e199c782798fb6cb9e582", - "text": "22 Glebe D and Bremer CM. The molecular virology of hepatitis B virus. Semin Liver Dis. 2013;33(2):103–112.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "9fef1058a75a495127ba8550f8d880fe", - "text_as_html": "
  • 22 Glebe D and Bremer CM. The molecular virology of hepatitis B virus. Semin Liver Dis. 2013;33(2):103–112.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.85, - "y0": 613.5, - "x1": 551.43, - "y1": 629.77 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ce622314b421b3ac1904f968039140c0", - "text": "23 Sunbul M. Hepatitis B virus genotypes: global distribution and clinical importance., World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(18):5427–5434.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "9fef1058a75a495127ba8550f8d880fe", - "text_as_html": "
  • 23 Sunbul M. Hepatitis B virus genotypes: global distribution and clinical importance., World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(18):5427–5434.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.13, - "y0": 632.36, - "x1": 551.45, - "y1": 648.42 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "511727b9c3c781f7ee8d7dc840a1070f", - "text": "24 Littlejohn M et al. Origins and Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2016;6(1):a021360.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "9fef1058a75a495127ba8550f8d880fe", - "text_as_html": "
  • 24 Littlejohn M et al. Origins and Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2016;6(1):a021360.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.57, - "y0": 650.39, - "x1": 551.47, - "y1": 666.72 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "e004e68150b643668fae4b7c771871b7", - "text": "25 Kramvis A. The clinical implications of hepatitis B virus genotypes and HBeAg in pediatrics. Rev Med Virol. 2016;26(4):285–303.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "9fef1058a75a495127ba8550f8d880fe", - "text_as_html": "
  • 25 Kramvis A. The clinical implications of hepatitis B virus genotypes and HBeAg in pediatrics. Rev Med Virol. 2016;26(4):285–303.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.87, - "y0": 668.89, - "x1": 551.47, - "y1": 685.17 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "f9bae1768b59ec186ca01041f294042b", - "text": "26 de la Hoz F et al. Eight years of hepatitis B vaccination in Colombia with a recombinant vaccine: factors influencing hepatitis B virus infection and effectiveness. International Journal of Infec- tious Diseases. 2008;12:183–189.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "9fef1058a75a495127ba8550f8d880fe", - "text_as_html": "
  • 26 de la Hoz F et al. Eight years of hepatitis B vaccination in Colombia with a recombinant vaccine: factors influencing hepatitis B virus infection and effectiveness. International Journal of Infec- tious Diseases. 2008;12:183–189.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.45, - "y0": 687.58, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 711.61 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "798ec4a5635fb2f61aa4f930f5ac2844", - "text": "27 Wong VC et al. Prevention of the HBsAg carrier state in newborn infants of mothers who are chronic carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg by administration of hepatitis-B vaccine and hepatitis-B immunoglobulin. Double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet, 1984;1:921–926.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "9fef1058a75a495127ba8550f8d880fe", - "text_as_html": "
  • 27 Wong VC et al. Prevention of the HBsAg carrier state in newborn infants of mothers who are chronic carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg by administration of hepatitis-B vaccine and hepatitis-B immunoglobulin. Double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet, 1984;1:921–926.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.09, - "y0": 714.37, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 738.15 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "8d435afafa059cad071f3cd10e2dd662", - "text": "28 Pan et al. Cesarean section reduces perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection from hepatitis B surface antigen-positive women to their infants. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(10):1349–1355.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "9fef1058a75a495127ba8550f8d880fe", - "text_as_html": "
  • 28 Pan et al. Cesarean section reduces perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection from hepatitis B surface antigen-positive women to their infants. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(10):1349–1355.
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    373

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.86, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.78, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "9cd42852d7eef0e2214b70d66d075a83", - "text": "HBV transmission can occur even in the absence of visible blood, e.g. by sharing toothbrushes or razors, contact with exudates from dermatologic lesions, contact with saliva through bites or other breaks in the skin, needle stick injuries or re-use of needles and syringes, premastication or oral prewarming of food, sharing of chewing gum or food items, or contact with HBV-contaminated surfaces. Among adolescents and adults major routes of infection are sexual transmission by contact with semen or vaginal fluid, and percutane- ous transmission through the use of contaminated needles such as in injecting drug use.11", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "9fef1058a75a495127ba8550f8d880fe", - "text_as_html": "

    HBV transmission can occur even in the absence of visible blood, e.g. by sharing toothbrushes or razors, contact with exudates from dermatologic lesions, contact with saliva through bites or other breaks in the skin, needle stick injuries or re-use of needles and syringes, premastication or oral prewarming of food, sharing of chewing gum or food items, or contact with HBV-contaminated surfaces. Among adolescents and adults major routes of infection are sexual transmission by contact with semen or vaginal fluid, and percutane- ous transmission through the use of contaminated needles such as in injecting drug use.11

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 56.66, - "x1": 273.54, - "y1": 187.14 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-23", - "text": "\n\n\nDisease\nThe incubation period for acute hepatitis B is 75 days on average, but may vary from about 30 to 180 days. The liver injury during HBV infection is mediated by the host’s immune response. The outcomes of HBV infection depend on host factors including age, sex, genetic background, co-infections, other co-existent diseases and concomitant medications, and on viral factors including the HBV genotype, and viral DNA levels.11, 17, 29 Recent HBV infection is characterized by the presence in the blood of HBsAg and immunoglobu- lin M (IgM) against HBcAg. During the initial, highly replicative phase of infection, patients are also sero- positive for HBeAg.\nThe initial infection may be asymptomatic, or may present as acute (clinical) hepatitis with or without jaundice, or result in fulminant hepatitis. Acute hepa- titis B, characterised by acute inflammation and hepa- tocellular necrosis, occurs in approximately 1% of perinatal infections, 10% of early childhood infections (in children aged 1–5 years) and 30% of late infections (in persons aged >5 years). Fulminant disease develops rarely in infants and children but occurs in 0.5%–1% of adult cases of acute hepatitis B, with a case-fatality rate of 20%–33%.11, 30 The rate of development of chronic HBV infection is inversely related to the age at acquisition of the infection, occurring in approxi- mately 80%–90% of infants infected perinatally, 30%–50% of children infected before the age of 6 years, and in <5% of infections occurring in otherwise healthy adults.11, 31, 32\nChronic hepatitis B encompasses a spectrum of disease, and is defined as persistent HBV infection (the presence of detectable HBsAg in the blood or serum for longer than 6 months), with or without associated active viral replication and evidence of hepatocellular injury and inflammation. Chronically infected persons are at high risk for development of liver cirrhosis and HCC.3, 11 Several coexistent conditions are associated with an increased risk of progression of liver disease in persons with chronic HBV infection; these include concurrent\n29 Trépo C et al. Hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet. 2014;384(9959):2053–2063.\n30 Chang JJ and Lewin SR. Immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. Immu- nol Cell Biol. 2007; 85(1), 16–23.\n31 Shimakawa Y et al. Birth order and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic car- riers of hepatitis B virus: a case-control study in The Gambia. Liver Int. 2015;35(10):2318–2326.\n32 Hyams KC. Risks of chronicity following acute hepatitis B virus infection: a review. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1995;20:992–1000.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "b7d509a4643ecb18cc14660062a5a4ec", - "text": "Disease", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Disease

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 210.41, - "x1": 78.39, - "y1": 220.25 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "133f2f1f46c77fd707e5c08ab5f4ff1e", - "text": "The incubation period for acute hepatitis B is 75 days on average, but may vary from about 30 to 180 days. The liver injury during HBV infection is mediated by the host’s immune response. The outcomes of HBV infection depend on host factors including age, sex, genetic background, co-infections, other co-existent diseases and concomitant medications, and on viral factors including the HBV genotype, and viral DNA levels.11, 17, 29 Recent HBV infection is characterized by the presence in the blood of HBsAg and immunoglobu- lin M (IgM) against HBcAg. During the initial, highly replicative phase of infection, patients are also sero- positive for HBeAg.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "b7d509a4643ecb18cc14660062a5a4ec", - "text_as_html": "

    The incubation period for acute hepatitis B is 75 days on average, but may vary from about 30 to 180 days. The liver injury during HBV infection is mediated by the host’s immune response. The outcomes of HBV infection depend on host factors including age, sex, genetic background, co-infections, other co-existent diseases and concomitant medications, and on viral factors including the HBV genotype, and viral DNA levels.11, 17, 29 Recent HBV infection is characterized by the presence in the blood of HBsAg and immunoglobu- lin M (IgM) against HBcAg. During the initial, highly replicative phase of infection, patients are also sero- positive for HBeAg.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.96, - "y0": 223.35, - "x1": 273.73, - "y1": 364.83 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "e703c22aa822124770f47bd6b6b3469a", - "text": "The initial infection may be asymptomatic, or may present as acute (clinical) hepatitis with or without jaundice, or result in fulminant hepatitis. Acute hepa- titis B, characterised by acute inflammation and hepa- tocellular necrosis, occurs in approximately 1% of perinatal infections, 10% of early childhood infections (in children aged 1–5 years) and 30% of late infections (in persons aged >5 years). Fulminant disease develops rarely in infants and children but occurs in 0.5%–1% of adult cases of acute hepatitis B, with a case-fatality rate of 20%–33%.11, 30 The rate of development of chronic HBV infection is inversely related to the age at acquisition of the infection, occurring in approxi- mately 80%–90% of infants infected perinatally, 30%–50% of children infected before the age of 6 years, and in <5% of infections occurring in otherwise healthy adults.11, 31, 32", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "b7d509a4643ecb18cc14660062a5a4ec", - "text_as_html": "

    The initial infection may be asymptomatic, or may present as acute (clinical) hepatitis with or without jaundice, or result in fulminant hepatitis. Acute hepa- titis B, characterised by acute inflammation and hepa- tocellular necrosis, occurs in approximately 1% of perinatal infections, 10% of early childhood infections (in children aged 1–5 years) and 30% of late infections (in persons aged >5 years). Fulminant disease develops rarely in infants and children but occurs in 0.5%–1% of adult cases of acute hepatitis B, with a case-fatality rate of 20%–33%.11, 30 The rate of development of chronic HBV infection is inversely related to the age at acquisition of the infection, occurring in approxi- mately 80%–90% of infants infected perinatally, 30%–50% of children infected before the age of 6 years, and in <5% of infections occurring in otherwise healthy adults.11, 31, 32

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.89, - "y0": 371.74, - "x1": 274.0, - "y1": 557.44 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c62217c5a37f4d5658b4fb5238951be3", - "text": "Chronic hepatitis B encompasses a spectrum of disease, and is defined as persistent HBV infection (the presence of detectable HBsAg in the blood or serum for longer than 6 months), with or without associated active viral replication and evidence of hepatocellular injury and inflammation. Chronically infected persons are at high risk for development of liver cirrhosis and HCC.3, 11 Several coexistent conditions are associated with an increased risk of progression of liver disease in persons with chronic HBV infection; these include concurrent", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "b7d509a4643ecb18cc14660062a5a4ec", - "text_as_html": "

    Chronic hepatitis B encompasses a spectrum of disease, and is defined as persistent HBV infection (the presence of detectable HBsAg in the blood or serum for longer than 6 months), with or without associated active viral replication and evidence of hepatocellular injury and inflammation. Chronically infected persons are at high risk for development of liver cirrhosis and HCC.3, 11 Several coexistent conditions are associated with an increased risk of progression of liver disease in persons with chronic HBV infection; these include concurrent

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.01, - "y0": 564.02, - "x1": 273.3, - "y1": 673.07 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "0e06868aa51977c87bc4fd4607ba09f9", - "text": "29 Trépo C et al. Hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet. 2014;384(9959):2053–2063.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "b7d509a4643ecb18cc14660062a5a4ec", - "text_as_html": "

    29 Trépo C et al. Hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet. 2014;384(9959):2053–2063.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.07, - "y0": 700.6, - "x1": 260.65, - "y1": 707.92 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "b861691726226770236c598fdf00a0dd", - "text": "30 Chang JJ and Lewin SR. Immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. Immu- nol Cell Biol. 2007; 85(1), 16–23.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "b7d509a4643ecb18cc14660062a5a4ec", - "text_as_html": "
  • 30 Chang JJ and Lewin SR. Immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. Immu- nol Cell Biol. 2007; 85(1), 16–23.
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  • 31 Shimakawa Y et al. Birth order and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic car- riers of hepatitis B virus: a case-control study in The Gambia. Liver Int. 2015;35(10):2318–2326.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.58, - "y0": 729.45, - "x1": 273.14, - "y1": 753.43 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "0876a72d7d81d81c103108f9aa916097", - "text": "32 Hyams KC. Risks of chronicity following acute hepatitis B virus infection: a review. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1995;20:992–1000.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "b7d509a4643ecb18cc14660062a5a4ec", - "text_as_html": "
  • 32 Hyams KC. Risks of chronicity following acute hepatitis B virus infection: a review. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1995;20:992–1000.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.46, - "y0": 756.76, - "x1": 272.33, - "y1": 772.32 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-24", - "text": "\n\n\n374\nLe VHB peut se transmettre même en l’absence de sang visible, par exemple par partage de brosses à dents ou de rasoirs, par contact avec les exsudats de lésions cutanées, par contact avec la salive suite à une morsure ou une autre effraction cutanée, une piqûre d’aiguille, la réutilisation d’aiguilles ou de serin- gues, la prémastication ou le préchauffage oral des aliments, le partage de chewing-gum ou d’aliments, ainsi que par contact avec des surfaces contaminées par le VHB. Chez les adolescents et les adultes, l’infection est souvent transmise par voie sexuelle, par contact avec le sperme ou les sécrétions vaginales, et par voie percutanée suite à l’utilisation d’aiguilles contaminées, notamment en cas de consommation de drogue par injection.11", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "9e236051c006ca3d46356f5fb82bd45f", - "text": "374", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    374

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    Le VHB peut se transmettre même en l’absence de sang visible, par exemple par partage de brosses à dents ou de rasoirs, par contact avec les exsudats de lésions cutanées, par contact avec la salive suite à une morsure ou une autre effraction cutanée, une piqûre d’aiguille, la réutilisation d’aiguilles ou de serin- gues, la prémastication ou le préchauffage oral des aliments, le partage de chewing-gum ou d’aliments, ainsi que par contact avec des surfaces contaminées par le VHB. Chez les adolescents et les adultes, l’infection est souvent transmise par voie sexuelle, par contact avec le sperme ou les sécrétions vaginales, et par voie percutanée suite à l’utilisation d’aiguilles contaminées, notamment en cas de consommation de drogue par injection.11

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 56.21, - "x1": 552.37, - "y1": 198.14 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-25", - "text": "\n\n\nMaladie\nLa période d’incubation de l’hépatite B aiguë est de 75 jours en moyenne, mais peut varier entre 30 et 180 jours. Les lésions hépatiques associées à l’infection à VHB sont médiées par la réponse immunitaire de l’hôte. L’issue de l’infection dépend de facteurs propres à l’hôte, tels que l’âge, le sexe, les caractéris- tiques génétiques, la présence de co-infections ou d’autres comorbidités et la prise concomitante de médicaments, ainsi que de facteurs viraux, tels que le génotype du VHB et la quan- tité d’ADN viral.11, 17, 29 Les infections à VHB récentes se carac- térisent par la présence d’AgHBs et d’immunoglobuline M (IgM) contre l’AgHBc dans le sang. Pendant la phase initiale de l’infection, marquée par une réplication intense du virus, les patients sont également positifs pour l’AgHBe.\nL’infection initiale peut être asymptomatique, peut se mani- fester sous forme d’hépatite aiguë (clinique) avec ou sans ictère, ou peut donner lieu à une hépatite fulminante. L’hépa- tite B aiguë, caractérisée par une inflammation aiguë et une nécrose hépatocellulaire, survient dans environ 1% des infec- tions périnatales, 10% des infections de la petite enfance (enfants âgés de 1-5 ans) et 30% des infections plus tardives (sujets âgés de >5 ans). La forme fulminante de la maladie est rare chez les nourrissons et les enfants, mais survient dans 0,5%-1% des cas d’hépatite B aiguë chez l’adulte, avec un taux de létalité de 20%-33%.11, 30 La fréquence d’apparition de l’in- fection chronique à VHB est inversement liée à l’âge du sujet au moment de l’infection: elle est observée dans environ 80%-90% des infections périnatales, 30%-50% des infections contractées avant l’âge de 6 ans et <5% des infections surve- nant chez des adultes par ailleurs en bonne santé.11, 31, 32\nL’hépatite B chronique couvre un large spectre de manifesta- tions cliniques et est défini par une infection à VHB persistante (présence d’AgHBs détectable dans le sang ou le sérum pendant plus de 6 mois), qu’elle s’accompagne ou non d’une réplication virale active et de signes d’inflammation et d’atteinte hépato- cellulaire. Les personnes atteintes d’une infection chronique présentent un risque élevé d’évolution de la maladie vers une cirrhose du foie et un carcinome hépatocellulaire.3, 11 Plusieurs comorbidités sont associées à un risque accru de progression de l’affection hépatique chez les personnes atteintes d’une\n29 Trépo C et al. Hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet. 2014;384(9959):2053–2063.\n30 Chang JJ and Lewin SR. Immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. Immunol Cell Biol. 2007; 85(1), 16–23.\n31 Shimakawa Y et al. Birth order and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic carriers of hepa- titis B virus: a case-control study in The Gambia. Liver Int. 2015;35(10):2318–2326.\n32 Hyams KC. Risks of chronicity following acute hepatitis B virus infection: a review. Clinical Infec- tious Diseases. 1995;20:992–1000.\ninfection with HIV, HCV or HDV (fulminant hepatitis is often caused by superinfection of HBV carriers with HDV), high consumption of alcohol, or exposure to afla- toxins.3, 11, 33", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "13f4feff246d6e932747dc99b98fb56a", - "text": "Maladie", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Maladie

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.98, - "y0": 209.29, - "x1": 327.67, - "y1": 220.62 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "26b8c636cdc468190f227d9225cc4604", - "text": "La période d’incubation de l’hépatite B aiguë est de 75 jours en moyenne, mais peut varier entre 30 et 180 jours. Les lésions hépatiques associées à l’infection à VHB sont médiées par la réponse immunitaire de l’hôte. L’issue de l’infection dépend de facteurs propres à l’hôte, tels que l’âge, le sexe, les caractéris- tiques génétiques, la présence de co-infections ou d’autres comorbidités et la prise concomitante de médicaments, ainsi que de facteurs viraux, tels que le génotype du VHB et la quan- tité d’ADN viral.11, 17, 29 Les infections à VHB récentes se carac- térisent par la présence d’AgHBs et d’immunoglobuline M (IgM) contre l’AgHBc dans le sang. Pendant la phase initiale de l’infection, marquée par une réplication intense du virus, les patients sont également positifs pour l’AgHBe.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "13f4feff246d6e932747dc99b98fb56a", - "text_as_html": "

    La période d’incubation de l’hépatite B aiguë est de 75 jours en moyenne, mais peut varier entre 30 et 180 jours. Les lésions hépatiques associées à l’infection à VHB sont médiées par la réponse immunitaire de l’hôte. L’issue de l’infection dépend de facteurs propres à l’hôte, tels que l’âge, le sexe, les caractéris- tiques génétiques, la présence de co-infections ou d’autres comorbidités et la prise concomitante de médicaments, ainsi que de facteurs viraux, tels que le génotype du VHB et la quan- tité d’ADN viral.11, 17, 29 Les infections à VHB récentes se carac- térisent par la présence d’AgHBs et d’immunoglobuline M (IgM) contre l’AgHBc dans le sang. Pendant la phase initiale de l’infection, marquée par une réplication intense du virus, les patients sont également positifs pour l’AgHBe.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 222.53, - "x1": 552.09, - "y1": 364.83 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "a673d423743e31d588acf5389170c128", - "text": "L’infection initiale peut être asymptomatique, peut se mani- fester sous forme d’hépatite aiguë (clinique) avec ou sans ictère, ou peut donner lieu à une hépatite fulminante. L’hépa- tite B aiguë, caractérisée par une inflammation aiguë et une nécrose hépatocellulaire, survient dans environ 1% des infec- tions périnatales, 10% des infections de la petite enfance (enfants âgés de 1-5 ans) et 30% des infections plus tardives (sujets âgés de >5 ans). La forme fulminante de la maladie est rare chez les nourrissons et les enfants, mais survient dans 0,5%-1% des cas d’hépatite B aiguë chez l’adulte, avec un taux de létalité de 20%-33%.11, 30 La fréquence d’apparition de l’in- fection chronique à VHB est inversement liée à l’âge du sujet au moment de l’infection: elle est observée dans environ 80%-90% des infections périnatales, 30%-50% des infections contractées avant l’âge de 6 ans et <5% des infections surve- nant chez des adultes par ailleurs en bonne santé.11, 31, 32", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "13f4feff246d6e932747dc99b98fb56a", - "text_as_html": "

    L’infection initiale peut être asymptomatique, peut se mani- fester sous forme d’hépatite aiguë (clinique) avec ou sans ictère, ou peut donner lieu à une hépatite fulminante. L’hépa- tite B aiguë, caractérisée par une inflammation aiguë et une nécrose hépatocellulaire, survient dans environ 1% des infec- tions périnatales, 10% des infections de la petite enfance (enfants âgés de 1-5 ans) et 30% des infections plus tardives (sujets âgés de >5 ans). La forme fulminante de la maladie est rare chez les nourrissons et les enfants, mais survient dans 0,5%-1% des cas d’hépatite B aiguë chez l’adulte, avec un taux de létalité de 20%-33%.11, 30 La fréquence d’apparition de l’in- fection chronique à VHB est inversement liée à l’âge du sujet au moment de l’infection: elle est observée dans environ 80%-90% des infections périnatales, 30%-50% des infections contractées avant l’âge de 6 ans et <5% des infections surve- nant chez des adultes par ailleurs en bonne santé.11, 31, 32

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 371.51, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 546.44 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "2e3ac2226127ab925cb2face1f23cee5", - "text": "L’hépatite B chronique couvre un large spectre de manifesta- tions cliniques et est défini par une infection à VHB persistante (présence d’AgHBs détectable dans le sang ou le sérum pendant plus de 6 mois), qu’elle s’accompagne ou non d’une réplication virale active et de signes d’inflammation et d’atteinte hépato- cellulaire. Les personnes atteintes d’une infection chronique présentent un risque élevé d’évolution de la maladie vers une cirrhose du foie et un carcinome hépatocellulaire.3, 11 Plusieurs comorbidités sont associées à un risque accru de progression de l’affection hépatique chez les personnes atteintes d’une", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "13f4feff246d6e932747dc99b98fb56a", - "text_as_html": "

    L’hépatite B chronique couvre un large spectre de manifesta- tions cliniques et est défini par une infection à VHB persistante (présence d’AgHBs détectable dans le sang ou le sérum pendant plus de 6 mois), qu’elle s’accompagne ou non d’une réplication virale active et de signes d’inflammation et d’atteinte hépato- cellulaire. Les personnes atteintes d’une infection chronique présentent un risque élevé d’évolution de la maladie vers une cirrhose du foie et un carcinome hépatocellulaire.3, 11 Plusieurs comorbidités sont associées à un risque accru de progression de l’affection hépatique chez les personnes atteintes d’une

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 563.67, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 673.07 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "a5cb483160076c847cac7f1d5ee41861", - "text": "29 Trépo C et al. Hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet. 2014;384(9959):2053–2063.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "13f4feff246d6e932747dc99b98fb56a", - "text_as_html": "
  • 29 Trépo C et al. Hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet. 2014;384(9959):2053–2063.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.33, - "y0": 699.72, - "x1": 508.19, - "y1": 708.12 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "fead3f4e88dab8c51ea7441fd6eef32f", - "text": "30 Chang JJ and Lewin SR. Immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. Immunol Cell Biol. 2007; 85(1), 16–23.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "13f4feff246d6e932747dc99b98fb56a", - "text_as_html": "
  • 30 Chang JJ and Lewin SR. Immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. Immunol Cell Biol. 2007; 85(1), 16–23.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.75, - "y0": 710.15, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 727.63 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "77b0c65bb3af2271183592c97aa7bf3f", - "text": "31 Shimakawa Y et al. Birth order and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic carriers of hepa- titis B virus: a case-control study in The Gambia. Liver Int. 2015;35(10):2318–2326.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "13f4feff246d6e932747dc99b98fb56a", - "text_as_html": "
  • 31 Shimakawa Y et al. Birth order and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic carriers of hepa- titis B virus: a case-control study in The Gambia. Liver Int. 2015;35(10):2318–2326.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.0, - "y0": 729.37, - "x1": 550.13, - "y1": 745.71 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ad30e22f1c99074bb90730eff135a8dd", - "text": "32 Hyams KC. Risks of chronicity following acute hepatitis B virus infection: a review. Clinical Infec- tious Diseases. 1995;20:992–1000.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "13f4feff246d6e932747dc99b98fb56a", - "text_as_html": "
  • 32 Hyams KC. Risks of chronicity following acute hepatitis B virus infection: a review. Clinical Infec- tious Diseases. 1995;20:992–1000.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.77, - "y0": 756.45, - "x1": 550.68, - "y1": 772.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "000bae1910a63f7dd5a179b02f1db0a1", - "text": "infection with HIV, HCV or HDV (fulminant hepatitis is often caused by superinfection of HBV carriers with HDV), high consumption of alcohol, or exposure to afla- toxins.3, 11, 33", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "13f4feff246d6e932747dc99b98fb56a", - "text_as_html": "

    infection with HIV, HCV or HDV (fulminant hepatitis is often caused by superinfection of HBV carriers with HDV), high consumption of alcohol, or exposure to afla- toxins.3, 11, 33

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.29, - "y0": 55.24, - "x1": 273.08, - "y1": 99.15 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-26", - "text": "\n\n\nNaturally-acquired immunity\nMost HBV infections are self-limiting and followed by the development of hepatitis B-specific antibodies (anti- HBs and anti-HBc) in individuals who resolved the HBV infection. Clearance of detectable HBsAg from the blood usually takes several weeks or months. Serological markers of previous HBV infection are present in many persons who had not experienced clinical signs of liver disease.34 There is a high degree of cross-protection between HBsAg genotypes.35, 36 Immunity to HBV infec- tion after vaccination is characterized by the presence of anti-HBs antibody only.5, 11, 34", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "0ec83a68d1e76e7b4dbb95f2f321d530", - "text": "Naturally-acquired immunity", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Naturally-acquired immunity

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.19, - "y0": 109.82, - "x1": 179.77, - "y1": 121.71 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "79aa8460218683ad815870bd90f1495f", - "text": "Most HBV infections are self-limiting and followed by the development of hepatitis B-specific antibodies (anti- HBs and anti-HBc) in individuals who resolved the HBV infection. Clearance of detectable HBsAg from the blood usually takes several weeks or months. Serological markers of previous HBV infection are present in many persons who had not experienced clinical signs of liver disease.34 There is a high degree of cross-protection between HBsAg genotypes.35, 36 Immunity to HBV infec- tion after vaccination is characterized by the presence of anti-HBs antibody only.5, 11, 34", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "0ec83a68d1e76e7b4dbb95f2f321d530", - "text_as_html": "

    Most HBV infections are self-limiting and followed by the development of hepatitis B-specific antibodies (anti- HBs and anti-HBc) in individuals who resolved the HBV infection. Clearance of detectable HBsAg from the blood usually takes several weeks or months. Serological markers of previous HBV infection are present in many persons who had not experienced clinical signs of liver disease.34 There is a high degree of cross-protection between HBsAg genotypes.35, 36 Immunity to HBV infec- tion after vaccination is characterized by the presence of anti-HBs antibody only.5, 11, 34

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 123.26, - "x1": 273.24, - "y1": 243.83 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-27", - "text": "\n\n\nDiagnosis\nOn clinical grounds it is impossible to differentiate hepatitis B infection from hepatitis caused by other viral agents, and hence confirmation of the diagnosis is essential.11 Access to affordable hepatitis testing is limited. It has been estimated that only 9% of HBV infections have been diagnosed serologically.3 WHO guidelines for testing for HBV infection recommend the use of a single quality-assured serological in vitro diag- nostic test (IVD), either a laboratory-based immunoassay (enzyme immunoassay or chemoluminiscence immuno- assay) or a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) to detect HBsAg antibody.34 Based on a recent systematic review, the performance of RDTs varies considerably among brands, and there are particular concerns about their low sensitivity in HIV-infected persons. The overall pooled sensitivity and specificity were 90.0% (95% CI: 89.1–90.8) and 99.5% (95% CI: 99.4–99.5) respectively. Pooled sensitivity of RDTs among HIV-positive patients was only 72.3% (95% CI: 67.9–76.4).37 Assessment of the stage of liver disease among HBsAg-positive persons is necessary to guide case management and indicate the need for treatment.5", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "c872846aad345b63aeea53fdde96fa57", - "text": "Diagnosis", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Diagnosis

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 254.58, - "x1": 92.7, - "y1": 266.51 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "81ec7cfbddb8bfdb15839371ac44ce0e", - "text": "On clinical grounds it is impossible to differentiate hepatitis B infection from hepatitis caused by other viral agents, and hence confirmation of the diagnosis is essential.11 Access to affordable hepatitis testing is limited. It has been estimated that only 9% of HBV infections have been diagnosed serologically.3 WHO guidelines for testing for HBV infection recommend the use of a single quality-assured serological in vitro diag- nostic test (IVD), either a laboratory-based immunoassay (enzyme immunoassay or chemoluminiscence immuno- assay) or a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) to detect HBsAg antibody.34 Based on a recent systematic review, the performance of RDTs varies considerably among brands, and there are particular concerns about their low sensitivity in HIV-infected persons. The overall pooled sensitivity and specificity were 90.0% (95% CI: 89.1–90.8) and 99.5% (95% CI: 99.4–99.5) respectively. Pooled sensitivity of RDTs among HIV-positive patients was only 72.3% (95% CI: 67.9–76.4).37 Assessment of the stage of liver disease among HBsAg-positive persons is necessary to guide case management and indicate the need for treatment.5", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "c872846aad345b63aeea53fdde96fa57", - "text_as_html": "

    On clinical grounds it is impossible to differentiate hepatitis B infection from hepatitis caused by other viral agents, and hence confirmation of the diagnosis is essential.11 Access to affordable hepatitis testing is limited. It has been estimated that only 9% of HBV infections have been diagnosed serologically.3 WHO guidelines for testing for HBV infection recommend the use of a single quality-assured serological in vitro diag- nostic test (IVD), either a laboratory-based immunoassay (enzyme immunoassay or chemoluminiscence immuno- assay) or a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) to detect HBsAg antibody.34 Based on a recent systematic review, the performance of RDTs varies considerably among brands, and there are particular concerns about their low sensitivity in HIV-infected persons. The overall pooled sensitivity and specificity were 90.0% (95% CI: 89.1–90.8) and 99.5% (95% CI: 99.4–99.5) respectively. Pooled sensitivity of RDTs among HIV-positive patients was only 72.3% (95% CI: 67.9–76.4).37 Assessment of the stage of liver disease among HBsAg-positive persons is necessary to guide case management and indicate the need for treatment.5

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.31, - "y0": 269.02, - "x1": 273.44, - "y1": 509.48 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-28", - "text": "\n\n\nTreatment\nThere is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B disease. Clinical management is based on supportive therapy and relief of symptoms, including provision of adequate nutrition and replacement of fluids lost through vomiting and diarrhoea.11\nThe purpose of antiviral therapy for chronic HBV infec- tion is to reduce morbidity and mortality due to progressive liver disease. WHO recommends the use of\n33 Nikolopoulos GK et al. Impact of hepatitis B virus infection on the progession of AIDS and mortality in HIV-infected individuals: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:1763-17.\n34 Guidelines on hepatitis B and C testing. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254621/1/9789241549981- eng.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.\n35 Gerlich WH. Prophylactic vaccination against hepatitis B: achievements, challenges and perspectives. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2015;204(1):39–55.\n36 McMahon BJ. The influence of hepatitis B virus genotype and subgenotype on the natural history of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Int. 2009;3:334–342.\n37 Amini A et al. Diagnostic accuracy of tests to detect Hepatitis B surface antigen: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Available at: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/ PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42015020313, accessed May 2017.\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017\ninfection chronique à VHB, notamment: co-infection par le VIH, le VHC ou le VHD (l’hépatite fulminante résulte souvent d’une surinfection par le VHD des sujets porteurs du VHB), forte consommation d’alcool ou exposition aux aflatoxines.3, 11, 33", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "453d974e95fb027e4b681f37dc138e01", - "text": "Treatment", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Treatment

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 532.16, - "x1": 93.6, - "y1": 542.73 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "06386588aae0d51154dd0c42d604f1e4", - "text": "There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B disease. Clinical management is based on supportive therapy and relief of symptoms, including provision of adequate nutrition and replacement of fluids lost through vomiting and diarrhoea.11", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "453d974e95fb027e4b681f37dc138e01", - "text_as_html": "

    There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B disease. Clinical management is based on supportive therapy and relief of symptoms, including provision of adequate nutrition and replacement of fluids lost through vomiting and diarrhoea.11

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.72, - "y0": 545.54, - "x1": 273.25, - "y1": 599.16 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "6cde1167d1d11fe740f6e35b702eb4f6", - "text": "The purpose of antiviral therapy for chronic HBV infec- tion is to reduce morbidity and mortality due to progressive liver disease. WHO recommends the use of", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "453d974e95fb027e4b681f37dc138e01", - "text_as_html": "

    The purpose of antiviral therapy for chronic HBV infec- tion is to reduce morbidity and mortality due to progressive liver disease. WHO recommends the use of

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.96, - "y0": 605.43, - "x1": 273.22, - "y1": 637.81 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "a38fb2cfe75ceee1deab8746ad276ade", - "text": "33 Nikolopoulos GK et al. Impact of hepatitis B virus infection on the progession of AIDS and mortality in HIV-infected individuals: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:1763-17.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "453d974e95fb027e4b681f37dc138e01", - "text_as_html": "
  • 33 Nikolopoulos GK et al. Impact of hepatitis B virus infection on the progession of AIDS and mortality in HIV-infected individuals: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:1763-17.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.79, - "y0": 657.37, - "x1": 272.79, - "y1": 681.23 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "f24c6a08955a9618491534bd56369a77", - "text": "34 Guidelines on hepatitis B and C testing. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254621/1/9789241549981- eng.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "453d974e95fb027e4b681f37dc138e01", - "text_as_html": "
  • 34 Guidelines on hepatitis B and C testing. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254621/1/9789241549981- eng.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.56, - "y0": 683.97, - "x1": 272.67, - "y1": 708.06 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "765a070e3fc03ac4f0a4d16220c68564", - "text": "35 Gerlich WH. Prophylactic vaccination against hepatitis B: achievements, challenges and perspectives. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2015;204(1):39–55.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "453d974e95fb027e4b681f37dc138e01", - "text_as_html": "
  • 35 Gerlich WH. Prophylactic vaccination against hepatitis B: achievements, challenges and perspectives. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2015;204(1):39–55.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.86, - "y0": 711.03, - "x1": 274.07, - "y1": 726.98 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "1ebee0e51a328954f50a8d925ac73c82", - "text": "36 McMahon BJ. The influence of hepatitis B virus genotype and subgenotype on the natural history of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Int. 2009;3:334–342.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "453d974e95fb027e4b681f37dc138e01", - "text_as_html": "
  • 36 McMahon BJ. The influence of hepatitis B virus genotype and subgenotype on the natural history of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Int. 2009;3:334–342.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.84, - "y0": 729.94, - "x1": 271.84, - "y1": 745.72 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "4dd8ca3f22c602d0b75a665482a2ebe4", - "text": "37 Amini A et al. Diagnostic accuracy of tests to detect Hepatitis B surface antigen: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Available at: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/ PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42015020313, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "453d974e95fb027e4b681f37dc138e01", - "text_as_html": "
  • 37 Amini A et al. Diagnostic accuracy of tests to detect Hepatitis B surface antigen: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Available at: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/ PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42015020313, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.19, - "y0": 749.08, - "x1": 275.06, - "y1": 772.55 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "1a0caafecf14676d9332888c8eb78a03", - "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "453d974e95fb027e4b681f37dc138e01", - "text_as_html": "

    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.3, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 222.88, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "d296136ef8e9f0aef077c821ab1b6b45", - "text": "infection chronique à VHB, notamment: co-infection par le VIH, le VHC ou le VHD (l’hépatite fulminante résulte souvent d’une surinfection par le VHD des sujets porteurs du VHB), forte consommation d’alcool ou exposition aux aflatoxines.3, 11, 33", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "453d974e95fb027e4b681f37dc138e01", - "text_as_html": "

    infection chronique à VHB, notamment: co-infection par le VIH, le VHC ou le VHD (l’hépatite fulminante résulte souvent d’une surinfection par le VHD des sujets porteurs du VHB), forte consommation d’alcool ou exposition aux aflatoxines.3, 11, 33

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 55.51, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 99.15 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-29", - "text": "\n\n\nImmunité acquise naturellement\nLa plupart des infections à VHB sont spontanément résolutives et donnent lieu à une production d’anticorps spécifiques contre l’hépatite B (anti-HBs et anti-HBc) chez les personnes ayant guéri de l’infection. L’élimination des AgHBs détectables dans le sang prend généralement quelques semaines ou quelques mois. Des marqueurs sérologiques d’une infection à VHB passée sont présents chez de nombreux sujets n’ayant pas manifesté de signes cliniques d’affection hépatique.34 Il existe un haut degré de protection croisée entre les génotypes de l’AgHBs.35, 36 L’immunité à l’infection à VHB après la vaccination se caracté- rise par la présence des seuls anticorps anti-HBs.5, 11, 34", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "725029e00819970370a1c88cfef401b6", - "text": "Immunité acquise naturellement", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Immunité acquise naturellement

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.27, - "y0": 109.82, - "x1": 444.92, - "y1": 121.95 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "4e3ea4c0d6723ffe4bb5081fde2fd3cf", - "text": "La plupart des infections à VHB sont spontanément résolutives et donnent lieu à une production d’anticorps spécifiques contre l’hépatite B (anti-HBs et anti-HBc) chez les personnes ayant guéri de l’infection. L’élimination des AgHBs détectables dans le sang prend généralement quelques semaines ou quelques mois. Des marqueurs sérologiques d’une infection à VHB passée sont présents chez de nombreux sujets n’ayant pas manifesté de signes cliniques d’affection hépatique.34 Il existe un haut degré de protection croisée entre les génotypes de l’AgHBs.35, 36 L’immunité à l’infection à VHB après la vaccination se caracté- rise par la présence des seuls anticorps anti-HBs.5, 11, 34", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "725029e00819970370a1c88cfef401b6", - "text_as_html": "

    La plupart des infections à VHB sont spontanément résolutives et donnent lieu à une production d’anticorps spécifiques contre l’hépatite B (anti-HBs et anti-HBc) chez les personnes ayant guéri de l’infection. L’élimination des AgHBs détectables dans le sang prend généralement quelques semaines ou quelques mois. Des marqueurs sérologiques d’une infection à VHB passée sont présents chez de nombreux sujets n’ayant pas manifesté de signes cliniques d’affection hépatique.34 Il existe un haut degré de protection croisée entre les génotypes de l’AgHBs.35, 36 L’immunité à l’infection à VHB après la vaccination se caracté- rise par la présence des seuls anticorps anti-HBs.5, 11, 34

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 123.28, - "x1": 552.2, - "y1": 243.83 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-30", - "text": "\n\n\nDiagnostic\nLe tableau clinique ne permet pas de distinguer l’hépatite B des hépatites provoquées par d’autres agents viraux. Une confirma- tion du diagnostic est donc indispensable.11 Toutefois, l’accès aux tests de dépistage de l’hépatite à prix abordable est limité et on estime que seules 9% des infections à VHB ont fait l’ob- jet d’un diagnostic sérologique.3 Dans ses lignes directrices sur le dépistage de l’infection à VHB, l’OMS recommande d’utiliser un test unique de diagnostic sérologique in vitro de qualité avérée, consistant soit en un test immunologique de laboratoire (test immunoenzymatique ou épreuve immunologique par chimiluminescence), soit en un test de diagnostic rapide (TDR) pour détecter l’anticorps anti-HBs.34 Une revue systématique récente a montré que l’efficacité des TDR est très variable d’une marque à l’autre. En outre, leur faible sensibilité chez les personnes infectées par le VIH est particulièrement préoccu- pante. Globalement, la sensibilité et la spécificité combinées des TDR étaient respectivement de 90,0% (IC à 95%: 89,1-90,8) et 99,5% (IC à 95%: 99,4-99,5), tandis que chez les patients séro- positifs pour le VIH, la sensibilité combinée ne se chiffrait qu’à 72,3% (IC à 95%: 67,9-76,4).37 Chez les personnes positives pour l’AgHBs, le stade de l’affection hépatique doit être évalué afin d’orienter la prise en charge et de déterminer les besoins théra- peutiques.5", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "a2bc5f195e81bb626e502c82a5488a37", - "text": "Diagnostic", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Diagnostic

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.77, - "y0": 254.67, - "x1": 344.48, - "y1": 266.5 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "b3d905d5f565b7a669c3a1e12da21cc3", - "text": "Le tableau clinique ne permet pas de distinguer l’hépatite B des hépatites provoquées par d’autres agents viraux. Une confirma- tion du diagnostic est donc indispensable.11 Toutefois, l’accès aux tests de dépistage de l’hépatite à prix abordable est limité et on estime que seules 9% des infections à VHB ont fait l’ob- jet d’un diagnostic sérologique.3 Dans ses lignes directrices sur le dépistage de l’infection à VHB, l’OMS recommande d’utiliser un test unique de diagnostic sérologique in vitro de qualité avérée, consistant soit en un test immunologique de laboratoire (test immunoenzymatique ou épreuve immunologique par chimiluminescence), soit en un test de diagnostic rapide (TDR) pour détecter l’anticorps anti-HBs.34 Une revue systématique récente a montré que l’efficacité des TDR est très variable d’une marque à l’autre. En outre, leur faible sensibilité chez les personnes infectées par le VIH est particulièrement préoccu- pante. Globalement, la sensibilité et la spécificité combinées des TDR étaient respectivement de 90,0% (IC à 95%: 89,1-90,8) et 99,5% (IC à 95%: 99,4-99,5), tandis que chez les patients séro- positifs pour le VIH, la sensibilité combinée ne se chiffrait qu’à 72,3% (IC à 95%: 67,9-76,4).37 Chez les personnes positives pour l’AgHBs, le stade de l’affection hépatique doit être évalué afin d’orienter la prise en charge et de déterminer les besoins théra- peutiques.5", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "a2bc5f195e81bb626e502c82a5488a37", - "text_as_html": "

    Le tableau clinique ne permet pas de distinguer l’hépatite B des hépatites provoquées par d’autres agents viraux. Une confirma- tion du diagnostic est donc indispensable.11 Toutefois, l’accès aux tests de dépistage de l’hépatite à prix abordable est limité et on estime que seules 9% des infections à VHB ont fait l’ob- jet d’un diagnostic sérologique.3 Dans ses lignes directrices sur le dépistage de l’infection à VHB, l’OMS recommande d’utiliser un test unique de diagnostic sérologique in vitro de qualité avérée, consistant soit en un test immunologique de laboratoire (test immunoenzymatique ou épreuve immunologique par chimiluminescence), soit en un test de diagnostic rapide (TDR) pour détecter l’anticorps anti-HBs.34 Une revue systématique récente a montré que l’efficacité des TDR est très variable d’une marque à l’autre. En outre, leur faible sensibilité chez les personnes infectées par le VIH est particulièrement préoccu- pante. Globalement, la sensibilité et la spécificité combinées des TDR étaient respectivement de 90,0% (IC à 95%: 89,1-90,8) et 99,5% (IC à 95%: 99,4-99,5), tandis que chez les patients séro- positifs pour le VIH, la sensibilité combinée ne se chiffrait qu’à 72,3% (IC à 95%: 67,9-76,4).37 Chez les personnes positives pour l’AgHBs, le stade de l’affection hépatique doit être évalué afin d’orienter la prise en charge et de déterminer les besoins théra- peutiques.5

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 269.02, - "x1": 552.94, - "y1": 520.48 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-31", - "text": "\n\n\nTraitement\nIl n’existe pas de traitement spécifique contre l’hépatite B aiguë. La prise en charge clinique repose sur un traitement de soutien et un soulagement des symptômes, consistant notamment à assurer une nutrition adéquate, ainsi qu’une substitution liqui- dienne en cas de vomissements et de diarrhée.11\nLe traitement antiviral de l’infection chronique à VHB vise à réduire la morbidité et la mortalité associées aux affections hépatiques évolutives. L’OMS préconise de privilégier, en\n33 Nikolopoulos GK et al. Impact of hepatitis B virus infection on the progession of AIDS and mortality in HIV-infected individuals: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:1763-17.\n34 Guidelines on hepatitis B and C testing. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254621/1/9789241549981-eng. pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.\n35 Gerlich WH. Prophylactic vaccination against hepatitis B: achievements, challenges and pers- pectives. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2015;204(1):39–55.\n36 McMahon BJ. The influence of hepatitis B virus genotype and subgenotype on the natural his- tory of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Int. 2009;3:334–342.\n37 Amini A et al. Diagnostic accuracy of tests to detect Hepatitis B surface antigen: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Disponible sur: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_ record.asp?ID=CRD42015020313, consulté en mai 2017.\n375\nantiviral drugs with a high barrier to resistance (either tenofovir or entecavir) as the preferred first-line treat- ment to avoid the deleterious effects of drug resistance. Treatment of chronic HBV infection has been shown to prevent or delay the progression to cirrhosis, reduce the incidence of HCC, and improve survival through long- term viral suppression, but is not curative. However, treatment is not readily accessible for HBV infection in many resource-constrained settings although tenofovir is widely available as part of fixed drug formulation antiretroviral regimens at low cost.\nEvidence shows that antiviral treatment in the third trimester of pregnancy can lower viral load in women, and decrease perinatal HBV transmission from mothers with very high viral load.38, 39 However, WHO does not currently recommend its routine use for prevention of mother-to-child transmission, pending completion and review of additional efficacy studies in the context of existing use of birth-dose vaccination, and assessment of its programmatic importance.5\nWHO guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection provide further information.5", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "fda46e00e20d18bf036caf1c0e3335c2", - "text": "Traitement", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

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    Il n’existe pas de traitement spécifique contre l’hépatite B aiguë. La prise en charge clinique repose sur un traitement de soutien et un soulagement des symptômes, consistant notamment à assurer une nutrition adéquate, ainsi qu’une substitution liqui- dienne en cas de vomissements et de diarrhée.11

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    Le traitement antiviral de l’infection chronique à VHB vise à réduire la morbidité et la mortalité associées aux affections hépatiques évolutives. L’OMS préconise de privilégier, en

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 604.84, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 637.81 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "6e0924ba09dd101ca5fa720ff1de0e54", - "text": "33 Nikolopoulos GK et al. Impact of hepatitis B virus infection on the progession of AIDS and mortality in HIV-infected individuals: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:1763-17.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "fda46e00e20d18bf036caf1c0e3335c2", - "text_as_html": "
  • 33 Nikolopoulos GK et al. Impact of hepatitis B virus infection on the progession of AIDS and mortality in HIV-infected individuals: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:1763-17.
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  • 34 Guidelines on hepatitis B and C testing. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254621/1/9789241549981-eng. pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.
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  • 35 Gerlich WH. Prophylactic vaccination against hepatitis B: achievements, challenges and pers- pectives. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2015;204(1):39–55.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.53, - "y0": 710.92, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 727.37 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "bd989ab469d3a8e07797f84e09368f5a", - "text": "36 McMahon BJ. The influence of hepatitis B virus genotype and subgenotype on the natural his- tory of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Int. 2009;3:334–342.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "fda46e00e20d18bf036caf1c0e3335c2", - "text_as_html": "
  • 36 McMahon BJ. The influence of hepatitis B virus genotype and subgenotype on the natural his- tory of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Int. 2009;3:334–342.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 729.58, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 746.06 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ca65005e32467f5197c5e3fdf63d804c", - "text": "37 Amini A et al. Diagnostic accuracy of tests to detect Hepatitis B surface antigen: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Disponible sur: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_ record.asp?ID=CRD42015020313, consulté en mai 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "fda46e00e20d18bf036caf1c0e3335c2", - "text_as_html": "
  • 37 Amini A et al. Diagnostic accuracy of tests to detect Hepatitis B surface antigen: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Disponible sur: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_ record.asp?ID=CRD42015020313, consulté en mai 2017.
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    375

