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    In accordance with its mandate to provide guidance to Member States on health policy matters, WHO issues a series of regularly updated position papers on vaccines and combinations of vaccines against diseases that have an international public health impact. These papers are concerned primarily with the use of vaccines in large-scale immunization programmes. They summarize essential background information on diseases and vaccines and conclude with the current WHO position on the use of vaccines worldwide.

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    Conformément à son mandat, qui prévoit qu’elle conseille les États Membres en matière de politique sanitaire, l’OMS publie une série de notes de synthèse régulièrement mises à jour sur les vaccins et les associations vacci- nales contre les maladies ayant une incidence sur la santé publique internationale. Ces notes, qui portent essentiellement sur l’utilisation des vaccins dans les programmes de vaccina- tion à grande échelle, résument les informa- tions essentielles sur les maladies et les vaccins correspondants et présentent en conclusion la position actuelle de l’OMS concernant l’utili- sation de ces vaccins à l’échelle mondiale.

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    The papers are reviewed by external experts and WHO staff, and reviewed and endorsed by the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunization (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ en). The GRADE methodology is used to systematically assess the quality of the available evidence. The SAGE decision- making process is reflected in the evidence- to-recommendation table.1 A description of the processes followed for the develop- ment of vaccine position papers is avail- able at: http://www.who.int/immunization/ position_papers/position_paper_process. pdf

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    Ces notes sont examinées par des experts externes et des membres du personnel de l’OMS, puis évaluées et approuvées par le Groupe stratégique consultatif d’experts sur la vaccination (SAGE) de l’OMS (http://www.who. int/immunization/sage/fr). La méthodologie GRADE est utilisée pour évaluer de manière systématique la qualité des données dispo- nibles. Le processus de décision du SAGE est reflété dans le tableau des données à l’appui des recommandations.1 La procédure suivie pour élaborer les notes de synthèse sur les vaccins est décrite dans le document: http:// www.who.int/immunization/position_papers/ position_paper_process.pdf

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    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 0, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.62, - "y0": 680.53, - "x1": 146.16, - "y1": 688.53 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-11", - "text": "\n\n\nDE LA SANTÉ Genève\nThe position papers are intended for use mainly by national public health officials and managers of immunization programmes. They may also be of interest to international funding agencies, vaccine advisory groups, vaccine manufacturers, the medical community, the scientific media, and the general public.\nLes notes de synthèse s’adressent avant tout aux responsables nationaux de la santé publique et aux administrateurs des programmes de vaccination, mais elles peuvent également présenter un intérêt pour les orga- nismes internationaux de financement, les groupes consultatifs sur la vaccination, les fabricants de vaccins, le corps médical, les médias scientifiques et le grand public.\nAnnual subscription / Abonnement annuel Sw. fr. / Fr. s. 346.–\n08.2017 ISSN 0049-8114 Printed in Switzerland\n1 Guidance for the development of evidence-based vaccine- related recommendations. http://www.who.int/immunization/ sage/Guidelines_development_recommendations.pdf, accessed January 2017.\n1 Guidance for the development of evidence-based vaccine-related recommendations. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/sage/Guidelines_development_recommendations.pdf; consulté en janvier 2017.\n417\nThis position paper replaces the 2006 WHO position paper on diphtheria vaccine.2 It incorporates recent evidence on diphtheria and provides revised recom- mendations on the optimal number of doses and timing of diphtheria vaccination. In view of the widespread use of combination vaccines, it provides guidance on the alignment of vaccination schedules for different anti- gens included in routine childhood immunization programmes.3, 4 The recommendations concerning diph- theria vaccine booster doses later in life are also updated. Recommendations on the use of diphtheria vaccines were discussed by SAGE in April 2017;5 evidence presented at the meeting can be accessed at: http:// www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2017/april/ presentations_background_docs/en/.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "a9fac68eaf950a8debf87b4eba4adbb6", - "text": "DE LA SANTÉ Genève", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 1, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

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  • 1 Guidance for the development of evidence-based vaccine-related recommendations. Disponible sur http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/sage/Guidelines_development_recommendations.pdf; consulté en janvier 2017.
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    This position paper replaces the 2006 WHO position paper on diphtheria vaccine.2 It incorporates recent evidence on diphtheria and provides revised recom- mendations on the optimal number of doses and timing of diphtheria vaccination. In view of the widespread use of combination vaccines, it provides guidance on the alignment of vaccination schedules for different anti- gens included in routine childhood immunization programmes.3, 4 The recommendations concerning diph- theria vaccine booster doses later in life are also updated. Recommendations on the use of diphtheria vaccines were discussed by SAGE in April 2017;5 evidence presented at the meeting can be accessed at: http:// www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2017/april/ presentations_background_docs/en/.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.94, - "y0": 56.66, - "x1": 273.29, - "y1": 227.13 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-12", - "text": "\n\n\nBackground", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "72a03abc8cb50e831d530d337b9c8fd2", - "text": "Background", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Background

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    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.64, - "y0": 281.26, - "x1": 103.74, - "y1": 292.08 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f0b10f28391b108628db15035a70bd21", - "text": "Throughout history, diphtheria has been one of the most feared infectious diseases globally, which caused devastating epidemics, mainly affecting children. During major diphtheria epidemics in Europe and the United States of America (USA) in the 1880s, the case-fatality rates of respiratory diphtheria reached 50% in some areas. Case-fatality rates in Europe had dropped to about 15% during the First World War, mainly as a result of widespread use of diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) treat- ment. Diphtheria epidemics also ravaged Europe during the Second World War, causing about 1 million cases and 50 000 deaths in 1943. Diphtheria toxoid-based vaccines became available in the late 1940s in Europe and North America and were shown to reduce outbreaks in vaccinated populations. In the 1970s, before these vaccines became easily accessible and used worldwide, an estimated 1 million cases of diphtheria including 50 000–60 000 deaths occurred each year in low and middle income countries.6, 7", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "310342426bead520a36263f36905d601", - "text_as_html": "

    Throughout history, diphtheria has been one of the most feared infectious diseases globally, which caused devastating epidemics, mainly affecting children. During major diphtheria epidemics in Europe and the United States of America (USA) in the 1880s, the case-fatality rates of respiratory diphtheria reached 50% in some areas. Case-fatality rates in Europe had dropped to about 15% during the First World War, mainly as a result of widespread use of diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) treat- ment. Diphtheria epidemics also ravaged Europe during the Second World War, causing about 1 million cases and 50 000 deaths in 1943. Diphtheria toxoid-based vaccines became available in the late 1940s in Europe and North America and were shown to reduce outbreaks in vaccinated populations. In the 1970s, before these vaccines became easily accessible and used worldwide, an estimated 1 million cases of diphtheria including 50 000–60 000 deaths occurred each year in low and middle income countries.6, 7

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.72, - "y0": 294.49, - "x1": 273.74, - "y1": 511.85 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "5d3bdca5208bac62b7a073ec2d7e7198", - "text": "After the establishment of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in 1974, with diphtheria vaccine as one of the original 6 EPI vaccines, the incidence of diph- theria decreased dramatically worldwide. The total number of reported diphtheria cases was reduced by >90% during the period 1980–2000.8, 9, 10", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "310342426bead520a36263f36905d601", - "text_as_html": "

    After the establishment of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in 1974, with diphtheria vaccine as one of the original 6 EPI vaccines, the incidence of diph- theria decreased dramatically worldwide. The total number of reported diphtheria cases was reduced by >90% during the period 1980–2000.8, 9, 10

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.83, - "y0": 530.61, - "x1": 274.2, - "y1": 597.98 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "7b6f7a893d74085305342aa211261b15", - "text": "2 See No. 3, 2006, pp. 21–32.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "310342426bead520a36263f36905d601", - "text_as_html": "
  • 2 See No. 3, 2006, pp. 21–32.
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  • 3 See No. 6, 2017, pp. 53–76.
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  • 4 See No. 35, 2015, pp. 433–460.
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  • 5 See No. 22, 2017, pp. 301–320.
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  • 6 Walsh JA and Warren KS. Selective primary health care: an interim strategy for disease control in developing countries. N Engl J Med. 1979;301(18):967–974.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.37, - "y0": 666.05, - "x1": 272.31, - "y1": 681.88 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "226eef158e9cdbe86b1bd270a223d36b", - "text": "7 Tiwari TSP and Wharton M. Chapter 19: Diphtheria Toxoid. In Plotkin’s Vaccines, 2017;Seventh Edition:261–275.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "310342426bead520a36263f36905d601", - "text_as_html": "
  • 7 Tiwari TSP and Wharton M. Chapter 19: Diphtheria Toxoid. In Plotkin’s Vaccines, 2017;Seventh Edition:261–275.
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  • 8 Review of the Epidemiology of Diphtheria- 2000-2016. Available at http://www. who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2017/april/1_Final_report_Clarke_april3. pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.
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  • 9 WHO. Diphtheria reported cases. Available at http://apps.who.int/immunization_ monitoring/globalsummary/timeseries/tsincidencediphtheria.html, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.74, - "y0": 730.62, - "x1": 272.32, - "y1": 754.13 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "17cbefe2e8b36446bfa654c9b5ea1c81", - "text": "10 WHO/UNICEF. Joint Reporting Form. Available at http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/monitoring_surveillance/routine/reporting/reporting/en/, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "310342426bead520a36263f36905d601", - "text_as_html": "
  • 10 WHO/UNICEF. Joint Reporting Form. Available at http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/monitoring_surveillance/routine/reporting/reporting/en/, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.14, - "y0": 757.68, - "x1": 272.08, - "y1": 772.97 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-14", - "text": "\n\n\n418\nLa présente note de synthèse sur le vaccin antidiphtérique remplace celle qui avait été publiée par l’OMS en 2006.2 Elle présente de nouveaux éléments d’information sur la diphtérie et donne des recommandations révisées sur le nombre optimal de doses et le calendrier d’administration du vaccin antidiph- térique. Compte tenu de l’utilisation généralisée des vaccins combinés, ce document fournit également des orientations sur l’harmonisation des calendriers de vaccination pour les diffé- rents antigènes inclus dans les programmes de vaccination systématique de l’enfant.3, 4 Les recommandations relatives à l’administration des doses de rappel de vaccin antidiphtérique à un stade ultérieur de la vie ont également été actualisées. Les recommandations relatives à l’utilisation des vaccins anti- diphtériques ont été examinées par le SAGE en avril 2017;5 les éléments présentés lors de cette réunion peuvent être consul- tés à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2017/april/presentations_background_docs/en/.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "f7b2f9de0c9aa48ddac378d9405918b1", - "text": "418", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    418

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.7, - "y0": 779.16, - "x1": 57.82, - "y1": 786.59 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "364d751337b927f7b0aaf9e9533df80c", - "text": "La présente note de synthèse sur le vaccin antidiphtérique remplace celle qui avait été publiée par l’OMS en 2006.2 Elle présente de nouveaux éléments d’information sur la diphtérie et donne des recommandations révisées sur le nombre optimal de doses et le calendrier d’administration du vaccin antidiph- térique. Compte tenu de l’utilisation généralisée des vaccins combinés, ce document fournit également des orientations sur l’harmonisation des calendriers de vaccination pour les diffé- rents antigènes inclus dans les programmes de vaccination systématique de l’enfant.3, 4 Les recommandations relatives à l’administration des doses de rappel de vaccin antidiphtérique à un stade ultérieur de la vie ont également été actualisées. Les recommandations relatives à l’utilisation des vaccins anti- diphtériques ont été examinées par le SAGE en avril 2017;5 les éléments présentés lors de cette réunion peuvent être consul- tés à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2017/april/presentations_background_docs/en/.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "f7b2f9de0c9aa48ddac378d9405918b1", - "text_as_html": "

    La présente note de synthèse sur le vaccin antidiphtérique remplace celle qui avait été publiée par l’OMS en 2006.2 Elle présente de nouveaux éléments d’information sur la diphtérie et donne des recommandations révisées sur le nombre optimal de doses et le calendrier d’administration du vaccin antidiph- térique. Compte tenu de l’utilisation généralisée des vaccins combinés, ce document fournit également des orientations sur l’harmonisation des calendriers de vaccination pour les diffé- rents antigènes inclus dans les programmes de vaccination systématique de l’enfant.3, 4 Les recommandations relatives à l’administration des doses de rappel de vaccin antidiphtérique à un stade ultérieur de la vie ont également été actualisées. Les recommandations relatives à l’utilisation des vaccins anti- diphtériques ont été examinées par le SAGE en avril 2017;5 les éléments présentés lors de cette réunion peuvent être consul- tés à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2017/april/presentations_background_docs/en/.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 56.66, - "x1": 553.12, - "y1": 250.13 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-15", - "text": "\n\n\nGénéralités", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "a0f82c9917e880d7c9804f801fba8489", - "text": "Généralités", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Généralités

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 261.35, - "x1": 346.68, - "y1": 273.86 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-16", - "text": "\n\n\nÉpidémiologie\nTout au long de l’histoire, la diphtérie a compté parmi les mala- dies infectieuses les plus redoutées dans le monde, donnant lieu à des épidémies dévastatrices frappant principalement les enfants. Lors des grandes épidémies de diphtérie survenues en Europe et aux États-Unis d’Amérique dans les années 1880, les taux de létalité de la diphtérie respiratoire pouvaient atteindre 50% dans certaines régions. Ces taux avaient chuté à environ 15% en Europe au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale, principale- ment grâce à l’adoption à grande échelle du traitement par l’antitoxine diphtérique. Des épidémies de diphtérie ont égale- ment ravagé l’Europe au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, provoquant environ 1 million de cas et 50 000 décès en 1943. À la fin des années 1940, des vaccins à base d’anatoxine diphté- rique sont devenus disponibles en Europe et en Amérique du Nord et se sont montrés efficaces pour réduire les flambées parmi les populations vaccinées. Dans les années 1970, avant que ces vaccins ne deviennent aisément accessibles et ne soient utilisés à l’échelle mondiale, on estime qu’environ 1 million de cas de diphtérie, dont 50 000 à 60 000 mortels, se produisaient chaque année dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire.6, 7\nSuite à l’établissement du Programme élargi de vaccination (PEV) en 1974, qui comptait 6 vaccins initiaux dont le vaccin antidiphtérique, l’incidence de la diphtérie a baissé de manière spectaculaire à l’échelle mondiale. Le nombre total de cas noti- fiés a chuté de >90% entre 1980 et 2000.8, 9, 10\n2 Voir No 3, 2006, pp. 21-32.\n3 Voir No 6, 2017, pp. 53-76.\n4 Voir No 35, 2015, pp. 433-460.\n5 Voir No 22, 2017, pp. 301-320.\n6 Walsh JA and Warren KS. Selective primary health care: an interim strategy for disease control in developing countries. N Engl J Med. 1979;301(18):967–974.\n7 Tiwari TSP and Wharton M. Chapter 19: Diphtheria Toxoid. In Plotkin’s Vaccines, 2017;Seventh Edition:261–275.\n8 Review of the Epidemiology of Diphtheria- 2000-2016. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who. int/immunization/sage/meetings/2017/april/1_Final_report_Clarke_april3.pdf?ua=1; consulté en avril 2017.\n9 OMS. Cas notifiés de diphtérie. Données disponibles sur: http://apps.who.int/immunization_ monitoring/globalsummary/timeseries/tsincidencediphtheria.html; consulté en avril 2017.\n10 OMS/UNICEF. Formulaire de rapport commun. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/im- munization/monitoring_surveillance/routine/reporting/reporting/en/; consulté en avril 2017.\nThe largest outbreak of the recent past was reported from the Russian Federation and former Soviet Repu- blics in the 1990s. More than 157 000 cases and 5000 deaths were reported during 1990–1998.11\nDiphtheria remains a significant health problem in countries with poor routine vaccination coverage. The annual number of reported cases of diphtheria (labora- tory or clinically confirmed or epidemiologically linked) has remained relatively unchanged over the 11 years. According to the most recent estimate, 86% of children worldwide receive the recommended 3 doses of diphtheria-containing vaccine in the infant schedule, leaving 14% with no or incomplete vaccination. There are pockets of unvaccinated children in all countries.12 Case-fatality rates exceeding 10% have been reported, in particular where DAT is unavailable.13 In regions with temperate climates, most cases occur during the cold season, whereas in warmer climates transmission takes place throughout the year. last\nIn the period 2011–2015, India had the largest total number of reported cases each year, with a 5-year total of 18 350 cases, followed by Indonesia and Madagascar with 3203 and 1633 reported cases respectively. The South-East Asia Region was the source of 55–99% of all reported cases each year during this period. The analy- sis further showed a significant under-reporting of cases to WHO, particularly from the African and East- ern Mediterranean Regions. The true burden of disease is therefore likely to be greater than reported.\nA recent review of diphtheria epidemiology showed that among cases with information on age, the age distribu- tion shifts and the majority of cases occur in adoles- cents and adults, reflecting the decline in incidence due to increasing vaccination coverage in children. In high incidence countries (≥10 cases per year in ≥3 years during 2000–2015) 40% were aged >15 years while in low incidence countries (<10 cases per year in ≥3 years during 2000–2015) 66% of cases were aged >15 years. Among cases with known vaccination status most were unvaccinated, and a lower proportion were incompletely vaccinated; very few cases had received ≥5 vaccine doses.8\nAfter the introduction of a primary series of childhood diphtheria vaccination in a population where diphtheria is endemic, 2 epidemiologic stages have been described. In the first stage, disease incidence shifts from predom- inantly pre-school pattern to a greater proportion of cases in school-age children. In the second stage, cases are seen primarily in adolescents and young adults aged >15 years.14 Infection in infants younger than 6 months\n11 Dittmann S et al. Successful control of epidemic diphtheria in the states of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Lessons learned. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(1):S10-S22.\n12 World Health Organization. Immunization coverage fact sheet. Available at http:// www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs378/en/, accessed June 2017.\n13 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemiology and Prevention of Vac- cine-Preventable Diseases, 13th Edition, Immunology and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases – Pink Book – Diphtheria. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/ pubs/pinkbook/downloads/dip.pdf,accessed June 2017.\n14 Galazka A. The Changing Epidemiology of Diphtheria in the Vaccine Era. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl 1):52–59.\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017\nLa plus grande flambée enregistrée récemment est celle qui a sévi en Fédération de Russie et dans les pays de l’ancienne Union soviétique dans les années 1990. Plus de 157 000 cas, dont 5000 mortels, ont été signalés dans la période 1990-1998.11\nLa diphtérie demeure un problème de santé important dans les pays où la couverture de la vaccination systématique est faible. Le nombre annuel de cas de diphtérie notifiés (confirmés par laboratoire, par compatibilité clinique ou par lien épidémiolo- gique) est resté relativement inchangé au cours des 11 dernières années. Selon les estimations les plus récentes, 86% des enfants du monde reçoivent les 3 doses de vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique recommandées dans le calendrier vaccinal des nour- rissons, les 14% restants étant soit non vaccinés, soit partielle- ment vaccinés. On relève dans tous les pays des poches dans lesquelles les enfants ne sont pas vaccinés.12 Des taux de létalité dépassant 10% ont été signalés, en particulier dans les zones où le traitement par l’antitoxine diphtérique n’est pas disponible.13 Dans les régions de climat tempéré, la plupart des cas se produisent durant la saison froide, tandis que dans les climats plus chauds, la transmission a lieu tout au long de l’année.\nDans la période 2011-2015, l’Inde a été le pays signalant le plus grand nombre annuel de cas, avec un total de 18 350 cas sur 5 ans, suivi de l’Indonésie et de Madagascar, qui ont notifié respectivement 3203 et 1633 cas. La Région de l’Asie du Sud-Est compte 55-99% de tous les cas notifiés chaque année durant cette période. L’analyse des données révèle en outre une sous- notification considérable des cas à l’OMS, en particulier dans la Région africaine et la Région de la Méditerranée orientale. La charge de morbidité réelle de la diphtérie est donc proba- blement plus importante que les notifications l’indiquent.\nUne récente analyse épidémiologique de la diphtérie montre que parmi les cas dont l’âge a été renseigné, la répartition selon l’âge évolue, avec une majorité de cas chez les adolescents et les adultes, ce qui est révélateur du déclin de l’incidence suite à l’augmentation de la couverture vaccinale chez les enfants. La proportion de cas âgés de >15 ans s’établissait à 40% dans les pays à forte incidence (≥10 cas par an pendant ≥3 ans dans la période 2000-2015), tandis qu’elle s’élevait à 66% dans les pays de faible incidence (<10 cas par an pendant ≥3 ans dans la période 2000-2015). Parmi les cas dont le statut vaccinal était connu, la plupart n’étaient pas vaccinés, et une proportion plus faible était partiellement vaccinée; très peu de cas avaient reçu ≥5 doses de vaccin.8\nDeux phases épidémiologiques ont été décrites après l’introduc- tion d’une série de primovaccination antidiphtérique chez l’en- fant dans les zones d’endémie. Dans la première phase, on constate une évolution de l’incidence de la maladie qui, au lieu de rester prédominante chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire, se caractérise par une proportion accrue de cas parmi les enfants d’âge scolaire. Dans la deuxième phase, la majorité des cas sont des adolescents et des jeunes adultes de >15 ans.14 Protégés par\n11 Dittmann S et al. Successful control of epidemic diphtheria in the states of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Lessons learned. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(1):S10-S22.\n12 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Aide-mémoire sur la couverture vaccinale. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs378/en/; consulté en juin 2017.\n13 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preven- table Diseases, 13th Edition, Immunology and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases – Pink Book – Diphtheria. Disponible à l’adresse: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/ dip.pdf; consulté en juin 2017.\n14 Galazka A. The Changing Epidemiology of Diphtheria in the Vaccine Era. J Infect Dis. 2000; 181(Suppl 1):52–59.\n419\nis rare due to the presence of maternal antibodies. In the pre-vaccination era, no gender differences in inci- dence were observed. However, a higher incidence in women was reported in several outbreaks among adults in the 1940s and a female predominance was also observed in the outbreak in the Russian Federation and other countries of the former Soviet Union in the 1990s. This gender imbalance may reflect lower susceptibility among men vaccinated during military service and/ or a higher rate of injury in men who then receive combined diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.7\nThe control of diphtheria is based on primary preven- tion of disease by ensuring high population immunity through vaccination, and secondary prevention of spread by the rapid investigation of close contacts to ensure prompt treatment of those infected.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text": "Épidémiologie", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Épidémiologie

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 279.53, - "x1": 355.06, - "y1": 292.28 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "67c68fa8d68e3645c6bd2c62df6827ea", - "text": "Tout au long de l’histoire, la diphtérie a compté parmi les mala- dies infectieuses les plus redoutées dans le monde, donnant lieu à des épidémies dévastatrices frappant principalement les enfants. Lors des grandes épidémies de diphtérie survenues en Europe et aux États-Unis d’Amérique dans les années 1880, les taux de létalité de la diphtérie respiratoire pouvaient atteindre 50% dans certaines régions. Ces taux avaient chuté à environ 15% en Europe au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale, principale- ment grâce à l’adoption à grande échelle du traitement par l’antitoxine diphtérique. Des épidémies de diphtérie ont égale- ment ravagé l’Europe au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, provoquant environ 1 million de cas et 50 000 décès en 1943. À la fin des années 1940, des vaccins à base d’anatoxine diphté- rique sont devenus disponibles en Europe et en Amérique du Nord et se sont montrés efficaces pour réduire les flambées parmi les populations vaccinées. Dans les années 1970, avant que ces vaccins ne deviennent aisément accessibles et ne soient utilisés à l’échelle mondiale, on estime qu’environ 1 million de cas de diphtérie, dont 50 000 à 60 000 mortels, se produisaient chaque année dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire.6, 7", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "

    Tout au long de l’histoire, la diphtérie a compté parmi les mala- dies infectieuses les plus redoutées dans le monde, donnant lieu à des épidémies dévastatrices frappant principalement les enfants. Lors des grandes épidémies de diphtérie survenues en Europe et aux États-Unis d’Amérique dans les années 1880, les taux de létalité de la diphtérie respiratoire pouvaient atteindre 50% dans certaines régions. Ces taux avaient chuté à environ 15% en Europe au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale, principale- ment grâce à l’adoption à grande échelle du traitement par l’antitoxine diphtérique. Des épidémies de diphtérie ont égale- ment ravagé l’Europe au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, provoquant environ 1 million de cas et 50 000 décès en 1943. À la fin des années 1940, des vaccins à base d’anatoxine diphté- rique sont devenus disponibles en Europe et en Amérique du Nord et se sont montrés efficaces pour réduire les flambées parmi les populations vaccinées. Dans les années 1970, avant que ces vaccins ne deviennent aisément accessibles et ne soient utilisés à l’échelle mondiale, on estime qu’environ 1 million de cas de diphtérie, dont 50 000 à 60 000 mortels, se produisaient chaque année dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire.6, 7

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 294.65, - "x1": 553.23, - "y1": 523.35 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "aad97dab238fffec993c883bac477be8", - "text": "Suite à l’établissement du Programme élargi de vaccination (PEV) en 1974, qui comptait 6 vaccins initiaux dont le vaccin antidiphtérique, l’incidence de la diphtérie a baissé de manière spectaculaire à l’échelle mondiale. Le nombre total de cas noti- fiés a chuté de >90% entre 1980 et 2000.8, 9, 10", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "

    Suite à l’établissement du Programme élargi de vaccination (PEV) en 1974, qui comptait 6 vaccins initiaux dont le vaccin antidiphtérique, l’incidence de la diphtérie a baissé de manière spectaculaire à l’échelle mondiale. Le nombre total de cas noti- fiés a chuté de >90% entre 1980 et 2000.8, 9, 10

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 530.31, - "x1": 552.31, - "y1": 586.49 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "551c11815d07cc2299d120994c7ea0d8", - "text": "2 Voir No 3, 2006, pp. 21-32.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 2 Voir No 3, 2006, pp. 21-32.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.17, - "y0": 622.43, - "x1": 371.05, - "y1": 630.7 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "aa660824d3926854c54b98c1fcbdad3a", - "text": "3 Voir No 6, 2017, pp. 53-76.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 3 Voir No 6, 2017, pp. 53-76.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.57, - "y0": 632.78, - "x1": 372.73, - "y1": 641.45 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "f8c9b7974b7dc64a93ff23f6e9258618", - "text": "4 Voir No 35, 2015, pp. 433-460.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 4 Voir No 35, 2015, pp. 433-460.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.29, - "y0": 644.02, - "x1": 382.23, - "y1": 652.57 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ccff1c4a50440e2f759fc1de467e1c0b", - "text": "5 Voir No 22, 2017, pp. 301-320.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 5 Voir No 22, 2017, pp. 301-320.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.44, - "y0": 655.0, - "x1": 382.81, - "y1": 663.11 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "9d754c4718b0c79802cebb9cf4ff421c", - "text": "6 Walsh JA and Warren KS. Selective primary health care: an interim strategy for disease control in developing countries. N Engl J Med. 1979;301(18):967–974.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 6 Walsh JA and Warren KS. Selective primary health care: an interim strategy for disease control in developing countries. N Engl J Med. 1979;301(18):967–974.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.29, - "y0": 665.59, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 681.99 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "929e450339dd9a97730a2e3981438b84", - "text": "7 Tiwari TSP and Wharton M. Chapter 19: Diphtheria Toxoid. In Plotkin’s Vaccines, 2017;Seventh Edition:261–275.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 7 Tiwari TSP and Wharton M. Chapter 19: Diphtheria Toxoid. In Plotkin’s Vaccines, 2017;Seventh Edition:261–275.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.66, - "y0": 684.25, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 701.11 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "03beb1df168d96834270484b2384d882", - "text": "8 Review of the Epidemiology of Diphtheria- 2000-2016. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who. int/immunization/sage/meetings/2017/april/1_Final_report_Clarke_april3.pdf?ua=1; consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 8 Review of the Epidemiology of Diphtheria- 2000-2016. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who. int/immunization/sage/meetings/2017/april/1_Final_report_Clarke_april3.pdf?ua=1; consulté en avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.66, - "y0": 703.16, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 728.16 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "7dfe6701d27412a6af0b7282ab99ce31", - "text": "9 OMS. Cas notifiés de diphtérie. Données disponibles sur: http://apps.who.int/immunization_ monitoring/globalsummary/timeseries/tsincidencediphtheria.html; consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 9 OMS. Cas notifiés de diphtérie. Données disponibles sur: http://apps.who.int/immunization_ monitoring/globalsummary/timeseries/tsincidencediphtheria.html; consulté en avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.61, - "y0": 730.26, - "x1": 549.78, - "y1": 746.2 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "c0ffbc724c9d085c6fb663a34397a3d4", - "text": "10 OMS/UNICEF. Formulaire de rapport commun. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/im- munization/monitoring_surveillance/routine/reporting/reporting/en/; consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 2, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 10 OMS/UNICEF. Formulaire de rapport commun. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/im- munization/monitoring_surveillance/routine/reporting/reporting/en/; consulté en avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 1, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.61, - "y0": 757.5, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 772.97 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "b94a394f239b6b74307f287c34b86576", - "text": "The largest outbreak of the recent past was reported from the Russian Federation and former Soviet Repu- blics in the 1990s. More than 157 000 cases and 5000 deaths were reported during 1990–1998.11", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "

    The largest outbreak of the recent past was reported from the Russian Federation and former Soviet Repu- blics in the 1990s. More than 157 000 cases and 5000 deaths were reported during 1990–1998.11

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.67, - "y0": 56.07, - "x1": 272.57, - "y1": 100.05 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "5f00d8dfd03064abd3524b5efe804ac1", - "text": "Diphtheria remains a significant health problem in countries with poor routine vaccination coverage. The annual number of reported cases of diphtheria (labora- tory or clinically confirmed or epidemiologically linked) has remained relatively unchanged over the 11 years. According to the most recent estimate, 86% of children worldwide receive the recommended 3 doses of diphtheria-containing vaccine in the infant schedule, leaving 14% with no or incomplete vaccination. There are pockets of unvaccinated children in all countries.12 Case-fatality rates exceeding 10% have been reported, in particular where DAT is unavailable.13 In regions with temperate climates, most cases occur during the cold season, whereas in warmer climates transmission takes place throughout the year. last", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "

    Diphtheria remains a significant health problem in countries with poor routine vaccination coverage. The annual number of reported cases of diphtheria (labora- tory or clinically confirmed or epidemiologically linked) has remained relatively unchanged over the 11 years. According to the most recent estimate, 86% of children worldwide receive the recommended 3 doses of diphtheria-containing vaccine in the infant schedule, leaving 14% with no or incomplete vaccination. There are pockets of unvaccinated children in all countries.12 Case-fatality rates exceeding 10% have been reported, in particular where DAT is unavailable.13 In regions with temperate climates, most cases occur during the cold season, whereas in warmer climates transmission takes place throughout the year. last

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 105.91, - "x1": 272.46, - "y1": 273.77 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "4d18d83690ac165c23e015445a4ae49b", - "text": "In the period 2011–2015, India had the largest total number of reported cases each year, with a 5-year total of 18 350 cases, followed by Indonesia and Madagascar with 3203 and 1633 reported cases respectively. The South-East Asia Region was the source of 55–99% of all reported cases each year during this period. The analy- sis further showed a significant under-reporting of cases to WHO, particularly from the African and East- ern Mediterranean Regions. The true burden of disease is therefore likely to be greater than reported.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "

    In the period 2011–2015, India had the largest total number of reported cases each year, with a 5-year total of 18 350 cases, followed by Indonesia and Madagascar with 3203 and 1633 reported cases respectively. The South-East Asia Region was the source of 55–99% of all reported cases each year during this period. The analy- sis further showed a significant under-reporting of cases to WHO, particularly from the African and East- ern Mediterranean Regions. The true burden of disease is therefore likely to be greater than reported.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.05, - "y0": 290.28, - "x1": 272.87, - "y1": 402.3 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "a9838e7e598285218d324095b85b4915", - "text": "A recent review of diphtheria epidemiology showed that among cases with information on age, the age distribu- tion shifts and the majority of cases occur in adoles- cents and adults, reflecting the decline in incidence due to increasing vaccination coverage in children. In high incidence countries (≥10 cases per year in ≥3 years during 2000–2015) 40% were aged >15 years while in low incidence countries (<10 cases per year in ≥3 years during 2000–2015) 66% of cases were aged >15 years. Among cases with known vaccination status most were unvaccinated, and a lower proportion were incompletely vaccinated; very few cases had received ≥5 vaccine doses.8", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "

    A recent review of diphtheria epidemiology showed that among cases with information on age, the age distribu- tion shifts and the majority of cases occur in adoles- cents and adults, reflecting the decline in incidence due to increasing vaccination coverage in children. In high incidence countries (≥10 cases per year in ≥3 years during 2000–2015) 40% were aged >15 years while in low incidence countries (<10 cases per year in ≥3 years during 2000–2015) 66% of cases were aged >15 years. Among cases with known vaccination status most were unvaccinated, and a lower proportion were incompletely vaccinated; very few cases had received ≥5 vaccine doses.8

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.73, - "y0": 408.94, - "x1": 272.93, - "y1": 554.83 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "9a72ff6a7ca198810631e616d9660acf", - "text": "After the introduction of a primary series of childhood diphtheria vaccination in a population where diphtheria is endemic, 2 epidemiologic stages have been described. In the first stage, disease incidence shifts from predom- inantly pre-school pattern to a greater proportion of cases in school-age children. In the second stage, cases are seen primarily in adolescents and young adults aged >15 years.14 Infection in infants younger than 6 months", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "

    After the introduction of a primary series of childhood diphtheria vaccination in a population where diphtheria is endemic, 2 epidemiologic stages have been described. In the first stage, disease incidence shifts from predom- inantly pre-school pattern to a greater proportion of cases in school-age children. In the second stage, cases are seen primarily in adolescents and young adults aged >15 years.14 Infection in infants younger than 6 months

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.32, - "y0": 561.58, - "x1": 272.47, - "y1": 650.86 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "534195a264554baa90a7525ee9c4295c", - "text": "11 Dittmann S et al. Successful control of epidemic diphtheria in the states of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Lessons learned. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(1):S10-S22.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 11 Dittmann S et al. Successful control of epidemic diphtheria in the states of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Lessons learned. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(1):S10-S22.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.28, - "y0": 676.76, - "x1": 272.83, - "y1": 700.57 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "170d18b0600a228dcd38047a1d98da97", - "text": "12 World Health Organization. Immunization coverage fact sheet. Available at http:// www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs378/en/, accessed June 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 12 World Health Organization. Immunization coverage fact sheet. Available at http:// www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs378/en/, accessed June 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.16, - "y0": 703.1, - "x1": 272.63, - "y1": 719.62 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "89b22302123053d64ee969bad0592a67", - "text": "13 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemiology and Prevention of Vac- cine-Preventable Diseases, 13th Edition, Immunology and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases – Pink Book – Diphtheria. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/ pubs/pinkbook/downloads/dip.pdf,accessed June 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 13 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemiology and Prevention of Vac- cine-Preventable Diseases, 13th Edition, Immunology and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases – Pink Book – Diphtheria. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/ pubs/pinkbook/downloads/dip.pdf,accessed June 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.82, - "y0": 722.3, - "x1": 273.69, - "y1": 754.32 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ebc957eb080b7e742eebd9b42d5e0bd6", - "text": "14 Galazka A. The Changing Epidemiology of Diphtheria in the Vaccine Era. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl 1):52–59.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 14 Galazka A. The Changing Epidemiology of Diphtheria in the Vaccine Era. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl 1):52–59.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.28, - "y0": 756.8, - "x1": 271.86, - "y1": 773.42 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "2e9ce8f7b20eb9af8414b732c2340cea", - "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.95, - "y0": 779.19, - "x1": 218.24, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ec5018a816ee2ff31cec39ad45e71f33", - "text": "La plus grande flambée enregistrée récemment est celle qui a sévi en Fédération de Russie et dans les pays de l’ancienne Union soviétique dans les années 1990. Plus de 157 000 cas, dont 5000 mortels, ont été signalés dans la période 1990-1998.11", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "

    La plus grande flambée enregistrée récemment est celle qui a sévi en Fédération de Russie et dans les pays de l’ancienne Union soviétique dans les années 1990. Plus de 157 000 cas, dont 5000 mortels, ont été signalés dans la période 1990-1998.11

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 56.0, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 100.05 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "e2359c7dfc585ef20540bff5e6b517ff", - "text": "La diphtérie demeure un problème de santé important dans les pays où la couverture de la vaccination systématique est faible. Le nombre annuel de cas de diphtérie notifiés (confirmés par laboratoire, par compatibilité clinique ou par lien épidémiolo- gique) est resté relativement inchangé au cours des 11 dernières années. Selon les estimations les plus récentes, 86% des enfants du monde reçoivent les 3 doses de vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique recommandées dans le calendrier vaccinal des nour- rissons, les 14% restants étant soit non vaccinés, soit partielle- ment vaccinés. On relève dans tous les pays des poches dans lesquelles les enfants ne sont pas vaccinés.12 Des taux de létalité dépassant 10% ont été signalés, en particulier dans les zones où le traitement par l’antitoxine diphtérique n’est pas disponible.13 Dans les régions de climat tempéré, la plupart des cas se produisent durant la saison froide, tandis que dans les climats plus chauds, la transmission a lieu tout au long de l’année.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "

    La diphtérie demeure un problème de santé important dans les pays où la couverture de la vaccination systématique est faible. Le nombre annuel de cas de diphtérie notifiés (confirmés par laboratoire, par compatibilité clinique ou par lien épidémiolo- gique) est resté relativement inchangé au cours des 11 dernières années. Selon les estimations les plus récentes, 86% des enfants du monde reçoivent les 3 doses de vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique recommandées dans le calendrier vaccinal des nour- rissons, les 14% restants étant soit non vaccinés, soit partielle- ment vaccinés. On relève dans tous les pays des poches dans lesquelles les enfants ne sont pas vaccinés.12 Des taux de létalité dépassant 10% ont été signalés, en particulier dans les zones où le traitement par l’antitoxine diphtérique n’est pas disponible.13 Dans les régions de climat tempéré, la plupart des cas se produisent durant la saison froide, tandis que dans les climats plus chauds, la transmission a lieu tout au long de l’année.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 105.87, - "x1": 552.09, - "y1": 285.07 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "6250721e056332b77d5d1e8f3e57feba", - "text": "Dans la période 2011-2015, l’Inde a été le pays signalant le plus grand nombre annuel de cas, avec un total de 18 350 cas sur 5 ans, suivi de l’Indonésie et de Madagascar, qui ont notifié respectivement 3203 et 1633 cas. La Région de l’Asie du Sud-Est compte 55-99% de tous les cas notifiés chaque année durant cette période. L’analyse des données révèle en outre une sous- notification considérable des cas à l’OMS, en particulier dans la Région africaine et la Région de la Méditerranée orientale. La charge de morbidité réelle de la diphtérie est donc proba- blement plus importante que les notifications l’indiquent.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "

    Dans la période 2011-2015, l’Inde a été le pays signalant le plus grand nombre annuel de cas, avec un total de 18 350 cas sur 5 ans, suivi de l’Indonésie et de Madagascar, qui ont notifié respectivement 3203 et 1633 cas. La Région de l’Asie du Sud-Est compte 55-99% de tous les cas notifiés chaque année durant cette période. L’analyse des données révèle en outre une sous- notification considérable des cas à l’OMS, en particulier dans la Région africaine et la Région de la Méditerranée orientale. La charge de morbidité réelle de la diphtérie est donc proba- blement plus importante que les notifications l’indiquent.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 290.15, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 402.3 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "10b8bda1cdc7615595df799cee920153", - "text": "Une récente analyse épidémiologique de la diphtérie montre que parmi les cas dont l’âge a été renseigné, la répartition selon l’âge évolue, avec une majorité de cas chez les adolescents et les adultes, ce qui est révélateur du déclin de l’incidence suite à l’augmentation de la couverture vaccinale chez les enfants. La proportion de cas âgés de >15 ans s’établissait à 40% dans les pays à forte incidence (≥10 cas par an pendant ≥3 ans dans la période 2000-2015), tandis qu’elle s’élevait à 66% dans les pays de faible incidence (<10 cas par an pendant ≥3 ans dans la période 2000-2015). Parmi les cas dont le statut vaccinal était connu, la plupart n’étaient pas vaccinés, et une proportion plus faible était partiellement vaccinée; très peu de cas avaient reçu ≥5 doses de vaccin.8", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "

    Une récente analyse épidémiologique de la diphtérie montre que parmi les cas dont l’âge a été renseigné, la répartition selon l’âge évolue, avec une majorité de cas chez les adolescents et les adultes, ce qui est révélateur du déclin de l’incidence suite à l’augmentation de la couverture vaccinale chez les enfants. La proportion de cas âgés de >15 ans s’établissait à 40% dans les pays à forte incidence (≥10 cas par an pendant ≥3 ans dans la période 2000-2015), tandis qu’elle s’élevait à 66% dans les pays de faible incidence (<10 cas par an pendant ≥3 ans dans la période 2000-2015). Parmi les cas dont le statut vaccinal était connu, la plupart n’étaient pas vaccinés, et une proportion plus faible était partiellement vaccinée; très peu de cas avaient reçu ≥5 doses de vaccin.8

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 408.61, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 554.83 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "9077cb8465fabacf71fabd5f3f6f0137", - "text": "Deux phases épidémiologiques ont été décrites après l’introduc- tion d’une série de primovaccination antidiphtérique chez l’en- fant dans les zones d’endémie. Dans la première phase, on constate une évolution de l’incidence de la maladie qui, au lieu de rester prédominante chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire, se caractérise par une proportion accrue de cas parmi les enfants d’âge scolaire. Dans la deuxième phase, la majorité des cas sont des adolescents et des jeunes adultes de >15 ans.14 Protégés par", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "

    Deux phases épidémiologiques ont été décrites après l’introduc- tion d’une série de primovaccination antidiphtérique chez l’en- fant dans les zones d’endémie. Dans la première phase, on constate une évolution de l’incidence de la maladie qui, au lieu de rester prédominante chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire, se caractérise par une proportion accrue de cas parmi les enfants d’âge scolaire. Dans la deuxième phase, la majorité des cas sont des adolescents et des jeunes adultes de >15 ans.14 Protégés par

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 561.1, - "x1": 552.49, - "y1": 650.86 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "bdd4071ea95462d0ff395b39d2ed6478", - "text": "11 Dittmann S et al. Successful control of epidemic diphtheria in the states of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Lessons learned. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(1):S10-S22.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 11 Dittmann S et al. Successful control of epidemic diphtheria in the states of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Lessons learned. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(1):S10-S22.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.28, - "y0": 676.09, - "x1": 551.48, - "y1": 693.0 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "a9e5e1ca440aa168899d09178ff8c415", - "text": "12 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Aide-mémoire sur la couverture vaccinale. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs378/en/; consulté en juin 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 12 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Aide-mémoire sur la couverture vaccinale. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs378/en/; consulté en juin 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.58, - "y0": 702.83, - "x1": 552.66, - "y1": 719.55 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "b6dc025ee977572b1e8a65fa0fd64c7b", - "text": "13 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preven- table Diseases, 13th Edition, Immunology and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases – Pink Book – Diphtheria. Disponible à l’adresse: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/ dip.pdf; consulté en juin 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 13 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preven- table Diseases, 13th Edition, Immunology and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases – Pink Book – Diphtheria. Disponible à l’adresse: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/ dip.pdf; consulté en juin 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.89, - "y0": 722.25, - "x1": 551.45, - "y1": 754.07 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ef48801369be1fb3f73c7786f894d192", - "text": "14 Galazka A. The Changing Epidemiology of Diphtheria in the Vaccine Era. J Infect Dis. 2000; 181(Suppl 1):52–59.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "
  • 14 Galazka A. The Changing Epidemiology of Diphtheria in the Vaccine Era. J Infect Dis. 2000; 181(Suppl 1):52–59.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.8, - "y0": 757.07, - "x1": 551.47, - "y1": 773.73 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "UncategorizedText", - "element_id": "3a9713f0d8cb044d41e6b1690f047f4a", - "text": "419", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 3, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "

    419

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 2, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.85, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c24b17a17219aad2d1478f5a422b5a10", - "text": "is rare due to the presence of maternal antibodies. In the pre-vaccination era, no gender differences in inci- dence were observed. However, a higher incidence in women was reported in several outbreaks among adults in the 1940s and a female predominance was also observed in the outbreak in the Russian Federation and other countries of the former Soviet Union in the 1990s. This gender imbalance may reflect lower susceptibility among men vaccinated during military service and/ or a higher rate of injury in men who then receive combined diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.7", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "

    is rare due to the presence of maternal antibodies. In the pre-vaccination era, no gender differences in inci- dence were observed. However, a higher incidence in women was reported in several outbreaks among adults in the 1940s and a female predominance was also observed in the outbreak in the Russian Federation and other countries of the former Soviet Union in the 1990s. This gender imbalance may reflect lower susceptibility among men vaccinated during military service and/ or a higher rate of injury in men who then receive combined diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.7

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.21, - "y0": 56.63, - "x1": 272.94, - "y1": 179.14 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "7fbf94509e4fe6ddb417b0cf046e8f9b", - "text": "The control of diphtheria is based on primary preven- tion of disease by ensuring high population immunity through vaccination, and secondary prevention of spread by the rapid investigation of close contacts to ensure prompt treatment of those infected.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "e57244b9d6ea6008250c5d2220ac48f7", - "text_as_html": "

    The control of diphtheria is based on primary preven- tion of disease by ensuring high population immunity through vaccination, and secondary prevention of spread by the rapid investigation of close contacts to ensure prompt treatment of those infected.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.87, - "y0": 209.18, - "x1": 273.95, - "y1": 263.87 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-17", - "text": "\n\n\nPathogen\nCorynebacterium is a genus of gram-positive bacteria. Various species of the genus Corynebacterium exist. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a club-shaped facultative anaerobic species that exists in 4 biotypes (gravis, mitis, belfanti and intermedius). The 4 biotypes differ slightly in their colonial morphol- ogy and biochemical parameters, but no consistent differences have been found in the prevalence or the severity of disease caused by the different types.7\nThe most important virulence factor of C. diphtheriae is the diphtheria toxin, its exotoxin. This is encoded by a highly conserved sequence of the tox gene of the ß-corynebacteriophage, which is integrated in the circu- lar bacterial chromosome. The exotoxin consists of 2 fragments: A and B. Following attachment mediated by the non-toxic B fragment and penetration of the host cell, the highly toxic fragment A is detached, and inhib- its protein synthesis leading to cell death. Outside the host cell, the exotoxin is relatively inactive. In addition to the bacterial exotoxin, cell-wall components such as the O- and K-antigens are important in the pathogen- esis of the disease.\nThe ß-corynebacteriophage can infect nontoxigenic strains of 2 other species of Corynebacterium, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis, which leads to production of the diphtheria toxin and transformation to a toxigenic strain.7 Both are zoonotic agents without documented human-to-human transmission. Humans are the natural host for C. diphtheriae, although it has been occasion- ally isolated from cattle15 and horses.16", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "5c51347d81b52826f4c7995f82ff1d47", - "text": "Pathogen", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Pathogen

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.05, - "y0": 287.55, - "x1": 86.41, - "y1": 297.56 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "1deafa432945f9517278b8eea33aed2f", - "text": "Corynebacterium is a genus of gram-positive bacteria. Various species of the genus Corynebacterium exist. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a club-shaped facultative anaerobic species that exists in 4 biotypes (gravis, mitis, belfanti and intermedius). The 4 biotypes differ slightly in their colonial morphol- ogy and biochemical parameters, but no consistent differences have been found in the prevalence or the severity of disease caused by the different types.7", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "5c51347d81b52826f4c7995f82ff1d47", - "text_as_html": "

    Corynebacterium is a genus of gram-positive bacteria. Various species of the genus Corynebacterium exist. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a club-shaped facultative anaerobic species that exists in 4 biotypes (gravis, mitis, belfanti and intermedius). The 4 biotypes differ slightly in their colonial morphol- ogy and biochemical parameters, but no consistent differences have been found in the prevalence or the severity of disease caused by the different types.7

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.25, - "y0": 300.15, - "x1": 273.69, - "y1": 400.87 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "482aa0a410135288b8795177a9f6a6aa", - "text": "The most important virulence factor of C. diphtheriae is the diphtheria toxin, its exotoxin. This is encoded by a highly conserved sequence of the tox gene of the ß-corynebacteriophage, which is integrated in the circu- lar bacterial chromosome. The exotoxin consists of 2 fragments: A and B. Following attachment mediated by the non-toxic B fragment and penetration of the host cell, the highly toxic fragment A is detached, and inhib- its protein synthesis leading to cell death. Outside the host cell, the exotoxin is relatively inactive. In addition to the bacterial exotoxin, cell-wall components such as the O- and K-antigens are important in the pathogen- esis of the disease.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "5c51347d81b52826f4c7995f82ff1d47", - "text_as_html": "

    The most important virulence factor of C. diphtheriae is the diphtheria toxin, its exotoxin. This is encoded by a highly conserved sequence of the tox gene of the ß-corynebacteriophage, which is integrated in the circu- lar bacterial chromosome. The exotoxin consists of 2 fragments: A and B. Following attachment mediated by the non-toxic B fragment and penetration of the host cell, the highly toxic fragment A is detached, and inhib- its protein synthesis leading to cell death. Outside the host cell, the exotoxin is relatively inactive. In addition to the bacterial exotoxin, cell-wall components such as the O- and K-antigens are important in the pathogen- esis of the disease.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.08, - "y0": 407.69, - "x1": 273.57, - "y1": 553.39 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "82b0b0a0a442635eaa42faa7ec7480e6", - "text": "The ß-corynebacteriophage can infect nontoxigenic strains of 2 other species of Corynebacterium, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis, which leads to production of the diphtheria toxin and transformation to a toxigenic strain.7 Both are zoonotic agents without documented human-to-human transmission. Humans are the natural host for C. diphtheriae, although it has been occasion- ally isolated from cattle15 and horses.16", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "5c51347d81b52826f4c7995f82ff1d47", - "text_as_html": "

    The ß-corynebacteriophage can infect nontoxigenic strains of 2 other species of Corynebacterium, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis, which leads to production of the diphtheria toxin and transformation to a toxigenic strain.7 Both are zoonotic agents without documented human-to-human transmission. Humans are the natural host for C. diphtheriae, although it has been occasion- ally isolated from cattle15 and horses.16

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 559.66, - "x1": 273.19, - "y1": 649.43 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-18", - "text": "\n\n\nDisease\nTransmission of C. diphtheriae occurs from person to person through droplets and close physical contact. Transmission may also occur via contagious cutaneous diphtheria lesions, as has been documented in some\n15 Dhanashekar R et al. Milk-borne infections. An analysis of their potential effect on the milk industry. Germs. 2012;2:101–109.\n16 Leggett BA et al. Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated from a wound in a horse. Vet Rec. 2010;166:656–657.\n420\nles anticorps maternels, les nourrissons de moins de 6 mois sont rarement infectés. Avant l’introduction de la vaccination, aucune différence d’incidence n’avait été observée entre les sujets de sexe féminin et masculin. Cependant, on a constaté une incidence accrue chez la femme lors de plusieurs flambées touchant la population adulte dans les années 1940, ainsi que dans le cadre de la flambée survenue en Fédération de Russie et dans d’autres pays de l’ancienne Union soviétique dans les années 1990. Ce déséquilibre entre les sexes peut être le reflet d’une sensibilité réduite des hommes ayant été vaccinés durant leur service militaire et/ou de la survenue plus fréquente, chez l’homme, de blessures conduisant à l’administration du vaccin combiné antidiphtérique-antitétanique.7\nLa lutte contre la diphtérie repose sur des efforts de prévention primaire visant à garantir une forte immunité de la population au moyen de la vaccination, ainsi que sur une prévention secon- daire de la propagation de la maladie, consistant en une recherche rapide des contacts proches afin d’offrir rapidement un traitement aux personnes infectées.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "f6f173500afdebaa8bea54be6be47e45", - "text": "Disease", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Disease

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 660.92, - "x1": 80.17, - "y1": 671.77 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "3b95040e8173d1b7ac14a11f32736c20", - "text": "Transmission of C. diphtheriae occurs from person to person through droplets and close physical contact. Transmission may also occur via contagious cutaneous diphtheria lesions, as has been documented in some", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "f6f173500afdebaa8bea54be6be47e45", - "text_as_html": "

    Transmission of C. diphtheriae occurs from person to person through droplets and close physical contact. Transmission may also occur via contagious cutaneous diphtheria lesions, as has been documented in some

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 674.67, - "x1": 273.26, - "y1": 718.63 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "6f15ca115937a6b1c5ff5cd0567aaa62", - "text": "15 Dhanashekar R et al. Milk-borne infections. An analysis of their potential effect on the milk industry. Germs. 2012;2:101–109.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "f6f173500afdebaa8bea54be6be47e45", - "text_as_html": "
  • 15 Dhanashekar R et al. Milk-borne infections. An analysis of their potential effect on the milk industry. Germs. 2012;2:101–109.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.29, - "y0": 738.38, - "x1": 272.31, - "y1": 754.39 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "11dc11a7a611ce0122b477ec79e15d3f", - "text": "16 Leggett BA et al. Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated from a wound in a horse. Vet Rec. 2010;166:656–657.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "f6f173500afdebaa8bea54be6be47e45", - "text_as_html": "
  • 16 Leggett BA et al. Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated from a wound in a horse. Vet Rec. 2010;166:656–657.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.45, - "y0": 757.12, - "x1": 272.43, - "y1": 773.2 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "UncategorizedText", - "element_id": "3373801f782cdbf9d503fc00126d94d0", - "text": "420", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "f6f173500afdebaa8bea54be6be47e45", - "text_as_html": "

    420

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.09, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 57.82, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "83aaaca86a92ac650a773a29b05dcd8c", - "text": "les anticorps maternels, les nourrissons de moins de 6 mois sont rarement infectés. Avant l’introduction de la vaccination, aucune différence d’incidence n’avait été observée entre les sujets de sexe féminin et masculin. Cependant, on a constaté une incidence accrue chez la femme lors de plusieurs flambées touchant la population adulte dans les années 1940, ainsi que dans le cadre de la flambée survenue en Fédération de Russie et dans d’autres pays de l’ancienne Union soviétique dans les années 1990. Ce déséquilibre entre les sexes peut être le reflet d’une sensibilité réduite des hommes ayant été vaccinés durant leur service militaire et/ou de la survenue plus fréquente, chez l’homme, de blessures conduisant à l’administration du vaccin combiné antidiphtérique-antitétanique.7", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "f6f173500afdebaa8bea54be6be47e45", - "text_as_html": "

    les anticorps maternels, les nourrissons de moins de 6 mois sont rarement infectés. Avant l’introduction de la vaccination, aucune différence d’incidence n’avait été observée entre les sujets de sexe féminin et masculin. Cependant, on a constaté une incidence accrue chez la femme lors de plusieurs flambées touchant la population adulte dans les années 1940, ainsi que dans le cadre de la flambée survenue en Fédération de Russie et dans d’autres pays de l’ancienne Union soviétique dans les années 1990. Ce déséquilibre entre les sexes peut être le reflet d’une sensibilité réduite des hommes ayant été vaccinés durant leur service militaire et/ou de la survenue plus fréquente, chez l’homme, de blessures conduisant à l’administration du vaccin combiné antidiphtérique-antitétanique.7

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 56.28, - "x1": 552.37, - "y1": 201.74 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "3b0feae5134514182df5d80218d38f8b", - "text": "La lutte contre la diphtérie repose sur des efforts de prévention primaire visant à garantir une forte immunité de la population au moyen de la vaccination, ainsi que sur une prévention secon- daire de la propagation de la maladie, consistant en une recherche rapide des contacts proches afin d’offrir rapidement un traitement aux personnes infectées.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "f6f173500afdebaa8bea54be6be47e45", - "text_as_html": "

    La lutte contre la diphtérie repose sur des efforts de prévention primaire visant à garantir une forte immunité de la population au moyen de la vaccination, ainsi que sur une prévention secon- daire de la propagation de la maladie, consistant en une recherche rapide des contacts proches afin d’offrir rapidement un traitement aux personnes infectées.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 207.7, - "x1": 553.13, - "y1": 275.17 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-19", - "text": "\n\n\nAgent pathogène\nCorynebacterium est un genre de bactérie à Gram positif qui regroupe plusieurs espèces. La diphtérie est due à Corynebac- terium diphtheriae, une espèce anaérobie facultative de forme légèrement incurvée qui comprend 4 biotypes (gravis, mitis, belfanti et intermedius). Ces 4 biotypes présentent de légères différences en termes de morphologie des colonies et de para- mètres biochimiques, mais aucune différence systématique n’a été observée dans la prévalence ou la sévérité de la maladie provoquée par ces types différents.7\nLe facteur de virulence le plus important de C. diphtheriae est son exotoxine, la toxine diphtérique. Cette dernière est codée par une séquence hautement conservée du gène tox du cory- nephage ß, qui est intégré dans le chromosome bactérien circu- laire. L’exotoxine est constituée de 2 fragments: A et B. Le frag- ment B non toxique permet la fixation et la pénétration de l’exotoxine dans la cellule hôte, puis le fragment hautement toxique A se détache et inhibe la synthèse des protéines, entraî- nant la mort de la cellule. En dehors de la cellule hôte, l’exo- toxine est relativement inactive. Outre l’exotoxine produite par la bactérie, les constituants de la paroi cellulaire, tels que les antigènes O et K, jouent un rôle important dans la pathogenèse de la maladie.\nLe corynephage ß peut infecter des souches non toxinogènes de 2 autres espèces de Corynebacterium, C. ulcerans et C. pseu- dotuberculosis, consuisant à la production de toxine diphtérique et rendant ces souches toxinogènes.7 Il s’agit dans les deux cas d’agents zoonosiques, sans transmission interhumaine consta- tée à ce jour. L’homme est l’hôte naturel de C. diphtheriae, bien que la bactérie ait occasionnellement été isolée chez les bovins15 et les chevaux.16", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "4b8da99f2b30a81dc9bcc2b4dfcc15be", - "text": "Agent pathogène", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Agent pathogène

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.76, - "y0": 286.62, - "x1": 368.28, - "y1": 298.08 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "d53ecdefc7122f98356c6b31cf2d51b8", - "text": "Corynebacterium est un genre de bactérie à Gram positif qui regroupe plusieurs espèces. La diphtérie est due à Corynebac- terium diphtheriae, une espèce anaérobie facultative de forme légèrement incurvée qui comprend 4 biotypes (gravis, mitis, belfanti et intermedius). Ces 4 biotypes présentent de légères différences en termes de morphologie des colonies et de para- mètres biochimiques, mais aucune différence systématique n’a été observée dans la prévalence ou la sévérité de la maladie provoquée par ces types différents.7", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "4b8da99f2b30a81dc9bcc2b4dfcc15be", - "text_as_html": "

    Corynebacterium est un genre de bactérie à Gram positif qui regroupe plusieurs espèces. La diphtérie est due à Corynebac- terium diphtheriae, une espèce anaérobie facultative de forme légèrement incurvée qui comprend 4 biotypes (gravis, mitis, belfanti et intermedius). Ces 4 biotypes présentent de légères différences en termes de morphologie des colonies et de para- mètres biochimiques, mais aucune différence systématique n’a été observée dans la prévalence ou la sévérité de la maladie provoquée par ces types différents.7

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 299.81, - "x1": 552.32, - "y1": 400.87 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "fa0e4d95825fcbd03fb4a9887160551e", - "text": "Le facteur de virulence le plus important de C. diphtheriae est son exotoxine, la toxine diphtérique. Cette dernière est codée par une séquence hautement conservée du gène tox du cory- nephage ß, qui est intégré dans le chromosome bactérien circu- laire. L’exotoxine est constituée de 2 fragments: A et B. Le frag- ment B non toxique permet la fixation et la pénétration de l’exotoxine dans la cellule hôte, puis le fragment hautement toxique A se détache et inhibe la synthèse des protéines, entraî- nant la mort de la cellule. En dehors de la cellule hôte, l’exo- toxine est relativement inactive. Outre l’exotoxine produite par la bactérie, les constituants de la paroi cellulaire, tels que les antigènes O et K, jouent un rôle important dans la pathogenèse de la maladie.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "4b8da99f2b30a81dc9bcc2b4dfcc15be", - "text_as_html": "

    Le facteur de virulence le plus important de C. diphtheriae est son exotoxine, la toxine diphtérique. Cette dernière est codée par une séquence hautement conservée du gène tox du cory- nephage ß, qui est intégré dans le chromosome bactérien circu- laire. L’exotoxine est constituée de 2 fragments: A et B. Le frag- ment B non toxique permet la fixation et la pénétration de l’exotoxine dans la cellule hôte, puis le fragment hautement toxique A se détache et inhibe la synthèse des protéines, entraî- nant la mort de la cellule. En dehors de la cellule hôte, l’exo- toxine est relativement inactive. Outre l’exotoxine produite par la bactérie, les constituants de la paroi cellulaire, tels que les antigènes O et K, jouent un rôle important dans la pathogenèse de la maladie.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 406.92, - "x1": 552.25, - "y1": 553.39 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "b47e3db7f8745d1e94304510eaf547a9", - "text": "Le corynephage ß peut infecter des souches non toxinogènes de 2 autres espèces de Corynebacterium, C. ulcerans et C. pseu- dotuberculosis, consuisant à la production de toxine diphtérique et rendant ces souches toxinogènes.7 Il s’agit dans les deux cas d’agents zoonosiques, sans transmission interhumaine consta- tée à ce jour. L’homme est l’hôte naturel de C. diphtheriae, bien que la bactérie ait occasionnellement été isolée chez les bovins15 et les chevaux.16", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "4b8da99f2b30a81dc9bcc2b4dfcc15be", - "text_as_html": "

    Le corynephage ß peut infecter des souches non toxinogènes de 2 autres espèces de Corynebacterium, C. ulcerans et C. pseu- dotuberculosis, consuisant à la production de toxine diphtérique et rendant ces souches toxinogènes.7 Il s’agit dans les deux cas d’agents zoonosiques, sans transmission interhumaine consta- tée à ce jour. L’homme est l’hôte naturel de C. diphtheriae, bien que la bactérie ait occasionnellement été isolée chez les bovins15 et les chevaux.16

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 559.39, - "x1": 552.29, - "y1": 649.43 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-20", - "text": "\n\n\nMaladie\nC. diphtheriae se transmet d’une personne à l’autre par l’inter- médiaire de gouttelettes respiratoires ou d’un contact physique proche. La transmission peut également s’opérer par des lésions cutanées diphtériques contagieuses, comme cela a été observé\n15 Dhanashekar R et al. Milk-borne infections. An analysis of their potential effect on the milk industry. Germs. 2012;2:101–109.\n16 Leggett BA et al. Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated from a wound in a horse. Vet Rec. 2010;166:656–657.\nareas of the tropics and under conditions of poor hygiene. Cutaneous diphtheria is more common in warmer climates and in settings with poor hygiene and overcrowding.7 C. diphtheriae replicates on the surface of the mucous membrane but can also manifest as a cutaneous form. Together, aural, vaginal, conjunctival and cutaneous diphtheria account for approximately 2% of cases.7 Morbidity and mortality due to toxigenic C. diphtheriae are mediated by the diphtheria toxin. Transmission of nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae to suscep- tible individuals frequently results in transient asymp- tomatic pharyngeal carriage or mild clinical disease.\nInfection can cause respiratory or cutaneous diphtheria and in rare cases can lead to systemic diphtheria. Respi- ratory diphtheria usually occurs after an incubation period of 2–5 days (range 1–10 days). Depending on the anatomical location, respiratory disease may be nasal, pharyngeal, or laryngeal, or any combination of these. Pharyngeal diphtheria is the most common form. The onset is usually relatively slow and characterized by mild fever and an exudative pharyngitis initially with progres- sion of symptoms over 2 to 3 days. In classic cases, the exudate organizes into a pseudo-membrane that gradu- ally forms in the nose, pharynx, tonsils, or larynx. The pseudo-membrane is typically asymmetrical, greyish- white in appearance and is firmly attached to the under- lying tissue. Attempts to remove the pseudo-membrane result in bleeding at the site. The pseudo-membrane may extend into the nasal cavity and the larynx causing obstruction of the airways, which is a medical emergency that often requires tracheotomy. Anterior cervical lymph nodes become markedly enlarged and in some patients there is considerable inflammation and oedema of surrounding tissues (“bull-neck” appearance) with greater morbidity and mortality.7\nAbsorption of diphtheria toxin into the bloodstream results in toxic damage to organs such as the heart, kidneys and peripheral nerves. The extent of toxin absorption in respiratory disease depends largely on the anatomical site of infection, extent of the mucosal lesions, and duration of untreated illness.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "48ba7bae743743661a72a4452ab5b2fa", - "text": "Maladie", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Maladie

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.03, - "y0": 660.55, - "x1": 329.92, - "y1": 672.47 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f5bed24849591fd9294ae113c2f462b0", - "text": "C. diphtheriae se transmet d’une personne à l’autre par l’inter- médiaire de gouttelettes respiratoires ou d’un contact physique proche. La transmission peut également s’opérer par des lésions cutanées diphtériques contagieuses, comme cela a été observé", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "48ba7bae743743661a72a4452ab5b2fa", - "text_as_html": "

    C. diphtheriae se transmet d’une personne à l’autre par l’inter- médiaire de gouttelettes respiratoires ou d’un contact physique proche. La transmission peut également s’opérer par des lésions cutanées diphtériques contagieuses, comme cela a été observé

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 673.98, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 718.63 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "864a1950a54a9b7a2a988fa3d2ed80c7", - "text": "15 Dhanashekar R et al. Milk-borne infections. An analysis of their potential effect on the milk industry. Germs. 2012;2:101–109.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "48ba7bae743743661a72a4452ab5b2fa", - "text_as_html": "
  • 15 Dhanashekar R et al. Milk-borne infections. An analysis of their potential effect on the milk industry. Germs. 2012;2:101–109.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.24, - "y0": 738.01, - "x1": 551.47, - "y1": 754.46 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "55da78c2bcc80bbb61ff73841e6d6283", - "text": "16 Leggett BA et al. Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated from a wound in a horse. Vet Rec. 2010;166:656–657.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 4, - "parent_id": "48ba7bae743743661a72a4452ab5b2fa", - "text_as_html": "
  • 16 Leggett BA et al. Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated from a wound in a horse. Vet Rec. 2010;166:656–657.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 3, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 756.78, - "x1": 551.44, - "y1": 773.9 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "abb009d2f75729be73dc1a59dd79eb0d", - "text": "areas of the tropics and under conditions of poor hygiene. Cutaneous diphtheria is more common in warmer climates and in settings with poor hygiene and overcrowding.7 C. diphtheriae replicates on the surface of the mucous membrane but can also manifest as a cutaneous form. Together, aural, vaginal, conjunctival and cutaneous diphtheria account for approximately 2% of cases.7 Morbidity and mortality due to toxigenic C. diphtheriae are mediated by the diphtheria toxin. Transmission of nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae to suscep- tible individuals frequently results in transient asymp- tomatic pharyngeal carriage or mild clinical disease.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "48ba7bae743743661a72a4452ab5b2fa", - "text_as_html": "

    areas of the tropics and under conditions of poor hygiene. Cutaneous diphtheria is more common in warmer climates and in settings with poor hygiene and overcrowding.7 C. diphtheriae replicates on the surface of the mucous membrane but can also manifest as a cutaneous form. Together, aural, vaginal, conjunctival and cutaneous diphtheria account for approximately 2% of cases.7 Morbidity and mortality due to toxigenic C. diphtheriae are mediated by the diphtheria toxin. Transmission of nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae to suscep- tible individuals frequently results in transient asymp- tomatic pharyngeal carriage or mild clinical disease.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 56.45, - "x1": 272.46, - "y1": 190.44 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "62ae279a639e901c93d4ede906c9db15", - "text": "Infection can cause respiratory or cutaneous diphtheria and in rare cases can lead to systemic diphtheria. Respi- ratory diphtheria usually occurs after an incubation period of 2–5 days (range 1–10 days). Depending on the anatomical location, respiratory disease may be nasal, pharyngeal, or laryngeal, or any combination of these. Pharyngeal diphtheria is the most common form. The onset is usually relatively slow and characterized by mild fever and an exudative pharyngitis initially with progres- sion of symptoms over 2 to 3 days. In classic cases, the exudate organizes into a pseudo-membrane that gradu- ally forms in the nose, pharynx, tonsils, or larynx. The pseudo-membrane is typically asymmetrical, greyish- white in appearance and is firmly attached to the under- lying tissue. Attempts to remove the pseudo-membrane result in bleeding at the site. The pseudo-membrane may extend into the nasal cavity and the larynx causing obstruction of the airways, which is a medical emergency that often requires tracheotomy. Anterior cervical lymph nodes become markedly enlarged and in some patients there is considerable inflammation and oedema of surrounding tissues (“bull-neck” appearance) with greater morbidity and mortality.7", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "48ba7bae743743661a72a4452ab5b2fa", - "text_as_html": "

    Infection can cause respiratory or cutaneous diphtheria and in rare cases can lead to systemic diphtheria. Respi- ratory diphtheria usually occurs after an incubation period of 2–5 days (range 1–10 days). Depending on the anatomical location, respiratory disease may be nasal, pharyngeal, or laryngeal, or any combination of these. Pharyngeal diphtheria is the most common form. The onset is usually relatively slow and characterized by mild fever and an exudative pharyngitis initially with progres- sion of symptoms over 2 to 3 days. In classic cases, the exudate organizes into a pseudo-membrane that gradu- ally forms in the nose, pharynx, tonsils, or larynx. The pseudo-membrane is typically asymmetrical, greyish- white in appearance and is firmly attached to the under- lying tissue. Attempts to remove the pseudo-membrane result in bleeding at the site. The pseudo-membrane may extend into the nasal cavity and the larynx causing obstruction of the airways, which is a medical emergency that often requires tracheotomy. Anterior cervical lymph nodes become markedly enlarged and in some patients there is considerable inflammation and oedema of surrounding tissues (“bull-neck” appearance) with greater morbidity and mortality.7

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.29, - "y0": 197.89, - "x1": 272.63, - "y1": 455.94 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "8d24127d279cd655d3553f23d0bf5101", - "text": "Absorption of diphtheria toxin into the bloodstream results in toxic damage to organs such as the heart, kidneys and peripheral nerves. The extent of toxin absorption in respiratory disease depends largely on the anatomical site of infection, extent of the mucosal lesions, and duration of untreated illness.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "48ba7bae743743661a72a4452ab5b2fa", - "text_as_html": "

    Absorption of diphtheria toxin into the bloodstream results in toxic damage to organs such as the heart, kidneys and peripheral nerves. The extent of toxin absorption in respiratory disease depends largely on the anatomical site of infection, extent of the mucosal lesions, and duration of untreated illness.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 462.5, - "x1": 273.41, - "y1": 529.38 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-21", - "text": "\n\n\nDiagnosis\nClinical diagnosis of diphtheria usually relies on the presence of pseudo-membranous pharyngitis. Although laboratory investigation of suspected cases is recom- mended for case confirmation, treatment should be started immediately without waiting for the laboratory results. Material for culture should be obtained by swab- bing the edges of the mucosal lesions, placed in appro- priate transport media (Amies or Stuart media in ice packs; or dry swabs in silica gel satchets) and followed by prompt inoculation onto blood agar and tellurite- containing media, e.g. Tinsdale media. Suspected colo- nies may be tested for toxin production using the modi- fied Elek immunoprecipitation test for detection of toxin; this standard assay takes 24–48 hours. A positive culture with toxin-producing C. diphtheriae confirms the etiologic diagnosis. Diphtheria toxin gene (tox) can be detected directly in C. diphtheriae isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques.7 However,\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017\ndans certaines régions tropicales et dans de mauvaises condi- tions d’hygiène. La diphtérie cutanée est plus fréquente dans les climats chauds et dans des conditions de surpeuplement ou d’hygiène inadéquate.7 C. diphtheriae se multiplie à la surface des muqueuses, mais peut aussi se manifester sous forme cuta- née. Environ 2% des cas sont atteints de diphtérie auriculaire, vaginale, conjonctivale ou cutanée.7 La toxine diphtérique est responsable de la morbidité et de la mortalité dues à la bacté- rie C. diphtheriae toxinogène. La transmission de C. diphtheriae non toxinogène à des sujets sensibles entraîne dans la plupart des cas un portage pharyngé transitoire asymptomatique ou des manifestations cliniques bénignes.\nL’infection peut provoquer une diphtérie respiratoire ou cuta- née, menant dans de rares cas à une diphtérie systémique. La diphtérie respiratoire apparaît généralement après une période d’incubation de 2-5 jours (plage de 1-10 jours). Selon le site anatomique atteint, la maladie respiratoire peut être nasale, pharyngée, laryngée, ou une combinaison. La diphtérie pharyn- gée est la forme la plus courante de la maladie. En général, elle démarre assez lentement et se caractérise dans un premier temps par une fièvre modérée et une pharyngite exsudative bénigne, avec une progression des symptômes sur une période de 2 à 3 jours. Dans les cas classiques, l’exsudat forme progres- sivement une pseudo-membrane dans le nez, le pharynx, les amygdales ou le larynx. Cette pseudo-membrane est générale- ment asymétrique, de couleur grise-blanche et est solidement ancrée dans les tissus sous-jacents. Toute tentative de retrait de la pseudo-membrane entraîne un saignement du site concerné. La pseudo-membrane peut s’étendre jusqu’à la cavité nasale et au larynx, provoquant une obstruction des voies aériennes, ce qui constitue une urgence médicale nécessitant souvent une trachéotomie. Les ganglions lymphatiques cervicaux antérieurs enflent et certains patients présentent une inflammation et un œdème importants des tissus environnants (aspect de «cou de taureau»), associés à une morbidité et une mortalité accrues.7\nL’absorption de la toxine diphtérique dans la circulation sanguine entraîne une atteinte toxique de certains organes tels que le cœur, les reins et les nerfs périphériques. Le degré d’ab- sorption de la toxine lors d’une diphtérie respiratoire dépend en grande partie du site anatomique de l’infection, de l’étendue des lésions muqueuses et de la période de temps pendant laquelle le sujet a été malade sans être traité.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "d7a3cbb4ebcd4b335816946956f344e0", - "text": "Diagnosis", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Diagnosis

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 555.43, - "x1": 88.8, - "y1": 565.86 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "9a4eb6238382ec20d4a14f3a51cfc6db", - "text": "Clinical diagnosis of diphtheria usually relies on the presence of pseudo-membranous pharyngitis. Although laboratory investigation of suspected cases is recom- mended for case confirmation, treatment should be started immediately without waiting for the laboratory results. Material for culture should be obtained by swab- bing the edges of the mucosal lesions, placed in appro- priate transport media (Amies or Stuart media in ice packs; or dry swabs in silica gel satchets) and followed by prompt inoculation onto blood agar and tellurite- containing media, e.g. Tinsdale media. Suspected colo- nies may be tested for toxin production using the modi- fied Elek immunoprecipitation test for detection of toxin; this standard assay takes 24–48 hours. A positive culture with toxin-producing C. diphtheriae confirms the etiologic diagnosis. Diphtheria toxin gene (tox) can be detected directly in C. diphtheriae isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques.7 However,", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "d7a3cbb4ebcd4b335816946956f344e0", - "text_as_html": "

    Clinical diagnosis of diphtheria usually relies on the presence of pseudo-membranous pharyngitis. Although laboratory investigation of suspected cases is recom- mended for case confirmation, treatment should be started immediately without waiting for the laboratory results. Material for culture should be obtained by swab- bing the edges of the mucosal lesions, placed in appro- priate transport media (Amies or Stuart media in ice packs; or dry swabs in silica gel satchets) and followed by prompt inoculation onto blood agar and tellurite- containing media, e.g. Tinsdale media. Suspected colo- nies may be tested for toxin production using the modi- fied Elek immunoprecipitation test for detection of toxin; this standard assay takes 24–48 hours. A positive culture with toxin-producing C. diphtheriae confirms the etiologic diagnosis. Diphtheria toxin gene (tox) can be detected directly in C. diphtheriae isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques.7 However,

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 570.16, - "x1": 272.47, - "y1": 772.32 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "4f22627e84d419287f06ae1c5074b221", - "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "d7a3cbb4ebcd4b335816946956f344e0", - "text_as_html": "

    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.91, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 218.24, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "8decf20e443bf2121657c9764bc7eeeb", - "text": "dans certaines régions tropicales et dans de mauvaises condi- tions d’hygiène. La diphtérie cutanée est plus fréquente dans les climats chauds et dans des conditions de surpeuplement ou d’hygiène inadéquate.7 C. diphtheriae se multiplie à la surface des muqueuses, mais peut aussi se manifester sous forme cuta- née. Environ 2% des cas sont atteints de diphtérie auriculaire, vaginale, conjonctivale ou cutanée.7 La toxine diphtérique est responsable de la morbidité et de la mortalité dues à la bacté- rie C. diphtheriae toxinogène. La transmission de C. diphtheriae non toxinogène à des sujets sensibles entraîne dans la plupart des cas un portage pharyngé transitoire asymptomatique ou des manifestations cliniques bénignes.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "d7a3cbb4ebcd4b335816946956f344e0", - "text_as_html": "

    dans certaines régions tropicales et dans de mauvaises condi- tions d’hygiène. La diphtérie cutanée est plus fréquente dans les climats chauds et dans des conditions de surpeuplement ou d’hygiène inadéquate.7 C. diphtheriae se multiplie à la surface des muqueuses, mais peut aussi se manifester sous forme cuta- née. Environ 2% des cas sont atteints de diphtérie auriculaire, vaginale, conjonctivale ou cutanée.7 La toxine diphtérique est responsable de la morbidité et de la mortalité dues à la bacté- rie C. diphtheriae toxinogène. La transmission de C. diphtheriae non toxinogène à des sujets sensibles entraîne dans la plupart des cas un portage pharyngé transitoire asymptomatique ou des manifestations cliniques bénignes.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 55.82, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 190.44 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "eb6f88e01e65c783f07d9e66d3559338", - "text": "L’infection peut provoquer une diphtérie respiratoire ou cuta- née, menant dans de rares cas à une diphtérie systémique. La diphtérie respiratoire apparaît généralement après une période d’incubation de 2-5 jours (plage de 1-10 jours). Selon le site anatomique atteint, la maladie respiratoire peut être nasale, pharyngée, laryngée, ou une combinaison. La diphtérie pharyn- gée est la forme la plus courante de la maladie. En général, elle démarre assez lentement et se caractérise dans un premier temps par une fièvre modérée et une pharyngite exsudative bénigne, avec une progression des symptômes sur une période de 2 à 3 jours. Dans les cas classiques, l’exsudat forme progres- sivement une pseudo-membrane dans le nez, le pharynx, les amygdales ou le larynx. Cette pseudo-membrane est générale- ment asymétrique, de couleur grise-blanche et est solidement ancrée dans les tissus sous-jacents. Toute tentative de retrait de la pseudo-membrane entraîne un saignement du site concerné. La pseudo-membrane peut s’étendre jusqu’à la cavité nasale et au larynx, provoquant une obstruction des voies aériennes, ce qui constitue une urgence médicale nécessitant souvent une trachéotomie. Les ganglions lymphatiques cervicaux antérieurs enflent et certains patients présentent une inflammation et un œdème importants des tissus environnants (aspect de «cou de taureau»), associés à une morbidité et une mortalité accrues.7", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "d7a3cbb4ebcd4b335816946956f344e0", - "text_as_html": "

    L’infection peut provoquer une diphtérie respiratoire ou cuta- née, menant dans de rares cas à une diphtérie systémique. La diphtérie respiratoire apparaît généralement après une période d’incubation de 2-5 jours (plage de 1-10 jours). Selon le site anatomique atteint, la maladie respiratoire peut être nasale, pharyngée, laryngée, ou une combinaison. La diphtérie pharyn- gée est la forme la plus courante de la maladie. En général, elle démarre assez lentement et se caractérise dans un premier temps par une fièvre modérée et une pharyngite exsudative bénigne, avec une progression des symptômes sur une période de 2 à 3 jours. Dans les cas classiques, l’exsudat forme progres- sivement une pseudo-membrane dans le nez, le pharynx, les amygdales ou le larynx. Cette pseudo-membrane est générale- ment asymétrique, de couleur grise-blanche et est solidement ancrée dans les tissus sous-jacents. Toute tentative de retrait de la pseudo-membrane entraîne un saignement du site concerné. La pseudo-membrane peut s’étendre jusqu’à la cavité nasale et au larynx, provoquant une obstruction des voies aériennes, ce qui constitue une urgence médicale nécessitant souvent une trachéotomie. Les ganglions lymphatiques cervicaux antérieurs enflent et certains patients présentent une inflammation et un œdème importants des tissus environnants (aspect de «cou de taureau»), associés à une morbidité et une mortalité accrues.7

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 197.38, - "x1": 553.15, - "y1": 455.94 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "2ae0d3c96318f520e2a12a783301575a", - "text": "L’absorption de la toxine diphtérique dans la circulation sanguine entraîne une atteinte toxique de certains organes tels que le cœur, les reins et les nerfs périphériques. Le degré d’ab- sorption de la toxine lors d’une diphtérie respiratoire dépend en grande partie du site anatomique de l’infection, de l’étendue des lésions muqueuses et de la période de temps pendant laquelle le sujet a été malade sans être traité.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "d7a3cbb4ebcd4b335816946956f344e0", - "text_as_html": "

    L’absorption de la toxine diphtérique dans la circulation sanguine entraîne une atteinte toxique de certains organes tels que le cœur, les reins et les nerfs périphériques. Le degré d’ab- sorption de la toxine lors d’une diphtérie respiratoire dépend en grande partie du site anatomique de l’infection, de l’étendue des lésions muqueuses et de la période de temps pendant laquelle le sujet a été malade sans être traité.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 462.25, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 540.68 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-22", - "text": "\n\n\nDiagnostic\nLe diagnostic clinique repose généralement sur la présence d’une pharyngite pseudomembraneuse. Bien qu’une confirma- tion en laboratoire des cas suspects soit recommandée, il convient de démarrer le traitement immédiatement, sans attendre les résultats d’analyse. Le matériel destiné à la mise en culture doit être prélevé par écouvillonnage en bordure des lésions muqueuses, placé dans un milieu de transport approprié (milieu Amies ou Stuart entre des blocs réfrigérants; ou écou- villons secs dans des sachets contenant du gel de silice) et ense- mencé rapidement dans un milieu de gélose au sang à base de tellurite, tel que le milieu Tinsdale. On peut déterminer si les colonies suspectes sont productrices de toxine en utilisant le test d’Elek modifié d’immunoprécipitation visant à détecter la toxine; cette épreuve standard prend 24-48 heures. L’obtention d’une culture positive de C. diphtheriae productrice de toxine confirme le diagnostic étiologique. Le gène de la toxine diph- térique (tox) peut être détecté directement dans les isolats de C. diphtheriae au moyen des techniques d’amplification en\n421\nin some cases the presence of tox gene does not confirm production of toxin; positive PCR results should there- fore be confirmed with an immunoprecipitation test.7", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "c0024e32b85f3dc157836d502153992d", - "text": "Diagnostic", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Diagnostic

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.34, - "y0": 554.46, - "x1": 340.18, - "y1": 566.36 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "9bb8d82226b71da67cab617aea0e1c2f", - "text": "Le diagnostic clinique repose généralement sur la présence d’une pharyngite pseudomembraneuse. Bien qu’une confirma- tion en laboratoire des cas suspects soit recommandée, il convient de démarrer le traitement immédiatement, sans attendre les résultats d’analyse. Le matériel destiné à la mise en culture doit être prélevé par écouvillonnage en bordure des lésions muqueuses, placé dans un milieu de transport approprié (milieu Amies ou Stuart entre des blocs réfrigérants; ou écou- villons secs dans des sachets contenant du gel de silice) et ense- mencé rapidement dans un milieu de gélose au sang à base de tellurite, tel que le milieu Tinsdale. On peut déterminer si les colonies suspectes sont productrices de toxine en utilisant le test d’Elek modifié d’immunoprécipitation visant à détecter la toxine; cette épreuve standard prend 24-48 heures. L’obtention d’une culture positive de C. diphtheriae productrice de toxine confirme le diagnostic étiologique. Le gène de la toxine diph- térique (tox) peut être détecté directement dans les isolats de C. diphtheriae au moyen des techniques d’amplification en", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "c0024e32b85f3dc157836d502153992d", - "text_as_html": "

    Le diagnostic clinique repose généralement sur la présence d’une pharyngite pseudomembraneuse. Bien qu’une confirma- tion en laboratoire des cas suspects soit recommandée, il convient de démarrer le traitement immédiatement, sans attendre les résultats d’analyse. Le matériel destiné à la mise en culture doit être prélevé par écouvillonnage en bordure des lésions muqueuses, placé dans un milieu de transport approprié (milieu Amies ou Stuart entre des blocs réfrigérants; ou écou- villons secs dans des sachets contenant du gel de silice) et ense- mencé rapidement dans un milieu de gélose au sang à base de tellurite, tel que le milieu Tinsdale. On peut déterminer si les colonies suspectes sont productrices de toxine en utilisant le test d’Elek modifié d’immunoprécipitation visant à détecter la toxine; cette épreuve standard prend 24-48 heures. L’obtention d’une culture positive de C. diphtheriae productrice de toxine confirme le diagnostic étiologique. Le gène de la toxine diph- térique (tox) peut être détecté directement dans les isolats de C. diphtheriae au moyen des techniques d’amplification en

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 570.04, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 772.45 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "UncategorizedText", - "element_id": "dd62bb009f159e525cb11fc3a193285e", - "text": "421", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 5, - "parent_id": "c0024e32b85f3dc157836d502153992d", - "text_as_html": "

    421

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 4, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.85, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "0f9d96fddfa9d82cd232d176246da4bd", - "text": "in some cases the presence of tox gene does not confirm production of toxin; positive PCR results should there- fore be confirmed with an immunoprecipitation test.7", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "c0024e32b85f3dc157836d502153992d", - "text_as_html": "

    in some cases the presence of tox gene does not confirm production of toxin; positive PCR results should there- fore be confirmed with an immunoprecipitation test.7

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.9, - "y0": 55.88, - "x1": 273.85, - "y1": 88.76 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-23", - "text": "\n\n\nTreatment\nIntravenous or intramuscular administration of equine- derived DAT (polyclonal IgG antibody) is highly effec- tive and is the gold standard for diphtheria treatment. Diphtheria toxin that has already entered the host cells is unaffected by DAT. Therefore, to reduce complications and mortality DAT should be administered as soon as possible after disease onset, preferably intravenously in serious cases.17\nThe entire therapeutic dose should be administered at one time. The amount of antitoxin recommended varies between 20 000 and 100 000 units, with larger amounts recommended for persons with extensive local lesions and with longer interval since onset. The dose is the same for children and adults. Adverse events such as anaphylaxis may occur.18 Global access to DAT is limited as most manufacturers have ceased production and episodes of delayed or non-availability of equine DAT have been reported recently in Europe and elsewhere.\nNovel approaches to passive immunization include the development of monoclonal antibodies to diphtheria toxin, and development of recombinant modified diph- theria toxin receptor molecules to bind diphtheria toxin. Efficacy of monoclonal antibodies has been demon- strated in preclinical models but clinical development will take several more years.19\nAntibiotics (penicillin or erythromycin) eliminate the bacteria and toxin production, prevent further trans- mission to uninfected individuals, and limit carriage that can persist even after clinical recovery. Treatment should be continued for 2 weeks.7\nAirway management is crucial for patients with impend- ing respiratory difficulty or the presence of laryngeal membranes. Interventions to prevent the risk of sudden asphyxia involve tracheotomy or mechanical removal of tracheobronchial pseudo-membranes and/or intubation, ventilator and possibly extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) where available. Patients should also be monitored continuously for development of cardiac complications.7", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "5b0aaef5daefd5d9b591c675692de127", - "text": "Treatment", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Treatment

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 112.48, - "x1": 91.45, - "y1": 122.52 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "5a967326f569aa5a5f26df4170377c01", - "text": "Intravenous or intramuscular administration of equine- derived DAT (polyclonal IgG antibody) is highly effec- tive and is the gold standard for diphtheria treatment. Diphtheria toxin that has already entered the host cells is unaffected by DAT. Therefore, to reduce complications and mortality DAT should be administered as soon as possible after disease onset, preferably intravenously in serious cases.17", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "5b0aaef5daefd5d9b591c675692de127", - "text_as_html": "

    Intravenous or intramuscular administration of equine- derived DAT (polyclonal IgG antibody) is highly effec- tive and is the gold standard for diphtheria treatment. Diphtheria toxin that has already entered the host cells is unaffected by DAT. Therefore, to reduce complications and mortality DAT should be administered as soon as possible after disease onset, preferably intravenously in serious cases.17

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.29, - "y0": 125.21, - "x1": 273.34, - "y1": 214.45 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "97cc1760c8f498be73b8ac6a81e3ecf4", - "text": "The entire therapeutic dose should be administered at one time. The amount of antitoxin recommended varies between 20 000 and 100 000 units, with larger amounts recommended for persons with extensive local lesions and with longer interval since onset. The dose is the same for children and adults. Adverse events such as anaphylaxis may occur.18 Global access to DAT is limited as most manufacturers have ceased production and episodes of delayed or non-availability of equine DAT have been reported recently in Europe and elsewhere.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "5b0aaef5daefd5d9b591c675692de127", - "text_as_html": "

    The entire therapeutic dose should be administered at one time. The amount of antitoxin recommended varies between 20 000 and 100 000 units, with larger amounts recommended for persons with extensive local lesions and with longer interval since onset. The dose is the same for children and adults. Adverse events such as anaphylaxis may occur.18 Global access to DAT is limited as most manufacturers have ceased production and episodes of delayed or non-availability of equine DAT have been reported recently in Europe and elsewhere.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.18, - "y0": 232.14, - "x1": 273.01, - "y1": 344.38 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "fba0b353824a68cc99fdfb7c3e92285b", - "text": "Novel approaches to passive immunization include the development of monoclonal antibodies to diphtheria toxin, and development of recombinant modified diph- theria toxin receptor molecules to bind diphtheria toxin. Efficacy of monoclonal antibodies has been demon- strated in preclinical models but clinical development will take several more years.19", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "5b0aaef5daefd5d9b591c675692de127", - "text_as_html": "

    Novel approaches to passive immunization include the development of monoclonal antibodies to diphtheria toxin, and development of recombinant modified diph- theria toxin receptor molecules to bind diphtheria toxin. Efficacy of monoclonal antibodies has been demon- strated in preclinical models but clinical development will take several more years.19

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.51, - "y0": 373.62, - "x1": 273.44, - "y1": 451.71 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "975dfb311e05b222107e4c2eac240bf5", - "text": "Antibiotics (penicillin or erythromycin) eliminate the bacteria and toxin production, prevent further trans- mission to uninfected individuals, and limit carriage that can persist even after clinical recovery. Treatment should be continued for 2 weeks.7", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "5b0aaef5daefd5d9b591c675692de127", - "text_as_html": "

    Antibiotics (penicillin or erythromycin) eliminate the bacteria and toxin production, prevent further trans- mission to uninfected individuals, and limit carriage that can persist even after clinical recovery. Treatment should be continued for 2 weeks.7

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.93, - "y0": 458.04, - "x1": 274.34, - "y1": 513.85 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "3121dde8d8942784a84c3111a38f1a10", - "text": "Airway management is crucial for patients with impend- ing respiratory difficulty or the presence of laryngeal membranes. Interventions to prevent the risk of sudden asphyxia involve tracheotomy or mechanical removal of tracheobronchial pseudo-membranes and/or intubation, ventilator and possibly extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) where available. Patients should also be monitored continuously for development of cardiac complications.7", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "5b0aaef5daefd5d9b591c675692de127", - "text_as_html": "

    Airway management is crucial for patients with impend- ing respiratory difficulty or the presence of laryngeal membranes. Interventions to prevent the risk of sudden asphyxia involve tracheotomy or mechanical removal of tracheobronchial pseudo-membranes and/or intubation, ventilator and possibly extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) where available. Patients should also be monitored continuously for development of cardiac complications.7

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 520.05, - "x1": 273.71, - "y1": 621.18 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-24", - "text": "\n\n\nPost-exposure prophylaxis\nFor susceptible exposed individuals, active immuniza- tion with diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine is\n17 World Health Organization. Management of the child with a serious infection or severe malnutrition. Guidelines for care at the first-referral level in developing countries. Geneva, 2000. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/42335/1/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.1.pdf, accessed July 2017.\n18 World Health Organization. Model Formulary 2008. Available at http://apps.who. int/medicinedocs/documents/s16879e/s16879e.pdf, accessed June 2017.\n19 World Health Organization. Diphtheria anti-toxin (DAT) supply issues: brief review and proposition. SAGE meeting, 2017. Available at http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/sage/meetings/2017/april/3_Diphtheria_anti_toxin.pdf?ua=1, accessed June 2017.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "f727ed07b3b7179d4fa2d8f73eb68528", - "text": "Post-exposure prophylaxis", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Post-exposure prophylaxis

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    For susceptible exposed individuals, active immuniza- tion with diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine is

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  • 17 World Health Organization. Management of the child with a serious infection or severe malnutrition. Guidelines for care at the first-referral level in developing countries. Geneva, 2000. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/42335/1/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.1.pdf, accessed July 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 40.06, - "y0": 687.39, - "x1": 273.57, - "y1": 718.98 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "3439ad41d305cc973d207b5794bc0184", - "text": "18 World Health Organization. Model Formulary 2008. Available at http://apps.who. int/medicinedocs/documents/s16879e/s16879e.pdf, accessed June 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "f727ed07b3b7179d4fa2d8f73eb68528", - "text_as_html": "
  • 18 World Health Organization. Model Formulary 2008. Available at http://apps.who. int/medicinedocs/documents/s16879e/s16879e.pdf, accessed June 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.66, - "y0": 721.82, - "x1": 274.02, - "y1": 738.08 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "d42139cf46b21c15fd589f3b72925442", - "text": "19 World Health Organization. Diphtheria anti-toxin (DAT) supply issues: brief review and proposition. SAGE meeting, 2017. Available at http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/sage/meetings/2017/april/3_Diphtheria_anti_toxin.pdf?ua=1, accessed June 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "f727ed07b3b7179d4fa2d8f73eb68528", - "text_as_html": "
  • 19 World Health Organization. Diphtheria anti-toxin (DAT) supply issues: brief review and proposition. SAGE meeting, 2017. Available at http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/sage/meetings/2017/april/3_Diphtheria_anti_toxin.pdf?ua=1, accessed June 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.13, - "y0": 741.06, - "x1": 275.46, - "y1": 773.69 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-25", - "text": "\n\n\n422\nchaîne par polymérase (PCR).7 Cependant, dans certains cas, la présence du gène tox ne confirme pas la production de toxine; les résultats positifs de PCR doivent donc être confirmés par un test d’immunoprécipitation.7", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "76a859139161f9d7748af71674fe3ed1", - "text": "422", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    422

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    chaîne par polymérase (PCR).7 Cependant, dans certains cas, la présence du gène tox ne confirme pas la production de toxine; les résultats positifs de PCR doivent donc être confirmés par un test d’immunoprécipitation.7

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 55.74, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 100.05 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-26", - "text": "\n\n\nTraitement\nL’administration intraveineuse ou intramusculaire d’antitoxine diphtérique d’origine équine (anticorps IgG polyclonaux) est très efficace et constitue le traitement de référence contre la diphtérie. L’antitoxine n’a pas d’effet sur la toxine diphtérique qui a déjà pénétré dans les cellules hôtes. Ainsi, afin de réduire les risques de complications et de mortalité, l’antitoxine diph- térique doit être administrée dès que possible après l’appari- tion de la maladie, de préférence par voie intraveineuse dans les cas graves.17\nLa dose thérapeutique complète doit être administrée en une seule fois. La quantité d’antitoxine recommandée varie entre 20 000 et 100 000 unités, les doses les plus importantes étant préconisées pour les sujets présentant des lésions locales éten- dues ou chez lesquels un intervalle plus long s’est écoulé depuis l’apparition de la maladie. Les enfants et les adultes reçoivent une dose identique. Des manifestations indésirables, telles qu’une anaphylaxie, peuvent survenir.18 L’accès mondial à l’an- titoxine diphtérique est limité car la plupart des fabricants en ont cessé la production. Des situations d’indisponibilité ou de retard d’approvisionnement de l’antitoxine diphtérique d’ori- gine équine ont récemment été signalées en Europe et ailleurs.\nDe nouvelles méthodes d’immunisation passive ont été élabo- rées, reposant notamment sur l’utilisation d’anticorps mono- clonaux contre la toxine diphtérique et la mise au point de molécules réceptrices recombinantes modifiées qui fixent la toxine diphtérique. L’efficacité des anticorps monoclonaux a été démontrée par des modèles précliniques, mais leur développe- ment clinique nécessitera encore plusieurs années.19\nLes antibiotiques (pénicilline ou érythromycine) éliminent la bactérie et la production de toxine, évitent que la maladie soit transmise à des sujets non infectés et limitent le portage, qui peut persister même après la guérison clinique. Le traitement doit se poursuivre pendant 2 semaines.7\nL’assistance respiratoire est cruciale pour les patients présen- tant des difficultés respiratoires imminentes ou des membranes laryngées. La prévention du risque d’asphyxie soudaine repose sur des interventions telles que la trachéotomie ou le retrait mécanique des pseudomembranes trachéobronchiques et/ou l’intubation, la ventilation assistée et éventuellement l’oxygéna- tion par membrane extracorporelle, si cette option est dispo- nible. Il convient en outre d’assurer une surveillance continue des patients pour déceler toute complication cardiaque.7", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "b9cc29054bb64c47b733002207e1547d", - "text": "Traitement", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