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    antiviral drugs with a high barrier to resistance (either tenofovir or entecavir) as the preferred first-line treat- ment to avoid the deleterious effects of drug resistance. Treatment of chronic HBV infection has been shown to prevent or delay the progression to cirrhosis, reduce the incidence of HCC, and improve survival through long- term viral suppression, but is not curative. However, treatment is not readily accessible for HBV infection in many resource-constrained settings although tenofovir is widely available as part of fixed drug formulation antiretroviral regimens at low cost.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.65, - "y0": 55.95, - "x1": 273.63, - "y1": 176.14 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "25f81006c0a76fc515c9d5c2e1dc8b4c", - "text": "Evidence shows that antiviral treatment in the third trimester of pregnancy can lower viral load in women, and decrease perinatal HBV transmission from mothers with very high viral load.38, 39 However, WHO does not currently recommend its routine use for prevention of mother-to-child transmission, pending completion and review of additional efficacy studies in the context of existing use of birth-dose vaccination, and assessment of its programmatic importance.5", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "fda46e00e20d18bf036caf1c0e3335c2", - "text_as_html": "

    Evidence shows that antiviral treatment in the third trimester of pregnancy can lower viral load in women, and decrease perinatal HBV transmission from mothers with very high viral load.38, 39 However, WHO does not currently recommend its routine use for prevention of mother-to-child transmission, pending completion and review of additional efficacy studies in the context of existing use of birth-dose vaccination, and assessment of its programmatic importance.5

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.6, - "y0": 193.31, - "x1": 274.26, - "y1": 291.77 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "33d663d431c639995503b9b61a75cae3", - "text": "WHO guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection provide further information.5", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "fda46e00e20d18bf036caf1c0e3335c2", - "text_as_html": "

    WHO guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection provide further information.5

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.14, - "y0": 319.55, - "x1": 272.91, - "y1": 352.41 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-32", - "text": "\n\n\nVaccines\nSafe and effective vaccines against hepatitis B have been available since 1982. The active substance in the hepa- titis B vaccine is the viral surface protein HBsAg. Anti- HBs antibody is used as a marker of immunity to HBV. The first hepatitis B vaccine was based on the SVPs purified from the plasma of chronically infected patients. The plasma-derived vaccines have been completely replaced by recombinant vaccines.11, 35\nRecombinant vaccines became available in 1986; they contain SHBs, and yeast-derived recombinant vaccines are the most widely used. SHBs self-assembles into spherical HBsAg particles that expose the highly immu- nogenic a determinant. The recombinant HBsAg parti- cles differ from natural particles in lacking the preS domain of HBsAg, and lack of glycosylation due to their production in yeast.\nA glycosylated preS1/preS2/S-containing vaccine, produced in mammalian cell lines, is licensed in Israel and in some countries in East Asia. This vaccine is used in Israel for universal vaccination of neonatal infants, and in non-responders to conventional yeast-derived vaccines whose anti-HBs antibody concentration does not reach 10 mIU/mL after 3 doses of HBV vaccine. Target groups also include health-care workers, patients with renal failure and patients with non-HBV chronic liver disease.11, 35\nAll hepatitis B vaccines currently on the market require formulation with adjuvants. A recombinant hepatitis B\n38 Brown RS Jr et al. Antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B viral infection during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol. 2016;63:319–333.\n39 Hyun MH et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy and safety of tenofovir to prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Aliment Phar- macol Ther. 2017;45(12):1493–1505.\npremière intention, des antiviraux caractérisés par une barrière élevée contre la résistance (ténofovir ou entecavir) afin d’éviter les effets délétères d’une pharmacorésistance. Il a été démontré que le traitement de l’infection chronique à VHB, bien que non curatif, permet de prévenir ou de ralentir la progression de la maladie vers une cirrhose, de réduire l’incidence du carcinome hépatocellulaire et d’améliorer la survie grâce à une suppres- sion virale à long terme. Cependant, dans de nombreux endroits où les ressources sont limitées, les traitements contre l’infection à VHB sont difficilement accessibles, bien que le ténofovir soit largement disponible, à faible coût, en tant que composant de certaines associations d’antirétroviraux à dose fixe.\nLes données montrent que lorsqu’il est administré au troisième trimestre de la grossesse, le traitement antiviral peut réduire la charge virale de la femme et limiter la transmission périnatale du VHB à l’enfant lorsque la mère présente une charge virale très élevée.38, 39 Toutefois, l’OMS ne recommande pas pour l’ins- tant son utilisation systématique à des fins de prévention de la transmission de la mère à l’enfant, en attendant que des études d’efficacité supplémentaires, menées dans le contexte de l’utili- sation actuelle de la dose de vaccin à la naissance, soient ache- vées et examinées et que son importance programmatique soit mesurée.5\nDes informations complémentaires sont fournies dans les lignes directrices de l’OMS sur la prévention, les soins et le traitement pour les personnes atteintes d’hépatite B chronique.5", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "69a118bb80ec99f49dcbce4f1256b7f7", - "text": "Vaccines", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

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    Safe and effective vaccines against hepatitis B have been available since 1982. The active substance in the hepa- titis B vaccine is the viral surface protein HBsAg. Anti- HBs antibody is used as a marker of immunity to HBV. The first hepatitis B vaccine was based on the SVPs purified from the plasma of chronically infected patients. The plasma-derived vaccines have been completely replaced by recombinant vaccines.11, 35

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.1, - "y0": 376.4, - "x1": 274.08, - "y1": 464.09 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "02d23ddb5dd7a410da991f550e6fc7f8", - "text": "Recombinant vaccines became available in 1986; they contain SHBs, and yeast-derived recombinant vaccines are the most widely used. SHBs self-assembles into spherical HBsAg particles that expose the highly immu- nogenic a determinant. The recombinant HBsAg parti- cles differ from natural particles in lacking the preS domain of HBsAg, and lack of glycosylation due to their production in yeast.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "69a118bb80ec99f49dcbce4f1256b7f7", - "text_as_html": "

    Recombinant vaccines became available in 1986; they contain SHBs, and yeast-derived recombinant vaccines are the most widely used. SHBs self-assembles into spherical HBsAg particles that expose the highly immu- nogenic a determinant. The recombinant HBsAg parti- cles differ from natural particles in lacking the preS domain of HBsAg, and lack of glycosylation due to their production in yeast.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 470.04, - "x1": 273.33, - "y1": 557.72 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "5c3f5917c33768b10477e0a5b75b5c5b", - "text": "A glycosylated preS1/preS2/S-containing vaccine, produced in mammalian cell lines, is licensed in Israel and in some countries in East Asia. This vaccine is used in Israel for universal vaccination of neonatal infants, and in non-responders to conventional yeast-derived vaccines whose anti-HBs antibody concentration does not reach 10 mIU/mL after 3 doses of HBV vaccine. Target groups also include health-care workers, patients with renal failure and patients with non-HBV chronic liver disease.11, 35", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "69a118bb80ec99f49dcbce4f1256b7f7", - "text_as_html": "

    A glycosylated preS1/preS2/S-containing vaccine, produced in mammalian cell lines, is licensed in Israel and in some countries in East Asia. This vaccine is used in Israel for universal vaccination of neonatal infants, and in non-responders to conventional yeast-derived vaccines whose anti-HBs antibody concentration does not reach 10 mIU/mL after 3 doses of HBV vaccine. Target groups also include health-care workers, patients with renal failure and patients with non-HBV chronic liver disease.11, 35

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.26, - "y0": 563.73, - "x1": 273.4, - "y1": 673.35 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "907d6d0e33dcaf52101a1b4213763618", - "text": "All hepatitis B vaccines currently on the market require formulation with adjuvants. A recombinant hepatitis B", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "69a118bb80ec99f49dcbce4f1256b7f7", - "text_as_html": "

    All hepatitis B vaccines currently on the market require formulation with adjuvants. A recombinant hepatitis B

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.61, - "y0": 690.95, - "x1": 272.93, - "y1": 711.99 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "36d71cdee05f0b76e894838c645cc56d", - "text": "38 Brown RS Jr et al. Antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B viral infection during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol. 2016;63:319–333.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "69a118bb80ec99f49dcbce4f1256b7f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 38 Brown RS Jr et al. Antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B viral infection during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol. 2016;63:319–333.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.31, - "y0": 730.04, - "x1": 272.31, - "y1": 745.76 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "2e04dad5517d284dad409c9dccd9168f", - "text": "39 Hyun MH et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy and safety of tenofovir to prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Aliment Phar- macol Ther. 2017;45(12):1493–1505.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "69a118bb80ec99f49dcbce4f1256b7f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 39 Hyun MH et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy and safety of tenofovir to prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Aliment Phar- macol Ther. 2017;45(12):1493–1505.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.48, - "y0": 748.68, - "x1": 273.62, - "y1": 772.33 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "2a2eb48fce438555a6d6cc64a2caa084", - "text": "première intention, des antiviraux caractérisés par une barrière élevée contre la résistance (ténofovir ou entecavir) afin d’éviter les effets délétères d’une pharmacorésistance. Il a été démontré que le traitement de l’infection chronique à VHB, bien que non curatif, permet de prévenir ou de ralentir la progression de la maladie vers une cirrhose, de réduire l’incidence du carcinome hépatocellulaire et d’améliorer la survie grâce à une suppres- sion virale à long terme. Cependant, dans de nombreux endroits où les ressources sont limitées, les traitements contre l’infection à VHB sont difficilement accessibles, bien que le ténofovir soit largement disponible, à faible coût, en tant que composant de certaines associations d’antirétroviraux à dose fixe.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    première intention, des antiviraux caractérisés par une barrière élevée contre la résistance (ténofovir ou entecavir) afin d’éviter les effets délétères d’une pharmacorésistance. Il a été démontré que le traitement de l’infection chronique à VHB, bien que non curatif, permet de prévenir ou de ralentir la progression de la maladie vers une cirrhose, de réduire l’incidence du carcinome hépatocellulaire et d’améliorer la survie grâce à une suppres- sion virale à long terme. Cependant, dans de nombreux endroits où les ressources sont limitées, les traitements contre l’infection à VHB sont difficilement accessibles, bien que le ténofovir soit largement disponible, à faible coût, en tant que composant de certaines associations d’antirétroviraux à dose fixe.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 55.74, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 187.14 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "1bfd7b480c3d5d94093137871ea55136", - "text": "Les données montrent que lorsqu’il est administré au troisième trimestre de la grossesse, le traitement antiviral peut réduire la charge virale de la femme et limiter la transmission périnatale du VHB à l’enfant lorsque la mère présente une charge virale très élevée.38, 39 Toutefois, l’OMS ne recommande pas pour l’ins- tant son utilisation systématique à des fins de prévention de la transmission de la mère à l’enfant, en attendant que des études d’efficacité supplémentaires, menées dans le contexte de l’utili- sation actuelle de la dose de vaccin à la naissance, soient ache- vées et examinées et que son importance programmatique soit mesurée.5", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Les données montrent que lorsqu’il est administré au troisième trimestre de la grossesse, le traitement antiviral peut réduire la charge virale de la femme et limiter la transmission périnatale du VHB à l’enfant lorsque la mère présente une charge virale très élevée.38, 39 Toutefois, l’OMS ne recommande pas pour l’ins- tant son utilisation systématique à des fins de prévention de la transmission de la mère à l’enfant, en attendant que des études d’efficacité supplémentaires, menées dans le contexte de l’utili- sation actuelle de la dose de vaccin à la naissance, soient ache- vées et examinées et que son importance programmatique soit mesurée.5

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 192.76, - "x1": 553.25, - "y1": 313.77 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "d396dfec8a63d295dc6b10f300afb816", - "text": "Des informations complémentaires sont fournies dans les lignes directrices de l’OMS sur la prévention, les soins et le traitement pour les personnes atteintes d’hépatite B chronique.5", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Des informations complémentaires sont fournies dans les lignes directrices de l’OMS sur la prévention, les soins et le traitement pour les personnes atteintes d’hépatite B chronique.5

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 319.46, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 352.41 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-33", - "text": "\n\n\nVaccins\nIl existe des vaccins sûrs et efficaces contre l’hépatite B depuis 1982. La substance active des vaccins anti-hépatite B est la protéine de surface AgHBs. Les anticorps anti-HBs sont utilisés comme marqueurs de l’immunité au VHB. Les premiers vaccins anti-hépatite B, préparés à partir de protéines sous-virales puri- fiées provenant du plasma de patients présentant une infection chronique, ont aujourd’hui été entièrement remplacés par des vaccins recombinants.11, 35\nLes vaccins recombinants, disponibles depuis 1986, contiennent des protéines de surface de petite taille (SHBs) et sont le plus souvent produits sur levure. Les SHBs s’assemblent pour former des particules sphériques d’AgHBs exposant le déterminant a hautement immunogène. Les particules AgHBs recombinantes se distinguent des particules naturelles par l’absence du domaine préS de l’AgHBs et l’absence de glycosylation en raison de leur production sur levure.\nUn vaccin contenant les domaines préS1/préS2/S glycosylés, produit sur des lignées cellulaires de mammifères, est homolo- gué en Israël et dans certains pays d’Asie de l’Est. Il est employé en Israël pour la vaccination néonatale universelle des nourris- sons, et chez les sujets qui ne répondent pas aux vaccins conventionnels produits sur levure et dont le titre en anticorps anti-HBs n’atteint pas 10 mUI/ml après 3 doses de vaccin anti- hépatite B. Parmi les groupes ciblés figurent également les agents de santé, les personnes présentant une insuffisance rénale et les patients atteints d’une affection hépatique chro- nique non liée au VHB.11, 35\nLa formulation de tous les vaccins anti-hépatite B actuellement commercialisés exige des adjuvants. Un vaccin anti-hépatite B\n38 Brown RS Jr et al. Antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B viral infection during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol. 2016;63:319–333.\n39 Hyun MH et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy and safety of tenofovir to prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45(12):1493–1505.\nvaccine produced in yeast, intended for adult patients with renal insufficiency (including pre-haemodialysis and haemodialysis patients) who respond poorly to routine hepatitis B vaccines, contains 500 µg aluminium phosphate and 50 µg AS04C (3-O-desacyl-4’- monophos- phoryl lipid A) as adjuvants; this vaccine is licensed in Europe.40, 41\nHepatitis B vaccines are available as monovalent formu- lations for birth doses or for vaccination of adult persons at risk, and in combination with other vaccines for infant vaccination, including diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and inacti- vated polio vaccine (IPV). Additionally a combined hepa- titis B and hepatitis A vaccine is also available.11, 42, 43, 44 Given differences in the manufacturing processes and populations vaccinated, the quantity of HBsAg protein per dose that will induce a protective immune response differs in the various vaccine products. The standard paediatric dose contains 5 µg–10 µg HBsAg, and the stan- dard adult dose is 10 µg–20 µg; a 40 µg dose vaccine is used for immunocompromised and dialysis patients. The vaccine dosage for infants, children and adolescents is 50% lower than that required for adults. However, the relative efficacy of different vaccines cannot be assessed only on the basis of differences in HBsAg content, as there is no international standard for vaccine potency due to the diversity in the reactivity of vaccines produced by different manufacturing techniques and differences in the adjuvants used for the formulation. WHO has devel- oped recommendations to ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines.11, 45", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "b7b966806b071667378d394e692c6092", - "text": "Vaccins", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccins

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.08, - "y0": 363.04, - "x1": 327.62, - "y1": 374.75 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "41a7214cf3bf1789bf3264b15530c903", - "text": "Il existe des vaccins sûrs et efficaces contre l’hépatite B depuis 1982. La substance active des vaccins anti-hépatite B est la protéine de surface AgHBs. Les anticorps anti-HBs sont utilisés comme marqueurs de l’immunité au VHB. Les premiers vaccins anti-hépatite B, préparés à partir de protéines sous-virales puri- fiées provenant du plasma de patients présentant une infection chronique, ont aujourd’hui été entièrement remplacés par des vaccins recombinants.11, 35", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "b7b966806b071667378d394e692c6092", - "text_as_html": "

    Il existe des vaccins sûrs et efficaces contre l’hépatite B depuis 1982. La substance active des vaccins anti-hépatite B est la protéine de surface AgHBs. Les anticorps anti-HBs sont utilisés comme marqueurs de l’immunité au VHB. Les premiers vaccins anti-hépatite B, préparés à partir de protéines sous-virales puri- fiées provenant du plasma de patients présentant une infection chronique, ont aujourd’hui été entièrement remplacés par des vaccins recombinants.11, 35

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 376.52, - "x1": 552.84, - "y1": 464.09 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "32350787db5c630cf4a6a808b642fb02", - "text": "Les vaccins recombinants, disponibles depuis 1986, contiennent des protéines de surface de petite taille (SHBs) et sont le plus souvent produits sur levure. Les SHBs s’assemblent pour former des particules sphériques d’AgHBs exposant le déterminant a hautement immunogène. Les particules AgHBs recombinantes se distinguent des particules naturelles par l’absence du domaine préS de l’AgHBs et l’absence de glycosylation en raison de leur production sur levure.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "b7b966806b071667378d394e692c6092", - "text_as_html": "

    Les vaccins recombinants, disponibles depuis 1986, contiennent des protéines de surface de petite taille (SHBs) et sont le plus souvent produits sur levure. Les SHBs s’assemblent pour former des particules sphériques d’AgHBs exposant le déterminant a hautement immunogène. Les particules AgHBs recombinantes se distinguent des particules naturelles par l’absence du domaine préS de l’AgHBs et l’absence de glycosylation en raison de leur production sur levure.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 469.81, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 557.85 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "e645acb0b09e39d96e42fcdf1863869f", - "text": "Un vaccin contenant les domaines préS1/préS2/S glycosylés, produit sur des lignées cellulaires de mammifères, est homolo- gué en Israël et dans certains pays d’Asie de l’Est. Il est employé en Israël pour la vaccination néonatale universelle des nourris- sons, et chez les sujets qui ne répondent pas aux vaccins conventionnels produits sur levure et dont le titre en anticorps anti-HBs n’atteint pas 10 mUI/ml après 3 doses de vaccin anti- hépatite B. Parmi les groupes ciblés figurent également les agents de santé, les personnes présentant une insuffisance rénale et les patients atteints d’une affection hépatique chro- nique non liée au VHB.11, 35", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "b7b966806b071667378d394e692c6092", - "text_as_html": "

    Un vaccin contenant les domaines préS1/préS2/S glycosylés, produit sur des lignées cellulaires de mammifères, est homolo- gué en Israël et dans certains pays d’Asie de l’Est. Il est employé en Israël pour la vaccination néonatale universelle des nourris- sons, et chez les sujets qui ne répondent pas aux vaccins conventionnels produits sur levure et dont le titre en anticorps anti-HBs n’atteint pas 10 mUI/ml après 3 doses de vaccin anti- hépatite B. Parmi les groupes ciblés figurent également les agents de santé, les personnes présentant une insuffisance rénale et les patients atteints d’une affection hépatique chro- nique non liée au VHB.11, 35

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 563.62, - "x1": 553.56, - "y1": 684.35 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "34412f1bd1c9415cbd6ab8c824555edf", - "text": "La formulation de tous les vaccins anti-hépatite B actuellement commercialisés exige des adjuvants. Un vaccin anti-hépatite B", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "b7b966806b071667378d394e692c6092", - "text_as_html": "

    La formulation de tous les vaccins anti-hépatite B actuellement commercialisés exige des adjuvants. Un vaccin anti-hépatite B

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.78, - "y0": 690.19, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 711.99 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "75dcfea4783fbb15002d7ca0aae3151b", - "text": "38 Brown RS Jr et al. Antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B viral infection during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol. 2016;63:319–333.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "b7b966806b071667378d394e692c6092", - "text_as_html": "
  • 38 Brown RS Jr et al. Antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B viral infection during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol. 2016;63:319–333.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.79, - "y0": 729.59, - "x1": 551.49, - "y1": 746.05 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "d01f3758bcb07f160ac6e842f3512553", - "text": "39 Hyun MH et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy and safety of tenofovir to prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45(12):1493–1505.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "b7b966806b071667378d394e692c6092", - "text_as_html": "
  • 39 Hyun MH et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy and safety of tenofovir to prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45(12):1493–1505.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.85, - "y0": 748.34, - "x1": 552.57, - "y1": 772.44 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f852fe9c25e5bf552fe0a1d0cd72df16", - "text": "vaccine produced in yeast, intended for adult patients with renal insufficiency (including pre-haemodialysis and haemodialysis patients) who respond poorly to routine hepatitis B vaccines, contains 500 µg aluminium phosphate and 50 µg AS04C (3-O-desacyl-4’- monophos- phoryl lipid A) as adjuvants; this vaccine is licensed in Europe.40, 41", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "b7b966806b071667378d394e692c6092", - "text_as_html": "

    vaccine produced in yeast, intended for adult patients with renal insufficiency (including pre-haemodialysis and haemodialysis patients) who respond poorly to routine hepatitis B vaccines, contains 500 µg aluminium phosphate and 50 µg AS04C (3-O-desacyl-4’- monophos- phoryl lipid A) as adjuvants; this vaccine is licensed in Europe.40, 41

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.86, - "y0": 55.85, - "x1": 272.68, - "y1": 132.15 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "cea44cc0deae07cc6c2adafed7d398b3", - "text": "Hepatitis B vaccines are available as monovalent formu- lations for birth doses or for vaccination of adult persons at risk, and in combination with other vaccines for infant vaccination, including diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and inacti- vated polio vaccine (IPV). Additionally a combined hepa- titis B and hepatitis A vaccine is also available.11, 42, 43, 44 Given differences in the manufacturing processes and populations vaccinated, the quantity of HBsAg protein per dose that will induce a protective immune response differs in the various vaccine products. The standard paediatric dose contains 5 µg–10 µg HBsAg, and the stan- dard adult dose is 10 µg–20 µg; a 40 µg dose vaccine is used for immunocompromised and dialysis patients. The vaccine dosage for infants, children and adolescents is 50% lower than that required for adults. However, the relative efficacy of different vaccines cannot be assessed only on the basis of differences in HBsAg content, as there is no international standard for vaccine potency due to the diversity in the reactivity of vaccines produced by different manufacturing techniques and differences in the adjuvants used for the formulation. WHO has devel- oped recommendations to ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines.11, 45", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "b7b966806b071667378d394e692c6092", - "text_as_html": "

    Hepatitis B vaccines are available as monovalent formu- lations for birth doses or for vaccination of adult persons at risk, and in combination with other vaccines for infant vaccination, including diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and inacti- vated polio vaccine (IPV). Additionally a combined hepa- titis B and hepatitis A vaccine is also available.11, 42, 43, 44 Given differences in the manufacturing processes and populations vaccinated, the quantity of HBsAg protein per dose that will induce a protective immune response differs in the various vaccine products. The standard paediatric dose contains 5 µg–10 µg HBsAg, and the stan- dard adult dose is 10 µg–20 µg; a 40 µg dose vaccine is used for immunocompromised and dialysis patients. The vaccine dosage for infants, children and adolescents is 50% lower than that required for adults. However, the relative efficacy of different vaccines cannot be assessed only on the basis of differences in HBsAg content, as there is no international standard for vaccine potency due to the diversity in the reactivity of vaccines produced by different manufacturing techniques and differences in the adjuvants used for the formulation. WHO has devel- oped recommendations to ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines.11, 45

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 138.97, - "x1": 273.22, - "y1": 401.75 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-34", - "text": "\n\n\nAdministration, manufacturers’ stipulated schedules and storage\nHepatitis B vaccine is to be administered by intramus- cular injection into the anterolateral aspect of the thigh for infants or into the deltoid muscle for older children and adults. Administration into the gluteal muscle is not recommended as this route has been associated with decreased concentrations of protective antibody10 and injury to the sciatic nerve.2\nThe primary 3-dose hepatitis B vaccination series for infants, conventionally recommended through histori- cal studies carried out by the manufacturers using monovalent vaccines, consists of 1 monovalent birth\n40 Beran J. Safety and immunogenicity of a new hepatitis B vaccine for the protection of patients with renal insufficiency including pre-haemodialysis and haemodialysis patients. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2008;8:235–247.\n41 Package insert of vaccine Fendrix. Available at http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/ en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000550/ WC500021704.pdf, accessed May 2017.\n42 Pichichero ME et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a combination diphtheria, teta- nus toxoid, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, and inactivated poliovirus vaccine coad- ministered with a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. Journal of Pediatrics. 2007;151:43–49, e1–2.\n43 Heininger U et al. Booster immunization with a hexavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus vaccine and Haemophilus in- fluenzae type b conjugate combination vaccine in the second year of life: safety, immunogenicity and persistence of antibody responses. Vaccine. 2007;25:1055– 1063.\n44 Bavdekar SB et al. Immunogenicity and safety of combined diphtheria tetanus whole cell pertussis hepatitis B/Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in Indian infants. Indian Paediatrics. 2007;44:505–510.\n45 Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of recombinant hepati- tis B vaccines. WHO Technical report series No. 978. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2013. Available at http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/TRS_978_An- nex_4.pdf, accessed April 2017.\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017\nrecombinant produit sur levure, destiné aux adultes atteints d’insuffisance rénale (y compris les patients en préhémodialyse ou sous hémodialyse) qui ont une réponse inadéquate aux vaccins anti-hépatite B conventionnels, contient 500 µg de phos- phate d’aluminium et 50 µg d’AS04C (lipide A 3-O-désacyl- 4-monophosphorylé) en tant qu’adjuvants; ce vaccin est homo- logué en Europe.40, 41\nLes vaccins anti-hépatite B sont disponibles sous forme monova- lente, pour les doses à la naissance ou la vaccination des adultes à risque, ainsi qu’en association avec d’autres vaccins pour la vacci- nation des nourrissons, notamment le vaccin antidiphtérique-anti- tétanique-anticoquelucheux (DTC), le vaccin contre Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) et le vaccin antipoliomyélitique inactivé (VPI). En outre, un vaccin combiné contre l’hépatite B et l’hépa- tite A est également disponible.11, 42, 43, 44 Étant donné que ces produits vaccinaux reposent sur des procédés de fabrication diffé- rents et ciblent des populations différentes, la quantité de protéine AgHBs requise par dose pour induire une réponse immunitaire protectrice varie selon le vaccin. La dose pédiatrique standard contient 5-10 µg d’AgHBs et la dose adulte standard est de 10-20 µg; une dose vaccinale de 40 µg est utilisée pour les personnes immu- nodéprimées et les patients sous dialyse. La dose vaccinale destinée aux nourrissons, aux enfants et aux adolescents est inférieure de 50% à celle des adultes. Cependant, l’efficacité relative des différents vaccins ne peut pas être évaluée en tenant uniquement compte des différentes teneurs en AgHBs car il n’existe pas d’étalon inter- national de l’activité vaccinale, compte tenu de la réactivité variable de ces vaccins, produits selon différentes techniques de fabrication et avec des adjuvants différents. L’OMS a formulé des recomman- dations pour garantir la qualité, l’innocuité et l’efficacité des vaccins recombinants contre l’hépatite B.11, 45", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "e464e5ee1436e47bbe24a2d90a1d39d7", - "text": "Administration, manufacturers’ stipulated schedules and storage", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Administration, manufacturers’ stipulated schedules and storage

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 412.18, - "x1": 244.82, - "y1": 435.28 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f5dc563511877a873f74e22c029dac1e", - "text": "Hepatitis B vaccine is to be administered by intramus- cular injection into the anterolateral aspect of the thigh for infants or into the deltoid muscle for older children and adults. Administration into the gluteal muscle is not recommended as this route has been associated with decreased concentrations of protective antibody10 and injury to the sciatic nerve.2", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e464e5ee1436e47bbe24a2d90a1d39d7", - "text_as_html": "

    Hepatitis B vaccine is to be administered by intramus- cular injection into the anterolateral aspect of the thigh for infants or into the deltoid muscle for older children and adults. Administration into the gluteal muscle is not recommended as this route has been associated with decreased concentrations of protective antibody10 and injury to the sciatic nerve.2

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 436.89, - "x1": 273.44, - "y1": 513.43 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "8f90488ab6efb0d899c7a1917efdfd7f", - "text": "The primary 3-dose hepatitis B vaccination series for infants, conventionally recommended through histori- cal studies carried out by the manufacturers using monovalent vaccines, consists of 1 monovalent birth", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e464e5ee1436e47bbe24a2d90a1d39d7", - "text_as_html": "

    The primary 3-dose hepatitis B vaccination series for infants, conventionally recommended through histori- cal studies carried out by the manufacturers using monovalent vaccines, consists of 1 monovalent birth

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.78, - "y0": 519.27, - "x1": 272.96, - "y1": 563.07 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "f6ad3465d563ca35c3391fd5b48a544e", - "text": "40 Beran J. Safety and immunogenicity of a new hepatitis B vaccine for the protection of patients with renal insufficiency including pre-haemodialysis and haemodialysis patients. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2008;8:235–247.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e464e5ee1436e47bbe24a2d90a1d39d7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 40 Beran J. Safety and immunogenicity of a new hepatitis B vaccine for the protection of patients with renal insufficiency including pre-haemodialysis and haemodialysis patients. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2008;8:235–247.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.66, - "y0": 581.84, - "x1": 272.2, - "y1": 606.36 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "de74191b1785f6784225e5aa663ca3aa", - "text": "41 Package insert of vaccine Fendrix. Available at http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/ en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000550/ WC500021704.pdf, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e464e5ee1436e47bbe24a2d90a1d39d7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 41 Package insert of vaccine Fendrix. Available at http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/ en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000550/ WC500021704.pdf, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.84, - "y0": 609.18, - "x1": 274.37, - "y1": 633.02 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "d237fc3e31049b1dac1ba919669ec30c", - "text": "42 Pichichero ME et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a combination diphtheria, teta- nus toxoid, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, and inactivated poliovirus vaccine coad- ministered with a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. Journal of Pediatrics. 2007;151:43–49, e1–2.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e464e5ee1436e47bbe24a2d90a1d39d7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 42 Pichichero ME et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a combination diphtheria, teta- nus toxoid, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, and inactivated poliovirus vaccine coad- ministered with a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. Journal of Pediatrics. 2007;151:43–49, e1–2.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 40.02, - "y0": 635.83, - "x1": 274.22, - "y1": 667.94 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "079fa8be2acb28f46bde918a4657ee84", - "text": "43 Heininger U et al. Booster immunization with a hexavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus vaccine and Haemophilus in- fluenzae type b conjugate combination vaccine in the second year of life: safety, immunogenicity and persistence of antibody responses. Vaccine. 2007;25:1055– 1063.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e464e5ee1436e47bbe24a2d90a1d39d7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 43 Heininger U et al. Booster immunization with a hexavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus vaccine and Haemophilus in- fluenzae type b conjugate combination vaccine in the second year of life: safety, immunogenicity and persistence of antibody responses. Vaccine. 2007;25:1055– 1063.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 40.05, - "y0": 670.7, - "x1": 273.8, - "y1": 710.68 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "032ec04b98e91a25c6e35d2b77389925", - "text": "44 Bavdekar SB et al. Immunogenicity and safety of combined diphtheria tetanus whole cell pertussis hepatitis B/Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in Indian infants. Indian Paediatrics. 2007;44:505–510.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e464e5ee1436e47bbe24a2d90a1d39d7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 44 Bavdekar SB et al. Immunogenicity and safety of combined diphtheria tetanus whole cell pertussis hepatitis B/Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in Indian infants. Indian Paediatrics. 2007;44:505–510.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.21, - "y0": 713.29, - "x1": 274.0, - "y1": 737.61 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "94a62121780c001e3125cb601f5a28f7", - "text": "45 Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of recombinant hepati- tis B vaccines. WHO Technical report series No. 978. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2013. Available at http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/TRS_978_An- nex_4.pdf, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e464e5ee1436e47bbe24a2d90a1d39d7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 45 Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of recombinant hepati- tis B vaccines. WHO Technical report series No. 978. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2013. Available at http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/TRS_978_An- nex_4.pdf, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.42, - "y0": 740.37, - "x1": 272.24, - "y1": 772.47 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "d7a065f2035f7a9790ab7ad862d75e31", - "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e464e5ee1436e47bbe24a2d90a1d39d7", - "text_as_html": "

    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.85, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 222.89, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "8b6934eccb2ddb2d8767be264501fcb3", - "text": "recombinant produit sur levure, destiné aux adultes atteints d’insuffisance rénale (y compris les patients en préhémodialyse ou sous hémodialyse) qui ont une réponse inadéquate aux vaccins anti-hépatite B conventionnels, contient 500 µg de phos- phate d’aluminium et 50 µg d’AS04C (lipide A 3-O-désacyl- 4-monophosphorylé) en tant qu’adjuvants; ce vaccin est homo- logué en Europe.40, 41", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e464e5ee1436e47bbe24a2d90a1d39d7", - "text_as_html": "

    recombinant produit sur levure, destiné aux adultes atteints d’insuffisance rénale (y compris les patients en préhémodialyse ou sous hémodialyse) qui ont une réponse inadéquate aux vaccins anti-hépatite B conventionnels, contient 500 µg de phos- phate d’aluminium et 50 µg d’AS04C (lipide A 3-O-désacyl- 4-monophosphorylé) en tant qu’adjuvants; ce vaccin est homo- logué en Europe.40, 41

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 55.84, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 132.15 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "6e84d7effd3437750fa15c91139d2d66", - "text": "Les vaccins anti-hépatite B sont disponibles sous forme monova- lente, pour les doses à la naissance ou la vaccination des adultes à risque, ainsi qu’en association avec d’autres vaccins pour la vacci- nation des nourrissons, notamment le vaccin antidiphtérique-anti- tétanique-anticoquelucheux (DTC), le vaccin contre Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) et le vaccin antipoliomyélitique inactivé (VPI). En outre, un vaccin combiné contre l’hépatite B et l’hépa- tite A est également disponible.11, 42, 43, 44 Étant donné que ces produits vaccinaux reposent sur des procédés de fabrication diffé- rents et ciblent des populations différentes, la quantité de protéine AgHBs requise par dose pour induire une réponse immunitaire protectrice varie selon le vaccin. La dose pédiatrique standard contient 5-10 µg d’AgHBs et la dose adulte standard est de 10-20 µg; une dose vaccinale de 40 µg est utilisée pour les personnes immu- nodéprimées et les patients sous dialyse. La dose vaccinale destinée aux nourrissons, aux enfants et aux adolescents est inférieure de 50% à celle des adultes. Cependant, l’efficacité relative des différents vaccins ne peut pas être évaluée en tenant uniquement compte des différentes teneurs en AgHBs car il n’existe pas d’étalon inter- national de l’activité vaccinale, compte tenu de la réactivité variable de ces vaccins, produits selon différentes techniques de fabrication et avec des adjuvants différents. L’OMS a formulé des recomman- dations pour garantir la qualité, l’innocuité et l’efficacité des vaccins recombinants contre l’hépatite B.11, 45", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e464e5ee1436e47bbe24a2d90a1d39d7", - "text_as_html": "

    Les vaccins anti-hépatite B sont disponibles sous forme monova- lente, pour les doses à la naissance ou la vaccination des adultes à risque, ainsi qu’en association avec d’autres vaccins pour la vacci- nation des nourrissons, notamment le vaccin antidiphtérique-anti- tétanique-anticoquelucheux (DTC), le vaccin contre Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) et le vaccin antipoliomyélitique inactivé (VPI). En outre, un vaccin combiné contre l’hépatite B et l’hépa- tite A est également disponible.11, 42, 43, 44 Étant donné que ces produits vaccinaux reposent sur des procédés de fabrication diffé- rents et ciblent des populations différentes, la quantité de protéine AgHBs requise par dose pour induire une réponse immunitaire protectrice varie selon le vaccin. La dose pédiatrique standard contient 5-10 µg d’AgHBs et la dose adulte standard est de 10-20 µg; une dose vaccinale de 40 µg est utilisée pour les personnes immu- nodéprimées et les patients sous dialyse. La dose vaccinale destinée aux nourrissons, aux enfants et aux adolescents est inférieure de 50% à celle des adultes. Cependant, l’efficacité relative des différents vaccins ne peut pas être évaluée en tenant uniquement compte des différentes teneurs en AgHBs car il n’existe pas d’étalon inter- national de l’activité vaccinale, compte tenu de la réactivité variable de ces vaccins, produits selon différentes techniques de fabrication et avec des adjuvants différents. L’OMS a formulé des recomman- dations pour garantir la qualité, l’innocuité et l’efficacité des vaccins recombinants contre l’hépatite B.11, 45

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 137.95, - "x1": 552.78, - "y1": 401.75 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-35", - "text": "\n\n\nAdministration, conditions de stockage et calendriers de vaccination indiqués par le fabricant\nLe vaccin anti-hépatite B doit être administré par injection intramusculaire dans la face antérolatérale de la cuisse chez le nourrisson ou dans le muscle deltoïde chez les enfants plus âgés et les adultes. L’administration dans le muscle fessier n’est pas recommandée car elle a été associée à des concentrations réduites d’anticorps protecteurs10 et à des lésions du nerf scia- tique.2\nLa primovaccination du nourrisson par 3 doses de vaccin anti- hépatite B, schéma traditionnellement recommandé par les études historiques réalisées par les fabricants avec les vaccins monovalents, consiste en l’administration d’une dose à la nais-\n40 Beran J. Safety and immunogenicity of a new hepatitis B vaccine for the protection of patients with renal insufficiency including pre-haemodialysis and haemodialysis patients. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2008;8:235–247.\n41 Package insert of vaccine Fendrix. Disponible sur http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/docu- ment_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000550/WC500021704.pdf, consulté en may 2017.\n42 Pichichero ME et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a combination diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, and inactivated poliovirus vaccine coadministered with a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vac- cine. Journal of Pediatrics. 2007;151:43–49, e1–2.\n43 Heininger U et al. Booster immunization with a hexavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertus- sis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate combination vaccine in the second year of life: safety, immunogenicity and persistence of anti- body responses. Vaccine. 2007;25:1055–1063.\n44 Bavdekar SB et al. Immunogenicity and safety of combined diphtheria tetanus whole cell per- tussis hepatitis B/Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in Indian infants. Indian Paediatrics. 2007;44:505–510.\n45 Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines. Série de rapports techniques de l’OMS No 978. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2013. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/TRS_978_Annex_4.pdf, consulté en avril 2017.\n377\ndose followed by either 2 doses of monovalent or hepa- titis B-containing combination vaccine administered during the same visits as the first and third doses of DTP-containing vaccines. Alternatively, 4 doses of hepa- titis B vaccine may be given for programmatic reasons (e.g. 1 monovalent birth dose followed by 3 monovalent or hepatitis B-containing combination vaccine doses) administered during the same visits as the 3 doses of DTP-containing vaccines.46\nFor delayed schedules including for children, adoles- cents and adults, 3 doses are recommended, with the second dose administered at least 1 month later and the third dose 6 months after the first dose. In excep- tional circumstances (e.g. travelling, if rapid protection is needed), 3 injections given can be given at 0, 7 and 21 days followed by a fourth dose 12 months after the first dose.46 Some hepatitis B vaccines may be provided to adolescents on an alternative 2-dose (adult dosage) schedule (interval 4–6 months).47 In any age group, interruption of the vaccination schedule does not require restarting the vaccination series. If the primary series is interrupted after the first dose, the second dose should be administered as soon as possible and the second and third doses separated by a minimum inter- val of at least 4 weeks. If only the third dose is delayed, it should be administered as soon as possible.48\nIn general, hepatitis B vaccines should be transported and stored at 2–8 °C to maintain potency. Freezing must be avoided as it causes dissociation of the antigen from the alum adjuvant, resulting in loss of potency.45 In some settings, administration of a birth dose is restricted by access to cold storage.49 A WHO review of published and manufacturers’ data, based on in vivo and in vitro testing to assess the thermostability of monovalent hepatitis B vaccines, suggests that hepati- tis B vaccines are relatively heat-stable.50, 51, 52 Four controlled field studies (2 among infants) evaluated an\n46 WHO prequalified vaccines. Available at https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/, accessed May 2017.\n47 Package insert of: RECOMBIVAX HB®. Available at http://www.merck.com/pro- duct/usa/pi_circulars/r/recombivax_hb/recombivax_pi.pdf, accessed May 2017.\n48 Mangione R et al. Delayed third hepatitis B vaccine dose and immune response. Lancet. 1995;345:1111–1112.\n49 Wang L et al. Hepatitis B vaccination of newborns in rural China: evaluation of a village-based, out-of-cold-chain delivery strategy. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85:688–694.\n50 A systematic review of monovalent hepatitis B vaccine thermostability, 2016. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/sage/meetings/2016/october/6_Thermostability_HBV_04102016.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.\n51 The “controlled temperature chain” (CTC) is an innovative approach to vaccine management allowing vaccines to be kept at temperatures outside the traditional cold chain of +28 °C for a limited period under monitored and controlled conditions, according to the stability of the antigen. A CTC typically involves a single excursion of the vaccine into ambient temperatures not exceeding +40 °C and for a specific number of days, immediately prior to administration. WHO has established the fol- lowing programmatic criteria for a vaccine to be labelled for and used in a CTC: The vaccine should be used in a campaign or special strategy setting; CTC is not cur- rently recommended for vaccination through routine delivery. The vaccine must be able to tolerate ambient temperatures of at least +40 °C for a minimum of 3 days and should be accompanied by a vaccine vial monitor (VVM) on each vial, and a peak threshold indicator in each vaccine carrier. The vaccine must be licensed for use in a CTC by the relevant regulatory authorities, with a label that specifies the condi- tions. More information is available at http://www.who.int/immunization/pro- grammes_systems/supply_chain/ctc/en/, accessed May 2017.\n52 WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (66th Report). Annex 5: Guide- lines on the stability evaluation of vaccines for use under extended controlled tempe- rature conditions. WHO Technical Report Series No. 999, 2016. Available at http:// apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s22428en/s22428en.pdf, accessed May 2017.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text": "Administration, conditions de stockage et calendriers de vaccination indiqués par le fabricant", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Administration, conditions de stockage et calendriers de vaccination indiqués par le fabricant

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 412.09, - "x1": 542.68, - "y1": 435.82 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "debccb62d3ccb35ed95f1dc271fd4563", - "text": "Le vaccin anti-hépatite B doit être administré par injection intramusculaire dans la face antérolatérale de la cuisse chez le nourrisson ou dans le muscle deltoïde chez les enfants plus âgés et les adultes. L’administration dans le muscle fessier n’est pas recommandée car elle a été associée à des concentrations réduites d’anticorps protecteurs10 et à des lésions du nerf scia- tique.2", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "

    Le vaccin anti-hépatite B doit être administré par injection intramusculaire dans la face antérolatérale de la cuisse chez le nourrisson ou dans le muscle deltoïde chez les enfants plus âgés et les adultes. L’administration dans le muscle fessier n’est pas recommandée car elle a été associée à des concentrations réduites d’anticorps protecteurs10 et à des lésions du nerf scia- tique.2

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 436.8, - "x1": 552.44, - "y1": 513.43 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "b037c157b9c1758babb0e3f33dc710c6", - "text": "La primovaccination du nourrisson par 3 doses de vaccin anti- hépatite B, schéma traditionnellement recommandé par les études historiques réalisées par les fabricants avec les vaccins monovalents, consiste en l’administration d’une dose à la nais-", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "

    La primovaccination du nourrisson par 3 doses de vaccin anti- hépatite B, schéma traditionnellement recommandé par les études historiques réalisées par les fabricants avec les vaccins monovalents, consiste en l’administration d’une dose à la nais-

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 519.4, - "x1": 552.04, - "y1": 563.07 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "e47c978910c008a6300363695ef42dc5", - "text": "40 Beran J. Safety and immunogenicity of a new hepatitis B vaccine for the protection of patients with renal insufficiency including pre-haemodialysis and haemodialysis patients. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2008;8:235–247.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "
  • 40 Beran J. Safety and immunogenicity of a new hepatitis B vaccine for the protection of patients with renal insufficiency including pre-haemodialysis and haemodialysis patients. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2008;8:235–247.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.23, - "y0": 581.65, - "x1": 551.45, - "y1": 606.23 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "8f3698c94a4975078edb8c2d229b844c", - "text": "41 Package insert of vaccine Fendrix. Disponible sur http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/docu- ment_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000550/WC500021704.pdf, consulté en may 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "
  • 41 Package insert of vaccine Fendrix. Disponible sur http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/docu- ment_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000550/WC500021704.pdf, consulté en may 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.26, - "y0": 608.77, - "x1": 551.45, - "y1": 633.46 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "601457f03a6d9a57626ffccba0bedadf", - "text": "42 Pichichero ME et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a combination diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, and inactivated poliovirus vaccine coadministered with a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vac- cine. Journal of Pediatrics. 2007;151:43–49, e1–2.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "
  • 42 Pichichero ME et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a combination diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, and inactivated poliovirus vaccine coadministered with a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vac- cine. Journal of Pediatrics. 2007;151:43–49, e1–2.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.18, - "y0": 635.85, - "x1": 551.47, - "y1": 668.07 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "78eb7e397ce650ea51162588bc3e24a9", - "text": "43 Heininger U et al. Booster immunization with a hexavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertus- sis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate combination vaccine in the second year of life: safety, immunogenicity and persistence of anti- body responses. Vaccine. 2007;25:1055–1063.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "
  • 43 Heininger U et al. Booster immunization with a hexavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertus- sis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate combination vaccine in the second year of life: safety, immunogenicity and persistence of anti- body responses. Vaccine. 2007;25:1055–1063.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.39, - "y0": 670.32, - "x1": 551.45, - "y1": 703.03 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "3aff1ce76afcbcc961b38f234e656d18", - "text": "44 Bavdekar SB et al. Immunogenicity and safety of combined diphtheria tetanus whole cell per- tussis hepatitis B/Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in Indian infants. Indian Paediatrics. 2007;44:505–510.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "
  • 44 Bavdekar SB et al. Immunogenicity and safety of combined diphtheria tetanus whole cell per- tussis hepatitis B/Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in Indian infants. Indian Paediatrics. 2007;44:505–510.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.75, - "y0": 713.31, - "x1": 551.43, - "y1": 737.77 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "cca57430ae28299325cd259f9d96f6e7", - "text": "45 Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines. Série de rapports techniques de l’OMS No 978. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2013. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/TRS_978_Annex_4.pdf, consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "
  • 45 Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines. Série de rapports techniques de l’OMS No 978. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2013. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/TRS_978_Annex_4.pdf, consulté en avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.74, - "y0": 740.33, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 773.09 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "UncategorizedText", - "element_id": "d7e30d40764ee6b9227d0cbbbaab575e", - "text": "377", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "

    377

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.86, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.78, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "1aae9df6db3f097c3e2d3107183ee9b9", - "text": "dose followed by either 2 doses of monovalent or hepa- titis B-containing combination vaccine administered during the same visits as the first and third doses of DTP-containing vaccines. Alternatively, 4 doses of hepa- titis B vaccine may be given for programmatic reasons (e.g. 1 monovalent birth dose followed by 3 monovalent or hepatitis B-containing combination vaccine doses) administered during the same visits as the 3 doses of DTP-containing vaccines.46", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "

    dose followed by either 2 doses of monovalent or hepa- titis B-containing combination vaccine administered during the same visits as the first and third doses of DTP-containing vaccines. Alternatively, 4 doses of hepa- titis B vaccine may be given for programmatic reasons (e.g. 1 monovalent birth dose followed by 3 monovalent or hepatitis B-containing combination vaccine doses) administered during the same visits as the 3 doses of DTP-containing vaccines.46

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 56.03, - "x1": 273.04, - "y1": 154.14 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "dd32342f518cbbfc9a3623186b9cab2a", - "text": "For delayed schedules including for children, adoles- cents and adults, 3 doses are recommended, with the second dose administered at least 1 month later and the third dose 6 months after the first dose. In excep- tional circumstances (e.g. travelling, if rapid protection is needed), 3 injections given can be given at 0, 7 and 21 days followed by a fourth dose 12 months after the first dose.46 Some hepatitis B vaccines may be provided to adolescents on an alternative 2-dose (adult dosage) schedule (interval 4–6 months).47 In any age group, interruption of the vaccination schedule does not require restarting the vaccination series. If the primary series is interrupted after the first dose, the second dose should be administered as soon as possible and the second and third doses separated by a minimum inter- val of at least 4 weeks. If only the third dose is delayed, it should be administered as soon as possible.48", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "