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    L’administration intraveineuse ou intramusculaire d’antitoxine diphtérique d’origine équine (anticorps IgG polyclonaux) est très efficace et constitue le traitement de référence contre la diphtérie. L’antitoxine n’a pas d’effet sur la toxine diphtérique qui a déjà pénétré dans les cellules hôtes. Ainsi, afin de réduire les risques de complications et de mortalité, l’antitoxine diph- térique doit être administrée dès que possible après l’appari- tion de la maladie, de préférence par voie intraveineuse dans les cas graves.17

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 124.57, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 225.75 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "94fcca654ddd7213955a3a917802bb7d", - "text": "La dose thérapeutique complète doit être administrée en une seule fois. La quantité d’antitoxine recommandée varie entre 20 000 et 100 000 unités, les doses les plus importantes étant préconisées pour les sujets présentant des lésions locales éten- dues ou chez lesquels un intervalle plus long s’est écoulé depuis l’apparition de la maladie. Les enfants et les adultes reçoivent une dose identique. Des manifestations indésirables, telles qu’une anaphylaxie, peuvent survenir.18 L’accès mondial à l’an- titoxine diphtérique est limité car la plupart des fabricants en ont cessé la production. Des situations d’indisponibilité ou de retard d’approvisionnement de l’antitoxine diphtérique d’ori- gine équine ont récemment été signalées en Europe et ailleurs.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "b9cc29054bb64c47b733002207e1547d", - "text_as_html": "

    La dose thérapeutique complète doit être administrée en une seule fois. La quantité d’antitoxine recommandée varie entre 20 000 et 100 000 unités, les doses les plus importantes étant préconisées pour les sujets présentant des lésions locales éten- dues ou chez lesquels un intervalle plus long s’est écoulé depuis l’apparition de la maladie. Les enfants et les adultes reçoivent une dose identique. Des manifestations indésirables, telles qu’une anaphylaxie, peuvent survenir.18 L’accès mondial à l’an- titoxine diphtérique est limité car la plupart des fabricants en ont cessé la production. Des situations d’indisponibilité ou de retard d’approvisionnement de l’antitoxine diphtérique d’ori- gine équine ont récemment été signalées en Europe et ailleurs.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 232.21, - "x1": 552.29, - "y1": 366.98 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "3869a6ebc001ddaf4f272f174081a6aa", - "text": "De nouvelles méthodes d’immunisation passive ont été élabo- rées, reposant notamment sur l’utilisation d’anticorps mono- clonaux contre la toxine diphtérique et la mise au point de molécules réceptrices recombinantes modifiées qui fixent la toxine diphtérique. L’efficacité des anticorps monoclonaux a été démontrée par des modèles précliniques, mais leur développe- ment clinique nécessitera encore plusieurs années.19", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "b9cc29054bb64c47b733002207e1547d", - "text_as_html": "

    De nouvelles méthodes d’immunisation passive ont été élabo- rées, reposant notamment sur l’utilisation d’anticorps mono- clonaux contre la toxine diphtérique et la mise au point de molécules réceptrices recombinantes modifiées qui fixent la toxine diphtérique. L’efficacité des anticorps monoclonaux a été démontrée par des modèles précliniques, mais leur développe- ment clinique nécessitera encore plusieurs années.19

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 373.5, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 451.71 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "3cc574ca972e39f91026a07bb75bebc2", - "text": "Les antibiotiques (pénicilline ou érythromycine) éliminent la bactérie et la production de toxine, évitent que la maladie soit transmise à des sujets non infectés et limitent le portage, qui peut persister même après la guérison clinique. Le traitement doit se poursuivre pendant 2 semaines.7", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "b9cc29054bb64c47b733002207e1547d", - "text_as_html": "

    Les antibiotiques (pénicilline ou érythromycine) éliminent la bactérie et la production de toxine, évitent que la maladie soit transmise à des sujets non infectés et limitent le portage, qui peut persister même après la guérison clinique. Le traitement doit se poursuivre pendant 2 semaines.7

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 457.66, - "x1": 553.26, - "y1": 513.85 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "b38a459a5316ffb17a16e1cd097cb856", - "text": "L’assistance respiratoire est cruciale pour les patients présen- tant des difficultés respiratoires imminentes ou des membranes laryngées. La prévention du risque d’asphyxie soudaine repose sur des interventions telles que la trachéotomie ou le retrait mécanique des pseudomembranes trachéobronchiques et/ou l’intubation, la ventilation assistée et éventuellement l’oxygéna- tion par membrane extracorporelle, si cette option est dispo- nible. Il convient en outre d’assurer une surveillance continue des patients pour déceler toute complication cardiaque.7", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "b9cc29054bb64c47b733002207e1547d", - "text_as_html": "

    L’assistance respiratoire est cruciale pour les patients présen- tant des difficultés respiratoires imminentes ou des membranes laryngées. La prévention du risque d’asphyxie soudaine repose sur des interventions telles que la trachéotomie ou le retrait mécanique des pseudomembranes trachéobronchiques et/ou l’intubation, la ventilation assistée et éventuellement l’oxygéna- tion par membrane extracorporelle, si cette option est dispo- nible. Il convient en outre d’assurer une surveillance continue des patients pour déceler toute complication cardiaque.7

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 519.69, - "x1": 552.58, - "y1": 621.18 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-27", - "text": "\n\n\nProphylaxie postexposition\nChez les personnes sensibles qui ont été exposées, la vaccina- tion par un vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique est forte-\n17 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Prise en charge de l’ enfant atteint d’infection grave ou de malnutrition sévère: directives de soins pour les centres de transfert de premier niveau dans les pays en développement. Genève, 2000. Disponible à l’adresse: http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/66929/1/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.1_fre.pdf; consulté en juillet 2017.\n18 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Model Formulary 2008. Disponible à l’adresse: http://apps. who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16879e/s16879e.pdf; consulté en juin 2017.\n19 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Diphtheria anti-toxin (DAT) supply issues: brief review and proposition. SAGE meeting, 2017. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immunization/ sage/meetings/2017/april/3_Diphtheria_anti_toxin.pdf?ua=1; consulté en juin 2017.\nWEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO 31, 4 AUGUST 2017\nstrongly recommended. Swabs should be taken from contacts and the samples cultured for C. diphtheriae, and a course of penicillin or erythromycin should be administered for 7 days. DAT is not recommended for post-exposure prophylaxis, as evidence regarding its benefit is limited.7 During outbreaks, vaccination records of all contacts of each case should be reviewed. Unvaccinated contacts should receive a full course of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine and under-vacci- nated contacts should receive the doses needed to complete their vaccination series.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "7cab0392ed8a5bb9d134046532275024", - "text": "Prophylaxie postexposition", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

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    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.67, - "y0": 632.86, - "x1": 410.13, - "y1": 644.07 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "4142e204a152a88dd253f8f1f731da30", - "text": "Chez les personnes sensibles qui ont été exposées, la vaccina- tion par un vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique est forte-", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "7cab0392ed8a5bb9d134046532275024", - "text_as_html": "

    Chez les personnes sensibles qui ont été exposées, la vaccina- tion par un vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique est forte-

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.12, - "y0": 646.07, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 667.79 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "18d83eaf4edb11405d7d0c65ec74c6b5", - "text": "17 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Prise en charge de l’ enfant atteint d’infection grave ou de malnutrition sévère: directives de soins pour les centres de transfert de premier niveau dans les pays en développement. Genève, 2000. Disponible à l’adresse: http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/66929/1/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.1_fre.pdf; consulté en juillet 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "7cab0392ed8a5bb9d134046532275024", - "text_as_html": "
  • 17 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Prise en charge de l’ enfant atteint d’infection grave ou de malnutrition sévère: directives de soins pour les centres de transfert de premier niveau dans les pays en développement. Genève, 2000. Disponible à l’adresse: http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/66929/1/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.1_fre.pdf; consulté en juillet 2017.
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  • 18 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Model Formulary 2008. Disponible à l’adresse: http://apps. who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16879e/s16879e.pdf; consulté en juin 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.0, - "y0": 721.36, - "x1": 551.41, - "y1": 738.32 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "a959b2acdbae7ba6d730ee7cd68f14c8", - "text": "19 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Diphtheria anti-toxin (DAT) supply issues: brief review and proposition. SAGE meeting, 2017. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immunization/ sage/meetings/2017/april/3_Diphtheria_anti_toxin.pdf?ua=1; consulté en juin 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "7cab0392ed8a5bb9d134046532275024", - "text_as_html": "
  • 19 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Diphtheria anti-toxin (DAT) supply issues: brief review and proposition. SAGE meeting, 2017. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immunization/ sage/meetings/2017/april/3_Diphtheria_anti_toxin.pdf?ua=1; consulté en juin 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.73, - "y0": 740.76, - "x1": 553.7, - "y1": 765.0 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "86d598a8e911b7e9655804fc09e5fb64", - "text": "WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO 31, 4 AUGUST 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 6, - "parent_id": "7cab0392ed8a5bb9d134046532275024", - "text_as_html": "

    WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO 31, 4 AUGUST 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 5, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 390.65, - "y0": 777.49, - "x1": 549.5, - "y1": 786.7 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "cb1162fa8937cb582d35eb4385c6103f", - "text": "strongly recommended. Swabs should be taken from contacts and the samples cultured for C. diphtheriae, and a course of penicillin or erythromycin should be administered for 7 days. DAT is not recommended for post-exposure prophylaxis, as evidence regarding its benefit is limited.7 During outbreaks, vaccination records of all contacts of each case should be reviewed. Unvaccinated contacts should receive a full course of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine and under-vacci- nated contacts should receive the doses needed to complete their vaccination series.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "7cab0392ed8a5bb9d134046532275024", - "text_as_html": "

    strongly recommended. Swabs should be taken from contacts and the samples cultured for C. diphtheriae, and a course of penicillin or erythromycin should be administered for 7 days. DAT is not recommended for post-exposure prophylaxis, as evidence regarding its benefit is limited.7 During outbreaks, vaccination records of all contacts of each case should be reviewed. Unvaccinated contacts should receive a full course of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine and under-vacci- nated contacts should receive the doses needed to complete their vaccination series.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.68, - "y0": 56.54, - "x1": 272.83, - "y1": 179.14 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-28", - "text": "\n\n\nNaturally-acquired immunity\nImmunity to disease depends mainly on the presence of diphtheria anti-toxin antibodies (IgG). Cell-mediated immunity may also play a role. In general, there is a good correlation between clinical protection and the level of diphtheria antitoxin antibodies in the blood, whether this results from disease or from vaccination. When measured using a toxin neutralization test, a diphtheria antibody concentration of 0.01 IU/mL is considered to be the minimum level required for some degree of protection. Antibody levels of 0.1 IU/mL or higher confer full protection and levels of 1.0 IU/mL or higher are associated with long-term protection against diphtheria.20 Rarely, diphtheria has been reported in persons having higher than protective levels of antibodies.\nOccasionally, protective immunity does not develop after recovery from the disease. Individuals recovering from diphtheria should therefore receive a complete course of diphtheria toxoid vaccination during conva- lescence.21\nTransplacental maternal antibodies provide passive immunity to the newborn infant during the first few months of life.21", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "aaaf15b10e1167a164ae68a5bf4068ae", - "text": "Naturally-acquired immunity", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Naturally-acquired immunity

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 214.22, - "x1": 168.31, - "y1": 224.09 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "7fe722c4a63afc1148189c02c68996f3", - "text": "Immunity to disease depends mainly on the presence of diphtheria anti-toxin antibodies (IgG). Cell-mediated immunity may also play a role. In general, there is a good correlation between clinical protection and the level of diphtheria antitoxin antibodies in the blood, whether this results from disease or from vaccination. When measured using a toxin neutralization test, a diphtheria antibody concentration of 0.01 IU/mL is considered to be the minimum level required for some degree of protection. Antibody levels of 0.1 IU/mL or higher confer full protection and levels of 1.0 IU/mL or higher are associated with long-term protection against diphtheria.20 Rarely, diphtheria has been reported in persons having higher than protective levels of antibodies.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "aaaf15b10e1167a164ae68a5bf4068ae", - "text_as_html": "

    Immunity to disease depends mainly on the presence of diphtheria anti-toxin antibodies (IgG). Cell-mediated immunity may also play a role. In general, there is a good correlation between clinical protection and the level of diphtheria antitoxin antibodies in the blood, whether this results from disease or from vaccination. When measured using a toxin neutralization test, a diphtheria antibody concentration of 0.01 IU/mL is considered to be the minimum level required for some degree of protection. Antibody levels of 0.1 IU/mL or higher confer full protection and levels of 1.0 IU/mL or higher are associated with long-term protection against diphtheria.20 Rarely, diphtheria has been reported in persons having higher than protective levels of antibodies.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.04, - "y0": 227.55, - "x1": 272.68, - "y1": 395.22 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "03efcefe7b78e781ec63d6d5eb0013db", - "text": "Occasionally, protective immunity does not develop after recovery from the disease. Individuals recovering from diphtheria should therefore receive a complete course of diphtheria toxoid vaccination during conva- lescence.21", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "aaaf15b10e1167a164ae68a5bf4068ae", - "text_as_html": "

    Occasionally, protective immunity does not develop after recovery from the disease. Individuals recovering from diphtheria should therefore receive a complete course of diphtheria toxoid vaccination during conva- lescence.21

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 401.32, - "x1": 272.45, - "y1": 457.36 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f9cfec4cb0d2e0bdd8f9f835ecd9ec08", - "text": "Transplacental maternal antibodies provide passive immunity to the newborn infant during the first few months of life.21", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "aaaf15b10e1167a164ae68a5bf4068ae", - "text_as_html": "

    Transplacental maternal antibodies provide passive immunity to the newborn infant during the first few months of life.21

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.2, - "y0": 463.37, - "x1": 273.62, - "y1": 496.9 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-29", - "text": "\n\n\nDiphtheria vaccines\nDiphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines are among the oldest vaccines in current use. The first approaches to active immunization against diphtheria were based on a mixture of toxin and antitoxin. Such vaccines were widely used in the USA in 1914. In 1923, diphtheria toxoid vaccine was developed by formaldehyde detoxi- fication of diphtheria toxin. In 1926, a more immuno- genic alum-precipitated diphtheria toxoid was devel- oped. In the 1940s diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid and pertussis antigens were combined in the diphtheria- tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP) used widely through- out the world.7\n20 World Health Organization. Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of diphtheria vaccines (adsorbed). WHO Technical Report Series No. 980, Annex 4. 2014;66:211-270. Available at http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/ Diphtheria_Recommendations_TRS_980_Annex_4.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.\n21 World Health Organization. Scheifele DW and Ochnio JJ. Immunological basis for vaccination series. Diphtheria Update 2009. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bit stream/10665/44094/1/9789241597869_eng.pdf, accessed April 2017.\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017\nment recommandée. Des écouvillons devront être prélevés auprès des contacts, les échantillons devront être mis en culture pour C. diphtheriae, et un traitement par la pénicilline ou l’éry- thromycine devra être administré pendant 7 jours. L’adminis- tration d’antitoxine diphtérique n’est pas recommandée à titre de prophylaxie postexposition, car peu d’éléments permettent de penser que cette approche soit avantageuse.7 En situation de flambée, il convient d’examiner les carnets de vaccination de tous les contacts de chaque cas. Les contacts n’ayant jamais été vaccinés devront recevoir la série complète de vaccins conte- nant l’anatoxine diphtérique et ceux qui n’ont été que partiel- lement vaccinés se verront administrer les doses nécessaires pour compléter la série.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "d716a855c7db3f2db2484036cea2051a", - "text": "Diphtheria vaccines", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Diphtheria vaccines

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 507.15, - "x1": 136.85, - "y1": 519.36 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ac94fcf10a520ce98aeb48a86b2c044a", - "text": "Diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines are among the oldest vaccines in current use. The first approaches to active immunization against diphtheria were based on a mixture of toxin and antitoxin. Such vaccines were widely used in the USA in 1914. In 1923, diphtheria toxoid vaccine was developed by formaldehyde detoxi- fication of diphtheria toxin. In 1926, a more immuno- genic alum-precipitated diphtheria toxoid was devel- oped. In the 1940s diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid and pertussis antigens were combined in the diphtheria- tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP) used widely through- out the world.7", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "d716a855c7db3f2db2484036cea2051a", - "text_as_html": "

    Diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines are among the oldest vaccines in current use. The first approaches to active immunization against diphtheria were based on a mixture of toxin and antitoxin. Such vaccines were widely used in the USA in 1914. In 1923, diphtheria toxoid vaccine was developed by formaldehyde detoxi- fication of diphtheria toxin. In 1926, a more immuno- genic alum-precipitated diphtheria toxoid was devel- oped. In the 1940s diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid and pertussis antigens were combined in the diphtheria- tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP) used widely through- out the world.7

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.96, - "y0": 522.14, - "x1": 273.41, - "y1": 656.47 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "58fe5dcede0b4d0d9e2f78aa2ffa80fb", - "text": "20 World Health Organization. Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of diphtheria vaccines (adsorbed). WHO Technical Report Series No. 980, Annex 4. 2014;66:211-270. Available at http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/ Diphtheria_Recommendations_TRS_980_Annex_4.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "d716a855c7db3f2db2484036cea2051a", - "text_as_html": "
  • 20 World Health Organization. Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of diphtheria vaccines (adsorbed). WHO Technical Report Series No. 980, Annex 4. 2014;66:211-270. Available at http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/ Diphtheria_Recommendations_TRS_980_Annex_4.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 39.36, - "y0": 713.63, - "x1": 273.26, - "y1": 745.2 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "72c1461d9322d37c5565c6708ecb8221", - "text": "21 World Health Organization. Scheifele DW and Ochnio JJ. Immunological basis for vaccination series. Diphtheria Update 2009. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bit stream/10665/44094/1/9789241597869_eng.pdf, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "d716a855c7db3f2db2484036cea2051a", - "text_as_html": "
  • 21 World Health Organization. Scheifele DW and Ochnio JJ. Immunological basis for vaccination series. Diphtheria Update 2009. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bit stream/10665/44094/1/9789241597869_eng.pdf, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.93, - "y0": 748.27, - "x1": 272.45, - "y1": 772.29 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "6380a5b2f2ffffecbac19f25f5426fd9", - "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "d716a855c7db3f2db2484036cea2051a", - "text_as_html": "
  • RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.82, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 218.24, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "0aa15271f982937c8e05a705ea732ae0", - "text": "ment recommandée. Des écouvillons devront être prélevés auprès des contacts, les échantillons devront être mis en culture pour C. diphtheriae, et un traitement par la pénicilline ou l’éry- thromycine devra être administré pendant 7 jours. L’adminis- tration d’antitoxine diphtérique n’est pas recommandée à titre de prophylaxie postexposition, car peu d’éléments permettent de penser que cette approche soit avantageuse.7 En situation de flambée, il convient d’examiner les carnets de vaccination de tous les contacts de chaque cas. Les contacts n’ayant jamais été vaccinés devront recevoir la série complète de vaccins conte- nant l’anatoxine diphtérique et ceux qui n’ont été que partiel- lement vaccinés se verront administrer les doses nécessaires pour compléter la série.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "d716a855c7db3f2db2484036cea2051a", - "text_as_html": "

    ment recommandée. Des écouvillons devront être prélevés auprès des contacts, les échantillons devront être mis en culture pour C. diphtheriae, et un traitement par la pénicilline ou l’éry- thromycine devra être administré pendant 7 jours. L’adminis- tration d’antitoxine diphtérique n’est pas recommandée à titre de prophylaxie postexposition, car peu d’éléments permettent de penser que cette approche soit avantageuse.7 En situation de flambée, il convient d’examiner les carnets de vaccination de tous les contacts de chaque cas. Les contacts n’ayant jamais été vaccinés devront recevoir la série complète de vaccins conte- nant l’anatoxine diphtérique et ceux qui n’ont été que partiel- lement vaccinés se verront administrer les doses nécessaires pour compléter la série.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 56.09, - "x1": 552.43, - "y1": 201.74 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-30", - "text": "\n\n\nImmunité acquise naturellement\nL’immunité contre la maladie dépend principalement de la présence d’anticorps (IgG) contre la toxine diphtérique. L’immu- nité à médiation cellulaire pourrait également jouer un rôle. On observe en général une bonne corrélation entre la protection clinique et le titre d’anticorps antitoxine diphtérique dans le sang, que ces anticorps aient été induits par la maladie ou la vaccination. On considère que le titre d’anticorps antidiphté- riques, tel que mesuré par un test de neutralisation de la toxine, doit être au minimum de 0,01 UI/ml pour conférer un certain degré de protection. Les titres de 0,1 UI/ml ou plus sont plei- nement protecteurs et ceux de 1,0 UI/ml ou plus sont associés à une protection à long terme contre la diphtérie.20 Il est arrivé dans de rares cas que la maladie soit observée chez des sujets dont le titre d’anticorps est supérieur au seuil de protection.\nParfois, les patients n’acquièrent pas d’immunité protectrice après avoir guéri de la diphtérie. Les personnes en phase de convalescence doivent donc recevoir une série complète de vaccination par l’anatoxine diphtérique.21\nLe passage transplacentaire des anticorps maternels confère une immunité passive au nourrisson au cours de ses premiers mois de vie.21", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "6ef8bd37bb55eb2108b20d87e1b2198a", - "text": "Immunité acquise naturellement", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Immunité acquise naturellement

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.43, - "y0": 212.84, - "x1": 431.34, - "y1": 224.24 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "5e5abb7cf53be93a07a49f8756a3031d", - "text": "L’immunité contre la maladie dépend principalement de la présence d’anticorps (IgG) contre la toxine diphtérique. L’immu- nité à médiation cellulaire pourrait également jouer un rôle. On observe en général une bonne corrélation entre la protection clinique et le titre d’anticorps antitoxine diphtérique dans le sang, que ces anticorps aient été induits par la maladie ou la vaccination. On considère que le titre d’anticorps antidiphté- riques, tel que mesuré par un test de neutralisation de la toxine, doit être au minimum de 0,01 UI/ml pour conférer un certain degré de protection. Les titres de 0,1 UI/ml ou plus sont plei- nement protecteurs et ceux de 1,0 UI/ml ou plus sont associés à une protection à long terme contre la diphtérie.20 Il est arrivé dans de rares cas que la maladie soit observée chez des sujets dont le titre d’anticorps est supérieur au seuil de protection.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "6ef8bd37bb55eb2108b20d87e1b2198a", - "text_as_html": "

    L’immunité contre la maladie dépend principalement de la présence d’anticorps (IgG) contre la toxine diphtérique. L’immu- nité à médiation cellulaire pourrait également jouer un rôle. On observe en général une bonne corrélation entre la protection clinique et le titre d’anticorps antitoxine diphtérique dans le sang, que ces anticorps aient été induits par la maladie ou la vaccination. On considère que le titre d’anticorps antidiphté- riques, tel que mesuré par un test de neutralisation de la toxine, doit être au minimum de 0,01 UI/ml pour conférer un certain degré de protection. Les titres de 0,1 UI/ml ou plus sont plei- nement protecteurs et ceux de 1,0 UI/ml ou plus sont associés à une protection à long terme contre la diphtérie.20 Il est arrivé dans de rares cas que la maladie soit observée chez des sujets dont le titre d’anticorps est supérieur au seuil de protection.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 227.0, - "x1": 553.26, - "y1": 384.7 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "60cbeaef9563563c756118926019c2cb", - "text": "Parfois, les patients n’acquièrent pas d’immunité protectrice après avoir guéri de la diphtérie. Les personnes en phase de convalescence doivent donc recevoir une série complète de vaccination par l’anatoxine diphtérique.21", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "6ef8bd37bb55eb2108b20d87e1b2198a", - "text_as_html": "

    Parfois, les patients n’acquièrent pas d’immunité protectrice après avoir guéri de la diphtérie. Les personnes en phase de convalescence doivent donc recevoir une série complète de vaccination par l’anatoxine diphtérique.21

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.62, - "y0": 401.56, - "x1": 552.46, - "y1": 446.06 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "8595deed4a729c40851873d74851b619", - "text": "Le passage transplacentaire des anticorps maternels confère une immunité passive au nourrisson au cours de ses premiers mois de vie.21", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "6ef8bd37bb55eb2108b20d87e1b2198a", - "text_as_html": "

    Le passage transplacentaire des anticorps maternels confère une immunité passive au nourrisson au cours de ses premiers mois de vie.21

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.54, - "y0": 464.01, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 496.9 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-31", - "text": "\n\n\nVaccins antidiphtériques\nLes vaccins contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique comptent parmi les vaccins les plus anciens actuellement utilisés. Les premières méthodes de vaccination contre la diphtérie faisaient appel à un mélange de toxine et d’antitoxine. Ces vaccins ont largement été employés aux États-Unis d’Amérique en 1914. En 1923, le vaccin à base d’anatoxine diphtérique a été mis au point par détoxification de la toxine diphtérique par le formaldéhyde. En 1926, une anatoxine diphtérique plus immunogène précipitée par l’alun a été élaborée. Dans les années 1940, l’anatoxine diph- térique, l’anatoxine tétanique et des antigènes coquelucheux ont été associés pour former le vaccin antidiphtérique-antitéta- nique-anticoquelucheux (DTC), qui est largement utilisé dans le monde entier.7\n20 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of diphtheria vaccines (adsorbed). WHO Technical Report Series No. 980, Annex 4. 2014;66:211- 270. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/Diphtheria_Recommenda- tions_TRS_980_Annex_4.pdf?ua=1; consulté en mai 2017.\n21 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Scheifele DW and Ochnio JJ. Immunological basis for immu- nization series. Diphtheria Update 2009. Disponible à l’adresse: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstre am/10665/44094/1/9789241597869_eng.pdf; consulté en avril 2017.\n423\nVaccine characteristics, content, dosage, administration, storage\nDiphtheria vaccines contain inactivated toxin (toxoid) adsorbed onto an adjuvant (usually aluminum hydrox- ide or aluminum phosphate). Multi-dose vials have preservative added, although single-dose vials prepared without preservative are available from some manufac- turers.10 Toxoid concentration is expressed as floccula- tion units (Lf) and is established as the amount of toxoid that flocculates 1 unit of an international refer- ence antitoxin. Toxoid potency is measured in interna- tional units (IU) as determined by guinea-pig challenge assay or serological assay either in guinea-pigs or mice.20 According to WHO recommendations,22 the higher potency of diphtheria vaccine (D), which is used for the immunization of children up to 6 years of age, should be no less than 30 IU per dose. Tetanus-diphthe- ria (Td, low-dose diphtheria toxoid) formulations and tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) formula- tions are licensed for use from 5 years of age and 3 years of age, respectively. This reduction of diphtheria toxoid potency minimizes reactogenicity at the injec- tion site but is still sufficient to provoke an antibody response in older children and adults.\nCurrently, for pediatric use, diphtheria toxoid is almost exclusively available in combination with tetanus toxoid (T) as DT, or with tetanus and pertussis antigens (DTP). The pertussis component is specified as whole-cell (wP) or acellular (aP) (DTwP and DTaP) depending on whether killed pertussis organisms or one or more highly purified individual pertussis antigens are included. DTwP or DTaP may also be combined with additional vaccine antigens, such as hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugates as pentavalent vaccines, and with inac- tivated polio vaccine (IPV) as hexavalent vaccines. For the routine immunization of infants, these combination vaccines are licensed to be used in a 3-dose vaccination series starting as soon as possible from 6 weeks of age with a minimum interval of 4 weeks between doses, then a booster dose at age 15–18 months, dependent on product.23 A wide range of vaccination schedules are used around the world, some including >7 doses of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine.\nMost diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines are admin- istered as a 0.5 mL dose, by intramuscular injection only.\nVaccines containing diphtheria toxoid should be stored at 2–8 °C. If vaccines have been frozen, they should not be used.\n22 Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of DT-based combined vaccines. WHO Technical Report Series No. 980, Annex 6. 2014.335–406. Available at http://who.int/biologicals/vaccines/Combined_Vaccines_TRS_980_Annex_6. pdf?ua=1, accessed June 2017.\n23 World Health Organization. List of prequalified vaccines. Available at https://extra- net.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/, accessed July 2016.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "61a161fc0e649123c3f53d248664e99c", - "text": "Vaccins antidiphtériques", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccins antidiphtériques

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.7, - "y0": 507.24, - "x1": 408.03, - "y1": 519.77 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "e9a7b438014bffb8af6cc580e9f3ba1e", - "text": "Les vaccins contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique comptent parmi les vaccins les plus anciens actuellement utilisés. Les premières méthodes de vaccination contre la diphtérie faisaient appel à un mélange de toxine et d’antitoxine. Ces vaccins ont largement été employés aux États-Unis d’Amérique en 1914. En 1923, le vaccin à base d’anatoxine diphtérique a été mis au point par détoxification de la toxine diphtérique par le formaldéhyde. En 1926, une anatoxine diphtérique plus immunogène précipitée par l’alun a été élaborée. Dans les années 1940, l’anatoxine diph- térique, l’anatoxine tétanique et des antigènes coquelucheux ont été associés pour former le vaccin antidiphtérique-antitéta- nique-anticoquelucheux (DTC), qui est largement utilisé dans le monde entier.7", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "61a161fc0e649123c3f53d248664e99c", - "text_as_html": "

    Les vaccins contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique comptent parmi les vaccins les plus anciens actuellement utilisés. Les premières méthodes de vaccination contre la diphtérie faisaient appel à un mélange de toxine et d’antitoxine. Ces vaccins ont largement été employés aux États-Unis d’Amérique en 1914. En 1923, le vaccin à base d’anatoxine diphtérique a été mis au point par détoxification de la toxine diphtérique par le formaldéhyde. En 1926, une anatoxine diphtérique plus immunogène précipitée par l’alun a été élaborée. Dans les années 1940, l’anatoxine diph- térique, l’anatoxine tétanique et des antigènes coquelucheux ont été associés pour former le vaccin antidiphtérique-antitéta- nique-anticoquelucheux (DTC), qui est largement utilisé dans le monde entier.7

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 521.71, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 667.77 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "d6211b75283dfa0e3e67c0933f90da1f", - "text": "20 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of diphtheria vaccines (adsorbed). WHO Technical Report Series No. 980, Annex 4. 2014;66:211- 270. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/Diphtheria_Recommenda- tions_TRS_980_Annex_4.pdf?ua=1; consulté en mai 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "61a161fc0e649123c3f53d248664e99c", - "text_as_html": "
  • 20 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of diphtheria vaccines (adsorbed). WHO Technical Report Series No. 980, Annex 4. 2014;66:211- 270. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/Diphtheria_Recommenda- tions_TRS_980_Annex_4.pdf?ua=1; consulté en mai 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 288.73, - "y0": 713.22, - "x1": 551.47, - "y1": 745.36 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "e4e4706679235c7ac1a06e15fc4f2b25", - "text": "21 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Scheifele DW and Ochnio JJ. Immunological basis for immu- nization series. Diphtheria Update 2009. Disponible à l’adresse: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstre am/10665/44094/1/9789241597869_eng.pdf; consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "61a161fc0e649123c3f53d248664e99c", - "text_as_html": "
  • 21 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Scheifele DW and Ochnio JJ. Immunological basis for immu- nization series. Diphtheria Update 2009. Disponible à l’adresse: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstre am/10665/44094/1/9789241597869_eng.pdf; consulté en avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 288.98, - "y0": 748.04, - "x1": 551.52, - "y1": 772.33 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "UncategorizedText", - "element_id": "cd842cbab016fbbd1882ceb7155d566d", - "text": "423", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 7, - "parent_id": "61a161fc0e649123c3f53d248664e99c", - "text_as_html": "

    423

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 6, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.85, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "dd3e2ca6c4a11a6d8ed551dbaeb1bac7", - "text": "Vaccine characteristics, content, dosage, administration, storage", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "61a161fc0e649123c3f53d248664e99c", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccine characteristics, content, dosage, administration, storage

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 56.25, - "x1": 220.23, - "y1": 77.49 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ae0af1feadf0151a8dd4e979352c79c6", - "text": "Diphtheria vaccines contain inactivated toxin (toxoid) adsorbed onto an adjuvant (usually aluminum hydrox- ide or aluminum phosphate). Multi-dose vials have preservative added, although single-dose vials prepared without preservative are available from some manufac- turers.10 Toxoid concentration is expressed as floccula- tion units (Lf) and is established as the amount of toxoid that flocculates 1 unit of an international refer- ence antitoxin. Toxoid potency is measured in interna- tional units (IU) as determined by guinea-pig challenge assay or serological assay either in guinea-pigs or mice.20 According to WHO recommendations,22 the higher potency of diphtheria vaccine (D), which is used for the immunization of children up to 6 years of age, should be no less than 30 IU per dose. Tetanus-diphthe- ria (Td, low-dose diphtheria toxoid) formulations and tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) formula- tions are licensed for use from 5 years of age and 3 years of age, respectively. This reduction of diphtheria toxoid potency minimizes reactogenicity at the injec- tion site but is still sufficient to provoke an antibody response in older children and adults.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "61a161fc0e649123c3f53d248664e99c", - "text_as_html": "

    Diphtheria vaccines contain inactivated toxin (toxoid) adsorbed onto an adjuvant (usually aluminum hydrox- ide or aluminum phosphate). Multi-dose vials have preservative added, although single-dose vials prepared without preservative are available from some manufac- turers.10 Toxoid concentration is expressed as floccula- tion units (Lf) and is established as the amount of toxoid that flocculates 1 unit of an international refer- ence antitoxin. Toxoid potency is measured in interna- tional units (IU) as determined by guinea-pig challenge assay or serological assay either in guinea-pigs or mice.20 According to WHO recommendations,22 the higher potency of diphtheria vaccine (D), which is used for the immunization of children up to 6 years of age, should be no less than 30 IU per dose. Tetanus-diphthe- ria (Td, low-dose diphtheria toxoid) formulations and tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) formula- tions are licensed for use from 5 years of age and 3 years of age, respectively. This reduction of diphtheria toxoid potency minimizes reactogenicity at the injec- tion site but is still sufficient to provoke an antibody response in older children and adults.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.08, - "y0": 80.95, - "x1": 273.57, - "y1": 327.71 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "e8e4ea98002d74b023f5754c350811c9", - "text": "Currently, for pediatric use, diphtheria toxoid is almost exclusively available in combination with tetanus toxoid (T) as DT, or with tetanus and pertussis antigens (DTP). The pertussis component is specified as whole-cell (wP) or acellular (aP) (DTwP and DTaP) depending on whether killed pertussis organisms or one or more highly purified individual pertussis antigens are included. DTwP or DTaP may also be combined with additional vaccine antigens, such as hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugates as pentavalent vaccines, and with inac- tivated polio vaccine (IPV) as hexavalent vaccines. For the routine immunization of infants, these combination vaccines are licensed to be used in a 3-dose vaccination series starting as soon as possible from 6 weeks of age with a minimum interval of 4 weeks between doses, then a booster dose at age 15–18 months, dependent on product.23 A wide range of vaccination schedules are used around the world, some including >7 doses of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "61a161fc0e649123c3f53d248664e99c", - "text_as_html": "

    Currently, for pediatric use, diphtheria toxoid is almost exclusively available in combination with tetanus toxoid (T) as DT, or with tetanus and pertussis antigens (DTP). The pertussis component is specified as whole-cell (wP) or acellular (aP) (DTwP and DTaP) depending on whether killed pertussis organisms or one or more highly purified individual pertussis antigens are included. DTwP or DTaP may also be combined with additional vaccine antigens, such as hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugates as pentavalent vaccines, and with inac- tivated polio vaccine (IPV) as hexavalent vaccines. For the routine immunization of infants, these combination vaccines are licensed to be used in a 3-dose vaccination series starting as soon as possible from 6 weeks of age with a minimum interval of 4 weeks between doses, then a booster dose at age 15–18 months, dependent on product.23 A wide range of vaccination schedules are used around the world, some including >7 doses of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.49, - "y0": 346.45, - "x1": 273.67, - "y1": 570.61 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "56be78efb1fd0c51f19f396dba121965", - "text": "Most diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines are admin- istered as a 0.5 mL dose, by intramuscular injection only.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "61a161fc0e649123c3f53d248664e99c", - "text_as_html": "

    Most diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines are admin- istered as a 0.5 mL dose, by intramuscular injection only.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.93, - "y0": 600.27, - "x1": 272.92, - "y1": 632.75 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "6613988310db2bd9afa3317edb4c6aa5", - "text": "Vaccines containing diphtheria toxoid should be stored at 2–8 °C. If vaccines have been frozen, they should not be used.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "61a161fc0e649123c3f53d248664e99c", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccines containing diphtheria toxoid should be stored at 2–8 °C. If vaccines have been frozen, they should not be used.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.61, - "y0": 639.91, - "x1": 272.93, - "y1": 672.3 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "6459546763162de02910ee5913b799a1", - "text": "22 Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of DT-based combined vaccines. WHO Technical Report Series No. 980, Annex 6. 2014.335–406. Available at http://who.int/biologicals/vaccines/Combined_Vaccines_TRS_980_Annex_6. pdf?ua=1, accessed June 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "61a161fc0e649123c3f53d248664e99c", - "text_as_html": "
  • 22 Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of DT-based combined vaccines. WHO Technical Report Series No. 980, Annex 6. 2014.335–406. Available at http://who.int/biologicals/vaccines/Combined_Vaccines_TRS_980_Annex_6. pdf?ua=1, accessed June 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.28, - "y0": 722.1, - "x1": 273.63, - "y1": 753.98 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "4df51d354dc9a99e4aa5cbdce4dafc27", - "text": "23 World Health Organization. List of prequalified vaccines. Available at https://extra- net.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/, accessed July 2016.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "61a161fc0e649123c3f53d248664e99c", - "text_as_html": "
  • 23 World Health Organization. List of prequalified vaccines. Available at https://extra- net.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/, accessed July 2016.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.92, - "y0": 757.21, - "x1": 272.25, - "y1": 773.3 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-32", - "text": "\n\n\n424", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "44f55724ecd695e16637ca608a1c072d", - "text": "424", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    424

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.75, - "y0": 779.24, - "x1": 57.82, - "y1": 786.61 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-33", - "text": "\n\n\nPropriétés, contenu, dosage, administration et stockage des vaccins\nLes vaccins antidiphtériques contiennent la toxine inactivée (anatoxine), adsorbée sur un adjuvant (généralement l’hy- droxyde d’aluminium ou le phosphate d’aluminium). Les flacons multidoses contiennent en outre un agent conservateur, bien que certains fabricants fournissent également des flacons monodoses préparés sans conservateur.10 La concentration en anatoxine est exprimée en unités de floculation (Lf) et est défi- nie comme la quantité d’anatoxine qui flocule 1 unité d’une antitoxine de référence internationale. L’activité de l’anatoxine est mesurée en unité internationale (UI) et est déterminée par une inoculation d’épreuve ou un test sérologique chez des cobayes ou des souris.20 Selon les recommandations de l’OMS,22 le vaccin antidiphtérique de plus forte activité (D), qui est utilisé pour vacciner les enfants jusqu’à l’âge de 6 ans, ne doit pas avoir une activité inférieure à 30 UI par dose. Des formu- lations à teneur réduite en anatoxine diphtérique du vaccin antitétanique-antidiphtérique (Td) et du vaccin antitétanique- antidiphtérique-anticoquelucheux acellulaire (Tdca) sont homologuées pour un usage à partir de l’âge de 5 ans et de 3 ans, respectivement. Cette réduction de l’activité de l’anatoxine diphtérique limite la réactogénicité au point d’injection tout en restant suffisante pour provoquer une réponse en anticorps chez les enfants plus âgés et les adultes.\nActuellement, pour un usage pédiatrique, l’anatoxine diphté- rique est presque exclusivement disponible en association avec l’anatoxine tétanique (T) sous forme de vaccin DT, ou en asso- ciation avec les antigènes tétanique et coquelucheux (DTC). La composante anticoquelucheuse est spécifiée comme étant à germes entiers (Ce) ou acellulaire (Ca) (vaccins DTCe et DTCa), selon qu’elle comporte les germes tués de la coqueluche ou un ou plusieurs antigènes coquelucheux individuels hautement purifiés. Les vaccins DTCe et DTCa peuvent également être associés à d’autres antigènes vaccinaux, comme l’antigène de surface de l’hépatite B (AgHBs) et le vaccin conjugué contre Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) pour former un vaccin pentavalent, ainsi qu’avec le vaccin antipoliomyélitique inactivé (VPI) sous forme de vaccin hexavalant. Dans le cadre de la vaccination systématique des nourrissons, ces vaccins combinés sont homologués pour une série de vaccination à 3 doses, admi- nistrées dès que possible à partir de l’âge de 6 semaines avec un intervalle de 4 semaines au minimum entre les doses, suivies d’une dose de rappel à l’âge de 15-18 mois, selon le produit.23 De nombreux calendriers vaccinaux différents sont appliqués dans le monde, certains prévoyant >7 doses de vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique.\nLa dose vaccinale de la plupart des vaccins à base d’anatoxine diphtérique est de 0,5 ml, administrée exclusivement par injec- tion intramusculaire.\nLes vaccins contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique doivent être conservés à une température comprise entre 2 °C et 8 °C. S’ils ont été congelés, ils ne doivent pas être utilisés.\n22 Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of DT-based combined vaccines. WHO Technical Report Series No. 980, Annex 6. 2014.335–406. Disponible à l’adresse: http:// who.int/biologicals/vaccines/Combined_Vaccines_TRS_980_Annex_6.pdf?ua=1; consulté en juin 2017.\n23 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. List of prequalified vaccines. Disponible à l’adresse: https:// extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/; consulté en juillet 2016.\nImmunogenicity, efficacy and effectiveness\nAlthough evidence suggests that high maternal anti- toxin antibody levels affect the immune response of the infant, leading to a lower immune response after the first 2 doses of diphtheria-containing vaccine, most infants develop protective levels of antibody after completion of the full 3-dose primary series. After the primary series of DTP-containing vaccine, 94–100% of children have anti-diphtheria antibody levels >0.01 IU/ mL.21 A randomized controlled trial of a 3-dose primary series of a DTwP-Hib vaccine, starting at 6–8 weeks of age with intervals of 4 weeks between doses, showed that seroprotection (≥0.1 IU/ mL) was obtained in 93.9– 100% of the infants.24\nA randomized controlled trial compared the immuno- genicity of a liquid combination vaccine containing diphtheria-tetanus toxoid, 5-component acellular pertussis, IPV and Hib with that of a DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine, administered at 3, 5, and 12 months of age. The resulting seroprotection rates to diphtheria toxoid (≥0.1 IU/mL) were 95.1% (95% CI: 92.1–97.2%) and 90.3% (95% CI: 86.7–93.2%), respectively.25\nWhen comparing the diphtheria antibody responses induced by combined DTP-HepB-Hib vaccine(s) (includ- ing DTwP and DTaP vaccines) with levels obtained by separately administered DTP-Hep B and Hib vaccines, no significant differences (RR 0.91; 95% CI: 0.59–1.38) were observed.26 Similar serological responses are achieved following a 3-dose primary vaccination series in adults aged >18 years.27 No evidence could be retrieved on the duration of protective immunity following a 3-dose primary vaccination series in adults.\nAlthough randomized controlled clinical trials were not conducted to assess the efficacy of diphtheria toxoid against diphtheria, there is consistent evidence from observational studies that diphtheria toxoid immuniza- tion is effective against clinical respiratory diphtheria.\nProphylactic administration of an antipyretic leads to statistically significant lowering of the antibody response, though a systematic review indicated that diphtheria antibody levels were above the protective threshold in those receiving prophylactic antipyretics.28\nMost of the evidence on effectiveness comes from outbreak settings. During an epidemic in 1940–1941 in\n24 Cherian T et al. Safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type B vac- cine given in combination with DTwP at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age. Indian Pediatr. 2002;39(5):427–436.\n25 Vesikari T et al. Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Study of the Immunogenicity and Safety of a Fully Liquid Combination Diphtheria–Tetanus Toxoid–Five-Compo- nent Acellular Pertussis (DTaP5), Inactivated Poliovirus (IPV), and Haemophilus in- fluenzae type b (Hib) Vaccine Compared with a DTaP3-IPV/Hib Vaccine Administered at 3, 5, and 12 Months of Age. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013;20(10):1647–1653.\n26 Bar On ES et al. Combined DTP-HBV-HIB vaccine versus separately administered DTP-HBV and HIB vaccines for primary prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae B (HIB) (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012; Issue 4. Art. No.: CD005530.\n27 Myers MG et al. Primary immunization with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids: reaction rates and immunogenicity in older children and adults. JAMA.1982;248:2478–2480.\n28 Das R et al. The Effect of Prophylactic Antipyretic Administration on Post-Vaccina- tion Adverse Reactions and Antibody Response in Children: A Systematic Review. Plose One. 2014. Available at https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106629, ac- cessed July 2017.\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "e883f995b383cadc9fdec65e7f8711c3", - "text": "Propriétés, contenu, dosage, administration et stockage des vaccins", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Propriétés, contenu, dosage, administration et stockage des vaccins

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.38, - "y0": 55.31, - "x1": 535.1, - "y1": 78.27 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "6d1389399858e114c6b00edc1c693a24", - "text": "Les vaccins antidiphtériques contiennent la toxine inactivée (anatoxine), adsorbée sur un adjuvant (généralement l’hy- droxyde d’aluminium ou le phosphate d’aluminium). Les flacons multidoses contiennent en outre un agent conservateur, bien que certains fabricants fournissent également des flacons monodoses préparés sans conservateur.10 La concentration en anatoxine est exprimée en unités de floculation (Lf) et est défi- nie comme la quantité d’anatoxine qui flocule 1 unité d’une antitoxine de référence internationale. L’activité de l’anatoxine est mesurée en unité internationale (UI) et est déterminée par une inoculation d’épreuve ou un test sérologique chez des cobayes ou des souris.20 Selon les recommandations de l’OMS,22 le vaccin antidiphtérique de plus forte activité (D), qui est utilisé pour vacciner les enfants jusqu’à l’âge de 6 ans, ne doit pas avoir une activité inférieure à 30 UI par dose. Des formu- lations à teneur réduite en anatoxine diphtérique du vaccin antitétanique-antidiphtérique (Td) et du vaccin antitétanique- antidiphtérique-anticoquelucheux acellulaire (Tdca) sont homologuées pour un usage à partir de l’âge de 5 ans et de 3 ans, respectivement. Cette réduction de l’activité de l’anatoxine diphtérique limite la réactogénicité au point d’injection tout en restant suffisante pour provoquer une réponse en anticorps chez les enfants plus âgés et les adultes.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "e883f995b383cadc9fdec65e7f8711c3", - "text_as_html": "

    Les vaccins antidiphtériques contiennent la toxine inactivée (anatoxine), adsorbée sur un adjuvant (généralement l’hy- droxyde d’aluminium ou le phosphate d’aluminium). Les flacons multidoses contiennent en outre un agent conservateur, bien que certains fabricants fournissent également des flacons monodoses préparés sans conservateur.10 La concentration en anatoxine est exprimée en unités de floculation (Lf) et est défi- nie comme la quantité d’anatoxine qui flocule 1 unité d’une antitoxine de référence internationale. L’activité de l’anatoxine est mesurée en unité internationale (UI) et est déterminée par une inoculation d’épreuve ou un test sérologique chez des cobayes ou des souris.20 Selon les recommandations de l’OMS,22 le vaccin antidiphtérique de plus forte activité (D), qui est utilisé pour vacciner les enfants jusqu’à l’âge de 6 ans, ne doit pas avoir une activité inférieure à 30 UI par dose. Des formu- lations à teneur réduite en anatoxine diphtérique du vaccin antitétanique-antidiphtérique (Td) et du vaccin antitétanique- antidiphtérique-anticoquelucheux acellulaire (Tdca) sont homologuées pour un usage à partir de l’âge de 5 ans et de 3 ans, respectivement. Cette réduction de l’activité de l’anatoxine diphtérique limite la réactogénicité au point d’injection tout en restant suffisante pour provoquer une réponse en anticorps chez les enfants plus âgés et les adultes.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 80.64, - "x1": 552.37, - "y1": 339.01 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "6226b92d87c40e83050c36d147bc2a9f", - "text": "Actuellement, pour un usage pédiatrique, l’anatoxine diphté- rique est presque exclusivement disponible en association avec l’anatoxine tétanique (T) sous forme de vaccin DT, ou en asso- ciation avec les antigènes tétanique et coquelucheux (DTC). La composante anticoquelucheuse est spécifiée comme étant à germes entiers (Ce) ou acellulaire (Ca) (vaccins DTCe et DTCa), selon qu’elle comporte les germes tués de la coqueluche ou un ou plusieurs antigènes coquelucheux individuels hautement purifiés. Les vaccins DTCe et DTCa peuvent également être associés à d’autres antigènes vaccinaux, comme l’antigène de surface de l’hépatite B (AgHBs) et le vaccin conjugué contre Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) pour former un vaccin pentavalent, ainsi qu’avec le vaccin antipoliomyélitique inactivé (VPI) sous forme de vaccin hexavalant. Dans le cadre de la vaccination systématique des nourrissons, ces vaccins combinés sont homologués pour une série de vaccination à 3 doses, admi- nistrées dès que possible à partir de l’âge de 6 semaines avec un intervalle de 4 semaines au minimum entre les doses, suivies d’une dose de rappel à l’âge de 15-18 mois, selon le produit.23 De nombreux calendriers vaccinaux différents sont appliqués dans le monde, certains prévoyant >7 doses de vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "e883f995b383cadc9fdec65e7f8711c3", - "text_as_html": "

    Actuellement, pour un usage pédiatrique, l’anatoxine diphté- rique est presque exclusivement disponible en association avec l’anatoxine tétanique (T) sous forme de vaccin DT, ou en asso- ciation avec les antigènes tétanique et coquelucheux (DTC). La composante anticoquelucheuse est spécifiée comme étant à germes entiers (Ce) ou acellulaire (Ca) (vaccins DTCe et DTCa), selon qu’elle comporte les germes tués de la coqueluche ou un ou plusieurs antigènes coquelucheux individuels hautement purifiés. Les vaccins DTCe et DTCa peuvent également être associés à d’autres antigènes vaccinaux, comme l’antigène de surface de l’hépatite B (AgHBs) et le vaccin conjugué contre Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) pour former un vaccin pentavalent, ainsi qu’avec le vaccin antipoliomyélitique inactivé (VPI) sous forme de vaccin hexavalant. Dans le cadre de la vaccination systématique des nourrissons, ces vaccins combinés sont homologués pour une série de vaccination à 3 doses, admi- nistrées dès que possible à partir de l’âge de 6 semaines avec un intervalle de 4 semaines au minimum entre les doses, suivies d’une dose de rappel à l’âge de 15-18 mois, selon le produit.23 De nombreux calendriers vaccinaux différents sont appliqués dans le monde, certains prévoyant >7 doses de vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 346.45, - "x1": 553.12, - "y1": 593.21 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "bfc0bc7ac458dc1915c07444996a5550", - "text": "La dose vaccinale de la plupart des vaccins à base d’anatoxine diphtérique est de 0,5 ml, administrée exclusivement par injec- tion intramusculaire.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "e883f995b383cadc9fdec65e7f8711c3", - "text_as_html": "

    La dose vaccinale de la plupart des vaccins à base d’anatoxine diphtérique est de 0,5 ml, administrée exclusivement par injec- tion intramusculaire.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 598.95, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 632.75 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "d0d275aba8c74d932e938e0798898e74", - "text": "Les vaccins contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique doivent être conservés à une température comprise entre 2 °C et 8 °C. S’ils ont été congelés, ils ne doivent pas être utilisés.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "e883f995b383cadc9fdec65e7f8711c3", - "text_as_html": "

    Les vaccins contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique doivent être conservés à une température comprise entre 2 °C et 8 °C. S’ils ont été congelés, ils ne doivent pas être utilisés.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 638.96, - "x1": 553.06, - "y1": 672.3 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "6671c96539532c794082fbaf7f9b151a", - "text": "22 Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of DT-based combined vaccines. WHO Technical Report Series No. 980, Annex 6. 2014.335–406. Disponible à l’adresse: http:// who.int/biologicals/vaccines/Combined_Vaccines_TRS_980_Annex_6.pdf?ua=1; consulté en juin 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "e883f995b383cadc9fdec65e7f8711c3", - "text_as_html": "
  • 22 Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of DT-based combined vaccines. WHO Technical Report Series No. 980, Annex 6. 2014.335–406. Disponible à l’adresse: http:// who.int/biologicals/vaccines/Combined_Vaccines_TRS_980_Annex_6.pdf?ua=1; consulté en juin 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.42, - "y0": 722.43, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 754.47 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "4b93146ac362e547bc5e913a0438f3fe", - "text": "23 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. List of prequalified vaccines. Disponible à l’adresse: https:// extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/; consulté en juillet 2016.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 8, - "parent_id": "e883f995b383cadc9fdec65e7f8711c3", - "text_as_html": "
  • 23 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. List of prequalified vaccines. Disponible à l’adresse: https:// extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/; consulté en juillet 2016.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 7, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.96, - "y0": 756.99, - "x1": 553.6, - "y1": 773.2 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "0dd8f36384b21de88f107f3bbf67dac8", - "text": "Immunogenicity, efficacy and effectiveness", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e883f995b383cadc9fdec65e7f8711c3", - "text_as_html": "

    Immunogenicity, efficacy and effectiveness

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.18, - "y0": 55.57, - "x1": 229.69, - "y1": 66.19 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "a417ba5624a13d251f996dd6a044a272", - "text": "Although evidence suggests that high maternal anti- toxin antibody levels affect the immune response of the infant, leading to a lower immune response after the first 2 doses of diphtheria-containing vaccine, most infants develop protective levels of antibody after completion of the full 3-dose primary series. After the primary series of DTP-containing vaccine, 94–100% of children have anti-diphtheria antibody levels >0.01 IU/ mL.21 A randomized controlled trial of a 3-dose primary series of a DTwP-Hib vaccine, starting at 6–8 weeks of age with intervals of 4 weeks between doses, showed that seroprotection (≥0.1 IU/ mL) was obtained in 93.9– 100% of the infants.24", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e883f995b383cadc9fdec65e7f8711c3", - "text_as_html": "

    Although evidence suggests that high maternal anti- toxin antibody levels affect the immune response of the infant, leading to a lower immune response after the first 2 doses of diphtheria-containing vaccine, most infants develop protective levels of antibody after completion of the full 3-dose primary series. After the primary series of DTP-containing vaccine, 94–100% of children have anti-diphtheria antibody levels >0.01 IU/ mL.21 A randomized controlled trial of a 3-dose primary series of a DTwP-Hib vaccine, starting at 6–8 weeks of age with intervals of 4 weeks between doses, showed that seroprotection (≥0.1 IU/ mL) was obtained in 93.9– 100% of the infants.24

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 69.65, - "x1": 273.02, - "y1": 214.73 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "53fbf1d62cf7bd5520a2f084f5568b46", - "text": "A randomized controlled trial compared the immuno- genicity of a liquid combination vaccine containing diphtheria-tetanus toxoid, 5-component acellular pertussis, IPV and Hib with that of a DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine, administered at 3, 5, and 12 months of age. The resulting seroprotection rates to diphtheria toxoid (≥0.1 IU/mL) were 95.1% (95% CI: 92.1–97.2%) and 90.3% (95% CI: 86.7–93.2%), respectively.25", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e883f995b383cadc9fdec65e7f8711c3", - "text_as_html": "

    A randomized controlled trial compared the immuno- genicity of a liquid combination vaccine containing diphtheria-tetanus toxoid, 5-component acellular pertussis, IPV and Hib with that of a DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine, administered at 3, 5, and 12 months of age. The resulting seroprotection rates to diphtheria toxoid (≥0.1 IU/mL) were 95.1% (95% CI: 92.1–97.2%) and 90.3% (95% CI: 86.7–93.2%), respectively.25

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.14, - "y0": 220.62, - "x1": 272.58, - "y1": 310.76 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "2fa8186288ca610dcdc75836c8b8c7bb", - "text": "When comparing the diphtheria antibody responses induced by combined DTP-HepB-Hib vaccine(s) (includ- ing DTwP and DTaP vaccines) with levels obtained by separately administered DTP-Hep B and Hib vaccines, no significant differences (RR 0.91; 95% CI: 0.59–1.38) were observed.26 Similar serological responses are achieved following a 3-dose primary vaccination series in adults aged >18 years.27 No evidence could be retrieved on the duration of protective immunity following a 3-dose primary vaccination series in adults.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e883f995b383cadc9fdec65e7f8711c3", - "text_as_html": "

    When comparing the diphtheria antibody responses induced by combined DTP-HepB-Hib vaccine(s) (includ- ing DTwP and DTaP vaccines) with levels obtained by separately administered DTP-Hep B and Hib vaccines, no significant differences (RR 0.91; 95% CI: 0.59–1.38) were observed.26 Similar serological responses are achieved following a 3-dose primary vaccination series in adults aged >18 years.27 No evidence could be retrieved on the duration of protective immunity following a 3-dose primary vaccination series in adults.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.97, - "y0": 317.74, - "x1": 272.95, - "y1": 429.39 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "0b5d520d2f2b9311a828674073c30435", - "text": "Although randomized controlled clinical trials were not conducted to assess the efficacy of diphtheria toxoid against diphtheria, there is consistent evidence from observational studies that diphtheria toxoid immuniza- tion is effective against clinical respiratory diphtheria.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e883f995b383cadc9fdec65e7f8711c3", - "text_as_html": "

    Although randomized controlled clinical trials were not conducted to assess the efficacy of diphtheria toxoid against diphtheria, there is consistent evidence from observational studies that diphtheria toxoid immuniza- tion is effective against clinical respiratory diphtheria.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 435.53, - "x1": 272.44, - "y1": 491.53 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "7eeab61d04679acd7c0c5c748d7ef147", - "text": "Prophylactic administration of an antipyretic leads to statistically significant lowering of the antibody response, though a systematic review indicated that diphtheria antibody levels were above the protective threshold in those receiving prophylactic antipyretics.28", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e883f995b383cadc9fdec65e7f8711c3", - "text_as_html": "

    Prophylactic administration of an antipyretic leads to statistically significant lowering of the antibody response, though a systematic review indicated that diphtheria antibody levels were above the protective threshold in those receiving prophylactic antipyretics.28

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 498.48, - "x1": 272.46, - "y1": 553.67 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "1cc8e7a3c573db153a9cfd4d2e2b5825", - "text": "Most of the evidence on effectiveness comes from outbreak settings. During an epidemic in 1940–1941 in", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e883f995b383cadc9fdec65e7f8711c3", - "text_as_html": "

    Most of the evidence on effectiveness comes from outbreak settings. During an epidemic in 1940–1941 in

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.73, - "y0": 571.94, - "x1": 272.45, - "y1": 593.21 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "f32c3a78e4ef8775c67f17522c4abd9a", - "text": "24 Cherian T et al. Safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type B vac- cine given in combination with DTwP at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age. Indian Pediatr. 2002;39(5):427–436.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e883f995b383cadc9fdec65e7f8711c3", - "text_as_html": "
  • 24 Cherian T et al. Safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type B vac- cine given in combination with DTwP at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age. Indian Pediatr. 2002;39(5):427–436.
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  • 25 Vesikari T et al. Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Study of the Immunogenicity and Safety of a Fully Liquid Combination Diphtheria–Tetanus Toxoid–Five-Compo- nent Acellular Pertussis (DTaP5), Inactivated Poliovirus (IPV), and Haemophilus in- fluenzae type b (Hib) Vaccine Compared with a DTaP3-IPV/Hib Vaccine Administered at 3, 5, and 12 Months of Age. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013;20(10):1647–1653.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 39.68, - "y0": 644.03, - "x1": 273.51, - "y1": 684.25 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "3e644d055a890aa653a2960c0ce8680d", - "text": "26 Bar On ES et al. Combined DTP-HBV-HIB vaccine versus separately administered DTP-HBV and HIB vaccines for primary prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae B (HIB) (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012; Issue 4. Art. No.: CD005530.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "e883f995b383cadc9fdec65e7f8711c3", - "text_as_html": "
  • 26 Bar On ES et al. Combined DTP-HBV-HIB vaccine versus separately administered DTP-HBV and HIB vaccines for primary prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae B (HIB) (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012; Issue 4. Art. No.: CD005530.
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  • 27 Myers MG et al. Primary immunization with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids: reaction rates and immunogenicity in older children and adults. JAMA.1982;248:2478–2480.
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  • 28 Das R et al. The Effect of Prophylactic Antipyretic Administration on Post-Vaccina- tion Adverse Reactions and Antibody Response in Children: A Systematic Review. Plose One. 2014. Available at https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106629, ac- cessed July 2017.
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    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.87, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 218.24, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-34", - "text": "\n\n\nImmunogénicité et efficacité\nLes données semblent indiquer qu’un titre élevé d’anticorps antitoxine maternels se répercute sur la réponse immunitaire du nourrisson, se traduisant par une réponse immunitaire réduite après 2 doses de vaccin à base d’anatoxine diphtérique. Toutefois, la plupart des nourrissons obtiennent des titres protecteurs d’anticorps après la série complète de primovacci- nation à 3 doses. Suite à la série de primovaccination par le DTC, 94-100% des enfants présentent des taux d’anticorps anti- diphtériques >0,01 UI/ml.21 Un essai contrôlé randomisé d’une série de primovaccination par 3 doses de vaccin DTCe-Hib, administrées à partir de l’âge de 6-8 semaines et espacées de 4 semaines, a montré qu’une séroprotection (≥0,1 UI/ml) était obtenue chez 93,9-100% des nourrissons.24\nUn essai contrôlé randomisé a comparé l’immunogénicité d’une association vaccinale liquide contenant les anatoxines diphté- rique et tétanique, le vaccin anticoquelucheux acellulaire à 5 composants, le VPI et le vaccin anti-Hib à celle d’un vaccin DTCa-VPI/Hib, administrés aux âges de 3, 5 et 12 mois. Les taux de séroprotection obtenus pour l’anatoxine diphtérique (≥0,1 UI/ml) étaient de 95,1% (IC à 95%: 92,1-97,2) et 90,3% (IC à 95%: 86,7-93,2), respectivement.25\nLa comparaison entre les réponses en anticorps antidiphté- riques induites par les vaccins combinés DTC-HepB-Hib (vaccins DTCe et DTCa compris) et celles obtenues par l’administration séparée des vaccins DTC-HepB et Hib ne révèle aucune diffé- rence notable (RR 0,91; IC à 95%: 0,59-1,38).26 Des réponses sérologiques semblables sont obtenues après une série de primovaccination à 3 doses chez les adultes de >18 ans.27 Aucune donnée n’a pu être recueillie concernant la durée de l’immunité protectrice suite à une série de primovaccination par 3 doses chez l’adulte.\nBien qu’aucun essai clinique contrôlé randomisé n’ait été mené pour évaluer l’efficacité de l’anatoxine diphtérique contre la diphtérie, des données concordantes issues d’études d’observa- tion montrent que la vaccination par l’anatoxine diphtérique est efficace contre la diphtérie respiratoire clinique.\nL’administration prophylactique d’un antipyrétique entraîne une baisse statistiquement significative de la réponse en anti- corps, bien qu’une revue systématique ait indiqué que les titres d’anticorps antidiphtériques obtenus chez les personnes ayant reçu des antipyrétiques à titre prophylactique se situent au-dessus du seuil protecteur.28\nLa plupart des données sur l’efficacité proviennent des situa- tions de flambées. Lors de l’épidémie survenue en 1940-1941 à\n24 Cherian T et al. Safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine given in combination with DTwP at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age. Indian Pediatr. 2002;39(5):427–436.\n25 Vesikari T et al. Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Study of the Immunogenicity and Safety of a Fully Liquid Combination Diphtheria–Tetanus Toxoid–Five-Component Acellular Pertussis (DTaP5), Inactivated Poliovirus (IPV), and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Vaccine Compa- red with a DTaP3-IPV/Hib Vaccine Administered at 3, 5, and 12 Months of Age. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013;20(10):1647–1653.\n26 Bar On ES et al. Combined DTP-HBV-HIB vaccine versus separately administered DTP-HBV and HIB vaccines for primary prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and Haemophi- lus influenzae B (HIB) (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012; Issue 4. Art. No.: CD005530.\n27 Myers MG et al. Primary immunization with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids: reaction rates and immunogenicity in older children and adults. JAMA.1982;248:2478–2480.\n28 Das R et al. The Effect of Prophylactic Antipyretic Administration on Post-Vaccination Adverse Reactions and Antibody Response in Children: A Systematic Review. Plose One. 2014. Disponible à l’adresse: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106629; consulté en juillet 2017.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "d1c4b0d22f76810ec8637c293d4718a0", - "text": "Immunogénicité et efficacité", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Immunogénicité et efficacité

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.7, - "y0": 55.27, - "x1": 416.1, - "y1": 66.71 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "6726ec0b82ccd7d6fc5fcb54c9759de4", - "text": "Les données semblent indiquer qu’un titre élevé d’anticorps antitoxine maternels se répercute sur la réponse immunitaire du nourrisson, se traduisant par une réponse immunitaire réduite après 2 doses de vaccin à base d’anatoxine diphtérique. Toutefois, la plupart des nourrissons obtiennent des titres protecteurs d’anticorps après la série complète de primovacci- nation à 3 doses. Suite à la série de primovaccination par le DTC, 94-100% des enfants présentent des taux d’anticorps anti- diphtériques >0,01 UI/ml.21 Un essai contrôlé randomisé d’une série de primovaccination par 3 doses de vaccin DTCe-Hib, administrées à partir de l’âge de 6-8 semaines et espacées de 4 semaines, a montré qu’une séroprotection (≥0,1 UI/ml) était obtenue chez 93,9-100% des nourrissons.24", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "d1c4b0d22f76810ec8637c293d4718a0", - "text_as_html": "

    Les données semblent indiquer qu’un titre élevé d’anticorps antitoxine maternels se répercute sur la réponse immunitaire du nourrisson, se traduisant par une réponse immunitaire réduite après 2 doses de vaccin à base d’anatoxine diphtérique. Toutefois, la plupart des nourrissons obtiennent des titres protecteurs d’anticorps après la série complète de primovacci- nation à 3 doses. Suite à la série de primovaccination par le DTC, 94-100% des enfants présentent des taux d’anticorps anti- diphtériques >0,01 UI/ml.21 Un essai contrôlé randomisé d’une série de primovaccination par 3 doses de vaccin DTCe-Hib, administrées à partir de l’âge de 6-8 semaines et espacées de 4 semaines, a montré qu’une séroprotection (≥0,1 UI/ml) était obtenue chez 93,9-100% des nourrissons.24

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 68.83, - "x1": 552.59, - "y1": 214.73 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "850f81783d4b4fca0860523b1e63947f", - "text": "Un essai contrôlé randomisé a comparé l’immunogénicité d’une association vaccinale liquide contenant les anatoxines diphté- rique et tétanique, le vaccin anticoquelucheux acellulaire à 5 composants, le VPI et le vaccin anti-Hib à celle d’un vaccin DTCa-VPI/Hib, administrés aux âges de 3, 5 et 12 mois. Les taux de séroprotection obtenus pour l’anatoxine diphtérique (≥0,1 UI/ml) étaient de 95,1% (IC à 95%: 92,1-97,2) et 90,3% (IC à 95%: 86,7-93,2), respectivement.25", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "d1c4b0d22f76810ec8637c293d4718a0", - "text_as_html": "

    Un essai contrôlé randomisé a comparé l’immunogénicité d’une association vaccinale liquide contenant les anatoxines diphté- rique et tétanique, le vaccin anticoquelucheux acellulaire à 5 composants, le VPI et le vaccin anti-Hib à celle d’un vaccin DTCa-VPI/Hib, administrés aux âges de 3, 5 et 12 mois. Les taux de séroprotection obtenus pour l’anatoxine diphtérique (≥0,1 UI/ml) étaient de 95,1% (IC à 95%: 92,1-97,2) et 90,3% (IC à 95%: 86,7-93,2), respectivement.25

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 220.55, - "x1": 552.11, - "y1": 310.76 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ec08724b44ef2c81fc552877f1b31e4a", - "text": "La comparaison entre les réponses en anticorps antidiphté- riques induites par les vaccins combinés DTC-HepB-Hib (vaccins DTCe et DTCa compris) et celles obtenues par l’administration séparée des vaccins DTC-HepB et Hib ne révèle aucune diffé- rence notable (RR 0,91; IC à 95%: 0,59-1,38).26 Des réponses sérologiques semblables sont obtenues après une série de primovaccination à 3 doses chez les adultes de >18 ans.27 Aucune donnée n’a pu être recueillie concernant la durée de l’immunité protectrice suite à une série de primovaccination par 3 doses chez l’adulte.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "d1c4b0d22f76810ec8637c293d4718a0", - "text_as_html": "

    La comparaison entre les réponses en anticorps antidiphté- riques induites par les vaccins combinés DTC-HepB-Hib (vaccins DTCe et DTCa compris) et celles obtenues par l’administration séparée des vaccins DTC-HepB et Hib ne révèle aucune diffé- rence notable (RR 0,91; IC à 95%: 0,59-1,38).26 Des réponses sérologiques semblables sont obtenues après une série de primovaccination à 3 doses chez les adultes de >18 ans.27 Aucune donnée n’a pu être recueillie concernant la durée de l’immunité protectrice suite à une série de primovaccination par 3 doses chez l’adulte.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 317.26, - "x1": 552.26, - "y1": 429.39 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "fb7d1cdc7727aa49c8a6de228bf3ebcc", - "text": "Bien qu’aucun essai clinique contrôlé randomisé n’ait été mené pour évaluer l’efficacité de l’anatoxine diphtérique contre la diphtérie, des données concordantes issues d’études d’observa- tion montrent que la vaccination par l’anatoxine diphtérique est efficace contre la diphtérie respiratoire clinique.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "d1c4b0d22f76810ec8637c293d4718a0", - "text_as_html": "

    Bien qu’aucun essai clinique contrôlé randomisé n’ait été mené pour évaluer l’efficacité de l’anatoxine diphtérique contre la diphtérie, des données concordantes issues d’études d’observa- tion montrent que la vaccination par l’anatoxine diphtérique est efficace contre la diphtérie respiratoire clinique.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 435.86, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 491.53 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "662a7a2f230b0e755e11c9ca5e540f48", - "text": "L’administration prophylactique d’un antipyrétique entraîne une baisse statistiquement significative de la réponse en anti- corps, bien qu’une revue systématique ait indiqué que les titres d’anticorps antidiphtériques obtenus chez les personnes ayant reçu des antipyrétiques à titre prophylactique se situent au-dessus du seuil protecteur.28", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "d1c4b0d22f76810ec8637c293d4718a0", - "text_as_html": "

    L’administration prophylactique d’un antipyrétique entraîne une baisse statistiquement significative de la réponse en anti- corps, bien qu’une revue systématique ait indiqué que les titres d’anticorps antidiphtériques obtenus chez les personnes ayant reçu des antipyrétiques à titre prophylactique se situent au-dessus du seuil protecteur.28

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 497.58, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 564.97 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "4861bbeb3b5e7e541939ce8aa118302e", - "text": "La plupart des données sur l’efficacité proviennent des situa- tions de flambées. Lors de l’épidémie survenue en 1940-1941 à", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "d1c4b0d22f76810ec8637c293d4718a0", - "text_as_html": "

    La plupart des données sur l’efficacité proviennent des situa- tions de flambées. Lors de l’épidémie survenue en 1940-1941 à

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 571.04, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 593.21 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "8788f8ce1a47c5b5a4aacc362147c90b", - "text": "24 Cherian T et al. Safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine given in combination with DTwP at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age. Indian Pediatr. 2002;39(5):427–436.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "d1c4b0d22f76810ec8637c293d4718a0", - "text_as_html": "
  • 24 Cherian T et al. Safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine given in combination with DTwP at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age. Indian Pediatr. 2002;39(5):427–436.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.83, - "y0": 616.91, - "x1": 551.63, - "y1": 633.85 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "a9f92154894349492e7c51ad9f977391", - "text": "25 Vesikari T et al. Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Study of the Immunogenicity and Safety of a Fully Liquid Combination Diphtheria–Tetanus Toxoid–Five-Component Acellular Pertussis (DTaP5), Inactivated Poliovirus (IPV), and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Vaccine Compa- red with a DTaP3-IPV/Hib Vaccine Administered at 3, 5, and 12 Months of Age. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013;20(10):1647–1653.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "d1c4b0d22f76810ec8637c293d4718a0", - "text_as_html": "
  • 25 Vesikari T et al. Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Study of the Immunogenicity and Safety of a Fully Liquid Combination Diphtheria–Tetanus Toxoid–Five-Component Acellular Pertussis (DTaP5), Inactivated Poliovirus (IPV), and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Vaccine Compa- red with a DTaP3-IPV/Hib Vaccine Administered at 3, 5, and 12 Months of Age. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013;20(10):1647–1653.
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  • 26 Bar On ES et al. Combined DTP-HBV-HIB vaccine versus separately administered DTP-HBV and HIB vaccines for primary prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and Haemophi- lus influenzae B (HIB) (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012; Issue 4. Art. No.: CD005530.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 288.53, - "y0": 686.84, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 719.8 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "4c1c5d0c05f2689f4863cf000911a19f", - "text": "27 Myers MG et al. Primary immunization with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids: reaction rates and immunogenicity in older children and adults. JAMA.1982;248:2478–2480.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "d1c4b0d22f76810ec8637c293d4718a0", - "text_as_html": "
  • 27 Myers MG et al. Primary immunization with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids: reaction rates and immunogenicity in older children and adults. JAMA.1982;248:2478–2480.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.24, - "y0": 721.55, - "x1": 551.44, - "y1": 738.44 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "8a1be6fe2d32fb84909e836171c173ee", - "text": "28 Das R et al. The Effect of Prophylactic Antipyretic Administration on Post-Vaccination Adverse Reactions and Antibody Response in Children: A Systematic Review. Plose One. 2014. Disponible à l’adresse: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106629; consulté en juillet 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "d1c4b0d22f76810ec8637c293d4718a0", - "text_as_html": "
  • 28 Das R et al. The Effect of Prophylactic Antipyretic Administration on Post-Vaccination Adverse Reactions and Antibody Response in Children: A Systematic Review. Plose One. 2014. Disponible à l’adresse: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106629; consulté en juillet 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.36, - "y0": 740.56, - "x1": 552.56, - "y1": 765.11 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-35", - "text": "\n\n\n425\nHalifax, Canada,29 among those vaccinated (most indi- viduals had received 3 primary doses), the monthly incidence of diphtheria fell to 24.5 per 100 000 popula- tion, about one seventh of the rate in the unvaccinated children during that same period (168.9 per 100 000). In the United Kingdom (UK)30 in 1943, the rate of clinical respiratory diphtheria among unimmunized persons was 3.5-fold greater than that among those immunized with diphtheria vaccine, and mortality was 25-fold greater. In an outbreak in Texas, USA, in 197031 only 2 of 205 fully vaccinated (having received ≥3 vaccine doses) exposed elementary schoolchildren acquired the disease; the risk of symptomatic diphtheria was 30 times greater for unvaccinated children, and 11.5 times greater for those with incomplete vaccination, compared to those fully vaccinated. During 1981–1982 in Yemen,32 the protective effectiveness of diphtheria toxoid, assessed by the case-control method, was found to be 87% among those who had received ≥3 doses.\nMost recent data on vaccine effectiveness stem from the epidemic in the 1990s in countries of the former Soviet Union. These data suggest that contributing factors to the epidemic included the accumulation of susceptible individuals among both adults and children and social factors such as large numbers of migrants. Problems related to vaccine quality, vaccine supply, or access to vaccine providers did not contribute significantly to the epidemic.33 Case-control studies showed that ≥3 doses of diphtheria toxoid induced 95.5% (95% CI: 92.1–97.4%) protective effectiveness among children aged <15 years. Protection increased to 98.4% (95% CI: 96.5–99.3%) after ≥5 doses of this vaccine. Results from the Ukraine in 199234 suggest that the effectiveness of ≥3 doses was 98.2% (95% CI: 90.3–99.9%) while data from the Russian Federation in 199335 indicated that the effectiveness of ≥3 doses was 96.9% (95% CI: 94.3–98.4%), increasing to 99.0% for ≥5 doses (95% CI: 97.7–99.6%).\nA systematic review of evidence indicates that 2 primary doses result in substantially lower antitoxin titres than 3 doses in the primary series. However, this difference does not persist during the second year of life and after boosting, nor does it appear to impact clinical protec- tion. The review also found that booster vaccination during the second year of life after a 2-dose or 3-dose primary series substantially increases antitoxin titres.36 With regard to the effect of the length of the interval\n29 Wheeler SM et al. Epidemiological observations in the Halifax epidemic. Am J Public Health. 1942;32:947–956.\n30 Stuart G. A note on diphtheria incidence in certain European countries. Br Med J. 1945;2:613–615.\n31 Miller LW et al. Diphtheria immunization: effect on carriers and the control of out- breaks. Am J Dis Child. 1972;123:197–199.\n32 Jones EE et al. Diphtheria: a possible foodborne outbreak in Hodeida, Yemen Arab Republic. Bull World Health Organ. 1985;63:287–293.\n33 Markina SS et al. Diphtheria in the Russian Federation in the 1990s. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl. 1):S27-S34.\n34 Chen RT et al. Ukraine, 1992: first assessment of diphtheria vaccine effectiveness during the recent resurgence of diphtheria in the former Soviet Union. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl.1):178–183.\n35 Bisgard KM et al. Diphtheria toxoid vaccine effectiveness: a case-control study in Russia. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl.1):184–187.\n36 World Health Organization. Comparative efficacy/effectiveness of schedules in infant immunisation against pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2015/april/5_Report_D_T_140812.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "75e390ca89db916d303b221a9f11b834", - "text": "425", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 9, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    425

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 8, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 537.94, - "y0": 777.9, - "x1": 550.06, - "y1": 787.01 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ec4eec9514cfe5f60ab370940d85ed99", - "text": "Halifax, Canada,29 among those vaccinated (most indi- viduals had received 3 primary doses), the monthly incidence of diphtheria fell to 24.5 per 100 000 popula- tion, about one seventh of the rate in the unvaccinated children during that same period (168.9 per 100 000). In the United Kingdom (UK)30 in 1943, the rate of clinical respiratory diphtheria among unimmunized persons was 3.5-fold greater than that among those immunized with diphtheria vaccine, and mortality was 25-fold greater. In an outbreak in Texas, USA, in 197031 only 2 of 205 fully vaccinated (having received ≥3 vaccine doses) exposed elementary schoolchildren acquired the disease; the risk of symptomatic diphtheria was 30 times greater for unvaccinated children, and 11.5 times greater for those with incomplete vaccination, compared to those fully vaccinated. During 1981–1982 in Yemen,32 the protective effectiveness of diphtheria toxoid, assessed by the case-control method, was found to be 87% among those who had received ≥3 doses.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "75e390ca89db916d303b221a9f11b834", - "text_as_html": "

    Halifax, Canada,29 among those vaccinated (most indi- viduals had received 3 primary doses), the monthly incidence of diphtheria fell to 24.5 per 100 000 popula- tion, about one seventh of the rate in the unvaccinated children during that same period (168.9 per 100 000). In the United Kingdom (UK)30 in 1943, the rate of clinical respiratory diphtheria among unimmunized persons was 3.5-fold greater than that among those immunized with diphtheria vaccine, and mortality was 25-fold greater. In an outbreak in Texas, USA, in 197031 only 2 of 205 fully vaccinated (having received ≥3 vaccine doses) exposed elementary schoolchildren acquired the disease; the risk of symptomatic diphtheria was 30 times greater for unvaccinated children, and 11.5 times greater for those with incomplete vaccination, compared to those fully vaccinated. During 1981–1982 in Yemen,32 the protective effectiveness of diphtheria toxoid, assessed by the case-control method, was found to be 87% among those who had received ≥3 doses.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 56.36, - "x1": 273.34, - "y1": 269.52 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "8ada4f7acce3f3f59822a45554c03bbe", - "text": "Most recent data on vaccine effectiveness stem from the epidemic in the 1990s in countries of the former Soviet Union. These data suggest that contributing factors to the epidemic included the accumulation of susceptible individuals among both adults and children and social factors such as large numbers of migrants. Problems related to vaccine quality, vaccine supply, or access to vaccine providers did not contribute significantly to the epidemic.33 Case-control studies showed that ≥3 doses of diphtheria toxoid induced 95.5% (95% CI: 92.1–97.4%) protective effectiveness among children aged <15 years. Protection increased to 98.4% (95% CI: 96.5–99.3%) after ≥5 doses of this vaccine. Results from the Ukraine in 199234 suggest that the effectiveness of ≥3 doses was 98.2% (95% CI: 90.3–99.9%) while data from the Russian Federation in 199335 indicated that the effectiveness of ≥3 doses was 96.9% (95% CI: 94.3–98.4%), increasing to 99.0% for ≥5 doses (95% CI: 97.7–99.6%).", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "75e390ca89db916d303b221a9f11b834", - "text_as_html": "

    Most recent data on vaccine effectiveness stem from the epidemic in the 1990s in countries of the former Soviet Union. These data suggest that contributing factors to the epidemic included the accumulation of susceptible individuals among both adults and children and social factors such as large numbers of migrants. Problems related to vaccine quality, vaccine supply, or access to vaccine providers did not contribute significantly to the epidemic.33 Case-control studies showed that ≥3 doses of diphtheria toxoid induced 95.5% (95% CI: 92.1–97.4%) protective effectiveness among children aged <15 years. Protection increased to 98.4% (95% CI: 96.5–99.3%) after ≥5 doses of this vaccine. Results from the Ukraine in 199234 suggest that the effectiveness of ≥3 doses was 98.2% (95% CI: 90.3–99.9%) while data from the Russian Federation in 199335 indicated that the effectiveness of ≥3 doses was 96.9% (95% CI: 94.3–98.4%), increasing to 99.0% for ≥5 doses (95% CI: 97.7–99.6%).

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.02, - "y0": 276.55, - "x1": 272.99, - "y1": 478.54 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "df87f34e59fc9ee6b3557ae20d110ec0", - "text": "A systematic review of evidence indicates that 2 primary doses result in substantially lower antitoxin titres than 3 doses in the primary series. However, this difference does not persist during the second year of life and after boosting, nor does it appear to impact clinical protec- tion. The review also found that booster vaccination during the second year of life after a 2-dose or 3-dose primary series substantially increases antitoxin titres.36 With regard to the effect of the length of the interval", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "75e390ca89db916d303b221a9f11b834", - "text_as_html": "

    A systematic review of evidence indicates that 2 primary doses result in substantially lower antitoxin titres than 3 doses in the primary series. However, this difference does not persist during the second year of life and after boosting, nor does it appear to impact clinical protec- tion. The review also found that booster vaccination during the second year of life after a 2-dose or 3-dose primary series substantially increases antitoxin titres.36 With regard to the effect of the length of the interval

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 485.12, - "x1": 272.93, - "y1": 585.87 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "545607f5c147504a468ce2a20379359f", - "text": "29 Wheeler SM et al. Epidemiological observations in the Halifax epidemic. Am J Public Health. 1942;32:947–956.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "75e390ca89db916d303b221a9f11b834", - "text_as_html": "
  • 29 Wheeler SM et al. Epidemiological observations in the Halifax epidemic. Am J Public Health. 1942;32:947–956.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.9, - "y0": 601.03, - "x1": 273.33, - "y1": 616.92 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "297b8f3c82a5a8b71e9d398d1b9d81ee", - "text": "30 Stuart G. A note on diphtheria incidence in certain European countries. Br Med J. 1945;2:613–615.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "75e390ca89db916d303b221a9f11b834", - "text_as_html": "
  • 30 Stuart G. A note on diphtheria incidence in certain European countries. Br Med J. 1945;2:613–615.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.18, - "y0": 619.83, - "x1": 272.84, - "y1": 635.93 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "97c75ffd8396a4a6048da9615a53e498", - "text": "31 Miller LW et al. Diphtheria immunization: effect on carriers and the control of out- breaks. Am J Dis Child. 1972;123:197–199.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "75e390ca89db916d303b221a9f11b834", - "text_as_html": "
  • 31 Miller LW et al. Diphtheria immunization: effect on carriers and the control of out- breaks. Am J Dis Child. 1972;123:197–199.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.52, - "y0": 638.35, - "x1": 271.58, - "y1": 654.21 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "4779d32e28d34e081bdb541c9d30b67d", - "text": "32 Jones EE et al. Diphtheria: a possible foodborne outbreak in Hodeida, Yemen Arab Republic. Bull World Health Organ. 1985;63:287–293.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "75e390ca89db916d303b221a9f11b834", - "text_as_html": "
  • 32 Jones EE et al. Diphtheria: a possible foodborne outbreak in Hodeida, Yemen Arab Republic. Bull World Health Organ. 1985;63:287–293.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.87, - "y0": 656.96, - "x1": 273.89, - "y1": 673.62 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "fdac1c09aa5a97b31146162b7e5c0fc2", - "text": "33 Markina SS et al. Diphtheria in the Russian Federation in the 1990s. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl. 1):S27-S34.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "75e390ca89db916d303b221a9f11b834", - "text_as_html": "
  • 33 Markina SS et al. Diphtheria in the Russian Federation in the 1990s. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl. 1):S27-S34.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.02, - "y0": 676.37, - "x1": 272.32, - "y1": 692.24 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "2ff475a12206d2d30fb8c3b5dec6f540", - "text": "34 Chen RT et al. Ukraine, 1992: first assessment of diphtheria vaccine effectiveness during the recent resurgence of diphtheria in the former Soviet Union. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl.1):178–183.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "75e390ca89db916d303b221a9f11b834", - "text_as_html": "
  • 34 Chen RT et al. Ukraine, 1992: first assessment of diphtheria vaccine effectiveness during the recent resurgence of diphtheria in the former Soviet Union. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl.1):178–183.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.02, - "y0": 695.15, - "x1": 274.66, - "y1": 718.81 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "dd15e2bed92aaf3236da2589f0ff0f52", - "text": "35 Bisgard KM et al. Diphtheria toxoid vaccine effectiveness: a case-control study in Russia. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl.1):184–187.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "75e390ca89db916d303b221a9f11b834", - "text_as_html": "
  • 35 Bisgard KM et al. Diphtheria toxoid vaccine effectiveness: a case-control study in Russia. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl.1):184–187.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.52, - "y0": 721.54, - "x1": 273.61, - "y1": 737.97 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "12bf8ada87801ba0eaa6e6601e2984fc", - "text": "36 World Health Organization. Comparative efficacy/effectiveness of schedules in infant immunisation against pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2015/april/5_Report_D_T_140812.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "75e390ca89db916d303b221a9f11b834", - "text_as_html": "
  • 36 World Health Organization. Comparative efficacy/effectiveness of schedules in infant immunisation against pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2015/april/5_Report_D_T_140812.pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.84, - "y0": 740.71, - "x1": 272.49, - "y1": 772.36 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-36", - "text": "\n\n\n426\nHalifax (Canada),29 l’incidence mensuelle de la diphtérie parmi les personnes vaccinées (par 3 doses de primovaccination dans la plupart des cas) avait été réduite à 24,5 cas pour 100 000 habi- tants, soit environ un septième du taux relevé chez les enfants non vaccinés durant la même période (168,9 pour 100 000). Au Royaume-Uni30 en 1943, le taux de diphtérie respiratoire clinique chez les sujets non vaccinés était 3,5 fois supérieur à celui des personnes vaccinées contre la diphtérie, avec un taux de morta- lité 25 fois supérieur. Lors d’une flambée qui a touché le Texas (États-Unis d’Amérique) en 1970,31 on a observé que sur 205 écoliers du primaire entièrement vaccinés (par ≥3 doses) qui avaient été exposés à la diphtérie, seuls 2 ont contracté la maladie; le risque de diphtérie symptomatique était 30 fois supérieur chez les enfants non vaccinés, et 11,5 fois supérieur parmi les enfants partiellement vaccinés par rapport à celui des enfants pleinement vaccinés. En 1981-1982 au Yémen,32 l’effica- cité protectrice de l’anatoxine diphtérique, évaluée par une étude cas-témoin, était de 87% parmi les sujets ayant reçu ≥3 doses de vaccin.\nLa plupart des données récentes sur l’efficacité vaccinale sont issues de l’épidémie qui a sévi dans les années 1990 dans les pays de l’ancienne Union soviétique. Ces données révèlent que l’accu- mulation de sujets sensibles, tant parmi les adultes que parmi les enfants, ainsi que certains facteurs sociaux, comme une forte popu- lation de migrants, comptaient parmi les facteurs contributeurs de l’épidémie. Les problèmes liés à la qualité des vaccins, à l’appro- visionnement en vaccins ou à l’accès aux fournisseurs de vaccins n’avaient pas contribué de manière significative à l’épidémie.33 Des études cas-témoins ont montré que ≥3 doses d’anatoxine diphté- rique induisaient une efficacité protectrice de 95,5% (IC à 95%: 92,1-97,4%) chez les enfants âgés de <15 ans. La protection passait à 98,4% (IC à 95%: 96,5-99,3%) après ≥5 doses de vaccin. Les résul- tats obtenus en Ukraine en 199234 donnent une efficacité de 98,2% (IC à 95%: 90,3-99,9%) pour ≥3 doses, tandis que les données recueillies en Fédération de Russie en 199335 indiquent que l’effi- cacité pour ≥3 doses était de 96,9% (IC à 95%: 94,3-98,4%), attei- gnant 99,0% pour ≥5 doses (IC à 95%: 97,7-99,6%).\nSelon une revue systématique des données, les titres d’anti- toxine obtenus après 2 doses de primovaccination sont consi- dérablement plus faibles qu’après 3 doses de primovaccination. Toutefois, cette différence s’estompe durant la deuxième année de vie et après les doses de rappel et ne semble pas avoir d’im- pact sur la protection clinique. Cette revue a également montré que l’administration d’une dose de rappel dans la deuxième année de vie, après 2 ou 3 doses de primovaccination, accroît notablement les titres d’antitoxine.36 S’agissant de l’intervalle\n29 Wheeler SM et al. Epidemiological observations in the Halifax epidemic. Am J Public Health. 1942;32:947–956.\n30 Stuart G. A note on diphtheria incidence in certain European countries. Br Med J 1945;2:613– 615.\n31 Miller LW et al. Diphtheria immunization: effect on carriers and the control of outbreaks. Am J Dis Child. 1972;123:197–199.\n32 Jones EE et al. Diphtheria: a possible foodborne outbreak in Hodeida, Yemen Arab Republic. Bull World Health Organ. 1985;63:287–293.\n33 Markina SS et al. Diphtheria in the Russian Federation in the 1990s. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Sup- pl. 1): S27-S34.\n34 Chen RT et al. Ukraine, 1992: first assessment of diphtheria vaccine effectiveness during the recent resurgence of diphtheria in the former Soviet Union. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl.1): 178–183.\n35 Bisgard KM et al. Diphtheria toxoid vaccine effectiveness: a case-control study in Russia. J Infect Dis. 2000; 181(Suppl.1): 184–187.\n36 World Health Organization. Comparative efficacy/effectiveness of schedules in infant immunisa- tion against pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2015/april/5_Report_D_T_140812. pdf?ua=1; consulté en avril 2017.\nbetween primary doses, evidence suggests that an accel- erated schedule (2, 3, 4 months; 3, 4, 5 months; 2, 4, 6 months) results in 2-fold lower antibody titres when measured after the third dose or during the second year of life, as compared to a longer schedule (with an inter- val of around 6 months between the second and third doses).36 On immunological grounds, an interval of 6 months between the second priming dose and the third dose (2p+1) results in more durable protection than 3 doses administered at 1 month intervals (3p+0).21 However, the purpose of early vaccination of infants with 3 doses of DTP-containing vaccine at intervals of 4–8 weeks is to ensure early protection against pertus- sis, as severe disease and mortality from pertussis are almost entirely limited to the first weeks and months of life.4\nVaccination has led to significant decreases in diphthe- ria incidence worldwide, and is also responsible for the development of herd protection. At the population level, it is believed that vaccine coverage of 80–85% must be maintained in order to maintain herd protection/ community protection and reduce the threat of an outbreak.7 As non-immune individuals living in highly vaccinated populations can develop respiratory diph- theria, every person should be adequately protected by vaccination.\nDuration of protection and booster requirements in children\nIn the absence of natural boosting, data indicate that immunity following a 3-dose primary vaccination sched- ule wanes over time.7, 8 Therefore, booster doses are needed to ensure continuing protection. However, the optimal number of required booster doses and interval between doses remain uncertain. A systematic review revealed that only limited data were available on the duration of protective effectiveness and/or immunoge- nicity of a 3-dose primary plus 3-dose booster schedule until adulthood.37 Data on the duration of seroprotection from 2 large representative population studies from the Netherlands,38 using a complete 3-dose primary series plus 3-dose booster series prior to adolescence, indicate that this schedule results in very high seroprevalence above the threshold for basic protection (≥0.01 IU/mL) up to 39 years of age and potentially longer. The first 4 doses in the series had a potency of >60 IU, while the final 2 doses had a potency of >5 IU. A seroprevalence of 94.6% (95% CI: 87.3–100%) for basic protection was observed even in the age group 35–39 years. A serop- revalence of 37.8% (95% CI: 22.2–53.5%) above the threshold for full protection (0.1 IU/mL) was observed in the age group 35–39 years. Given the low number of reported cases of diphtheria in the Netherlands and the high vaccination coverage in the past years, it can be\nassumed that there has been little chance of exposure to\n37 World Health Organization. Diphtheria vaccine. Review of evidence on vaccine effectiveness and immunogenicity to assess the duration of protection ≥10 years after the last booster dose. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2017/april/2_Review_Diphtheria_results_April2017_final_clean. pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.\n38 Swart EM et al. Long-Term Protection against Diphtheria in the Netherlands after 50 Years of Vaccination: Results from a Seroepidemiological Study. PLoS ONE 11(2):e0148605.\nentre les doses de primovaccination, les données indiquent que les titres d’anticorps obtenus, tels que mesurés après la troi- sième dose ou durant la deuxième année de vie, sont 2 fois plus faibles avec un schéma d’administration accéléré (2, 3, 4 mois; 3, 4, 5 mois; 2, 4, 6 mois) qu’avec un schéma de plus longue durée (prévoyant un écart d’environ 6 mois entre la deuxième dose et la troisième dose).36 Sur le plan immunologique, un intervalle de 6 mois entre la deuxième dose de primovaccina- tion et la troisième dose (2p+1) confère une protection plus durable que 3 doses administrées à 1 mois d’écart (3p+0).21 Toutefois, l’objectif de la vaccination précoce des nourrissons par 3 doses de vaccin DTC espacées de 4-8 semaines est de garantir une protection précoce contre la coqueluche car les cas graves et les décès dus à la coqueluche se produisent presque exclusivement durant les premières semaines et les premiers mois de la vie.4\nLa vaccination a entraîné une baisse considérable de l’incidence de la diphtérie dans le monde et a permis le développement d’une protection collective. Au niveau de la population, on estime qu’il faut maintenir une couverture vaccinale de 80-85% pour préserver la protection collective/communautaire et réduire le risque de flambée.7 Les sujets non immunisés qui vivent au sein de populations fortement vaccinées peuvent contracter une diphtérie respiratoire et il est donc important que toutes les personnes soient convenablement protégées par la vaccination.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text": "426", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    426

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.89, - "y0": 779.2, - "x1": 57.82, - "y1": 786.48 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "6410b11053d2761ac3207f18e09c4cbb", - "text": "Halifax (Canada),29 l’incidence mensuelle de la diphtérie parmi les personnes vaccinées (par 3 doses de primovaccination dans la plupart des cas) avait été réduite à 24,5 cas pour 100 000 habi- tants, soit environ un septième du taux relevé chez les enfants non vaccinés durant la même période (168,9 pour 100 000). Au Royaume-Uni30 en 1943, le taux de diphtérie respiratoire clinique chez les sujets non vaccinés était 3,5 fois supérieur à celui des personnes vaccinées contre la diphtérie, avec un taux de morta- lité 25 fois supérieur. Lors d’une flambée qui a touché le Texas (États-Unis d’Amérique) en 1970,31 on a observé que sur 205 écoliers du primaire entièrement vaccinés (par ≥3 doses) qui avaient été exposés à la diphtérie, seuls 2 ont contracté la maladie; le risque de diphtérie symptomatique était 30 fois supérieur chez les enfants non vaccinés, et 11,5 fois supérieur parmi les enfants partiellement vaccinés par rapport à celui des enfants pleinement vaccinés. En 1981-1982 au Yémen,32 l’effica- cité protectrice de l’anatoxine diphtérique, évaluée par une étude cas-témoin, était de 87% parmi les sujets ayant reçu ≥3 doses de vaccin.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "

    Halifax (Canada),29 l’incidence mensuelle de la diphtérie parmi les personnes vaccinées (par 3 doses de primovaccination dans la plupart des cas) avait été réduite à 24,5 cas pour 100 000 habi- tants, soit environ un septième du taux relevé chez les enfants non vaccinés durant la même période (168,9 pour 100 000). Au Royaume-Uni30 en 1943, le taux de diphtérie respiratoire clinique chez les sujets non vaccinés était 3,5 fois supérieur à celui des personnes vaccinées contre la diphtérie, avec un taux de morta- lité 25 fois supérieur. Lors d’une flambée qui a touché le Texas (États-Unis d’Amérique) en 1970,31 on a observé que sur 205 écoliers du primaire entièrement vaccinés (par ≥3 doses) qui avaient été exposés à la diphtérie, seuls 2 ont contracté la maladie; le risque de diphtérie symptomatique était 30 fois supérieur chez les enfants non vaccinés, et 11,5 fois supérieur parmi les enfants partiellement vaccinés par rapport à celui des enfants pleinement vaccinés. En 1981-1982 au Yémen,32 l’effica- cité protectrice de l’anatoxine diphtérique, évaluée par une étude cas-témoin, était de 87% parmi les sujets ayant reçu ≥3 doses de vaccin.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 56.36, - "x1": 553.27, - "y1": 269.52 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "411ab154b287f26f6211bbcd3955f491", - "text": "La plupart des données récentes sur l’efficacité vaccinale sont issues de l’épidémie qui a sévi dans les années 1990 dans les pays de l’ancienne Union soviétique. Ces données révèlent que l’accu- mulation de sujets sensibles, tant parmi les adultes que parmi les enfants, ainsi que certains facteurs sociaux, comme une forte popu- lation de migrants, comptaient parmi les facteurs contributeurs de l’épidémie. Les problèmes liés à la qualité des vaccins, à l’appro- visionnement en vaccins ou à l’accès aux fournisseurs de vaccins n’avaient pas contribué de manière significative à l’épidémie.33 Des études cas-témoins ont montré que ≥3 doses d’anatoxine diphté- rique induisaient une efficacité protectrice de 95,5% (IC à 95%: 92,1-97,4%) chez les enfants âgés de <15 ans. La protection passait à 98,4% (IC à 95%: 96,5-99,3%) après ≥5 doses de vaccin. Les résul- tats obtenus en Ukraine en 199234 donnent une efficacité de 98,2% (IC à 95%: 90,3-99,9%) pour ≥3 doses, tandis que les données recueillies en Fédération de Russie en 199335 indiquent que l’effi- cacité pour ≥3 doses était de 96,9% (IC à 95%: 94,3-98,4%), attei- gnant 99,0% pour ≥5 doses (IC à 95%: 97,7-99,6%).", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "

    La plupart des données récentes sur l’efficacité vaccinale sont issues de l’épidémie qui a sévi dans les années 1990 dans les pays de l’ancienne Union soviétique. Ces données révèlent que l’accu- mulation de sujets sensibles, tant parmi les adultes que parmi les enfants, ainsi que certains facteurs sociaux, comme une forte popu- lation de migrants, comptaient parmi les facteurs contributeurs de l’épidémie. Les problèmes liés à la qualité des vaccins, à l’appro- visionnement en vaccins ou à l’accès aux fournisseurs de vaccins n’avaient pas contribué de manière significative à l’épidémie.33 Des études cas-témoins ont montré que ≥3 doses d’anatoxine diphté- rique induisaient une efficacité protectrice de 95,5% (IC à 95%: 92,1-97,4%) chez les enfants âgés de <15 ans. La protection passait à 98,4% (IC à 95%: 96,5-99,3%) après ≥5 doses de vaccin. Les résul- tats obtenus en Ukraine en 199234 donnent une efficacité de 98,2% (IC à 95%: 90,3-99,9%) pour ≥3 doses, tandis que les données recueillies en Fédération de Russie en 199335 indiquent que l’effi- cacité pour ≥3 doses était de 96,9% (IC à 95%: 94,3-98,4%), attei- gnant 99,0% pour ≥5 doses (IC à 95%: 97,7-99,6%).