    For delayed schedules including for children, adoles- cents and adults, 3 doses are recommended, with the second dose administered at least 1 month later and the third dose 6 months after the first dose. In excep- tional circumstances (e.g. travelling, if rapid protection is needed), 3 injections given can be given at 0, 7 and 21 days followed by a fourth dose 12 months after the first dose.46 Some hepatitis B vaccines may be provided to adolescents on an alternative 2-dose (adult dosage) schedule (interval 4–6 months).47 In any age group, interruption of the vaccination schedule does not require restarting the vaccination series. If the primary series is interrupted after the first dose, the second dose should be administered as soon as possible and the second and third doses separated by a minimum inter- val of at least 4 weeks. If only the third dose is delayed, it should be administered as soon as possible.48

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.04, - "y0": 161.17, - "x1": 273.5, - "y1": 346.76 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "696a2c16f46753c8f4b4d1d66edaeae6", - "text": "In general, hepatitis B vaccines should be transported and stored at 2–8 °C to maintain potency. Freezing must be avoided as it causes dissociation of the antigen from the alum adjuvant, resulting in loss of potency.45 In some settings, administration of a birth dose is restricted by access to cold storage.49 A WHO review of published and manufacturers’ data, based on in vivo and in vitro testing to assess the thermostability of monovalent hepatitis B vaccines, suggests that hepati- tis B vaccines are relatively heat-stable.50, 51, 52 Four controlled field studies (2 among infants) evaluated an", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "

    In general, hepatitis B vaccines should be transported and stored at 2–8 °C to maintain potency. Freezing must be avoided as it causes dissociation of the antigen from the alum adjuvant, resulting in loss of potency.45 In some settings, administration of a birth dose is restricted by access to cold storage.49 A WHO review of published and manufacturers’ data, based on in vivo and in vitro testing to assess the thermostability of monovalent hepatitis B vaccines, suggests that hepati- tis B vaccines are relatively heat-stable.50, 51, 52 Four controlled field studies (2 among infants) evaluated an

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.07, - "y0": 353.48, - "x1": 273.23, - "y1": 473.39 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "623761f371fb528b11c1398cb210a1ae", - "text": "46 WHO prequalified vaccines. Available at https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "
  • 46 WHO prequalified vaccines. Available at https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.43, - "y0": 492.45, - "x1": 272.31, - "y1": 508.36 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "67dc6bd99d7aa60ea1a4e4d98c08ea29", - "text": "47 Package insert of: RECOMBIVAX HB®. Available at http://www.merck.com/pro- duct/usa/pi_circulars/r/recombivax_hb/recombivax_pi.pdf, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "
  • 47 Package insert of: RECOMBIVAX HB®. Available at http://www.merck.com/pro- duct/usa/pi_circulars/r/recombivax_hb/recombivax_pi.pdf, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.35, - "y0": 511.12, - "x1": 274.16, - "y1": 527.48 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "3c0895da2c2bd67f7c18ee8cf5fa044a", - "text": "48 Mangione R et al. Delayed third hepatitis B vaccine dose and immune response. Lancet. 1995;345:1111–1112.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "
  • 48 Mangione R et al. Delayed third hepatitis B vaccine dose and immune response. Lancet. 1995;345:1111–1112.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.01, - "y0": 530.26, - "x1": 272.32, - "y1": 546.0 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "63ca091682b7c81dfca6a63f7e0a16b1", - "text": "49 Wang L et al. Hepatitis B vaccination of newborns in rural China: evaluation of a village-based, out-of-cold-chain delivery strategy. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85:688–694.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "
  • 49 Wang L et al. Hepatitis B vaccination of newborns in rural China: evaluation of a village-based, out-of-cold-chain delivery strategy. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85:688–694.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.33, - "y0": 548.86, - "x1": 276.43, - "y1": 572.63 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "fa50cbe980d284843fff113365af067d", - "text": "50 A systematic review of monovalent hepatitis B vaccine thermostability, 2016. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/sage/meetings/2016/october/6_Thermostability_HBV_04102016.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "
  • 50 A systematic review of monovalent hepatitis B vaccine thermostability, 2016. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/sage/meetings/2016/october/6_Thermostability_HBV_04102016.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.77, - "y0": 575.76, - "x1": 275.86, - "y1": 607.71 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "488b13582383504b5cb1ac258f96ae81", - "text": "51 The “controlled temperature chain” (CTC) is an innovative approach to vaccine management allowing vaccines to be kept at temperatures outside the traditional cold chain of +28 °C for a limited period under monitored and controlled conditions, according to the stability of the antigen. A CTC typically involves a single excursion of the vaccine into ambient temperatures not exceeding +40 °C and for a specific number of days, immediately prior to administration. WHO has established the fol- lowing programmatic criteria for a vaccine to be labelled for and used in a CTC: The vaccine should be used in a campaign or special strategy setting; CTC is not cur- rently recommended for vaccination through routine delivery. The vaccine must be able to tolerate ambient temperatures of at least +40 °C for a minimum of 3 days and should be accompanied by a vaccine vial monitor (VVM) on each vial, and a peak threshold indicator in each vaccine carrier. The vaccine must be licensed for use in a CTC by the relevant regulatory authorities, with a label that specifies the condi- tions. More information is available at http://www.who.int/immunization/pro- grammes_systems/supply_chain/ctc/en/, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "
  • 51 The “controlled temperature chain” (CTC) is an innovative approach to vaccine management allowing vaccines to be kept at temperatures outside the traditional cold chain of +28 °C for a limited period under monitored and controlled conditions, according to the stability of the antigen. A CTC typically involves a single excursion of the vaccine into ambient temperatures not exceeding +40 °C and for a specific number of days, immediately prior to administration. WHO has established the fol- lowing programmatic criteria for a vaccine to be labelled for and used in a CTC: The vaccine should be used in a campaign or special strategy setting; CTC is not cur- rently recommended for vaccination through routine delivery. The vaccine must be able to tolerate ambient temperatures of at least +40 °C for a minimum of 3 days and should be accompanied by a vaccine vial monitor (VVM) on each vial, and a peak threshold indicator in each vaccine carrier. The vaccine must be licensed for use in a CTC by the relevant regulatory authorities, with a label that specifies the condi- tions. More information is available at http://www.who.int/immunization/pro- grammes_systems/supply_chain/ctc/en/, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.42, - "y0": 610.29, - "x1": 277.57, - "y1": 730.27 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "c31f812e04cdc377744e15ff2cfda157", - "text": "52 WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (66th Report). Annex 5: Guide- lines on the stability evaluation of vaccines for use under extended controlled tempe- rature conditions. WHO Technical Report Series No. 999, 2016. Available at http:// apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s22428en/s22428en.pdf, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "6cbab8d8dbed364b9cddb4eab4caf485", - "text_as_html": "
  • 52 WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (66th Report). Annex 5: Guide- lines on the stability evaluation of vaccines for use under extended controlled tempe- rature conditions. WHO Technical Report Series No. 999, 2016. Available at http:// apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s22428en/s22428en.pdf, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 40.87, - "y0": 733.38, - "x1": 273.5, - "y1": 765.1 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-36", - "text": "\n\n\n378\nsance de vaccin monovalent, suivie de 2 doses de vaccin mono- valent ou de vaccin combiné à valence anti-hépatite B, admi- nistrées en même temps que la première dose et la troisième dose de vaccin à valence DTC. On peut également choisir, pour des raisons programmatiques, d’administrer 4 doses de vaccin anti-hépatite B (par exemple, 1 dose monovalente à la naissance suivie de 3 doses de vaccin monovalent ou de vaccin combiné à valence anti-hépatite B administrées en même temps que les 3 doses de vaccin à valence DTC).46\nEn cas de retard de vaccination, y compris chez les enfants, les adolescents et les adultes, il est recommandé d’utiliser 3 doses, la deuxième dose devant être administrée au moins 1 mois après la première et la troisième dose 6 mois après la première. Dans des circonstances exceptionnelles (par exemple en cas de voyage nécessitant une protection rapide), 3 injections peuvent être données à 0, 7 et 21 jours, suivies d’une quatrième dose 12 mois après la première.46 Certains vaccins anti-hépatite B peuvent être administrés aux adolescents selon un autre schéma, prévoyant 2 doses (posologie adulte) espacées de 4-6 mois.47 Quelle que soit la tranche d’âge, il n’est pas nécessaire, en cas d’interruption du calendrier vaccinal, de reprendre toute la série de vaccination. Si la série de primovaccination est inter- rompue après la première dose, la deuxième dose devra être administrée dès que possible et les deuxième et troisième doses devront être espacées d’au moins 4 semaines. Si seule la troi- sième dose a été retardée, on l’administrera dès que possible.48\nEn règle générale, les vaccins anti-hépatite B doivent être trans- portés et conservés entre 2 °C et 8 °C pour maintenir leur acti- vité. La congélation doit être évitée car elle dissocie l’antigène de l’alun utilisé comme adjuvant, entraînant une perte d’activité vaccinale.45 Dans certains endroits, l’administration de la dose à la naissance est limitée par les capacités de stockage au froid.49 L’OMS a examiné les données publiées et les données fournies par les fabricants sur la base d’analyses in vivo et in vitro afin d’évaluer la thermostabilité des vaccins anti-hépatite B monova- lents. Les résultats portent à croire que les vaccins anti-hépatite B sont relativement thermostables.50, 51, 52 Quatre études contrôlées\n46 WHO prequalified vaccines. Disponible sur https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/, consulté en avril 2017.\n47 Notice d’emballage du RECOMBIVAX HB®. Disponible sur http://www.merck.com/product/usa/ pi_circulars/r/recombivax_hb/recombivax_pi.pdf, consulté en mai 2017.\n48 Mangione R et al. Delayed third hepatitis B vaccine dose and immune response. Lancet. 1995;345:1111–1112.\n49 Wang L et al. Hepatitis B vaccination of newborns in rural China: evaluation of a village-based, out-of-cold-chain delivery strategy. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85:688–694.\n50 A systematic review of monovalent hepatitis B vaccine thermostability, 2016. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2016/october/6_Thermostability_HBV_04102016.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.\n51 La «chaîne à température contrôlée» (CTC) est une approche innovante de gestion des vaccins per- mettant une conservation à des températures se trouvant en dehors de la plage traditionnelle de la chaîne du froid, à +28 °C, pendant une période limitée et dans des conditions surveillées et contrô- lées, selon la stabilité de l’antigène. L’approche CTC permet généralement un écart thermique unique du vaccin à des températures ambiantes ne dépassant pas +40 °C, pendant un nombre spécifique de jours, juste avant son administration. L’OMS a établi les critères programmatiques suivants pour qu’un vaccin puisse être étiqueté comme compatible avec l’approche CTC et utilisé comme tel: le vaccin doit être administré dans le cadre d’une campagne ou d’un contexte stratégique particulier; l’approche CTC n’est pas recommandée à ce jour pour la vaccination systématique. Le vaccin doit pouvoir résister à des températures ambiantes d’au moins +40 °C pendant au moins 3 jours et chaque flacon doit être muni d’une pastille de contrôle du vaccin (PCV), avec un indicateur de seuil maximal de température dans chaque porte-vaccins. Le vaccin doit être homologué pour une utilisa- tion dans la CTC par les autorités réglementaires compétentes et doté d’une étiquette précisant les conditions applicables. Des informations complémentaires sont disponibles à l’adresse: http://www. who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/supply_chain/ctc/en/; consulté en mai 2017.\n52 WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (66th Report). Annex 5: Guidelines on the stability evaluation of vaccines for use under extended controlled temperature conditions. Genève, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2016, série de rapports techniques de l’OMS No 999, 2016. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s22428en/s22428en.pdf, consulté en mai 2017.\nout-of-cold-chain (OCC) approach. Among infants or adults randomized to receive vaccine stored or outside the cold chain, no difference was found in anti-HBs antibody concentrations or in the propor- tions achieving anti-HBs seroprotection. Package inserts for 2 monovalent hepatitis B vaccines indicate that the vaccine is stable for one month at 37 °C, and for one week at 45 °C. Additional vaccines are in the develop- ment and licensure pipeline for controlled temperature chain (CTC) compatibility.50 in", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "e98edd18502654500ab0d7c2ad2c5b08", - "text": "378", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    378

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.81, - "y0": 779.04, - "x1": 57.82, - "y1": 786.7 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "19d43cc6a6886a13e5ec30bbea422491", - "text": "sance de vaccin monovalent, suivie de 2 doses de vaccin mono- valent ou de vaccin combiné à valence anti-hépatite B, admi- nistrées en même temps que la première dose et la troisième dose de vaccin à valence DTC. On peut également choisir, pour des raisons programmatiques, d’administrer 4 doses de vaccin anti-hépatite B (par exemple, 1 dose monovalente à la naissance suivie de 3 doses de vaccin monovalent ou de vaccin combiné à valence anti-hépatite B administrées en même temps que les 3 doses de vaccin à valence DTC).46", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "e98edd18502654500ab0d7c2ad2c5b08", - "text_as_html": "

    sance de vaccin monovalent, suivie de 2 doses de vaccin mono- valent ou de vaccin combiné à valence anti-hépatite B, admi- nistrées en même temps que la première dose et la troisième dose de vaccin à valence DTC. On peut également choisir, pour des raisons programmatiques, d’administrer 4 doses de vaccin anti-hépatite B (par exemple, 1 dose monovalente à la naissance suivie de 3 doses de vaccin monovalent ou de vaccin combiné à valence anti-hépatite B administrées en même temps que les 3 doses de vaccin à valence DTC).46

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 55.79, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 154.14 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "46c590babbf2d453ec954490c294988c", - "text": "En cas de retard de vaccination, y compris chez les enfants, les adolescents et les adultes, il est recommandé d’utiliser 3 doses, la deuxième dose devant être administrée au moins 1 mois après la première et la troisième dose 6 mois après la première. Dans des circonstances exceptionnelles (par exemple en cas de voyage nécessitant une protection rapide), 3 injections peuvent être données à 0, 7 et 21 jours, suivies d’une quatrième dose 12 mois après la première.46 Certains vaccins anti-hépatite B peuvent être administrés aux adolescents selon un autre schéma, prévoyant 2 doses (posologie adulte) espacées de 4-6 mois.47 Quelle que soit la tranche d’âge, il n’est pas nécessaire, en cas d’interruption du calendrier vaccinal, de reprendre toute la série de vaccination. Si la série de primovaccination est inter- rompue après la première dose, la deuxième dose devra être administrée dès que possible et les deuxième et troisième doses devront être espacées d’au moins 4 semaines. Si seule la troi- sième dose a été retardée, on l’administrera dès que possible.48", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "e98edd18502654500ab0d7c2ad2c5b08", - "text_as_html": "

    En cas de retard de vaccination, y compris chez les enfants, les adolescents et les adultes, il est recommandé d’utiliser 3 doses, la deuxième dose devant être administrée au moins 1 mois après la première et la troisième dose 6 mois après la première. Dans des circonstances exceptionnelles (par exemple en cas de voyage nécessitant une protection rapide), 3 injections peuvent être données à 0, 7 et 21 jours, suivies d’une quatrième dose 12 mois après la première.46 Certains vaccins anti-hépatite B peuvent être administrés aux adolescents selon un autre schéma, prévoyant 2 doses (posologie adulte) espacées de 4-6 mois.47 Quelle que soit la tranche d’âge, il n’est pas nécessaire, en cas d’interruption du calendrier vaccinal, de reprendre toute la série de vaccination. Si la série de primovaccination est inter- rompue après la première dose, la deuxième dose devra être administrée dès que possible et les deuxième et troisième doses devront être espacées d’au moins 4 semaines. Si seule la troi- sième dose a été retardée, on l’administrera dès que possible.48

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 160.84, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 346.76 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "1ee46a3f1311ff6482983ed8164c40f1", - "text": "En règle générale, les vaccins anti-hépatite B doivent être trans- portés et conservés entre 2 °C et 8 °C pour maintenir leur acti- vité. La congélation doit être évitée car elle dissocie l’antigène de l’alun utilisé comme adjuvant, entraînant une perte d’activité vaccinale.45 Dans certains endroits, l’administration de la dose à la naissance est limitée par les capacités de stockage au froid.49 L’OMS a examiné les données publiées et les données fournies par les fabricants sur la base d’analyses in vivo et in vitro afin d’évaluer la thermostabilité des vaccins anti-hépatite B monova- lents. Les résultats portent à croire que les vaccins anti-hépatite B sont relativement thermostables.50, 51, 52 Quatre études contrôlées", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "e98edd18502654500ab0d7c2ad2c5b08", - "text_as_html": "

    En règle générale, les vaccins anti-hépatite B doivent être trans- portés et conservés entre 2 °C et 8 °C pour maintenir leur acti- vité. La congélation doit être évitée car elle dissocie l’antigène de l’alun utilisé comme adjuvant, entraînant une perte d’activité vaccinale.45 Dans certains endroits, l’administration de la dose à la naissance est limitée par les capacités de stockage au froid.49 L’OMS a examiné les données publiées et les données fournies par les fabricants sur la base d’analyses in vivo et in vitro afin d’évaluer la thermostabilité des vaccins anti-hépatite B monova- lents. Les résultats portent à croire que les vaccins anti-hépatite B sont relativement thermostables.50, 51, 52 Quatre études contrôlées

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 352.86, - "x1": 552.21, - "y1": 473.39 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "87a04b2b25cfb964227923797e12bdf9", - "text": "46 WHO prequalified vaccines. Disponible sur https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/, consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "e98edd18502654500ab0d7c2ad2c5b08", - "text_as_html": "
  • 46 WHO prequalified vaccines. Disponible sur https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/, consulté en avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.78, - "y0": 491.67, - "x1": 551.45, - "y1": 509.45 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "0f65c46e25a0fcd0d1617da1fa282107", - "text": "47 Notice d’emballage du RECOMBIVAX HB®. Disponible sur http://www.merck.com/product/usa/ pi_circulars/r/recombivax_hb/recombivax_pi.pdf, consulté en mai 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "e98edd18502654500ab0d7c2ad2c5b08", - "text_as_html": "
  • 47 Notice d’emballage du RECOMBIVAX HB®. Disponible sur http://www.merck.com/product/usa/ pi_circulars/r/recombivax_hb/recombivax_pi.pdf, consulté en mai 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.79, - "y0": 510.65, - "x1": 550.39, - "y1": 527.91 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "3bb8567d368a1ffe57bc6499dec4a839", - "text": "48 Mangione R et al. Delayed third hepatitis B vaccine dose and immune response. Lancet. 1995;345:1111–1112.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "e98edd18502654500ab0d7c2ad2c5b08", - "text_as_html": "
  • 48 Mangione R et al. Delayed third hepatitis B vaccine dose and immune response. Lancet. 1995;345:1111–1112.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 529.74, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 546.68 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "b06246389b542d08ca3ddd8428b5bf26", - "text": "49 Wang L et al. Hepatitis B vaccination of newborns in rural China: evaluation of a village-based, out-of-cold-chain delivery strategy. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85:688–694.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "e98edd18502654500ab0d7c2ad2c5b08", - "text_as_html": "
  • 49 Wang L et al. Hepatitis B vaccination of newborns in rural China: evaluation of a village-based, out-of-cold-chain delivery strategy. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85:688–694.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.71, - "y0": 547.99, - "x1": 551.44, - "y1": 564.92 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ce887f53e4ac1ed44f6b35fea3321ec9", - "text": "50 A systematic review of monovalent hepatitis B vaccine thermostability, 2016. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2016/october/6_Thermostability_HBV_04102016.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "e98edd18502654500ab0d7c2ad2c5b08", - "text_as_html": "
  • 50 A systematic review of monovalent hepatitis B vaccine thermostability, 2016. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2016/october/6_Thermostability_HBV_04102016.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.76, - "y0": 575.47, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 599.84 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "2c02be3bea09b981130096c78b37757b", - "text": "51 La «chaîne à température contrôlée» (CTC) est une approche innovante de gestion des vaccins per- mettant une conservation à des températures se trouvant en dehors de la plage traditionnelle de la chaîne du froid, à +28 °C, pendant une période limitée et dans des conditions surveillées et contrô- lées, selon la stabilité de l’antigène. L’approche CTC permet généralement un écart thermique unique du vaccin à des températures ambiantes ne dépassant pas +40 °C, pendant un nombre spécifique de jours, juste avant son administration. L’OMS a établi les critères programmatiques suivants pour qu’un vaccin puisse être étiqueté comme compatible avec l’approche CTC et utilisé comme tel: le vaccin doit être administré dans le cadre d’une campagne ou d’un contexte stratégique particulier; l’approche CTC n’est pas recommandée à ce jour pour la vaccination systématique. Le vaccin doit pouvoir résister à des températures ambiantes d’au moins +40 °C pendant au moins 3 jours et chaque flacon doit être muni d’une pastille de contrôle du vaccin (PCV), avec un indicateur de seuil maximal de température dans chaque porte-vaccins. Le vaccin doit être homologué pour une utilisa- tion dans la CTC par les autorités réglementaires compétentes et doté d’une étiquette précisant les conditions applicables. Des informations complémentaires sont disponibles à l’adresse: http://www. who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/supply_chain/ctc/en/; consulté en mai 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "e98edd18502654500ab0d7c2ad2c5b08", - "text_as_html": "
  • 51 La «chaîne à température contrôlée» (CTC) est une approche innovante de gestion des vaccins per- mettant une conservation à des températures se trouvant en dehors de la plage traditionnelle de la chaîne du froid, à +28 °C, pendant une période limitée et dans des conditions surveillées et contrô- lées, selon la stabilité de l’antigène. L’approche CTC permet généralement un écart thermique unique du vaccin à des températures ambiantes ne dépassant pas +40 °C, pendant un nombre spécifique de jours, juste avant son administration. L’OMS a établi les critères programmatiques suivants pour qu’un vaccin puisse être étiqueté comme compatible avec l’approche CTC et utilisé comme tel: le vaccin doit être administré dans le cadre d’une campagne ou d’un contexte stratégique particulier; l’approche CTC n’est pas recommandée à ce jour pour la vaccination systématique. Le vaccin doit pouvoir résister à des températures ambiantes d’au moins +40 °C pendant au moins 3 jours et chaque flacon doit être muni d’une pastille de contrôle du vaccin (PCV), avec un indicateur de seuil maximal de température dans chaque porte-vaccins. Le vaccin doit être homologué pour une utilisa- tion dans la CTC par les autorités réglementaires compétentes et doté d’une étiquette précisant les conditions applicables. Des informations complémentaires sont disponibles à l’adresse: http://www. who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/supply_chain/ctc/en/; consulté en mai 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.04, - "y0": 610.67, - "x1": 551.5, - "y1": 730.74 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "77de418133c8260c09eab1635079f2ed", - "text": "52 WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (66th Report). Annex 5: Guidelines on the stability evaluation of vaccines for use under extended controlled temperature conditions. Genève, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2016, série de rapports techniques de l’OMS No 999, 2016. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s22428en/s22428en.pdf, consulté en mai 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "e98edd18502654500ab0d7c2ad2c5b08", - "text_as_html": "
  • 52 WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (66th Report). Annex 5: Guidelines on the stability evaluation of vaccines for use under extended controlled temperature conditions. Genève, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2016, série de rapports techniques de l’OMS No 999, 2016. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s22428en/s22428en.pdf, consulté en mai 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.45, - "y0": 733.25, - "x1": 551.48, - "y1": 773.94 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "cb9f1bda9948e94d0f5dd48bba7f9fee", - "text": "out-of-cold-chain (OCC) approach. Among infants or adults randomized to receive vaccine stored or outside the cold chain, no difference was found in anti-HBs antibody concentrations or in the propor- tions achieving anti-HBs seroprotection. Package inserts for 2 monovalent hepatitis B vaccines indicate that the vaccine is stable for one month at 37 °C, and for one week at 45 °C. Additional vaccines are in the develop- ment and licensure pipeline for controlled temperature chain (CTC) compatibility.50 in", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "e98edd18502654500ab0d7c2ad2c5b08", - "text_as_html": "

    out-of-cold-chain (OCC) approach. Among infants or adults randomized to receive vaccine stored or outside the cold chain, no difference was found in anti-HBs antibody concentrations or in the propor- tions achieving anti-HBs seroprotection. Package inserts for 2 monovalent hepatitis B vaccines indicate that the vaccine is stable for one month at 37 °C, and for one week at 45 °C. Additional vaccines are in the develop- ment and licensure pipeline for controlled temperature chain (CTC) compatibility.50 in

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.8, - "y0": 56.16, - "x1": 272.72, - "y1": 165.14 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-37", - "text": "\n\n\nVaccine immunogenicity, efficacy and effectiveness\nThe protective efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine depends on the presence of IgG antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs) after completion of vaccination. An anti-HBs antibody concentration of ≥10 mIU/mL measured 1–2 months after administration of the last dose of the primary vaccination series is considered a reliable serological marker of long-term protection against HBV infection.53 The recommended number of doses of hepatitis B vaccine required to induce protective immunity varies by product and with the age of the recipient. A primary 3-dose series induces protective antibody concentra- tions in >95% of healthy infants, children and young adults.2, 54 A systematic review found no difference in the proportions of infants who were seroprotected after 3 or 2 primary doses following a birth dose (3-dose schedule interval: 1 month, 2 months, 11 or 12 months; 2-dose schedule interval: 1 month, 6 months).55\nExperience suggests that delaying administration of the birth dose to infants of chronically infected mothers increases the risk of perinatal HBV transmission. One study found that the risk of infection for infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers increased significantly when the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine was received 7 days after birth compared with those vaccinated 1–3 days after birth (odds ratio, 8.6).56, 57 A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that infants who receive the first dose at birth, compared to infants who received placebo or no intervention, are 3.5 times less likely to become infected when born to HBV- infected mothers (relative risk, 0.28; 95% CI: 0.20–0.40).58\n53 Jack AD et al. What level of hepatitis B antibody is protective? Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179:489–492.\n54 WHO SAGE Meeting – October 2016, Background documents. Available at http:// www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/5_Update_seroprotec- tion_after_hep_b_in_newborns.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.\n55 Soares-Weisner K et al. Safety and efficacy from randomized controlled trials and observational studies of childhood schedules using hepatitis B vaccines. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/4_Systematic_ review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.\n56 Marion SA et al. Long-term follow-up of hepatitis B vaccine in infants of carrier mothers. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1994;140:734–746.\n57 WHO SAGE Meeting – October 2017, Yellow Book, Summary of findings per out- come of timing of the first dose of recombinant DNA HBV vaccines. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/SAGE_yellow_ book_october_2016.pdf?ua=1 (pp. 384–385), accessed May 2017.\n58 Lee C et al. Hepatitis B immunization for newborn infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(2):CD004790.\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017\nsur le terrain (2 chez les nourrissons) ont évalué une stratégie d’administration du vaccin en dehors de la chaîne du froid. Les participants ont été répartis de manière aléatoire entre un groupe recevant le vaccin conservé dans la chaîne du froid et un groupe recevant le vaccin conservé en dehors de la chaîne du froid. Qu’il s’agisse des nourrissons ou des adultes, aucune différence n’a été constatée entre les deux groupes en termes de titres d’anticorps anti-HBs ou de pourcentage de sujets présentant une séroprotec- tion anti-HBs. Les notices d’emballage de 2 vaccins anti-hépa- tite B monovalents indiquent une stabilité du produit pendant un mois à 37 °C et pendant une semaine à 45 °C. D’autres vaccins, destinés à être compatibles avec la chaîne à température contrô- lée (CTC), sont en cours de développement et d’homologation.50", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "2232cdb720075809f6f29f806c82f716", - "text": "Vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy and effectiveness", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy and effectiveness

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 209.18, - "x1": 203.59, - "y1": 231.29 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ecf9e30894e42d0cc2a98b6d3d9129f3", - "text": "The protective efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine depends on the presence of IgG antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs) after completion of vaccination. An anti-HBs antibody concentration of ≥10 mIU/mL measured 1–2 months after administration of the last dose of the primary vaccination series is considered a reliable serological marker of long-term protection against HBV infection.53 The recommended number of doses of hepatitis B vaccine required to induce protective immunity varies by product and with the age of the recipient. A primary 3-dose series induces protective antibody concentra- tions in >95% of healthy infants, children and young adults.2, 54 A systematic review found no difference in the proportions of infants who were seroprotected after 3 or 2 primary doses following a birth dose (3-dose schedule interval: 1 month, 2 months, 11 or 12 months; 2-dose schedule interval: 1 month, 6 months).55", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "2232cdb720075809f6f29f806c82f716", - "text_as_html": "

    The protective efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine depends on the presence of IgG antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs) after completion of vaccination. An anti-HBs antibody concentration of ≥10 mIU/mL measured 1–2 months after administration of the last dose of the primary vaccination series is considered a reliable serological marker of long-term protection against HBV infection.53 The recommended number of doses of hepatitis B vaccine required to induce protective immunity varies by product and with the age of the recipient. A primary 3-dose series induces protective antibody concentra- tions in >95% of healthy infants, children and young adults.2, 54 A systematic review found no difference in the proportions of infants who were seroprotected after 3 or 2 primary doses following a birth dose (3-dose schedule interval: 1 month, 2 months, 11 or 12 months; 2-dose schedule interval: 1 month, 6 months).55

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.15, - "y0": 234.33, - "x1": 273.15, - "y1": 419.8 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "b18de09501a46bdab70e4bbd016d0439", - "text": "Experience suggests that delaying administration of the birth dose to infants of chronically infected mothers increases the risk of perinatal HBV transmission. One study found that the risk of infection for infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers increased significantly when the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine was received 7 days after birth compared with those vaccinated 1–3 days after birth (odds ratio, 8.6).56, 57 A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that infants who receive the first dose at birth, compared to infants who received placebo or no intervention, are 3.5 times less likely to become infected when born to HBV- infected mothers (relative risk, 0.28; 95% CI: 0.20–0.40).58", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "2232cdb720075809f6f29f806c82f716", - "text_as_html": "

    Experience suggests that delaying administration of the birth dose to infants of chronically infected mothers increases the risk of perinatal HBV transmission. One study found that the risk of infection for infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers increased significantly when the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine was received 7 days after birth compared with those vaccinated 1–3 days after birth (odds ratio, 8.6).56, 57 A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that infants who receive the first dose at birth, compared to infants who received placebo or no intervention, are 3.5 times less likely to become infected when born to HBV- infected mothers (relative risk, 0.28; 95% CI: 0.20–0.40).58

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.43, - "y0": 437.17, - "x1": 272.46, - "y1": 579.42 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "e963704e924f30004531475618ecffa2", - "text": "53 Jack AD et al. What level of hepatitis B antibody is protective? Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179:489–492.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "2232cdb720075809f6f29f806c82f716", - "text_as_html": "
  • 53 Jack AD et al. What level of hepatitis B antibody is protective? Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179:489–492.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.55, - "y0": 615.32, - "x1": 271.89, - "y1": 630.95 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "4658637628fe0f678c1477a0a972b17b", - "text": "54 WHO SAGE Meeting – October 2016, Background documents. Available at http:// www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/5_Update_seroprotec- tion_after_hep_b_in_newborns.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "2232cdb720075809f6f29f806c82f716", - "text_as_html": "
  • 54 WHO SAGE Meeting – October 2016, Background documents. Available at http:// www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/5_Update_seroprotec- tion_after_hep_b_in_newborns.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.63, - "y0": 634.05, - "x1": 272.16, - "y1": 657.4 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "b1639133b86e820e5c89363c8d226ed1", - "text": "55 Soares-Weisner K et al. Safety and efficacy from randomized controlled trials and observational studies of childhood schedules using hepatitis B vaccines. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/4_Systematic_ review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "2232cdb720075809f6f29f806c82f716", - "text_as_html": "
  • 55 Soares-Weisner K et al. Safety and efficacy from randomized controlled trials and observational studies of childhood schedules using hepatitis B vaccines. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/4_Systematic_ review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.27, - "y0": 660.26, - "x1": 272.98, - "y1": 692.4 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "bbb07adcddd3dbdcbc1b8b061ba612df", - "text": "56 Marion SA et al. Long-term follow-up of hepatitis B vaccine in infants of carrier mothers. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1994;140:734–746.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "2232cdb720075809f6f29f806c82f716", - "text_as_html": "
  • 56 Marion SA et al. Long-term follow-up of hepatitis B vaccine in infants of carrier mothers. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1994;140:734–746.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.45, - "y0": 695.11, - "x1": 272.66, - "y1": 711.2 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "db3755d5a06f84746cfc15c93568f895", - "text": "57 WHO SAGE Meeting – October 2017, Yellow Book, Summary of findings per out- come of timing of the first dose of recombinant DNA HBV vaccines. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/SAGE_yellow_ book_october_2016.pdf?ua=1 (pp. 384–385), accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "2232cdb720075809f6f29f806c82f716", - "text_as_html": "
  • 57 WHO SAGE Meeting – October 2017, Yellow Book, Summary of findings per out- come of timing of the first dose of recombinant DNA HBV vaccines. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/SAGE_yellow_ book_october_2016.pdf?ua=1 (pp. 384–385), accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 40.78, - "y0": 713.89, - "x1": 273.58, - "y1": 745.92 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "53e0f99bfd664f8608ed62ecffc7c9bd", - "text": "58 Lee C et al. Hepatitis B immunization for newborn infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(2):CD004790.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "2232cdb720075809f6f29f806c82f716", - "text_as_html": "
  • 58 Lee C et al. Hepatitis B immunization for newborn infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(2):CD004790.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.21, - "y0": 749.3, - "x1": 273.96, - "y1": 773.13 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "a2a07861eeff7bd370fe4e8d209c64a4", - "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "2232cdb720075809f6f29f806c82f716", - "text_as_html": "

    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.66, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 223.21, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "bcec6d6b8ba6d30f6f351dc62a733d4e", - "text": "sur le terrain (2 chez les nourrissons) ont évalué une stratégie d’administration du vaccin en dehors de la chaîne du froid. Les participants ont été répartis de manière aléatoire entre un groupe recevant le vaccin conservé dans la chaîne du froid et un groupe recevant le vaccin conservé en dehors de la chaîne du froid. Qu’il s’agisse des nourrissons ou des adultes, aucune différence n’a été constatée entre les deux groupes en termes de titres d’anticorps anti-HBs ou de pourcentage de sujets présentant une séroprotec- tion anti-HBs. Les notices d’emballage de 2 vaccins anti-hépa- tite B monovalents indiquent une stabilité du produit pendant un mois à 37 °C et pendant une semaine à 45 °C. D’autres vaccins, destinés à être compatibles avec la chaîne à température contrô- lée (CTC), sont en cours de développement et d’homologation.50", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "2232cdb720075809f6f29f806c82f716", - "text_as_html": "

    sur le terrain (2 chez les nourrissons) ont évalué une stratégie d’administration du vaccin en dehors de la chaîne du froid. Les participants ont été répartis de manière aléatoire entre un groupe recevant le vaccin conservé dans la chaîne du froid et un groupe recevant le vaccin conservé en dehors de la chaîne du froid. Qu’il s’agisse des nourrissons ou des adultes, aucune différence n’a été constatée entre les deux groupes en termes de titres d’anticorps anti-HBs ou de pourcentage de sujets présentant une séroprotec- tion anti-HBs. Les notices d’emballage de 2 vaccins anti-hépa- tite B monovalents indiquent une stabilité du produit pendant un mois à 37 °C et pendant une semaine à 45 °C. D’autres vaccins, destinés à être compatibles avec la chaîne à température contrô- lée (CTC), sont en cours de développement et d’homologation.50

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 56.26, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 198.14 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-38", - "text": "\n\n\nImmunogénicité et efficacité des vaccins\nL’efficacité protectrice de la vaccination anti-hépatite B dépend de la présence d’anticorps IgG dirigés contre l’AgHBs (anticorps anti-HBs) après l’administration de la dernière dose. Une concentration d’anticorps anti-HBs ≥10 mUI/ml, mesurée 1-2 mois après l’administration de la dernière dose de la série de primovaccination, est considérée comme un marqueur séro- logique fiable d’une protection à long terme contre l’infection à VHB.53 Le nombre recommandé de doses de vaccin anti-hépa- tite B requises pour induire une immunité protectrice varie selon le produit et l’âge de la personne vaccinée. Une série de 3 doses de primovaccination induit des concentrations protec- trices d’anticorps chez >95% des nourrissons, enfants et jeunes adultes en bonne santé.2, 54 Une revue systématique n’a révélé aucune différence dans la proportion de nourrissons présentant une séroprotection selon qu’ils avaient reçu 3 doses de primo- vaccination ou 2 doses de primovaccination après la dose à la naissance (calendrier à 3 doses: 1 mois, 2 mois, 11 ou 12 mois; calendrier à 2 doses: 1 mois, 6 mois).55\nL’expérience montre qu’une administration tardive de la dose à la naissance chez les nourrissons nés de mères atteintes d’une infection chronique entraîne un risque accru de transmission périnatale du VHB. Une étude a montré que chez les nourris- sons nés de mères positives pour l’AgHBs, le risque d’infection était nettement plus important lorsque la première dose de vaccin anti-hépatite B était administrée 7 jours après la nais- sance que lorsqu’elle était administrée 1 à 3 jours après la nais- sance (odds ratio 8,6).56, 57 Une méta-analyse d’essais contrôlés randomisés a indiqué que parmi les nourrissons nés de mère infectées par le VHB, ceux qui reçoivent la première dose à la naissance ont 3,5 fois moins de chances d’être infectés par rapport à ceux qui reçoivent un placebo ou qui ne bénéficient d’aucune intervention (risque relatif: 0,28; IC à 95%: 0,20-0,40).58\n53 Jack AD et al. What level of hepatitis B antibody is protective? Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179:489–492.\n54 WHO SAGE Meeting – October 2016, Background documents. Disponible sur http://www.who. int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/5_Update_seroprotection_after_hep_b_in_ newborns.pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.\n55 Soares-Weisner K et al. Safety and efficacy from randomized controlled trials and observational studies of childhood schedules using hepatitis B vaccines. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/ immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b. pdf?ua=1, consulté en Avril 2017.\n56 Marion SA et al. Long-term follow-up of hepatitis B vaccine in infants of carrier mothers. Ame- rican Journal of Epidemiology. 1994;140:734–746.\n57 WHO SAGE Meeting – October 2017, Yellow Book, Summary of findings per outcome of timing of the first dose of recombinant DNA HBV vaccines. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immu- nization/sage/meetings/2016/october/SAGE_yellow_book_october_2016.pdf?ua=1 (pp. 384– 385), consulté en mai 2017.\n58 Lee C et al. Hepatitis B immunization for newborn infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(2):CD004790.\n379\nThere are no differences in the seroprotection outcomes (mean concentrations of anti-HBs antibody, proportion of vaccinees who are seroprotected) of schedules with intervals of 1, 2, or 5 months between primary doses. Data are insufficient to determine whether outcomes differ among infants with perinatal exposure to HBV when the intervals between the birth dose and the next dose are more than 4–8 weeks. Longer intervals between doses appear to increase the final anti-HBs antibody concentrations, but not the seroconversion rates.55 Several studies found that failure to complete the series was a predictor of HBV-related liver disease later in life.59\nA few studies report no difference in the proportion of older children and adolescents who are seroprotected after receiving a 2-dose series (second dose after 6 months) consisting of high (adult) dosage vaccine compared with a 3-dose series (second dose after 1 month, third dose after 6 months) consisting of stan- dard, pediatric dosage vaccine for catch-up vaccination. In these studies, 3-dose schedules commonly resulted in higher concentrations of anti-HBs antibody 1–3 months post-vaccination, and more prolonged persistence of anti-HBs antibody, compared to 2-dose schedules.55\nA study showed that after the age of 40 years, smaller proportions of adults achieve a seroprotective response to hepatitis B vaccination. Obesity, smoking, and chronic disease may also result in lower response rates.60 Another study (pooled analysis of clinical trial data) showed a statistically significant decrease with age, indicating that the anti-HBs seroprotection rate remains ≥90% up to 49 years of age and ≥80% up to 60 years of age.61 Almost all individuals (infants, children, adolescents and adults) who do not respond to a primary 3-dose series with anti- HBs antibody concentrations of ≥10 mIU/mL do respond to an additional 3-dose vaccination series.62\nVaccination programmes against hepatitis B are very effective, as evidenced by a dramatic decrease in the incidence of HCC (60.1%), mortality due to fulminant hepatic failure (76.3%), and mortality due to chronic liver diseases (92.0%), as observed among vaccinated persons in Taiwan over the decades since vaccine introduction.59, 63 Among health-care workers and other healthy adults, hepatitis B vaccination is highly effec- tive for prevention of HBV infection and chronic infec- tion.64, 65\n59 Chien Y C et al. Incomplete hepatitis B immunization, maternal carrier status, and increased risk of liver diseases: a 20-year cohort study of 3.8 million vaccines. Hepa- tol. 2014;60:125–132.\n60 Averhoff F et al. Immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccines. Implications for persons at occupational risk of hepatitis B virus infection. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1998;15:1–8.\n61 Van Der Meeren O et al. Characterization of an age-response relationship to GSK’s recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy adults: An integrated analysis. Hum Vac- cin Immunother. 2015;11(7):1726–1729.\n62 Tan KL et al. Immunogenicity of recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine in non-responders to perinatal immunization. Journal of the American Medical Asso- ciation. 1994;271:859–861.\n63 Chiang CJ et al. Thirty-year outcomes of the National Hepatitis B Immunization Program in Taiwan. J Am Med Assoc. 2013;310:974–976.\n64 Szmuness W et al. Hepatitis B vaccine in medical staff of hemodialysis units: efficacy and subtype cross-protection. New England Journal of Medicine. 1982;307:1481–1486.\n65 Dienstag JL et al. Hepatitis B vaccine in health care personnel: safety, immunogeni- city, and indicators of efficacy. Ann Intern Med. 1984;101:34–40.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text": "Immunogénicité et efficacité des vaccins", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Immunogénicité et efficacité des vaccins

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.1, - "y0": 208.65, - "x1": 483.65, - "y1": 221.05 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "88184c3bff23d19d26c87e1722003b25", - "text": "L’efficacité protectrice de la vaccination anti-hépatite B dépend de la présence d’anticorps IgG dirigés contre l’AgHBs (anticorps anti-HBs) après l’administration de la dernière dose. Une concentration d’anticorps anti-HBs ≥10 mUI/ml, mesurée 1-2 mois après l’administration de la dernière dose de la série de primovaccination, est considérée comme un marqueur séro- logique fiable d’une protection à long terme contre l’infection à VHB.53 Le nombre recommandé de doses de vaccin anti-hépa- tite B requises pour induire une immunité protectrice varie selon le produit et l’âge de la personne vaccinée. Une série de 3 doses de primovaccination induit des concentrations protec- trices d’anticorps chez >95% des nourrissons, enfants et jeunes adultes en bonne santé.2, 54 Une revue systématique n’a révélé aucune différence dans la proportion de nourrissons présentant une séroprotection selon qu’ils avaient reçu 3 doses de primo- vaccination ou 2 doses de primovaccination après la dose à la naissance (calendrier à 3 doses: 1 mois, 2 mois, 11 ou 12 mois; calendrier à 2 doses: 1 mois, 6 mois).55", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "

    L’efficacité protectrice de la vaccination anti-hépatite B dépend de la présence d’anticorps IgG dirigés contre l’AgHBs (anticorps anti-HBs) après l’administration de la dernière dose. Une concentration d’anticorps anti-HBs ≥10 mUI/ml, mesurée 1-2 mois après l’administration de la dernière dose de la série de primovaccination, est considérée comme un marqueur séro- logique fiable d’une protection à long terme contre l’infection à VHB.53 Le nombre recommandé de doses de vaccin anti-hépa- tite B requises pour induire une immunité protectrice varie selon le produit et l’âge de la personne vaccinée. Une série de 3 doses de primovaccination induit des concentrations protec- trices d’anticorps chez >95% des nourrissons, enfants et jeunes adultes en bonne santé.2, 54 Une revue systématique n’a révélé aucune différence dans la proportion de nourrissons présentant une séroprotection selon qu’ils avaient reçu 3 doses de primo- vaccination ou 2 doses de primovaccination après la dose à la naissance (calendrier à 3 doses: 1 mois, 2 mois, 11 ou 12 mois; calendrier à 2 doses: 1 mois, 6 mois).55

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 233.87, - "x1": 553.43, - "y1": 430.79 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "abbdb8c9b665883c7d923ac60295d70d", - "text": "L’expérience montre qu’une administration tardive de la dose à la naissance chez les nourrissons nés de mères atteintes d’une infection chronique entraîne un risque accru de transmission périnatale du VHB. Une étude a montré que chez les nourris- sons nés de mères positives pour l’AgHBs, le risque d’infection était nettement plus important lorsque la première dose de vaccin anti-hépatite B était administrée 7 jours après la nais- sance que lorsqu’elle était administrée 1 à 3 jours après la nais- sance (odds ratio 8,6).56, 57 Une méta-analyse d’essais contrôlés randomisés a indiqué que parmi les nourrissons nés de mère infectées par le VHB, ceux qui reçoivent la première dose à la naissance ont 3,5 fois moins de chances d’être infectés par rapport à ceux qui reçoivent un placebo ou qui ne bénéficient d’aucune intervention (risque relatif: 0,28; IC à 95%: 0,20-0,40).58", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "

    L’expérience montre qu’une administration tardive de la dose à la naissance chez les nourrissons nés de mères atteintes d’une infection chronique entraîne un risque accru de transmission périnatale du VHB. Une étude a montré que chez les nourris- sons nés de mères positives pour l’AgHBs, le risque d’infection était nettement plus important lorsque la première dose de vaccin anti-hépatite B était administrée 7 jours après la nais- sance que lorsqu’elle était administrée 1 à 3 jours après la nais- sance (odds ratio 8,6).56, 57 Une méta-analyse d’essais contrôlés randomisés a indiqué que parmi les nourrissons nés de mère infectées par le VHB, ceux qui reçoivent la première dose à la naissance ont 3,5 fois moins de chances d’être infectés par rapport à ceux qui reçoivent un placebo ou qui ne bénéficient d’aucune intervention (risque relatif: 0,28; IC à 95%: 0,20-0,40).58

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 436.81, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 590.42 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "1f6645a9b4d91d752e55787848bc7504", - "text": "53 Jack AD et al. What level of hepatitis B antibody is protective? Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179:489–492.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "
  • 53 Jack AD et al. What level of hepatitis B antibody is protective? Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179:489–492.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.84, - "y0": 614.66, - "x1": 551.48, - "y1": 631.47 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "d29a3fa9bc1c073ad6360849dd471ec1", - "text": "54 WHO SAGE Meeting – October 2016, Background documents. Disponible sur http://www.who. int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/5_Update_seroprotection_after_hep_b_in_ newborns.pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "
  • 54 WHO SAGE Meeting – October 2016, Background documents. Disponible sur http://www.who. int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/5_Update_seroprotection_after_hep_b_in_ newborns.pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.74, - "y0": 633.91, - "x1": 549.85, - "y1": 657.4 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "bc640410f17eb79633246cd741651370", - "text": "55 Soares-Weisner K et al. Safety and efficacy from randomized controlled trials and observational studies of childhood schedules using hepatitis B vaccines. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/ immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b. pdf?ua=1, consulté en Avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "
  • 55 Soares-Weisner K et al. Safety and efficacy from randomized controlled trials and observational studies of childhood schedules using hepatitis B vaccines. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/ immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b. pdf?ua=1, consulté en Avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 287.95, - "y0": 660.17, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 692.32 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ba1fff380c3fb728e71c96031e330141", - "text": "56 Marion SA et al. Long-term follow-up of hepatitis B vaccine in infants of carrier mothers. Ame- rican Journal of Epidemiology. 1994;140:734–746.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "
  • 56 Marion SA et al. Long-term follow-up of hepatitis B vaccine in infants of carrier mothers. Ame- rican Journal of Epidemiology. 1994;140:734–746.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.19, - "y0": 695.08, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 711.29 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "9ca980ae324e9e0cc0e8567664ddfc9f", - "text": "57 WHO SAGE Meeting – October 2017, Yellow Book, Summary of findings per outcome of timing of the first dose of recombinant DNA HBV vaccines. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immu- nization/sage/meetings/2016/october/SAGE_yellow_book_october_2016.pdf?ua=1 (pp. 384– 385), consulté en mai 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "
  • 57 WHO SAGE Meeting – October 2017, Yellow Book, Summary of findings per outcome of timing of the first dose of recombinant DNA HBV vaccines. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immu- nization/sage/meetings/2016/october/SAGE_yellow_book_october_2016.pdf?ua=1 (pp. 384– 385), consulté en mai 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.66, - "y0": 713.87, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 745.89 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "727935b711e11099c3cc60655122b140", - "text": "58 Lee C et al. Hepatitis B immunization for newborn infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(2):CD004790.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "
  • 58 Lee C et al. Hepatitis B immunization for newborn infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(2):CD004790.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.72, - "y0": 748.89, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 765.28 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "UncategorizedText", - "element_id": "d1558e09f0fc96f17392315791d5bfcf", - "text": "379", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "

    379

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.86, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.78, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "fc046d234f8c71e25e639b19492db4ef", - "text": "There are no differences in the seroprotection outcomes (mean concentrations of anti-HBs antibody, proportion of vaccinees who are seroprotected) of schedules with intervals of 1, 2, or 5 months between primary doses. Data are insufficient to determine whether outcomes differ among infants with perinatal exposure to HBV when the intervals between the birth dose and the next dose are more than 4–8 weeks. Longer intervals between doses appear to increase the final anti-HBs antibody concentrations, but not the seroconversion rates.55 Several studies found that failure to complete the series was a predictor of HBV-related liver disease later in life.59", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "

    There are no differences in the seroprotection outcomes (mean concentrations of anti-HBs antibody, proportion of vaccinees who are seroprotected) of schedules with intervals of 1, 2, or 5 months between primary doses. Data are insufficient to determine whether outcomes differ among infants with perinatal exposure to HBV when the intervals between the birth dose and the next dose are more than 4–8 weeks. Longer intervals between doses appear to increase the final anti-HBs antibody concentrations, but not the seroconversion rates.55 Several studies found that failure to complete the series was a predictor of HBV-related liver disease later in life.59

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.61, - "y0": 56.55, - "x1": 273.14, - "y1": 198.14 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "67a4cc59f0f5a169a3a75e00cfc823ed", - "text": "A few studies report no difference in the proportion of older children and adolescents who are seroprotected after receiving a 2-dose series (second dose after 6 months) consisting of high (adult) dosage vaccine compared with a 3-dose series (second dose after 1 month, third dose after 6 months) consisting of stan- dard, pediatric dosage vaccine for catch-up vaccination. In these studies, 3-dose schedules commonly resulted in higher concentrations of anti-HBs antibody 1–3 months post-vaccination, and more prolonged persistence of anti-HBs antibody, compared to 2-dose schedules.55", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "

    A few studies report no difference in the proportion of older children and adolescents who are seroprotected after receiving a 2-dose series (second dose after 6 months) consisting of high (adult) dosage vaccine compared with a 3-dose series (second dose after 1 month, third dose after 6 months) consisting of stan- dard, pediatric dosage vaccine for catch-up vaccination. In these studies, 3-dose schedules commonly resulted in higher concentrations of anti-HBs antibody 1–3 months post-vaccination, and more prolonged persistence of anti-HBs antibody, compared to 2-dose schedules.55

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 216.07, - "x1": 273.24, - "y1": 335.76 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "6373fccf2b60399ae4097876cf1f059d", - "text": "A study showed that after the age of 40 years, smaller proportions of adults achieve a seroprotective response to hepatitis B vaccination. Obesity, smoking, and chronic disease may also result in lower response rates.60 Another study (pooled analysis of clinical trial data) showed a statistically significant decrease with age, indicating that the anti-HBs seroprotection rate remains ≥90% up to 49 years of age and ≥80% up to 60 years of age.61 Almost all individuals (infants, children, adolescents and adults) who do not respond to a primary 3-dose series with anti- HBs antibody concentrations of ≥10 mIU/mL do respond to an additional 3-dose vaccination series.62", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "

    A study showed that after the age of 40 years, smaller proportions of adults achieve a seroprotective response to hepatitis B vaccination. Obesity, smoking, and chronic disease may also result in lower response rates.60 Another study (pooled analysis of clinical trial data) showed a statistically significant decrease with age, indicating that the anti-HBs seroprotection rate remains ≥90% up to 49 years of age and ≥80% up to 60 years of age.61 Almost all individuals (infants, children, adolescents and adults) who do not respond to a primary 3-dose series with anti- HBs antibody concentrations of ≥10 mIU/mL do respond to an additional 3-dose vaccination series.62

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.25, - "y0": 342.68, - "x1": 273.48, - "y1": 473.39 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "fe9542716251ae864890290f3c10682a", - "text": "Vaccination programmes against hepatitis B are very effective, as evidenced by a dramatic decrease in the incidence of HCC (60.1%), mortality due to fulminant hepatic failure (76.3%), and mortality due to chronic liver diseases (92.0%), as observed among vaccinated persons in Taiwan over the decades since vaccine introduction.59, 63 Among health-care workers and other healthy adults, hepatitis B vaccination is highly effec- tive for prevention of HBV infection and chronic infec- tion.64, 65", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccination programmes against hepatitis B are very effective, as evidenced by a dramatic decrease in the incidence of HCC (60.1%), mortality due to fulminant hepatic failure (76.3%), and mortality due to chronic liver diseases (92.0%), as observed among vaccinated persons in Taiwan over the decades since vaccine introduction.59, 63 Among health-care workers and other healthy adults, hepatitis B vaccination is highly effec- tive for prevention of HBV infection and chronic infec- tion.64, 65

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 480.11, - "x1": 273.16, - "y1": 589.02 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "d6dfc4ef0ff68d10afa15ffa5f61e94c", - "text": "59 Chien Y C et al. Incomplete hepatitis B immunization, maternal carrier status, and increased risk of liver diseases: a 20-year cohort study of 3.8 million vaccines. Hepa- tol. 2014;60:125–132.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "
  • 59 Chien Y C et al. Incomplete hepatitis B immunization, maternal carrier status, and increased risk of liver diseases: a 20-year cohort study of 3.8 million vaccines. Hepa- tol. 2014;60:125–132.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 40.86, - "y0": 611.94, - "x1": 273.3, - "y1": 635.71 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "a6169bd2320d5df17f161df563bf37c5", - "text": "60 Averhoff F et al. Immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccines. Implications for persons at occupational risk of hepatitis B virus infection. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1998;15:1–8.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "
  • 60 Averhoff F et al. Immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccines. Implications for persons at occupational risk of hepatitis B virus infection. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1998;15:1–8.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.33, - "y0": 638.9, - "x1": 274.82, - "y1": 662.52 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "f06a3cf00dbd2e393ea64d5b81260a66", - "text": "61 Van Der Meeren O et al. Characterization of an age-response relationship to GSK’s recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy adults: An integrated analysis. Hum Vac- cin Immunother. 2015;11(7):1726–1729.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "
  • 61 Van Der Meeren O et al. Characterization of an age-response relationship to GSK’s recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy adults: An integrated analysis. Hum Vac- cin Immunother. 2015;11(7):1726–1729.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.54, - "y0": 665.62, - "x1": 274.92, - "y1": 689.35 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "85ca29d7e4003da353e8d9c6db8e1e19", - "text": "62 Tan KL et al. Immunogenicity of recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine in non-responders to perinatal immunization. Journal of the American Medical Asso- ciation. 1994;271:859–861.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "
  • 62 Tan KL et al. Immunogenicity of recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine in non-responders to perinatal immunization. Journal of the American Medical Asso- ciation. 1994;271:859–861.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.41, - "y0": 692.67, - "x1": 274.59, - "y1": 716.18 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "582df533ea83c4742b031d5812aa0116", - "text": "63 Chiang CJ et al. Thirty-year outcomes of the National Hepatitis B Immunization Program in Taiwan. J Am Med Assoc. 2013;310:974–976.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "
  • 63 Chiang CJ et al. Thirty-year outcomes of the National Hepatitis B Immunization Program in Taiwan. J Am Med Assoc. 2013;310:974–976.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.02, - "y0": 719.38, - "x1": 272.71, - "y1": 735.52 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "9db48bebf156642c5cfcff6f61f372ec", - "text": "64 Szmuness W et al. Hepatitis B vaccine in medical staff of hemodialysis units: efficacy and subtype cross-protection. New England Journal of Medicine. 1982;307:1481–1486.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "0eba656604aa233aa4b74a6665b1563e", - "text_as_html": "
  • 64 Szmuness W et al. Hepatitis B vaccine in medical staff of hemodialysis units: efficacy and subtype cross-protection. New England Journal of Medicine. 1982;307:1481–1486.
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  • 65 Dienstag JL et al. Hepatitis B vaccine in health care personnel: safety, immunogeni- city, and indicators of efficacy. Ann Intern Med. 1984;101:34–40.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.04, - "y0": 757.38, - "x1": 272.21, - "y1": 772.67 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-39", - "text": "\n\n\n380\nLes résultats de séroprotection (titres moyens en anticorps anti- HBs, proportion de sujets vaccinés qui présentent une séropro- tection) ne présentent pas de différences selon que les doses de primovaccination ont été espacées de 1, 2 ou 5 mois. On ne dispose pas de données suffisantes pour déterminer si les nour- rissons exposés au VHB dans la période périnatale obtiennent des résultats différents lorsque l’intervalle entre la dose à la naissance et la dose suivante est supérieur à 4-8 semaines. Il semble que l’utilisation d’intervalles plus longs entre les doses entraîne une augmentation du titre final en anticorps anti-HBs, mais pas du taux de séroconversion.55 Plusieurs études ont montré que le non-achèvement de la série de vaccination est un facteur prédictif de la survenue d’affections hépatiques liées au VHB à un stade ultérieur de la vie.59\nDans quelques études, aucune différence n’a été observée dans la proportion d’enfants plus âgés et d’adolescents qui présentent une séroprotection après avoir reçu une série de 2 doses (deuxième dose après 6 mois) de vaccin à forte posologie (adulte) par rapport à ceux qui ont reçu une série de 3 doses (deuxième dose après 1 mois, troisième après 6 mois) de vaccin à posologie pédiatrique standard à des fins de vaccination de rattrapage. Dans ces études, les schémas à 3 doses étaient souvent caracté- risés par l’obtention de titres plus élevés d’anticorps anti-HBs 1 à 3 mois après la vaccination et par une plus grande persistance de ces anticorps par rapport aux schémas à 2 doses.55\nUne étude a montré qu’après l’âge de 40 ans, une proportion plus faible d’adultes présentait une réponse séroprotectrice à la vacci- nation anti-hépatite B. L’obésité, le tabagisme et la présence de maladies chroniques peut également entraîner des taux de réponse plus faibles.60 Une autre étude (méta-analyse de données d’essais cliniques) a mis en évidence une diminution statistiquement signi- ficative avec l’âge, le taux de séroprotection anti-HBs se maintenant à ≥90% jusqu’à l’âge de 49 ans et à ≥80% jusqu’à l’âge de 60 ans.61 Parmi les sujets qui ne répondent pas à une série de primovacci- nation à 3 doses par des titres d’anticorps anti-HBs ≥10 mUI/ml, presque tous (nourrissons, enfants, adolescents et adultes) répondent à une série supplémentaire de 3 doses.62\nLes programmes de vaccination contre l’hépatite B sont très efficaces, comme en témoigne la baisse spectaculaire de l’inci- dence du carcinome hépatocellulaire (60,1%), de la mortalité associée à l’insuffisance hépatique fulminante (76,3%) et de la mortalité due aux affections hépatiques chroniques (92,0%) observée parmi les personnes vaccinées à Taïwan dans les décennies qui ont suivi l’introduction du vaccin.59, 63 Chez les agents de santé et les autres adultes en bonne santé, la vacci- nation contre l’hépatite B est très efficace pour prévenir l’infec- tion à VHB et l’hépatite B chronique.64, 65\n59 Chien Y C et al. Incomplete hepatitis B immunization, maternal carrier status, and increased risk of liver diseases: a 20-year cohort study of 3.8 million vaccines. Hepatol. 2014;60:125–132.\n60 Averhoff F et al. Immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccines. Implications for persons at occupatio- nal risk of hepatitis B virus infection. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1998;15:1–8.\n61 Van Der Meeren O et al. Characterization of an age-response relationship to GSK’s recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy adults: An integrated analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11(7):1726–1729.\n62 Tan KL et al. Immunogenicity of recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine in non-respon- ders to perinatal immunization. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994;271:859– 861.\n63 Chiang CJ et al. Thirty-year outcomes of the National Hepatitis B Immunization Program in Taiwan. J Am Med Assoc. 2013;310:974–976.\n64 Szmuness W et al. Hepatitis B vaccine in medical staff of hemodialysis units: efficacy and sub- type cross-protection. New England Journal of Medicine. 1982;307:1481–1486.\n65 Dienstag JL et al. Hepatitis B vaccine in health care personnel: safety, immunogenicity, and indi- cators of efficacy. Ann Intern Med. 1984;101:34–40.\nA review of published studies of hepatitis B prevalence in the Western Pacific Region before and after hepati- tis B vaccine introduction found that prior to its intro- duction, prevalence of chronic infection was >8% in most countries and that by 2014 it had decreased to <1% among children in most countries of the Region. For example, in 2 highly endemic areas of China, 3-dose vaccination starting with a birth dose reduced chronic HBV infection rates from 9.3% to 0.8% and from 10.4% to 0%.13", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "f23ea8c7c32f82737996db7e1e41e305", - "text": "380", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    380

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    Les résultats de séroprotection (titres moyens en anticorps anti- HBs, proportion de sujets vaccinés qui présentent une séropro- tection) ne présentent pas de différences selon que les doses de primovaccination ont été espacées de 1, 2 ou 5 mois. On ne dispose pas de données suffisantes pour déterminer si les nour- rissons exposés au VHB dans la période périnatale obtiennent des résultats différents lorsque l’intervalle entre la dose à la naissance et la dose suivante est supérieur à 4-8 semaines. Il semble que l’utilisation d’intervalles plus longs entre les doses entraîne une augmentation du titre final en anticorps anti-HBs, mais pas du taux de séroconversion.55 Plusieurs études ont montré que le non-achèvement de la série de vaccination est un facteur prédictif de la survenue d’affections hépatiques liées au VHB à un stade ultérieur de la vie.59

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    Dans quelques études, aucune différence n’a été observée dans la proportion d’enfants plus âgés et d’adolescents qui présentent une séroprotection après avoir reçu une série de 2 doses (deuxième dose après 6 mois) de vaccin à forte posologie (adulte) par rapport à ceux qui ont reçu une série de 3 doses (deuxième dose après 1 mois, troisième après 6 mois) de vaccin à posologie pédiatrique standard à des fins de vaccination de rattrapage. Dans ces études, les schémas à 3 doses étaient souvent caracté- risés par l’obtention de titres plus élevés d’anticorps anti-HBs 1 à 3 mois après la vaccination et par une plus grande persistance de ces anticorps par rapport aux schémas à 2 doses.55

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 215.35, - "x1": 552.25, - "y1": 335.76 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "fcc56457ca94516774e7acafddfcbae7", - "text": "Une étude a montré qu’après l’âge de 40 ans, une proportion plus faible d’adultes présentait une réponse séroprotectrice à la vacci- nation anti-hépatite B. L’obésité, le tabagisme et la présence de maladies chroniques peut également entraîner des taux de réponse plus faibles.60 Une autre étude (méta-analyse de données d’essais cliniques) a mis en évidence une diminution statistiquement signi- ficative avec l’âge, le taux de séroprotection anti-HBs se maintenant à ��90% jusqu’à l’âge de 49 ans et à ≥80% jusqu’à l’âge de 60 ans.61 Parmi les sujets qui ne répondent pas à une série de primovacci- nation à 3 doses par des titres d’anticorps anti-HBs ≥10 mUI/ml, presque tous (nourrissons, enfants, adolescents et adultes) répondent à une série supplémentaire de 3 doses.62", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "f23ea8c7c32f82737996db7e1e41e305", - "text_as_html": "

    Une étude a montré qu’après l’âge de 40 ans, une proportion plus faible d’adultes présentait une réponse séroprotectrice à la vacci- nation anti-hépatite B. L’obésité, le tabagisme et la présence de maladies chroniques peut également entraîner des taux de réponse plus faibles.60 Une autre étude (méta-analyse de données d’essais cliniques) a mis en évidence une diminution statistiquement signi- ficative avec l’âge, le taux de séroprotection anti-HBs se maintenant à ≥90% jusqu’à l’âge de 49 ans et à ≥80% jusqu’à l’âge de 60 ans.61 Parmi les sujets qui ne répondent pas à une série de primovacci- nation à 3 doses par des titres d’anticorps anti-HBs ≥10 mUI/ml, presque tous (nourrissons, enfants, adolescents et adultes) répondent à une série supplémentaire de 3 doses.62

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 342.17, - "x1": 552.09, - "y1": 473.39 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "8b1f9e0148224fb41d9b756cb41d21b5", - "text": "Les programmes de vaccination contre l’hépatite B sont très efficaces, comme en témoigne la baisse spectaculaire de l’inci- dence du carcinome hépatocellulaire (60,1%), de la mortalité associée à l’insuffisance hépatique fulminante (76,3%) et de la mortalité due aux affections hépatiques chroniques (92,0%) observée parmi les personnes vaccinées à Taïwan dans les décennies qui ont suivi l’introduction du vaccin.59, 63 Chez les agents de santé et les autres adultes en bonne santé, la vacci- nation contre l’hépatite B est très efficace pour prévenir l’infec- tion à VHB et l’hépatite B chronique.64, 65", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "f23ea8c7c32f82737996db7e1e41e305", - "text_as_html": "

    Les programmes de vaccination contre l’hépatite B sont très efficaces, comme en témoigne la baisse spectaculaire de l’inci- dence du carcinome hépatocellulaire (60,1%), de la mortalité associée à l’insuffisance hépatique fulminante (76,3%) et de la mortalité due aux affections hépatiques chroniques (92,0%) observée parmi les personnes vaccinées à Taïwan dans les décennies qui ont suivi l’introduction du vaccin.59, 63 Chez les agents de santé et les autres adultes en bonne santé, la vacci- nation contre l’hépatite B est très efficace pour prévenir l’infec- tion à VHB et l’hépatite B chronique.64, 65

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 479.72, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 589.02 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "4e2d03195458c8b89881c4e681d68c28", - "text": "59 Chien Y C et al. Incomplete hepatitis B immunization, maternal carrier status, and increased risk of liver diseases: a 20-year cohort study of 3.8 million vaccines. Hepatol. 2014;60:125–132.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "f23ea8c7c32f82737996db7e1e41e305", - "text_as_html": "
  • 59 Chien Y C et al. Incomplete hepatitis B immunization, maternal carrier status, and increased risk of liver diseases: a 20-year cohort study of 3.8 million vaccines. Hepatol. 2014;60:125–132.
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  • 60 Averhoff F et al. Immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccines. Implications for persons at occupatio- nal risk of hepatitis B virus infection. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1998;15:1–8.
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  • 61 Van Der Meeren O et al. Characterization of an age-response relationship to GSK’s recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy adults: An integrated analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11(7):1726–1729.
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  • 62 Tan KL et al. Immunogenicity of recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine in non-respon- ders to perinatal immunization. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994;271:859– 861.
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  • 63 Chiang CJ et al. Thirty-year outcomes of the National Hepatitis B Immunization Program in Taiwan. J Am Med Assoc. 2013;310:974–976.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.53, - "y0": 719.32, - "x1": 551.44, - "y1": 735.53 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "1baf5707d3a2fd65a530b0c6d01638db", - "text": "64 Szmuness W et al. Hepatitis B vaccine in medical staff of hemodialysis units: efficacy and sub- type cross-protection. New England Journal of Medicine. 1982;307:1481–1486.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "f23ea8c7c32f82737996db7e1e41e305", - "text_as_html": "
  • 64 Szmuness W et al. Hepatitis B vaccine in medical staff of hemodialysis units: efficacy and sub- type cross-protection. New England Journal of Medicine. 1982;307:1481–1486.
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  • 65 Dienstag JL et al. Hepatitis B vaccine in health care personnel: safety, immunogenicity, and indi- cators of efficacy. Ann Intern Med. 1984;101:34–40.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.8, - "y0": 756.85, - "x1": 554.72, - "y1": 772.67 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ea56b7b05ea1888530d61c0370e535e5", - "text": "A review of published studies of hepatitis B prevalence in the Western Pacific Region before and after hepati- tis B vaccine introduction found that prior to its intro- duction, prevalence of chronic infection was >8% in most countries and that by 2014 it had decreased to <1% among children in most countries of the Region. For example, in 2 highly endemic areas of China, 3-dose vaccination starting with a birth dose reduced chronic HBV infection rates from 9.3% to 0.8% and from 10.4% to 0%.13", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "f23ea8c7c32f82737996db7e1e41e305", - "text_as_html": "

    A review of published studies of hepatitis B prevalence in the Western Pacific Region before and after hepati- tis B vaccine introduction found that prior to its intro- duction, prevalence of chronic infection was >8% in most countries and that by 2014 it had decreased to <1% among children in most countries of the Region. For example, in 2 highly endemic areas of China, 3-dose vaccination starting with a birth dose reduced chronic HBV infection rates from 9.3% to 0.8% and from 10.4% to 0%.13

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.22, - "y0": 55.8, - "x1": 273.12, - "y1": 165.14 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-40", - "text": "\n\n\nDuration of protection\nIn a study66 in Alaska, USA, which is an intermediate endemic area, a 3-dose vaccination schedule (second dose after 1 month, third dose after 6 months) with a plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine in a cohort of 1578 uninfected persons aged 6 months to 50 years prevented all clinically apparent and chronic HBV infec- tion for at least 30 years. Among a subset of the cohort (243 subjects) that had not received booster vaccination, 49% had anti-HBs antibody titres of <10 mIU/mL at 30 years. Most (88%) persons without this seroprotec- tive level of anti-HBs antibody responded with a rapid rise in titre after a booster dose, indicating immuno- logic memory and persistence of protection. From these data, it was estimated that approximately 90% (range 74%–100%) of vaccinees remained protected for at least 30 years, irrespective of the presence or absence of measurable anti-HBs antibody.66 In other long-term follow-up studies after neonatal vaccination, protection against HBV infection was maintained even though about two thirds of vaccinees had anti-HBs antibody levels <10 mIU/mL after 30 years.67, 68\nA review69 and meta-analysis of 22 studies including 11 090 persons 5–20 years after vaccination found no chronic HBV infection, although the cumulative inci- dence of subclinical HBV infection (transient or persistent anti-HBc antibody) was 0.7% (95% CI: 0.5%– 1.0%); it was concluded that individuals adequately vaccinated in a 3-dose or 4-dose schedule do not require a booster dose. Another systematic review70 assessing the benefits of booster dose hepatitis B vacci- nation, given more than 5 years after primary vaccina- tion, found no eligible randomized clinical trials fulfill- ing the inclusion criteria for the review. In other cohorts monitored for 20 years or longer subclinical infection rates of 1%–27% among vaccinees were reported.71, 72\n66 Bruce MG et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 30-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:16–22.\n67 Qu C et al. Efficacy of neonatal HBV vaccination on liver cancer and other liver diseases over 30-year follow-up of the Qidong Hepatitis B Intervention Study: a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLOS Med. 2014;11(12):e1001774.\n68 Lin AW et al. Long-term protection of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination in a 30-year cohort in Hong Kong. J Hepatol. 2013;59:13601364.\n69 Poorolajal J et al. Long-term protection provided by hepatitis B vaccine and need for booster dose: a meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2010;28(3):623–621.\n70 Poorolajal J and Hooshmand E. Booster dose vaccination for preventing hepatitis B. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(6):CD008256.\n71 McMahon BJ et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 22-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis. 2009;200:1390–1396.\n72 Peto TJ et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of infant vaccination against chronic hepa- titis B in The Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (1986-90) and in the immunisa- tion program. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:1–8.\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017\nUne revue des études publiées concernant la prévalence de l’hépatite B dans la Région du Pacifique occidental avant et après l’introduction du vaccin anti-hépatite B a indiqué que la prévalence de l’infection chronique, qui était >8% dans la plupart des pays avant l’introduction du vaccin, avait chuté à <1% en 2014 parmi les enfants de la plupart des pays de la Région. Par exemple, dans 2 zones de forte endémicité en Chine, la vaccination par 3 doses de vaccin, commençant par une dose à la naissance, a entraîné une baisse des taux d’infection chro- nique à VHB, qui sont passés de 9,3% à 0,8% dans une zone et de 10,4% à 0% dans l’autre. 13", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "f5e967dcfb8231600e76fbaa0b6f5829", - "text": "Duration of protection", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Duration of protection

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 187.2, - "x1": 149.71, - "y1": 198.3 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "a2a00fd1fb92d0b564c65106edb85ba9", - "text": "In a study66 in Alaska, USA, which is an intermediate endemic area, a 3-dose vaccination schedule (second dose after 1 month, third dose after 6 months) with a plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine in a cohort of 1578 uninfected persons aged 6 months to 50 years prevented all clinically apparent and chronic HBV infec- tion for at least 30 years. Among a subset of the cohort (243 subjects) that had not received booster vaccination, 49% had anti-HBs antibody titres of <10 mIU/mL at 30 years. Most (88%) persons without this seroprotec- tive level of anti-HBs antibody responded with a rapid rise in titre after a booster dose, indicating immuno- logic memory and persistence of protection. From these data, it was estimated that approximately 90% (range 74%–100%) of vaccinees remained protected for at least 30 years, irrespective of the presence or absence of measurable anti-HBs antibody.66 In other long-term follow-up studies after neonatal vaccination, protection against HBV infection was maintained even though about two thirds of vaccinees had anti-HBs antibody levels <10 mIU/mL after 30 years.67, 68", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "f5e967dcfb8231600e76fbaa0b6f5829", - "text_as_html": "

    In a study66 in Alaska, USA, which is an intermediate endemic area, a 3-dose vaccination schedule (second dose after 1 month, third dose after 6 months) with a plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine in a cohort of 1578 uninfected persons aged 6 months to 50 years prevented all clinically apparent and chronic HBV infec- tion for at least 30 years. Among a subset of the cohort (243 subjects) that had not received booster vaccination, 49% had anti-HBs antibody titres of <10 mIU/mL at 30 years. Most (88%) persons without this seroprotec- tive level of anti-HBs antibody responded with a rapid rise in titre after a booster dose, indicating immuno- logic memory and persistence of protection. From these data, it was estimated that approximately 90% (range 74%–100%) of vaccinees remained protected for at least 30 years, irrespective of the presence or absence of measurable anti-HBs antibody.66 In other long-term follow-up studies after neonatal vaccination, protection against HBV infection was maintained even though about two thirds of vaccinees had anti-HBs antibody levels <10 mIU/mL after 30 years.67, 68

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.03, - "y0": 201.03, - "x1": 273.72, - "y1": 430.79 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "7c73b663df1a5d0d049950040e6bf009", - "text": "A review69 and meta-analysis of 22 studies including 11 090 persons 5–20 years after vaccination found no chronic HBV infection, although the cumulative inci- dence of subclinical HBV infection (transient or persistent anti-HBc antibody) was 0.7% (95% CI: 0.5%– 1.0%); it was concluded that individuals adequately vaccinated in a 3-dose or 4-dose schedule do not require a booster dose. Another systematic review70 assessing the benefits of booster dose hepatitis B vacci- nation, given more than 5 years after primary vaccina- tion, found no eligible randomized clinical trials fulfill- ing the inclusion criteria for the review. In other cohorts monitored for 20 years or longer subclinical infection rates of 1%–27% among vaccinees were reported.71, 72", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "f5e967dcfb8231600e76fbaa0b6f5829", - "text_as_html": "

    A review69 and meta-analysis of 22 studies including 11 090 persons 5–20 years after vaccination found no chronic HBV infection, although the cumulative inci- dence of subclinical HBV infection (transient or persistent anti-HBc antibody) was 0.7% (95% CI: 0.5%– 1.0%); it was concluded that individuals adequately vaccinated in a 3-dose or 4-dose schedule do not require a booster dose. Another systematic review70 assessing the benefits of booster dose hepatitis B vacci- nation, given more than 5 years after primary vaccina- tion, found no eligible randomized clinical trials fulfill- ing the inclusion criteria for the review. In other cohorts monitored for 20 years or longer subclinical infection rates of 1%–27% among vaccinees were reported.71, 72

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.85, - "y0": 448.64, - "x1": 272.46, - "y1": 601.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "5790e28f44b69d24d283df2c6dea155b", - "text": "66 Bruce MG et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 30-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:16–22.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "f5e967dcfb8231600e76fbaa0b6f5829", - "text_as_html": "
  • 66 Bruce MG et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 30-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:16–22.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.82, - "y0": 620.05, - "x1": 271.83, - "y1": 635.7 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "8d446b1e28976a3e0aa6785f73d9d836", - "text": "67 Qu C et al. Efficacy of neonatal HBV vaccination on liver cancer and other liver diseases over 30-year follow-up of the Qidong Hepatitis B Intervention Study: a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLOS Med. 2014;11(12):e1001774.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "f5e967dcfb8231600e76fbaa0b6f5829", - "text_as_html": "
  • 67 Qu C et al. Efficacy of neonatal HBV vaccination on liver cancer and other liver diseases over 30-year follow-up of the Qidong Hepatitis B Intervention Study: a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLOS Med. 2014;11(12):e1001774.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.6, - "y0": 638.66, - "x1": 274.5, - "y1": 662.22 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "86965c063f91aa914cd178b4005d2a42", - "text": "68 Lin AW et al. Long-term protection of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination in a 30-year cohort in Hong Kong. J Hepatol. 2013;59:13601364.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "f5e967dcfb8231600e76fbaa0b6f5829", - "text_as_html": "
  • 68 Lin AW et al. Long-term protection of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination in a 30-year cohort in Hong Kong. J Hepatol. 2013;59:13601364.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.7, - "y0": 665.42, - "x1": 272.29, - "y1": 681.13 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "6f5af8101ef91a9a341eafce03fc6ee0", - "text": "69 Poorolajal J et al. Long-term protection provided by hepatitis B vaccine and need for booster dose: a meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2010;28(3):623–621.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "f5e967dcfb8231600e76fbaa0b6f5829", - "text_as_html": "
  • 69 Poorolajal J et al. Long-term protection provided by hepatitis B vaccine and need for booster dose: a meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2010;28(3):623–621.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.93, - "y0": 684.14, - "x1": 275.48, - "y1": 700.15 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "fa2d8825e5bf620c248d844aefd0db18", - "text": "70 Poorolajal J and Hooshmand E. Booster dose vaccination for preventing hepatitis B. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(6):CD008256.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "f5e967dcfb8231600e76fbaa0b6f5829", - "text_as_html": "
  • 70 Poorolajal J and Hooshmand E. Booster dose vaccination for preventing hepatitis B. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(6):CD008256.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.05, - "y0": 703.18, - "x1": 271.86, - "y1": 718.97 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "207f45932c025cf8cc55e477a0604236", - "text": "71 McMahon BJ et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 22-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis. 2009;200:1390–1396.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "f5e967dcfb8231600e76fbaa0b6f5829", - "text_as_html": "
  • 71 McMahon BJ et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 22-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis. 2009;200:1390–1396.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.45, - "y0": 722.04, - "x1": 275.34, - "y1": 745.94 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "02b88d958252b3d1a1795fbc7023d601", - "text": "72 Peto TJ et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of infant vaccination against chronic hepa- titis B in The Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (1986-90) and in the immunisa- tion program. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:1–8.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "f5e967dcfb8231600e76fbaa0b6f5829", - "text_as_html": "
  • 72 Peto TJ et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of infant vaccination against chronic hepa- titis B in The Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (1986-90) and in the immunisa- tion program. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:1–8.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.21, - "y0": 748.49, - "x1": 272.42, - "y1": 772.37 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "46572c953462e4b2f537128d01a9dcd0", - "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "f5e967dcfb8231600e76fbaa0b6f5829", - "text_as_html": "

    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.16, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 223.52, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "1de8ab02d96ba5f9d5e16fe71c4130c0", - "text": "Une revue des études publiées concernant la prévalence de l’hépatite B dans la Région du Pacifique occidental avant et après l’introduction du vaccin anti-hépatite B a indiqué que la prévalence de l’infection chronique, qui était >8% dans la plupart des pays avant l’introduction du vaccin, avait chuté à <1% en 2014 parmi les enfants de la plupart des pays de la Région. Par exemple, dans 2 zones de forte endémicité en Chine, la vaccination par 3 doses de vaccin, commençant par une dose à la naissance, a entraîné une baisse des taux d’infection chro- nique à VHB, qui sont passés de 9,3% à 0,8% dans une zone et de 10,4% à 0% dans l’autre. 13", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "f5e967dcfb8231600e76fbaa0b6f5829", - "text_as_html": "

    Une revue des études publiées concernant la prévalence de l’hépatite B dans la Région du Pacifique occidental avant et après l’introduction du vaccin anti-hépatite B a indiqué que la prévalence de l’infection chronique, qui était >8% dans la plupart des pays avant l’introduction du vaccin, avait chuté à <1% en 2014 parmi les enfants de la plupart des pays de la Région. Par exemple, dans 2 zones de forte endémicité en Chine, la vaccination par 3 doses de vaccin, commençant par une dose à la naissance, a entraîné une baisse des taux d’infection chro- nique à VHB, qui sont passés de 9,3% à 0,8% dans une zone et de 10,4% à 0% dans l’autre. 13

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 55.79, - "x1": 552.13, - "y1": 176.14 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-41", - "text": "\n\n\nDurée de la protection\nDans une étude66 réalisée en Alaska (États-Unis d’Amérique), qui est une zone d’endémicité intermédiaire, l’administration du vaccin anti-hépatite B dérivé du plasma selon un schéma à 3 doses (deuxième dose après 1 mois, troisième dose après 6 mois) dans une cohorte de 1578 personnes non infectées âgées de 6 mois à 50 ans a permis de prévenir toutes les infections à VHB cliniquement apparentes et chroniques pendant au moins 30 ans. Dans un sous-groupe de cette cohorte (243 sujets) n’ayant pas reçu de dose de rappel du vaccin, 49% des personnes avaient des titres d’anticorps anti-HBs <10 mUI/ml 30 ans plus tard. La plupart (88%) des sujets qui n’atteignaient pas ce seuil séroprotecteur d’anticorps anti-HBs ont répondu à une dose de rappel par une augmentation rapide du titre d’anticorps, ce qui est indicatif d’une mémoire immunologique et de la persistance de la protection. À partir de ces données, il a été estimé qu’envi- ron 90% (intervalle 74%-100%) des personnes vaccinées demeu- raient protégées pendant au moins 30 ans, indépendamment de la présence ou non d’anticorps anti-HBs mesurables.66 D’autres études de suivi à long terme après une vaccination néonatale ont indiqué une persistance de la protection contre l’infection à VHB malgré le fait que deux tiers des sujets vaccinés avaient des titres en anticorps anti-HBs <10 mUI/ml après 30 ans.67, 68\nUne revue69 et une méta-analyse de 22 études menées auprès de 11 090 personnes 5 à 20 ans après la vaccination n’a révélé aucune infection chronique à VHB, malgré une incidence cumu- lée de 0,7% (IC à 95%: 0,5%-1,0%) de l’infection subclinique par le VHB (anticorps anti-HBc transitoires ou persistants); on en a conclu que les sujets convenablement vaccinés selon un schéma à 3 doses ou à 4 doses ne nécessitent pas de dose de rappel. Une autre revue systématique70 visait à évaluer les avan- tages de l’administration d’une dose de rappel contre l’hépa- tite B plus de 5 ans après la primovaccination, mais aucun essai clinique randomisé répondant aux critères d’inclusion dans la revue n’a pu être identifié. Dans d’autres cohortes suivies pendant 20 ans ou plus, des taux d’infection subclinique de 1%-27% ont été signalés parmi les personnes vaccinées.71, 72 Une\n66 Bruce MG et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 30-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:16–22.\n67 Qu C et al. Efficacy of neonatal HBV vaccination on liver cancer and other liver diseases over 30-year follow-up of the Qidong Hepatitis B Intervention Study: a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLOS Med. 2014;11(12):e1001774.\n68 Lin AW et al. Long-term protection of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination in a 30-year cohort in Hong Kong. J Hepatol. 2013;59:13601364.\n69 Poorolajal J et al. Long-term protection provided by hepatitis B vaccine and need for booster dose: a meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2010;28(3):623–621.\n70 Poorolajal J and Hooshmand E. Booster dose vaccination for preventing hepatitis B. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(6):CD008256.\n71 McMahon BJ et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 22-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis. 2009;200:1390–1396.\n72 Peto TJ et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of infant vaccination against chronic hepatitis B in The Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (1986-90) and in the immunisation program. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:1–8.\n381\nA review73 examined studies on the need for booster doses against hepatitis B published since 2002; it was concluded that booster doses are not necessary in immunologically competent persons who had received a full primary course, as evidenced by studies conducted up to 20 years after the primary vaccination.\nThere is no evidence of a difference in protection with or without a booster dose administered when anti-HBs antibody concentrations decline to <10 mIU/mL. The majority of previously vaccinated people whose anti- HBs antibody concentration decreases to <10 mIU/mL mount an anamnestic response when they receive a booster dose or exposure to HBV, indicating that they remained protected by memory T-cells.74 Studies of cellular immunity suggest that the absence of an anam- nestic response following a booster does not necessar- ily signify susceptibility to HBV infection in such indi- viduals.75\nAdditional long-term studies are needed to explore life- long protection conferred by hepatitis B vaccine and the need for booster doses in different subgroups of the population, particularly in HIV-infected/HIV-exposed infants. Currently, the substantial body of evidence does not provide a compelling basis for recommending a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine after completion of the primary vaccination series for persons with normal immune status.76", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "259eb54f7b8a6a36d65721f51fa0bd0b", - "text": "Durée de la protection", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Durée de la protection

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.54, - "y0": 186.54, - "x1": 397.06, - "y1": 199.03 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c90cb4ae3399c5dc9cac24d9ed01ba51", - "text": "Dans une étude66 réalisée en Alaska (États-Unis d’Amérique), qui est une zone d’endémicité intermédiaire, l’administration du vaccin anti-hépatite B dérivé du plasma selon un schéma à 3 doses (deuxième dose après 1 mois, troisième dose après 6 mois) dans une cohorte de 1578 personnes non infectées âgées de 6 mois à 50 ans a permis de prévenir toutes les infections à VHB cliniquement apparentes et chroniques pendant au moins 30 ans. Dans un sous-groupe de cette cohorte (243 sujets) n’ayant pas reçu de dose de rappel du vaccin, 49% des personnes avaient des titres d’anticorps anti-HBs <10 mUI/ml 30 ans plus tard. La plupart (88%) des sujets qui n’atteignaient pas ce seuil séroprotecteur d’anticorps anti-HBs ont répondu à une dose de rappel par une augmentation rapide du titre d’anticorps, ce qui est indicatif d’une mémoire immunologique et de la persistance de la protection. À partir de ces données, il a été estimé qu’envi- ron 90% (intervalle 74%-100%) des personnes vaccinées demeu- raient protégées pendant au moins 30 ans, indépendamment de la présence ou non d’anticorps anti-HBs mesurables.66 D’autres études de suivi à long terme après une vaccination néonatale ont indiqué une persistance de la protection contre l’infection à VHB malgré le fait que deux tiers des sujets vaccinés avaient des titres en anticorps anti-HBs <10 mUI/ml après 30 ans.67, 68", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "259eb54f7b8a6a36d65721f51fa0bd0b", - "text_as_html": "

    Dans une étude66 réalisée en Alaska (États-Unis d’Amérique), qui est une zone d’endémicité intermédiaire, l’administration du vaccin anti-hépatite B dérivé du plasma selon un schéma à 3 doses (deuxième dose après 1 mois, troisième dose après 6 mois) dans une cohorte de 1578 personnes non infectées âgées de 6 mois à 50 ans a permis de prévenir toutes les infections à VHB cliniquement apparentes et chroniques pendant au moins 30 ans. Dans un sous-groupe de cette cohorte (243 sujets) n’ayant pas reçu de dose de rappel du vaccin, 49% des personnes avaient des titres d’anticorps anti-HBs <10 mUI/ml 30 ans plus tard. La plupart (88%) des sujets qui n’atteignaient pas ce seuil séroprotecteur d’anticorps anti-HBs ont répondu à une dose de rappel par une augmentation rapide du titre d’anticorps, ce qui est indicatif d’une mémoire immunologique et de la persistance de la protection. À partir de ces données, il a été estimé qu’envi- ron 90% (intervalle 74%-100%) des personnes vaccinées demeu- raient protégées pendant au moins 30 ans, indépendamment de la présence ou non d’anticorps anti-HBs mesurables.66 D’autres études de suivi à long terme après une vaccination néonatale ont indiqué une persistance de la protection contre l’infection à VHB malgré le fait que deux tiers des sujets vaccinés avaient des titres en anticorps anti-HBs <10 mUI/ml après 30 ans.67, 68

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 200.46, - "x1": 553.33, - "y1": 441.79 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f0cd2e43e1fa6ab6e759f2a2c437e9b7", - "text": "Une revue69 et une méta-analyse de 22 études menées auprès de 11 090 personnes 5 à 20 ans après la vaccination n’a révélé aucune infection chronique à VHB, malgré une incidence cumu- lée de 0,7% (IC à 95%: 0,5%-1,0%) de l’infection subclinique par le VHB (anticorps anti-HBc transitoires ou persistants); on en a conclu que les sujets convenablement vaccinés selon un schéma à 3 doses ou à 4 doses ne nécessitent pas de dose de rappel. Une autre revue systématique70 visait à évaluer les avan- tages de l’administration d’une dose de rappel contre l’hépa- tite B plus de 5 ans après la primovaccination, mais aucun essai clinique randomisé répondant aux critères d’inclusion dans la revue n’a pu être identifié. Dans d’autres cohortes suivies pendant 20 ans ou plus, des taux d’infection subclinique de 1%-27% ont été signalés parmi les personnes vaccinées.71, 72 Une", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "259eb54f7b8a6a36d65721f51fa0bd0b", - "text_as_html": "

    Une revue69 et une méta-analyse de 22 études menées auprès de 11 090 personnes 5 à 20 ans après la vaccination n’a révélé aucune infection chronique à VHB, malgré une incidence cumu- lée de 0,7% (IC à 95%: 0,5%-1,0%) de l’infection subclinique par le VHB (anticorps anti-HBc transitoires ou persistants); on en a conclu que les sujets convenablement vaccinés selon un schéma à 3 doses ou à 4 doses ne nécessitent pas de dose de rappel. Une autre revue systématique70 visait à évaluer les avan- tages de l’administration d’une dose de rappel contre l’hépa- tite B plus de 5 ans après la primovaccination, mais aucun essai clinique randomisé répondant aux critères d’inclusion dans la revue n’a pu être identifié. Dans d’autres cohortes suivies pendant 20 ans ou plus, des taux d’infection subclinique de 1%-27% ont été signalés parmi les personnes vaccinées.71, 72 Une

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 448.22, - "x1": 552.49, - "y1": 601.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "db77cea3870e43267a7a32c09fed030c", - "text": "66 Bruce MG et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 30-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:16–22.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "259eb54f7b8a6a36d65721f51fa0bd0b", - "text_as_html": "
  • 66 Bruce MG et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 30-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:16–22.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.77, - "y0": 619.52, - "x1": 551.47, - "y1": 635.92 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "fb5843e56a8b9430d763537cce565481", - "text": "67 Qu C et al. Efficacy of neonatal HBV vaccination on liver cancer and other liver diseases over 30-year follow-up of the Qidong Hepatitis B Intervention Study: a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLOS Med. 2014;11(12):e1001774.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "259eb54f7b8a6a36d65721f51fa0bd0b", - "text_as_html": "
  • 67 Qu C et al. Efficacy of neonatal HBV vaccination on liver cancer and other liver diseases over 30-year follow-up of the Qidong Hepatitis B Intervention Study: a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLOS Med. 2014;11(12):e1001774.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.59, - "y0": 638.53, - "x1": 551.97, - "y1": 662.22 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "af63750b535fcf444390d7121c7fb334", - "text": "68 Lin AW et al. Long-term protection of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination in a 30-year cohort in Hong Kong. J Hepatol. 2013;59:13601364.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "259eb54f7b8a6a36d65721f51fa0bd0b", - "text_as_html": "
  • 68 Lin AW et al. Long-term protection of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination in a 30-year cohort in Hong Kong. J Hepatol. 2013;59:13601364.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.69, - "y0": 665.14, - "x1": 551.47, - "y1": 681.14 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "e26ccd6f2c96f2dc6f4bb91933fbb15e", - "text": "69 Poorolajal J et al. Long-term protection provided by hepatitis B vaccine and need for booster dose: a meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2010;28(3):623–621.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "259eb54f7b8a6a36d65721f51fa0bd0b", - "text_as_html": "
  • 69 Poorolajal J et al. Long-term protection provided by hepatitis B vaccine and need for booster dose: a meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2010;28(3):623–621.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.89, - "y0": 683.88, - "x1": 551.43, - "y1": 700.43 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "0b9a75ad60e62e73d47298451fdb14de", - "text": "70 Poorolajal J and Hooshmand E. Booster dose vaccination for preventing hepatitis B. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(6):CD008256.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "259eb54f7b8a6a36d65721f51fa0bd0b", - "text_as_html": "
  • 70 Poorolajal J and Hooshmand E. Booster dose vaccination for preventing hepatitis B. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(6):CD008256.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 702.74, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 718.89 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "bfe6476e8917b290bab448b366980b47", - "text": "71 McMahon BJ et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 22-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis. 2009;200:1390–1396.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "259eb54f7b8a6a36d65721f51fa0bd0b", - "text_as_html": "
  • 71 McMahon BJ et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 22-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis. 2009;200:1390–1396.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.31, - "y0": 721.78, - "x1": 551.45, - "y1": 737.93 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "68cf6aa9db1d90fa3619ce4c9b481847", - "text": "72 Peto TJ et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of infant vaccination against chronic hepatitis B in The Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (1986-90) and in the immunisation program. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:1–8.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "259eb54f7b8a6a36d65721f51fa0bd0b", - "text_as_html": "
  • 72 Peto TJ et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of infant vaccination against chronic hepatitis B in The Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (1986-90) and in the immunisation program. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:1–8.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.93, - "y0": 748.43, - "x1": 551.48, - "y1": 772.73 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "UncategorizedText", - "element_id": "776cb1c547b636c61eb2a5c853d231fd", - "text": "381", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "259eb54f7b8a6a36d65721f51fa0bd0b", - "text_as_html": "

    381

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.86, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.78, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "bfed61d1c1d80738665517128e12dd91", - "text": "A review73 examined studies on the need for booster doses against hepatitis B published since 2002; it was concluded that booster doses are not necessary in immunologically competent persons who had received a full primary course, as evidenced by studies conducted up to 20 years after the primary vaccination.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "259eb54f7b8a6a36d65721f51fa0bd0b", - "text_as_html": "

    A review73 examined studies on the need for booster doses against hepatitis B published since 2002; it was concluded that booster doses are not necessary in immunologically competent persons who had received a full primary course, as evidenced by studies conducted up to 20 years after the primary vaccination.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 56.2, - "x1": 272.93, - "y1": 121.15 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "e18ced64b45e0b88359cd44a2fbd434f", - "text": "There is no evidence of a difference in protection with or without a booster dose administered when anti-HBs antibody concentrations decline to <10 mIU/mL. The majority of previously vaccinated people whose anti- HBs antibody concentration decreases to <10 mIU/mL mount an anamnestic response when they receive a booster dose or exposure to HBV, indicating that they remained protected by memory T-cells.74 Studies of cellular immunity suggest that the absence of an anam- nestic response following a booster does not necessar- ily signify susceptibility to HBV infection in such indi- viduals.75", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "259eb54f7b8a6a36d65721f51fa0bd0b", - "text_as_html": "

    There is no evidence of a difference in protection with or without a booster dose administered when anti-HBs antibody concentrations decline to <10 mIU/mL. The majority of previously vaccinated people whose anti- HBs antibody concentration decreases to <10 mIU/mL mount an anamnestic response when they receive a booster dose or exposure to HBV, indicating that they remained protected by memory T-cells.74 Studies of cellular immunity suggest that the absence of an anam- nestic response following a booster does not necessar- ily signify susceptibility to HBV infection in such indi- viduals.75