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 275.96, - "x1": 553.48, - "y1": 478.54 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "18c0ab567c0cea0e10773f19c74f2868", - "text": "Selon une revue systématique des données, les titres d’anti- toxine obtenus après 2 doses de primovaccination sont consi- dérablement plus faibles qu’après 3 doses de primovaccination. Toutefois, cette différence s’estompe durant la deuxième année de vie et après les doses de rappel et ne semble pas avoir d’im- pact sur la protection clinique. Cette revue a également montré que l’administration d’une dose de rappel dans la deuxième année de vie, après 2 ou 3 doses de primovaccination, accroît notablement les titres d’antitoxine.36 S’agissant de l’intervalle", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "

    Selon une revue systématique des données, les titres d’anti- toxine obtenus après 2 doses de primovaccination sont consi- dérablement plus faibles qu’après 3 doses de primovaccination. Toutefois, cette différence s’estompe durant la deuxième année de vie et après les doses de rappel et ne semble pas avoir d’im- pact sur la protection clinique. Cette revue a également montré que l’administration d’une dose de rappel dans la deuxième année de vie, après 2 ou 3 doses de primovaccination, accroît notablement les titres d’antitoxine.36 S’agissant de l’intervalle

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 484.49, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 585.87 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "4ec3b27e5c8bc2dd3f4f320f6810e35e", - "text": "29 Wheeler SM et al. Epidemiological observations in the Halifax epidemic. Am J Public Health. 1942;32:947–956.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "
  • 29 Wheeler SM et al. Epidemiological observations in the Halifax epidemic. Am J Public Health. 1942;32:947–956.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.96, - "y0": 600.11, - "x1": 551.48, - "y1": 618.13 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "116e4575a7c5c54539c5efce9c502835", - "text": "30 Stuart G. A note on diphtheria incidence in certain European countries. Br Med J 1945;2:613– 615.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "
  • 30 Stuart G. A note on diphtheria incidence in certain European countries. Br Med J 1945;2:613– 615.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.97, - "y0": 619.22, - "x1": 549.79, - "y1": 637.24 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "76d3b61b4bf294389e0f71d3d0f43070", - "text": "31 Miller LW et al. Diphtheria immunization: effect on carriers and the control of outbreaks. Am J Dis Child. 1972;123:197–199.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "
  • 31 Miller LW et al. Diphtheria immunization: effect on carriers and the control of outbreaks. Am J Dis Child. 1972;123:197–199.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.75, - "y0": 637.93, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 654.5 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "b51e0bf22b84dbbfda32e60e0144480a", - "text": "32 Jones EE et al. Diphtheria: a possible foodborne outbreak in Hodeida, Yemen Arab Republic. Bull World Health Organ. 1985;63:287–293.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "
  • 32 Jones EE et al. Diphtheria: a possible foodborne outbreak in Hodeida, Yemen Arab Republic. Bull World Health Organ. 1985;63:287–293.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.33, - "y0": 656.46, - "x1": 551.47, - "y1": 673.77 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "41f315e65ecae779f0441a1a285f0c77", - "text": "33 Markina SS et al. Diphtheria in the Russian Federation in the 1990s. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Sup- pl. 1): S27-S34.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "
  • 33 Markina SS et al. Diphtheria in the Russian Federation in the 1990s. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Sup- pl. 1): S27-S34.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.06, - "y0": 675.61, - "x1": 550.86, - "y1": 693.13 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "f58d5b314aa8b9df1302308f7daa7f48", - "text": "34 Chen RT et al. Ukraine, 1992: first assessment of diphtheria vaccine effectiveness during the recent resurgence of diphtheria in the former Soviet Union. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl.1): 178–183.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "
  • 34 Chen RT et al. Ukraine, 1992: first assessment of diphtheria vaccine effectiveness during the recent resurgence of diphtheria in the former Soviet Union. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl.1): 178–183.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.91, - "y0": 694.55, - "x1": 553.04, - "y1": 719.5 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "df8954d33a3be879c51c9b16eb840fe8", - "text": "35 Bisgard KM et al. Diphtheria toxoid vaccine effectiveness: a case-control study in Russia. J Infect Dis. 2000; 181(Suppl.1): 184–187.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "
  • 35 Bisgard KM et al. Diphtheria toxoid vaccine effectiveness: a case-control study in Russia. J Infect Dis. 2000; 181(Suppl.1): 184–187.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.49, - "y0": 721.07, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 737.78 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "9bb6399efe9fd593e54d16401d1e9cf5", - "text": "36 World Health Organization. Comparative efficacy/effectiveness of schedules in infant immunisa- tion against pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2015/april/5_Report_D_T_140812. pdf?ua=1; consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 10, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "
  • 36 World Health Organization. Comparative efficacy/effectiveness of schedules in infant immunisa- tion against pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2015/april/5_Report_D_T_140812. pdf?ua=1; consulté en avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 9, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.52, - "y0": 740.28, - "x1": 551.48, - "y1": 772.59 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c193078f48e6567026c2626024a7e8d2", - "text": "between primary doses, evidence suggests that an accel- erated schedule (2, 3, 4 months; 3, 4, 5 months; 2, 4, 6 months) results in 2-fold lower antibody titres when measured after the third dose or during the second year of life, as compared to a longer schedule (with an inter- val of around 6 months between the second and third doses).36 On immunological grounds, an interval of 6 months between the second priming dose and the third dose (2p+1) results in more durable protection than 3 doses administered at 1 month intervals (3p+0).21 However, the purpose of early vaccination of infants with 3 doses of DTP-containing vaccine at intervals of 4–8 weeks is to ensure early protection against pertus- sis, as severe disease and mortality from pertussis are almost entirely limited to the first weeks and months of life.4", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "

    between primary doses, evidence suggests that an accel- erated schedule (2, 3, 4 months; 3, 4, 5 months; 2, 4, 6 months) results in 2-fold lower antibody titres when measured after the third dose or during the second year of life, as compared to a longer schedule (with an inter- val of around 6 months between the second and third doses).36 On immunological grounds, an interval of 6 months between the second priming dose and the third dose (2p+1) results in more durable protection than 3 doses administered at 1 month intervals (3p+0).21 However, the purpose of early vaccination of infants with 3 doses of DTP-containing vaccine at intervals of 4–8 weeks is to ensure early protection against pertus- sis, as severe disease and mortality from pertussis are almost entirely limited to the first weeks and months of life.4

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.75, - "y0": 56.66, - "x1": 272.96, - "y1": 235.63 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c473b0318cafb520805ffbdef8eb0f14", - "text": "Vaccination has led to significant decreases in diphthe- ria incidence worldwide, and is also responsible for the development of herd protection. At the population level, it is believed that vaccine coverage of 80–85% must be maintained in order to maintain herd protection/ community protection and reduce the threat of an outbreak.7 As non-immune individuals living in highly vaccinated populations can develop respiratory diph- theria, every person should be adequately protected by vaccination.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccination has led to significant decreases in diphthe- ria incidence worldwide, and is also responsible for the development of herd protection. At the population level, it is believed that vaccine coverage of 80–85% must be maintained in order to maintain herd protection/ community protection and reduce the threat of an outbreak.7 As non-immune individuals living in highly vaccinated populations can develop respiratory diph- theria, every person should be adequately protected by vaccination.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.67, - "y0": 241.87, - "x1": 273.42, - "y1": 354.26 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "57f2f7e4448b38420e4de1fdb15cdfdd", - "text": "Duration of protection and booster requirements in children", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "

    Duration of protection and booster requirements in children

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.33, - "y0": 365.42, - "x1": 258.78, - "y1": 387.91 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "422e445af546ea8db03a829b0192c208", - "text": "In the absence of natural boosting, data indicate that immunity following a 3-dose primary vaccination sched- ule wanes over time.7, 8 Therefore, booster doses are needed to ensure continuing protection. However, the optimal number of required booster doses and interval between doses remain uncertain. A systematic review revealed that only limited data were available on the duration of protective effectiveness and/or immunoge- nicity of a 3-dose primary plus 3-dose booster schedule until adulthood.37 Data on the duration of seroprotection from 2 large representative population studies from the Netherlands,38 using a complete 3-dose primary series plus 3-dose booster series prior to adolescence, indicate that this schedule results in very high seroprevalence above the threshold for basic protection (≥0.01 IU/mL) up to 39 years of age and potentially longer. The first 4 doses in the series had a potency of >60 IU, while the final 2 doses had a potency of >5 IU. A seroprevalence of 94.6% (95% CI: 87.3–100%) for basic protection was observed even in the age group 35–39 years. A serop- revalence of 37.8% (95% CI: 22.2–53.5%) above the threshold for full protection (0.1 IU/mL) was observed in the age group 35–39 years. Given the low number of reported cases of diphtheria in the Netherlands and the high vaccination coverage in the past years, it can be", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "

    In the absence of natural boosting, data indicate that immunity following a 3-dose primary vaccination sched- ule wanes over time.7, 8 Therefore, booster doses are needed to ensure continuing protection. However, the optimal number of required booster doses and interval between doses remain uncertain. A systematic review revealed that only limited data were available on the duration of protective effectiveness and/or immunoge- nicity of a 3-dose primary plus 3-dose booster schedule until adulthood.37 Data on the duration of seroprotection from 2 large representative population studies from the Netherlands,38 using a complete 3-dose primary series plus 3-dose booster series prior to adolescence, indicate that this schedule results in very high seroprevalence above the threshold for basic protection (≥0.01 IU/mL) up to 39 years of age and potentially longer. The first 4 doses in the series had a potency of >60 IU, while the final 2 doses had a potency of >5 IU. A seroprevalence of 94.6% (95% CI: 87.3–100%) for basic protection was observed even in the age group 35–39 years. A serop- revalence of 37.8% (95% CI: 22.2–53.5%) above the threshold for full protection (0.1 IU/mL) was observed in the age group 35–39 years. Given the low number of reported cases of diphtheria in the Netherlands and the high vaccination coverage in the past years, it can be

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 391.08, - "x1": 272.47, - "y1": 679.19 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "66d83ec93b7dc48ebae2205ba3ad496c", - "text": "assumed that there has been little chance of exposure to", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "

    assumed that there has been little chance of exposure to

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 673.82, - "x1": 272.46, - "y1": 683.32 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "1df8ba42f6f3da7dda2ed21f3feb4312", - "text": "37 World Health Organization. Diphtheria vaccine. Review of evidence on vaccine effectiveness and immunogenicity to assess the duration of protection ≥10 years after the last booster dose. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2017/april/2_Review_Diphtheria_results_April2017_final_clean. pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "
  • 37 World Health Organization. Diphtheria vaccine. Review of evidence on vaccine effectiveness and immunogenicity to assess the duration of protection ≥10 years after the last booster dose. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2017/april/2_Review_Diphtheria_results_April2017_final_clean. pdf?ua=1, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 39.6, - "y0": 706.52, - "x1": 273.62, - "y1": 745.97 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "fb717417fb5048ac51c93131ff42061f", - "text": "38 Swart EM et al. Long-Term Protection against Diphtheria in the Netherlands after 50 Years of Vaccination: Results from a Seroepidemiological Study. PLoS ONE 11(2):e0148605.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "b1766ce25d303e79143e8c4462fc6334", - "text_as_html": "
  • 38 Swart EM et al. Long-Term Protection against Diphtheria in the Netherlands after 50 Years of Vaccination: Results from a Seroepidemiological Study. PLoS ONE 11(2):e0148605.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.65, - "y0": 749.2, - "x1": 273.8, - "y1": 772.93 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "dd94fd8a9926fabf9bea9b47ce1dd6d4", - "text": "entre les doses de primovaccination, les données indiquent que les titres d’anticorps obtenus, tels que mesurés après la troi- sième dose ou durant la deuxième année de vie, sont 2 fois plus faibles avec un schéma d’administration accéléré (2, 3, 4 mois; 3, 4, 5 mois; 2, 4, 6 mois) qu’avec un schéma de plus longue durée (prévoyant un écart d’environ 6 mois entre la deuxième dose et la troisième dose).36 Sur le plan immunologique, un intervalle de 6 mois entre la deuxième dose de primovaccina- tion et la troisième dose (2p+1) confère une protection plus durable que 3 doses administrées à 1 mois d’écart (3p+0).21 Toutefois, l’objectif de la vaccination précoce des nourrissons par 3 doses de vaccin DTC espacées de 4-8 semaines est de garantir une protection précoce contre la coqueluche car les cas graves et les décès dus à la coqueluche se produisent presque exclusivement durant les premières semaines et les premiers mois de la vie.4", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    entre les doses de primovaccination, les données indiquent que les titres d’anticorps obtenus, tels que mesurés après la troi- sième dose ou durant la deuxième année de vie, sont 2 fois plus faibles avec un schéma d’administration accéléré (2, 3, 4 mois; 3, 4, 5 mois; 2, 4, 6 mois) qu’avec un schéma de plus longue durée (prévoyant un écart d’environ 6 mois entre la deuxième dose et la troisième dose).36 Sur le plan immunologique, un intervalle de 6 mois entre la deuxième dose de primovaccina- tion et la troisième dose (2p+1) confère une protection plus durable que 3 doses administrées à 1 mois d’écart (3p+0).21 Toutefois, l’objectif de la vaccination précoce des nourrissons par 3 doses de vaccin DTC espacées de 4-8 semaines est de garantir une protection précoce contre la coqueluche car les cas graves et les décès dus à la coqueluche se produisent presque exclusivement durant les premières semaines et les premiers mois de la vie.4

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 56.62, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 235.63 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "a9232f11a255eed4a91b046e74de20a8", - "text": "La vaccination a entraîné une baisse considérable de l’incidence de la diphtérie dans le monde et a permis le développement d’une protection collective. Au niveau de la population, on estime qu’il faut maintenir une couverture vaccinale de 80-85% pour préserver la protection collective/communautaire et réduire le risque de flambée.7 Les sujets non immunisés qui vivent au sein de populations fortement vaccinées peuvent contracter une diphtérie respiratoire et il est donc important que toutes les personnes soient convenablement protégées par la vaccination.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    La vaccination a entraîné une baisse considérable de l’incidence de la diphtérie dans le monde et a permis le développement d’une protection collective. Au niveau de la population, on estime qu’il faut maintenir une couverture vaccinale de 80-85% pour préserver la protection collective/communautaire et réduire le risque de flambée.7 Les sujets non immunisés qui vivent au sein de populations fortement vaccinées peuvent contracter une diphtérie respiratoire et il est donc important que toutes les personnes soient convenablement protégées par la vaccination.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 242.18, - "x1": 552.15, - "y1": 354.26 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-37", - "text": "\n\n\nDurée de la protection et nécessité des rappels chez l’enfant\nEn l’absence de rappel naturel, les données indiquent que l’im- munité acquise après 3 doses de primovaccination s’estompe avec le temps.7, 8 L’administration de doses de rappel est donc nécessaire pour pérenniser la protection. Cependant, le nombre optimal de doses de rappel, ainsi que l’intervalle entre ces doses, n’ont pas été clairement établis. Une revue systématique a montré qu’on ne dispose que de données limitées sur la durée de l’efficacité protectrice et/ou l’immunogénicité résultant d’un calendrier à 3 doses de primovaccination suivies de 3 doses de rappel jusqu’à l’âge adulte.37 Des données sur la durée de la séroprotection tirées de 2 grandes études représentatives de la population aux Pays-Bas,38 portant sur une série complète de 3 doses de primovaccination suivies d’une série de 3 doses de rappel avant l’adolescence, indiquent que ce calendrier induit une très forte séroprévalence, supérieure au seuil de protection de base (≥0,01 UI/ml), jusqu’à l’âge de 39 ans, voire plus. Les 4 premières doses de la série avaient une activité >60 UI, contre >5 UI pour les 2 dernières doses. Pour le niveau de protection de base, la séroprévalence était de 94,6% (IC à 95%: 87,3-100), même dans la tranche d’âge de 35-39 ans. Pour les titres supé- rieurs au seuil de protection complète (0,1 UI/ml), une séropré- valence de 37,8% (IC à 95%: 22,2-53,5) a été observée dans la classe d’âge de 35-39 ans. Compte tenu du faible nombre de cas de diphtérie notifiés aux Pays-Bas et de la forte couverture vaccinale enregistrée ces dernières années, la probabilité d’une", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "c70a6e8842af97eac2fc43e2ed384a37", - "text": "Durée de la protection et nécessité des rappels chez l’enfant", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Durée de la protection et nécessité des rappels chez l’enfant

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.99, - "y0": 364.89, - "x1": 500.92, - "y1": 388.92 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "6ca561da2de566f6148f7f1b75b85f5c", - "text": "En l’absence de rappel naturel, les données indiquent que l’im- munité acquise après 3 doses de primovaccination s’estompe avec le temps.7, 8 L’administration de doses de rappel est donc nécessaire pour pérenniser la protection. Cependant, le nombre optimal de doses de rappel, ainsi que l’intervalle entre ces doses, n’ont pas été clairement établis. Une revue systématique a montré qu’on ne dispose que de données limitées sur la durée de l’efficacité protectrice et/ou l’immunogénicité résultant d’un calendrier à 3 doses de primovaccination suivies de 3 doses de rappel jusqu’à l’âge adulte.37 Des données sur la durée de la séroprotection tirées de 2 grandes études représentatives de la population aux Pays-Bas,38 portant sur une série complète de 3 doses de primovaccination suivies d’une série de 3 doses de rappel avant l’adolescence, indiquent que ce calendrier induit une très forte séroprévalence, supérieure au seuil de protection de base (≥0,01 UI/ml), jusqu’à l’âge de 39 ans, voire plus. Les 4 premières doses de la série avaient une activité >60 UI, contre >5 UI pour les 2 dernières doses. Pour le niveau de protection de base, la séroprévalence était de 94,6% (IC à 95%: 87,3-100), même dans la tranche d’âge de 35-39 ans. Pour les titres supé- rieurs au seuil de protection complète (0,1 UI/ml), une séropré- valence de 37,8% (IC à 95%: 22,2-53,5) a été observée dans la classe d’âge de 35-39 ans. Compte tenu du faible nombre de cas de diphtérie notifiés aux Pays-Bas et de la forte couverture vaccinale enregistrée ces dernières années, la probabilité d’une", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "c70a6e8842af97eac2fc43e2ed384a37", - "text_as_html": "

    En l’absence de rappel naturel, les données indiquent que l’im- munité acquise après 3 doses de primovaccination s’estompe avec le temps.7, 8 L’administration de doses de rappel est donc nécessaire pour pérenniser la protection. Cependant, le nombre optimal de doses de rappel, ainsi que l’intervalle entre ces doses, n’ont pas été clairement établis. Une revue systématique a montré qu’on ne dispose que de données limitées sur la durée de l’efficacité protectrice et/ou l’immunogénicité résultant d’un calendrier à 3 doses de primovaccination suivies de 3 doses de rappel jusqu’à l’âge adulte.37 Des données sur la durée de la séroprotection tirées de 2 grandes études représentatives de la population aux Pays-Bas,38 portant sur une série complète de 3 doses de primovaccination suivies d’une série de 3 doses de rappel avant l’adolescence, indiquent que ce calendrier induit une très forte séroprévalence, supérieure au seuil de protection de base (≥0,01 UI/ml), jusqu’à l’âge de 39 ans, voire plus. Les 4 premières doses de la série avaient une activité >60 UI, contre >5 UI pour les 2 dernières doses. Pour le niveau de protection de base, la séroprévalence était de 94,6% (IC à 95%: 87,3-100), même dans la tranche d’âge de 35-39 ans. Pour les titres supé- rieurs au seuil de protection complète (0,1 UI/ml), une séropré- valence de 37,8% (IC à 95%: 22,2-53,5) a été observée dans la classe d’âge de 35-39 ans. Compte tenu du faible nombre de cas de diphtérie notifiés aux Pays-Bas et de la forte couverture vaccinale enregistrée ces dernières années, la probabilité d’une

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 390.55, - "x1": 552.53, - "y1": 679.69 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-38", - "text": "\n\n\nexposition à l’infection, servant de rappel naturel, est vraisem-\n37 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Diphtheria vaccine. Review of evidence on vaccine effecti- veness and immunogenicity to assess the duration of protection ≥10 years after the last booster dose. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2017/april/2_ Review_Diphtheria_results_April2017_final_clean.pdf?ua=1; consulté en avril 2017.\n38 Swart EM et al. Long-Term Protection against Diphtheria in the Netherlands after 50 Years of Vaccination: Results from a Seroepidemiological Study. PLoS ONE 11(2):e0148605.\n427\ninfection that would provide natural boosting. The observed high levels of protective immunity are therefore likely to be attributable to the 6-dose vaccination sched- ule used in the country. These data indicate that follow- ing a 3-dose primary plus 3-dose booster schedule, administration of decennial booster doses may not be necessary through middle age.39\nAmong women who had received a complete DTP- containing primary series (3 doses) in Portugal during childhood and at least one booster (n=22), none were found to be susceptible before 25 years had elapsed since the last dose. All those who had received at least 6 doses (n=17) had anti-diphtheria antibody levels above the threshold for full protection up to 38 years since the last dose.40 A cross-sectional seroprevalance study in one State in the USA modelled a half-life for diphtheria-specific immunity (>0.01 IU/mL) of 27 years (95% CI: 18–51 years).41 Data from the UK indicate good antibody levels in individuals aged 16–34 years in 2009, of whom most had received the currently recommended 5 doses of diphtheria toxoid with the last dose during adolescence (geometric mean concentration 0.15 IU/ mL).42 Similarly data from Singapore indicate a serop- revalence of 96% for diphtheria for individuals aged 6 to >40 years.43\nSerological studies indicate that in some settings, a high proportion of adults are susceptible to diphtheria. However, different childhood immunization schedules, booster immunization during military service, impact of natural exposure to toxigenic C. diphtheriae, as well as differences in serological methods, complicate the international comparison of such data.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "19fe3be1f91a7e0cf598a4cc243c86b5", - "text": "exposition à l’infection, servant de rappel naturel, est vraisem-", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    exposition à l’infection, servant de rappel naturel, est vraisem-

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 673.82, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 683.32 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "be7465a72c97d5490b725d6ed137eba7", - "text": "37 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Diphtheria vaccine. Review of evidence on vaccine effecti- veness and immunogenicity to assess the duration of protection ≥10 years after the last booster dose. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2017/april/2_ Review_Diphtheria_results_April2017_final_clean.pdf?ua=1; consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "19fe3be1f91a7e0cf598a4cc243c86b5", - "text_as_html": "
  • 37 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Diphtheria vaccine. Review of evidence on vaccine effecti- veness and immunogenicity to assess the duration of protection ≥10 years after the last booster dose. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2017/april/2_ Review_Diphtheria_results_April2017_final_clean.pdf?ua=1; consulté en avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.18, - "y0": 706.39, - "x1": 551.45, - "y1": 737.93 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "5e72d3c992a130d4d3378a09c64828d1", - "text": "38 Swart EM et al. Long-Term Protection against Diphtheria in the Netherlands after 50 Years of Vaccination: Results from a Seroepidemiological Study. PLoS ONE 11(2):e0148605.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "19fe3be1f91a7e0cf598a4cc243c86b5", - "text_as_html": "
  • 38 Swart EM et al. Long-Term Protection against Diphtheria in the Netherlands after 50 Years of Vaccination: Results from a Seroepidemiological Study. PLoS ONE 11(2):e0148605.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.21, - "y0": 748.88, - "x1": 553.38, - "y1": 765.23 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "UncategorizedText", - "element_id": "773c041530832233728f12dcdd2b455b", - "text": "427", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 11, - "parent_id": "19fe3be1f91a7e0cf598a4cc243c86b5", - "text_as_html": "

    427

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 10, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.85, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f91884715230ccfbbe16ccab2fd7839b", - "text": "infection that would provide natural boosting. The observed high levels of protective immunity are therefore likely to be attributable to the 6-dose vaccination sched- ule used in the country. These data indicate that follow- ing a 3-dose primary plus 3-dose booster schedule, administration of decennial booster doses may not be necessary through middle age.39", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "19fe3be1f91a7e0cf598a4cc243c86b5", - "text_as_html": "

    infection that would provide natural boosting. The observed high levels of protective immunity are therefore likely to be attributable to the 6-dose vaccination sched- ule used in the country. These data indicate that follow- ing a 3-dose primary plus 3-dose booster schedule, administration of decennial booster doses may not be necessary through middle age.39

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.02, - "y0": 55.87, - "x1": 273.33, - "y1": 133.95 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "4386467e7fff3fcd8fa0c12b36566657", - "text": "Among women who had received a complete DTP- containing primary series (3 doses) in Portugal during childhood and at least one booster (n=22), none were found to be susceptible before 25 years had elapsed since the last dose. All those who had received at least 6 doses (n=17) had anti-diphtheria antibody levels above the threshold for full protection up to 38 years since the last dose.40 A cross-sectional seroprevalance study in one State in the USA modelled a half-life for diphtheria-specific immunity (>0.01 IU/mL) of 27 years (95% CI: 18–51 years).41 Data from the UK indicate good antibody levels in individuals aged 16–34 years in 2009, of whom most had received the currently recommended 5 doses of diphtheria toxoid with the last dose during adolescence (geometric mean concentration 0.15 IU/ mL).42 Similarly data from Singapore indicate a serop- revalence of 96% for diphtheria for individuals aged 6 to >40 years.43", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "19fe3be1f91a7e0cf598a4cc243c86b5", - "text_as_html": "

    Among women who had received a complete DTP- containing primary series (3 doses) in Portugal during childhood and at least one booster (n=22), none were found to be susceptible before 25 years had elapsed since the last dose. All those who had received at least 6 doses (n=17) had anti-diphtheria antibody levels above the threshold for full protection up to 38 years since the last dose.40 A cross-sectional seroprevalance study in one State in the USA modelled a half-life for diphtheria-specific immunity (>0.01 IU/mL) of 27 years (95% CI: 18–51 years).41 Data from the UK indicate good antibody levels in individuals aged 16–34 years in 2009, of whom most had received the currently recommended 5 doses of diphtheria toxoid with the last dose during adolescence (geometric mean concentration 0.15 IU/ mL).42 Similarly data from Singapore indicate a serop- revalence of 96% for diphtheria for individuals aged 6 to >40 years.43

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.79, - "y0": 140.49, - "x1": 272.94, - "y1": 342.96 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "5af10659c8338bf582e5f517a8e7990c", - "text": "Serological studies indicate that in some settings, a high proportion of adults are susceptible to diphtheria. However, different childhood immunization schedules, booster immunization during military service, impact of natural exposure to toxigenic C. diphtheriae, as well as differences in serological methods, complicate the international comparison of such data.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "19fe3be1f91a7e0cf598a4cc243c86b5", - "text_as_html": "

    Serological studies indicate that in some settings, a high proportion of adults are susceptible to diphtheria. However, different childhood immunization schedules, booster immunization during military service, impact of natural exposure to toxigenic C. diphtheriae, as well as differences in serological methods, complicate the international comparison of such data.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.45, - "y0": 360.41, - "x1": 274.16, - "y1": 438.99 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-39", - "text": "\n\n\nVaccine safety\nDiphtheria toxoid is one of the safest vaccines available. Severe reactions are rare, and to date no anaphylactic reactions attributable to the diphtheria component have been described. However, local reactions at the site of injection are common, although reported rates differ widely (<10 to >50%). The frequency of adverse events varies with factors such as vaccination history, pre- vaccination level of diphtheria antitoxin antibody, combination vaccines including diphtheria toxoid, and the administered dose of toxoid. Local reactions and pain at the injection site occur more frequently with increasing number of doses, and when combined\n39 GRADE table. Duration of protection. Grading of scientific evidence: Duration of protection – Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/ diphtheria_GRAD_duration.pdf\n40 Goncalves G et al. Levels of diphtheria and tetanus specific IgG of Portuguese adult women, before and after vaccination with adult type Td. Duration of immunity fol- lowing vaccination. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:109.\n41 Hammarlund E et al. Durability of Vaccine-Induced Immunity Against Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxins: A Crosssectional Analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2016;62:1111–1118.\n42 Wagner K et al. Immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in the UK in 2009. Vaccine. 2012;30:7111–7117.\n43 Oh HML et al. Seroprevalence of pertussis, and diphtheria and poliovirus antibodies among healthcare personnel in Singapore. Poster presented at: 10th Healthcare Infection Society International Conference Edinburgh, Scotland, 2016.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "13eb5f9577128520aaf3e186f495f274", - "text": "Vaccine safety", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccine safety

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 462.39, - "x1": 108.5, - "y1": 472.64 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f74a6898b1413e70056f9ed01b085efa", - "text": "Diphtheria toxoid is one of the safest vaccines available. Severe reactions are rare, and to date no anaphylactic reactions attributable to the diphtheria component have been described. However, local reactions at the site of injection are common, although reported rates differ widely (<10 to >50%). The frequency of adverse events varies with factors such as vaccination history, pre- vaccination level of diphtheria antitoxin antibody, combination vaccines including diphtheria toxoid, and the administered dose of toxoid. Local reactions and pain at the injection site occur more frequently with increasing number of doses, and when combined", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "13eb5f9577128520aaf3e186f495f274", - "text_as_html": "

    Diphtheria toxoid is one of the safest vaccines available. Severe reactions are rare, and to date no anaphylactic reactions attributable to the diphtheria component have been described. However, local reactions at the site of injection are common, although reported rates differ widely (<10 to >50%). The frequency of adverse events varies with factors such as vaccination history, pre- vaccination level of diphtheria antitoxin antibody, combination vaccines including diphtheria toxoid, and the administered dose of toxoid. Local reactions and pain at the injection site occur more frequently with increasing number of doses, and when combined

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 475.71, - "x1": 273.68, - "y1": 609.88 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "c874c657287ebb9ba4e5c172b92a71b6", - "text": "39 GRADE table. Duration of protection. Grading of scientific evidence: Duration of protection – Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/ diphtheria_GRAD_duration.pdf", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "13eb5f9577128520aaf3e186f495f274", - "text_as_html": "
  • 39 GRADE table. Duration of protection. Grading of scientific evidence: Duration of protection – Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/ diphtheria_GRAD_duration.pdf
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.33, - "y0": 650.28, - "x1": 273.64, - "y1": 673.71 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ab94b2cbf39c739bd299a23c8a9b1346", - "text": "40 Goncalves G et al. Levels of diphtheria and tetanus specific IgG of Portuguese adult women, before and after vaccination with adult type Td. Duration of immunity fol- lowing vaccination. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:109.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "13eb5f9577128520aaf3e186f495f274", - "text_as_html": "
  • 40 Goncalves G et al. Levels of diphtheria and tetanus specific IgG of Portuguese adult women, before and after vaccination with adult type Td. Duration of immunity fol- lowing vaccination. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:109.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.08, - "y0": 677.0, - "x1": 273.97, - "y1": 700.62 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "164cb447ef8b8bf5b39a4e82a705af4e", - "text": "41 Hammarlund E et al. Durability of Vaccine-Induced Immunity Against Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxins: A Crosssectional Analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2016;62:1111–1118.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "13eb5f9577128520aaf3e186f495f274", - "text_as_html": "
  • 41 Hammarlund E et al. Durability of Vaccine-Induced Immunity Against Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxins: A Crosssectional Analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2016;62:1111–1118.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.81, - "y0": 703.81, - "x1": 274.5, - "y1": 727.37 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "49820d4ddb07b95345be1218ce665aca", - "text": "42 Wagner K et al. Immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in the UK in 2009. Vaccine. 2012;30:7111–7117.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "13eb5f9577128520aaf3e186f495f274", - "text_as_html": "
  • 42 Wagner K et al. Immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in the UK in 2009. Vaccine. 2012;30:7111–7117.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.42, - "y0": 730.6, - "x1": 272.89, - "y1": 746.5 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "23cfde4102124921e74bed3ce1c1c785", - "text": "43 Oh HML et al. Seroprevalence of pertussis, and diphtheria and poliovirus antibodies among healthcare personnel in Singapore. Poster presented at: 10th Healthcare Infection Society International Conference Edinburgh, Scotland, 2016.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "13eb5f9577128520aaf3e186f495f274", - "text_as_html": "
  • 43 Oh HML et al. Seroprevalence of pertussis, and diphtheria and poliovirus antibodies among healthcare personnel in Singapore. Poster presented at: 10th Healthcare Infection Society International Conference Edinburgh, Scotland, 2016.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.35, - "y0": 749.5, - "x1": 275.51, - "y1": 773.04 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-40", - "text": "\n\n\n428\nblablement faible. Les taux élevés d’immunité protectrice qui ont été observés sont donc probablement imputables au calen- drier vaccinal à 6 doses utilisé dans le pays. Ces données indiquent qu’après une vaccination selon un schéma à 3 doses de primovaccination suivies de 3 doses de rappel, l’administra- tion de doses de rappel tous les 10 ans jusqu’en milieu de vie pourrait s’avérer inutile.39\nAu Portugal, parmi des femmes qui avaient reçu la série complète de vaccination DTC (3 doses) durant l’enfance et au moins une dose de rappel (n=22), aucune n’a manifesté de sensibilité dans les 25 années qui ont suivi la dernière dose. Toutes celles qui avaient bénéficié d’au moins 6 doses (n=17) présentaient des titres d’anticorps antidiphtériques supérieurs au seuil de protection complète jusqu’à 38 ans après la dernière dose.40 Dans le cadre d’une étude transversale de la séropréva- lence dans un État des États-Unis d’Amérique, la modélisation a estimé à 27 ans (IC à 95%: 18-51 ans) la demi-vie de l’immu- nité spécifique contre la diphtérie (>0,01 UI/ml).41 Au Royaume- Uni, les données révèlent des titres favorables d’anticorps (moyenne géométrique de 0,15 UI/ml) chez les sujets âgés de 16-34 ans en 2009, dont la plupart avaient reçu les 5 doses actuellement recommandées d’anatoxine diphtérique, dernière étant administrée à l’adolescence.42 De même, des données recueillies à Singapour indiquent une séroprévalence de 96% pour la diphtérie chez les personnes âgées de 6 ans à >40 ans.43 la\nDes études sérologiques montrent que dans certains milieux, une forte proportion d’adultes est sensible à la diphtérie. Cependant, l’utilisation de différents calendriers de vaccination de l’enfant, l’administration de doses de rappel pendant le service militaire, l’impact de l’exposition naturelle à la bactérie C. diphtheriae toxinogène, ainsi que les différences entre les méthodes d’analyse sérologique, rendent la comparaison inter- nationale de ces données difficile.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "b8768ca6798e94c1b479e0c37c281645", - "text": "428", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    428

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.87, - "y0": 779.14, - "x1": 57.82, - "y1": 786.52 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "df3f376f40358faa139c5d3592fecb25", - "text": "blablement faible. Les taux élevés d’immunité protectrice qui ont été observés sont donc probablement imputables au calen- drier vaccinal à 6 doses utilisé dans le pays. Ces données indiquent qu’après une vaccination selon un schéma à 3 doses de primovaccination suivies de 3 doses de rappel, l’administra- tion de doses de rappel tous les 10 ans jusqu’en milieu de vie pourrait s’avérer inutile.39", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "b8768ca6798e94c1b479e0c37c281645", - "text_as_html": "

    blablement faible. Les taux élevés d’immunité protectrice qui ont été observés sont donc probablement imputables au calen- drier vaccinal à 6 doses utilisé dans le pays. Ces données indiquent qu’après une vaccination selon un schéma à 3 doses de primovaccination suivies de 3 doses de rappel, l’administra- tion de doses de rappel tous les 10 ans jusqu’en milieu de vie pourrait s’avérer inutile.39

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 55.72, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 133.95 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c0be83e95ca8f5f7815939af9a1cdeb2", - "text": "Au Portugal, parmi des femmes qui avaient reçu la série complète de vaccination DTC (3 doses) durant l’enfance et au moins une dose de rappel (n=22), aucune n’a manifesté de sensibilité dans les 25 années qui ont suivi la dernière dose. Toutes celles qui avaient bénéficié d’au moins 6 doses (n=17) présentaient des titres d’anticorps antidiphtériques supérieurs au seuil de protection complète jusqu’à 38 ans après la dernière dose.40 Dans le cadre d’une étude transversale de la séropréva- lence dans un État des États-Unis d’Amérique, la modélisation a estimé à 27 ans (IC à 95%: 18-51 ans) la demi-vie de l’immu- nité spécifique contre la diphtérie (>0,01 UI/ml).41 Au Royaume- Uni, les données révèlent des titres favorables d’anticorps (moyenne géométrique de 0,15 UI/ml) chez les sujets âgés de 16-34 ans en 2009, dont la plupart avaient reçu les 5 doses actuellement recommandées d’anatoxine diphtérique, dernière étant administrée à l’adolescence.42 De même, des données recueillies à Singapour indiquent une séroprévalence de 96% pour la diphtérie chez les personnes âgées de 6 ans à >40 ans.43 la", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "b8768ca6798e94c1b479e0c37c281645", - "text_as_html": "

    Au Portugal, parmi des femmes qui avaient reçu la série complète de vaccination DTC (3 doses) durant l’enfance et au moins une dose de rappel (n=22), aucune n’a manifesté de sensibilité dans les 25 années qui ont suivi la dernière dose. Toutes celles qui avaient bénéficié d’au moins 6 doses (n=17) présentaient des titres d’anticorps antidiphtériques supérieurs au seuil de protection complète jusqu’à 38 ans après la dernière dose.40 Dans le cadre d’une étude transversale de la séropréva- lence dans un État des États-Unis d’Amérique, la modélisation a estimé à 27 ans (IC à 95%: 18-51 ans) la demi-vie de l’immu- nité spécifique contre la diphtérie (>0,01 UI/ml).41 Au Royaume- Uni, les données révèlent des titres favorables d’anticorps (moyenne géométrique de 0,15 UI/ml) chez les sujets âgés de 16-34 ans en 2009, dont la plupart avaient reçu les 5 doses actuellement recommandées d’anatoxine diphtérique, dernière étant administrée à l’adolescence.42 De même, des données recueillies à Singapour indiquent une séroprévalence de 96% pour la diphtérie chez les personnes âgées de 6 ans à >40 ans.43 la

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 140.02, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 354.26 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f22e72570d34aa71c653a554e45ad25f", - "text": "Des études sérologiques montrent que dans certains milieux, une forte proportion d’adultes est sensible à la diphtérie. Cependant, l’utilisation de différents calendriers de vaccination de l’enfant, l’administration de doses de rappel pendant le service militaire, l’impact de l’exposition naturelle à la bactérie C. diphtheriae toxinogène, ainsi que les différences entre les méthodes d’analyse sérologique, rendent la comparaison inter- nationale de ces données difficile.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "b8768ca6798e94c1b479e0c37c281645", - "text_as_html": "

    Des études sérologiques montrent que dans certains milieux, une forte proportion d’adultes est sensible à la diphtérie. Cependant, l’utilisation de différents calendriers de vaccination de l’enfant, l’administration de doses de rappel pendant le service militaire, l’impact de l’exposition naturelle à la bactérie C. diphtheriae toxinogène, ainsi que les différences entre les méthodes d’analyse sérologique, rendent la comparaison inter- nationale de ces données difficile.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 360.53, - "x1": 552.22, - "y1": 450.29 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-41", - "text": "\n\n\nInnocuité du vaccin\nLe vaccin à base d’anatoxine diphtérique est l’un des plus sûrs dont on dispose. Les réactions graves sont rares et, à ce jour, aucune réaction anaphylactique imputable à la composante antidiphtérique n’a été constatée. Cependant, les réactions locales au point d’injection sont courantes, même si leur fréquence varie considérablement selon les données communi- quées (de <10% à >50%). Divers facteurs, tels que les antécé- dents vaccinaux, le titre d’anticorps contre la toxine diphtérique avant la vaccination, l’utilisation de vaccins combinés contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique et la dose d’anatoxine administrée, influent sur la fréquence des manifestations indésirables. Les réactions locales et la douleur au point d’injection sont plus\n39 Tableau GRADE. Durée de la protection. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/policy/position_papers/diphtheria_GRAD_duration.pdf\n40 Goncalves G et al. Levels of diphtheria and tetanus specific IgG of Portuguese adult women, before and after vaccination with adult type Td. Duration of immunity following vaccination. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:109.\n41 Hammarlund E et al. Durability of Vaccine-Induced Immunity Against Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxins: A Crosssectional Analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2016;62:1111–1118.\n42 Wagner K et al. Immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in the UK in 2009. Vaccine. 2012;30:7111– 7117.\n43 Oh HML et al. Seroprevalence of pertussis, and diphtheria and poliovirus antibodies among healthcare personnel in Singapore. Affiche présentée à la 10e conférence internationale de la Healthcare Infection Society, Édimbourg (Écosse), 2016.\nwith tetanus toxoid, or with tetanus toxoid and pertus- sis antigens.44\nMild adverse events following DTwP when administered for both primary and booster doses in infants and chil- dren consist of local reactions (50%) and systemic reac- tions such as fever >38 °C and irritability (40–75%), drowsiness (33–62%), loss of appetite (20–35%), and vomiting (6–13%). Mild adverse events are similar but less frequent following administration of vaccines containing acellular pertussis antigens compared to vaccines containing whole-cell pertussis antigens. More severe adverse events are rare and may consist of temperature in excess of 40.5 °C (0.3% of vaccine recipi- ents), febrile seizures (8 per 100 000 doses) or hypotonic– hyporesponsive episodes (0–291 per 100 000 doses). During primary immunization, severe adverse events occurring after DTaP are similar to those experienced after DTwP but occur less frequently. Seizures, persistent crying, hypotonic–hyporesponsive episodes, and fever in excess of 40 °C have been uncommonly reported with DTaP.45 No causal relationship has been established between DTwP and acute encephalopathy.\nIn adults, rates of local reactions are more frequent with booster doses containing 12 Lf compared with 5 or 2 Lf of diphtheria toxoid.46 Such observations have resulted in the recommendation to provide low-dose diphtheria toxoid (Td) for immunization of individuals aged ≥7 years. Clinical trials have shown that DT and DTaP are comparable in terms of both local and systemic reactogenicity when used for primary vaccination of infants. Large local reactions are observed in 1–2% of recipients after the DTaP booster vaccination. Avail- able data suggest that both tetanus and diphtheria toxoid contribute to the reactogenicity of Td and DT.45", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "9b50572b3e8161e743da981a94ae5630", - "text": "Innocuité du vaccin", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Innocuité du vaccin

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.98, - "y0": 461.5, - "x1": 377.61, - "y1": 473.33 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "dfe1836b88cbfbd0f13d25f53422fe33", - "text": "Le vaccin à base d’anatoxine diphtérique est l’un des plus sûrs dont on dispose. Les réactions graves sont rares et, à ce jour, aucune réaction anaphylactique imputable à la composante antidiphtérique n’a été constatée. Cependant, les réactions locales au point d’injection sont courantes, même si leur fréquence varie considérablement selon les données communi- quées (de <10% à >50%). Divers facteurs, tels que les antécé- dents vaccinaux, le titre d’anticorps contre la toxine diphtérique avant la vaccination, l’utilisation de vaccins combinés contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique et la dose d’anatoxine administrée, influent sur la fréquence des manifestations indésirables. Les réactions locales et la douleur au point d’injection sont plus", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "9b50572b3e8161e743da981a94ae5630", - "text_as_html": "

    Le vaccin à base d’anatoxine diphtérique est l’un des plus sûrs dont on dispose. Les réactions graves sont rares et, à ce jour, aucune réaction anaphylactique imputable à la composante antidiphtérique n’a été constatée. Cependant, les réactions locales au point d’injection sont courantes, même si leur fréquence varie considérablement selon les données communi- quées (de <10% à >50%). Divers facteurs, tels que les antécé- dents vaccinaux, le titre d’anticorps contre la toxine diphtérique avant la vaccination, l’utilisation de vaccins combinés contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique et la dose d’anatoxine administrée, influent sur la fréquence des manifestations indésirables. Les réactions locales et la douleur au point d’injection sont plus