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.2, - "y0": 128.08, - "x1": 273.53, - "y1": 258.78 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "cb2890e45ae2d37f13799e7827934611", - "text": "Additional long-term studies are needed to explore life- long protection conferred by hepatitis B vaccine and the need for booster doses in different subgroups of the population, particularly in HIV-infected/HIV-exposed infants. Currently, the substantial body of evidence does not provide a compelling basis for recommending a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine after completion of the primary vaccination series for persons with normal immune status.76", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "259eb54f7b8a6a36d65721f51fa0bd0b", - "text_as_html": "

    Additional long-term studies are needed to explore life- long protection conferred by hepatitis B vaccine and the need for booster doses in different subgroups of the population, particularly in HIV-infected/HIV-exposed infants. Currently, the substantial body of evidence does not provide a compelling basis for recommending a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine after completion of the primary vaccination series for persons with normal immune status.76

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.17, - "y0": 264.88, - "x1": 273.87, - "y1": 363.41 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-42", - "text": "\n\n\nSafety\nThe Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) has confirmed the excellent safety profile of hepatitis B vaccine.77, 78 In general, there are minimal adverse reactions, such as local pain, myalgia and tran- sient fever, mostly within 24 hours. Mild reactions tend to be less common in children than in adults (<10% vs 30%).77 The estimated incidence of the severe adverse event of anaphylaxis among vaccine recipients is 1.1 per million vaccine doses (95% CI: 0.1–3.9).77, 79 Numerous long-term studies have found no evidence of serious adverse events causally linked to hepatitis B vaccina- tion. Data do not indicate a causal association between hepatitis B vaccine and neurological disease (including Guillain-Barré syndrome and multiple sclerosis), diabe- tes mellitus, demyelinating disorders, chronic fatigue syndrome, arthritis, autoimmune disorders, asthma,\n73 Leuridan E and Van Damme P. Hepatitis B and the need of booster dose. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2011;53(1):68–75\n74 Banatvala JE et al. Hepatitis B vaccine–do we need boosters? Journal of Viral Hepa- titis. 2003;10:1–6.\n75 Simons BC et al. A longitudinal hepatitis B vaccine cohort demonstrates long-lasting hepatitis B virus (HBV) cellular immunity despite loss of antibody against HBV sur- face antigen. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:273–280.\n76 HBV vaccination - Evidence on the need for a booster dose. Summary of evidence. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://www.who.int/immu- nization/sage/meetings/2016/october/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_ hep_b.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.\n77 Information sheet observed rate of vaccine reaction hepatitis B vaccine, June 2012. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://www.who.int/vac- cine_safety/initiative/tools/Hep_B_Vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf, accessed May 2017.\n78 GACVS publications: http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/committee/topics/hepati- tisb/en/\n79 Bohlke et al. Risk of Anaphylaxis After Vaccination of Children and Adolescents, Pediatrics. 2003;112(4):815–820.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "23a8291eb327e2949f6eb0d0162970ee", - "text": "Safety", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Safety

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.02, - "y0": 384.95, - "x1": 76.03, - "y1": 396.86 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "45aedb18a2b47488aa1e0df54126866d", - "text": "The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) has confirmed the excellent safety profile of hepatitis B vaccine.77, 78 In general, there are minimal adverse reactions, such as local pain, myalgia and tran- sient fever, mostly within 24 hours. Mild reactions tend to be less common in children than in adults (<10% vs 30%).77 The estimated incidence of the severe adverse event of anaphylaxis among vaccine recipients is 1.1 per million vaccine doses (95% CI: 0.1–3.9).77, 79 Numerous long-term studies have found no evidence of serious adverse events causally linked to hepatitis B vaccina- tion. Data do not indicate a causal association between hepatitis B vaccine and neurological disease (including Guillain-Barré syndrome and multiple sclerosis), diabe- tes mellitus, demyelinating disorders, chronic fatigue syndrome, arthritis, autoimmune disorders, asthma,", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "23a8291eb327e2949f6eb0d0162970ee", - "text_as_html": "

    The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) has confirmed the excellent safety profile of hepatitis B vaccine.77, 78 In general, there are minimal adverse reactions, such as local pain, myalgia and tran- sient fever, mostly within 24 hours. Mild reactions tend to be less common in children than in adults (<10% vs 30%).77 The estimated incidence of the severe adverse event of anaphylaxis among vaccine recipients is 1.1 per million vaccine doses (95% CI: 0.1–3.9).77, 79 Numerous long-term studies have found no evidence of serious adverse events causally linked to hepatitis B vaccina- tion. Data do not indicate a causal association between hepatitis B vaccine and neurological disease (including Guillain-Barré syndrome and multiple sclerosis), diabe- tes mellitus, demyelinating disorders, chronic fatigue syndrome, arthritis, autoimmune disorders, asthma,

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 399.13, - "x1": 272.94, - "y1": 574.07 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "b0abe068d34f1931b9e76dbef4ae3849", - "text": "73 Leuridan E and Van Damme P. Hepatitis B and the need of booster dose. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2011;53(1):68–75", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "23a8291eb327e2949f6eb0d0162970ee", - "text_as_html": "
  • 73 Leuridan E and Van Damme P. Hepatitis B and the need of booster dose. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2011;53(1):68–75
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.08, - "y0": 604.38, - "x1": 272.28, - "y1": 619.61 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "75242f91eabfc3ad9dd8fc1f2790249b", - "text": "74 Banatvala JE et al. Hepatitis B vaccine–do we need boosters? Journal of Viral Hepa- titis. 2003;10:1–6.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "23a8291eb327e2949f6eb0d0162970ee", - "text_as_html": "
  • 74 Banatvala JE et al. Hepatitis B vaccine–do we need boosters? Journal of Viral Hepa- titis. 2003;10:1–6.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.06, - "y0": 622.99, - "x1": 272.31, - "y1": 638.35 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "d082aec9e6be266cab8fbd826c8bb831", - "text": "75 Simons BC et al. A longitudinal hepatitis B vaccine cohort demonstrates long-lasting hepatitis B virus (HBV) cellular immunity despite loss of antibody against HBV sur- face antigen. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:273–280.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "23a8291eb327e2949f6eb0d0162970ee", - "text_as_html": "
  • 75 Simons BC et al. A longitudinal hepatitis B vaccine cohort demonstrates long-lasting hepatitis B virus (HBV) cellular immunity despite loss of antibody against HBV sur- face antigen. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:273–280.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.65, - "y0": 641.42, - "x1": 275.36, - "y1": 665.47 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ce57ffcdb47f17a81b1a6484e9a73e47", - "text": "76 HBV vaccination - Evidence on the need for a booster dose. Summary of evidence. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://www.who.int/immu- nization/sage/meetings/2016/october/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_ hep_b.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "23a8291eb327e2949f6eb0d0162970ee", - "text_as_html": "
  • 76 HBV vaccination - Evidence on the need for a booster dose. Summary of evidence. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://www.who.int/immu- nization/sage/meetings/2016/october/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_ hep_b.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.
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  • 77 Information sheet observed rate of vaccine reaction hepatitis B vaccine, June 2012. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://www.who.int/vac- cine_safety/initiative/tools/Hep_B_Vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf, accessed May 2017.
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  • 78 GACVS publications: http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/committee/topics/hepati- tisb/en/
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  • 79 Bohlke et al. Risk of Anaphylaxis After Vaccination of Children and Adolescents, Pediatrics. 2003;112(4):815–820.
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    revue73 portant sur des études publiées depuis 2002, qui visaient à évaluer la nécessité d’une vaccination de rappel contre l’hépa- tite B, a conclu que l’administration d’une dose de rappel n’est pas nécessaire chez les personnes immunocompétentes qui ont reçu la série complète de primovaccination, comme le montrent des études réalisées jusqu’à 20 ans après la primovaccination.

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    Aucun élément n’indique une différence de protection selon qu’une dose de rappel est administrée ou non lorsque les titres d’anticorps anti-HBs baissent pour passer à <10 mUI/ml. La plupart des personnes qui ont été vaccinées antérieurement et dont le titre d’anticorps anti-HBs baisse à <10 mUI/ml produisent une réponse anamnestique lorsqu’elles reçoivent une dose de rappel ou sont exposées au VHB, ce qui indique qu’elles étaient encore protégées par les lymphocytes T impliqués dans la mémoire immunologique.74 Selon des études portant sur l’immu- nité cellulaire, l’absence de réponse anamnestique après une dose de rappel ne signifie pas nécessairement que les personnes concernées sont sensibles à l’infection à VHB.75

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 127.66, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 258.78 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "aad5eaa3b0fb77363ae44b4706b651a4", - "text": "De nouvelles études à long terme seront nécessaires pour examiner la protection conférée par les vaccin anti-hépatite B sur toute la durée de vie, ainsi que la nécessité d’une dose de rappel dans différents sous-groupes de population, en particu- lier parmi les nourrissons infectés par le VIH ou exposés au VIH. À l’heure actuelle, le corpus considérable de données dont on dispose ne fournit par d’argument convaincant pour recom- mander l’administration d’une dose de rappel du vaccin anti- hépatite B après la série de primovaccination chez les personnes dont l’état immunitaire est normal.76", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "7b314a1b4c7b47493c32723b0e335687", - "text_as_html": "

    De nouvelles études à long terme seront nécessaires pour examiner la protection conférée par les vaccin anti-hépatite B sur toute la durée de vie, ainsi que la nécessité d’une dose de rappel dans différents sous-groupes de population, en particu- lier parmi les nourrissons infectés par le VIH ou exposés au VIH. À l’heure actuelle, le corpus considérable de données dont on dispose ne fournit par d’argument convaincant pour recom- mander l’administration d’une dose de rappel du vaccin anti- hépatite B après la série de primovaccination chez les personnes dont l’état immunitaire est normal.76

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 265.16, - "x1": 552.1, - "y1": 374.4 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-44", - "text": "\n\n\nInnocuité\nLe Comité consultatif mondial pour la sécurité des vaccins (GACVS) a confirmé l’excellent profil d’innocuité du vaccin anti-hépatite B.77, 78 De manière générale, seules des réactions indésirables minimes, telles que douleurs localisées, myalgie ou fièvre transitoire, sont observées, la plupart du temps dans les 24 heures suivant la vaccination. Ces réactions bénignes ont tendance à être moins fréquentes chez l’enfant que chez l’adulte (<10% contre 30%).77 L’incidence des réactions anaphylactiques graves après la vaccination est estimée à 1,1 cas par million de doses de vaccin (IC à 95%: 0,1-3,9).77, 79 De nombreuses études à long terme n’ont relevé aucune manifestation indésirable grave imputable à la vaccination contre l’hépatite B. Les données n’indiquent pas de lien de causalité entre le vaccin anti-hépatite B et les affections neurologiques (y compris le syndrome de Guillain-Barré et la sclérose en plaques), le diabète sucré, les troubles démyélinisants, le syndrome de fatigue chronique,\n73 Leuridan E and Van Damme P. Hepatitis B and the need of booster dose. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2011;53(1):68–75\n74 Banatvala JE et al. Hepatitis B vaccine–do we need boosters? Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2003;10:1–6.\n75 Simons BC et al. A longitudinal hepatitis B vaccine cohort demonstrates long-lasting hepatitis B virus (HBV) cellular immunity despite loss of antibody against HBV surface antigen. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:273–280.\n76 HBV vaccination - Evidence on the need for a booster dose. Summary of evidence. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2016/october/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.\n77 Information sheet observed rate of vaccine reaction hepatitis B vaccine, June 2012. Organisa- tion mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/ initiative/tools/Hep_B_Vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf, Consulté en May 2017.\n78 Publications du GACVS disponibles sur http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/committee/topics/ hepatitisb/en/\n79 Bohlke et al. Risk of Anaphylaxis After Vaccination of Children and Adolescents, Pediatrics. 2003;112(4):815–820.\nhair loss, or sudden infant death syndrome.77, 80, 81, 82 No local or systemic side-effects were observed in a study of HIV-infected persons (children/adolescents/adults) who were receiving HAART.83 Hepatitis B-containing multivalent vaccines are safe in pregnant women.84, 85 Hepatitis B vaccine is contraindicated only for indi- viduals with a history of serious allergic reactions to any of the vaccine components.77", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "b0f3059919cd390374e59566e22029a0", - "text": "Innocuité", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Innocuité

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.82, - "y0": 385.08, - "x1": 337.01, - "y1": 396.81 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "23655126d2b668ac68d0d66e66e6b24c", - "text": "Le Comité consultatif mondial pour la sécurité des vaccins (GACVS) a confirmé l’excellent profil d’innocuité du vaccin anti-hépatite B.77, 78 De manière générale, seules des réactions indésirables minimes, telles que douleurs localisées, myalgie ou fièvre transitoire, sont observées, la plupart du temps dans les 24 heures suivant la vaccination. Ces réactions bénignes ont tendance à être moins fréquentes chez l’enfant que chez l’adulte (<10% contre 30%).77 L’incidence des réactions anaphylactiques graves après la vaccination est estimée à 1,1 cas par million de doses de vaccin (IC à 95%: 0,1-3,9).77, 79 De nombreuses études à long terme n’ont relevé aucune manifestation indésirable grave imputable à la vaccination contre l’hépatite B. Les données n’indiquent pas de lien de causalité entre le vaccin anti-hépatite B et les affections neurologiques (y compris le syndrome de Guillain-Barré et la sclérose en plaques), le diabète sucré, les troubles démyélinisants, le syndrome de fatigue chronique,", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "b0f3059919cd390374e59566e22029a0", - "text_as_html": "

    Le Comité consultatif mondial pour la sécurité des vaccins (GACVS) a confirmé l’excellent profil d’innocuité du vaccin anti-hépatite B.77, 78 De manière générale, seules des réactions indésirables minimes, telles que douleurs localisées, myalgie ou fièvre transitoire, sont observées, la plupart du temps dans les 24 heures suivant la vaccination. Ces réactions bénignes ont tendance à être moins fréquentes chez l’enfant que chez l’adulte (<10% contre 30%).77 L’incidence des réactions anaphylactiques graves après la vaccination est estimée à 1,1 cas par million de doses de vaccin (IC à 95%: 0,1-3,9).77, 79 De nombreuses études à long terme n’ont relevé aucune manifestation indésirable grave imputable à la vaccination contre l’hépatite B. Les données n’indiquent pas de lien de causalité entre le vaccin anti-hépatite B et les affections neurologiques (y compris le syndrome de Guillain-Barré et la sclérose en plaques), le diabète sucré, les troubles démyélinisants, le syndrome de fatigue chronique,

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 398.67, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 574.25 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "b1095202fe92f6c0426f8559131bdf14", - "text": "73 Leuridan E and Van Damme P. Hepatitis B and the need of booster dose. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2011;53(1):68–75", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "b0f3059919cd390374e59566e22029a0", - "text_as_html": "
  • 73 Leuridan E and Van Damme P. Hepatitis B and the need of booster dose. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2011;53(1):68–75
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  • 74 Banatvala JE et al. Hepatitis B vaccine–do we need boosters? Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2003;10:1–6.
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  • 75 Simons BC et al. A longitudinal hepatitis B vaccine cohort demonstrates long-lasting hepatitis B virus (HBV) cellular immunity despite loss of antibody against HBV surface antigen. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:273–280.
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  • 76 HBV vaccination - Evidence on the need for a booster dose. Summary of evidence. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2016/october/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.
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  • 77 Information sheet observed rate of vaccine reaction hepatitis B vaccine, June 2012. Organisa- tion mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/ initiative/tools/Hep_B_Vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf, Consulté en May 2017.
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  • 78 Publications du GACVS disponibles sur http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/committee/topics/ hepatitisb/en/
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  • 79 Bohlke et al. Risk of Anaphylaxis After Vaccination of Children and Adolescents, Pediatrics. 2003;112(4):815–820.
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    hair loss, or sudden infant death syndrome.77, 80, 81, 82 No local or systemic side-effects were observed in a study of HIV-infected persons (children/adolescents/adults) who were receiving HAART.83 Hepatitis B-containing multivalent vaccines are safe in pregnant women.84, 85 Hepatitis B vaccine is contraindicated only for indi- viduals with a history of serious allergic reactions to any of the vaccine components.77

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.52, - "y0": 55.99, - "x1": 273.99, - "y1": 143.15 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-45", - "text": "\n\n\nCo-administration\nThere is no evidence that hepatitis B vaccine interferes with the immune response to any other vaccine and vice versa. The immune responses and safety of hepa- titis B-containing combination vaccines are comparable to those observed when the vaccines are administered separately. The birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine can be co-administered with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine and/or oral polio vaccine (OPV), ideally within 24 hours of birth. When vaccinating at birth, only monovalent hepatitis B vaccine should be used. Hepa- titis B vaccine (monovalent or combined) and other vaccines administered during the same visit should be given at different injection sites.11", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "1c51e8b895c2732dbb2585bda8d5cf21", - "text": "Co-administration", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Co-administration

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.28, - "y0": 176.85, - "x1": 129.45, - "y1": 187.38 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "fbc5a9a578c07d195dcbbb0822e55d1e", - "text": "There is no evidence that hepatitis B vaccine interferes with the immune response to any other vaccine and vice versa. The immune responses and safety of hepa- titis B-containing combination vaccines are comparable to those observed when the vaccines are administered separately. The birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine can be co-administered with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine and/or oral polio vaccine (OPV), ideally within 24 hours of birth. When vaccinating at birth, only monovalent hepatitis B vaccine should be used. Hepa- titis B vaccine (monovalent or combined) and other vaccines administered during the same visit should be given at different injection sites.11", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "1c51e8b895c2732dbb2585bda8d5cf21", - "text_as_html": "

    There is no evidence that hepatitis B vaccine interferes with the immune response to any other vaccine and vice versa. The immune responses and safety of hepa- titis B-containing combination vaccines are comparable to those observed when the vaccines are administered separately. The birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine can be co-administered with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine and/or oral polio vaccine (OPV), ideally within 24 hours of birth. When vaccinating at birth, only monovalent hepatitis B vaccine should be used. Hepa- titis B vaccine (monovalent or combined) and other vaccines administered during the same visit should be given at different injection sites.11

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.56, - "y0": 190.02, - "x1": 273.8, - "y1": 331.81 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-46", - "text": "\n\n\nVaccination of special groups\nHealth-care workers and others with occupational exposure\nHBV infection is a well-recognized occupational risk for health-care workers (including trainees), and others (e.g. housekeeping staff, emergency workers) exposed to infected blood and body fluids or blood-contami- nated environments. Because of their contact with patients or infective material, health-care workers are at considerably greater risk of HBV infection than the general population.11, 86 Health-care workers are often unaware of all exposures to potentially infectious blood and body fluids, or contaminated environments.87, 88 Even when exposures are recognized, health-care work- ers often do not seek post-exposure prophylactic manage- ment.89 Hepatitis B vaccination safeguards health workers when administered early, ideally before occupational\n80 Mikaeloff Y et al. Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of relapse after a first childhood episode of CNS inflammatory demyelination. Brain. 2007;130:1105–1110.\n81 Yu O et al. Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of autoimmune thyroid disease: a Vaccine Safety Datalink study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2007;16:736–745.\n82 Duclos P. Safety of immunisation and adverse events following vaccination against hepatitis B. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 2003;2:225–231.\n83 Okwen MP et al. Hepatitis B vaccination for reducing morbidity and mortality in persons with HIV infection (Review), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;(10):CD009886.\n84 Makris MC et al. Safety of hepatitis B, pneumococcal polysaccharide and menin- gococcal polysaccharide vaccines in pregnancy: a systematic review. Drug safety: an international journal of medical toxicology and drug experience. 2012;35(1):1– 14.\n85 Levy M and Koren G. Hepatitis B vaccine in pregnancy: maternal and fetal safety. Am J Perinatol. 1991;8(3):227–232.\n86 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC guidance for evaluating health- care personnel for hepatitis B virus protection and for administering postexposure management. Morb Mort Wkly Rev (MMWR). 2013;62(RR-10):1–19.\n87 Favero MS et al. Hepatitis B antigen on environmental surfaces [letter]. Lancet. 1973;3:1455.\n88 Gershon RR et al. Non-hospital based registered nurses. and the risk of blood borne pathogen exposure. Ind Health. 2007;45:695–704.\n89 Boal WL et al. The national study to prevent blood exposure in paramedics: expo- sure reporting. Am J Ind Med. 2008;51:213–222.\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017\nl’arthrite, les maladies auto-immunes, l’asthme, la chute de cheveux ou le syndrome de mort subite du nourrisson.77, 80, 81, 82 Aucun effet secondaire localisé ou systémique n’a été observé dans le cadre d’une étude réalisée auprès de sujets infectés par le VIH (enfants/adolescents/adultes) recevant un traitement antirétroviral hautement actif.83 Les vaccins multivalents à valence anti-hépatite B ne présentent pas de danger pour les femmes enceintes.84, 85 Le vaccin anti-hépatite B est uniquement contre-indiqué chez les sujets ayant des antécédents de réac- tions allergiques graves à l’un quelconque de ses constituants.77", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "59d7689802fb4b8a97a6a46381199256", - "text": "Vaccination of special groups", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccination of special groups

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 341.69, - "x1": 180.91, - "y1": 354.02 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "48ee7f11d89f14bf77caa8b95d851b66", - "text": "Health-care workers and others with occupational exposure", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "59d7689802fb4b8a97a6a46381199256", - "text_as_html": "

    Health-care workers and others with occupational exposure

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.69, - "y0": 360.44, - "x1": 260.31, - "y1": 382.91 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "3a29f39851fde49049b48b873e3b36bd", - "text": "HBV infection is a well-recognized occupational risk for health-care workers (including trainees), and others (e.g. housekeeping staff, emergency workers) exposed to infected blood and body fluids or blood-contami- nated environments. Because of their contact with patients or infective material, health-care workers are at considerably greater risk of HBV infection than the general population.11, 86 Health-care workers are often unaware of all exposures to potentially infectious blood and body fluids, or contaminated environments.87, 88 Even when exposures are recognized, health-care work- ers often do not seek post-exposure prophylactic manage- ment.89 Hepatitis B vaccination safeguards health workers when administered early, ideally before occupational", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "59d7689802fb4b8a97a6a46381199256", - "text_as_html": "

    HBV infection is a well-recognized occupational risk for health-care workers (including trainees), and others (e.g. housekeeping staff, emergency workers) exposed to infected blood and body fluids or blood-contami- nated environments. Because of their contact with patients or infective material, health-care workers are at considerably greater risk of HBV infection than the general population.11, 86 Health-care workers are often unaware of all exposures to potentially infectious blood and body fluids, or contaminated environments.87, 88 Even when exposures are recognized, health-care work- ers often do not seek post-exposure prophylactic manage- ment.89 Hepatitis B vaccination safeguards health workers when administered early, ideally before occupational

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 385.11, - "x1": 272.88, - "y1": 538.55 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "dc5a8d58f8cc2316dd5e549791893672", - "text": "80 Mikaeloff Y et al. Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of relapse after a first childhood episode of CNS inflammatory demyelination. Brain. 2007;130:1105–1110.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "59d7689802fb4b8a97a6a46381199256", - "text_as_html": "
  • 80 Mikaeloff Y et al. Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of relapse after a first childhood episode of CNS inflammatory demyelination. Brain. 2007;130:1105–1110.
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  • 81 Yu O et al. Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of autoimmune thyroid disease: a Vaccine Safety Datalink study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2007;16:736–745.
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  • 82 Duclos P. Safety of immunisation and adverse events following vaccination against hepatitis B. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 2003;2:225–231.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.81, - "y0": 593.03, - "x1": 274.46, - "y1": 608.86 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "bdccff1d2ad33aa37acf7f2bf764718b", - "text": "83 Okwen MP et al. Hepatitis B vaccination for reducing morbidity and mortality in persons with HIV infection (Review), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;(10):CD009886.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "59d7689802fb4b8a97a6a46381199256", - "text_as_html": "
  • 83 Okwen MP et al. Hepatitis B vaccination for reducing morbidity and mortality in persons with HIV infection (Review), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;(10):CD009886.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.9, - "y0": 612.16, - "x1": 272.75, - "y1": 635.69 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "2f824ee9545e6b6bb236149561d728b6", - "text": "84 Makris MC et al. Safety of hepatitis B, pneumococcal polysaccharide and menin- gococcal polysaccharide vaccines in pregnancy: a systematic review. Drug safety: an international journal of medical toxicology and drug experience. 2012;35(1):1– 14.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "59d7689802fb4b8a97a6a46381199256", - "text_as_html": "
  • 84 Makris MC et al. Safety of hepatitis B, pneumococcal polysaccharide and menin- gococcal polysaccharide vaccines in pregnancy: a systematic review. Drug safety: an international journal of medical toxicology and drug experience. 2012;35(1):1– 14.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.67, - "y0": 638.82, - "x1": 274.52, - "y1": 670.52 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "167d5410696b1e72374f21ef1d80bbec", - "text": "85 Levy M and Koren G. Hepatitis B vaccine in pregnancy: maternal and fetal safety. Am J Perinatol. 1991;8(3):227–232.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "59d7689802fb4b8a97a6a46381199256", - "text_as_html": "
  • 85 Levy M and Koren G. Hepatitis B vaccine in pregnancy: maternal and fetal safety. Am J Perinatol. 1991;8(3):227–232.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.14, - "y0": 673.78, - "x1": 271.87, - "y1": 689.44 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "a142a984101d5dc85a69d528fbb6dd11", - "text": "86 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC guidance for evaluating health- care personnel for hepatitis B virus protection and for administering postexposure management. Morb Mort Wkly Rev (MMWR). 2013;62(RR-10):1–19.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "59d7689802fb4b8a97a6a46381199256", - "text_as_html": "
  • 86 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC guidance for evaluating health- care personnel for hepatitis B virus protection and for administering postexposure management. Morb Mort Wkly Rev (MMWR). 2013;62(RR-10):1–19.
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  • 87 Favero MS et al. Hepatitis B antigen on environmental surfaces [letter]. Lancet. 1973;3:1455.
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  • 88 Gershon RR et al. Non-hospital based registered nurses. and the risk of blood borne pathogen exposure. Ind Health. 2007;45:695–704.
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  • 89 Boal WL et al. The national study to prevent blood exposure in paramedics: expo- sure reporting. Am J Ind Med. 2008;51:213–222.
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    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.14, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 223.82, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c7ad7dcc39a10b3144ed312e41f2d756", - "text": "l’arthrite, les maladies auto-immunes, l’asthme, la chute de cheveux ou le syndrome de mort subite du nourrisson.77, 80, 81, 82 Aucun effet secondaire localisé ou systémique n’a été observé dans le cadre d’une étude réalisée auprès de sujets infectés par le VIH (enfants/adolescents/adultes) recevant un traitement antirétroviral hautement actif.83 Les vaccins multivalents à valence anti-hépatite B ne présentent pas de danger pour les femmes enceintes.84, 85 Le vaccin anti-hépatite B est uniquement contre-indiqué chez les sujets ayant des antécédents de réac- tions allergiques graves à l’un quelconque de ses constituants.77", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "59d7689802fb4b8a97a6a46381199256", - "text_as_html": "

    l’arthrite, les maladies auto-immunes, l’asthme, la chute de cheveux ou le syndrome de mort subite du nourrisson.77, 80, 81, 82 Aucun effet secondaire localisé ou systémique n’a été observé dans le cadre d’une étude réalisée auprès de sujets infectés par le VIH (enfants/adolescents/adultes) recevant un traitement antirétroviral hautement actif.83 Les vaccins multivalents à valence anti-hépatite B ne présentent pas de danger pour les femmes enceintes.84, 85 Le vaccin anti-hépatite B est uniquement contre-indiqué chez les sujets ayant des antécédents de réac- tions allergiques graves à l’un quelconque de ses constituants.77

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    Coadministration

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 175.81, - "x1": 373.21, - "y1": 187.86 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ee11d94f63a269887857de39ebd1f449", - "text": "Rien n’indique que le vaccin anti-hépatite B interfère avec la réponse immunitaire à d’autres vaccins, et vice versa. Les vaccins combinés à valence anti-hépatite B présentent une réponse immunitaire et une innocuité comparables à celles observées lorsque chaque vaccin est administré séparément. La dose à la naissance de vaccin anti-hépatite B peut être coadmi- nistrée avec le vaccin BCG (bacille Calmette-Guérin) et/ou le vaccin antipoliomyélitique oral (VPO), de préférence dans les 24 heures suivant la naissance. Le vaccin anti-hépatite B admi- nistré à la naissance doit être monovalent. Lorsque le vaccin anti-hépatite B (monovalent ou combiné) et d’autres vaccins sont administrés au cours de la même visite, ils doivent être injectés en des points différents.11", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "cb24df061bcb0c9b5d2aec9cd95b2ac7", - "text_as_html": "

    Rien n’indique que le vaccin anti-hépatite B interfère avec la réponse immunitaire à d’autres vaccins, et vice versa. Les vaccins combinés à valence anti-hépatite B présentent une réponse immunitaire et une innocuité comparables à celles observées lorsque chaque vaccin est administré séparément. La dose à la naissance de vaccin anti-hépatite B peut être coadmi- nistrée avec le vaccin BCG (bacille Calmette-Guérin) et/ou le vaccin antipoliomyélitique oral (VPO), de préférence dans les 24 heures suivant la naissance. Le vaccin anti-hépatite B admi- nistré à la naissance doit être monovalent. Lorsque le vaccin anti-hépatite B (monovalent ou combiné) et d’autres vaccins sont administrés au cours de la même visite, ils doivent être injectés en des points différents.11

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 189.63, - "x1": 552.89, - "y1": 331.81 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-48", - "text": "\n\n\nVaccination de groupes particuliers", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "762eca1d7d92f375d89bb5152186c6bf", - "text": "Vaccination de groupes particuliers", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccination de groupes particuliers

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.69, - "y0": 341.61, - "x1": 458.32, - "y1": 354.44 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-49", - "text": "\n\n\nAgents de santé et autres personnes soumises à une exposition professionnelle\nLe risque professionnel que représente l’infection à VHB pour les agents de santé (y compris les agents en formation) et d’autres personnes exposées à du sang ou des liquides biologiques infec- tés ou à des environnements contaminés par le sang (par exemple, préposés à l’entretien ménager, personnel intervenant dans les situations d’urgence) est bien reconnu. En raison des contacts qu’ils ont avec les patients ou avec des matières infectieuses, les agents de santé sont exposés à un risque beaucoup plus impor- tant d’infection à VHB que la population générale.11, 86 Souvent, les agents de santé ne sont pas conscients de toutes les situations dans lesquelles ils sont exposés à du sang ou des liquides biolo- giques infectieux ou à des environnements contaminés.87, 88 Même lorsqu’ils reconnaissent ces sources d’exposition, ils demandent rarement à bénéficier d’une prophylaxie postexposition.89 La\n80 Mikaeloff Y et al. Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of relapse after a first childhood episode of CNS inflammatory demyelination. Brain. 2007;130:1105–1110.\n81 Yu O et al. Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of autoimmune thyroid disease: a Vaccine Safety Datalink study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2007;16:736–745.\n82 Duclos P. Safety of immunisation and adverse events following vaccination against hepatitis B. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 2003;2:225–231.\n83 Okwen MP et al. Hepatitis B vaccination for reducing morbidity and mortality in persons with HIV infection (Review), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;(10):CD009886.\n84 Makris MC et al. Safety of hepatitis B, pneumococcal polysaccharide and meningococcal poly- saccharide vaccines in pregnancy: a systematic review. Drug safety: an international journal of medical toxicology and drug experience. 2012;35(1):1–14.\n85 Levy M and Koren G. Hepatitis B vaccine in pregnancy: maternal and fetal safety. Am J Perinatol. 1991;8(3):227–232.\n86 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC guidance for evaluating health-care personnel for hepatitis B virus protection and for administering postexposure management. Morb Mort Wkly Rev (MMWR). 2013;62(RR-10):1–19.\n87 Favero MS et al. Hepatitis B antigen on environmental surfaces [letter]. Lancet. 1973;3:1455.\n88 Gershon RR et al. Non-hospital based registered nurses. and the risk of blood borne pathogen exposure. Ind Health. 2007;45:695–704.\n89 Boal WL et al. The national study to prevent blood exposure in paramedics: exposure reporting. Am J Ind Med. 2008;51:213–222.\n383\nexposure, and provides greater protection for patients from infection through exposure to contaminated envi- ronments or infected workers.90", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "f5899492f799d3390d9c53d0b00cf64c", - "text": "Agents de santé et autres personnes soumises à une exposition professionnelle", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Agents de santé et autres personnes soumises à une exposition professionnelle

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    Le risque professionnel que représente l’infection à VHB pour les agents de santé (y compris les agents en formation) et d’autres personnes exposées à du sang ou des liquides biologiques infec- tés ou à des environnements contaminés par le sang (par exemple, préposés à l’entretien ménager, personnel intervenant dans les situations d’urgence) est bien reconnu. En raison des contacts qu’ils ont avec les patients ou avec des matières infectieuses, les agents de santé sont exposés à un risque beaucoup plus impor- tant d’infection à VHB que la population générale.11, 86 Souvent, les agents de santé ne sont pas conscients de toutes les situations dans lesquelles ils sont exposés à du sang ou des liquides biolo- giques infectieux ou à des environnements contaminés.87, 88 Même lorsqu’ils reconnaissent ces sources d’exposition, ils demandent rarement à bénéficier d’une prophylaxie postexposition.89 La

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  • 80 Mikaeloff Y et al. Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of relapse after a first childhood episode of CNS inflammatory demyelination. Brain. 2007;130:1105–1110.
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  • 81 Yu O et al. Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of autoimmune thyroid disease: a Vaccine Safety Datalink study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2007;16:736–745.
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  • 82 Duclos P. Safety of immunisation and adverse events following vaccination against hepatitis B. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 2003;2:225–231.
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  • 83 Okwen MP et al. Hepatitis B vaccination for reducing morbidity and mortality in persons with HIV infection (Review), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;(10):CD009886.
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  • 84 Makris MC et al. Safety of hepatitis B, pneumococcal polysaccharide and meningococcal poly- saccharide vaccines in pregnancy: a systematic review. Drug safety: an international journal of medical toxicology and drug experience. 2012;35(1):1–14.
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  • 85 Levy M and Koren G. Hepatitis B vaccine in pregnancy: maternal and fetal safety. Am J Perinatol. 1991;8(3):227–232.
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  • 86 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC guidance for evaluating health-care personnel for hepatitis B virus protection and for administering postexposure management. Morb Mort Wkly Rev (MMWR). 2013;62(RR-10):1–19.
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  • 87 Favero MS et al. Hepatitis B antigen on environmental surfaces [letter]. Lancet. 1973;3:1455.
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  • 88 Gershon RR et al. Non-hospital based registered nurses. and the risk of blood borne pathogen exposure. Ind Health. 2007;45:695–704.
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  • 89 Boal WL et al. The national study to prevent blood exposure in paramedics: exposure reporting. Am J Ind Med. 2008;51:213–222.
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    383

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    exposure, and provides greater protection for patients from infection through exposure to contaminated envi- ronments or infected workers.90

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    Diabetic patients

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    Based on reported cases of hepatitis B in the USA, persons with diabetes mellitus have about a two-fold increased risk of acute HBV infection. Lack of adher- ence to standard infection control precautions and fail- ure to implement recommendations against sharing finger-stick devices put diabetes patients at risk of acquiring infection by bloodborne pathogens such as HBV. Lapses in infection control during assisted blood glucose monitoring that have led to HBV transmission include multi-patient use of finger-stick devices designed for single-patient use and inadequate disinfec- tion and cleaning of blood glucose monitors between patients.91

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.55, - "y0": 145.9, - "x1": 273.54, - "y1": 287.84 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "14082b8b8aa8ced9ad693468317ccc8d", - "text": "Infants with birth weight less than 2000 grams None of the reported studies described any hepatitis B vaccine-associated adverse events in infants with low birth weight. Some infants with low birth weight (<2000 g) may not respond to the birth dose as well as full term, normal weight infants.92, 93 By 1 month of chronological age, low birth weight infants, regardless of their initial weight or gestational age at birth, are likely to respond adequately to 3 additional doses.94, 95", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "374de5a2660504b8d3dbdb42ae2ffcbf", - "text_as_html": "

    Infants with birth weight less than 2000 grams None of the reported studies described any hepatitis B vaccine-associated adverse events in infants with low birth weight. Some infants with low birth weight (<2000 g) may not respond to the birth dose as well as full term, normal weight infants.92, 93 By 1 month of chronological age, low birth weight infants, regardless of their initial weight or gestational age at birth, are likely to respond adequately to 3 additional doses.94, 95

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.25, - "y0": 300.03, - "x1": 272.95, - "y1": 399.54 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-51", - "text": "\n\n\nPatients with chronic renal failure\nPatients suffering from chronic renal failure are at particular risk of infection with HBV, since they may need hemodialysis. In some settings, these patients have been offered schedules that include >3 doses of the standard vaccine, or vaccine containing a higher dose of HBsAg (e.g. double the usual adult dose) on each occasion, or both. Two meta-analyses did not demon- strate any difference in protective efficacy of a 3-dose schedule compared to more extensive schedules. Older age was associated with impaired immunological response.96 The recombinant hepatitis B vaccine intended for adult patients with renal insufficiency\n90 Noubiap JJN et al. Occupational exposure to blood, hepatitis B vaccine knowledge and uptake among medical students in Cameroon. BMC Med Educat. 2013;13:148–152.\n91 Reilly ML et al. Increased Risk of Acute Hepatitis B among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;6(4): 858–866.\n92 A Guide for Introducing and Strengthening Hepatitis B Birth Dose Vaccination, 2015. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2015. Available at http://apps.who.int/ iris/bitstream/10665/208278/1/9789241509831_eng.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.\n93 Losonsky GA et al. Hepatitis B vaccination of premature infants: a reassessment of current recommendations for delayed immunization. Paediatrics. 1999;103:E14.\n94 Saari TN. Immunization of preterm and low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2003; 112:193–198. (American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases).\n95 HBV vaccination among low birth weight children (LBW). World Health Organiza- tion, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/mee- tings/2016/october/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.\n96 Schroth RJ et al. Hepatitis B vaccination for patients with chronic renal failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004;(3):CD003775.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "32908692daac50188645b43a3da8f844", - "text": "Patients with chronic renal failure", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Patients with chronic renal failure

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 444.51, - "x1": 190.36, - "y1": 454.58 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ba8d1079b3cb1251c9b621e03f649846", - "text": "Patients suffering from chronic renal failure are at particular risk of infection with HBV, since they may need hemodialysis. In some settings, these patients have been offered schedules that include >3 doses of the standard vaccine, or vaccine containing a higher dose of HBsAg (e.g. double the usual adult dose) on each occasion, or both. Two meta-analyses did not demon- strate any difference in protective efficacy of a 3-dose schedule compared to more extensive schedules. Older age was associated with impaired immunological response.96 The recombinant hepatitis B vaccine intended for adult patients with renal insufficiency", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "32908692daac50188645b43a3da8f844", - "text_as_html": "

    Patients suffering from chronic renal failure are at particular risk of infection with HBV, since they may need hemodialysis. In some settings, these patients have been offered schedules that include >3 doses of the standard vaccine, or vaccine containing a higher dose of HBsAg (e.g. double the usual adult dose) on each occasion, or both. Two meta-analyses did not demon- strate any difference in protective efficacy of a 3-dose schedule compared to more extensive schedules. Older age was associated with impaired immunological response.96 The recombinant hepatitis B vaccine intended for adult patients with renal insufficiency

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 457.7, - "x1": 272.93, - "y1": 588.22 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "f3204d11e6cf3964628bd771c10d7c15", - "text": "90 Noubiap JJN et al. Occupational exposure to blood, hepatitis B vaccine knowledge and uptake among medical students in Cameroon. BMC Med Educat. 2013;13:148–152.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "32908692daac50188645b43a3da8f844", - "text_as_html": "
  • 90 Noubiap JJN et al. Occupational exposure to blood, hepatitis B vaccine knowledge and uptake among medical students in Cameroon. BMC Med Educat. 2013;13:148–152.
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  • 91 Reilly ML et al. Increased Risk of Acute Hepatitis B among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;6(4): 858–866.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.58, - "y0": 630.88, - "x1": 275.31, - "y1": 646.75 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "6807dbd8963f7b7342e7781d96413bf7", - "text": "92 A Guide for Introducing and Strengthening Hepatitis B Birth Dose Vaccination, 2015. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2015. Available at http://apps.who.int/ iris/bitstream/10665/208278/1/9789241509831_eng.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "32908692daac50188645b43a3da8f844", - "text_as_html": "
  • 92 A Guide for Introducing and Strengthening Hepatitis B Birth Dose Vaccination, 2015. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2015. Available at http://apps.who.int/ iris/bitstream/10665/208278/1/9789241509831_eng.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.63, - "y0": 649.66, - "x1": 275.91, - "y1": 681.95 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "3324e32cdfa7175cab6ecfb197230d08", - "text": "93 Losonsky GA et al. Hepatitis B vaccination of premature infants: a reassessment of current recommendations for delayed immunization. Paediatrics. 1999;103:E14.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "32908692daac50188645b43a3da8f844", - "text_as_html": "
  • 93 Losonsky GA et al. Hepatitis B vaccination of premature infants: a reassessment of current recommendations for delayed immunization. Paediatrics. 1999;103:E14.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.09, - "y0": 684.52, - "x1": 273.23, - "y1": 700.37 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "afd91a6ac00ba46362d0d01410726ba5", - "text": "94 Saari TN. Immunization of preterm and low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2003; 112:193–198. (American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases).", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "32908692daac50188645b43a3da8f844", - "text_as_html": "
  • 94 Saari TN. Immunization of preterm and low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2003; 112:193–198. (American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases).
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.83, - "y0": 703.79, - "x1": 272.31, - "y1": 719.47 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "2b9d73ec621c7bec3f2c77005467600e", - "text": "95 HBV vaccination among low birth weight children (LBW). World Health Organiza- tion, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/mee- tings/2016/october/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "32908692daac50188645b43a3da8f844", - "text_as_html": "
  • 95 HBV vaccination among low birth weight children (LBW). World Health Organiza- tion, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/mee- tings/2016/october/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.73, - "y0": 722.59, - "x1": 273.77, - "y1": 754.03 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "5f43745367d1293ed742f73b6976e55b", - "text": "96 Schroth RJ et al. Hepatitis B vaccination for patients with chronic renal failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004;(3):CD003775.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "32908692daac50188645b43a3da8f844", - "text_as_html": "
  • 96 Schroth RJ et al. Hepatitis B vaccination for patients with chronic renal failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004;(3):CD003775.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.13, - "y0": 757.59, - "x1": 274.12, - "y1": 773.02 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-52", - "text": "\n\n\n384\nvaccination anti-hépatite B protège les agents de santé lorsqu’elle est administrée suffisamment tôt, de préférence avant l’exposi- tion professionnelle; cela permet également de mieux protéger les patients contre les infections pouvant résulter d’une exposi- tion à un environnement contaminé ou à des agents de santé infectés.90", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "a378190e30807d5cfdf5629b91bd1c8f", - "text": "384", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    384

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.01, - "y0": 779.38, - "x1": 57.82, - "y1": 786.47 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "41f4cc0418e4d6f4b2cb12fe4fbf43f5", - "text": "vaccination anti-hépatite B protège les agents de santé lorsqu’elle est administrée suffisamment tôt, de préférence avant l’exposi- tion professionnelle; cela permet également de mieux protéger les patients contre les infections pouvant résulter d’une exposi- tion à un environnement contaminé ou à des agents de santé infectés.90", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "a378190e30807d5cfdf5629b91bd1c8f", - "text_as_html": "

    vaccination anti-hépatite B protège les agents de santé lorsqu’elle est administrée suffisamment tôt, de préférence avant l’exposi- tion professionnelle; cela permet également de mieux protéger les patients contre les infections pouvant résulter d’une exposi- tion à un environnement contaminé ou à des agents de santé infectés.90

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 55.96, - "x1": 552.25, - "y1": 121.15 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-53", - "text": "\n\n\nPatients diabétiques\nLes cas d’hépatite B notifiés aux États-Unis d’Amérique montrent que les personnes atteintes de diabète présentent un risque d’infection à VHB aiguë environ deux fois supérieur à la normale. Le non-respect des précautions standard de lutte contre l’infection et des recommandations proscrivant le partage des autopiqueurs expose les patients diabétiques à un risque d’infection par les agents pathogènes véhiculés par le sang, comme le VHB. Les mauvaises pratiques de lutte contre l’infection ayant mené à des cas de transmission du VHB dans le cadre de la surveillance assistée de la glycémie comprennent l’utilisation par plusieurs patients d’un autopiqueur conçu pour un usage chez un patient unique et une désinfection et un nettoyage inadéquats des glucomètres entre les patients.91\nNourrissons pesant moins de 2000 grammes à la naissance Aucune des études signalées ne fait état de manifestations indé- sirables associées à la vaccination anti-hépatite B chez les nour- rissons présentant une insuffisance pondérale à la naissance. La réponse des nourrissons à la dose administrée à la naissance peut être moins bonne chez ceux qui présentent un faible poids de naissance (<2000 g) que chez ceux qui sont nés à terme et ont un poids normal.92, 93 À l’âge chronologique d’un mois, les nourrissons de faible poids de naissance ont de fortes chances de produire une réponse convenable à 3 doses supplémentaires, indépendamment de leur poids initial ou de leur âge gestation- nel à la naissance.94, 95", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "e2989a722233a2972a79814fb781e47c", - "text": "Patients diabétiques", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Patients diabétiques

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 132.14, - "x1": 381.15, - "y1": 143.55 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "2c20e8064c5a50ca05b6c5dbe208379b", - "text": "Les cas d’hépatite B notifiés aux États-Unis d’Amérique montrent que les personnes atteintes de diabète présentent un risque d’infection à VHB aiguë environ deux fois supérieur à la normale. Le non-respect des précautions standard de lutte contre l’infection et des recommandations proscrivant le partage des autopiqueurs expose les patients diabétiques à un risque d’infection par les agents pathogènes véhiculés par le sang, comme le VHB. Les mauvaises pratiques de lutte contre l’infection ayant mené à des cas de transmission du VHB dans le cadre de la surveillance assistée de la glycémie comprennent l’utilisation par plusieurs patients d’un autopiqueur conçu pour un usage chez un patient unique et une désinfection et un nettoyage inadéquats des glucomètres entre les patients.91", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "e2989a722233a2972a79814fb781e47c", - "text_as_html": "

    Les cas d’hépatite B notifiés aux États-Unis d’Amérique montrent que les personnes atteintes de diabète présentent un risque d’infection à VHB aiguë environ deux fois supérieur à la normale. Le non-respect des précautions standard de lutte contre l’infection et des recommandations proscrivant le partage des autopiqueurs expose les patients diabétiques à un risque d’infection par les agents pathogènes véhiculés par le sang, comme le VHB. Les mauvaises pratiques de lutte contre l’infection ayant mené à des cas de transmission du VHB dans le cadre de la surveillance assistée de la glycémie comprennent l’utilisation par plusieurs patients d’un autopiqueur conçu pour un usage chez un patient unique et une désinfection et un nettoyage inadéquats des glucomètres entre les patients.91

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 145.51, - "x1": 552.17, - "y1": 287.84 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "6bf74f27177fcf9174b3fe5c9babeee0", - "text": "Nourrissons pesant moins de 2000 grammes à la naissance Aucune des études signalées ne fait état de manifestations indé- sirables associées à la vaccination anti-hépatite B chez les nour- rissons présentant une insuffisance pondérale à la naissance. La réponse des nourrissons à la dose administrée à la naissance peut être moins bonne chez ceux qui présentent un faible poids de naissance (<2000 g) que chez ceux qui sont nés à terme et ont un poids normal.92, 93 À l’âge chronologique d’un mois, les nourrissons de faible poids de naissance ont de fortes chances de produire une réponse convenable à 3 doses supplémentaires, indépendamment de leur poids initial ou de leur âge gestation- nel à la naissance.94, 95", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "e2989a722233a2972a79814fb781e47c", - "text_as_html": "

    Nourrissons pesant moins de 2000 grammes à la naissance Aucune des études signalées ne fait état de manifestations indé- sirables associées à la vaccination anti-hépatite B chez les nour- rissons présentant une insuffisance pondérale à la naissance. La réponse des nourrissons à la dose administrée à la naissance peut être moins bonne chez ceux qui présentent un faible poids de naissance (<2000 g) que chez ceux qui sont nés à terme et ont un poids normal.92, 93 À l’âge chronologique d’un mois, les nourrissons de faible poids de naissance ont de fortes chances de produire une réponse convenable à 3 doses supplémentaires, indépendamment de leur poids initial ou de leur âge gestation- nel à la naissance.94, 95

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 299.36, - "x1": 552.33, - "y1": 432.53 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-54", - "text": "\n\n\nPatients atteints d’une insuffisance rénale chronique\nLes patients souffrant d’une insuffisance rénale chronique présentent un risque particulier d’infection par le VHB, lié à l’hémodialyse dont ils peuvent avoir besoin. Dans certains endroits, on a proposé à ces patients de suivre un schéma vacci- nal contenant >3 doses de vaccin standard ou de recevoir, au moment de chaque vaccination, une dose plus forte d’AgHBs (par exemple, le double de la dose adulte habituelle), ou les deux. Deux méta-analyses n’ont pas relevé de différence, en termes d’efficacité protectrice, entre le schéma à 3 doses et les schémas comptant un nombre supérieur de doses. Un âge plus avancé était associé à une réponse immunologique altérée.96 Le vaccin anti-hépatite B recombinant destiné aux adultes souf-\n90 Noubiap JJN et al. Occupational exposure to blood, hepatitis B vaccine knowledge and uptake among medical students in Cameroon. BMC Med Educat. 2013;13:148–152.\n91 Reilly ML et al. Increased Risk of Acute Hepatitis B among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;6(4): 858–866.\n92 A Guide for Introducing and Strengthening Hepatitis B Birth Dose Vaccination, 2015. Organisa- tion mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2015. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstre am/10665/208278/1/9789241509831_eng.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.\n93 Losonsky GA et al. Hepatitis B vaccination of premature infants: a reassessment of current recommendations for delayed immunization. Paediatrics. 1999;103:E14.\n94 Saari TN. Immunization of preterm and low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2003;112:193–198. (American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases).\n95 HBV vaccination among low birth weight children (LBW). Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/octo- ber/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.\n96 Schroth RJ et al. Hepatitis B vaccination for patients with chronic renal failure. Cochrane Data- base of Systematic Reviews. 2004;(3):CD003775.\ncontains a more potent adjuvant. The safety and reac- togenicity of the adjuvanted vaccine administered as a booster dose in pre-haemodialysis and haemodialysis patients are acceptable, although reactogenicity data suggest an increase in the incidence of local injection site symptoms.\nThis vaccine may elicit an earlier, higher and more long- lasting antibody response than a corresponding series of 4 double doses (40 µg) of standard hepatitis B vaccine.97\nHIV-positive and other immunocompromised individuals\nPrior to the introduction of HAART, HIV/HBV co-infec- tion increased the likelihood of severe outcomes of HBV infection.98, 99 Factors including viral load, CD4+ cell count, sex, age, type and duration of HAART, and type of AIDS-defining illness affect the response to hepati- tis B vaccine.100 In a 2014 systematic review and meta- analysis addressing the immune responses among HIV- positive individuals to hepatitis B vaccine with standard versus high dosage, 6 studies among adults found higher peak anti-HBs antibody titres after the higher dosage compared to the standard dosage vaccines but no clear difference in the proportion of adults with protective antibodies up to 5 years after vaccination. In 6 other studies among children, use of double dosage compared to standard dosage protocols did not improve the duration of seroprotection 2–5 years after vaccina- tion.101, 102 One review suggested that hepatitis B vaccina- tion before and revaccination after initiating HAART might improve the immune response among children.103", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "ba2a2b4c8566ab30b42aa2cf83cd07c5", - "text": "Patients atteints d’une insuffisance rénale chronique", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Patients atteints d’une insuffisance rénale chronique

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    Les patients souffrant d’une insuffisance rénale chronique présentent un risque particulier d’infection par le VHB, lié à l’hémodialyse dont ils peuvent avoir besoin. Dans certains endroits, on a proposé à ces patients de suivre un schéma vacci- nal contenant >3 doses de vaccin standard ou de recevoir, au moment de chaque vaccination, une dose plus forte d’AgHBs (par exemple, le double de la dose adulte habituelle), ou les deux. Deux méta-analyses n’ont pas relevé de différence, en termes d’efficacité protectrice, entre le schéma à 3 doses et les schémas comptant un nombre supérieur de doses. Un âge plus avancé était associé à une réponse immunologique altérée.96 Le vaccin anti-hépatite B recombinant destiné aux adultes souf-

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  • 90 Noubiap JJN et al. Occupational exposure to blood, hepatitis B vaccine knowledge and uptake among medical students in Cameroon. BMC Med Educat. 2013;13:148–152.
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  • 91 Reilly ML et al. Increased Risk of Acute Hepatitis B among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;6(4): 858–866.
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  • 92 A Guide for Introducing and Strengthening Hepatitis B Birth Dose Vaccination, 2015. Organisa- tion mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2015. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstre am/10665/208278/1/9789241509831_eng.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.
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  • 93 Losonsky GA et al. Hepatitis B vaccination of premature infants: a reassessment of current recommendations for delayed immunization. Paediatrics. 1999;103:E14.
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  • 94 Saari TN. Immunization of preterm and low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2003;112:193–198. (American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases).
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  • 95 HBV vaccination among low birth weight children (LBW). Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/octo- ber/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.
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  • 96 Schroth RJ et al. Hepatitis B vaccination for patients with chronic renal failure. Cochrane Data- base of Systematic Reviews. 2004;(3):CD003775.
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    contains a more potent adjuvant. The safety and reac- togenicity of the adjuvanted vaccine administered as a booster dose in pre-haemodialysis and haemodialysis patients are acceptable, although reactogenicity data suggest an increase in the incidence of local injection site symptoms.