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 474.96, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 610.25 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "f4ac18b6fc9415c4651c3fc0f0a99e28", - "text": "39 Tableau GRADE. Durée de la protection. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/policy/position_papers/diphtheria_GRAD_duration.pdf", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "9b50572b3e8161e743da981a94ae5630", - "text_as_html": "
  • 39 Tableau GRADE. Durée de la protection. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/policy/position_papers/diphtheria_GRAD_duration.pdf
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.42, - "y0": 649.62, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 665.8 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "333a6b0af07ec047fb5675a35917eee6", - "text": "40 Goncalves G et al. Levels of diphtheria and tetanus specific IgG of Portuguese adult women, before and after vaccination with adult type Td. Duration of immunity following vaccination. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:109.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "9b50572b3e8161e743da981a94ae5630", - "text_as_html": "
  • 40 Goncalves G et al. Levels of diphtheria and tetanus specific IgG of Portuguese adult women, before and after vaccination with adult type Td. Duration of immunity following vaccination. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:109.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.73, - "y0": 676.73, - "x1": 552.2, - "y1": 701.01 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ffb97ead3898ce2c476fdaad4fa18237", - "text": "41 Hammarlund E et al. Durability of Vaccine-Induced Immunity Against Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxins: A Crosssectional Analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2016;62:1111–1118.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "9b50572b3e8161e743da981a94ae5630", - "text_as_html": "
  • 41 Hammarlund E et al. Durability of Vaccine-Induced Immunity Against Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxins: A Crosssectional Analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2016;62:1111–1118.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.69, - "y0": 703.7, - "x1": 553.43, - "y1": 719.86 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "5ffee390af6ea1a72c66e65499d9f73d", - "text": "42 Wagner K et al. Immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in the UK in 2009. Vaccine. 2012;30:7111– 7117.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "9b50572b3e8161e743da981a94ae5630", - "text_as_html": "
  • 42 Wagner K et al. Immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in the UK in 2009. Vaccine. 2012;30:7111– 7117.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.11, - "y0": 730.25, - "x1": 550.32, - "y1": 747.51 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "89677f166aab52cb95e0e0354e7b7752", - "text": "43 Oh HML et al. Seroprevalence of pertussis, and diphtheria and poliovirus antibodies among healthcare personnel in Singapore. Affiche présentée à la 10e conférence internationale de la Healthcare Infection Society, Édimbourg (Écosse), 2016.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 12, - "parent_id": "9b50572b3e8161e743da981a94ae5630", - "text_as_html": "
  • 43 Oh HML et al. Seroprevalence of pertussis, and diphtheria and poliovirus antibodies among healthcare personnel in Singapore. Affiche présentée à la 10e conférence internationale de la Healthcare Infection Society, Édimbourg (Écosse), 2016.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 11, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.53, - "y0": 749.42, - "x1": 551.47, - "y1": 773.24 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c924adacf38af66e35b628805fb881b1", - "text": "with tetanus toxoid, or with tetanus toxoid and pertus- sis antigens.44", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "9b50572b3e8161e743da981a94ae5630", - "text_as_html": "

    with tetanus toxoid, or with tetanus toxoid and pertus- sis antigens.44

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.11, - "y0": 56.08, - "x1": 272.1, - "y1": 77.46 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "919f4e96d1493ac25a6347a3a27b402c", - "text": "Mild adverse events following DTwP when administered for both primary and booster doses in infants and chil- dren consist of local reactions (50%) and systemic reac- tions such as fever >38 °C and irritability (40–75%), drowsiness (33–62%), loss of appetite (20–35%), and vomiting (6–13%). Mild adverse events are similar but less frequent following administration of vaccines containing acellular pertussis antigens compared to vaccines containing whole-cell pertussis antigens. More severe adverse events are rare and may consist of temperature in excess of 40.5 °C (0.3% of vaccine recipi- ents), febrile seizures (8 per 100 000 doses) or hypotonic– hyporesponsive episodes (0–291 per 100 000 doses). During primary immunization, severe adverse events occurring after DTaP are similar to those experienced after DTwP but occur less frequently. Seizures, persistent crying, hypotonic–hyporesponsive episodes, and fever in excess of 40 °C have been uncommonly reported with DTaP.45 No causal relationship has been established between DTwP and acute encephalopathy.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "9b50572b3e8161e743da981a94ae5630", - "text_as_html": "

    Mild adverse events following DTwP when administered for both primary and booster doses in infants and chil- dren consist of local reactions (50%) and systemic reac- tions such as fever >38 °C and irritability (40–75%), drowsiness (33–62%), loss of appetite (20–35%), and vomiting (6–13%). Mild adverse events are similar but less frequent following administration of vaccines containing acellular pertussis antigens compared to vaccines containing whole-cell pertussis antigens. More severe adverse events are rare and may consist of temperature in excess of 40.5 °C (0.3% of vaccine recipi- ents), febrile seizures (8 per 100 000 doses) or hypotonic– hyporesponsive episodes (0–291 per 100 000 doses). During primary immunization, severe adverse events occurring after DTaP are similar to those experienced after DTwP but occur less frequently. Seizures, persistent crying, hypotonic–hyporesponsive episodes, and fever in excess of 40 °C have been uncommonly reported with DTaP.45 No causal relationship has been established between DTwP and acute encephalopathy.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.82, - "y0": 96.2, - "x1": 272.72, - "y1": 320.36 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "0ac20f3e391ebd2974459aa61c170926", - "text": "In adults, rates of local reactions are more frequent with booster doses containing 12 Lf compared with 5 or 2 Lf of diphtheria toxoid.46 Such observations have resulted in the recommendation to provide low-dose diphtheria toxoid (Td) for immunization of individuals aged ≥7 years. Clinical trials have shown that DT and DTaP are comparable in terms of both local and systemic reactogenicity when used for primary vaccination of infants. Large local reactions are observed in 1–2% of recipients after the DTaP booster vaccination. Avail- able data suggest that both tetanus and diphtheria toxoid contribute to the reactogenicity of Td and DT.45", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "9b50572b3e8161e743da981a94ae5630", - "text_as_html": "

    In adults, rates of local reactions are more frequent with booster doses containing 12 Lf compared with 5 or 2 Lf of diphtheria toxoid.46 Such observations have resulted in the recommendation to provide low-dose diphtheria toxoid (Td) for immunization of individuals aged ≥7 years. Clinical trials have shown that DT and DTaP are comparable in terms of both local and systemic reactogenicity when used for primary vaccination of infants. Large local reactions are observed in 1–2% of recipients after the DTaP booster vaccination. Avail- able data suggest that both tetanus and diphtheria toxoid contribute to the reactogenicity of Td and DT.45

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.79, - "y0": 326.64, - "x1": 272.97, - "y1": 461.59 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-42", - "text": "\n\n\nSpecial risk groups\nPregnant women: Vaccination during pregnancy is not necessary to protect neonatal infants against diphtheria, but diphtheria-containg vaccines combined with pertus- sis and tetanus can be used to protect young infants against tetanus and pertussis. For all 3 antigens, vacci- nation during pregnancy also serves to boost immunity and increase the duration of protection in those who had not received the full set of recommended booster doses.\nA systematic review47 showed that pain at the injection site was reported more frequently among pregnant women who received Tdap than placebo (RR 5.68, 95% CI: 1.54–20.94%). However, the occurrence of other local\n44 World Health Organization. Safety from randomized controlled trials and observa- tional studies of pertussis vaccines. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/ sage/meetings/2015/april/8_Safety_DTP_RCTs_obs_studies_draft.pdf?ua=1, ac- cessed April 2017.\n45 World Health Organization. Information sheet. Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus Vac- cines. Available at http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tools/DTP_vac- cine_rates_information_sheet.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.\n46 O Simonsen et al. Revaccination of adults against diphtheria. I: Responses and reactions to different doses of diphtheria toxoid in 30-70-year-old persons with low serum antitoxin levels. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [C]. 1986;94:213– 218.\n47 Demicheli V et al. Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD002959.\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017\nfréquentes lorsque le nombre de doses augmente et lorsque le vaccin est associé à l’anatoxine tétanique ou à une combinaison d’anatoxine tétanique et d’antigènes coquelucheux.44\nLes manifestations indésirables bénignes observées après la vaccination par le DTCe, lorsqu’il est administré à la fois pour la primovaccination et les rappels chez les nourrissons et les enfants, sont des réactions locales (50%) et des réactions systé- miques, telles que fièvre >38 °C et irritabilité (40-75%), somno- lence (33-62%), perte d’appétit (20-35%) et vomissements (6-13%). Les manifestations indésirables bénignes associées aux vaccins contenant des antigènes coquelucheux acellulaires sont compa- rables à celles des vaccins à germes entiers, mais sont moins fréquentes. Les réactions indésirables plus graves sont rares; il peut s’agir d’une fièvre supérieure à 40,5 °C (0,3% des personnes vaccinées), de convulsions fébriles (8 pour 100 000 doses) ou d’épisodes hypotoniques-hyporéactifs (0-291 pour 100 000 doses). Au cours de la primovaccination, les manifestations indésirables graves survenant après l’administration de DTCa sont semblables à celles observées avec le DTCe, mais moins fréquentes. Peu de réactions de convulsions, de pleurs persistants, d’épisodes hypo- toniques-hyporéactifs et de fièvre supérieure à 40 °C ont été signalées avec le DTCa.45 Aucun lien de causalité n’a été établi entre le DTCe et l’encéphalopathie aiguë.\nChez les adultes, les réactions locales sont plus fréquentes avec les doses de rappel contenant 12 Lf d’anatoxine diphtérique qu’avec celles de 5 ou 2 Lf.46 C’est pourquoi il est recommandé d’utiliser l’anatoxine diphtérique faiblement dosée (Td) pour la vaccination des sujets âgés de ≥7 ans. Des essais cliniques ont montré que le DT et le DTCa sont comparables en termes de réactogénicité locale et systémique lorsqu’ils sont utilisés pour la primovaccination du nourrisson. Des réactions locales éten- dues sont observées chez 1-2% des personnes ayant reçu une dose de rappel de DTCa. Les données disponibles semblent indi- quer que les anatoxines tétanique et diphtérique contribuent toutes deux à la réactogénicité des vaccins Td et DT.45", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "57fb2d7eb944c046ece6e228ad9166e3", - "text": "Special risk groups", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Special risk groups

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 472.57, - "x1": 126.09, - "y1": 483.94 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ae8d1f42ccc4a657ed66fd5198eaf684", - "text": "Pregnant women: Vaccination during pregnancy is not necessary to protect neonatal infants against diphtheria, but diphtheria-containg vaccines combined with pertus- sis and tetanus can be used to protect young infants against tetanus and pertussis. For all 3 antigens, vacci- nation during pregnancy also serves to boost immunity and increase the duration of protection in those who had not received the full set of recommended booster doses.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "57fb2d7eb944c046ece6e228ad9166e3", - "text_as_html": "

    Pregnant women: Vaccination during pregnancy is not necessary to protect neonatal infants against diphtheria, but diphtheria-containg vaccines combined with pertus- sis and tetanus can be used to protect young infants against tetanus and pertussis. For all 3 antigens, vacci- nation during pregnancy also serves to boost immunity and increase the duration of protection in those who had not received the full set of recommended booster doses.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 486.42, - "x1": 273.14, - "y1": 587.29 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "06b628e39a56b13514b2075893596755", - "text": "A systematic review47 showed that pain at the injection site was reported more frequently among pregnant women who received Tdap than placebo (RR 5.68, 95% CI: 1.54–20.94%). However, the occurrence of other local", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "57fb2d7eb944c046ece6e228ad9166e3", - "text_as_html": "

    A systematic review47 showed that pain at the injection site was reported more frequently among pregnant women who received Tdap than placebo (RR 5.68, 95% CI: 1.54–20.94%). However, the occurrence of other local

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.9, - "y0": 594.43, - "x1": 272.46, - "y1": 638.13 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "38a0144f25e61bd249a27ec4c818cb6c", - "text": "44 World Health Organization. Safety from randomized controlled trials and observa- tional studies of pertussis vaccines. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/ sage/meetings/2015/april/8_Safety_DTP_RCTs_obs_studies_draft.pdf?ua=1, ac- cessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "57fb2d7eb944c046ece6e228ad9166e3", - "text_as_html": "
  • 44 World Health Organization. Safety from randomized controlled trials and observa- tional studies of pertussis vaccines. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/ sage/meetings/2015/april/8_Safety_DTP_RCTs_obs_studies_draft.pdf?ua=1, ac- cessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 38.85, - "y0": 660.5, - "x1": 273.96, - "y1": 692.53 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "60487c7345f39be262e09486082136c7", - "text": "45 World Health Organization. Information sheet. Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus Vac- cines. Available at http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tools/DTP_vac- cine_rates_information_sheet.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "57fb2d7eb944c046ece6e228ad9166e3", - "text_as_html": "
  • 45 World Health Organization. Information sheet. Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus Vac- cines. Available at http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tools/DTP_vac- cine_rates_information_sheet.pdf?ua=1, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 41.45, - "y0": 695.42, - "x1": 274.81, - "y1": 719.23 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "c8d9986314a8c48a9d0c8a4c39e37a7c", - "text": "46 O Simonsen et al. Revaccination of adults against diphtheria. I: Responses and reactions to different doses of diphtheria toxoid in 30-70-year-old persons with low serum antitoxin levels. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [C]. 1986;94:213– 218.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "57fb2d7eb944c046ece6e228ad9166e3", - "text_as_html": "
  • 46 O Simonsen et al. Revaccination of adults against diphtheria. I: Responses and reactions to different doses of diphtheria toxoid in 30-70-year-old persons with low serum antitoxin levels. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [C]. 1986;94:213– 218.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 40.83, - "y0": 722.28, - "x1": 273.96, - "y1": 754.56 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "5742585e8dfb88e1393a02a6369d69e6", - "text": "47 Demicheli V et al. Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD002959.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "57fb2d7eb944c046ece6e228ad9166e3", - "text_as_html": "
  • 47 Demicheli V et al. Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD002959.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.5, - "y0": 757.12, - "x1": 271.83, - "y1": 773.25 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "3ef940e169dbb145e88dc9416b68ea58", - "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "57fb2d7eb944c046ece6e228ad9166e3", - "text_as_html": "

    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.44, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 218.24, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f952671cea3463f500b52848433cf803", - "text": "fréquentes lorsque le nombre de doses augmente et lorsque le vaccin est associé à l’anatoxine tétanique ou à une combinaison d’anatoxine tétanique et d’antigènes coquelucheux.44", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "57fb2d7eb944c046ece6e228ad9166e3", - "text_as_html": "

    fréquentes lorsque le nombre de doses augmente et lorsque le vaccin est associé à l’anatoxine tétanique ou à une combinaison d’anatoxine tétanique et d’antigènes coquelucheux.44

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 56.02, - "x1": 552.09, - "y1": 88.76 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "9c98da2a174e7cf6ed200f1f32bad409", - "text": "Les manifestations indésirables bénignes observées après la vaccination par le DTCe, lorsqu’il est administré à la fois pour la primovaccination et les rappels chez les nourrissons et les enfants, sont des réactions locales (50%) et des réactions systé- miques, telles que fièvre >38 °C et irritabilité (40-75%), somno- lence (33-62%), perte d’appétit (20-35%) et vomissements (6-13%). Les manifestations indésirables bénignes associées aux vaccins contenant des antigènes coquelucheux acellulaires sont compa- rables à celles des vaccins à germes entiers, mais sont moins fréquentes. Les réactions indésirables plus graves sont rares; il peut s’agir d’une fièvre supérieure à 40,5 °C (0,3% des personnes vaccinées), de convulsions fébriles (8 pour 100 000 doses) ou d’épisodes hypotoniques-hyporéactifs (0-291 pour 100 000 doses). Au cours de la primovaccination, les manifestations indésirables graves survenant après l’administration de DTCa sont semblables à celles observées avec le DTCe, mais moins fréquentes. Peu de réactions de convulsions, de pleurs persistants, d’épisodes hypo- toniques-hyporéactifs et de fièvre supérieure à 40 °C ont été signalées avec le DTCa.45 Aucun lien de causalité n’a été établi entre le DTCe et l’encéphalopathie aiguë.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "57fb2d7eb944c046ece6e228ad9166e3", - "text_as_html": "

    Les manifestations indésirables bénignes observées après la vaccination par le DTCe, lorsqu’il est administré à la fois pour la primovaccination et les rappels chez les nourrissons et les enfants, sont des réactions locales (50%) et des réactions systé- miques, telles que fièvre >38 °C et irritabilité (40-75%), somno- lence (33-62%), perte d’appétit (20-35%) et vomissements (6-13%). Les manifestations indésirables bénignes associées aux vaccins contenant des antigènes coquelucheux acellulaires sont compa- rables à celles des vaccins à germes entiers, mais sont moins fréquentes. Les réactions indésirables plus graves sont rares; il peut s’agir d’une fièvre supérieure à 40,5 °C (0,3% des personnes vaccinées), de convulsions fébriles (8 pour 100 000 doses) ou d’épisodes hypotoniques-hyporéactifs (0-291 pour 100 000 doses). Au cours de la primovaccination, les manifestations indésirables graves survenant après l’administration de DTCa sont semblables à celles observées avec le DTCe, mais moins fréquentes. Peu de réactions de convulsions, de pleurs persistants, d’épisodes hypo- toniques-hyporéactifs et de fièvre supérieure à 40 °C ont été signalées avec le DTCa.45 Aucun lien de causalité n’a été établi entre le DTCe et l’encéphalopathie aiguë.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 95.59, - "x1": 553.18, - "y1": 320.36 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "1b32f14a075d50fdda9e7d8cc4a303f4", - "text": "Chez les adultes, les réactions locales sont plus fréquentes avec les doses de rappel contenant 12 Lf d’anatoxine diphtérique qu’avec celles de 5 ou 2 Lf.46 C’est pourquoi il est recommandé d’utiliser l’anatoxine diphtérique faiblement dosée (Td) pour la vaccination des sujets âgés de ≥7 ans. Des essais cliniques ont montré que le DT et le DTCa sont comparables en termes de réactogénicité locale et systémique lorsqu’ils sont utilisés pour la primovaccination du nourrisson. Des réactions locales éten- dues sont observées chez 1-2% des personnes ayant reçu une dose de rappel de DTCa. Les données disponibles semblent indi- quer que les anatoxines tétanique et diphtérique contribuent toutes deux à la réactogénicité des vaccins Td et DT.45", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "57fb2d7eb944c046ece6e228ad9166e3", - "text_as_html": "

    Chez les adultes, les réactions locales sont plus fréquentes avec les doses de rappel contenant 12 Lf d’anatoxine diphtérique qu’avec celles de 5 ou 2 Lf.46 C’est pourquoi il est recommandé d’utiliser l’anatoxine diphtérique faiblement dosée (Td) pour la vaccination des sujets âgés de ≥7 ans. Des essais cliniques ont montré que le DT et le DTCa sont comparables en termes de réactogénicité locale et systémique lorsqu’ils sont utilisés pour la primovaccination du nourrisson. Des réactions locales éten- dues sont observées chez 1-2% des personnes ayant reçu une dose de rappel de DTCa. Les données disponibles semblent indi- quer que les anatoxines tétanique et diphtérique contribuent toutes deux à la réactogénicité des vaccins Td et DT.45

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 326.18, - "x1": 552.37, - "y1": 461.59 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-43", - "text": "\n\n\nGroupes à risque particuliers\nFemmes enceintes: La protection des nouveau-nés contre la diphtérie n’exige pas de vaccination de la femme enceinte, mais les vaccins combinés contre la diphtérie, la coqueluche et le tétanos peuvent être employés pendant la grossesse pour confé- rer aux jeunes nourrissons une protection contre le tétanos et la coqueluche. Pour les 3 antigènes, la vaccination pendant la grossesse permet également de stimuler l’immunité et d’ac- croître la durée de protection des femmes qui n’ont pas reçu la série complète de doses de rappel recommandées.\nUne revue systématique47 a montré que les femmes enceintes rece- vant le Tdca signalaient plus souvent une douleur au point d’injec- tion que celles qui recevaient un placebo (RR=5,68; IC à 95%: 1,54- 20,94). Toutefois, aucune différence statistiquement significative n’a\n44 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Safety from randomized controlled trials and observational studies of pertussis vaccines. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2015/april/8_Safety_DTP_RCTs_obs_studies_draft.pdf?ua=1; consulté en avril 2017.\n45 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Fiche d’information. Vaccin contre la diphtérie, la coque- luche et le tétanos. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tools/ May_2014_DTP_final_FR.pdf?ua=1; consulté en mai 2017.\n46 O Simonsen et al. Revaccination of adults against diphtheria. I: Responses and reactions to different doses of diphtheria toxoid in 30-70-year-old persons with low serum antitoxin levels. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [C]. 1986; 94:213–218.\n47 Demicheli V et al. Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD002959.\n429\n(erythema, induration) and systemic (fever, headache, malaise, myalgia) reactions within 7 days after vaccina- tion was not statistically different in vaccine and placebo recipients. Reported local and systemic reactions were mainly of mild or moderate intensity. None of the seri- ous adverse events observed in mothers and newborn infants was judged to be attributable to the effect of vaccination. Gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score, and neonatal complications did not differ significantly in infants born to vaccinated or unvaccinated mothers. Evidence from another systematic review suggests that antenatal combined Tdap administered during the second or third trimester of pregnancy, based on the recommendations for pertussis vaccination during pregnancy,4 is not associated with clinically significant harm to the fetus or neonatal infant. Medically attended events in pregnant women are similar in vaccinated and unvaccinated groups.48\nHIV-infected persons: Among children infected with HIV type 1 (HIV-1), 70.8% developed protective antibody titres following diphtheria toxoid administered at 6, 10, and 14 weeks compared with 98.5% among HIV-1 nega- tive children (P < 0.05). Geometric mean antibody titres to diphtheria were significantly lower in children with HIV-1 infection than in uninfected children. Vaccine- associated side effects were similarly low in all chil- dren.49 Multiple linear regression analysis showed lower diphtheria antibody levels, independent of the interval between last booster and antibody assessment, in HIV-1 infected women than in uninfected women. Following a booster dose the mean diphtheria antibody levels were higher in uninfected than in HIV-infected women.50", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "ec241054555c2ea9d880e7c413ae10a6", - "text": "Groupes à risque particuliers", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Groupes à risque particuliers

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.81, - "y0": 472.59, - "x1": 415.44, - "y1": 483.94 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "2102fe12eabc64a796964244c68eacfc", - "text": "Femmes enceintes: La protection des nouveau-nés contre la diphtérie n’exige pas de vaccination de la femme enceinte, mais les vaccins combinés contre la diphtérie, la coqueluche et le tétanos peuvent être employés pendant la grossesse pour confé- rer aux jeunes nourrissons une protection contre le tétanos et la coqueluche. Pour les 3 antigènes, la vaccination pendant la grossesse permet également de stimuler l’immunité et d’ac- croître la durée de protection des femmes qui n’ont pas reçu la série complète de doses de rappel recommandées.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "ec241054555c2ea9d880e7c413ae10a6", - "text_as_html": "

    Femmes enceintes: La protection des nouveau-nés contre la diphtérie n’exige pas de vaccination de la femme enceinte, mais les vaccins combinés contre la diphtérie, la coqueluche et le tétanos peuvent être employés pendant la grossesse pour confé- rer aux jeunes nourrissons une protection contre le tétanos et la coqueluche. Pour les 3 antigènes, la vaccination pendant la grossesse permet également de stimuler l’immunité et d’ac- croître la durée de protection des femmes qui n’ont pas reçu la série complète de doses de rappel recommandées.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 486.12, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 587.29 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "453d53288fd848a6171c5c4d8e30d25d", - "text": "Une revue systématique47 a montré que les femmes enceintes rece- vant le Tdca signalaient plus souvent une douleur au point d’injec- tion que celles qui recevaient un placebo (RR=5,68; IC à 95%: 1,54- 20,94). Toutefois, aucune différence statistiquement significative n’a", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "ec241054555c2ea9d880e7c413ae10a6", - "text_as_html": "

    Une revue systématique47 a montré que les femmes enceintes rece- vant le Tdca signalaient plus souvent une douleur au point d’injec- tion que celles qui recevaient un placebo (RR=5,68; IC à 95%: 1,54- 20,94). Toutefois, aucune différence statistiquement significative n’a

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 593.63, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 638.13 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "3db5d8add32ba81b17c5043248c8ffe7", - "text": "44 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Safety from randomized controlled trials and observational studies of pertussis vaccines. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2015/april/8_Safety_DTP_RCTs_obs_studies_draft.pdf?ua=1; consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "ec241054555c2ea9d880e7c413ae10a6", - "text_as_html": "
  • 44 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Safety from randomized controlled trials and observational studies of pertussis vaccines. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2015/april/8_Safety_DTP_RCTs_obs_studies_draft.pdf?ua=1; consulté en avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.34, - "y0": 660.31, - "x1": 551.48, - "y1": 684.49 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "fd2942d60b7881e0ae3e038d94d00a05", - "text": "45 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Fiche d’information. Vaccin contre la diphtérie, la coque- luche et le tétanos. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tools/ May_2014_DTP_final_FR.pdf?ua=1; consulté en mai 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "ec241054555c2ea9d880e7c413ae10a6", - "text_as_html": "
  • 45 Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Fiche d’information. Vaccin contre la diphtérie, la coque- luche et le tétanos. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tools/ May_2014_DTP_final_FR.pdf?ua=1; consulté en mai 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.89, - "y0": 695.24, - "x1": 550.82, - "y1": 719.53 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "3334e6a2351d48bd0d2a629af1d661ed", - "text": "46 O Simonsen et al. Revaccination of adults against diphtheria. I: Responses and reactions to different doses of diphtheria toxoid in 30-70-year-old persons with low serum antitoxin levels. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [C]. 1986; 94:213–218.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "ec241054555c2ea9d880e7c413ae10a6", - "text_as_html": "
  • 46 O Simonsen et al. Revaccination of adults against diphtheria. I: Responses and reactions to different doses of diphtheria toxoid in 30-70-year-old persons with low serum antitoxin levels. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [C]. 1986; 94:213–218.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.97, - "y0": 722.06, - "x1": 552.69, - "y1": 746.08 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "64e0f9bbab14b8d818f08add4223328d", - "text": "47 Demicheli V et al. Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD002959.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "ec241054555c2ea9d880e7c413ae10a6", - "text_as_html": "
  • 47 Demicheli V et al. Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD002959.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.73, - "y0": 757.13, - "x1": 551.48, - "y1": 773.29 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "UncategorizedText", - "element_id": "0dbc90b82ecb737ad58767cf16b7859b", - "text": "429", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 13, - "parent_id": "ec241054555c2ea9d880e7c413ae10a6", - "text_as_html": "

    429

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 12, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.85, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "0d8176c54b29cebcb453ecafe7929d5e", - "text": "(erythema, induration) and systemic (fever, headache, malaise, myalgia) reactions within 7 days after vaccina- tion was not statistically different in vaccine and placebo recipients. Reported local and systemic reactions were mainly of mild or moderate intensity. None of the seri- ous adverse events observed in mothers and newborn infants was judged to be attributable to the effect of vaccination. Gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score, and neonatal complications did not differ significantly in infants born to vaccinated or unvaccinated mothers. Evidence from another systematic review suggests that antenatal combined Tdap administered during the second or third trimester of pregnancy, based on the recommendations for pertussis vaccination during pregnancy,4 is not associated with clinically significant harm to the fetus or neonatal infant. Medically attended events in pregnant women are similar in vaccinated and unvaccinated groups.48", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "ec241054555c2ea9d880e7c413ae10a6", - "text_as_html": "

    (erythema, induration) and systemic (fever, headache, malaise, myalgia) reactions within 7 days after vaccina- tion was not statistically different in vaccine and placebo recipients. Reported local and systemic reactions were mainly of mild or moderate intensity. None of the seri- ous adverse events observed in mothers and newborn infants was judged to be attributable to the effect of vaccination. Gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score, and neonatal complications did not differ significantly in infants born to vaccinated or unvaccinated mothers. Evidence from another systematic review suggests that antenatal combined Tdap administered during the second or third trimester of pregnancy, based on the recommendations for pertussis vaccination during pregnancy,4 is not associated with clinically significant harm to the fetus or neonatal infant. Medically attended events in pregnant women are similar in vaccinated and unvaccinated groups.48

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.06, - "y0": 56.66, - "x1": 273.36, - "y1": 258.23 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "486c75a844f90789f2ffd0ae869133bc", - "text": "HIV-infected persons: Among children infected with HIV type 1 (HIV-1), 70.8% developed protective antibody titres following diphtheria toxoid administered at 6, 10, and 14 weeks compared with 98.5% among HIV-1 nega- tive children (P < 0.05). Geometric mean antibody titres to diphtheria were significantly lower in children with HIV-1 infection than in uninfected children. Vaccine- associated side effects were similarly low in all chil- dren.49 Multiple linear regression analysis showed lower diphtheria antibody levels, independent of the interval between last booster and antibody assessment, in HIV-1 infected women than in uninfected women. Following a booster dose the mean diphtheria antibody levels were higher in uninfected than in HIV-infected women.50", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "ec241054555c2ea9d880e7c413ae10a6", - "text_as_html": "

    HIV-infected persons: Among children infected with HIV type 1 (HIV-1), 70.8% developed protective antibody titres following diphtheria toxoid administered at 6, 10, and 14 weeks compared with 98.5% among HIV-1 nega- tive children (P < 0.05). Geometric mean antibody titres to diphtheria were significantly lower in children with HIV-1 infection than in uninfected children. Vaccine- associated side effects were similarly low in all chil- dren.49 Multiple linear regression analysis showed lower diphtheria antibody levels, independent of the interval between last booster and antibody assessment, in HIV-1 infected women than in uninfected women. Following a booster dose the mean diphtheria antibody levels were higher in uninfected than in HIV-infected women.50

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.7, - "y0": 265.18, - "x1": 272.92, - "y1": 422.05 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-44", - "text": "\n\n\nVaccine co-administration\nConcomitant administration of vaccines containing DTaP or DTwP and other childhood vaccines does not interfere with the antibody response to any of the involved antigens. This applies to primary immuniza- tion and to subsequent vaccine doses.\nCo-administration of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines with BCG, conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (PCV), IPV and oral polio vaccine (OPV) and measles, measles and rubella, and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, conjugate meningococcal meningitis vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, rotavirus vaccine, varicella vaccine and Hib vaccine is safe and does not result in decreased immunogenicity.51, 52 Also, Tdap alone or Tdap in combi-\n48 McMillan M et al. Safety of Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccination During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129:560–573.\n49 Ryder RW et al. Safety and immunogenicity of bacille Calmette-Guérin, diphtheria- tetanus-pertussis, and oral polio vaccines in newborn children in Zaire infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Pediatr. 1993;122(5Pt1):697–702.\n50 Bonetti T et al. Tetanus and diphtheria antibodies and response to a booster dose in Brazilian HIV-1-infected women. Vaccine. 2004;22(27–28):3707–3712.\n51 King GE et al. Simultaneous administration of childhood vaccines: an important public health policy that is safe and efficacious. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:394–407.\n52 Dolan S et al. Summary of evidence on the administration of multiple injectable vaccines in infants during a single visit: safety, immunogenicity, and vaccine admi- nistration practices (prepared for the April 2015 SAGE meeting. Available at http:// www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2015/april/5_Summary_of_Evi- dence_3-25-2015.pdf, accessed April 2017.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "7d32295194cf1e2851c9ffd5d725ae49", - "text": "Vaccine co-administration", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccine co-administration

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 468.21, - "x1": 155.83, - "y1": 478.29 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "3604000b7ad906d3fc2915c745375f2c", - "text": "Concomitant administration of vaccines containing DTaP or DTwP and other childhood vaccines does not interfere with the antibody response to any of the involved antigens. This applies to primary immuniza- tion and to subsequent vaccine doses.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "7d32295194cf1e2851c9ffd5d725ae49", - "text_as_html": "

    Concomitant administration of vaccines containing DTaP or DTwP and other childhood vaccines does not interfere with the antibody response to any of the involved antigens. This applies to primary immuniza- tion and to subsequent vaccine doses.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 481.24, - "x1": 272.99, - "y1": 536.45 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "224fc67fa2a87112b541ddd3ffa19281", - "text": "Co-administration of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines with BCG, conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (PCV), IPV and oral polio vaccine (OPV) and measles, measles and rubella, and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, conjugate meningococcal meningitis vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, rotavirus vaccine, varicella vaccine and Hib vaccine is safe and does not result in decreased immunogenicity.51, 52 Also, Tdap alone or Tdap in combi-", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "7d32295194cf1e2851c9ffd5d725ae49", - "text_as_html": "

    Co-administration of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines with BCG, conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (PCV), IPV and oral polio vaccine (OPV) and measles, measles and rubella, and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, conjugate meningococcal meningitis vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, rotavirus vaccine, varicella vaccine and Hib vaccine is safe and does not result in decreased immunogenicity.51, 52 Also, Tdap alone or Tdap in combi-

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 543.14, - "x1": 273.24, - "y1": 632.48 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "1db04686a16b701be88cbba00a0d411f", - "text": "48 McMillan M et al. Safety of Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccination During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129:560–573.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "7d32295194cf1e2851c9ffd5d725ae49", - "text_as_html": "
  • 48 McMillan M et al. Safety of Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccination During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129:560–573.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.58, - "y0": 649.3, - "x1": 272.33, - "y1": 665.51 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "f36079ceda8b638c1d7e91503ce20615", - "text": "49 Ryder RW et al. Safety and immunogenicity of bacille Calmette-Guérin, diphtheria- tetanus-pertussis, and oral polio vaccines in newborn children in Zaire infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Pediatr. 1993;122(5Pt1):697–702.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "7d32295194cf1e2851c9ffd5d725ae49", - "text_as_html": "
  • 49 Ryder RW et al. Safety and immunogenicity of bacille Calmette-Guérin, diphtheria- tetanus-pertussis, and oral polio vaccines in newborn children in Zaire infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Pediatr. 1993;122(5Pt1):697–702.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.5, - "y0": 668.26, - "x1": 275.94, - "y1": 692.09 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "0ce61d84338c963dd9dcde58d99514a3", - "text": "50 Bonetti T et al. Tetanus and diphtheria antibodies and response to a booster dose in Brazilian HIV-1-infected women. Vaccine. 2004;22(27–28):3707–3712.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "7d32295194cf1e2851c9ffd5d725ae49", - "text_as_html": "
  • 50 Bonetti T et al. Tetanus and diphtheria antibodies and response to a booster dose in Brazilian HIV-1-infected women. Vaccine. 2004;22(27–28):3707–3712.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.61, - "y0": 694.87, - "x1": 273.84, - "y1": 710.83 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "319fe0cf7be57f288437c7a777dc847d", - "text": "51 King GE et al. Simultaneous administration of childhood vaccines: an important public health policy that is safe and efficacious. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:394–407.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "7d32295194cf1e2851c9ffd5d725ae49", - "text_as_html": "
  • 51 King GE et al. Simultaneous administration of childhood vaccines: an important public health policy that is safe and efficacious. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:394–407.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.2, - "y0": 713.97, - "x1": 273.25, - "y1": 729.64 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "83e17912a6cd024a87ff6b26335d7389", - "text": "52 Dolan S et al. Summary of evidence on the administration of multiple injectable vaccines in infants during a single visit: safety, immunogenicity, and vaccine admi- nistration practices (prepared for the April 2015 SAGE meeting. Available at http:// www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2015/april/5_Summary_of_Evi- dence_3-25-2015.pdf, accessed April 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "7d32295194cf1e2851c9ffd5d725ae49", - "text_as_html": "
  • 52 Dolan S et al. Summary of evidence on the administration of multiple injectable vaccines in infants during a single visit: safety, immunogenicity, and vaccine admi- nistration practices (prepared for the April 2015 SAGE meeting. Available at http:// www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2015/april/5_Summary_of_Evi- dence_3-25-2015.pdf, accessed April 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 40.21, - "y0": 733.2, - "x1": 275.25, - "y1": 772.75 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-45", - "text": "\n\n\n430\nété relevée entre le groupe vacciné et le groupe placebo en ce qui concerne la fréquence des autres réactions locales (érythème, induration) et systémiques (fièvre, céphalées, malaise, myalgie) dans les 7 jours suivant la vaccination. La plupart des réactions locales et systémiques signalées étaient d’intensité légère à modé- rée. Il a été déterminé qu’aucune des manifestations indésirables graves observées chez les mères et les nouveau-nés n’était impu- table à la vaccination. Aucune différence sensible de l’âge gesta- tionnel, du poids de naissance, du score d’Apgar et des complica- tions néonatales n’a été constatée entre les nourrissons nés de mères vaccinées et non vaccinées. Selon les données d’une autre revue systématique, l’administration prénatale du vaccin combiné Tdca au deuxième ou troisième trimestre de la grossesse, confor- mément aux recommandations relatives à la vaccination antico- quelucheuse durant la grossesse,4 n’est pas associée à un préjudice cliniquement significatif pour le fœtus ou le nouveau-né. Les événements nécessitant une assistance médicale sont comparables chez les femmes enceintes vaccinées et non vaccinées.48\nPersonnes infectées par le VIH: Parmi les enfants infectés par le VIH de type 1 (VIH-1), la proportion de sujets obtenant des titres protecteurs d’anticorps après l’administration d’ana- toxine diphtérique à 6, 10 et 14 semaines était de 70,8%, contre 98,5% parmi les enfants négatifs pour le VIH-1 (P<0,05). Les titres moyens géométriques d’anticorps antidiphtériques étaient sensiblement plus faibles chez les enfants présentant une infec- tion à VIH-1 que chez les enfants non infectés. Les effets secon- daires associés à la vaccination étaient rares chez tous les enfants.49 Une analyse à régression linéaire multiple a montré que les femmes infectées par le VIH-1 présentaient des taux d’anticorps antidiphtériques plus faibles que les femmes non infectées, quel que soit l’intervalle écoulé entre la dernière dose de rappel et la mesure des anticorps. Suite à l’administration d’une dose de rappel, les titres moyens d’anticorps antidiphté- riques obtenus étaient plus élevés chez les femmes non infec- tées que chez les femmes infectées par le VIH.50", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "920eff240c9f09af0d97c72d800852a8", - "text": "430", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    430

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.9, - "y0": 779.22, - "x1": 57.82, - "y1": 786.54 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "2cdf1bb74ff65f9e00cb8faa19f8e83a", - "text": "été relevée entre le groupe vacciné et le groupe placebo en ce qui concerne la fréquence des autres réactions locales (érythème, induration) et systémiques (fièvre, céphalées, malaise, myalgie) dans les 7 jours suivant la vaccination. La plupart des réactions locales et systémiques signalées étaient d’intensité légère à modé- rée. Il a été déterminé qu’aucune des manifestations indésirables graves observées chez les mères et les nouveau-nés n’était impu- table à la vaccination. Aucune différence sensible de l’âge gesta- tionnel, du poids de naissance, du score d’Apgar et des complica- tions néonatales n’a été constatée entre les nourrissons nés de mères vaccinées et non vaccinées. Selon les données d’une autre revue systématique, l’administration prénatale du vaccin combiné Tdca au deuxième ou troisième trimestre de la grossesse, confor- mément aux recommandations relatives à la vaccination antico- quelucheuse durant la grossesse,4 n’est pas associée à un préjudice cliniquement significatif pour le fœtus ou le nouveau-né. Les événements nécessitant une assistance médicale sont comparables chez les femmes enceintes vaccinées et non vaccinées.48", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "920eff240c9f09af0d97c72d800852a8", - "text_as_html": "

    été relevée entre le groupe vacciné et le groupe placebo en ce qui concerne la fréquence des autres réactions locales (érythème, induration) et systémiques (fièvre, céphalées, malaise, myalgie) dans les 7 jours suivant la vaccination. La plupart des réactions locales et systémiques signalées étaient d’intensité légère à modé- rée. Il a été déterminé qu’aucune des manifestations indésirables graves observées chez les mères et les nouveau-nés n’était impu- table à la vaccination. Aucune différence sensible de l’âge gesta- tionnel, du poids de naissance, du score d’Apgar et des complica- tions néonatales n’a été constatée entre les nourrissons nés de mères vaccinées et non vaccinées. Selon les données d’une autre revue systématique, l’administration prénatale du vaccin combiné Tdca au deuxième ou troisième trimestre de la grossesse, confor- mément aux recommandations relatives à la vaccination antico- quelucheuse durant la grossesse,4 n’est pas associée à un préjudice cliniquement significatif pour le fœtus ou le nouveau-né. Les événements nécessitant une assistance médicale sont comparables chez les femmes enceintes vaccinées et non vaccinées.48

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 56.66, - "x1": 552.18, - "y1": 258.51 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "219bb4e5055126fc765d46ffb705a669", - "text": "Personnes infectées par le VIH: Parmi les enfants infectés par le VIH de type 1 (VIH-1), la proportion de sujets obtenant des titres protecteurs d’anticorps après l’administration d’ana- toxine diphtérique à 6, 10 et 14 semaines était de 70,8%, contre 98,5% parmi les enfants négatifs pour le VIH-1 (P<0,05). Les titres moyens géométriques d’anticorps antidiphtériques étaient sensiblement plus faibles chez les enfants présentant une infec- tion à VIH-1 que chez les enfants non infectés. Les effets secon- daires associés à la vaccination étaient rares chez tous les enfants.49 Une analyse à régression linéaire multiple a montré que les femmes infectées par le VIH-1 présentaient des taux d’anticorps antidiphtériques plus faibles que les femmes non infectées, quel que soit l’intervalle écoulé entre la dernière dose de rappel et la mesure des anticorps. Suite à l’administration d’une dose de rappel, les titres moyens d’anticorps antidiphté- riques obtenus étaient plus élevés chez les femmes non infec- tées que chez les femmes infectées par le VIH.50", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "920eff240c9f09af0d97c72d800852a8", - "text_as_html": "

    Personnes infectées par le VIH: Parmi les enfants infectés par le VIH de type 1 (VIH-1), la proportion de sujets obtenant des titres protecteurs d’anticorps après l’administration d’ana- toxine diphtérique à 6, 10 et 14 semaines était de 70,8%, contre 98,5% parmi les enfants négatifs pour le VIH-1 (P<0,05). Les titres moyens géométriques d’anticorps antidiphtériques étaient sensiblement plus faibles chez les enfants présentant une infec- tion à VIH-1 que chez les enfants non infectés. Les effets secon- daires associés à la vaccination étaient rares chez tous les enfants.49 Une analyse à régression linéaire multiple a montré que les femmes infectées par le VIH-1 présentaient des taux d’anticorps antidiphtériques plus faibles que les femmes non infectées, quel que soit l’intervalle écoulé entre la dernière dose de rappel et la mesure des anticorps. Suite à l’administration d’une dose de rappel, les titres moyens d’anticorps antidiphté- riques obtenus étaient plus élevés chez les femmes non infec- tées que chez les femmes infectées par le VIH.50

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 265.1, - "x1": 553.33, - "y1": 455.94 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-46", - "text": "\n\n\nCoadministration avec d’autres vaccins\nL’administration concomitante des vaccins contenant le DTCa ou DTCe avec d’autres vaccins administrés pendant l’enfance n’interfère pas avec la réponse en anticorps à l’un quelconque des antigènes impliqués. Cela vaut aussi bien pour la primo- vaccination que pour les doses ultérieures.\nLa coadministration des vaccins contenant l’anatoxine diphté- rique avec le vaccin BCG, le vaccin antipneumococcique conjugué (VPC), le VPI, le vaccin antipoliomyélitique oral (VPO), le vaccin antirougeoleux, antirougeoleux-antirubéoleux ou antirougeo- leux-antiourlien-antirubéoleux, le vaccin antiméningococcique conjugué, le vaccin anti-hépatite B, le vaccin antirotavirus, le vaccin contre la varicelle et le vaccin anti-Hib ne présente pas de danger et n’entraîne pas de baisse de l’immunogénicité.51, 52\n48 McMillan M et al. Safety of Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccination During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129:560–573.\n49 Ryder RW et al. Safety and immunogenicity of bacille Calmette-Guérin, diphtheria-tetanus- pertussis, and oral polio vaccines in newborn children in Zaire infected with human immunode- ficiency virus type 1. J Pediatr. 1993;122(5Pt1):697–702.\n50 Bonetti T et al. Tetanus and diphtheria antibodies and response to a booster dose in Brazilian HIV-1-infected women. Vaccine. 2004;22(27–28):3707–3712.\n51 King GE et al. Simultaneous administration of childhood vaccines: an important public health policy that is safe and efficacious. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:394–407.\n52 Dolan S et al. Summary of evidence on the administration of multiple injectable vaccines in infants during a single visit: safety, immunogenicity, and vaccine administration practices (pré- paré pour la réunion du SAGE d’avril 2015). Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immu- nization/sage/meetings/2015/april/5_Summary_of_Evidence_3-25-2015.pdf; consulté en avril 2017.\nnation with IPV may be administered concomitantly without causing clinically relevant immunological inter- ference between any of the included antigens. Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines can be co-administered with diphtheria-containing vaccines.53, 54, 55 Adult diph- theria vaccine booster formulations could be adminis- tered concomitantly with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine.56\nConjugate vaccines that contain diphtheria toxoid or diphtheria toxin cross-reactive materials (CRM) as a protein carrier may induce a booster response to diph- theria in persons previously immunized against diphtheria. Animal studies have demonstrated that CRM protein carriers do not induce sufficient diphtheria- protective antibody levels in naive recipients. Simulta- neous administration of diphtheria toxoid with CRM protein carrier-containing vaccines does not seem to impact negatively on the immunogenicity of either vaccine.7 Concomitant administration of CRM-conju- gated vaccines can in fact increase the immune response to diphtheria and its persistence after diphtheria vacci- nation.57 For example, vaccination with meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (with CRM as the carrier protein), administered jointly with the adult formulation of Td vaccine, resulted in higher geometric mean diphtheria antitoxin antibody concentrations (120.0 IU/mL versus 8.4 IU/mL) than obtained with Td alone. Boosting of diphtheria responses were observed in UK children, following immunization with a CRM- containing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Administration of CRM-conjugated vaccines before Tdap can induce significantly higher and more persis- tent anti-diphtheria responses than when administered after Tdap.58 Tdap vaccination before administration of PCV13 significantly reduced the response to 7 of the 13 pneumococcal serotypes in adults.59 This has been attributed to carrier-induced epitope suppression, i.e. the presence of pre-existing antibody to a carrier protein has the potential to suppress the subsequent immune response to an antigen conjugated to the same carrier.60\n53 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA Cervarix. Summary of Product Characteristics. Avai- lable at https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=179, accessed May 2017.\n54 Merck. Gardasil. Summary of Product Characteristics. Available at https://extranet. who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=178, accessed May 2017.\n55 Merck. Gardasil 9. Summary of Product Characteristics. European Medicines Agency. Available at http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Pro- duct_Information/human/003852/WC500189111.pdf, accessed May 2017.\n56 Adacel, package insert. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Sanofi Pasteur Limited; Available at https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=315, accessed July 2017.\n57 Bröker M. Potential protective immunogenicity of tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid and Cross Reacting Material 197 (CRM197) when used as carrier proteins in glyco- conjugates. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2016;12:664–667.\n58 Bröker M et aI. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine protein carriers as a ‘‘neglected valency” – Potential and limitations. Vaccine. 2017;35:3286–3294.\n59 Tashani M et al. Tetanus–diphtheria–pertussis vaccine may suppress the immune response to subsequent immunization with pneumococcal CRM197-conjugate vac- cine (coadministered with quadrivalent meningococcal TT-conjugate vaccine): a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2017;24(4). Available at https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tax006, accessed July 2017.\n60 Findlow H and Borrow R. Interactions of conjugate vaccines and co-administered vaccines . Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2016; 12: 226–230.\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017\nLe Tdca, seul ou en association avec le VPI, peut également être coadministré avec d’autres vaccins sans produire d’interférence immunologique cliniquement pertinente entre les différents anti- gènes. Les vaccins contre le papillomavirus humain (VPH) peuvent être administrés en même temps que les vaccins anti- diphtériques.53, 54, 55 Les doses de rappel du vaccin antidiphtérique destinées aux adultes peuvent être coadministrées avec le vaccin antigrippal trivalent inactivé.56\nLes vaccins conjugués contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique ou une substance à réactivité croisée (CRM) de la toxine diphtérique servant de protéine porteuse peuvent induire une réponse de rappel à la diphtérie chez les personnes préalablement vacci- nées contre la diphtérie. Des études chez l’animal ont montré que les protéines porteuses CRM n’induisent pas une concen- tration en anticorps antidiphtériques suffisante pour être protectrice chez les sujets non préalablement vaccinés. L’admi- nistration simultanée d’anatoxine diphtérique avec un vaccin contenant une protéine porteuse CRM ne semble pas compro- mettre l’immunogénicité de l’un ou l’autre des deux vaccins.7 L’administration concomitante de vaccins conjugués à protéine CRM peut en fait accroître la réponse immunitaire à la diphtérie, ainsi que sa persistance après la vaccination anti- diphtérique.57 Par exemple, on a observé que l’administration simultanée d’un vaccin antiméningococcique polyosidique conjugué (contenant la protéine porteuse CRM) et d’un vaccin Td de formulation adulte produisait un titre moyen géomé- trique plus élevé d’anticorps contre la toxine diphtérique (120,0 UI/ml) que le vaccin Td utilisé seul (8,4 UI/ml). Au Royaume-Uni, on a constaté une stimulation de la réponse immunitaire contre la diphtérie chez les enfants ayant été vacci- nés par un vaccin antipneumococcique conjugué contenant la protéine CRM (VPC7). L’administration d’un vaccin conjugué à la protéine CRM avant le vaccin Tdca peut induire des réponses antidiphtériques plus fortes et plus durables que lorsque ce vaccin est administré après le Tdca.58 La vaccination par le Tdca avant le VPC13 affaiblit considérablement la réponse à 7 des 13 sérotypes pneumococciques chez l’adulte.59 Cela s’explique par la suppression épitopique induite par le vecteur, un phéno- mène dans lequel la présence d’anticorps préexistants contre la protéine porteuse est susceptible de supprimer la réponse immunitaire ultérieure à un antigène conjugué à ce même vecteur.60 la\n53 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA Cervarix. Summary of Product Characteristics. Disponible à l’adresse: https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=179; consul- té en mai 2017\n54 Merck. Gardasil. Summary of Product Characteristics. Disponible à l’adresse: https://extranet. who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=178; consulté en mai 2017\n55 Merck. Gardasil 9. Summary of Product Characteristics. European Medicines Agency. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Infor- mation/human/003852/WC500189111.pdf; consulté en mai 2017\n56 Adacel, package insert. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Sanofi Pasteur Limited; Disponible à l’adresse: https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=315; consulté en juil- let 2017\n57 Bröker M. Potential protective immunogenicity of tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid and Cross Reacting Material 197 (CRM197) when used as carrier proteins in glycoconjugates. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2016;12:664–667.\n58 Bröker M et aI. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine protein carriers as a ‘‘neglected valency” – Potential and limitations. Vaccine. 2017;35:3286–3294.\n59 Tashani M et al. Tetanus–diphtheria–pertussis vaccine may suppress the immune response to subsequent immunization with pneumococcal CRM197-conjugate vaccine (coadministered with quadrivalent meningococcal TT-conjugate vaccine): a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2017;24(4). Disponible à l’adresse: https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tax006, consulté en juillet 2017.\n60 Findlow H and Borrow R. Interactions of conjugate vaccines and co-administered vaccines . Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2016; 12: 226–230.\n431", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text": "Coadministration avec d’autres vaccins", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Coadministration avec d’autres vaccins