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    This vaccine may elicit an earlier, higher and more long- lasting antibody response than a corresponding series of 4 double doses (40 µg) of standard hepatitis B vaccine.97

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    Prior to the introduction of HAART, HIV/HBV co-infec- tion increased the likelihood of severe outcomes of HBV infection.98, 99 Factors including viral load, CD4+ cell count, sex, age, type and duration of HAART, and type of AIDS-defining illness affect the response to hepati- tis B vaccine.100 In a 2014 systematic review and meta- analysis addressing the immune responses among HIV- positive individuals to hepatitis B vaccine with standard versus high dosage, 6 studies among adults found higher peak anti-HBs antibody titres after the higher dosage compared to the standard dosage vaccines but no clear difference in the proportion of adults with protective antibodies up to 5 years after vaccination. In 6 other studies among children, use of double dosage compared to standard dosage protocols did not improve the duration of seroprotection 2–5 years after vaccina- tion.101, 102 One review suggested that hepatitis B vaccina- tion before and revaccination after initiating HAART might improve the immune response among children.103

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    The risk of acquiring HBV infection for non-immune travellers depends mainly on personal risk-taking behaviour and the prevalence of HBsAg in the popula- tion visited. Except for the risk of nosocomial infection in poorly equipped health-care facilities, the risk of contracting hepatitis B is unlikely to be increased for most travellers.104 If there is insufficient time to allow

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  • 97 Kong NC et al. A new adjuvant improves the immune response to hepatitis B vac- cine in hemodialysis patients. Kidney International. 2008;73:856–862.
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  • 98 Thio C et al. HIB1 hepatitis B virus and the risk of liver related mortality in the multicentere cohort study (MACS). Lancet. 2002;360:1921–1926.
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  • 99 Hadler S et al. Outcome of hepatitis B virus infection in homosexual men and its rela- tion to prior human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis. 1991;163:454–459.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.48, - "y0": 622.63, - "x1": 271.12, - "y1": 639.01 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "f99ffa93b4dafe8bddb76e39a787bb11", - "text": "100 Wakefield V and Karner C. A systematic review of the effectiveness of vaccinations against hepatitis B in people with HIV. PROSPERO 2014:CRD42014009571. Available at http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42014009571, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "46e5b06595b7e8a0994e6bc41ca4f7dd", - "text_as_html": "
  • 100 Wakefield V and Karner C. A systematic review of the effectiveness of vaccinations against hepatitis B in people with HIV. PROSPERO 2014:CRD42014009571. Available at http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42014009571, accessed April 2017.
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  • 101 Kernéis S et al. Long-term immune responses to vaccination in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:1130–1138.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.53, - "y0": 676.64, - "x1": 271.89, - "y1": 692.67 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "9ac629f0850ce84643b8f43721f28b7e", - "text": "102 Review of Hepatitis B vaccination in HIV infected population. World Health Organi- zation, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/mee- tings/2016/october/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "46e5b06595b7e8a0994e6bc41ca4f7dd", - "text_as_html": "
  • 102 Review of Hepatitis B vaccination in HIV infected population. World Health Organi- zation, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/mee- tings/2016/october/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.57, - "y0": 695.62, - "x1": 273.26, - "y1": 727.43 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "27e1344dce79e150af0ee40ea2c5e1d0", - "text": "103 Sutcliffe M et al. Do children infected with HIV receiving HAART need to be revac- cinated? 2010;Lancet Infect Dis. 10:630–642.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "46e5b06595b7e8a0994e6bc41ca4f7dd", - "text_as_html": "
  • 103 Sutcliffe M et al. Do children infected with HIV receiving HAART need to be revac- cinated? 2010;Lancet Infect Dis. 10:630–642.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.61, - "y0": 729.7, - "x1": 270.26, - "y1": 746.15 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "772dbfb53c4111483511f4df5b778ad2", - "text": "104 International travel & health. Chapter 6: Vaccine-preventable diseases and vac- cines. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2017. Available at http://www.who.int/ ith/ITH-Chapter6.pdf?ua=1, accessed June 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "46e5b06595b7e8a0994e6bc41ca4f7dd", - "text_as_html": "
  • 104 International travel & health. Chapter 6: Vaccine-preventable diseases and vac- cines. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2017. Available at http://www.who.int/ ith/ITH-Chapter6.pdf?ua=1, accessed June 2017.
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    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.11, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 223.88, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "bb4d17c581233a93251f937d46bdf4bd", - "text": "frant d’insuffisance rénale contient un adjuvant plus puissant. L’innocuité et la réactogénicité du vaccin adjuvanté administré à titre de dose de rappel aux patients en préhémodialyse ou sous hémodialyse sont acceptables, bien que les données de réactogénicité indiquent une incidence accrue des symptômes localisés au site d’injection.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "46e5b06595b7e8a0994e6bc41ca4f7dd", - "text_as_html": "

    frant d’insuffisance rénale contient un adjuvant plus puissant. L’innocuité et la réactogénicité du vaccin adjuvanté administré à titre de dose de rappel aux patients en préhémodialyse ou sous hémodialyse sont acceptables, bien que les données de réactogénicité indiquent une incidence accrue des symptômes localisés au site d’injection.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 55.89, - "x1": 552.16, - "y1": 121.15 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "e72876647a41a3718405417067105e27", - "text": "Ce vaccin peut susciter une réponse en anticorps plus précoce, plus importante et de plus longue durée qu’une série corres- pondante de 4 doubles doses (40 µg) de vaccin anti-hépatite B standard.97", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "46e5b06595b7e8a0994e6bc41ca4f7dd", - "text_as_html": "

    Ce vaccin peut susciter une réponse en anticorps plus précoce, plus importante et de plus longue durée qu’une série corres- pondante de 4 doubles doses (40 µg) de vaccin anti-hépatite B standard.97

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 127.21, - "x1": 552.05, - "y1": 170.79 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-56", - "text": "\n\n\nPersonnes séropositives pour le VIH et autres sujets immunodéprimés\nAvant l’introduction du traitement antirétroviral hautement actif, la co-infection VIH/VHB augmentait la probabilité d’issue sévère à l’infection à VHB.98, 99 Divers facteurs, dont la charge virale, le nombre de CD4+, le sexe, l’âge, le type et la durée du traitement antiviral hautement actif et le type de maladie défi- nissant le sida, ont une incidence sur la réponse au vaccin anti- hépatite B.100 Dans le cadre d’une revue systématique et d’une méta-analyse menées en 2014, qui visaient à comparer la réponse immunitaire des sujets séropositifs pour le VIH selon qu’ils avaient reçu des doses standard de vaccin anti-hépatite B ou des doses plus fortes, 6 études chez l’adulte ont montré que le pic de concentration en anticorps anti-HBs obtenu après la vaccination par de fortes doses était plus élevé qu’avec les doses standard, mais aucune différence claire n’a été relevée dans la proportion d’adultes continuant de présenter des anti- corps protecteurs jusqu’à 5 ans après la vaccination. Dans 6 autres études, réalisées chez l’enfant, l’administration de doses doubles n’a pas amélioré la durée de la séroprotection dans la période de 2 à 5 ans suivant la vaccination par rapport aux doses standard.101, 102 Selon les résultats d’une revue, il semble- rait que la vaccination anti-hépatite B avant un traitement anti- viral hautement actif, ainsi qu’une revaccination après ce trai- tement, conduisent à une meilleure réponse immunitaire chez les enfants.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "97d2e186642c8d1c013def56721fa479", - "text": "Personnes séropositives pour le VIH et autres sujets immunodéprimés", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Personnes séropositives pour le VIH et autres sujets immunodéprimés

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    Avant l’introduction du traitement antirétroviral hautement actif, la co-infection VIH/VHB augmentait la probabilité d’issue sévère à l’infection à VHB.98, 99 Divers facteurs, dont la charge virale, le nombre de CD4+, le sexe, l’âge, le type et la durée du traitement antiviral hautement actif et le type de maladie défi- nissant le sida, ont une incidence sur la réponse au vaccin anti- hépatite B.100 Dans le cadre d’une revue systématique et d’une méta-analyse menées en 2014, qui visaient à comparer la réponse immunitaire des sujets séropositifs pour le VIH selon qu’ils avaient reçu des doses standard de vaccin anti-hépatite B ou des doses plus fortes, 6 études chez l’adulte ont montré que le pic de concentration en anticorps anti-HBs obtenu après la vaccination par de fortes doses était plus élevé qu’avec les doses standard, mais aucune différence claire n’a été relevée dans la proportion d’adultes continuant de présenter des anti- corps protecteurs jusqu’à 5 ans après la vaccination. Dans 6 autres études, réalisées chez l’enfant, l’administration de doses doubles n’a pas amélioré la durée de la séroprotection dans la période de 2 à 5 ans suivant la vaccination par rapport aux doses standard.101, 102 Selon les résultats d’une revue, il semble- rait que la vaccination anti-hépatite B avant un traitement anti- viral hautement actif, ainsi qu’une revaccination après ce trai- tement, conduisent à une meilleure réponse immunitaire chez les enfants.

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    Le risque d’infection à VHB chez les voyageurs non immuni- sés dépend principalement de leur comportement individuel en termes de prise de risque et de la prévalence de l’AgHBs dans la population de l’endroit visité. À l’exception du risque d’infection nosocomiale dans les établissements de santé mal équipés, la plupart des voyageurs ne seront probablement pas exposés à un risque accru de contracter l’hépatite B.104 S’ils ne

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  • 97 Kong NC et al. A new adjuvant improves the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in hemo- dialysis patients. Kidney International. 2008;73:856–862.
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  • 98 Thio C et al. HIB1 hepatitis B virus and the risk of liver related mortality in the multicentere cohort study (MACS). Lancet. 2002;360:1921–1926.
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  • 99 Hadler S et al. Outcome of hepatitis B virus infection in homosexual men and its relation to prior human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis. 1991;163:454–459.
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  • 100 Wakefield V and Karner C. A systematic review of the effectiveness of vaccinations against hepatitis B in people with HIV. PROSPERO 2014:CRD42014009571. Disponible sur http://www. crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42014009571, consulté en avril 2017.
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  • 101 Kernéis S et al. Long-term immune responses to vaccination in HIV-infected patients: a systema- tic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:1130–1138.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.52, - "y0": 676.43, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 692.95 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "6e4b76b624b4af4c55dbb3cc86ab6da7", - "text": "102 Review of Hepatitis B vaccination in HIV infected population. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/ october/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b.pdf?ua=1, Consulté en Avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "ed6d0ff5513dc13771a2e78292e22133", - "text_as_html": "
  • 102 Review of Hepatitis B vaccination in HIV infected population. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/ october/4_Systematic_review_of_safety_efficacy_hep_b.pdf?ua=1, Consulté en Avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.03, - "y0": 695.34, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 719.74 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "418b866f24853342c19f2c654051fd46", - "text": "103 Sutcliffe M et al. Do children infected with HIV receiving HAART need to be revaccinated? 2010;Lancet Infect Dis. 10:630–642.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "ed6d0ff5513dc13771a2e78292e22133", - "text_as_html": "
  • 103 Sutcliffe M et al. Do children infected with HIV receiving HAART need to be revaccinated? 2010;Lancet Infect Dis. 10:630–642.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.57, - "y0": 729.93, - "x1": 551.43, - "y1": 746.15 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "52026f44a8771a980daa46a142a53ac0", - "text": "104 Voyages internationaux et santé. Chapitre 6: Maladies évitables par la vaccination et les vaccins. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http://www.who.int/ith/ITH-Chapter6.pdf?ua=1, consulté en juin 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "ed6d0ff5513dc13771a2e78292e22133", - "text_as_html": "
  • 104 Voyages internationaux et santé. Chapitre 6: Maladies évitables par la vaccination et les vaccins. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http://www.who.int/ith/ITH-Chapter6.pdf?ua=1, consulté en juin 2017.
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    385

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.86, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.78, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "e0f0979f33181fe307866b3fb94e0fe2", - "text": "completion of the standard vaccination schedule, a 3-dose schedule given at 0, 7 and 21 days may be used; in this case, a fourth dose is recommended 12 months after the first dose.77", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "ed6d0ff5513dc13771a2e78292e22133", - "text_as_html": "

    completion of the standard vaccination schedule, a 3-dose schedule given at 0, 7 and 21 days may be used; in this case, a fourth dose is recommended 12 months after the first dose.77

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.61, - "y0": 55.47, - "x1": 274.55, - "y1": 99.15 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c4e702b10a054f0a97efeb3d5dd4c82d", - "text": "Pregnant women", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "ed6d0ff5513dc13771a2e78292e22133", - "text_as_html": "

    Pregnant women

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.3, - "y0": 122.15, - "x1": 118.46, - "y1": 132.2 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "7e4c5843b6c3c1e673a7a8531ff3fb43", - "text": "Neither pregnancy nor lactation is a contraindication for hepatitis B vaccination.77", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "ed6d0ff5513dc13771a2e78292e22133", - "text_as_html": "

    Neither pregnancy nor lactation is a contraindication for hepatitis B vaccination.77

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.72, - "y0": 134.55, - "x1": 272.99, - "y1": 155.86 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-58", - "text": "\n\n\nImplementation challenges and strategies for birth-dose vaccination\nAmong the 97 countries which had introduced the hepa- titis B vaccine birth dose by 2015, a number have achieved high coverage. Globally the adoption of univer- sal birth-dose policies by national immunization programmes has not matched the implementation of 3-dose hepatitis B vaccination starting later in infancy, and coverage rates vary widely among the countries which have introduced the birth dose.13, 14 Ensuring that all infants receive a timely birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine requires specific programmatic measures. Barriers to implementing the birth dose and potential solutions have been identified.105, 106\nHome deliveries, often in isolated or rural areas, may represent a common obstacle to administering a birth dose because of lack of access to vaccine, access to trained health staff, or both.106, 107 Coordination between immunization services and maternal health services is important to provide and administer the vaccine immediately after birth at or near the place of deli- very.108 Transporting vaccine to remote areas may be constrained by the limits of cold chain storage.50 Increasing the proportion of infants born in health facilities and births attended by trained health staff improve birth-dose coverage when vaccine is available on site.109 Even when infants are born at health facili- ties, access to a reliable supply of vaccine and program- matic guidance to be implemented by trained health staff are needed to consistently administer the birth dose.106, 110 Additional barriers stem from lack of under- standing by parents or health-care providers of the extensive safety record and benefits of administering hepatitis B vaccine at birth. Health promotion efforts are needed to eliminate false contraindications (includ- ing unease over vaccinating low birth weight and premature infants at birth) to allay concerns over theo-\n105 Global compliance with hepatitis B vaccine birth dose and factors related to timely schedule: a review. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http:// www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/7_Review_of_the_bar- riers_to_implement_the_birth_dose_of_hepb.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.\n106 Practices to improve coverage of the hepatitis B birth dose vaccine, 2013. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2013. Available at http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/documents/control/who_ivb_12.11/en/, accessed April 2017.\n107 Levin CE et al. The costs of home delivery of a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine in a prefilled syringe in Indonesia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2005; 83:456–461.\n108 Implementation of newborn hepatitis B vaccination – worldwide, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57:1249–1252.\n109 Hutin Y et al. Improving hepatitis B vaccine timely birth dose coverage: Lessons from five demonstration projects in China, 2005-2009. Vaccine. 2013;31S:J49-J55.\n110 Miyahara R et al. Barriers to timely administration of birth dose vaccines in The Gambia, West Africa. Vaccine. 2016;34:3335–3341.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "dd869e9f867926ca06b2e49ddeb602aa", - "text": "Implementation challenges and strategies for birth-dose vaccination", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Implementation challenges and strategies for birth-dose vaccination

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.97, - "y0": 166.72, - "x1": 245.55, - "y1": 189.68 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c55049b3853470b7f613bd06444e0af1", - "text": "Among the 97 countries which had introduced the hepa- titis B vaccine birth dose by 2015, a number have achieved high coverage. Globally the adoption of univer- sal birth-dose policies by national immunization programmes has not matched the implementation of 3-dose hepatitis B vaccination starting later in infancy, and coverage rates vary widely among the countries which have introduced the birth dose.13, 14 Ensuring that all infants receive a timely birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine requires specific programmatic measures. Barriers to implementing the birth dose and potential solutions have been identified.105, 106", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "dd869e9f867926ca06b2e49ddeb602aa", - "text_as_html": "

    Among the 97 countries which had introduced the hepa- titis B vaccine birth dose by 2015, a number have achieved high coverage. Globally the adoption of univer- sal birth-dose policies by national immunization programmes has not matched the implementation of 3-dose hepatitis B vaccination starting later in infancy, and coverage rates vary widely among the countries which have introduced the birth dose.13, 14 Ensuring that all infants receive a timely birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine requires specific programmatic measures. Barriers to implementing the birth dose and potential solutions have been identified.105, 106

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.33, - "y0": 191.53, - "x1": 274.32, - "y1": 322.53 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "97537836f6446b03c26c41595caa03cb", - "text": "Home deliveries, often in isolated or rural areas, may represent a common obstacle to administering a birth dose because of lack of access to vaccine, access to trained health staff, or both.106, 107 Coordination between immunization services and maternal health services is important to provide and administer the vaccine immediately after birth at or near the place of deli- very.108 Transporting vaccine to remote areas may be constrained by the limits of cold chain storage.50 Increasing the proportion of infants born in health facilities and births attended by trained health staff improve birth-dose coverage when vaccine is available on site.109 Even when infants are born at health facili- ties, access to a reliable supply of vaccine and program- matic guidance to be implemented by trained health staff are needed to consistently administer the birth dose.106, 110 Additional barriers stem from lack of under- standing by parents or health-care providers of the extensive safety record and benefits of administering hepatitis B vaccine at birth. Health promotion efforts are needed to eliminate false contraindications (includ- ing unease over vaccinating low birth weight and premature infants at birth) to allay concerns over theo-", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "dd869e9f867926ca06b2e49ddeb602aa", - "text_as_html": "

    Home deliveries, often in isolated or rural areas, may represent a common obstacle to administering a birth dose because of lack of access to vaccine, access to trained health staff, or both.106, 107 Coordination between immunization services and maternal health services is important to provide and administer the vaccine immediately after birth at or near the place of deli- very.108 Transporting vaccine to remote areas may be constrained by the limits of cold chain storage.50 Increasing the proportion of infants born in health facilities and births attended by trained health staff improve birth-dose coverage when vaccine is available on site.109 Even when infants are born at health facili- ties, access to a reliable supply of vaccine and program- matic guidance to be implemented by trained health staff are needed to consistently administer the birth dose.106, 110 Additional barriers stem from lack of under- standing by parents or health-care providers of the extensive safety record and benefits of administering hepatitis B vaccine at birth. Health promotion efforts are needed to eliminate false contraindications (includ- ing unease over vaccinating low birth weight and premature infants at birth) to allay concerns over theo-

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.15, - "y0": 351.65, - "x1": 273.32, - "y1": 603.13 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "3e95dbc68b1cb99c902e1375e4f948e3", - "text": "105 Global compliance with hepatitis B vaccine birth dose and factors related to timely schedule: a review. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http:// www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/7_Review_of_the_bar- riers_to_implement_the_birth_dose_of_hepb.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "dd869e9f867926ca06b2e49ddeb602aa", - "text_as_html": "
  • 105 Global compliance with hepatitis B vaccine birth dose and factors related to timely schedule: a review. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http:// www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/7_Review_of_the_bar- riers_to_implement_the_birth_dose_of_hepb.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.34, - "y0": 631.02, - "x1": 272.29, - "y1": 662.58 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "574a5f4bd886183160ade79a60726062", - "text": "106 Practices to improve coverage of the hepatitis B birth dose vaccine, 2013. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2013. Available at http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/documents/control/who_ivb_12.11/en/, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "dd869e9f867926ca06b2e49ddeb602aa", - "text_as_html": "
  • 106 Practices to improve coverage of the hepatitis B birth dose vaccine, 2013. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2013. Available at http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/documents/control/who_ivb_12.11/en/, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.91, - "y0": 665.97, - "x1": 273.38, - "y1": 689.45 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "5acd3947a44bb9d97d10518b4c9be07b", - "text": "107 Levin CE et al. The costs of home delivery of a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine in a prefilled syringe in Indonesia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2005; 83:456–461.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "dd869e9f867926ca06b2e49ddeb602aa", - "text_as_html": "
  • 107 Levin CE et al. The costs of home delivery of a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine in a prefilled syringe in Indonesia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2005; 83:456–461.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.47, - "y0": 692.55, - "x1": 275.02, - "y1": 716.24 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "9db8ad64b62df9c0f06602d3c71d11e4", - "text": "108 Implementation of newborn hepatitis B vaccination – worldwide, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57:1249–1252.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "dd869e9f867926ca06b2e49ddeb602aa", - "text_as_html": "
  • 108 Implementation of newborn hepatitis B vaccination – worldwide, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57:1249–1252.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.19, - "y0": 719.6, - "x1": 272.58, - "y1": 735.31 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "d1c3afc6b4810e74e51c0d80d5ee734c", - "text": "109 Hutin Y et al. Improving hepatitis B vaccine timely birth dose coverage: Lessons from five demonstration projects in China, 2005-2009. Vaccine. 2013;31S:J49-J55.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "dd869e9f867926ca06b2e49ddeb602aa", - "text_as_html": "
  • 109 Hutin Y et al. Improving hepatitis B vaccine timely birth dose coverage: Lessons from five demonstration projects in China, 2005-2009. Vaccine. 2013;31S:J49-J55.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.48, - "y0": 738.14, - "x1": 273.21, - "y1": 754.32 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "65b8d4ac94384c0137c0f91e30778481", - "text": "110 Miyahara R et al. Barriers to timely administration of birth dose vaccines in The Gambia, West Africa. Vaccine. 2016;34:3335–3341.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "dd869e9f867926ca06b2e49ddeb602aa", - "text_as_html": "
  • 110 Miyahara R et al. Barriers to timely administration of birth dose vaccines in The Gambia, West Africa. Vaccine. 2016;34:3335–3341.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.34, - "y0": 756.95, - "x1": 272.5, - "y1": 773.13 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-59", - "text": "\n\n\n386\ndisposent de suffisamment de temps pour achever la série de vaccination selon le calendrier standard, on pourra leur admi- nistrer 3 doses selon un calendrier à 0, 7 et 21 jours; dans ce cas, une quatrième dose est recommandée, à administrer 12 mois après la première.77", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "0d83dba5e6a28ad158ea43a143c825a6", - "text": "386", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    386

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    disposent de suffisamment de temps pour achever la série de vaccination selon le calendrier standard, on pourra leur admi- nistrer 3 doses selon un calendrier à 0, 7 et 21 jours; dans ce cas, une quatrième dose est recommandée, à administrer 12 mois après la première.77

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 55.74, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 110.15 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-60", - "text": "\n\n\nFemmes enceintes\nNi la grossesse ni l’allaitement ne sont des contre-indications à la vaccination contre l’hépatite B.77", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "0c4645c3bfca5c99e25fc971c1503c7b", - "text": "Femmes enceintes", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Femmes enceintes

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    Ni la grossesse ni l’allaitement ne sont des contre-indications à la vaccination contre l’hépatite B.77

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 134.58, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 155.86 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-61", - "text": "\n\n\nDifficultés de mise en œuvre et stratégies pour l’administration de la dose à la naissance\nSur les 97 pays qui, en 2015, avaient introduit la dose à la nais- sance du vaccin anti-hépatite B, plusieurs sont parvenus à un taux élevé de couverture. À l’échelle mondiale, l’adoption de politiques d’administration universelle de la dose à la naissance par les programmes de vaccination nationaux n’a pas aussi bien progressé que la mise en œuvre de la vaccination par 3 doses de vaccin anti-hépatite B chez les nourrissons plus âgés, et les taux de couverture varient sensiblement entre les pays qui ont introduit la dose à la naissance.13, 14 Des mesures programma- tiques spécifiques sont nécessaires pour garantir que tous les nourrissons reçoivent une dose à la naissance de vaccin anti- hépatite B en temps utile. Certains obstacles à l’administration de la dose à la naissance ont été identifiés et des solutions potentielles ont été proposées.105, 106\nLes accouchements à domicile, qui ont souvent lieu dans des zones isolées ou rurales, peuvent constituer un obstacle courant à l’administration de la dose à la naissance du fait de l’inac- cessibilité du vaccin, de l’absence de personnel de santé quali- fié, ou des deux.105, 107 Il importe d’assurer une bonne coordina- tion entre les services de vaccination et les services de santé maternelle pour veiller à ce que le vaccin soit disponible et puisse être administré immédiatement après la naissance, sur le lieu de l’accouchement ou à proximité.108 Le transport du vaccin dans les zones isolées peut être limitée par les capacités de stockage dans la chaîne du froid.50 L’augmentation de la proportion de nourrissons nés dans des établissements de santé et d’accouchements pratiqués en présence de personnel de santé qualifié conduit à une amélioration de la couverture par la dose à la naissance lorsque le vaccin est disponible sur place.109 Même lorsque les accouchements ont lieu en établisse- ment de santé, il est nécessaire, pour que la dose à la naissance soit administrée de manière systématique, de disposer d’un approvisionnement fiable en vaccins, ainsi que d’orientations programmatiques devant être mises en œuvre par un personnel de santé qualifié.105, 110 D’autres obstacles sont liés à une mauvaise compréhension, de la part des parents ou des prestataires de soins, des avantages et du profil d’innocuité bien établi de la\n105 Global compliance with hepatitis B vaccine birth dose and factors related to timely schedule: a review. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/ immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/7_Review_of_the_barriers_to_implement_the_ birth_dose_of_hepb.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.\n106 Practices to improve coverage of the hepatitis B birth dose vaccine, 2013. Organisation mon- diale de la Santé, Genève, 2013. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/ control/who_ivb_12.11/en/, consulté en avril 2017.\n107 Levin CE et al. The costs of home delivery of a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine in a prefilled syringe in Indonesia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2005;83:456–461.\n108 Implementation of newborn hepatitis B vaccination – worldwide, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57:1249–1252.\n109 Hutin Y et al. Improving hepatitis B vaccine timely birth dose coverage: Lessons from five demonstration projects in China, 2005-2009. Vaccine. 2013;31S:J49-J55.\n110 Miyahara R et al. Barriers to timely administration of birth dose vaccines in The Gambia, West Africa. Vaccine. 2016;34:3335–3341.\nretical risk of adverse reactions, fear of vaccine wast- age, personal cost concerns, and cultural prohibi- tions.106, 111", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "ddfda319132e7f51e1188fa2f4c26b01", - "text": "Difficultés de mise en œuvre et stratégies pour l’administration de la dose à la naissance", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

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    Sur les 97 pays qui, en 2015, avaient introduit la dose à la nais- sance du vaccin anti-hépatite B, plusieurs sont parvenus à un taux élevé de couverture. À l’échelle mondiale, l’adoption de politiques d’administration universelle de la dose à la naissance par les programmes de vaccination nationaux n’a pas aussi bien progressé que la mise en œuvre de la vaccination par 3 doses de vaccin anti-hépatite B chez les nourrissons plus âgés, et les taux de couverture varient sensiblement entre les pays qui ont introduit la dose à la naissance.13, 14 Des mesures programma- tiques spécifiques sont nécessaires pour garantir que tous les nourrissons reçoivent une dose à la naissance de vaccin anti- hépatite B en temps utile. Certains obstacles à l’administration de la dose à la naissance ont été identifiés et des solutions potentielles ont été proposées.105, 106

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    Les accouchements à domicile, qui ont souvent lieu dans des zones isolées ou rurales, peuvent constituer un obstacle courant à l’administration de la dose à la naissance du fait de l’inac- cessibilité du vaccin, de l’absence de personnel de santé quali- fié, ou des deux.105, 107 Il importe d’assurer une bonne coordina- tion entre les services de vaccination et les services de santé maternelle pour veiller à ce que le vaccin soit disponible et puisse être administré immédiatement après la naissance, sur le lieu de l’accouchement ou à proximité.108 Le transport du vaccin dans les zones isolées peut être limitée par les capacités de stockage dans la chaîne du froid.50 L’augmentation de la proportion de nourrissons nés dans des établissements de santé et d’accouchements pratiqués en présence de personnel de santé qualifié conduit à une amélioration de la couverture par la dose à la naissance lorsque le vaccin est disponible sur place.109 Même lorsque les accouchements ont lieu en établisse- ment de santé, il est nécessaire, pour que la dose à la naissance soit administrée de manière systématique, de disposer d’un approvisionnement fiable en vaccins, ainsi que d’orientations programmatiques devant être mises en œuvre par un personnel de santé qualifié.105, 110 D’autres obstacles sont liés à une mauvaise compréhension, de la part des parents ou des prestataires de soins, des avantages et du profil d’innocuité bien établi de la

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 351.51, - "x1": 552.49, - "y1": 603.13 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ba56949795d76bd0062f81c6ab579634", - "text": "105 Global compliance with hepatitis B vaccine birth dose and factors related to timely schedule: a review. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/ immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/7_Review_of_the_barriers_to_implement_the_ birth_dose_of_hepb.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "ddfda319132e7f51e1188fa2f4c26b01", - "text_as_html": "
  • 105 Global compliance with hepatitis B vaccine birth dose and factors related to timely schedule: a review. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/ immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/7_Review_of_the_barriers_to_implement_the_ birth_dose_of_hepb.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.53, - "y0": 631.05, - "x1": 551.48, - "y1": 662.58 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "3b741eb3d7fcdaa450cb5528a98d764d", - "text": "106 Practices to improve coverage of the hepatitis B birth dose vaccine, 2013. Organisation mon- diale de la Santé, Genève, 2013. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/ control/who_ivb_12.11/en/, consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "ddfda319132e7f51e1188fa2f4c26b01", - "text_as_html": "
  • 106 Practices to improve coverage of the hepatitis B birth dose vaccine, 2013. Organisation mon- diale de la Santé, Genève, 2013. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/ control/who_ivb_12.11/en/, consulté en avril 2017.
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  • 107 Levin CE et al. The costs of home delivery of a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine in a prefilled syringe in Indonesia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2005;83:456–461.
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  • 108 Implementation of newborn hepatitis B vaccination – worldwide, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57:1249–1252.
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  • 109 Hutin Y et al. Improving hepatitis B vaccine timely birth dose coverage: Lessons from five demonstration projects in China, 2005-2009. Vaccine. 2013;31S:J49-J55.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.72, - "y0": 737.92, - "x1": 551.87, - "y1": 754.31 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ac959b01baef1aff7b49906b6a0fa101", - "text": "110 Miyahara R et al. Barriers to timely administration of birth dose vaccines in The Gambia, West Africa. Vaccine. 2016;34:3335–3341.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "ddfda319132e7f51e1188fa2f4c26b01", - "text_as_html": "
  • 110 Miyahara R et al. Barriers to timely administration of birth dose vaccines in The Gambia, West Africa. Vaccine. 2016;34:3335–3341.
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    retical risk of adverse reactions, fear of vaccine wast- age, personal cost concerns, and cultural prohibi- tions.106, 111

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    Time-limited catch-up strategies targeting unvaccinated older age groups could potentially hasten the develop- ment of population-based immunity and more rapidly decrease the incidence of acute hepatitis B and subse- quent complications due to chronic HBV infection. Possible target groups for catch-up vaccination include age-specific cohorts (e.g. young adolescents before initi- ation of sexual activity) and people with risk factors for acquiring HBV infection (e.g. prisoners, transplant recipients, injecting drug users, sex workers, those living with HBV-infected persons). The need for catch- up vaccination in older age groups, including adoles- cents and adults, is determined by the baseline epide- miology of HBV infection in the country and, in partic- ular, the relative importance of reducing acute HBV- related disease. In countries where there is high ende- micity, large-scale routine vaccination of infants and young children rapidly reduces HBV infection and transmission. In highly endemic settings, catch-up vaccination of older children and adults is less impor- tant and is best considered after an infant immuniza- tion programme has been established and high cover- age of hepatitis B vaccination among infants and young children has been achieved.2, 11

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.75, - "y0": 168.32, - "x1": 273.49, - "y1": 430.79 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-63", - "text": "\n\n\nPre-vaccination and post-vaccination testing\nPre-vaccination serological testing is not common as routine practice. The WHO HBV testing guidelines recommend offering focused testing to individuals from populations most affected by HBV infection.5, 112\nRoutine post-vaccination testing for immunity is not necessary, but it is recommended for high-risk indi- viduals whose subsequent clinical management depends on knowledge of their immune status.\nThe European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immu- nity recommends that people who are immunocompro- mised should be tested annually to assess anti-HBs concentrations.113 Those found to have anti-HBs anti- body concentrations <10 mIU/mL after the primary vaccination series should be revaccinated. Administer- ing 3 additional doses, followed by anti-HBs antibody testing 1–2 months after the third dose, is usually more\n111 Expanding the potential of the hepatitis B vaccines by optimizing the immunization schedules and delivery strategies. Executive Summary- Hepatitis B Vaccination, SAGE October 2016. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016.\n112 Guidelines on hepatitis B and C testing. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/251330/1/WHO-HIV-2016.23- eng.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.\n113 European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity. Are booster immunisations needed for lifelong hepatitis B immunity? Lancet. 2000;355:561–565.\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017\nvaccination à la naissance contre l’hépatite B. Des efforts de promotion sanitaire doivent être déployés pour mettre un terme aux contre-indications erronées (y compris l’appréhension à l’égard de la vaccination à la naissance des nourrissons préma- turés ou présentant une insuffisance pondérale) et dissiper les inquiétudes liées aux risques théoriques de réactions indési- rables, à la peur de gaspiller les vaccins, à la crainte des coûts personnels engendrés et aux interdits culturels.105, 111", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "6d83ecf916935cb018a24ccd5152c87c", - "text": "Pre-vaccination and post-vaccination testing", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

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    Pre-vaccination serological testing is not common as routine practice. The WHO HBV testing guidelines recommend offering focused testing to individuals from populations most affected by HBV infection.5, 112

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.74, - "y0": 477.04, - "x1": 273.03, - "y1": 520.48 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "3a2bb0bc005dda8a25ff1a9feab189e9", - "text": "Routine post-vaccination testing for immunity is not necessary, but it is recommended for high-risk indi- viduals whose subsequent clinical management depends on knowledge of their immune status.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "6d83ecf916935cb018a24ccd5152c87c", - "text_as_html": "

    Routine post-vaccination testing for immunity is not necessary, but it is recommended for high-risk indi- viduals whose subsequent clinical management depends on knowledge of their immune status.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.18, - "y0": 538.12, - "x1": 273.29, - "y1": 581.12 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "04e7ce06b1cf436886f22753c9e18ab4", - "text": "The European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immu- nity recommends that people who are immunocompro- mised should be tested annually to assess anti-HBs concentrations.113 Those found to have anti-HBs anti- body concentrations <10 mIU/mL after the primary vaccination series should be revaccinated. Administer- ing 3 additional doses, followed by anti-HBs antibody testing 1–2 months after the third dose, is usually more", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "6d83ecf916935cb018a24ccd5152c87c", - "text_as_html": "

    The European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immu- nity recommends that people who are immunocompro- mised should be tested annually to assess anti-HBs concentrations.113 Those found to have anti-HBs anti- body concentrations <10 mIU/mL after the primary vaccination series should be revaccinated. Administer- ing 3 additional doses, followed by anti-HBs antibody testing 1–2 months after the third dose, is usually more

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.91, - "y0": 598.21, - "x1": 272.74, - "y1": 685.75 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "85faf7d9231b34f336092310355ba455", - "text": "111 Expanding the potential of the hepatitis B vaccines by optimizing the immunization schedules and delivery strategies. Executive Summary- Hepatitis B Vaccination, SAGE October 2016. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "6d83ecf916935cb018a24ccd5152c87c", - "text_as_html": "
  • 111 Expanding the potential of the hepatitis B vaccines by optimizing the immunization schedules and delivery strategies. Executive Summary- Hepatitis B Vaccination, SAGE October 2016. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.69, - "y0": 703.92, - "x1": 271.89, - "y1": 727.28 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "bda3b361ff775e3809c070ddeb563e7a", - "text": "112 Guidelines on hepatitis B and C testing. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/251330/1/WHO-HIV-2016.23- eng.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "6d83ecf916935cb018a24ccd5152c87c", - "text_as_html": "
  • 112 Guidelines on hepatitis B and C testing. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2016. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/251330/1/WHO-HIV-2016.23- eng.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.18, - "y0": 730.47, - "x1": 271.87, - "y1": 754.11 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "bdedd35d1d695558bf288b2f30ce69b6", - "text": "113 European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity. Are booster immunisations needed for lifelong hepatitis B immunity? Lancet. 2000;355:561–565.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "6d83ecf916935cb018a24ccd5152c87c", - "text_as_html": "
  • 113 European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity. Are booster immunisations needed for lifelong hepatitis B immunity? Lancet. 2000;355:561–565.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.1, - "y0": 757.36, - "x1": 273.41, - "y1": 773.05 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "1a90ddeff21cfbd60750e5f043361b0f", - "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "6d83ecf916935cb018a24ccd5152c87c", - "text_as_html": "
  • RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.36, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 222.88, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "9d519b2af0babcf0c8f584245295395b", - "text": "vaccination à la naissance contre l’hépatite B. Des efforts de promotion sanitaire doivent être déployés pour mettre un terme aux contre-indications erronées (y compris l’appréhension à l’égard de la vaccination à la naissance des nourrissons préma- turés ou présentant une insuffisance pondérale) et dissiper les inquiétudes liées aux risques théoriques de réactions indési- rables, à la peur de gaspiller les vaccins, à la crainte des coûts personnels engendrés et aux interdits culturels.105, 111", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "6d83ecf916935cb018a24ccd5152c87c", - "text_as_html": "

    vaccination à la naissance contre l’hépatite B. Des efforts de promotion sanitaire doivent être déployés pour mettre un terme aux contre-indications erronées (y compris l’appréhension à l’égard de la vaccination à la naissance des nourrissons préma- turés ou présentant une insuffisance pondérale) et dissiper les inquiétudes liées aux risques théoriques de réactions indési- rables, à la peur de gaspiller les vaccins, à la crainte des coûts personnels engendrés et aux interdits culturels.105, 111

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    Vaccination de rattrapage

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    Des stratégies de rattrapage limitées dans le temps, ciblant des groupes non vaccinés d’un âge plus avancé, pourraient poten- tiellement accélérer le développement d’une immunité collec- tive et faire baisser plus rapidement l’incidence de l’hépatite B aiguë et des complications liées à l’infection chronique à VHB. Cette vaccination de rattrapage pourra notamment cibler des cohortes d’âge spécifique (par exemple, jeunes adolescents avant le début de la vie sexuelle), ainsi que les personnes présentant des facteurs de risque pour l’infection à VHB (par exemple, détenus, bénéficiaires d’une transplantation, consom- mateurs de drogue par injection, travailleurs du sexe, personnes vivant avec des sujets infectés par le VHB). La nécessité d’une vaccination de rattrapage dans les tranches d’âge plus avancées, y compris chez les adolescents et les adultes, dépend de l’épi- démiologie initiale de l’infection à VHB dans le pays, et en particulier de l’importance relative que revêt la réduction du nombre de cas de maladies aiguës associées au VHB. Dans les pays de forte endémicité, la vaccination systématique à grande échelle des nourrissons et des jeunes enfants permet un déclin rapide des taux d’infection et de transmission du VHB. Dans un contexte de forte endémicité, la vaccination de rattrapage des enfants plus âgés et des adultes revêt une moindre impor- tance et ne devrait de préférence être envisagée qu’une fois qu’un programme de vaccination des nourrissons a été établi et qu’une forte couverture de la vaccination anti-hépatite B a été obtenue chez les nourrissons et les jeunes enfants.2, 11

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 167.49, - "x1": 553.37, - "y1": 452.79 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-65", - "text": "\n\n\nDépistage avant et après la vaccination\nLe dépistage sérologique avant la vaccination n’est pas une pratique courante. Les lignes directrices de l’OMS sur le dépis- tage de l’hépatite B préconisent qu’un dépistage ciblé soit offert aux personnes appartenant aux populations les plus touchées par l’infection à VHB.5, 112\nLes épreuves systématiques de contrôle de l’immunité après la vaccination ne sont pas nécessaires, mais elles sont recomman- dées pour les sujets à haut risque dont la prise en charge clinique ultérieure repose sur la connaissance de leur état immunitaire.\nLe Groupe de consensus européen sur l’immunité contre l’hépa- tite B recommande que les personnes immunodéprimées soient testées chaque année afin d’évaluer leurs concentrations en anti- corps anti-HBs.113 Celles qui obtiennent des titres <10 mUI/ml après la série de primovaccination doivent être revaccinées. Il est en général plus pratique d’administrer 3 doses supplémen- taires, suivies d’une recherche des anticorps anti-HBs 1 à 2 mois après la troisième dose, que d’effectuer une épreuve sérologique\n111 Expanding the potential of the hepatitis B vaccines by optimizing the immunization schedules and delivery strategies. Executive Summary- Hepatitis B Vaccination, SAGE October 2016. Orga- nisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016.\n112 Guidelines on hepatitis B and C testing. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/251330/1/WHO-HIV-2016.23-eng. pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.\n113 European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity. Are booster immunisations needed for life- long hepatitis B immunity? Lancet. 2000;355:561–565.\n387\npracticable than serological testing after the first dose of vaccine. Anyone who does not respond to revaccina- tion should be tested for HBsAg.11", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "1e96b79206daaf48523f7b2f045a0543", - "text": "Dépistage avant et après la vaccination", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Dépistage avant et après la vaccination

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.83, - "y0": 463.26, - "x1": 478.7, - "y1": 475.53 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "5f1030a8894f50c9d740bd65f7deb204", - "text": "Le dépistage sérologique avant la vaccination n’est pas une pratique courante. Les lignes directrices de l’OMS sur le dépis- tage de l’hépatite B préconisent qu’un dépistage ciblé soit offert aux personnes appartenant aux populations les plus touchées par l’infection à VHB.5, 112", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "1e96b79206daaf48523f7b2f045a0543", - "text_as_html": "

    Le dépistage sérologique avant la vaccination n’est pas une pratique courante. Les lignes directrices de l’OMS sur le dépis- tage de l’hépatite B préconisent qu’un dépistage ciblé soit offert aux personnes appartenant aux populations les plus touchées par l’infection à VHB.5, 112

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 477.24, - "x1": 552.14, - "y1": 531.48 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f8ac99838e43f3b768dd0a6a557c72e0", - "text": "Les épreuves systématiques de contrôle de l’immunité après la vaccination ne sont pas nécessaires, mais elles sont recomman- dées pour les sujets à haut risque dont la prise en charge clinique ultérieure repose sur la connaissance de leur état immunitaire.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "1e96b79206daaf48523f7b2f045a0543", - "text_as_html": "