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 467.29, - "x1": 458.88, - "y1": 478.94 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "4e6ee5e0688c5ded0c54ad3f70bbda21", - "text": "L’administration concomitante des vaccins contenant le DTCa ou DTCe avec d’autres vaccins administrés pendant l’enfance n’interfère pas avec la réponse en anticorps à l’un quelconque des antigènes impliqués. Cela vaut aussi bien pour la primo- vaccination que pour les doses ultérieures.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "

    L’administration concomitante des vaccins contenant le DTCa ou DTCe avec d’autres vaccins administrés pendant l’enfance n’interfère pas avec la réponse en anticorps à l’un quelconque des antigènes impliqués. Cela vaut aussi bien pour la primo- vaccination que pour les doses ultérieures.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 481.15, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 536.45 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "0dea376fc7782a29903e9ac1f268e13c", - "text": "La coadministration des vaccins contenant l’anatoxine diphté- rique avec le vaccin BCG, le vaccin antipneumococcique conjugué (VPC), le VPI, le vaccin antipoliomyélitique oral (VPO), le vaccin antirougeoleux, antirougeoleux-antirubéoleux ou antirougeo- leux-antiourlien-antirubéoleux, le vaccin antiméningococcique conjugué, le vaccin anti-hépatite B, le vaccin antirotavirus, le vaccin contre la varicelle et le vaccin anti-Hib ne présente pas de danger et n’entraîne pas de baisse de l’immunogénicité.51, 52", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "

    La coadministration des vaccins contenant l’anatoxine diphté- rique avec le vaccin BCG, le vaccin antipneumococcique conjugué (VPC), le VPI, le vaccin antipoliomyélitique oral (VPO), le vaccin antirougeoleux, antirougeoleux-antirubéoleux ou antirougeo- leux-antiourlien-antirubéoleux, le vaccin antiméningococcique conjugué, le vaccin anti-hépatite B, le vaccin antirotavirus, le vaccin contre la varicelle et le vaccin anti-Hib ne présente pas de danger et n’entraîne pas de baisse de l’immunogénicité.51, 52

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 542.89, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 632.48 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "1655a252481a89484b728aa9e0f54825", - "text": "48 McMillan M et al. Safety of Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccination During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129:560–573.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 48 McMillan M et al. Safety of Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccination During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129:560–573.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.3, - "y0": 648.72, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 666.04 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "5ddae7810384697692b2ee594fff3cc9", - "text": "49 Ryder RW et al. Safety and immunogenicity of bacille Calmette-Guérin, diphtheria-tetanus- pertussis, and oral polio vaccines in newborn children in Zaire infected with human immunode- ficiency virus type 1. J Pediatr. 1993;122(5Pt1):697–702.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 49 Ryder RW et al. Safety and immunogenicity of bacille Calmette-Guérin, diphtheria-tetanus- pertussis, and oral polio vaccines in newborn children in Zaire infected with human immunode- ficiency virus type 1. J Pediatr. 1993;122(5Pt1):697–702.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.72, - "y0": 667.9, - "x1": 552.59, - "y1": 691.98 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "90622e7aaa347e007c3305e9fd4fdb03", - "text": "50 Bonetti T et al. Tetanus and diphtheria antibodies and response to a booster dose in Brazilian HIV-1-infected women. Vaccine. 2004;22(27–28):3707–3712.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 50 Bonetti T et al. Tetanus and diphtheria antibodies and response to a booster dose in Brazilian HIV-1-infected women. Vaccine. 2004;22(27–28):3707–3712.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.26, - "y0": 694.51, - "x1": 554.42, - "y1": 711.0 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "9b41394cee44c936e3598c25b7a6b271", - "text": "51 King GE et al. Simultaneous administration of childhood vaccines: an important public health policy that is safe and efficacious. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:394–407.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 51 King GE et al. Simultaneous administration of childhood vaccines: an important public health policy that is safe and efficacious. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:394–407.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.3, - "y0": 713.37, - "x1": 551.44, - "y1": 729.91 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "c80de54bb108448e2ed565ac00d0a458", - "text": "52 Dolan S et al. Summary of evidence on the administration of multiple injectable vaccines in infants during a single visit: safety, immunogenicity, and vaccine administration practices (pré- paré pour la réunion du SAGE d’avril 2015). Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immu- nization/sage/meetings/2015/april/5_Summary_of_Evidence_3-25-2015.pdf; consulté en avril 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 14, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 52 Dolan S et al. Summary of evidence on the administration of multiple injectable vaccines in infants during a single visit: safety, immunogenicity, and vaccine administration practices (pré- paré pour la réunion du SAGE d’avril 2015). Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.who.int/immu- nization/sage/meetings/2015/april/5_Summary_of_Evidence_3-25-2015.pdf; consulté en avril 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 13, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.28, - "y0": 732.75, - "x1": 551.49, - "y1": 774.03 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "4d20c5e3294295ae8a93b0f10bcb93f4", - "text": "nation with IPV may be administered concomitantly without causing clinically relevant immunological inter- ference between any of the included antigens. Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines can be co-administered with diphtheria-containing vaccines.53, 54, 55 Adult diph- theria vaccine booster formulations could be adminis- tered concomitantly with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine.56", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "

    nation with IPV may be administered concomitantly without causing clinically relevant immunological inter- ference between any of the included antigens. Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines can be co-administered with diphtheria-containing vaccines.53, 54, 55 Adult diph- theria vaccine booster formulations could be adminis- tered concomitantly with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine.56

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.32, - "y0": 55.87, - "x1": 272.54, - "y1": 145.25 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "582f145264f0af18bd8d1f37ad7d5987", - "text": "Conjugate vaccines that contain diphtheria toxoid or diphtheria toxin cross-reactive materials (CRM) as a protein carrier may induce a booster response to diph- theria in persons previously immunized against diphtheria. Animal studies have demonstrated that CRM protein carriers do not induce sufficient diphtheria- protective antibody levels in naive recipients. Simulta- neous administration of diphtheria toxoid with CRM protein carrier-containing vaccines does not seem to impact negatively on the immunogenicity of either vaccine.7 Concomitant administration of CRM-conju- gated vaccines can in fact increase the immune response to diphtheria and its persistence after diphtheria vacci- nation.57 For example, vaccination with meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (with CRM as the carrier protein), administered jointly with the adult formulation of Td vaccine, resulted in higher geometric mean diphtheria antitoxin antibody concentrations (120.0 IU/mL versus 8.4 IU/mL) than obtained with Td alone. Boosting of diphtheria responses were observed in UK children, following immunization with a CRM- containing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Administration of CRM-conjugated vaccines before Tdap can induce significantly higher and more persis- tent anti-diphtheria responses than when administered after Tdap.58 Tdap vaccination before administration of PCV13 significantly reduced the response to 7 of the 13 pneumococcal serotypes in adults.59 This has been attributed to carrier-induced epitope suppression, i.e. the presence of pre-existing antibody to a carrier protein has the potential to suppress the subsequent immune response to an antigen conjugated to the same carrier.60", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "

    Conjugate vaccines that contain diphtheria toxoid or diphtheria toxin cross-reactive materials (CRM) as a protein carrier may induce a booster response to diph- theria in persons previously immunized against diphtheria. Animal studies have demonstrated that CRM protein carriers do not induce sufficient diphtheria- protective antibody levels in naive recipients. Simulta- neous administration of diphtheria toxoid with CRM protein carrier-containing vaccines does not seem to impact negatively on the immunogenicity of either vaccine.7 Concomitant administration of CRM-conju- gated vaccines can in fact increase the immune response to diphtheria and its persistence after diphtheria vacci- nation.57 For example, vaccination with meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (with CRM as the carrier protein), administered jointly with the adult formulation of Td vaccine, resulted in higher geometric mean diphtheria antitoxin antibody concentrations (120.0 IU/mL versus 8.4 IU/mL) than obtained with Td alone. Boosting of diphtheria responses were observed in UK children, following immunization with a CRM- containing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Administration of CRM-conjugated vaccines before Tdap can induce significantly higher and more persis- tent anti-diphtheria responses than when administered after Tdap.58 Tdap vaccination before administration of PCV13 significantly reduced the response to 7 of the 13 pneumococcal serotypes in adults.59 This has been attributed to carrier-induced epitope suppression, i.e. the presence of pre-existing antibody to a carrier protein has the potential to suppress the subsequent immune response to an antigen conjugated to the same carrier.60

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.6, - "y0": 144.18, - "x1": 272.46, - "y1": 523.85 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "f153b4ecaf95001a3fda97fdb18585d1", - "text": "53 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA Cervarix. Summary of Product Characteristics. Avai- lable at https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=179, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 53 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA Cervarix. Summary of Product Characteristics. Avai- lable at https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=179, accessed May 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.42, - "y0": 569.74, - "x1": 271.87, - "y1": 592.94 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "0be72db6a03b20423fe361557835e8a4", - "text": "54 Merck. Gardasil. Summary of Product Characteristics. Available at https://extranet. who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=178, accessed May 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 54 Merck. Gardasil. Summary of Product Characteristics. Available at https://extranet. who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=178, accessed May 2017.
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  • 55 Merck. Gardasil 9. Summary of Product Characteristics. European Medicines Agency. Available at http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Pro- duct_Information/human/003852/WC500189111.pdf, accessed May 2017.
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  • 56 Adacel, package insert. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Sanofi Pasteur Limited; Available at https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=315, accessed July 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.83, - "y0": 641.73, - "x1": 274.65, - "y1": 665.43 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "767163d3d7c9386c3aa9e33082b65881", - "text": "57 Bröker M. Potential protective immunogenicity of tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid and Cross Reacting Material 197 (CRM197) when used as carrier proteins in glyco- conjugates. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2016;12:664–667.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 57 Bröker M. Potential protective immunogenicity of tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid and Cross Reacting Material 197 (CRM197) when used as carrier proteins in glyco- conjugates. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2016;12:664–667.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.24, - "y0": 668.36, - "x1": 275.12, - "y1": 692.5 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "3a195a9688e117f1c2091138bf9b9fcf", - "text": "58 Bröker M et aI. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine protein carriers as a ‘‘neglected valency” – Potential and limitations. Vaccine. 2017;35:3286–3294.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 58 Bröker M et aI. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine protein carriers as a ‘‘neglected valency” – Potential and limitations. Vaccine. 2017;35:3286–3294.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.17, - "y0": 695.72, - "x1": 274.01, - "y1": 711.09 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "7d7b553ac30972f466b563070876f023", - "text": "59 Tashani M et al. Tetanus–diphtheria–pertussis vaccine may suppress the immune response to subsequent immunization with pneumococcal CRM197-conjugate vac- cine (coadministered with quadrivalent meningococcal TT-conjugate vaccine): a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2017;24(4). Available at https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tax006, accessed July 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 59 Tashani M et al. Tetanus–diphtheria–pertussis vaccine may suppress the immune response to subsequent immunization with pneumococcal CRM197-conjugate vac- cine (coadministered with quadrivalent meningococcal TT-conjugate vaccine): a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2017;24(4). Available at https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tax006, accessed July 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.9, - "y0": 714.48, - "x1": 276.21, - "y1": 753.92 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "3cfe85685b5076e5d7a811a9f8e8b33f", - "text": "60 Findlow H and Borrow R. Interactions of conjugate vaccines and co-administered vaccines . Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2016; 12: 226–230.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 60 Findlow H and Borrow R. Interactions of conjugate vaccines and co-administered vaccines . Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2016; 12: 226–230.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.23, - "y0": 757.24, - "x1": 271.87, - "y1": 772.75 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "458e27c024b482e98013717200e73780", - "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "

    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.14, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 218.52, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "0949005f27c41a3683ec221a47e852fb", - "text": "Le Tdca, seul ou en association avec le VPI, peut également être coadministré avec d’autres vaccins sans produire d’interférence immunologique cliniquement pertinente entre les différents anti- gènes. Les vaccins contre le papillomavirus humain (VPH) peuvent être administrés en même temps que les vaccins anti- diphtériques.53, 54, 55 Les doses de rappel du vaccin antidiphtérique destinées aux adultes peuvent être coadministrées avec le vaccin antigrippal trivalent inactivé.56", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "

    Le Tdca, seul ou en association avec le VPI, peut également être coadministré avec d’autres vaccins sans produire d’interférence immunologique cliniquement pertinente entre les différents anti- gènes. Les vaccins contre le papillomavirus humain (VPH) peuvent être administrés en même temps que les vaccins anti- diphtériques.53, 54, 55 Les doses de rappel du vaccin antidiphtérique destinées aux adultes peuvent être coadministrées avec le vaccin antigrippal trivalent inactivé.56

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 55.71, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 145.25 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "594fa217f6cc0f5cd8d3ef3005c24101", - "text": "Les vaccins conjugués contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique ou une substance à réactivité croisée (CRM) de la toxine diphtérique servant de protéine porteuse peuvent induire une réponse de rappel à la diphtérie chez les personnes préalablement vacci- nées contre la diphtérie. Des études chez l’animal ont montré que les protéines porteuses CRM n’induisent pas une concen- tration en anticorps antidiphtériques suffisante pour être protectrice chez les sujets non préalablement vaccinés. L’admi- nistration simultanée d’anatoxine diphtérique avec un vaccin contenant une protéine porteuse CRM ne semble pas compro- mettre l’immunogénicité de l’un ou l’autre des deux vaccins.7 L’administration concomitante de vaccins conjugués à protéine CRM peut en fait accroître la réponse immunitaire à la diphtérie, ainsi que sa persistance après la vaccination anti- diphtérique.57 Par exemple, on a observé que l’administration simultanée d’un vaccin antiméningococcique polyosidique conjugué (contenant la protéine porteuse CRM) et d’un vaccin Td de formulation adulte produisait un titre moyen géomé- trique plus élevé d’anticorps contre la toxine diphtérique (120,0 UI/ml) que le vaccin Td utilisé seul (8,4 UI/ml). Au Royaume-Uni, on a constaté une stimulation de la réponse immunitaire contre la diphtérie chez les enfants ayant été vacci- nés par un vaccin antipneumococcique conjugué contenant la protéine CRM (VPC7). L’administration d’un vaccin conjugué à la protéine CRM avant le vaccin Tdca peut induire des réponses antidiphtériques plus fortes et plus durables que lorsque ce vaccin est administré après le Tdca.58 La vaccination par le Tdca avant le VPC13 affaiblit considérablement la réponse à 7 des 13 sérotypes pneumococciques chez l’adulte.59 Cela s’explique par la suppression épitopique induite par le vecteur, un phéno- mène dans lequel la présence d’anticorps préexistants contre la protéine porteuse est susceptible de supprimer la réponse immunitaire ultérieure à un antigène conjugué à ce même vecteur.60 la", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "

    Les vaccins conjugués contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique ou une substance à réactivité croisée (CRM) de la toxine diphtérique servant de protéine porteuse peuvent induire une réponse de rappel à la diphtérie chez les personnes préalablement vacci- nées contre la diphtérie. Des études chez l’animal ont montré que les protéines porteuses CRM n’induisent pas une concen- tration en anticorps antidiphtériques suffisante pour être protectrice chez les sujets non préalablement vaccinés. L’admi- nistration simultanée d’anatoxine diphtérique avec un vaccin contenant une protéine porteuse CRM ne semble pas compro- mettre l’immunogénicité de l’un ou l’autre des deux vaccins.7 L’administration concomitante de vaccins conjugués à protéine CRM peut en fait accroître la réponse immunitaire à la diphtérie, ainsi que sa persistance après la vaccination anti- diphtérique.57 Par exemple, on a observé que l’administration simultanée d’un vaccin antiméningococcique polyosidique conjugué (contenant la protéine porteuse CRM) et d’un vaccin Td de formulation adulte produisait un titre moyen géomé- trique plus élevé d’anticorps contre la toxine diphtérique (120,0 UI/ml) que le vaccin Td utilisé seul (8,4 UI/ml). Au Royaume-Uni, on a constaté une stimulation de la réponse immunitaire contre la diphtérie chez les enfants ayant été vacci- nés par un vaccin antipneumococcique conjugué contenant la protéine CRM (VPC7). L’administration d’un vaccin conjugué à la protéine CRM avant le vaccin Tdca peut induire des réponses antidiphtériques plus fortes et plus durables que lorsque ce vaccin est administré après le Tdca.58 La vaccination par le Tdca avant le VPC13 affaiblit considérablement la réponse à 7 des 13 sérotypes pneumococciques chez l’adulte.59 Cela s’explique par la suppression épitopique induite par le vecteur, un phéno- mène dans lequel la présence d’anticorps préexistants contre la protéine porteuse est susceptible de supprimer la réponse immunitaire ultérieure à un antigène conjugué à ce même vecteur.60 la

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 141.4, - "x1": 552.09, - "y1": 535.03 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "abaad076702bc922f273a17f434ef6f1", - "text": "53 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA Cervarix. Summary of Product Characteristics. Disponible à l’adresse: https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=179; consul- té en mai 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 53 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA Cervarix. Summary of Product Characteristics. Disponible à l’adresse: https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=179; consul- té en mai 2017
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.91, - "y0": 569.44, - "x1": 551.48, - "y1": 593.1 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "ecef586f8de34f0bdbf4a264706ce81f", - "text": "54 Merck. Gardasil. Summary of Product Characteristics. Disponible à l’adresse: https://extranet. who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=178; consulté en mai 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 54 Merck. Gardasil. Summary of Product Characteristics. Disponible à l’adresse: https://extranet. who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=178; consulté en mai 2017
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.2, - "y0": 595.63, - "x1": 550.59, - "y1": 612.15 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "12f1fe59e8644a988b005f8fb0f43127", - "text": "55 Merck. Gardasil 9. Summary of Product Characteristics. European Medicines Agency. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Infor- mation/human/003852/WC500189111.pdf; consulté en mai 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 55 Merck. Gardasil 9. Summary of Product Characteristics. European Medicines Agency. Disponible à l’adresse: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Infor- mation/human/003852/WC500189111.pdf; consulté en mai 2017
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 288.95, - "y0": 614.86, - "x1": 552.24, - "y1": 638.87 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "6f16079f3bad9fd56ab02a4a6266a722", - "text": "56 Adacel, package insert. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Sanofi Pasteur Limited; Disponible à l’adresse: https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=315; consulté en juil- let 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 56 Adacel, package insert. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Sanofi Pasteur Limited; Disponible à l’adresse: https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/PreviewVaccine.aspx?nav=0&ID=315; consulté en juil- let 2017
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.59, - "y0": 641.48, - "x1": 551.9, - "y1": 665.79 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "59c69ffb887b92ed010682575f626d34", - "text": "57 Bröker M. Potential protective immunogenicity of tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid and Cross Reacting Material 197 (CRM197) when used as carrier proteins in glycoconjugates. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2016;12:664–667.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 57 Bröker M. Potential protective immunogenicity of tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid and Cross Reacting Material 197 (CRM197) when used as carrier proteins in glycoconjugates. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2016;12:664–667.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 289.66, - "y0": 668.18, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 692.55 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "4a898a16536437b177906dca191f033c", - "text": "58 Bröker M et aI. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine protein carriers as a ‘‘neglected valency” – Potential and limitations. Vaccine. 2017;35:3286–3294.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 58 Bröker M et aI. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine protein carriers as a ‘‘neglected valency” – Potential and limitations. Vaccine. 2017;35:3286–3294.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.02, - "y0": 695.49, - "x1": 552.4, - "y1": 711.19 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "4a4d7c96d655dae327e0135d9c151bb8", - "text": "59 Tashani M et al. Tetanus–diphtheria–pertussis vaccine may suppress the immune response to subsequent immunization with pneumococcal CRM197-conjugate vaccine (coadministered with quadrivalent meningococcal TT-conjugate vaccine): a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2017;24(4). Disponible à l’adresse: https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tax006, consulté en juillet 2017.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 59 Tashani M et al. Tetanus–diphtheria–pertussis vaccine may suppress the immune response to subsequent immunization with pneumococcal CRM197-conjugate vaccine (coadministered with quadrivalent meningococcal TT-conjugate vaccine): a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2017;24(4). Disponible à l’adresse: https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tax006, consulté en juillet 2017.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.99, - "y0": 714.11, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 754.18 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "3498b15f9ec71398e92d5e654cd63e21", - "text": "60 Findlow H and Borrow R. Interactions of conjugate vaccines and co-administered vaccines . Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2016; 12: 226–230.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "
  • 60 Findlow H and Borrow R. Interactions of conjugate vaccines and co-administered vaccines . Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2016; 12: 226–230.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.78, - "y0": 757.24, - "x1": 551.46, - "y1": 773.33 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "UncategorizedText", - "element_id": "1381ca80902559cb1de5c35a87f9a317", - "text": "431", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 15, - "parent_id": "0963ef21ad242f023da2530f29cd8ef1", - "text_as_html": "

    431

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 14, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.85, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-47", - "text": "\n\n\nCost-effectiveness\nThe cost-effectiveness of diphtheria toxoid given as combination diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine has been evaluated in the USA. It was estimated that in 1997, vaccination prevented 276 750 cases and 27 675 deaths from diphtheria.61 DTwP and DTaP were found to be cost-saving from both societal and health-care system perspectives. Furthermore, an analysis of DTaP as part of the overall routine vaccination schedule in the USA in 2001 estimated savings of more than US$ 2 billion in direct costs and US$ 24 billion in total costs for cases of diphtheria prevented.7, 62", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "4eb26fea55316f418a8d24fb5c848149", - "text": "Cost-effectiveness", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Cost-effectiveness

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 55.79, - "x1": 124.07, - "y1": 66.19 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "acb026210009a9e853d0d6b40c9b2cfb", - "text": "The cost-effectiveness of diphtheria toxoid given as combination diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine has been evaluated in the USA. It was estimated that in 1997, vaccination prevented 276 750 cases and 27 675 deaths from diphtheria.61 DTwP and DTaP were found to be cost-saving from both societal and health-care system perspectives. Furthermore, an analysis of DTaP as part of the overall routine vaccination schedule in the USA in 2001 estimated savings of more than US$ 2 billion in direct costs and US$ 24 billion in total costs for cases of diphtheria prevented.7, 62", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "4eb26fea55316f418a8d24fb5c848149", - "text_as_html": "

    The cost-effectiveness of diphtheria toxoid given as combination diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine has been evaluated in the USA. It was estimated that in 1997, vaccination prevented 276 750 cases and 27 675 deaths from diphtheria.61 DTwP and DTaP were found to be cost-saving from both societal and health-care system perspectives. Furthermore, an analysis of DTaP as part of the overall routine vaccination schedule in the USA in 2001 estimated savings of more than US$ 2 billion in direct costs and US$ 24 billion in total costs for cases of diphtheria prevented.7, 62

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.64, - "y0": 68.8, - "x1": 274.1, - "y1": 192.13 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-48", - "text": "\n\n\nWHO position\nAll children worldwide should be immunized against diphtheria. Recent diphtheria outbreaks in several coun- tries reflect inadequate vaccination coverage and have demonstrated the importance of sustaining high levels of coverage in childhood immunization programmes. Every country should seek to achieve timely vaccination with a complete primary series plus booster doses. Those who are unimmunized are at risk regardless of the setting.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "b831d2ff4e2eb338a3825d3d0603b4f2", - "text": "WHO position", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    WHO position

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 237.39, - "x1": 108.16, - "y1": 248.68 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "e56866789b83804027e00c1de957876e", - "text": "All children worldwide should be immunized against diphtheria. Recent diphtheria outbreaks in several coun- tries reflect inadequate vaccination coverage and have demonstrated the importance of sustaining high levels of coverage in childhood immunization programmes. Every country should seek to achieve timely vaccination with a complete primary series plus booster doses. Those who are unimmunized are at risk regardless of the setting.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "b831d2ff4e2eb338a3825d3d0603b4f2", - "text_as_html": "

    All children worldwide should be immunized against diphtheria. Recent diphtheria outbreaks in several coun- tries reflect inadequate vaccination coverage and have demonstrated the importance of sustaining high levels of coverage in childhood immunization programmes. Every country should seek to achieve timely vaccination with a complete primary series plus booster doses. Those who are unimmunized are at risk regardless of the setting.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.09, - "y0": 250.57, - "x1": 274.21, - "y1": 351.7 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-49", - "text": "\n\n\nPrimary vaccination for infants\nAs diphtheria toxoid is almost exclusively available in fixed combinations with other antigens, immunization programmes need to harmonize immunization sched- ules between diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. For vaccination of infants, DTP-containing vaccine often includes other antigens scheduled at the same time, such as Hib, IPV, and hep B, in order to reduce the number of injections.\nA primary series of 3 doses of diphtheria toxoid- containing vaccine is recommended, with the first dose administered as early as 6 weeks of age. Subsequent doses should be given with an interval of at least 4 weeks between doses. The third dose of the primary series should be completed by 6 months of age if possi- ble. If either the start or the completion of the primary series has been delayed, the missing doses should be given at the earliest opportunity with an interval of at least 4 weeks between doses.\nThe need for early infant vaccination with DTP-contain- ing vaccine is principally to ensure rapid protection against pertussis, because severe disease and death from pertussis is almost entirely limited to the first weeks and months of life.\nThe 3-dose primary series is the foundation for building lifelong immunity to diphtheria. In view of the histori- cal low coverage in many countries, providing the\n61 Ekwueme DU et al. Economic evaluation of use of diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine or diphtheria, tetanus, and whole-cell pertussis vaccine in the United States, 1997. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154(8):797–803.\n62 Zhou F et al. Economic evaluation of the 7-vaccine routine childhood immunization schedule in the United States, 2001. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(12):1136– 1144.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "cd76b38144548ae644fae5c8980d3f0a", - "text": "Primary vaccination for infants", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Primary vaccination for infants

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 374.58, - "x1": 176.89, - "y1": 385.68 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "37e2a9d1331bf7c76c10d0b68bf8d57b", - "text": "As diphtheria toxoid is almost exclusively available in fixed combinations with other antigens, immunization programmes need to harmonize immunization sched- ules between diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. For vaccination of infants, DTP-containing vaccine often includes other antigens scheduled at the same time, such as Hib, IPV, and hep B, in order to reduce the number of injections.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "cd76b38144548ae644fae5c8980d3f0a", - "text_as_html": "

    As diphtheria toxoid is almost exclusively available in fixed combinations with other antigens, immunization programmes need to harmonize immunization sched- ules between diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. For vaccination of infants, DTP-containing vaccine often includes other antigens scheduled at the same time, such as Hib, IPV, and hep B, in order to reduce the number of injections.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 388.05, - "x1": 273.95, - "y1": 477.4 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "bbc67a80397c587da81fb4e2f6957767", - "text": "A primary series of 3 doses of diphtheria toxoid- containing vaccine is recommended, with the first dose administered as early as 6 weeks of age. Subsequent doses should be given with an interval of at least 4 weeks between doses. The third dose of the primary series should be completed by 6 months of age if possi- ble. If either the start or the completion of the primary series has been delayed, the missing doses should be given at the earliest opportunity with an interval of at least 4 weeks between doses.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "cd76b38144548ae644fae5c8980d3f0a", - "text_as_html": "

    A primary series of 3 doses of diphtheria toxoid- containing vaccine is recommended, with the first dose administered as early as 6 weeks of age. Subsequent doses should be given with an interval of at least 4 weeks between doses. The third dose of the primary series should be completed by 6 months of age if possi- ble. If either the start or the completion of the primary series has been delayed, the missing doses should be given at the earliest opportunity with an interval of at least 4 weeks between doses.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 484.01, - "x1": 273.77, - "y1": 596.03 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "00e9521c20455d4649e854bbdbeafac1", - "text": "The need for early infant vaccination with DTP-contain- ing vaccine is principally to ensure rapid protection against pertussis, because severe disease and death from pertussis is almost entirely limited to the first weeks and months of life.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "cd76b38144548ae644fae5c8980d3f0a", - "text_as_html": "

    The need for early infant vaccination with DTP-contain- ing vaccine is principally to ensure rapid protection against pertussis, because severe disease and death from pertussis is almost entirely limited to the first weeks and months of life.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.6, - "y0": 602.73, - "x1": 273.24, - "y1": 658.17 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "4bfb9d94c318fcc4b73c8fc35f209f68", - "text": "The 3-dose primary series is the foundation for building lifelong immunity to diphtheria. In view of the histori- cal low coverage in many countries, providing the", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "cd76b38144548ae644fae5c8980d3f0a", - "text_as_html": "

    The 3-dose primary series is the foundation for building lifelong immunity to diphtheria. In view of the histori- cal low coverage in many countries, providing the

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.62, - "y0": 665.53, - "x1": 272.93, - "y1": 697.71 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "09aacb5ba45c367f8cd44640af406904", - "text": "61 Ekwueme DU et al. Economic evaluation of use of diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine or diphtheria, tetanus, and whole-cell pertussis vaccine in the United States, 1997. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154(8):797–803.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "cd76b38144548ae644fae5c8980d3f0a", - "text_as_html": "
  • 61 Ekwueme DU et al. Economic evaluation of use of diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine or diphtheria, tetanus, and whole-cell pertussis vaccine in the United States, 1997. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154(8):797–803.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.4, - "y0": 722.11, - "x1": 273.79, - "y1": 745.72 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "61665e3eb79df9283d2f40c9083f0914", - "text": "62 Zhou F et al. Economic evaluation of the 7-vaccine routine childhood immunization schedule in the United States, 2001. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(12):1136– 1144.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "cd76b38144548ae644fae5c8980d3f0a", - "text_as_html": "
  • 62 Zhou F et al. Economic evaluation of the 7-vaccine routine childhood immunization schedule in the United States, 2001. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(12):1136– 1144.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.53, - "y0": 748.87, - "x1": 276.89, - "y1": 773.54 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-50", - "text": "\n\n\n432", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "de38a6610ca9bc35044fd296925f381d", - "text": "432", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    432

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.64, - "y0": 779.09, - "x1": 57.82, - "y1": 786.66 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-51", - "text": "\n\n\nRapport coût/efficacité\nUne analyse a été effectuée aux États-Unis d’Amérique pour évaluer le rapport coût/efficacité de l’anatoxine diphtérique lorsqu’elle est administrée sous forme de vaccin antidiphté- rique-antitétanique-anticoquelucheux combiné. On estime qu’en 1997, 276 750 cas de diphtérie et 27 675 décès ont pu être prévenus grâce à la vaccination.61 Il a été déterminé que la vaccination par le DTCe et le DTCa permettait de réaliser des économies, tant sur le plan sociétal qu’au niveau des systèmes de santé. Une analyse réalisée aux États-Unis d’Amérique en 2001 a en outre estimé que l’administration de DTCa dans le cadre du calendrier général de vaccination systématique génère des économies de plus de US$ 2 milliards sur les coûts directs et de US$ 24 milliards sur les dépenses totales du fait des cas de diphtérie évités.7, 62", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "ce6ee39740438e7555a4230d8f4a4b08", - "text": "Rapport coût/efficacité", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Rapport coût/efficacité

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 55.47, - "x1": 393.76, - "y1": 66.65 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "b1e33ce1ae98060913a1243aa915ca90", - "text": "Une analyse a été effectuée aux États-Unis d’Amérique pour évaluer le rapport coût/efficacité de l’anatoxine diphtérique lorsqu’elle est administrée sous forme de vaccin antidiphté- rique-antitétanique-anticoquelucheux combiné. On estime qu’en 1997, 276 750 cas de diphtérie et 27 675 décès ont pu être prévenus grâce à la vaccination.61 Il a été déterminé que la vaccination par le DTCe et le DTCa permettait de réaliser des économies, tant sur le plan sociétal qu’au niveau des systèmes de santé. Une analyse réalisée aux États-Unis d’Amérique en 2001 a en outre estimé que l’administration de DTCa dans le cadre du calendrier général de vaccination systématique génère des économies de plus de US$ 2 milliards sur les coûts directs et de US$ 24 milliards sur les dépenses totales du fait des cas de diphtérie évités.7, 62", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "ce6ee39740438e7555a4230d8f4a4b08", - "text_as_html": "

    Une analyse a été effectuée aux États-Unis d’Amérique pour évaluer le rapport coût/efficacité de l’anatoxine diphtérique lorsqu’elle est administrée sous forme de vaccin antidiphté- rique-antitétanique-anticoquelucheux combiné. On estime qu’en 1997, 276 750 cas de diphtérie et 27 675 décès ont pu être prévenus grâce à la vaccination.61 Il a été déterminé que la vaccination par le DTCe et le DTCa permettait de réaliser des économies, tant sur le plan sociétal qu’au niveau des systèmes de santé. Une analyse réalisée aux États-Unis d’Amérique en 2001 a en outre estimé que l’administration de DTCa dans le cadre du calendrier général de vaccination systématique génère des économies de plus de US$ 2 milliards sur les coûts directs et de US$ 24 milliards sur les dépenses totales du fait des cas de diphtérie évités.7, 62

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 69.25, - "x1": 553.42, - "y1": 226.03 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-52", - "text": "\n\n\nPosition de l’OMS\nTous les enfants, dans le monde entier, devraient être vaccinés contre la diphtérie. Les récentes flambées de diphtérie apparues dans plusieurs pays sont le signe d’une couverture vaccinale insuffisante, montrant à quel point il est important de mainte- nir un haut niveau de couverture dans le cadre des programmes de vaccination infantile. Tous les pays doivent s’employer à assurer une vaccination en temps utile contre la diphtérie, avec une série complète de primovaccination suivie de doses de rappel. Les personnes non vaccinées sont exposées à un risque, quel que soit le milieu dans lequel elles vivent.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "df2ba5284a1d62390d2617a01f311d1c", - "text": "Position de l’OMS", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Position de l’OMS

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.82, - "y0": 236.83, - "x1": 374.62, - "y1": 249.12 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "02277292f777048cee690f5485a74432", - "text": "Tous les enfants, dans le monde entier, devraient être vaccinés contre la diphtérie. Les récentes flambées de diphtérie apparues dans plusieurs pays sont le signe d’une couverture vaccinale insuffisante, montrant à quel point il est important de mainte- nir un haut niveau de couverture dans le cadre des programmes de vaccination infantile. Tous les pays doivent s’employer à assurer une vaccination en temps utile contre la diphtérie, avec une série complète de primovaccination suivie de doses de rappel. Les personnes non vaccinées sont exposées à un risque, quel que soit le milieu dans lequel elles vivent.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "df2ba5284a1d62390d2617a01f311d1c", - "text_as_html": "

    Tous les enfants, dans le monde entier, devraient être vaccinés contre la diphtérie. Les récentes flambées de diphtérie apparues dans plusieurs pays sont le signe d’une couverture vaccinale insuffisante, montrant à quel point il est important de mainte- nir un haut niveau de couverture dans le cadre des programmes de vaccination infantile. Tous les pays doivent s’employer à assurer une vaccination en temps utile contre la diphtérie, avec une série complète de primovaccination suivie de doses de rappel. Les personnes non vaccinées sont exposées à un risque, quel que soit le milieu dans lequel elles vivent.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 250.07, - "x1": 553.81, - "y1": 363.0 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-53", - "text": "\n\n\nPrimovaccination des nourrissons\nÉtant donné que l’anatoxine diphtérique est presque exclusive- ment disponible en association fixe avec d’autres antigènes il est nécessaire que les programmes de vaccination harmonisent leurs calendriers de vaccination contre la diphtérie, le tétanos et la coqueluche. Le vaccin à valence DTC destiné aux nourris- sons comprend souvent d’autres antigènes dont l’administra- tion est prévue au même moment, comme ceux du Hib, du VPI et de l’hépatite B, afin de réduire le nombre d’injections.\nIl est recommandé d’effectuer une série de primovaccination par 3 doses de vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique, dont la première est administrée dès l’âge de 6 semaines. Les doses suivantes doivent être administrées avec un intervalle minimal de 4 semaines entre les doses. La troisième dose de la série de primovaccination devrait si possible être administrée au plus tard à l’âge de 6 mois. Si le début ou la fin de la série de primo- vaccination a été retardé, les doses manquantes doivent être administrées dans les meilleurs délais, avec un écart minimal de 4 semaines entre les doses.\nLa vaccination précoce des nourrissons par le vaccin à valence DTC vise essentiellement à garantir une protection rapide contre la coqueluche, car les cas graves et les décès dus à la coqueluche se produisent presque exclusivement durant les premières semaines et les premiers mois de la vie.\nLes 3 doses de primovaccination servent de base à l’acquisition d’une immunité à vie contre la diphtérie. Compte tenu des taux traditionnellement faibles de la couverture vaccinale dans de\n61 Ekwueme DU et al. Economic evaluation of use of diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine or diphtheria, tetanus, and whole-cell pertussis vaccine in the United States, 1997. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154(8):797–803.\n62 Zhou F et al. Economic evaluation of the 7-vaccine routine childhood immunization schedule in the United States, 2001. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(12):1136–1144.\nWEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO 31, 4 AUGUST 2017\nprimary series to persons who missed these doses in infancy is important. At any age those who are unvac- cinated or incompletely vaccinated against diphtheria should receive the doses necessary to complete their vaccination.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "939ad819b06eaf0f182acc0a7cea8173", - "text": "Primovaccination des nourrissons", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Primovaccination des nourrissons

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.73, - "y0": 374.48, - "x1": 435.83, - "y1": 386.16 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "2b523f5fb2191d780af6dbffe4cd8213", - "text": "Étant donné que l’anatoxine diphtérique est presque exclusive- ment disponible en association fixe avec d’autres antigènes il est nécessaire que les programmes de vaccination harmonisent leurs calendriers de vaccination contre la diphtérie, le tétanos et la coqueluche. Le vaccin à valence DTC destiné aux nourris- sons comprend souvent d’autres antigènes dont l’administra- tion est prévue au même moment, comme ceux du Hib, du VPI et de l’hépatite B, afin de réduire le nombre d’injections.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "939ad819b06eaf0f182acc0a7cea8173", - "text_as_html": "

    Étant donné que l’anatoxine diphtérique est presque exclusive- ment disponible en association fixe avec d’autres antigènes il est nécessaire que les programmes de vaccination harmonisent leurs calendriers de vaccination contre la diphtérie, le tétanos et la coqueluche. Le vaccin à valence DTC destiné aux nourris- sons comprend souvent d’autres antigènes dont l’administra- tion est prévue au même moment, comme ceux du Hib, du VPI et de l’hépatite B, afin de réduire le nombre d’injections.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 387.88, - "x1": 552.5, - "y1": 477.4 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "b250784d5a593496efcbee40b6166749", - "text": "Il est recommandé d’effectuer une série de primovaccination par 3 doses de vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique, dont la première est administrée dès l’âge de 6 semaines. Les doses suivantes doivent être administrées avec un intervalle minimal de 4 semaines entre les doses. La troisième dose de la série de primovaccination devrait si possible être administrée au plus tard à l’âge de 6 mois. Si le début ou la fin de la série de primo- vaccination a été retardé, les doses manquantes doivent être administrées dans les meilleurs délais, avec un écart minimal de 4 semaines entre les doses.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "939ad819b06eaf0f182acc0a7cea8173", - "text_as_html": "

    Il est recommandé d’effectuer une série de primovaccination par 3 doses de vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique, dont la première est administrée dès l’âge de 6 semaines. Les doses suivantes doivent être administrées avec un intervalle minimal de 4 semaines entre les doses. La troisième dose de la série de primovaccination devrait si possible être administrée au plus tard à l’âge de 6 mois. Si le début ou la fin de la série de primo- vaccination a été retardé, les doses manquantes doivent être administrées dans les meilleurs délais, avec un écart minimal de 4 semaines entre les doses.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 483.29, - "x1": 552.91, - "y1": 596.03 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "bc3522bd0be0681b428788b7392d5714", - "text": "La vaccination précoce des nourrissons par le vaccin à valence DTC vise essentiellement à garantir une protection rapide contre la coqueluche, car les cas graves et les décès dus à la coqueluche se produisent presque exclusivement durant les premières semaines et les premiers mois de la vie.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "939ad819b06eaf0f182acc0a7cea8173", - "text_as_html": "

    La vaccination précoce des nourrissons par le vaccin à valence DTC vise essentiellement à garantir une protection rapide contre la coqueluche, car les cas graves et les décès dus à la coqueluche se produisent presque exclusivement durant les premières semaines et les premiers mois de la vie.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 602.29, - "x1": 552.48, - "y1": 658.17 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "5d2a19cb43d5277844a309b39fce7709", - "text": "Les 3 doses de primovaccination servent de base à l’acquisition d’une immunité à vie contre la diphtérie. Compte tenu des taux traditionnellement faibles de la couverture vaccinale dans de", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "939ad819b06eaf0f182acc0a7cea8173", - "text_as_html": "

    Les 3 doses de primovaccination servent de base à l’acquisition d’une immunité à vie contre la diphtérie. Compte tenu des taux traditionnellement faibles de la couverture vaccinale dans de

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 664.78, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 697.71 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "dcfcf3c6f842d46509e33c88a63c11d7", - "text": "61 Ekwueme DU et al. Economic evaluation of use of diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine or diphtheria, tetanus, and whole-cell pertussis vaccine in the United States, 1997. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154(8):797–803.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "939ad819b06eaf0f182acc0a7cea8173", - "text_as_html": "
  • 61 Ekwueme DU et al. Economic evaluation of use of diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine or diphtheria, tetanus, and whole-cell pertussis vaccine in the United States, 1997. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154(8):797–803.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 290.92, - "y0": 721.8, - "x1": 551.45, - "y1": 745.75 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "6bb9fc8e57a4181ec7d5a265a74ac451", - "text": "62 Zhou F et al. Economic evaluation of the 7-vaccine routine childhood immunization schedule in the United States, 2001. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(12):1136–1144.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "939ad819b06eaf0f182acc0a7cea8173", - "text_as_html": "
  • 62 Zhou F et al. Economic evaluation of the 7-vaccine routine childhood immunization schedule in the United States, 2001. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(12):1136–1144.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.98, - "y0": 748.6, - "x1": 554.18, - "y1": 765.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "9a7ce617c9fcbc93f1e47f4ab6694a2b", - "text": "WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO 31, 4 AUGUST 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 16, - "parent_id": "939ad819b06eaf0f182acc0a7cea8173", - "text_as_html": "

    WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO 31, 4 AUGUST 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 15, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 389.79, - "y0": 777.05, - "x1": 549.9, - "y1": 787.01 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "3aea368c34d507075c4a9eaac8cde393", - "text": "primary series to persons who missed these doses in infancy is important. At any age those who are unvac- cinated or incompletely vaccinated against diphtheria should receive the doses necessary to complete their vaccination.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "939ad819b06eaf0f182acc0a7cea8173", - "text_as_html": "

    primary series to persons who missed these doses in infancy is important. At any age those who are unvac- cinated or incompletely vaccinated against diphtheria should receive the doses necessary to complete their vaccination.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.44, - "y0": 56.35, - "x1": 274.01, - "y1": 111.35 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-54", - "text": "\n\n\nBooster doses\nImmunization programmes should ensure that 3 booster doses of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine are provided during childhood and adolescence. This series will provide protection throughout adolescence and adulthood. The diphtheria booster doses should be given in combination with tetanus toxoid using the same schedule, i.e at 12–23 months of age, 4–7 years of age, and 9–15 years of age, using age-appropriate vaccine formulations. Given the increasing life expectancy worldwide, it remains to be determined whether a booster dose later in life may be necessary to ensure life-long protection.63\nNational vaccination schedules can be adjusted within the age limits specified above to enable programmes to tailor their schedules based on local epidemiology, the timing of vaccination doses and other scheduled inter- ventions, and on any other programmatic issues.\nWith an increasing proportion of children attending school worldwide, immunization programmes targeting school-age children are increasingly important. This is particularly relevant for the booster doses of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine. A second booster dose could be provided around the age of primary school entry and a third booster dose on completion of primary school or start of secondary school. Screening of vacci- nation status at school entry can also provide an effec- tive opportunity to catch up on any missed vaccinations and reduce the risk of vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks in schools. A school-based immunization approach may be linked to other important health inter- ventions for children and adolescents.\nCatch-up schedule in children aged ≥1 year, adolescents and adults\nOpportunities should be taken to provide or complete the 3-dose diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine series for those who were not vaccinated, or incompletely vaccinated, during infancy. For previously unimmu- nized children aged 1–7 years, the recommended primary schedule is 3 doses with a minimum interval of 4 weeks between the first and the second dose, and an interval of at least 6 months between the second and third dose, using DTP-containing vaccine. Using Td or Tdap combination vaccine, the recommended sche- dule for primary immunization of older children (>7 years), adolescents and adults is 3 doses with a minimum interval of 4 weeks between the first and the second dose, and an interval of at least 6 months\n63 Evidence to recommendation table. Evidence to recommendation table – Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/diphtheria_evidence_ recommendation_table.pdf\nnombreux pays, il est important d’administrer les doses de primovaccination aux sujets qui n’en ont pas bénéficié lorsqu’ils étaient nourrissons. Quel que soit leur âge, les personnes non vaccinées ou partiellement vaccinées contre la diphtérie devront recevoir les doses nécessaires pour achever la série de vaccination.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "3d0a80df8cd574955ec0e90da019fc6f", - "text": "Booster doses", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Booster doses

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 135.29, - "x1": 105.34, - "y1": 145.0 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "a57ab2bf3de241e66f97d13299f1bcb8", - "text": "Immunization programmes should ensure that 3 booster doses of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine are provided during childhood and adolescence. This series will provide protection throughout adolescence and adulthood. The diphtheria booster doses should be given in combination with tetanus toxoid using the same schedule, i.e at 12–23 months of age, 4–7 years of age, and 9–15 years of age, using age-appropriate vaccine formulations. Given the increasing life expectancy worldwide, it remains to be determined whether a booster dose later in life may be necessary to ensure life-long protection.63", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "3d0a80df8cd574955ec0e90da019fc6f", - "text_as_html": "

    Immunization programmes should ensure that 3 booster doses of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine are provided during childhood and adolescence. This series will provide protection throughout adolescence and adulthood. The diphtheria booster doses should be given in combination with tetanus toxoid using the same schedule, i.e at 12–23 months of age, 4–7 years of age, and 9–15 years of age, using age-appropriate vaccine formulations. Given the increasing life expectancy worldwide, it remains to be determined whether a booster dose later in life may be necessary to ensure life-long protection.63

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.02, - "y0": 147.88, - "x1": 273.44, - "y1": 282.24 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ac375142f3d9fe95bd9034b3031f0051", - "text": "National vaccination schedules can be adjusted within the age limits specified above to enable programmes to tailor their schedules based on local epidemiology, the timing of vaccination doses and other scheduled inter- ventions, and on any other programmatic issues.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "3d0a80df8cd574955ec0e90da019fc6f", - "text_as_html": "

    National vaccination schedules can be adjusted within the age limits specified above to enable programmes to tailor their schedules based on local epidemiology, the timing of vaccination doses and other scheduled inter- ventions, and on any other programmatic issues.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 288.59, - "x1": 272.45, - "y1": 344.38 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "0479c40dfcf29c1357ca4bc642f51eaa", - "text": "With an increasing proportion of children attending school worldwide, immunization programmes targeting school-age children are increasingly important. This is particularly relevant for the booster doses of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine. A second booster dose could be provided around the age of primary school entry and a third booster dose on completion of primary school or start of secondary school. Screening of vacci- nation status at school entry can also provide an effec- tive opportunity to catch up on any missed vaccinations and reduce the risk of vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks in schools. A school-based immunization approach may be linked to other important health inter- ventions for children and adolescents.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "3d0a80df8cd574955ec0e90da019fc6f", - "text_as_html": "