    Les épreuves systématiques de contrôle de l’immunité après la vaccination ne sont pas nécessaires, mais elles sont recomman- dées pour les sujets à haut risque dont la prise en charge clinique ultérieure repose sur la connaissance de leur état immunitaire.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 537.16, - "x1": 552.18, - "y1": 592.12 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "7a2a218f8386d7843b56eec10c6be6f5", - "text": "Le Groupe de consensus européen sur l’immunité contre l’hépa- tite B recommande que les personnes immunodéprimées soient testées chaque année afin d’évaluer leurs concentrations en anti- corps anti-HBs.113 Celles qui obtiennent des titres <10 mUI/ml après la série de primovaccination doivent être revaccinées. Il est en général plus pratique d’administrer 3 doses supplémen- taires, suivies d’une recherche des anticorps anti-HBs 1 à 2 mois après la troisième dose, que d’effectuer une épreuve sérologique", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "1e96b79206daaf48523f7b2f045a0543", - "text_as_html": "

    Le Groupe de consensus européen sur l’immunité contre l’hépa- tite B recommande que les personnes immunodéprimées soient testées chaque année afin d’évaluer leurs concentrations en anti- corps anti-HBs.113 Celles qui obtiennent des titres <10 mUI/ml après la série de primovaccination doivent être revaccinées. Il est en général plus pratique d’administrer 3 doses supplémen- taires, suivies d’une recherche des anticorps anti-HBs 1 à 2 mois après la troisième dose, que d’effectuer une épreuve sérologique

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 597.74, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 685.75 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "b48aac3e06bf12725b62398f8299dcde", - "text": "111 Expanding the potential of the hepatitis B vaccines by optimizing the immunization schedules and delivery strategies. Executive Summary- Hepatitis B Vaccination, SAGE October 2016. Orga- nisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "1e96b79206daaf48523f7b2f045a0543", - "text_as_html": "
  • 111 Expanding the potential of the hepatitis B vaccines by optimizing the immunization schedules and delivery strategies. Executive Summary- Hepatitis B Vaccination, SAGE October 2016. Orga- nisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.45, - "y0": 703.5, - "x1": 551.48, - "y1": 727.29 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "7286844164a2fe4c4382ceb0e056672c", - "text": "112 Guidelines on hepatitis B and C testing. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/251330/1/WHO-HIV-2016.23-eng. pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "1e96b79206daaf48523f7b2f045a0543", - "text_as_html": "
  • 112 Guidelines on hepatitis B and C testing. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2016. Disponible sur http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/251330/1/WHO-HIV-2016.23-eng. pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.
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  • 113 European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity. Are booster immunisations needed for life- long hepatitis B immunity? Lancet. 2000;355:561–565.
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    387

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.86, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.78, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "b4b60b1203925713edc82aa20c040f96", - "text": "practicable than serological testing after the first dose of vaccine. Anyone who does not respond to revaccina- tion should be tested for HBsAg.11", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "1e96b79206daaf48523f7b2f045a0543", - "text_as_html": "

    practicable than serological testing after the first dose of vaccine. Anyone who does not respond to revaccina- tion should be tested for HBsAg.11

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.51, - "y0": 55.55, - "x1": 273.96, - "y1": 88.16 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-66", - "text": "\n\n\nPost-exposure prophylaxis and passive immunization\nFollowing a high-risk exposure temporary immunity may be obtained by immediate administration of hepa- titis B immune globulin (HBIG). HBIG prophylaxis in conjunction with hepatitis B vaccination may be of additional benefit for: (i) newborn infants whose mothers are HBsAg-positive, particularly if they are also HBeAg- positive; (ii) people who have had percutaneous or mucous membrane exposure to HBsAg-positive blood or body fluids; (iii) unvaccinated people who have been sexually exposed to an HBsAg-positive person; and (iv) patients who need protection from recurrent HBV infec- tion following liver transplantation.2, 5 As a rule, HBIG should be used as an adjunct to hepatitis B vaccine. HBIG does not appear to suppress active anti-HBs anti- body formation following co-administration with hepa- titis B vaccine.114 Among infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers, improved protection against perinatal HBV infection has been demonstrated when both hepatitis B vaccine and HBIG are administered at birth compared to hepatitis B vaccine alone.115 In full-term neonates born to mothers who are HBsAg-positive and HBeAg- negative, protection against perinatally acquired HBV infection may not be significantly improved by the addi- tion of HBIG to hepatitis B vaccine given within 24 hours.5 Owing to concerns related to supply, safety and cost, the use of HBIG may not be feasible in many", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "1b8ac8044cb1751fae1c696c49f3c6e8", - "text": "Post-exposure prophylaxis and passive immunization", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Post-exposure prophylaxis and passive immunization

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.76, - "y0": 99.02, - "x1": 229.86, - "y1": 121.31 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "1c7638998e91c7a13e3bc582c7c6e9df", - "text": "Following a high-risk exposure temporary immunity may be obtained by immediate administration of hepa- titis B immune globulin (HBIG). HBIG prophylaxis in conjunction with hepatitis B vaccination may be of additional benefit for: (i) newborn infants whose mothers are HBsAg-positive, particularly if they are also HBeAg- positive; (ii) people who have had percutaneous or mucous membrane exposure to HBsAg-positive blood or body fluids; (iii) unvaccinated people who have been sexually exposed to an HBsAg-positive person; and (iv) patients who need protection from recurrent HBV infec- tion following liver transplantation.2, 5 As a rule, HBIG should be used as an adjunct to hepatitis B vaccine. HBIG does not appear to suppress active anti-HBs anti- body formation following co-administration with hepa- titis B vaccine.114 Among infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers, improved protection against perinatal HBV infection has been demonstrated when both hepatitis B vaccine and HBIG are administered at birth compared to hepatitis B vaccine alone.115 In full-term neonates born to mothers who are HBsAg-positive and HBeAg- negative, protection against perinatally acquired HBV infection may not be significantly improved by the addi- tion of HBIG to hepatitis B vaccine given within 24 hours.5 Owing to concerns related to supply, safety and cost, the use of HBIG may not be feasible in many", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "1b8ac8044cb1751fae1c696c49f3c6e8", - "text_as_html": "

    Following a high-risk exposure temporary immunity may be obtained by immediate administration of hepa- titis B immune globulin (HBIG). HBIG prophylaxis in conjunction with hepatitis B vaccination may be of additional benefit for: (i) newborn infants whose mothers are HBsAg-positive, particularly if they are also HBeAg- positive; (ii) people who have had percutaneous or mucous membrane exposure to HBsAg-positive blood or body fluids; (iii) unvaccinated people who have been sexually exposed to an HBsAg-positive person; and (iv) patients who need protection from recurrent HBV infec- tion following liver transplantation.2, 5 As a rule, HBIG should be used as an adjunct to hepatitis B vaccine. HBIG does not appear to suppress active anti-HBs anti- body formation following co-administration with hepa- titis B vaccine.114 Among infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers, improved protection against perinatal HBV infection has been demonstrated when both hepatitis B vaccine and HBIG are administered at birth compared to hepatitis B vaccine alone.115 In full-term neonates born to mothers who are HBsAg-positive and HBeAg- negative, protection against perinatally acquired HBV infection may not be significantly improved by the addi- tion of HBIG to hepatitis B vaccine given within 24 hours.5 Owing to concerns related to supply, safety and cost, the use of HBIG may not be feasible in many

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.92, - "y0": 123.65, - "x1": 273.15, - "y1": 415.55 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-67", - "text": "\n\n\nsettings.116", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "7909aece1db8cdcd00f50f1b8cddd857", - "text": "settings.116", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    settings.116

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 410.0, - "x1": 86.68, - "y1": 419.8 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-68", - "text": "\n\n\nCost–effectiveness\nA systematic review117 was conducted to assess the evidence on economic evaluation of hepatitis B vaccine in low and middle income countries. Since introduction of the vaccine, 18 of 19 studies that examined the cost- effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination concluded that it is cost-effective or cost-saving using Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita thresholds. Of 6 studies inves- tigating birth dose hepatitis B vaccination, 5 showed that it was cost-effective or cost-saving regardless of HBV endemicity. Key factors influencing the results were the vaccine price, prevalence of HBsAg, the discount rate, cost component, wastage rate of vaccine, and vaccine efficacy.118\n114 Beasley RP et al. Prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet. 1983;2:1099– 1102.\n115 Lee C et al. Hepatitis B immunisation for newborn infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(2):CD004790.\n116 See No. 23, 2009, pp. 220–236.\n117 Chaiyakunapruk N et al. Hepatitis B vaccination: an updated systematic review of economic evaluations in low and middle income countries. Available at http://www. who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/8_Hep_B_economic_evalua- tion_LMIC.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.\n118 Margolis HS et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus transmission by immunization. An economic analysis of current recommendations. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995;274:1201–1208.\naprès la première dose de vaccin. Toute personne ne répondant pas à la revaccination doit subir un test de recherche de l’AgHBs.11", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "138c04845c95a5f83f08e454135e5e82", - "text": "Cost–effectiveness", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Cost–effectiveness

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 463.95, - "x1": 132.9, - "y1": 474.95 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "b1e509f8b0ef6af9962b42bdeb67ef4d", - "text": "A systematic review117 was conducted to assess the evidence on economic evaluation of hepatitis B vaccine in low and middle income countries. Since introduction of the vaccine, 18 of 19 studies that examined the cost- effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination concluded that it is cost-effective or cost-saving using Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita thresholds. Of 6 studies inves- tigating birth dose hepatitis B vaccination, 5 showed that it was cost-effective or cost-saving regardless of HBV endemicity. Key factors influencing the results were the vaccine price, prevalence of HBsAg, the discount rate, cost component, wastage rate of vaccine, and vaccine efficacy.118", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "138c04845c95a5f83f08e454135e5e82", - "text_as_html": "

    A systematic review117 was conducted to assess the evidence on economic evaluation of hepatitis B vaccine in low and middle income countries. Since introduction of the vaccine, 18 of 19 studies that examined the cost- effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination concluded that it is cost-effective or cost-saving using Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita thresholds. Of 6 studies inves- tigating birth dose hepatitis B vaccination, 5 showed that it was cost-effective or cost-saving regardless of HBV endemicity. Key factors influencing the results were the vaccine price, prevalence of HBsAg, the discount rate, cost component, wastage rate of vaccine, and vaccine efficacy.118

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.88, - "y0": 477.68, - "x1": 274.38, - "y1": 619.46 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "2f05f05333bf6efb094f8ad5c260eccf", - "text": "114 Beasley RP et al. Prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet. 1983;2:1099– 1102.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "138c04845c95a5f83f08e454135e5e82", - "text_as_html": "
  • 114 Beasley RP et al. Prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet. 1983;2:1099– 1102.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.11, - "y0": 648.85, - "x1": 273.93, - "y1": 673.04 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "686776f1ce9dcf71f34ca9d1ba84eb41", - "text": "115 Lee C et al. Hepatitis B immunisation for newborn infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(2):CD004790.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "138c04845c95a5f83f08e454135e5e82", - "text_as_html": "
  • 115 Lee C et al. Hepatitis B immunisation for newborn infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(2):CD004790.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.42, - "y0": 676.01, - "x1": 273.46, - "y1": 699.62 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "4cef7ce32bfdef5515707d95ce0e24da", - "text": "116 See No. 23, 2009, pp. 220–236.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "138c04845c95a5f83f08e454135e5e82", - "text_as_html": "
  • 116 See No. 23, 2009, pp. 220–236.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.15, - "y0": 702.97, - "x1": 137.89, - "y1": 710.49 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "0a6c88a21fa00f6eeb456367c81badb9", - "text": "117 Chaiyakunapruk N et al. Hepatitis B vaccination: an updated systematic review of economic evaluations in low and middle income countries. Available at http://www. who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/8_Hep_B_economic_evalua- tion_LMIC.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "138c04845c95a5f83f08e454135e5e82", - "text_as_html": "
  • 117 Chaiyakunapruk N et al. Hepatitis B vaccination: an updated systematic review of economic evaluations in low and middle income countries. Available at http://www. who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/8_Hep_B_economic_evalua- tion_LMIC.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 38.78, - "y0": 713.39, - "x1": 273.71, - "y1": 745.28 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "9cb25bbda945434a54d075b1bfe50e0c", - "text": "118 Margolis HS et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus transmission by immunization. An economic analysis of current recommendations. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995;274:1201–1208.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "138c04845c95a5f83f08e454135e5e82", - "text_as_html": "
  • 118 Margolis HS et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus transmission by immunization. An economic analysis of current recommendations. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995;274:1201–1208.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.6, - "y0": 748.29, - "x1": 273.24, - "y1": 772.31 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "b5922ec1dbdad485ac7a702cf729c112", - "text": "après la première dose de vaccin. Toute personne ne répondant pas à la revaccination doit subir un test de recherche de l’AgHBs.11", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    après la première dose de vaccin. Toute personne ne répondant pas à la revaccination doit subir un test de recherche de l’AgHBs.11

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 56.06, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 88.16 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-69", - "text": "\n\n\nProphylaxie postexposition et immunisation passive\nLorsqu’un sujet a été exposé à un risque élevé d’infection, une immunité temporaire peut être obtenue en lui administrant immédiatement de l’immunoglobuline anti-hépatite B. Cette prophylaxie par l’immunoglobuline, conjuguée à une vaccina- tion contre l’hépatite B, peut présenter des avantages supplé- mentaires pour: i) les nouveau-nés dont les mères sont positives pour l’AgHBs, en particulier si elles sont également positives pour l’AgHBe; ii) les personnes qui ont été exposées par voie percutanée ou muqueuse à du sang ou à des liquides biolo- giques positifs pour l’AgHBs; iii) les personnes non vaccinées qui ont été sexuellement exposées à une personne positive pour l’AgHBs; et iv) les patients qui ont besoin d’être protégés contre une infection récurrente par le VHB suite à une transplantation hépatique.2, 5 En règle générale, les immunoglobulines anti- hépatite B doivent être utilisées en complément du vaccin anti- hépatite B. Elles ne semblent pas empêcher la formation active d’anti-HBs après avoir été coadministrées avec le vaccin anti- hépatite B.114 Chez les nourrissons nés de mères positives pour l’AgHBs, il a été démontré que la coadministration à la nais- sance des immunoglobulines anti-hépatite B et du vaccin anti- hépatite B conférait une meilleure protection contre l’infection périnatale par le VHB que le vaccin seul.115 Chez les nourrissons nés à terme de mères positives pour l’AgHBs mais négatives pour l’AgHBe, la protection contre l’infection périnatale n’est peut-être pas améliorée de manière significative par l’adjonc- tion d’immunoglobulines au vaccin anti-hépatite B administré dans les 24 heures suivant la naissance.5 Dans de nombreux endroits, il n’est pas nécessairement possible, pour des raisons d’approvisionnement, de sécurité et de coûts, de recourir aux", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "aab0ebf7a9fd7d3bbd0dd0edec7aa097", - "text": "Prophylaxie postexposition et immunisation passive", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Prophylaxie postexposition et immunisation passive

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.92, - "y0": 98.49, - "x1": 538.12, - "y1": 110.58 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "3ed8fc86eab2660d34af3b9972f5b875", - "text": "Lorsqu’un sujet a été exposé à un risque élevé d’infection, une immunité temporaire peut être obtenue en lui administrant immédiatement de l’immunoglobuline anti-hépatite B. Cette prophylaxie par l’immunoglobuline, conjuguée à une vaccina- tion contre l’hépatite B, peut présenter des avantages supplé- mentaires pour: i) les nouveau-nés dont les mères sont positives pour l’AgHBs, en particulier si elles sont également positives pour l’AgHBe; ii) les personnes qui ont été exposées par voie percutanée ou muqueuse à du sang ou à des liquides biolo- giques positifs pour l’AgHBs; iii) les personnes non vaccinées qui ont été sexuellement exposées à une personne positive pour l’AgHBs; et iv) les patients qui ont besoin d’être protégés contre une infection récurrente par le VHB suite à une transplantation hépatique.2, 5 En règle générale, les immunoglobulines anti- hépatite B doivent être utilisées en complément du vaccin anti- hépatite B. Elles ne semblent pas empêcher la formation active d’anti-HBs après avoir été coadministrées avec le vaccin anti- hépatite B.114 Chez les nourrissons nés de mères positives pour l’AgHBs, il a été démontré que la coadministration à la nais- sance des immunoglobulines anti-hépatite B et du vaccin anti- hépatite B conférait une meilleure protection contre l’infection périnatale par le VHB que le vaccin seul.115 Chez les nourrissons nés à terme de mères positives pour l’AgHBs mais négatives pour l’AgHBe, la protection contre l’infection périnatale n’est peut-être pas améliorée de manière significative par l’adjonc- tion d’immunoglobulines au vaccin anti-hépatite B administré dans les 24 heures suivant la naissance.5 Dans de nombreux endroits, il n’est pas nécessairement possible, pour des raisons d’approvisionnement, de sécurité et de coûts, de recourir aux", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "aab0ebf7a9fd7d3bbd0dd0edec7aa097", - "text_as_html": "

    Lorsqu’un sujet a été exposé à un risque élevé d’infection, une immunité temporaire peut être obtenue en lui administrant immédiatement de l’immunoglobuline anti-hépatite B. Cette prophylaxie par l’immunoglobuline, conjuguée à une vaccina- tion contre l’hépatite B, peut présenter des avantages supplé- mentaires pour: i) les nouveau-nés dont les mères sont positives pour l’AgHBs, en particulier si elles sont également positives pour l’AgHBe; ii) les personnes qui ont été exposées par voie percutanée ou muqueuse à du sang ou à des liquides biolo- giques positifs pour l’AgHBs; iii) les personnes non vaccinées qui ont été sexuellement exposées à une personne positive pour l’AgHBs; et iv) les patients qui ont besoin d’être protégés contre une infection récurrente par le VHB suite à une transplantation hépatique.2, 5 En règle générale, les immunoglobulines anti- hépatite B doivent être utilisées en complément du vaccin anti- hépatite B. Elles ne semblent pas empêcher la formation active d’anti-HBs après avoir été coadministrées avec le vaccin anti- hépatite B.114 Chez les nourrissons nés de mères positives pour l’AgHBs, il a été démontré que la coadministration à la nais- sance des immunoglobulines anti-hépatite B et du vaccin anti- hépatite B conférait une meilleure protection contre l’infection périnatale par le VHB que le vaccin seul.115 Chez les nourrissons nés à terme de mères positives pour l’AgHBs mais négatives pour l’AgHBe, la protection contre l’infection périnatale n’est peut-être pas améliorée de manière significative par l’adjonc- tion d’immunoglobulines au vaccin anti-hépatite B administré dans les 24 heures suivant la naissance.5 Dans de nombreux endroits, il n’est pas nécessairement possible, pour des raisons d’approvisionnement, de sécurité et de coûts, de recourir aux

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 120.83, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 444.47 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-70", - "text": "\n\n\nimmunoglobulines.116", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "9c9ece3dabc13ced0b54c36567e42046", - "text": "immunoglobulines.116", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    immunoglobulines.116

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 442.99, - "x1": 379.11, - "y1": 452.79 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-71", - "text": "\n\n\nRapport coût/efficacité\nUne revue systématique117 a été effectuée pour examiner les données d’évaluation économique du vaccin anti-hépatite B dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. Depuis l’introduction du vaccin, 18 des 19 études réalisées pour évaluer le rapport coût/ efficacité de la vaccination anti-hépatite B ont conclu qu’il s’agit d’une intervention efficace sur le plan économique, voire suscep- tible de générer des économies, sur la base de seuils définis du produit intérieur brut (PIB) par habitant. Sur les 6 études portant sur la vaccination à la naissance contre l’hépatite B, 5 ont montré que cette mesure présente un bon rapport coût/efficacité ou permet des économies, quel que soit le degré d’endémicité du VHB. Les principaux facteurs influant sur ces résultats étaient le prix du vaccin, la prévalence de l’AgHBs, les rabais pratiqués, l’élément de coût, le taux de gaspillage et l’efficacité vaccinale.118\n114 Beasley RP et al. Prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepati- tis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet. 1983;2:1099–1102.\n115 Lee C et al. Hepatitis B immunisation for newborn infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(2):CD004790.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "1239f8c18590004e21eee3b2471cb2c2", - "text": "Rapport coût/efficacité", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Rapport coût/efficacité

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.13, - "y0": 462.95, - "x1": 401.02, - "y1": 475.68 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "e6a57d7c1367f02945e88da56287e693", - "text": "Une revue systématique117 a été effectuée pour examiner les données d’évaluation économique du vaccin anti-hépatite B dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. Depuis l’introduction du vaccin, 18 des 19 études réalisées pour évaluer le rapport coût/ efficacité de la vaccination anti-hépatite B ont conclu qu’il s’agit d’une intervention efficace sur le plan économique, voire suscep- tible de générer des économies, sur la base de seuils définis du produit intérieur brut (PIB) par habitant. Sur les 6 études portant sur la vaccination à la naissance contre l’hépatite B, 5 ont montré que cette mesure présente un bon rapport coût/efficacité ou permet des économies, quel que soit le degré d’endémicité du VHB. Les principaux facteurs influant sur ces résultats étaient le prix du vaccin, la prévalence de l’AgHBs, les rabais pratiqués, l’élément de coût, le taux de gaspillage et l’efficacité vaccinale.118", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "1239f8c18590004e21eee3b2471cb2c2", - "text_as_html": "

    Une revue systématique117 a été effectuée pour examiner les données d’évaluation économique du vaccin anti-hépatite B dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. Depuis l’introduction du vaccin, 18 des 19 études réalisées pour évaluer le rapport coût/ efficacité de la vaccination anti-hépatite B ont conclu qu’il s’agit d’une intervention efficace sur le plan économique, voire suscep- tible de générer des économies, sur la base de seuils définis du produit intérieur brut (PIB) par habitant. Sur les 6 études portant sur la vaccination à la naissance contre l’hépatite B, 5 ont montré que cette mesure présente un bon rapport coût/efficacité ou permet des économies, quel que soit le degré d’endémicité du VHB. Les principaux facteurs influant sur ces résultats étaient le prix du vaccin, la prévalence de l’AgHBs, les rabais pratiqués, l’élément de coût, le taux de gaspillage et l’efficacité vaccinale.118

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 477.62, - "x1": 552.98, - "y1": 630.46 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "44372fb78360301d9f96bf4f511c522d", - "text": "114 Beasley RP et al. Prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepati- tis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet. 1983;2:1099–1102.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "1239f8c18590004e21eee3b2471cb2c2", - "text_as_html": "
  • 114 Beasley RP et al. Prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepati- tis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet. 1983;2:1099–1102.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.54, - "y0": 648.34, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 665.19 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "f20356f01cb067c77738e26d207fe16f", - "text": "115 Lee C et al. Hepatitis B immunisation for newborn infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(2):CD004790.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "1239f8c18590004e21eee3b2471cb2c2", - "text_as_html": "
  • 115 Lee C et al. Hepatitis B immunisation for newborn infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(2):CD004790.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.08, - "y0": 675.44, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 692.11 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-72", - "text": "\n\n\n116 Voir No 23, 2009, pp. 220-236.\n117 Chaiyakunapruk N et al. Hepatitis B vaccination: an updated systematic review of economic evaluations in low and middle income countries. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/sage/meetings/2016/october/8_Hep_B_economic_evaluation_LMIC.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.\n118 Margolis HS et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus transmission by immunization. An economic analysis of current recommendations. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995;274:1201–1208.\nIn a few areas where there is very low HBV endemicity, the economic evidence to enable a rational choice between selective and universal vaccination might have remained inconclusive based on the high vaccine costs in the late 1990s.118, 119, 120 Other evidence suggests that routinely vaccinating high-risk adults in settings such as prisons, sexually transmitted disease clinics, drug treatment centres, and needle exchange programmes, could be cost-saving.121 The triple elimination strategy for mother-to-child transmission of HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis, which is currently implemented in the Western Pacific Region, increases the cost-effectiveness of hepa- titis B vaccination.122", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "1fbea998912b7e6086d19947dd9dfc91", - "text": "116 Voir No 23, 2009, pp. 220-236.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    116 Voir No 23, 2009, pp. 220-236.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.93, - "y0": 703.18, - "x1": 382.62, - "y1": 710.46 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "c3b40d2e8ed45a382fa0429bdd176b63", - "text": "117 Chaiyakunapruk N et al. Hepatitis B vaccination: an updated systematic review of economic evaluations in low and middle income countries. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/sage/meetings/2016/october/8_Hep_B_economic_evaluation_LMIC.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "1fbea998912b7e6086d19947dd9dfc91", - "text_as_html": "
  • 117 Chaiyakunapruk N et al. Hepatitis B vaccination: an updated systematic review of economic evaluations in low and middle income countries. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/sage/meetings/2016/october/8_Hep_B_economic_evaluation_LMIC.pdf?ua=1, consulté en avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 288.67, - "y0": 713.4, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 746.04 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "e917be5809947ca1e1803101a53d2117", - "text": "118 Margolis HS et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus transmission by immunization. An economic analysis of current recommendations. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995;274:1201–1208.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "1fbea998912b7e6086d19947dd9dfc91", - "text_as_html": "
  • 118 Margolis HS et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus transmission by immunization. An economic analysis of current recommendations. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995;274:1201–1208.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.42, - "y0": 748.25, - "x1": 551.45, - "y1": 772.73 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "4dd9a97f20f0659992f89f305d261b07", - "text": "In a few areas where there is very low HBV endemicity, the economic evidence to enable a rational choice between selective and universal vaccination might have remained inconclusive based on the high vaccine costs in the late 1990s.118, 119, 120 Other evidence suggests that routinely vaccinating high-risk adults in settings such as prisons, sexually transmitted disease clinics, drug treatment centres, and needle exchange programmes, could be cost-saving.121 The triple elimination strategy for mother-to-child transmission of HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis, which is currently implemented in the Western Pacific Region, increases the cost-effectiveness of hepa- titis B vaccination.122", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 21, - "parent_id": "1fbea998912b7e6086d19947dd9dfc91", - "text_as_html": "

    In a few areas where there is very low HBV endemicity, the economic evidence to enable a rational choice between selective and universal vaccination might have remained inconclusive based on the high vaccine costs in the late 1990s.118, 119, 120 Other evidence suggests that routinely vaccinating high-risk adults in settings such as prisons, sexually transmitted disease clinics, drug treatment centres, and needle exchange programmes, could be cost-saving.121 The triple elimination strategy for mother-to-child transmission of HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis, which is currently implemented in the Western Pacific Region, increases the cost-effectiveness of hepa- titis B vaccination.122

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 20, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.61, - "y0": 56.66, - "x1": 273.33, - "y1": 198.14 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-73", - "text": "\n\n\nWHO position\nWHO recognizes the importance of hepatocellular carcinoma and other HBV-related diseases as global public health problems and reiterates its recommenda- tion that hepatitis B vaccines should be included in national immunization programmes. A comprehensive approach to eliminating HBV transmission must address prevention of infections acquired perinatally and during childhood, as well as prevention of infec- tions acquired by adolescents and adults.\nHepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all children worldwide. Reaching all children with at least 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine should be the standard for all national immunization programmes. Importantly, all national programmes should include a monovalent hepatitis B vaccine birth dose.\nNational strategies to prevent perinatal transmission should ensure high and timely coverage of the birth dose through a combination of strengthened maternal and infant care at birth with skilled health workers present to administer the vaccine, and innovative outreach strategies to provide vaccine for infants born at home.\nWHO recommends hepatitis B vaccination of persons at high risk of HBV infection in older age groups and catch-up vaccination of unvaccinated cohorts if the necessary resources are available.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "06748322b3b0712c638e7fee60c2578e", - "text": "WHO position", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 21, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    WHO position

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 20, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 231.31, - "x1": 108.21, - "y1": 242.47 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "205b7bbd9fc9bbde1123ce514b92854e", - "text": "WHO recognizes the importance of hepatocellular carcinoma and other HBV-related diseases as global public health problems and reiterates its recommenda- tion that hepatitis B vaccines should be included in national immunization programmes. A comprehensive approach to eliminating HBV transmission must address prevention of infections acquired perinatally and during childhood, as well as prevention of infec- tions acquired by adolescents and adults.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 21, - "parent_id": "06748322b3b0712c638e7fee60c2578e", - "text_as_html": "

    WHO recognizes the importance of hepatocellular carcinoma and other HBV-related diseases as global public health problems and reiterates its recommenda- tion that hepatitis B vaccines should be included in national immunization programmes. A comprehensive approach to eliminating HBV transmission must address prevention of infections acquired perinatally and during childhood, as well as prevention of infec- tions acquired by adolescents and adults.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 20, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.21, - "y0": 244.5, - "x1": 273.6, - "y1": 342.81 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ae94c12cff8bf65564f6ccf97cc7237c", - "text": "Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all children worldwide. Reaching all children with at least 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine should be the standard for all national immunization programmes. Importantly, all national programmes should include a monovalent hepatitis B vaccine birth dose.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 21, - "parent_id": "06748322b3b0712c638e7fee60c2578e", - "text_as_html": "

    Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all children worldwide. Reaching all children with at least 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine should be the standard for all national immunization programmes. Importantly, all national programmes should include a monovalent hepatitis B vaccine birth dose.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 20, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 349.12, - "x1": 272.98, - "y1": 414.45 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "e9c8750b078c076456648688ea8448a5", - "text": "National strategies to prevent perinatal transmission should ensure high and timely coverage of the birth dose through a combination of strengthened maternal and infant care at birth with skilled health workers present to administer the vaccine, and innovative outreach strategies to provide vaccine for infants born at home.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 21, - "parent_id": "06748322b3b0712c638e7fee60c2578e", - "text_as_html": "

    National strategies to prevent perinatal transmission should ensure high and timely coverage of the birth dose through a combination of strengthened maternal and infant care at birth with skilled health workers present to administer the vaccine, and innovative outreach strategies to provide vaccine for infants born at home.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 20, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.19, - "y0": 431.39, - "x1": 273.15, - "y1": 508.08 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "8e066c470b57c5d05957af8f7820be45", - "text": "WHO recommends hepatitis B vaccination of persons at high risk of HBV infection in older age groups and catch-up vaccination of unvaccinated cohorts if the necessary resources are available.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 21, - "parent_id": "06748322b3b0712c638e7fee60c2578e", - "text_as_html": "

    WHO recommends hepatitis B vaccination of persons at high risk of HBV infection in older age groups and catch-up vaccination of unvaccinated cohorts if the necessary resources are available.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 20, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.42, - "y0": 535.92, - "x1": 273.1, - "y1": 579.72 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-74", - "text": "\n\n\nHepatitis B vaccine birth dose\nSince perinatal or early postnatal transmission is the most important source of chronic HBV infection glob- ally, all infants (including low birth weight and prema- ture infants) should receive their first dose of hepati-\n119 Harris A et al. An economic evaluation of universal infant vaccination against hepa- titis B virus using a combination vaccine (Hib-HepB): a decision analytic approach to cost effectiveness. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2001; 25:222–229.\n120 Beutels P et al. Economic evaluation of vaccination programmes: a consensus sta- tement focusing on viral hepatitis. Pharmacoeconomics. 2002;20:1–7.\n121 Rich JD et al. A review of the case for hepatitis B vaccination of high-risk adults. American Journal of Medicine. 2003;114:316–318.\n122 Expert consultation on triple elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis in the western pacific. Key messages and recommendations. World Health Organization, Geneva, Available at http://www.wpro.who.int/hiv/do- cuments/topics/pmtct/triple_emtct_key_messages.pdf?ua=1, accessed June 2017.\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017\nDans quelques zones de très faible endémicité du VHB, les données économiques permettant de faire un choix rationnel entre la vaccination sélective et la vaccination universelle restent peu concluantes, probablement parce qu’elles sont basées sur le coût élevé du vaccin à la fin des années 1990.118, 119, 120 D’autres données semblent indiquer que la vaccination systématique des adultes à haut risque dans certaines structures, telles que les prisons, les centres de traitement des maladies sexuellement transmissibles, les centres de soins pour toxicomanes et les programmes d’échange d’aiguilles, pourrait permettre de réali- ser une économie de coûts.121 La stratégie triple d’élimination de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH, de l’hépatite B et de la syphilis, actuellement mise en œuvre dans la Région du Paci- fique occidental, accroît le rapport coût/efficacité de la vaccina- tion anti-hépatite B.122", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "de65d0ef000ca8837d319529dd990e44", - "text": "Hepatitis B vaccine birth dose", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 21, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

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    Since perinatal or early postnatal transmission is the most important source of chronic HBV infection glob- ally, all infants (including low birth weight and prema- ture infants) should receive their first dose of hepati-

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 20, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.48, - "y0": 604.74, - "x1": 273.08, - "y1": 647.43 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "1dd3b154d07133ae693f81a411d104bf", - "text": "119 Harris A et al. An economic evaluation of universal infant vaccination against hepa- titis B virus using a combination vaccine (Hib-HepB): a decision analytic approach to cost effectiveness. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2001; 25:222–229.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 21, - "parent_id": "de65d0ef000ca8837d319529dd990e44", - "text_as_html": "
  • 119 Harris A et al. An economic evaluation of universal infant vaccination against hepa- titis B virus using a combination vaccine (Hib-HepB): a decision analytic approach to cost effectiveness. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2001; 25:222–229.
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  • 120 Beutels P et al. Economic evaluation of vaccination programmes: a consensus sta- tement focusing on viral hepatitis. Pharmacoeconomics. 2002;20:1–7.
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  • 121 Rich JD et al. A review of the case for hepatitis B vaccination of high-risk adults. American Journal of Medicine. 2003;114:316–318.
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  • 122 Expert consultation on triple elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis in the western pacific. Key messages and recommendations. World Health Organization, Geneva, Available at http://www.wpro.who.int/hiv/do- cuments/topics/pmtct/triple_emtct_key_messages.pdf?ua=1, accessed June 2017.
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    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 20, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.12, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 222.88, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "079c3666d540978f94f88d8f72f4efbd", - "text": "Dans quelques zones de très faible endémicité du VHB, les données économiques permettant de faire un choix rationnel entre la vaccination sélective et la vaccination universelle restent peu concluantes, probablement parce qu’elles sont basées sur le coût élevé du vaccin à la fin des années 1990.118, 119, 120 D’autres données semblent indiquer que la vaccination systématique des adultes à haut risque dans certaines structures, telles que les prisons, les centres de traitement des maladies sexuellement transmissibles, les centres de soins pour toxicomanes et les programmes d’échange d’aiguilles, pourrait permettre de réali- ser une économie de coûts.121 La stratégie triple d’élimination de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH, de l’hépatite B et de la syphilis, actuellement mise en œuvre dans la Région du Paci- fique occidental, accroît le rapport coût/efficacité de la vaccina- tion anti-hépatite B.122", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 21, - "parent_id": "de65d0ef000ca8837d319529dd990e44", - "text_as_html": "

    Dans quelques zones de très faible endémicité du VHB, les données économiques permettant de faire un choix rationnel entre la vaccination sélective et la vaccination universelle restent peu concluantes, probablement parce qu’elles sont basées sur le coût élevé du vaccin à la fin des années 1990.118, 119, 120 D’autres données semblent indiquer que la vaccination systématique des adultes à haut risque dans certaines structures, telles que les prisons, les centres de traitement des maladies sexuellement transmissibles, les centres de soins pour toxicomanes et les programmes d’échange d’aiguilles, pourrait permettre de réali- ser une économie de coûts.121 La stratégie triple d’élimination de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH, de l’hépatite B et de la syphilis, actuellement mise en œuvre dans la Région du Paci- fique occidental, accroît le rapport coût/efficacité de la vaccina- tion anti-hépatite B.122

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 20, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 56.37, - "x1": 552.44, - "y1": 220.13 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-75", - "text": "\n\n\nPosition de l’OMS\nL’OMS reconnaît que le carcinome hépatocellulaire et les autres maladies liées au VHB constituent des problèmes importants de santé publique à l’échelle mondiale et réitère sa recomman- dation d’introduire les vaccins anti-hépatite B dans programmes de vaccination nationaux. Pour être complète, toute stratégie d’élimination de la transmission du VHB doit être axée sur la prévention des infections contractées dans la période périnatale et pendant l’enfance, ainsi qu’à l’adolescence et à l’âge adulte. les\nLa vaccination contre l’hépatite B est recommand��e pour tous les enfants à l’échelle mondiale. L’administration d’au moins 3 doses de vaccin anti-hépatite B à tous les enfants devrait être la norme pour tous les programmes nationaux de vaccination. Il est particulièrement important que tous les programmes nationaux prévoient l’administration d’une dose à la naissance de vaccin anti-hépatite B monovalent.\nLes stratégies nationales de prévention de la transmission péri- natale doivent veiller à une couverture élevée et en temps utile de la vaccination à la naissance en mettant en œuvre une combinaison de mesures consistant à renforcer les soins dispen- sés aux mères et aux nourrissons à la naissance, en présence d’agents de santé qualifiés pour administrer le vaccin, et à adop- ter des stratégies innovantes de proximité pour permettre la vaccination des nourrissons nés à domicile.\nL’OMS recommande la vaccination anti-hépatite B des personnes exposées à un risque élevé d’infection à VHB dans les tranches d’âge plus avancé, ainsi que la vaccination de rattrapage des cohortes non vaccinées si les ressources nécessaires sont dispo- nibles.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "f995460c575cd2c7c32ab805521186ee", - "text": "Position de l’OMS", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 21, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

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    L’OMS reconnaît que le carcinome hépatocellulaire et les autres maladies liées au VHB constituent des problèmes importants de santé publique à l’échelle mondiale et réitère sa recomman- dation d’introduire les vaccins anti-hépatite B dans programmes de vaccination nationaux. Pour être complète, toute stratégie d’élimination de la transmission du VHB doit être axée sur la prévention des infections contractées dans la période périnatale et pendant l’enfance, ainsi qu’à l’adolescence et à l’âge adulte. les

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 20, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 244.2, - "x1": 553.47, - "y1": 342.81 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "d5112d9c5eae861f5eff7b81c0f6058e", - "text": "La vaccination contre l’hépatite B est recommandée pour tous les enfants à l’échelle mondiale. L’administration d’au moins 3 doses de vaccin anti-hépatite B à tous les enfants devrait être la norme pour tous les programmes nationaux de vaccination. Il est particulièrement important que tous les programmes nationaux prévoient l’administration d’une dose à la naissance de vaccin anti-hépatite B monovalent.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 21, - "parent_id": "f995460c575cd2c7c32ab805521186ee", - "text_as_html": "

    La vaccination contre l’hépatite B est recommandée pour tous les enfants à l’échelle mondiale. L’administration d’au moins 3 doses de vaccin anti-hépatite B à tous les enfants devrait être la norme pour tous les programmes nationaux de vaccination. Il est particulièrement important que tous les programmes nationaux prévoient l’administration d’une dose à la naissance de vaccin anti-hépatite B monovalent.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 20, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 348.72, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 425.45 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "91fd023b8e2198621a615e40860d3cf8", - "text": "Les stratégies nationales de prévention de la transmission péri- natale doivent veiller à une couverture élevée et en temps utile de la vaccination à la naissance en mettant en œuvre une combinaison de mesures consistant à renforcer les soins dispen- sés aux mères et aux nourrissons à la naissance, en présence d’agents de santé qualifiés pour administrer le vaccin, et à adop- ter des stratégies innovantes de proximité pour permettre la vaccination des nourrissons nés à domicile.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 21, - "parent_id": "f995460c575cd2c7c32ab805521186ee", - "text_as_html": "

    Les stratégies nationales de prévention de la transmission péri- natale doivent veiller à une couverture élevée et en temps utile de la vaccination à la naissance en mettant en œuvre une combinaison de mesures consistant à renforcer les soins dispen- sés aux mères et aux nourrissons à la naissance, en présence d’agents de santé qualifiés pour administrer le vaccin, et à adop- ter des stratégies innovantes de proximité pour permettre la vaccination des nourrissons nés à domicile.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 20, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 430.86, - "x1": 552.09, - "y1": 519.08 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "aee334ad1a2441de26c30ad5bf6d5976", - "text": "L’OMS recommande la vaccination anti-hépatite B des personnes exposées à un risque élevé d’infection à VHB dans les tranches d’âge plus avancé, ainsi que la vaccination de rattrapage des cohortes non vaccinées si les ressources nécessaires sont dispo- nibles.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 21, - "parent_id": "f995460c575cd2c7c32ab805521186ee", - "text_as_html": "

    L’OMS recommande la vaccination anti-hépatite B des personnes exposées à un risque élevé d’infection à VHB dans les tranches d’âge plus avancé, ainsi que la vaccination de rattrapage des cohortes non vaccinées si les ressources nécessaires sont dispo- nibles.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 20, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 525.63, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 579.72 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-76", - "text": "\n\n\nDose à la naissance de vaccin anti-hépatite B\nÉtant donné que la transmission dans la période périnatale et au début de la période postnatale est la source la plus impor- tante d’infection chronique à VHB à l’échelle mondiale, tous les nourrissons (y compris ceux qui ont un faible poids de nais-\n119 Harris A et al. An economic evaluation of universal infant vaccination against hepatitis B virus using a combination vaccine (Hib-HepB): a decision analytic approach to cost effectiveness. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2001;25:222–229.\n120 Beutels P et al. Economic evaluation of vaccination programmes: a consensus statement focu- sing on viral hepatitis. Pharmacoeconomics. 2002;20:1–7.\n121 Rich JD et al. A review of the case for hepatitis B vaccination of high-risk adults. American Journal of Medicine. 2003;114:316–318.\n122 Expert consultation on triple elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis in the western pacific. Key messages and recommendations. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2017. Disponible sur http://www.wpro.who.int/hiv/documents/topics/pmtct/ triple_emtct_key_messages.pdf?ua=1, consulté en juin 2017.\n389\ntis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth, ideally within 24 hours. If administration within 24 hours is not feasible, a late birth dose has some effectiveness. Although effectiveness declines progressively in the days after birth, after 7 days, a late birth dose can still be effective in preventing horizontal transmission and therefore remains beneficial. WHO recommends that all infants receive the late birth dose during the first contact with health-care providers at any time up to the time of the next dose of the primary schedule.123, 124\nIn settings where administration of a birth dose is restricted by access to cold storage, OCC storage of monovalent hepatitis B vaccine and exposure to ambi- ent temperatures for limited time periods at the point of delivery could improve birth-dose coverage. If an OCC policy for a monovalent hepatitis B vaccine prod- uct is adopted, which is an off-label use of the vaccine, it is strongly recommended that the WHO recommenda- tions125 for OCC and CTC use of vaccines be followed.123\nTemporary immunity may be obtained by administering HBIG for post-exposure prophylaxis. HBIG prophylaxis in conjunction with hepatitis B vaccination may be of additional benefit for newborn infants whose mothers are HBeAg-positive.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "6fc16f157eb0f0c4aa5df63882228a65", - "text": "Dose à la naissance de vaccin anti-hépatite B", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 21, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Dose à la naissance de vaccin anti-hépatite B

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 20, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.46, - "y0": 590.65, - "x1": 485.36, - "y1": 602.11 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "646a3001dc76ae54a831744316735fa4", - "text": "Étant donné que la transmission dans la période périnatale et au début de la période postnatale est la source la plus impor- tante d’infection chronique à VHB à l’échelle mondiale, tous les nourrissons (y compris ceux qui ont un faible poids de nais-", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 21, - "parent_id": "6fc16f157eb0f0c4aa5df63882228a65", - "text_as_html": "

    Étant donné que la transmission dans la période périnatale et au début de la période postnatale est la source la plus impor- tante d’infection chronique à VHB à l’échelle mondiale, tous les nourrissons (y compris ceux qui ont un faible poids de nais-

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 20, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 603.8, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 647.43 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "05e1a3208c7bc99d10f1af8c9fe74945", - "text": "119 Harris A et al. An economic evaluation of universal infant vaccination against hepatitis B virus using a combination vaccine (Hib-HepB): a decision analytic approach to cost effectiveness. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2001;25:222–229.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 21, - "parent_id": "6fc16f157eb0f0c4aa5df63882228a65", - "text_as_html": "
  • 119 Harris A et al. An economic evaluation of universal infant vaccination against hepatitis B virus using a combination vaccine (Hib-HepB): a decision analytic approach to cost effectiveness. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2001;25:222–229.
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  • 120 Beutels P et al. Economic evaluation of vaccination programmes: a consensus statement focu- sing on viral hepatitis. Pharmacoeconomics. 2002;20:1–7.
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  • 121 Rich JD et al. A review of the case for hepatitis B vaccination of high-risk adults. American Journal of Medicine. 2003;114:316–318.
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  • 122 Expert consultation on triple elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis in the western pacific. Key messages and recommendations. Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève, 2017. Disponible sur http://www.wpro.who.int/hiv/documents/topics/pmtct/ triple_emtct_key_messages.pdf?ua=1, consulté en juin 2017.
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    389

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    tis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth, ideally within 24 hours. If administration within 24 hours is not feasible, a late birth dose has some effectiveness. Although effectiveness declines progressively in the days after birth, after 7 days, a late birth dose can still be effective in preventing horizontal transmission and therefore remains beneficial. WHO recommends that all infants receive the late birth dose during the first contact with health-care providers at any time up to the time of the next dose of the primary schedule.123, 124

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    In settings where administration of a birth dose is restricted by access to cold storage, OCC storage of monovalent hepatitis B vaccine and exposure to ambi- ent temperatures for limited time periods at the point of delivery could improve birth-dose coverage. If an OCC policy for a monovalent hepatitis B vaccine prod- uct is adopted, which is an off-label use of the vaccine, it is strongly recommended that the WHO recommenda- tions125 for OCC and CTC use of vaccines be followed.123

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.05, - "y0": 205.29, - "x1": 273.36, - "y1": 302.77 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "316444c4d71865ece67b4fdc598b08d7", - "text": "Temporary immunity may be obtained by administering HBIG for post-exposure prophylaxis. HBIG prophylaxis in conjunction with hepatitis B vaccination may be of additional benefit for newborn infants whose mothers are HBeAg-positive.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "6fc16f157eb0f0c4aa5df63882228a65", - "text_as_html": "

    Temporary immunity may be obtained by administering HBIG for post-exposure prophylaxis. HBIG prophylaxis in conjunction with hepatitis B vaccination may be of additional benefit for newborn infants whose mothers are HBeAg-positive.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.85, - "y0": 331.5, - "x1": 273.97, - "y1": 385.4 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-77", - "text": "\n\n\nVaccination schedule\nThe birth dose should be followed by 2 or 3 additional doses to complete the primary series. Both of the follow- ing options are considered appropriate: (i) a 3-dose schedule of hepatitis B vaccine, with the first dose (monovalent) being given at birth and the second and third (monovalent or as part of a combined vaccine) given at the same time as the first and third doses of DTP-containing vaccine; or (ii) 4 doses, where a monova- lent birth dose is followed by 3 (monovalent or combined vaccine) doses, usually given with other routine infant vaccines; the additional dose does not cause any harm. The interval between doses should be at least 4 weeks.\nThere is no evidence to support the need for a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine after completion of the primary vaccination series in routine immunization programmes. However, additional longer-term studies should be conducted to explore life-long protection conferred by hepatitis B vaccine and the need for booster doses in different subgroups of the popula- tion.126\n123 See No. 48, 2016, pp. 561–584.\n124 Evidence to recommendations table and GRADE table, Hepatitis B vaccine birth dose. Available at http://who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepatitis_b/ evidence_recommendation_table_hepb_birth_dose.pdf, accessed June 2017.\n125 Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (IPAC) Statement Out of cold chain (OCC) and Controlled Temperature Chain (CTC) use of vaccines. Available at http:// www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/policies_strategies/IPAC_state- ment_OCC_CTC_October_2016.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.\n126 WHO, Evidence to recommendations table and GRADE table, Need for a hepatitis B vaccine booster dose following primary immunization. Available at http://who.int/ immunization/policy/position_papers/hepatitis_b/evidence_recommendation_gra- table_hepb_duration.pdf, accessed June 2017.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "a622b24be6b21f5f174404b5c8277e82", - "text": "Vaccination schedule", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccination schedule

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 396.39, - "x1": 134.44, - "y1": 407.45 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "10f304ad895ad53502ac840b74338ae5", - "text": "The birth dose should be followed by 2 or 3 additional doses to complete the primary series. Both of the follow- ing options are considered appropriate: (i) a 3-dose schedule of hepatitis B vaccine, with the first dose (monovalent) being given at birth and the second and third (monovalent or as part of a combined vaccine) given at the same time as the first and third doses of DTP-containing vaccine; or (ii) 4 doses, where a monova- lent birth dose is followed by 3 (monovalent or combined vaccine) doses, usually given with other routine infant vaccines; the additional dose does not cause any harm. The interval between doses should be at least 4 weeks.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "a622b24be6b21f5f174404b5c8277e82", - "text_as_html": "

    The birth dose should be followed by 2 or 3 additional doses to complete the primary series. Both of the follow- ing options are considered appropriate: (i) a 3-dose schedule of hepatitis B vaccine, with the first dose (monovalent) being given at birth and the second and third (monovalent or as part of a combined vaccine) given at the same time as the first and third doses of DTP-containing vaccine; or (ii) 4 doses, where a monova- lent birth dose is followed by 3 (monovalent or combined vaccine) doses, usually given with other routine infant vaccines; the additional dose does not cause any harm. The interval between doses should be at least 4 weeks.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 409.33, - "x1": 273.66, - "y1": 541.09 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c5fb32395c648d11853311b96d8a05bd", - "text": "There is no evidence to support the need for a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine after completion of the primary vaccination series in routine immunization programmes. However, additional longer-term studies should be conducted to explore life-long protection conferred by hepatitis B vaccine and the need for booster doses in different subgroups of the popula- tion.126", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "a622b24be6b21f5f174404b5c8277e82", - "text_as_html": "

    There is no evidence to support the need for a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine after completion of the primary vaccination series in routine immunization programmes. However, additional longer-term studies should be conducted to explore life-long protection conferred by hepatitis B vaccine and the need for booster doses in different subgroups of the popula- tion.126

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 547.88, - "x1": 272.95, - "y1": 634.73 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "57c0ae48bee4c33f45bc23daa5e43793", - "text": "123 See No. 48, 2016, pp. 561–584.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "a622b24be6b21f5f174404b5c8277e82", - "text_as_html": "

    123 See No. 48, 2016, pp. 561–584.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 668.79, - "x1": 137.73, - "y1": 676.12 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "70140943a4e66249402ea8f49f3cdc36", - "text": "124 Evidence to recommendations table and GRADE table, Hepatitis B vaccine birth dose. Available at http://who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepatitis_b/ evidence_recommendation_table_hepb_birth_dose.pdf, accessed June 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "a622b24be6b21f5f174404b5c8277e82", - "text_as_html": "
  • 124 Evidence to recommendations table and GRADE table, Hepatitis B vaccine birth dose. Available at http://who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepatitis_b/ evidence_recommendation_table_hepb_birth_dose.pdf, accessed June 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.6, - "y0": 679.08, - "x1": 272.3, - "y1": 702.77 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ddac4acf5ef9bceec627e49f37bb6079", - "text": "125 Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (IPAC) Statement Out of cold chain (OCC) and Controlled Temperature Chain (CTC) use of vaccines. Available at http:// www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/policies_strategies/IPAC_state- ment_OCC_CTC_October_2016.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "a622b24be6b21f5f174404b5c8277e82", - "text_as_html": "
  • 125 Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (IPAC) Statement Out of cold chain (OCC) and Controlled Temperature Chain (CTC) use of vaccines. Available at http:// www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/policies_strategies/IPAC_state- ment_OCC_CTC_October_2016.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.11, - "y0": 705.52, - "x1": 273.43, - "y1": 737.59 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "4577bf5fa7b64953b19fde6689f88164", - "text": "126 WHO, Evidence to recommendations table and GRADE table, Need for a hepatitis B vaccine booster dose following primary immunization. Available at http://who.int/ immunization/policy/position_papers/hepatitis_b/evidence_recommendation_gra- table_hepb_duration.pdf, accessed June 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "a622b24be6b21f5f174404b5c8277e82", - "text_as_html": "
  • 126 WHO, Evidence to recommendations table and GRADE table, Need for a hepatitis B vaccine booster dose following primary immunization. Available at http://who.int/ immunization/policy/position_papers/hepatitis_b/evidence_recommendation_gra- table_hepb_duration.pdf, accessed June 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 40.31, - "y0": 740.61, - "x1": 274.12, - "y1": 772.41 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-78", - "text": "\n\n\n390\nsance ou sont prématurés) devraient recevoir leur première dose de vaccin anti-hépatite B dès que possible après la nais- sance, de préférence dans un délai de 24 heures. Si l’adminis- tration dans les 24 heures n’est pas possible, une dose à la naissance administrée plus tardivement peut présenter une certaine efficacité. Bien que l’efficacité baisse progressivement dans les jours qui suivent la naissance, une dose tardive admi- nistrée 7 jours après la naissance peut encore être efficace pour prévenir la transmission horizontale et demeure donc avanta- geuse. L’OMS recommande que tous les nourrissons reçoivent cette dose tardive à la naissance lors de leur premier contact avec un prestataire de soins, à tout moment jusqu’à la prochaine dose de primovaccination.123, 124\nDans les endroits où l’administration de la dose à la naissance est limitée par les capacités de stockage au froid, un stockage en dehors de la chaîne du froid du vaccin anti-hépatite B monova- lent et une exposition à des températures ambiantes pendant une période limitée au point de distribution pourraient améliorer la couverture par la dose à la naissance. Si une politique de stockage en dehors de la chaîne du froid du vaccin anti-hépatite B est adoptée, ce qui constitue une utilisation hors indication du vaccin, il est fortement recommandé de respecter les recomman- dations de l’OMS125 relatives à l’utilisation des vaccins en dehors de la chaîne du froid et dans la chaîne à température contrôlée.123\nUne immunité temporaire peut être obtenue par l’administration d’immunoglobuline anti-hépatite B à titre de prophylaxie postex- position. Cette prophylaxie, conjuguée à une vaccination contre l’hépatite B, peut présenter des avantages supplémentaires pour les nouveau-nés dont les mères sont positives pour l’AgHBs.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "2111fa50822011f37f4c5d944c489574", - "text": "390", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    390

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.97, - "y0": 779.32, - "x1": 57.82, - "y1": 786.64 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "20f077e8db657a307d02051afadf62a1", - "text": "sance ou sont prématurés) devraient recevoir leur première dose de vaccin anti-hépatite B dès que possible après la nais- sance, de préférence dans un délai de 24 heures. Si l’adminis- tration dans les 24 heures n’est pas possible, une dose à la naissance administrée plus tardivement peut présenter une certaine efficacité. Bien que l’efficacité baisse progressivement dans les jours qui suivent la naissance, une dose tardive admi- nistrée 7 jours après la naissance peut encore être efficace pour prévenir la transmission horizontale et demeure donc avanta- geuse. L’OMS recommande que tous les nourrissons reçoivent cette dose tardive à la naissance lors de leur premier contact avec un prestataire de soins, à tout moment jusqu’à la prochaine dose de primovaccination.123, 124", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "2111fa50822011f37f4c5d944c489574", - "text_as_html": "

    sance ou sont prématurés) devraient recevoir leur première dose de vaccin anti-hépatite B dès que possible après la nais- sance, de préférence dans un délai de 24 heures. Si l’adminis- tration dans les 24 heures n’est pas possible, une dose à la naissance administrée plus tardivement peut présenter une certaine efficacité. Bien que l’efficacité baisse progressivement dans les jours qui suivent la naissance, une dose tardive admi- nistrée 7 jours après la naissance peut encore être efficace pour prévenir la transmission horizontale et demeure donc avanta- geuse. L’OMS recommande que tous les nourrissons reçoivent cette dose tardive à la naissance lors de leur premier contact avec un prestataire de soins, à tout moment jusqu’à la prochaine dose de primovaccination.123, 124

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 56.05, - "x1": 552.32, - "y1": 198.14 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "62e57b4b93ba27919e4899721b6b0abc", - "text": "Dans les endroits où l’administration de la dose à la naissance est limitée par les capacités de stockage au froid, un stockage en dehors de la chaîne du froid du vaccin anti-hépatite B monova- lent et une exposition à des températures ambiantes pendant une période limitée au point de distribution pourraient améliorer la couverture par la dose à la naissance. Si une politique de stockage en dehors de la chaîne du froid du vaccin anti-hépatite B est adoptée, ce qui constitue une utilisation hors indication du vaccin, il est fortement recommandé de respecter les recomman- dations de l’OMS125 relatives à l’utilisation des vaccins en dehors de la chaîne du froid et dans la chaîne à température contrôlée.123", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "2111fa50822011f37f4c5d944c489574", - "text_as_html": "

    Dans les endroits où l’administration de la dose à la naissance est limitée par les capacités de stockage au froid, un stockage en dehors de la chaîne du froid du vaccin anti-hépatite B monova- lent et une exposition à des températures ambiantes pendant une période limitée au point de distribution pourraient améliorer la couverture par la dose à la naissance. Si une politique de stockage en dehors de la chaîne du froid du vaccin anti-hépatite B est adoptée, ce qui constitue une utilisation hors indication du vaccin, il est fortement recommandé de respecter les recomman- dations de l’OMS125 relatives à l’utilisation des vaccins en dehors de la chaîne du froid et dans la chaîne à température contrôlée.123

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 204.17, - "x1": 552.09, - "y1": 324.76 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "454be60a33828cc0ed77b323e805b562", - "text": "Une immunité temporaire peut être obtenue par l’administration d’immunoglobuline anti-hépatite B à titre de prophylaxie postex- position. Cette prophylaxie, conjuguée à une vaccination contre l’hépatite B, peut présenter des avantages supplémentaires pour les nouveau-nés dont les mères sont positives pour l’AgHBs.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "2111fa50822011f37f4c5d944c489574", - "text_as_html": "

    Une immunité temporaire peut être obtenue par l’administration d’immunoglobuline anti-hépatite B à titre de prophylaxie postex- position. Cette prophylaxie, conjuguée à une vaccination contre l’hépatite B, peut présenter des avantages supplémentaires pour les nouveau-nés dont les mères sont positives pour l’AgHBs.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 331.3, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 385.4 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-79", - "text": "\n\n\nCalendrier vaccinal\nLa dose à la naissance doit être suivie de 2 ou 3 doses supplé- mentaires pour achever la série de primovaccination. Les deux options suivantes sont convenables: i) schéma à 3 doses de vaccin anti-hépatite B, dont la première (vaccin monovalent) est administrée à la naissance et la deuxième et la troisième (vaccin monovalent ou combiné) sont administrées en même temps que la première et la troisième doses de vaccin à valence DTC; ou ii) 4 doses, la dose à la naissance de vaccin monovalent étant suivie de 3 doses (vaccin monovalent ou combiné), géné- ralement administrées en même temps que d’autres vaccins figurant dans la calendrier de vaccination systématique des nourrissons; la dose supplémentaire n’a pas d’effet néfaste. L’intervalle entre les doses doit être de 4 semaines au moins.\nRien n’indique qu’il soit nécessaire d’inclure une dose de rappel du vaccin anti-hépatite B après la série de primovaccination dans les programmes de vaccination systématique. Cependant, de nouvelles études à long terme devront être menées pour évaluer la protection conférée par les vaccin anti-hépatite B sur toute la durée de vie, ainsi que la nécessité d’une dose de rappel dans différents sous-groupes de population.126", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "5f13fdbbf16f0f83139a4ae34c50dd0f", - "text": "Calendrier vaccinal", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Calendrier vaccinal

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 396.54, - "x1": 374.07, - "y1": 407.95 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f204528dd3104db43315a0af23e069eb", - "text": "La dose à la naissance doit être suivie de 2 ou 3 doses supplé- mentaires pour achever la série de primovaccination. Les deux options suivantes sont convenables: i) schéma à 3 doses de vaccin anti-hépatite B, dont la première (vaccin monovalent) est administrée à la naissance et la deuxième et la troisième (vaccin monovalent ou combiné) sont administrées en même temps que la première et la troisième doses de vaccin à valence DTC; ou ii) 4 doses, la dose à la naissance de vaccin monovalent étant suivie de 3 doses (vaccin monovalent ou combiné), géné- ralement administrées en même temps que d’autres vaccins figurant dans la calendrier de vaccination systématique des nourrissons; la dose supplémentaire n’a pas d’effet néfaste. L’intervalle entre les doses doit être de 4 semaines au moins.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "5f13fdbbf16f0f83139a4ae34c50dd0f", - "text_as_html": "

    La dose à la naissance doit être suivie de 2 ou 3 doses supplé- mentaires pour achever la série de primovaccination. Les deux options suivantes sont convenables: i) schéma à 3 doses de vaccin anti-hépatite B, dont la première (vaccin monovalent) est administrée à la naissance et la deuxième et la troisième (vaccin monovalent ou combiné) sont administrées en même temps que la première et la troisième doses de vaccin à valence DTC; ou ii) 4 doses, la dose à la naissance de vaccin monovalent étant suivie de 3 doses (vaccin monovalent ou combiné), géné- ralement administrées en même temps que d’autres vaccins figurant dans la calendrier de vaccination systématique des nourrissons; la dose supplémentaire n’a pas d’effet néfaste. L’intervalle entre les doses doit être de 4 semaines au moins.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 409.91, - "x1": 552.13, - "y1": 552.09 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "4d3efb84bd8e8cfb33050b454afc5c7d", - "text": "Rien n’indique qu’il soit nécessaire d’inclure une dose de rappel du vaccin anti-hépatite B après la série de primovaccination dans les programmes de vaccination systématique. Cependant, de nouvelles études à long terme devront être menées pour évaluer la protection conférée par les vaccin anti-hépatite B sur toute la durée de vie, ainsi que la nécessité d’une dose de rappel dans différents sous-groupes de population.126", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "5f13fdbbf16f0f83139a4ae34c50dd0f", - "text_as_html": "

    Rien n’indique qu’il soit nécessaire d’inclure une dose de rappel du vaccin anti-hépatite B après la série de primovaccination dans les programmes de vaccination systématique. Cependant, de nouvelles études à long terme devront être menées pour évaluer la protection conférée par les vaccin anti-hépatite B sur toute la durée de vie, ainsi que la nécessité d’une dose de rappel dans différents sous-groupes de population.126

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 558.04, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 634.73 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-80", - "text": "\n\n\n123 Voir No 48, 2016, pp. 561-584.\n124 Evidence to recommendations table and GRADE table, Hepatitis B vaccine birth dose. Dispo- nible sur http://who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepatitis_b/evidence_recom- mendation_table_hepb_birth_dose.pdf, consulté en juin 2017.\n125 Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (IPAC) Statement Out of cold chain (OCC) and Controlled Temperature Chain (CTC) use of vaccines. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immu- nization/programmes_systems/policies_strategies/IPAC_statement_OCC_CTC_October_2016. pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.\n126 WHO, Evidence to recommendations table and GRADE table, Need for a hepatitis B vaccine booster dose following primary immunization. Disponible sur http://who.int/immunization/po- licy/position_papers/hepatitis_b/evidence_recommendation_gratable_hepb_duration.pdf, consulté en juin 2017.\nFor delayed or interrupted scheduling of vaccination for children, adolescent and adults, 3 doses are recom- mended, with the second dose administered at least 1 month after the first, and the third dose 6 months after the first dose. If the vaccination schedule is inter- rupted it is not necessary to restart the vaccine series.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "df32bc0429ead22f69a8f78fab14c5f7", - "text": "123 Voir No 48, 2016, pp. 561-584.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    123 Voir No 48, 2016, pp. 561-584.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 668.79, - "x1": 381.78, - "y1": 676.29 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "587b40919b7a99552bcaba1d7da99288", - "text": "124 Evidence to recommendations table and GRADE table, Hepatitis B vaccine birth dose. Dispo- nible sur http://who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepatitis_b/evidence_recom- mendation_table_hepb_birth_dose.pdf, consulté en juin 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "df32bc0429ead22f69a8f78fab14c5f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 124 Evidence to recommendations table and GRADE table, Hepatitis B vaccine birth dose. Dispo- nible sur http://who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepatitis_b/evidence_recom- mendation_table_hepb_birth_dose.pdf, consulté en juin 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.05, - "y0": 678.88, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 702.97 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "d32358158ac6481b47427747a77b7e45", - "text": "125 Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (IPAC) Statement Out of cold chain (OCC) and Controlled Temperature Chain (CTC) use of vaccines. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immu- nization/programmes_systems/policies_strategies/IPAC_statement_OCC_CTC_October_2016. pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "df32bc0429ead22f69a8f78fab14c5f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 125 Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (IPAC) Statement Out of cold chain (OCC) and Controlled Temperature Chain (CTC) use of vaccines. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immu- nization/programmes_systems/policies_strategies/IPAC_statement_OCC_CTC_October_2016. pdf?ua=1, consulté en mai 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.56, - "y0": 705.35, - "x1": 552.74, - "y1": 737.59 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "671af4507b04ea282698844d2ba0df80", - "text": "126 WHO, Evidence to recommendations table and GRADE table, Need for a hepatitis B vaccine booster dose following primary immunization. Disponible sur http://who.int/immunization/po- licy/position_papers/hepatitis_b/evidence_recommendation_gratable_hepb_duration.pdf, consulté en juin 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 22, - "parent_id": "df32bc0429ead22f69a8f78fab14c5f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 126 WHO, Evidence to recommendations table and GRADE table, Need for a hepatitis B vaccine booster dose following primary immunization. Disponible sur http://who.int/immunization/po- licy/position_papers/hepatitis_b/evidence_recommendation_gratable_hepb_duration.pdf, consulté en juin 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 21, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.88, - "y0": 740.63, - "x1": 551.49, - "y1": 772.7 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "3edc62e66b71bb1334e05fe6812b31c6", - "text": "For delayed or interrupted scheduling of vaccination for children, adolescent and adults, 3 doses are recom- mended, with the second dose administered at least 1 month after the first, and the third dose 6 months after the first dose. If the vaccination schedule is inter- rupted it is not necessary to restart the vaccine series.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "df32bc0429ead22f69a8f78fab14c5f7", - "text_as_html": "

    For delayed or interrupted scheduling of vaccination for children, adolescent and adults, 3 doses are recom- mended, with the second dose administered at least 1 month after the first, and the third dose 6 months after the first dose. If the vaccination schedule is inter- rupted it is not necessary to restart the vaccine series.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 56.04, - "x1": 272.46, - "y1": 121.15 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-81", - "text": "\n\n\nCatch-up vaccination\nIn countries with intermediate or low endemicity, substantial disease burden may result from acute and chronic HBV infection acquired by unvaccinated indi- viduals, many of whom may have been born prior to the adoption of universal childhood hepatitis B vaccina- tion. In these countries, implementation of routine infant immunization will produce broad population- based immunity to HBV infection and eventually prevent HBV transmission in all age groups. For catch- up vaccination priority should be given to younger age groups since the risk of chronic infection is the highest in these cohorts. Catch-up vaccination is a time-limited opportunity for prevention and should be considered based on the available resources and priority. Unvac- cinated individuals should be vaccinated with a 0, 1, 6 month schedule.\nInterchangeability and co-administration with other vaccines\nThe available hepatitis B vaccines may be used inter- changeably within immunization programmes. Hepati- tis B and other vaccines may be co-administered at different anatomical sites. In particular, monovalent hepatitis B vaccine can be co-administered with OPV and BCG at birth.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "856a18b1f285fd7733047879bba347ce", - "text": "Catch-up vaccination", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Catch-up vaccination

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.33, - "y0": 132.19, - "x1": 135.01, - "y1": 143.2 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "5275f73f3c5ee509584d66cc2413f23f", - "text": "In countries with intermediate or low endemicity, substantial disease burden may result from acute and chronic HBV infection acquired by unvaccinated indi- viduals, many of whom may have been born prior to the adoption of universal childhood hepatitis B vaccina- tion. In these countries, implementation of routine infant immunization will produce broad population- based immunity to HBV infection and eventually prevent HBV transmission in all age groups. For catch- up vaccination priority should be given to younger age groups since the risk of chronic infection is the highest in these cohorts. Catch-up vaccination is a time-limited opportunity for prevention and should be considered based on the available resources and priority. Unvac- cinated individuals should be vaccinated with a 0, 1, 6 month schedule.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "856a18b1f285fd7733047879bba347ce", - "text_as_html": "

    In countries with intermediate or low endemicity, substantial disease burden may result from acute and chronic HBV infection acquired by unvaccinated indi- viduals, many of whom may have been born prior to the adoption of universal childhood hepatitis B vaccina- tion. In these countries, implementation of routine infant immunization will produce broad population- based immunity to HBV infection and eventually prevent HBV transmission in all age groups. For catch- up vaccination priority should be given to younger age groups since the risk of chronic infection is the highest in these cohorts. Catch-up vaccination is a time-limited opportunity for prevention and should be considered based on the available resources and priority. Unvac- cinated individuals should be vaccinated with a 0, 1, 6 month schedule.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.11, - "y0": 145.9, - "x1": 272.79, - "y1": 320.83 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "a2489da69a3691dd5718059296d9a47c", - "text": "Interchangeability and co-administration with other vaccines", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "856a18b1f285fd7733047879bba347ce", - "text_as_html": "

    Interchangeability and co-administration with other vaccines

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.25, - "y0": 331.85, - "x1": 269.99, - "y1": 353.88 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "cc27e8a0408602c6c36324103ccd6ec2", - "text": "The available hepatitis B vaccines may be used inter- changeably within immunization programmes. Hepati- tis B and other vaccines may be co-administered at different anatomical sites. In particular, monovalent hepatitis B vaccine can be co-administered with OPV and BCG at birth.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "856a18b1f285fd7733047879bba347ce", - "text_as_html": "

    The available hepatitis B vaccines may be used inter- changeably within immunization programmes. Hepati- tis B and other vaccines may be co-administered at different anatomical sites. In particular, monovalent hepatitis B vaccine can be co-administered with OPV and BCG at birth.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.24, - "y0": 355.89, - "x1": 273.34, - "y1": 421.54 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-82", - "text": "\n\n\nVaccination of special groups\nVaccination of groups at highest risk of acquiring HBV infection is recommended. These include patients who frequently require blood or blood products, dialysis patients, diabetes patients, recipients of solid organ transplantation, persons with chronic liver disease including those with hepatitis C, persons with HIV infection, persons interned in prisons, injecting drug users, household and sexual contacts of persons with chronic HBV infection, men who have sex with men, persons with multiple sexual partners, as well as health- care workers and others who may be exposed to blood, blood products or other potentially infectious body fluids during their work.\nInfants with birth weight less than 2000 grams: A birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine can be given to low birth weight and premature infants. For these infants, the birth dose should not count as part of the primary 3-dose series; the 3 doses of the standard primary series should be given according to the national vaccination schedule.\nHIV-positive and immunocompromised persons: To obtain optimal immune responses to vaccination, it is essential that HIV-positive individuals are vaccinated as early as possible in the course of the HIV infection. In immunocompromised individuals, including patients with chronic renal failure, chronic liver disease, coeliac disease, and diabetes, the immune response following\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017\nEn cas de retard ou d’interruption de la vaccination chez les enfants, les adolescents et les adultes, il est recommandé d’uti- liser 3 doses, la deuxième dose devant être administrée au moins 1 mois après la première et la troisième dose 6 mois après la première. Il n’est pas nécessaire de reprendre toute la série de vaccination si le calendrier vaccinal a été interrompu.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "ffcc1224c971bbd92a76f8995f3adfb8", - "text": "Vaccination of special groups", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccination of special groups

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.53, - "y0": 430.22, - "x1": 180.75, - "y1": 442.92 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "e41af7449265f7a14e25a15fd52cee72", - "text": "Vaccination of groups at highest risk of acquiring HBV infection is recommended. These include patients who frequently require blood or blood products, dialysis patients, diabetes patients, recipients of solid organ transplantation, persons with chronic liver disease including those with hepatitis C, persons with HIV infection, persons interned in prisons, injecting drug users, household and sexual contacts of persons with chronic HBV infection, men who have sex with men, persons with multiple sexual partners, as well as health- care workers and others who may be exposed to blood, blood products or other potentially infectious body fluids during their work.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "ffcc1224c971bbd92a76f8995f3adfb8", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccination of groups at highest risk of acquiring HBV infection is recommended. These include patients who frequently require blood or blood products, dialysis patients, diabetes patients, recipients of solid organ transplantation, persons with chronic liver disease including those with hepatitis C, persons with HIV infection, persons interned in prisons, injecting drug users, household and sexual contacts of persons with chronic HBV infection, men who have sex with men, persons with multiple sexual partners, as well as health- care workers and others who may be exposed to blood, blood products or other potentially infectious body fluids during their work.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 444.89, - "x1": 273.31, - "y1": 586.81 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "53d1842def710ef11fa8af025727da44", - "text": "Infants with birth weight less than 2000 grams: A birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine can be given to low birth weight and premature infants. For these infants, the birth dose should not count as part of the primary 3-dose series; the 3 doses of the standard primary series should be given according to the national vaccination schedule.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "ffcc1224c971bbd92a76f8995f3adfb8", - "text_as_html": "

    Infants with birth weight less than 2000 grams: A birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine can be given to low birth weight and premature infants. For these infants, the birth dose should not count as part of the primary 3-dose series; the 3 doses of the standard primary series should be given according to the national vaccination schedule.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 603.85, - "x1": 273.49, - "y1": 680.44 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ffc1e095ce8424b9b14d1b33b62ef706", - "text": "HIV-positive and immunocompromised persons: To obtain optimal immune responses to vaccination, it is essential that HIV-positive individuals are vaccinated as early as possible in the course of the HIV infection. In immunocompromised individuals, including patients with chronic renal failure, chronic liver disease, coeliac disease, and diabetes, the immune response following", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "ffcc1224c971bbd92a76f8995f3adfb8", - "text_as_html": "

    HIV-positive and immunocompromised persons: To obtain optimal immune responses to vaccination, it is essential that HIV-positive individuals are vaccinated as early as possible in the course of the HIV infection. In immunocompromised individuals, including patients with chronic renal failure, chronic liver disease, coeliac disease, and diabetes, the immune response following

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.97, - "y0": 698.03, - "x1": 274.25, - "y1": 774.26 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "17edb66a747f964929d99cb0e5df6417", - "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "ffcc1224c971bbd92a76f8995f3adfb8", - "text_as_html": "

    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 27, 7 JUILLET 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.84, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 222.88, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "86c79942934ad49200aa2764663f5a61", - "text": "En cas de retard ou d’interruption de la vaccination chez les enfants, les adolescents et les adultes, il est recommandé d’uti- liser 3 doses, la deuxième dose devant être administrée au moins 1 mois après la première et la troisième dose 6 mois après la première. Il n’est pas nécessaire de reprendre toute la série de vaccination si le calendrier vaccinal a été interrompu.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "ffcc1224c971bbd92a76f8995f3adfb8", - "text_as_html": "

    En cas de retard ou d’interruption de la vaccination chez les enfants, les adolescents et les adultes, il est recommandé d’uti- liser 3 doses, la deuxième dose devant être administrée au moins 1 mois après la première et la troisième dose 6 mois après la première. Il n’est pas nécessaire de reprendre toute la série de vaccination si le calendrier vaccinal a été interrompu.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 55.68, - "x1": 552.1, - "y1": 121.3 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-83", - "text": "\n\n\nVaccination de rattrapage\nDans les pays d’endémicité faible ou intermédiaire, une charge de morbidité substantielle peut résulter d’infections à VHB aiguës et chroniques contractées par des personnes non vacci- nées, souvent nées avant l’adoption de la vaccination universelle des enfants contre l’hépatite B. Dans ces pays, la mise en œuvre de la vaccination systématique des nourrissons produira une large immunité collective contre l’infection à VHB dans la popu- lation, permettant à terme de prévenir la transmission dans toutes les tranches d’âge. La vaccination de rattrapage doit être axée en priorité sur les tranches d’âge les plus jeunes, ces cohortes étant celles où le risque d’infection chronique est le plus élevé. La vaccination de rattrapage est une occasion de prévention limitée dans le temps qui devrait être envisagée en tenant compte des ressources disponibles et du degré de prio- rité de ces activités. Les personnes non vaccinées recevront le vaccin selon un calendrier de 0, 1 et 6 mois.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "508270c1a3f08fa53b8d40bf140b5a69", - "text": "Vaccination de rattrapage", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccination de rattrapage

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.15, - "y0": 132.5, - "x1": 404.01, - "y1": 143.54 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "441829ce92e5962bfd167384c9524a35", - "text": "Dans les pays d’endémicité faible ou intermédiaire, une charge de morbidité substantielle peut résulter d’infections à VHB aiguës et chroniques contractées par des personnes non vacci- nées, souvent nées avant l’adoption de la vaccination universelle des enfants contre l’hépatite B. Dans ces pays, la mise en œuvre de la vaccination systématique des nourrissons produira une large immunité collective contre l’infection à VHB dans la popu- lation, permettant à terme de prévenir la transmission dans toutes les tranches d’âge. La vaccination de rattrapage doit être axée en priorité sur les tranches d’âge les plus jeunes, ces cohortes étant celles où le risque d’infection chronique est le plus élevé. La vaccination de rattrapage est une occasion de prévention limitée dans le temps qui devrait être envisagée en tenant compte des ressources disponibles et du degré de prio- rité de ces activités. Les personnes non vaccinées recevront le vaccin selon un calendrier de 0, 1 et 6 mois.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "508270c1a3f08fa53b8d40bf140b5a69", - "text_as_html": "

    Dans les pays d’endémicité faible ou intermédiaire, une charge de morbidité substantielle peut résulter d’infections à VHB aiguës et chroniques contractées par des personnes non vacci- nées, souvent nées avant l’adoption de la vaccination universelle des enfants contre l’hépatite B. Dans ces pays, la mise en œuvre de la vaccination systématique des nourrissons produira une large immunité collective contre l’infection à VHB dans la popu- lation, permettant à terme de prévenir la transmission dans toutes les tranches d’âge. La vaccination de rattrapage doit être axée en priorité sur les tranches d’âge les plus jeunes, ces cohortes étant celles où le risque d’infection chronique est le plus élevé. La vaccination de rattrapage est une occasion de prévention limitée dans le temps qui devrait être envisagée en tenant compte des ressources disponibles et du degré de prio- rité de ces activités. Les personnes non vaccinées recevront le vaccin selon un calendrier de 0, 1 et 6 mois.

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    Interchangeabilité et coadministration avec d’autres vaccins

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    Les vaccins anti-hépatite B disponibles peuvent être utilisés de manière interchangeable dans le cadre des programmes de vaccination. Ils peuvent être administrés en même temps que d’autres vaccins, sur des sites anatomiques différents. En parti- culier, le vaccin anti-hépatite B monovalent peut être coadmi- nistré avec le VPO et le BCG à la naissance.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 355.54, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 421.54 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-85", - "text": "\n\n\nVaccination de groupes particuliers\nIl est recommandé de vacciner les groupes présentant le plus haut risque d’infection à VHB, notamment: les patients qui ont fréquemment besoin de sang ou de produits sanguins, les patients sous dialyse, les sujets diabétiques, les bénéficiaires de transplantations d’organes solides, les personnes atteintes d’une affection hépatique chronique dont l’hépatite C, les sujets infec- tés par le VIH, les détenus, les consommateurs de drogue par injection, les contacts domestiques et sexuels de personnes présentant une infection à VHB chronique, les hommes ayant des rapports sexuels avec d’autres hommes, les personnes ayant des partenaires sexuels multiples, ainsi que les agents de santé et d’autres personnes pouvant être exposées à du sang, des produits sanguins ou d’autres liquides biologiques potentielle- ment infectieux dans le cadre de leur travail.\nNourrissons pesant moins de 2000 grammes à la naissance: Une dose de vaccin anti-hépatite B peut être administrée à la nais- sance aux nourrissons qui sont prématurés ou qui présentent une insuffisance pondérale. Chez ces nourrissons, la dose à la naissance ne doit pas être comptée parmi les 3 doses de la série de primovaccination; la série standard de 3 doses de primovac- cination doit être administrée conformément au calendrier vaccinal national.\nPersonnes positives pour le VIH et immunodéprimées: Pour obtenir une réponse immunitaire optimale à la vaccination, il est essentiel que les sujets positifs pour le VIH soient vaccinés à un stade aussi précoce que possible de l’infection à VIH. Les personnes immunodéprimées, y compris les sujets souffrant d’une insuffisance rénale chronique, d’une affection hépatique chronique, de la maladie cœliaque ou de diabète, présentent\n391\nvaccination is often reduced. For adult immunocompro- mised patients, hepatitis B vaccine adjuvanted with aluminium phosphate and monophosphoryl lipid A is available.\nPregnant and lactating women: Hepatitis B vaccine can be administered safely to pregnant and lactating women.\nHealth-care workers and others with occupational expo- sure: Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all health-care workers who have not received a complete primary series.\nTravellers: For non-immune travellers, hepatitis B vaccine should be administered according to the national schedule.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "b3a3f6197398ded113b4c378fab96d81", - "text": "Vaccination de groupes particuliers", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccination de groupes particuliers

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.01, - "y0": 430.32, - "x1": 456.98, - "y1": 442.75 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "063f5730c7daf4a08dd5aaf86a97b30d", - "text": "Il est recommandé de vacciner les groupes présentant le plus haut risque d’infection à VHB, notamment: les patients qui ont fréquemment besoin de sang ou de produits sanguins, les patients sous dialyse, les sujets diabétiques, les bénéficiaires de transplantations d’organes solides, les personnes atteintes d’une affection hépatique chronique dont l’hépatite C, les sujets infec- tés par le VIH, les détenus, les consommateurs de drogue par injection, les contacts domestiques et sexuels de personnes présentant une infection à VHB chronique, les hommes ayant des rapports sexuels avec d’autres hommes, les personnes ayant des partenaires sexuels multiples, ainsi que les agents de santé et d’autres personnes pouvant être exposées à du sang, des produits sanguins ou d’autres liquides biologiques potentielle- ment infectieux dans le cadre de leur travail.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "b3a3f6197398ded113b4c378fab96d81", - "text_as_html": "

    Il est recommandé de vacciner les groupes présentant le plus haut risque d’infection à VHB, notamment: les patients qui ont fréquemment besoin de sang ou de produits sanguins, les patients sous dialyse, les sujets diabétiques, les bénéficiaires de transplantations d’organes solides, les personnes atteintes d’une affection hépatique chronique dont l’hépatite C, les sujets infec- tés par le VIH, les détenus, les consommateurs de drogue par injection, les contacts domestiques et sexuels de personnes présentant une infection à VHB chronique, les hommes ayant des rapports sexuels avec d’autres hommes, les personnes ayant des partenaires sexuels multiples, ainsi que les agents de santé et d’autres personnes pouvant être exposées à du sang, des produits sanguins ou d’autres liquides biologiques potentielle- ment infectieux dans le cadre de leur travail.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 444.93, - "x1": 552.09, - "y1": 597.81 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "0c636308ca8ae962581ea31517987bf5", - "text": "Nourrissons pesant moins de 2000 grammes à la naissance: Une dose de vaccin anti-hépatite B peut être administrée à la nais- sance aux nourrissons qui sont prématurés ou qui présentent une insuffisance pondérale. Chez ces nourrissons, la dose à la naissance ne doit pas être comptée parmi les 3 doses de la série de primovaccination; la série standard de 3 doses de primovac- cination doit être administrée conformément au calendrier vaccinal national.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "b3a3f6197398ded113b4c378fab96d81", - "text_as_html": "

    Nourrissons pesant moins de 2000 grammes à la naissance: Une dose de vaccin anti-hépatite B peut être administrée à la nais- sance aux nourrissons qui sont prématurés ou qui présentent une insuffisance pondérale. Chez ces nourrissons, la dose à la naissance ne doit pas être comptée parmi les 3 doses de la série de primovaccination; la série standard de 3 doses de primovac- cination doit être administrée conformément au calendrier vaccinal national.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 603.86, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 691.44 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "0e841c82111facbc2ed9b68b81320b5b", - "text": "Personnes positives pour le VIH et immunodéprimées: Pour obtenir une réponse immunitaire optimale à la vaccination, il est essentiel que les sujets positifs pour le VIH soient vaccinés à un stade aussi précoce que possible de l’infection à VIH. Les personnes immunodéprimées, y compris les sujets souffrant d’une insuffisance rénale chronique, d’une affection hépatique chronique, de la maladie cœliaque ou de diabète, présentent", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "b3a3f6197398ded113b4c378fab96d81", - "text_as_html": "

    Personnes positives pour le VIH et immunodéprimées: Pour obtenir une réponse immunitaire optimale à la vaccination, il est essentiel que les sujets positifs pour le VIH soient vaccinés à un stade aussi précoce que possible de l’infection à VIH. Les personnes immunodéprimées, y compris les sujets souffrant d’une insuffisance rénale chronique, d’une affection hépatique chronique, de la maladie cœliaque ou de diabète, présentent

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 697.32, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 774.33 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "UncategorizedText", - "element_id": "b6f99d94d274ce89e196c3702fb9364e", - "text": "391", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 23, - "parent_id": "b3a3f6197398ded113b4c378fab96d81", - "text_as_html": "

    391

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 22, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.86, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.78, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "3e42d318fa78e8a8e34f55bdfeecf159", - "text": "vaccination is often reduced. For adult immunocompro- mised patients, hepatitis B vaccine adjuvanted with aluminium phosphate and monophosphoryl lipid A is available.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 24, - "parent_id": "b3a3f6197398ded113b4c378fab96d81", - "text_as_html": "

    vaccination is often reduced. For adult immunocompro- mised patients, hepatitis B vaccine adjuvanted with aluminium phosphate and monophosphoryl lipid A is available.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 23, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.58, - "y0": 55.64, - "x1": 274.12, - "y1": 99.15 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "5fb5e1a852b3fb2184a1ab9bbc9a75b6", - "text": "Pregnant and lactating women: Hepatitis B vaccine can be administered safely to pregnant and lactating women.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 24, - "parent_id": "b3a3f6197398ded113b4c378fab96d81", - "text_as_html": "

    Pregnant and lactating women: Hepatitis B vaccine can be administered safely to pregnant and lactating women.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 23, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.2, - "y0": 116.25, - "x1": 272.93, - "y1": 137.8 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "7650596986bd81c4da6468e6898d62d4", - "text": "Health-care workers and others with occupational expo- sure: Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all health-care workers who have not received a complete primary series.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 24, - "parent_id": "b3a3f6197398ded113b4c378fab96d81", - "text_as_html": "

    Health-care workers and others with occupational expo- sure: Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all health-care workers who have not received a complete primary series.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 23, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.5, - "y0": 144.59, - "x1": 274.18, - "y1": 187.44 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c38ae530f9390628af7f57eeba4ead45", - "text": "Travellers: For non-immune travellers, hepatitis B vaccine should be administered according to the national schedule.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 24, - "parent_id": "b3a3f6197398ded113b4c378fab96d81", - "text_as_html": "

    Travellers: For non-immune travellers, hepatitis B vaccine should be administered according to the national schedule.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 23, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.74, - "y0": 193.45, - "x1": 273.94, - "y1": 226.08 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-86", - "text": "\n\n\nContraindication\nAllergy to yeast is considered a contraindication to immunization with yeast-produced hepatitis B vaccine.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "0c9e698d349e78da45b07fdaa8946769", - "text": "Contraindication", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 24, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Contraindication

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 23, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.26, - "y0": 239.62, - "x1": 125.48, - "y1": 251.17 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "3e46980d614f0d0c1b7cf5602fcd7120", - "text": "Allergy to yeast is considered a contraindication to immunization with yeast-produced hepatitis B vaccine.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 24, - "parent_id": "0c9e698d349e78da45b07fdaa8946769", - "text_as_html": "

    Allergy to yeast is considered a contraindication to immunization with yeast-produced hepatitis B vaccine.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 23, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.69, - "y0": 252.73, - "x1": 272.94, - "y1": 274.63 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-87", - "text": "\n\n\nPre-vaccination and post-vaccination testing\nRoutine pre-vaccination or post-vaccination testing is not recommended. Where laboratory facilities are avail- able and pre-vaccination testing is considered cost- effective, serological testing may reduce the number of unnecessary vaccinations of people who are already immune to HBV. The following groups should be consi- dered for post-vaccination testing: (i) persons at risk of occupational exposure to HBV infection, e.g. health-care workers; (ii) infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers; (iii) chronic haemodialysis patients; (iv) HIV-positive and other immunocompromised persons; and (v) sex partners or needle-sharing partners of persons who are HBsAg-positive. Testing should be carried out 1–2 months after administration of the last dose of the vaccine series using a method that allows for a quanti- tative determination of the anti-HBs antibody level with a detection limit <10 mIU/mL.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "754033e484aec90498d77828612668d6", - "text": "Pre-vaccination and post-vaccination testing", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 24, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Pre-vaccination and post-vaccination testing

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 23, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.28, - "y0": 288.05, - "x1": 251.91, - "y1": 299.64 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "5490e0a3f4e7fe843a7f9c465af39deb", - "text": "Routine pre-vaccination or post-vaccination testing is not recommended. Where laboratory facilities are avail- able and pre-vaccination testing is considered cost- effective, serological testing may reduce the number of unnecessary vaccinations of people who are already immune to HBV. The following groups should be consi- dered for post-vaccination testing: (i) persons at risk of occupational exposure to HBV infection, e.g. health-care workers; (ii) infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers; (iii) chronic haemodialysis patients; (iv) HIV-positive and other immunocompromised persons; and (v) sex partners or needle-sharing partners of persons who are HBsAg-positive. Testing should be carried out 1–2 months after administration of the last dose of the vaccine series using a method that allows for a quanti- tative determination of the anti-HBs antibody level with a detection limit <10 mIU/mL.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 24, - "parent_id": "754033e484aec90498d77828612668d6", - "text_as_html": "

    Routine pre-vaccination or post-vaccination testing is not recommended. Where laboratory facilities are avail- able and pre-vaccination testing is considered cost- effective, serological testing may reduce the number of unnecessary vaccinations of people who are already immune to HBV. The following groups should be consi- dered for post-vaccination testing: (i) persons at risk of occupational exposure to HBV infection, e.g. health-care workers; (ii) infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers; (iii) chronic haemodialysis patients; (iv) HIV-positive and other immunocompromised persons; and (v) sex partners or needle-sharing partners of persons who are HBsAg-positive. Testing should be carried out 1–2 months after administration of the last dose of the vaccine series using a method that allows for a quanti- tative determination of the anti-HBs antibody level with a detection limit <10 mIU/mL.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 23, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.63, - "y0": 302.51, - "x1": 273.01, - "y1": 488.14 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-88", - "text": "\n\n\nMonitoring\nThe timely delivery (within 24 hours of birth) of the hepatitis B vaccine birth dose should be a performance measure for all immunization programmes, and report- ing and monitoring systems should be strengthened to improve the quality of data on the birth dose. To moni- tor accurately the delivery of doses given within 24 hours of birth, these doses should be recorded as “timely birth dose” of hepatitis B vaccine to differenti- ate them from birth doses given later (“late birth dose”).\nThe use of outcome measures is essential to monitor progress towards global control goals. Serological surveys of HBsAg prevalence, representative of the target population, will serve as the primary tool to measure the impact of vaccination and verify achieve- ment of the hepatitis B control goals.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "7297100aa0fdddca792bbce57923d4bb", - "text": "Monitoring", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 24, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Monitoring

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    The timely delivery (within 24 hours of birth) of the hepatitis B vaccine birth dose should be a performance measure for all immunization programmes, and report- ing and monitoring systems should be strengthened to improve the quality of data on the birth dose. To moni- tor accurately the delivery of doses given within 24 hours of birth, these doses should be recorded as “timely birth dose” of hepatitis B vaccine to differenti- ate them from birth doses given later (“late birth dose”).

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 23, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.41, - "y0": 526.65, - "x1": 273.54, - "y1": 624.67 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f35b6315245ff23ca38b086db4a1de17", - "text": "The use of outcome measures is essential to monitor progress towards global control goals. Serological surveys of HBsAg prevalence, representative of the target population, will serve as the primary tool to measure the impact of vaccination and verify achieve- ment of the hepatitis B control goals.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 24, - "parent_id": "7297100aa0fdddca792bbce57923d4bb", - "text_as_html": "

    The use of outcome measures is essential to monitor progress towards global control goals. Serological surveys of HBsAg prevalence, representative of the target population, will serve as the primary tool to measure the impact of vaccination and verify achieve- ment of the hepatitis B control goals.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "page": 23, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.88, - "y0": 642.15, - "x1": 273.62, - "y1": 709.02 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-89", - "text": "\n\n\nwww.who.int/wer\nEmail • send message subscribe wer-reh to listserv@who.int\nContent management & production • wantzc@who.int or werreh@who.int\n392\nsouvent une réponse immunitaire plus faible après la vacci- nation. Un vaccin anti-hépatite B contenant du phosphate d’aluminium et du lipide A monophosphorylé comme adju- vants est disponible pour la vaccination des sujets adultes immunodéprimés.\nFemmes enceintes et allaitantes: Le vaccin anti-hépatite B peut être administré sans danger aux femmes enceintes et allaitantes.\nAgents de santé et autres personnes soumises à une exposition professionnelle: La vaccination contre l’hépatite B est recom- mandée pour tous les agents de santé n’ayant pas achevé une série complète de primovaccination.\nVoyageurs: Le vaccin anti-hépatite B devrait être administré aux voyageurs non immunisés conformément au calendrier vaccinal national.", - "filename": "WER9227.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "e33cbcff7320fac5a51b8eab7cbc3580", - "text": "www.who.int/wer", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 24, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    www.who.int/wer

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    Email • send message subscribe wer-reh to listserv@who.int

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    392

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    souvent une réponse immunitaire plus faible après la vacci- nation. Un vaccin anti-hépatite B contenant du phosphate d’aluminium et du lipide A monophosphorylé comme adju- vants est disponible pour la vaccination des sujets adultes immunodéprimés.

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    Femmes enceintes et allaitantes: Le vaccin anti-hépatite B peut être administré sans danger aux femmes enceintes et allaitantes.

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    Agents de santé et autres personnes soumises à une exposition professionnelle: La vaccination contre l’hépatite B est recom- mandée pour tous les agents de santé n’ayant pas achevé une série complète de primovaccination.

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    Voyageurs: Le vaccin anti-hépatite B devrait être administré aux voyageurs non immunisés conformément au calendrier vaccinal national.

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    L’allergie aux levures est considérée comme une contre-indica- tion à l’utilisation du vaccin anti-hépatite B produit sur levure.

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    Le dépistage systématique avant ou après la vaccination n’est pas recommandé. Lorsque des installations de laboratoire adap- tées sont disponibles et que le rapport coût/efficacité du dépis- tage avant la vaccination est jugé bon, la réalisation d’un dépis- tage sérologique peut toutefois permettre de réduire le nombre de vaccinations inutiles parmi les personnes déjà immunisées contre le VHB. Le dépistage après la vaccination devrait être envisagé pour les groupes suivants: i) personnes présentant un risque d’exposition professionnelle à l’infection par le VHB, comme les agents de santé; ii) nourrissons nés de mères posi- tives pour l’AgHBs; iii) patients sous hémodialyse chronique; iv) sujets positifs pour le VIH et autres personnes immunodé- primées; et v) partenaires sexuels ou personnes partageant des aiguilles avec des sujets positifs pour l’AgHBs. Le test doit être effectué 1 à 2 mois après l’administration de la dernière dose de la série vaccinale, à l’aide d’une méthode permettant une détermination quantitative du titre d’anticorps anti-HBs avec une limite de détection <10 mUI/ml.

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    L’administration en temps utile (dans les 24 heures) de la dose à la naissance de vaccin anti-hépatite B devrait servir d’indica- teur de performance pour tous les programmes de vaccination. Il importe de renforcer les systèmes de notification et de suivi afin d’améliorer la qualité des données relatives à cette dose à la naissance. Pour favoriser un suivi convenable de la vaccination assurée dans les 24 heures suivant la naissance, ces doses de vaccin anti-hépatite B doivent être enregistrées comme «doses de naissance administrées en temps utile» afin de les distinguer des doses administrées plus tard («doses de naissance tardives»).

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    L’utilisation d’indicateurs de résultats est essentielle pour suivre les progrès réalisés vers la réalisation des objectifs mondiaux de lutte contre la maladie. Des enquêtes sérologiques sur la prévalence de l’AgHBs, représentatives de la population cible, serviront d’ins- trument principal pour mesurer l’impact de la vaccination et véri- fier la réalisation des objectifs de lutte contre l’hépatite B.

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    Email • envoyer message subscribe wer-reh à listserv@who.int Gestion du contenu & production • wantzc@who.int or werreh@who.int

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