    With an increasing proportion of children attending school worldwide, immunization programmes targeting school-age children are increasingly important. This is particularly relevant for the booster doses of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine. A second booster dose could be provided around the age of primary school entry and a third booster dose on completion of primary school or start of secondary school. Screening of vacci- nation status at school entry can also provide an effec- tive opportunity to catch up on any missed vaccinations and reduce the risk of vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks in schools. A school-based immunization approach may be linked to other important health inter- ventions for children and adolescents.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.71, - "y0": 362.95, - "x1": 272.5, - "y1": 519.5 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ed003e50080203c5c293765c15aed1d1", - "text": "Catch-up schedule in children aged ≥1 year, adolescents and adults", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "3d0a80df8cd574955ec0e90da019fc6f", - "text_as_html": "

    Catch-up schedule in children aged ≥1 year, adolescents and adults

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 543.36, - "x1": 233.57, - "y1": 564.44 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "b9503e17519d647475442c24da1faa33", - "text": "Opportunities should be taken to provide or complete the 3-dose diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine series for those who were not vaccinated, or incompletely vaccinated, during infancy. For previously unimmu- nized children aged 1–7 years, the recommended primary schedule is 3 doses with a minimum interval of 4 weeks between the first and the second dose, and an interval of at least 6 months between the second and third dose, using DTP-containing vaccine. Using Td or Tdap combination vaccine, the recommended sche- dule for primary immunization of older children (>7 years), adolescents and adults is 3 doses with a minimum interval of 4 weeks between the first and the second dose, and an interval of at least 6 months", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "3d0a80df8cd574955ec0e90da019fc6f", - "text_as_html": "

    Opportunities should be taken to provide or complete the 3-dose diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine series for those who were not vaccinated, or incompletely vaccinated, during infancy. For previously unimmu- nized children aged 1–7 years, the recommended primary schedule is 3 doses with a minimum interval of 4 weeks between the first and the second dose, and an interval of at least 6 months between the second and third dose, using DTP-containing vaccine. Using Td or Tdap combination vaccine, the recommended sche- dule for primary immunization of older children (>7 years), adolescents and adults is 3 doses with a minimum interval of 4 weeks between the first and the second dose, and an interval of at least 6 months

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 567.63, - "x1": 272.46, - "y1": 724.28 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "acf7b559b053d0e98853b6759139b7cd", - "text": "63 Evidence to recommendation table. Evidence to recommendation table – Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/diphtheria_evidence_ recommendation_table.pdf", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "3d0a80df8cd574955ec0e90da019fc6f", - "text_as_html": "
  • 63 Evidence to recommendation table. Evidence to recommendation table – Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/diphtheria_evidence_ recommendation_table.pdf
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 40.64, - "y0": 749.2, - "x1": 275.22, - "y1": 772.86 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c557e08b69cbb6cad0c1399aa7920269", - "text": "nombreux pays, il est important d’administrer les doses de primovaccination aux sujets qui n’en ont pas bénéficié lorsqu’ils étaient nourrissons. Quel que soit leur âge, les personnes non vaccinées ou partiellement vaccinées contre la diphtérie devront recevoir les doses nécessaires pour achever la série de vaccination.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    nombreux pays, il est important d’administrer les doses de primovaccination aux sujets qui n’en ont pas bénéficié lorsqu’ils étaient nourrissons. Quel que soit leur âge, les personnes non vaccinées ou partiellement vaccinées contre la diphtérie devront recevoir les doses nécessaires pour achever la série de vaccination.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 55.94, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 122.65 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-55", - "text": "\n\n\nDoses de rappel\nLes programmes de vaccination doivent veiller à ce que 3 doses de rappel d’anatoxine diphtérique soient administrées au cours de l’enfance et de l’adolescence, conférant une protection durant l’adolescence et l’âge adulte. Il convient d’administrer ces doses de rappel en association avec l’anatoxine tétanique selon un calendrier harmonisé, c’est-à-dire à l’âge de 12-23 mois, 4-7 ans et 9-15 ans, au moyen de vaccins dont la formulation est adap- tée à l’âge des sujets. Compte tenu de l’allongement de l’espé- rance de vie à l’échelle mondiale, il reste à déterminer si l’admi- nistration d’une dose de rappel à un stade ultérieur de la vie est nécessaire pour garantir une protection à vie.63\nLes calendriers nationaux de vaccination peuvent être ajustés dans les limites d’âge énoncées ci-dessus pour permettre aux programmes d’adapter leurs calendriers à l’épidémiologie locale, à la chronologie des doses vaccinales et d’autres inter- ventions prévues, ainsi qu’à tout autre enjeu programmatique particulier.\nCompte tenu de la proportion croissante d’enfants qui sont scolarisés dans le monde, les programmes de vaccination ciblant les enfants d’âge scolaire revêtent une importance grandissante. Cela vaut particulièrement pour les doses de rappel de vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique, la deuxième dose de rappel pouvant être administrée à un âge correspondant plus ou moins à l’entrée en école primaire et la troisième coïncidant avec la fin de l’école primaire ou le début de l’école secondaire. La véri- fication du statut vaccinal des enfants au début de la scolarité peut également être une occasion opportune d’assurer une vaccination de rattrapage en cas de doses omises et de réduire le risque de flambée de maladies à prévention vaccinale en milieu scolaire. La vaccination en milieu scolaire peut être asso- ciée à d’autres interventions sanitaires importantes pour l’en- fant et l’adolescent.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "6341964b39a81ac684f427cb85ec2614", - "text": "Doses de rappel", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Doses de rappel

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 133.86, - "x1": 361.0, - "y1": 145.29 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "157330d8a3427ed0dec2e1e4b01ec8fc", - "text": "Les programmes de vaccination doivent veiller à ce que 3 doses de rappel d’anatoxine diphtérique soient administrées au cours de l’enfance et de l’adolescence, conférant une protection durant l’adolescence et l’âge adulte. Il convient d’administrer ces doses de rappel en association avec l’anatoxine tétanique selon un calendrier harmonisé, c’est-à-dire à l’âge de 12-23 mois, 4-7 ans et 9-15 ans, au moyen de vaccins dont la formulation est adap- tée à l’âge des sujets. Compte tenu de l’allongement de l’espé- rance de vie à l’échelle mondiale, il reste à déterminer si l’admi- nistration d’une dose de rappel à un stade ultérieur de la vie est nécessaire pour garantir une protection à vie.63", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "6341964b39a81ac684f427cb85ec2614", - "text_as_html": "

    Les programmes de vaccination doivent veiller à ce que 3 doses de rappel d’anatoxine diphtérique soient administrées au cours de l’enfance et de l’adolescence, conférant une protection durant l’adolescence et l’âge adulte. Il convient d’administrer ces doses de rappel en association avec l’anatoxine tétanique selon un calendrier harmonisé, c’est-à-dire à l’âge de 12-23 mois, 4-7 ans et 9-15 ans, au moyen de vaccins dont la formulation est adap- tée à l’âge des sujets. Compte tenu de l’allongement de l’espé- rance de vie à l’échelle mondiale, il reste à déterminer si l’admi- nistration d’une dose de rappel à un stade ultérieur de la vie est nécessaire pour garantir une protection à vie.63

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 147.37, - "x1": 552.67, - "y1": 270.94 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "4e370a0cd9286119c8fa0d8bb21bbe09", - "text": "Les calendriers nationaux de vaccination peuvent être ajustés dans les limites d’âge énoncées ci-dessus pour permettre aux programmes d’adapter leurs calendriers à l’épidémiologie locale, à la chronologie des doses vaccinales et d’autres inter- ventions prévues, ainsi qu’à tout autre enjeu programmatique particulier.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "6341964b39a81ac684f427cb85ec2614", - "text_as_html": "

    Les calendriers nationaux de vaccination peuvent être ajustés dans les limites d’âge énoncées ci-dessus pour permettre aux programmes d’adapter leurs calendriers à l’épidémiologie locale, à la chronologie des doses vaccinales et d’autres inter- ventions prévues, ainsi qu’à tout autre enjeu programmatique particulier.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 288.24, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 355.68 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "cb6e0acf8350a1dadc578854b0edbd48", - "text": "Compte tenu de la proportion croissante d’enfants qui sont scolarisés dans le monde, les programmes de vaccination ciblant les enfants d’âge scolaire revêtent une importance grandissante. Cela vaut particulièrement pour les doses de rappel de vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique, la deuxième dose de rappel pouvant être administrée à un âge correspondant plus ou moins à l’entrée en école primaire et la troisième coïncidant avec la fin de l’école primaire ou le début de l’école secondaire. La véri- fication du statut vaccinal des enfants au début de la scolarité peut également être une occasion opportune d’assurer une vaccination de rattrapage en cas de doses omises et de réduire le risque de flambée de maladies à prévention vaccinale en milieu scolaire. La vaccination en milieu scolaire peut être asso- ciée à d’autres interventions sanitaires importantes pour l’en- fant et l’adolescent.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "6341964b39a81ac684f427cb85ec2614", - "text_as_html": "

    Compte tenu de la proportion croissante d’enfants qui sont scolarisés dans le monde, les programmes de vaccination ciblant les enfants d’âge scolaire revêtent une importance grandissante. Cela vaut particulièrement pour les doses de rappel de vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique, la deuxième dose de rappel pouvant être administrée à un âge correspondant plus ou moins à l’entrée en école primaire et la troisième coïncidant avec la fin de l’école primaire ou le début de l’école secondaire. La véri- fication du statut vaccinal des enfants au début de la scolarité peut également être une occasion opportune d’assurer une vaccination de rattrapage en cas de doses omises et de réduire le risque de flambée de maladies à prévention vaccinale en milieu scolaire. La vaccination en milieu scolaire peut être asso- ciée à d’autres interventions sanitaires importantes pour l’en- fant et l’adolescent.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 361.9, - "x1": 553.94, - "y1": 530.8 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-56", - "text": "\n\n\nCalendrier de rattrapage chez les enfants de ≥1 an, les adolescents et les adultes\nChez les sujets qui n’ont pas été vaccinés ou qui n’ont été que partiellement vaccinés contre la diphtérie lorsqu’ils étaient nourrissons, il convient de saisir toutes les occasions pour administrer ou compléter la série de 3 doses d’anatoxine diph- térique. Pour les enfants de 1-7 ans non préalablement vaccinés, le calendrier de primovaccination recommandé est de 3 doses, avec un intervalle minimal de 4 semaines entre la première et la deuxième dose et d’au moins 6 mois entre la deuxième et la troisième dose, au moyen d’un vaccin à valence DTC. Pour la primovaccination des enfants plus âgés (>7 ans), des adoles- cents et des adultes par le vaccin combiné Td ou Tdca, le calen- drier recommandé est de 3 doses, avec un intervalle minimal de 4 semaines entre la première et la deuxième dose et d’au moins 6 mois entre la deuxième et la troisième dose. L’admi-\n433\nbetween the second and a third dose. Two subsequent booster doses using Td or Tdap combination vaccines are needed with an interval of at least 1 year between doses (see Tetanus vaccines: WHO position paper).64\nAs responses to booster vaccination can still be elicited after intervals of 25–30 years, it is not necessary to repeat a primary vaccination series when booster doses have been delayed.\nTo further promote immunity against diphtheria, the use of Td rather than TT is recommended during preg- nancy to protect against maternal and neonatal tetanus in the context of prenatal care, and when tetanus prophylaxis is needed following injuries. Opportunities for catch-up vaccination could include the delivery of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine with other vacci- nations such as HPV vaccination for adolescents, or during routine vaccination on entry into military services or other institutions with similar requirements.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "7c967f9ef07e9dbf3f179a864d1c9875", - "text": "Calendrier de rattrapage chez les enfants de ≥1 an, les adolescents et les adultes", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Calendrier de rattrapage chez les enfants de ≥1 an, les adolescents et les adultes

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    Chez les sujets qui n’ont pas été vaccinés ou qui n’ont été que partiellement vaccinés contre la diphtérie lorsqu’ils étaient nourrissons, il convient de saisir toutes les occasions pour administrer ou compléter la série de 3 doses d’anatoxine diph- térique. Pour les enfants de 1-7 ans non préalablement vaccinés, le calendrier de primovaccination recommandé est de 3 doses, avec un intervalle minimal de 4 semaines entre la première et la deuxième dose et d’au moins 6 mois entre la deuxième et la troisième dose, au moyen d’un vaccin à valence DTC. Pour la primovaccination des enfants plus âgés (>7 ans), des adoles- cents et des adultes par le vaccin combiné Td ou Tdca, le calen- drier recommandé est de 3 doses, avec un intervalle minimal de 4 semaines entre la première et la deuxième dose et d’au moins 6 mois entre la deuxième et la troisième dose. L’admi-

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 567.46, - "x1": 552.16, - "y1": 726.55 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "UncategorizedText", - "element_id": "c645cd73ad80dcbeced2622ea95c1b99", - "text": "433", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 17, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    433

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 16, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.85, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "df4b0cd61782ef39de7f3ae64b53fe99", - "text": "between the second and a third dose. Two subsequent booster doses using Td or Tdap combination vaccines are needed with an interval of at least 1 year between doses (see Tetanus vaccines: WHO position paper).64", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    between the second and a third dose. Two subsequent booster doses using Td or Tdap combination vaccines are needed with an interval of at least 1 year between doses (see Tetanus vaccines: WHO position paper).64

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.79, - "y0": 55.53, - "x1": 273.93, - "y1": 100.05 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "468b21510f60a527ceb5fbe8d856c3f4", - "text": "As responses to booster vaccination can still be elicited after intervals of 25–30 years, it is not necessary to repeat a primary vaccination series when booster doses have been delayed.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    As responses to booster vaccination can still be elicited after intervals of 25–30 years, it is not necessary to repeat a primary vaccination series when booster doses have been delayed.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.79, - "y0": 106.55, - "x1": 274.39, - "y1": 150.89 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "25e9476ad404e727ed7badcf6872ef47", - "text": "To further promote immunity against diphtheria, the use of Td rather than TT is recommended during preg- nancy to protect against maternal and neonatal tetanus in the context of prenatal care, and when tetanus prophylaxis is needed following injuries. Opportunities for catch-up vaccination could include the delivery of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine with other vacci- nations such as HPV vaccination for adolescents, or during routine vaccination on entry into military services or other institutions with similar requirements.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    To further promote immunity against diphtheria, the use of Td rather than TT is recommended during preg- nancy to protect against maternal and neonatal tetanus in the context of prenatal care, and when tetanus prophylaxis is needed following injuries. Opportunities for catch-up vaccination could include the delivery of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine with other vacci- nations such as HPV vaccination for adolescents, or during routine vaccination on entry into military services or other institutions with similar requirements.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 157.51, - "x1": 273.71, - "y1": 269.52 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-57", - "text": "\n\n\nSpecial risk groups\nDiphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines can be used in immunocompromised persons including HIV-infected individuals, though the immune response may be infe- rior to that in fully immunocompetent persons. All HIV- infected children should be vaccinated against diphthe- ria following the vaccine recommendations for the general population. A need for additional booster doses for HIV-infected persons or those with other congenital or acquired immunodeficiency has not been established.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "31ea7200da0208267efb3c3e660a456b", - "text": "Special risk groups", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Special risk groups

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.11, - "y0": 280.65, - "x1": 127.68, - "y1": 292.11 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "bf5754cc0ebda8196d9abd9e026d31ac", - "text": "Diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines can be used in immunocompromised persons including HIV-infected individuals, though the immune response may be infe- rior to that in fully immunocompetent persons. All HIV- infected children should be vaccinated against diphthe- ria following the vaccine recommendations for the general population. A need for additional booster doses for HIV-infected persons or those with other congenital or acquired immunodeficiency has not been established.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "31ea7200da0208267efb3c3e660a456b", - "text_as_html": "

    Diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines can be used in immunocompromised persons including HIV-infected individuals, though the immune response may be infe- rior to that in fully immunocompetent persons. All HIV- infected children should be vaccinated against diphthe- ria following the vaccine recommendations for the general population. A need for additional booster doses for HIV-infected persons or those with other congenital or acquired immunodeficiency has not been established.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.1, - "y0": 294.66, - "x1": 273.75, - "y1": 395.22 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-58", - "text": "\n\n\nVaccine co-administration\nAdministration of the first 3 doses of diphtheria toxoid- containing vaccine together with other childhood vaccines does not interfere with the response to any of these other antigens following either primary or booster vaccination. All vaccines that are consistent with the child’s prior immunization history can be administered during the same visit. In particular, diphtheria toxoid- containing vaccine can be co-administered with BCG, HPV, IPV, OPV, PCV, rotavirus, measles, mumps and rubella vaccine and meningococcal conjugate vaccines. CRM-conjugate vaccines (such as Hib, pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccines) can be administered with or before, but not after, diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine in the routine vaccination programme.\nWhen 2 vaccines are given during the same visit, they should be injected in different limbs. When 3 vaccines are given, 2 can be injected in the same limb and the third should be injected in the other limb. Injections in the same limb should be at least 2.5 cm apart so that local reactions can be differentiated. There are effective recommended methods to mitigate pain at the time of vaccination.65\n65 See No. 39, 2015, pp. 505–510.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "4097a1637d6a055a59b86c3f049712be", - "text": "Vaccine co-administration", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Vaccine co-administration

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 418.15, - "x1": 157.41, - "y1": 428.87 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "2475071c003c3fb59a683a1c06de94fc", - "text": "Administration of the first 3 doses of diphtheria toxoid- containing vaccine together with other childhood vaccines does not interfere with the response to any of these other antigens following either primary or booster vaccination. All vaccines that are consistent with the child’s prior immunization history can be administered during the same visit. In particular, diphtheria toxoid- containing vaccine can be co-administered with BCG, HPV, IPV, OPV, PCV, rotavirus, measles, mumps and rubella vaccine and meningococcal conjugate vaccines. CRM-conjugate vaccines (such as Hib, pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccines) can be administered with or before, but not after, diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine in the routine vaccination programme.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "4097a1637d6a055a59b86c3f049712be", - "text_as_html": "

    Administration of the first 3 doses of diphtheria toxoid- containing vaccine together with other childhood vaccines does not interfere with the response to any of these other antigens following either primary or booster vaccination. All vaccines that are consistent with the child’s prior immunization history can be administered during the same visit. In particular, diphtheria toxoid- containing vaccine can be co-administered with BCG, HPV, IPV, OPV, PCV, rotavirus, measles, mumps and rubella vaccine and meningococcal conjugate vaccines. CRM-conjugate vaccines (such as Hib, pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccines) can be administered with or before, but not after, diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine in the routine vaccination programme.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.8, - "y0": 431.89, - "x1": 274.22, - "y1": 588.71 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "2e253914dc01e6fc5b55234bbf9ae380", - "text": "When 2 vaccines are given during the same visit, they should be injected in different limbs. When 3 vaccines are given, 2 can be injected in the same limb and the third should be injected in the other limb. Injections in the same limb should be at least 2.5 cm apart so that local reactions can be differentiated. There are effective recommended methods to mitigate pain at the time of vaccination.65", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "4097a1637d6a055a59b86c3f049712be", - "text_as_html": "

    When 2 vaccines are given during the same visit, they should be injected in different limbs. When 3 vaccines are given, 2 can be injected in the same limb and the third should be injected in the other limb. Injections in the same limb should be at least 2.5 cm apart so that local reactions can be differentiated. There are effective recommended methods to mitigate pain at the time of vaccination.65

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.5, - "y0": 607.19, - "x1": 273.47, - "y1": 696.04 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "UncategorizedText", - "element_id": "39cbbb8474917f958a55083cd2e1afae", - "text": "65 See No. 39, 2015, pp. 505–510.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    65 See No. 39, 2015, pp. 505–510.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 765.56, - "x1": 136.22, - "y1": 772.71 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-59", - "text": "\n\n\n434\nnistration ultérieure de 2 doses de rappel de vaccin combiné Td ou Tdca est nécessaire, avec un intervalle d’au moins 1 an entre les doses (voir Note de synthèse: position de l’OMS sur les vaccins antitétaniques).64\nComme une réponse à la vaccination de rappel peut encore être obtenue au bout de 25 à 30 ans, il n’est pas nécessaire de répé- ter la série de primovaccination en cas de retard des rappels.\nPour renforcer encore l’immunité contre la diphtérie, il est recommandé d’utiliser le Td plutôt que le TT lorsqu’une vacci- nation antitétanique est administrée durant la grossesse à des fins de protection contre le tétanos maternel et néonatal, ainsi que lorsqu’une prophylaxie antitétanique est nécessaire à la suite de blessures. La vaccination de rattrapage par l’anatoxine diphtérique peut être assurée à l’occasion d’autres vaccinations, notamment la vaccination anti-PVH chez l’adolescent ou la vaccination systématique requise au début du service militaire ou exigée par d’autres institutions.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "2e35f8544066fdd7661a94c61671c7df", - "text": "434", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    434

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.88, - "y0": 779.28, - "x1": 57.82, - "y1": 786.57 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "1f217fab178c976942c0d148ab7b98cd", - "text": "nistration ultérieure de 2 doses de rappel de vaccin combiné Td ou Tdca est nécessaire, avec un intervalle d’au moins 1 an entre les doses (voir Note de synthèse: position de l’OMS sur les vaccins antitétaniques).64", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "2e35f8544066fdd7661a94c61671c7df", - "text_as_html": "

    nistration ultérieure de 2 doses de rappel de vaccin combiné Td ou Tdca est nécessaire, avec un intervalle d’au moins 1 an entre les doses (voir Note de synthèse: position de l’OMS sur les vaccins antitétaniques).64

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 55.65, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 100.65 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "64b07d5ba1837f10bfe48632a6eea039", - "text": "Comme une réponse à la vaccination de rappel peut encore être obtenue au bout de 25 à 30 ans, il n’est pas nécessaire de répé- ter la série de primovaccination en cas de retard des rappels.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "2e35f8544066fdd7661a94c61671c7df", - "text_as_html": "

    Comme une réponse à la vaccination de rappel peut encore être obtenue au bout de 25 à 30 ans, il n’est pas nécessaire de répé- ter la série de primovaccination en cas de retard des rappels.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 106.91, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 140.2 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c12f14e2e62b687d907b127a6a1a20ae", - "text": "Pour renforcer encore l’immunité contre la diphtérie, il est recommandé d’utiliser le Td plutôt que le TT lorsqu’une vacci- nation antitétanique est administrée durant la grossesse à des fins de protection contre le tétanos maternel et néonatal, ainsi que lorsqu’une prophylaxie antitétanique est nécessaire à la suite de blessures. La vaccination de rattrapage par l’anatoxine diphtérique peut être assurée à l’occasion d’autres vaccinations, notamment la vaccination anti-PVH chez l’adolescent ou la vaccination systématique requise au début du service militaire ou exigée par d’autres institutions.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "2e35f8544066fdd7661a94c61671c7df", - "text_as_html": "

    Pour renforcer encore l’immunité contre la diphtérie, il est recommandé d’utiliser le Td plutôt que le TT lorsqu’une vacci- nation antitétanique est administrée durant la grossesse à des fins de protection contre le tétanos maternel et néonatal, ainsi que lorsqu’une prophylaxie antitétanique est nécessaire à la suite de blessures. La vaccination de rattrapage par l’anatoxine diphtérique peut être assurée à l’occasion d’autres vaccinations, notamment la vaccination anti-PVH chez l’adolescent ou la vaccination systématique requise au début du service militaire ou exigée par d’autres institutions.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 157.83, - "x1": 552.3, - "y1": 270.12 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-60", - "text": "\n\n\nGroupes à risque particuliers\nLes vaccins contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique peuvent être administrés aux personnes immunodéprimées, y compris celles qui sont infectées par le VIH, mais la réponse immunitaire suscitée peut être plus faible que chez les sujets pleinement immunocomp��tents. Tous les enfants présentant une infection à VIH doivent être vaccinés contre la diphtérie conformément aux recommandations vaccinales applicables à la population générale. La nécessité de doses de rappel supplémentaires chez les personnes infectées par le VIH ou présentant une immuno- déficience congénitale ou acquise n’a pas été établie.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "b6245b318621b43b49876116771720fa", - "text": "Groupes à risque particuliers", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Groupes à risque particuliers

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.51, - "y0": 281.24, - "x1": 417.81, - "y1": 292.47 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "930b0ad371e26939e18555abb9df45b5", - "text": "Les vaccins contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique peuvent être administrés aux personnes immunodéprimées, y compris celles qui sont infectées par le VIH, mais la réponse immunitaire suscitée peut être plus faible que chez les sujets pleinement immunocompétents. Tous les enfants présentant une infection à VIH doivent être vaccinés contre la diphtérie conformément aux recommandations vaccinales applicables à la population générale. La nécessité de doses de rappel supplémentaires chez les personnes infectées par le VIH ou présentant une immuno- déficience congénitale ou acquise n’a pas été établie.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "b6245b318621b43b49876116771720fa", - "text_as_html": "

    Les vaccins contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique peuvent être administrés aux personnes immunodéprimées, y compris celles qui sont infectées par le VIH, mais la réponse immunitaire suscitée peut être plus faible que chez les sujets pleinement immunocompétents. Tous les enfants présentant une infection à VIH doivent être vaccinés contre la diphtérie conformément aux recommandations vaccinales applicables à la population générale. La nécessité de doses de rappel supplémentaires chez les personnes infectées par le VIH ou présentant une immuno- déficience congénitale ou acquise n’a pas été établie.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 294.81, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 407.12 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-61", - "text": "\n\n\nCoadministration avec d’autres vaccins\nL’administration simultanée des 3 premières doses d’anatoxine diphtérique avec d’autres vaccins administrés pendant l’enfance n’interfère pas avec la réponse immunitaire à l’un quelconque de ces autres antigènes, que ce soit après la primovaccination ou la vaccination de rappel. Tous les vaccins compatibles avec les antécédents vaccinaux de l’enfant peuvent être administrés lors de la même visite. En particulier, le vaccin à base d’ana- toxine diphtérique peut être coadministré avec les vaccins BCG, anti-PVH, VPI, VPO, VPC, antirotavirus, antirougeoleux-antiour- lien-antirubéoleux et antiméningococcique conjugué. Dans le programme de vaccination systématique, les vaccins conjugués à la protéine CRM (comme les vaccins anti-Hib, antipneumo- coccique et antiméningococcique) peuvent être administrés soit avant, soit en même temps que le vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique, mais pas après.\nLorsque 2 vaccins sont administrés au cours d’une même visite, ils doivent être injectés dans des membres différents. Si 3 vaccins sont administrés, 2 peuvent être injectés dans un même membre, le troisième devant alors être injecté dans l’autre membre. Les injections pratiquées sur le même membre doivent être espacées d’au moins 2,5 cm pour pouvoir distin- guer les réactions locales. Il existe des méthodes efficaces recommandées pour atténuer la douleur au moment de la vacci- nation.65\n65 Voir No 39, 2015, pp. 505-510.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "e08f1b09c88fb9d5f9e4ef7ee311da5b", - "text": "Coadministration avec d’autres vaccins", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Coadministration avec d’autres vaccins

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 418.16, - "x1": 461.01, - "y1": 429.71 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "0867676f5734bbcbdfae80c41d9af48f", - "text": "L’administration simultanée des 3 premières doses d’anatoxine diphtérique avec d’autres vaccins administrés pendant l’enfance n’interfère pas avec la réponse immunitaire à l’un quelconque de ces autres antigènes, que ce soit après la primovaccination ou la vaccination de rappel. Tous les vaccins compatibles avec les antécédents vaccinaux de l’enfant peuvent être administrés lors de la même visite. En particulier, le vaccin à base d’ana- toxine diphtérique peut être coadministré avec les vaccins BCG, anti-PVH, VPI, VPO, VPC, antirotavirus, antirougeoleux-antiour- lien-antirubéoleux et antiméningococcique conjugué. Dans le programme de vaccination systématique, les vaccins conjugués à la protéine CRM (comme les vaccins anti-Hib, antipneumo- coccique et antiméningococcique) peuvent être administrés soit avant, soit en même temps que le vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique, mais pas après.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "e08f1b09c88fb9d5f9e4ef7ee311da5b", - "text_as_html": "

    L’administration simultanée des 3 premières doses d’anatoxine diphtérique avec d’autres vaccins administrés pendant l’enfance n’interfère pas avec la réponse immunitaire à l’un quelconque de ces autres antigènes, que ce soit après la primovaccination ou la vaccination de rappel. Tous les vaccins compatibles avec les antécédents vaccinaux de l’enfant peuvent être administrés lors de la même visite. En particulier, le vaccin à base d’ana- toxine diphtérique peut être coadministré avec les vaccins BCG, anti-PVH, VPI, VPO, VPC, antirotavirus, antirougeoleux-antiour- lien-antirubéoleux et antiméningococcique conjugué. Dans le programme de vaccination systématique, les vaccins conjugués à la protéine CRM (comme les vaccins anti-Hib, antipneumo- coccique et antiméningococcique) peuvent être administrés soit avant, soit en même temps que le vaccin contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique, mais pas après.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 431.65, - "x1": 552.47, - "y1": 600.6 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ef2168b8e06bb2cd851673662696e42a", - "text": "Lorsque 2 vaccins sont administrés au cours d’une même visite, ils doivent être injectés dans des membres différents. Si 3 vaccins sont administrés, 2 peuvent être injectés dans un même membre, le troisième devant alors être injecté dans l’autre membre. Les injections pratiquées sur le même membre doivent être espacées d’au moins 2,5 cm pour pouvoir distin- guer les réactions locales. Il existe des méthodes efficaces recommandées pour atténuer la douleur au moment de la vacci- nation.65", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "e08f1b09c88fb9d5f9e4ef7ee311da5b", - "text_as_html": "

    Lorsque 2 vaccins sont administrés au cours d’une même visite, ils doivent être injectés dans des membres différents. Si 3 vaccins sont administrés, 2 peuvent être injectés dans un même membre, le troisième devant alors être injecté dans l’autre membre. Les injections pratiquées sur le même membre doivent être espacées d’au moins 2,5 cm pour pouvoir distin- guer les réactions locales. Il existe des méthodes efficaces recommandées pour atténuer la douleur au moment de la vacci- nation.65

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 607.33, - "x1": 552.06, - "y1": 707.93 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "ListItem", - "element_id": "2c5a36137bbe0b3aab7044b7fa2d9b9f", - "text": "65 Voir No 39, 2015, pp. 505-510.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 18, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "
  • 65 Voir No 39, 2015, pp. 505-510.
  • ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 17, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 291.72, - "y0": 764.04, - "x1": 382.27, - "y1": 772.69 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-62", - "text": "\n\n\nHealth-care workers\nIn endemic settings and outbreaks, health-care workers may be at greater risk of diphtheria than the general population. Therefore, special attention should be paid to immunizing health-care workers who may have occu- pational exposure to C. diphtheriae. All health-care workers should up to date with immunization as recom- mended in their national immunization schedules.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "a65dc31535be6747cf9a5a90464917f5", - "text": "Health-care workers", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Health-care workers

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.2, - "y0": 55.48, - "x1": 133.73, - "y1": 66.19 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "cc66ab3ef9c8e7d11d824abd52d15e6d", - "text": "In endemic settings and outbreaks, health-care workers may be at greater risk of diphtheria than the general population. Therefore, special attention should be paid to immunizing health-care workers who may have occu- pational exposure to C. diphtheriae. All health-care workers should up to date with immunization as recom- mended in their national immunization schedules.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "a65dc31535be6747cf9a5a90464917f5", - "text_as_html": "

    In endemic settings and outbreaks, health-care workers may be at greater risk of diphtheria than the general population. Therefore, special attention should be paid to immunizing health-care workers who may have occu- pational exposure to C. diphtheriae. All health-care workers should up to date with immunization as recom- mended in their national immunization schedules.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 68.44, - "x1": 273.01, - "y1": 146.94 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-63", - "text": "\n\n\nTravellers\nTravellers are generally not at special risk of diphtheria, unless they travel to an endemic country or outbreak setting. They should follow the vaccine recommenda- tions for the general population and ensure they are up to date with their diphtheria vaccinations before travel- ling.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "682bafc0ea245d30501e786e20c66781", - "text": "Travellers", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Travellers

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 158.21, - "x1": 88.71, - "y1": 169.49 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "064d79a22ebc3a8d8c8ae7536b110b59", - "text": "Travellers are generally not at special risk of diphtheria, unless they travel to an endemic country or outbreak setting. They should follow the vaccine recommenda- tions for the general population and ensure they are up to date with their diphtheria vaccinations before travel- ling.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "682bafc0ea245d30501e786e20c66781", - "text_as_html": "

    Travellers are generally not at special risk of diphtheria, unless they travel to an endemic country or outbreak setting. They should follow the vaccine recommenda- tions for the general population and ensure they are up to date with their diphtheria vaccinations before travel- ling.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.67, - "y0": 171.53, - "x1": 274.03, - "y1": 238.74 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-64", - "text": "\n\n\nSurveillance\nEfficient national surveillance and reporting systems, with district-level data analysis, are essential in all countries. Countries should report all available data on diphtheria cases, including data from their integrated disease surveillance and response databases. Cases of diphtheria caused by C. diphtheriae (and C. ulcerans, where laboratory capacity is available) should be reported for countries with established capability for laboratory confirmation.\nEpidemiological surveillance ensuring early detection of diphtheria outbreaks should be in place in all coun- tries. All countries should have access to laboratory facilities for reliable identification of toxigenic C. diph- theriae. Laboratory capacity should be strengthened where necessary.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "375c76d019c8fec0307db94c3532ac17", - "text": "Surveillance", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Surveillance

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 249.77, - "x1": 99.53, - "y1": 261.09 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "bb0b81b645ef3ee6a8353f8b85f342ee", - "text": "Efficient national surveillance and reporting systems, with district-level data analysis, are essential in all countries. Countries should report all available data on diphtheria cases, including data from their integrated disease surveillance and response databases. Cases of diphtheria caused by C. diphtheriae (and C. ulcerans, where laboratory capacity is available) should be reported for countries with established capability for laboratory confirmation.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "375c76d019c8fec0307db94c3532ac17", - "text_as_html": "

    Efficient national surveillance and reporting systems, with district-level data analysis, are essential in all countries. Countries should report all available data on diphtheria cases, including data from their integrated disease surveillance and response databases. Cases of diphtheria caused by C. diphtheriae (and C. ulcerans, where laboratory capacity is available) should be reported for countries with established capability for laboratory confirmation.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.68, - "y0": 263.68, - "x1": 273.55, - "y1": 364.44 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "cda0fa8f4169f5a2325bd43568910c21", - "text": "Epidemiological surveillance ensuring early detection of diphtheria outbreaks should be in place in all coun- tries. All countries should have access to laboratory facilities for reliable identification of toxigenic C. diph- theriae. Laboratory capacity should be strengthened where necessary.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "375c76d019c8fec0307db94c3532ac17", - "text_as_html": "

    Epidemiological surveillance ensuring early detection of diphtheria outbreaks should be in place in all coun- tries. All countries should have access to laboratory facilities for reliable identification of toxigenic C. diph- theriae. Laboratory capacity should be strengthened where necessary.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.1, - "y0": 381.58, - "x1": 273.81, - "y1": 449.17 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-65", - "text": "\n\n\nResearch\nImmunity gaps may occur in older age groups due to waning immunity, but available data are insufficient to warrant global recommendations on diphtheria vaccination in these groups. Further studies, including serosurveys, are required to generate information on the duration of protection and the possible need for booster doses in older age groups.\nThe impact of maternal Td or Tdap vaccination on infant immune responses to conjugate vaccines contain- ing diphtheria toxoid or CRM has not been adequately studied.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "06fc38e824a211fdbc991d47e3ad2f61", - "text": "Research", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Research

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 460.46, - "x1": 84.41, - "y1": 471.75 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "86bbe705890c16f57e25acc9ce81d58a", - "text": "Immunity gaps may occur in older age groups due to waning immunity, but available data are insufficient to warrant global recommendations on diphtheria vaccination in these groups. Further studies, including serosurveys, are required to generate information on the duration of protection and the possible need for booster doses in older age groups.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "06fc38e824a211fdbc991d47e3ad2f61", - "text_as_html": "

    Immunity gaps may occur in older age groups due to waning immunity, but available data are insufficient to warrant global recommendations on diphtheria vaccination in these groups. Further studies, including serosurveys, are required to generate information on the duration of protection and the possible need for booster doses in older age groups.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.21, - "y0": 474.0, - "x1": 273.66, - "y1": 552.28 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "ca792261327b83d3e823dc3d065d3607", - "text": "The impact of maternal Td or Tdap vaccination on infant immune responses to conjugate vaccines contain- ing diphtheria toxoid or CRM has not been adequately studied.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "06fc38e824a211fdbc991d47e3ad2f61", - "text_as_html": "

    The impact of maternal Td or Tdap vaccination on infant immune responses to conjugate vaccines contain- ing diphtheria toxoid or CRM has not been adequately studied.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.08, - "y0": 581.48, - "x1": 272.86, - "y1": 627.42 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-66", - "text": "\n\n\nWHO African Region Immunization Technical Advisory Group: Call for nominations\nThe WHO Regional Office for Africa is soliciting propos- als for nominations for current vacancies on its Regional Immunization Technical Advisory Group (RITAG). Nominations are required to be submitted no later than 4 September 2017. Nominations will be carefully reviewed by the RITAG membership selection panel\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "a3a5584f8cd8eaccbe3f4fea44ac0274", - "text": "WHO African Region Immunization Technical Advisory Group: Call for nominations", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    WHO African Region Immunization Technical Advisory Group: Call for nominations

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.31, - "y0": 656.22, - "x1": 256.68, - "y1": 699.72 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "625269ce00123d9409ab758fb4835b9c", - "text": "The WHO Regional Office for Africa is soliciting propos- als for nominations for current vacancies on its Regional Immunization Technical Advisory Group (RITAG). Nominations are required to be submitted no later than 4 September 2017. Nominations will be carefully reviewed by the RITAG membership selection panel", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "a3a5584f8cd8eaccbe3f4fea44ac0274", - "text_as_html": "

    The WHO Regional Office for Africa is soliciting propos- als for nominations for current vacancies on its Regional Immunization Technical Advisory Group (RITAG). Nominations are required to be submitted no later than 4 September 2017. Nominations will be carefully reviewed by the RITAG membership selection panel

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.65, - "y0": 704.85, - "x1": 273.55, - "y1": 774.43 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "fa691e7a074b98885c539cff98a38dfc", - "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "a3a5584f8cd8eaccbe3f4fea44ac0274", - "text_as_html": "

    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 31, 4 AOÛT 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.8, - "y0": 779.27, - "x1": 218.24, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-67", - "text": "\n\n\nAgents de santé\nDans les situations d’endémie et de flambée, les agents de santé peuvent être exposés à un risque de diphtérie plus important que la population générale. Il convient donc de porter une attention particulière à la vaccination des agents de santé susceptibles de subir une exposition professionnelle à C. diphtheriae. Tous les agents de santé doivent être à jour dans leurs vaccinations, conformément au calendrier national de vaccination.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "9519c92bc94ad6a8083b55657d9d541c", - "text": "Agents de santé", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Agents de santé

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.82, - "y0": 55.39, - "x1": 363.76, - "y1": 66.9 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "680f22534f6c4ffdc33ea149a0f3779a", - "text": "Dans les situations d’endémie et de flambée, les agents de santé peuvent être exposés à un risque de diphtérie plus important que la population générale. Il convient donc de porter une attention particulière à la vaccination des agents de santé susceptibles de subir une exposition professionnelle à C. diphtheriae. Tous les agents de santé doivent être à jour dans leurs vaccinations, conformément au calendrier national de vaccination.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "9519c92bc94ad6a8083b55657d9d541c", - "text_as_html": "

    Dans les situations d’endémie et de flambée, les agents de santé peuvent être exposés à un risque de diphtérie plus important que la population générale. Il convient donc de porter une attention particulière à la vaccination des agents de santé susceptibles de subir une exposition professionnelle à C. diphtheriae. Tous les agents de santé doivent être à jour dans leurs vaccinations, conformément au calendrier national de vaccination.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 68.44, - "x1": 552.91, - "y1": 146.94 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-68", - "text": "\n\n\nVoyageurs\nLes voyageurs ne sont généralement pas exposés à un risque particulier de diphtérie, sauf s’ils se rendent dans un pays d’en- démie ou une zone de flambée. Ils doivent respecter les recom- mandations vaccinales applicables à la population générale et vérifier que leur vaccination antidiphtérique est à jour avant de voyager.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "a6e0b8954a892be989d08f0419dc8c6b", - "text": "Voyageurs", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Voyageurs

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.77, - "y0": 158.63, - "x1": 339.56, - "y1": 169.78 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "891bdd5086eb0040b0ccbee7485c0b56", - "text": "Les voyageurs ne sont généralement pas exposés à un risque particulier de diphtérie, sauf s’ils se rendent dans un pays d’en- démie ou une zone de flambée. Ils doivent respecter les recom- mandations vaccinales applicables à la population générale et vérifier que leur vaccination antidiphtérique est à jour avant de voyager.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "a6e0b8954a892be989d08f0419dc8c6b", - "text_as_html": "

    Les voyageurs ne sont généralement pas exposés à un risque particulier de diphtérie, sauf s’ils se rendent dans un pays d’en- démie ou une zone de flambée. Ils doivent respecter les recom- mandations vaccinales applicables à la population générale et vérifier que leur vaccination antidiphtérique est à jour avant de voyager.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 171.59, - "x1": 552.18, - "y1": 238.74 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-69", - "text": "\n\n\nSurveillance\nIl est essentiel que tous les pays disposent de systèmes natio- naux efficaces de surveillance et de notification, permettant l’analyse des données à l’échelon des districts. Les pays doivent communiquer toutes les données dont ils disposent sur les cas de diphtérie, y compris celles provenant de leurs bases de données de surveillance intégrée des maladies et de riposte. Dans les pays possédant des capacités établies de confirmation en laboratoire, les cas de diphtérie dus à C. diphtheriae (et C. ulcerans, si les moyens de laboratoire le permettent) doivent être notifiés.\nUn système de surveillance épidémiologique, garantissant une détection précoce des flambées de diphtérie, doit être en place dans tous les pays. Il importe que tous les pays aient accès à des installations de laboratoire permettant une identification fiable de la bactérie C. diphtheriae toxinogène. Les moyens de laboratoire seront renforcés si nécessaire.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "e6bf58238bb3a23dba4442664dc6cbec", - "text": "Surveillance", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Surveillance

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.34, - "y0": 249.85, - "x1": 347.05, - "y1": 261.25 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "cdf7b687b488a909bd0eb8f512c76891", - "text": "Il est essentiel que tous les pays disposent de systèmes natio- naux efficaces de surveillance et de notification, permettant l’analyse des données à l’échelon des districts. Les pays doivent communiquer toutes les données dont ils disposent sur les cas de diphtérie, y compris celles provenant de leurs bases de données de surveillance intégrée des maladies et de riposte. Dans les pays possédant des capacités établies de confirmation en laboratoire, les cas de diphtérie dus à C. diphtheriae (et C. ulcerans, si les moyens de laboratoire le permettent) doivent être notifiés.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "e6bf58238bb3a23dba4442664dc6cbec", - "text_as_html": "

    Il est essentiel que tous les pays disposent de systèmes natio- naux efficaces de surveillance et de notification, permettant l’analyse des données à l’échelon des districts. Les pays doivent communiquer toutes les données dont ils disposent sur les cas de diphtérie, y compris celles provenant de leurs bases de données de surveillance intégrée des maladies et de riposte. Dans les pays possédant des capacités établies de confirmation en laboratoire, les cas de diphtérie dus à C. diphtheriae (et C. ulcerans, si les moyens de laboratoire le permettent) doivent être notifiés.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 263.56, - "x1": 552.79, - "y1": 375.74 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "5ed25c3f0f339646eb862c99c5ca3887", - "text": "Un système de surveillance épidémiologique, garantissant une détection précoce des flambées de diphtérie, doit être en place dans tous les pays. Il importe que tous les pays aient accès à des installations de laboratoire permettant une identification fiable de la bactérie C. diphtheriae toxinogène. Les moyens de laboratoire seront renforcés si nécessaire.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "e6bf58238bb3a23dba4442664dc6cbec", - "text_as_html": "

    Un système de surveillance épidémiologique, garantissant une détection précoce des flambées de diphtérie, doit être en place dans tous les pays. Il importe que tous les pays aient accès à des installations de laboratoire permettant une identification fiable de la bactérie C. diphtheriae toxinogène. Les moyens de laboratoire seront renforcés si nécessaire.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 381.52, - "x1": 552.11, - "y1": 449.17 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-70", - "text": "\n\n\nRecherche\nIl est possible que des lacunes immunitaires se manifestent dans les tranches d’âge plus avancées en raison d’un déclin de l’immunité. Toutefois, les données disponibles ne sont pas suffi- santes pour justifier une recommandation mondiale sur la vaccination antidiphtérique dans ces classes d’âge. Des études supplémentaires, dont des enquêtes sérologiques, sont néces- saires pour recueillir des informations sur la durée de la protec- tion et sur le besoin éventuel d’administrer des doses de rappel aux groupes plus âgés.\nLes effets de la vaccination maternelle par le Td ou le Tdca sur la réponse immunitaire du nourrisson aux vaccins conjugués contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique ou la protéine CRM n’ont pas été suffisamment étudiés.", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "0002b1c8495949da2bd47c41bdd541e4", - "text": "Recherche", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Recherche

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 460.46, - "x1": 337.01, - "y1": 472.0 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "7f58f4251d8757d3ed2e9548d8ec02a6", - "text": "Il est possible que des lacunes immunitaires se manifestent dans les tranches d’âge plus avancées en raison d’un déclin de l’immunité. Toutefois, les données disponibles ne sont pas suffi- santes pour justifier une recommandation mondiale sur la vaccination antidiphtérique dans ces classes d’âge. Des études supplémentaires, dont des enquêtes sérologiques, sont néces- saires pour recueillir des informations sur la durée de la protec- tion et sur le besoin éventuel d’administrer des doses de rappel aux groupes plus âgés.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "0002b1c8495949da2bd47c41bdd541e4", - "text_as_html": "

    Il est possible que des lacunes immunitaires se manifestent dans les tranches d’âge plus avancées en raison d’un déclin de l’immunité. Toutefois, les données disponibles ne sont pas suffi- santes pour justifier une recommandation mondiale sur la vaccination antidiphtérique dans ces classes d’âge. Des études supplémentaires, dont des enquêtes sérologiques, sont néces- saires pour recueillir des informations sur la durée de la protec- tion et sur le besoin éventuel d’administrer des doses de rappel aux groupes plus âgés.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 473.64, - "x1": 552.76, - "y1": 574.87 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "6a34deb4bf7179e5706e90866206f9f1", - "text": "Les effets de la vaccination maternelle par le Td ou le Tdca sur la réponse immunitaire du nourrisson aux vaccins conjugués contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique ou la protéine CRM n’ont pas été suffisamment étudiés.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "0002b1c8495949da2bd47c41bdd541e4", - "text_as_html": "

    Les effets de la vaccination maternelle par le Td ou le Tdca sur la réponse immunitaire du nourrisson aux vaccins conjugués contenant l’anatoxine diphtérique ou la protéine CRM n’ont pas été suffisamment étudiés.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 580.56, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 627.42 - } - ] - } - } - ] - }, - { - "type": "CompositeElement", - "element_id": "chunk-71", - "text": "\n\n\nGroupe de travail technique sur la vaccination dans la Région africaine de l’OMS: Appel à candidatures\nLe Bureau régional de l’OMS pour l’Afrique lance un appel à proposition de candidatures en vue de pourvoir aux vacances actuelles au sein de son Groupe consultatif technique régional sur la vaccination (RITAG). Les propositions de candidatures doivent être soumises au plus tard le 4 septembre 2017. Les candidatures seront examinées attentivement par le panel de\n435\nwhich will propose the selection of nominees for appointment to the WHO Regional Director for Africa.\nRITAG serves as the principal advisory group to the WHO Regional Office for Africa for strategic guidance on vaccines and immunization. RITAG reports directly to the WHO Regional Director for Africa and advises the Regional Director on overall regional policies and strategies, ranging from vaccine and technology research and development, to delivery of immunization services and linkages between immunization and other health interventions. Its remit is not restricted to childhood immunization but extends to all vaccine-preventable diseases as well as all age groups.\nAll members are acknowledged experts with an outstanding record of achievement in their own field and an understanding of the immunization issues covered by the RITAG. They have a responsibility to provide WHO with high quality, well-considered advice and recommendations on matters described in the attached terms of reference.\nRITAG members will represent a range of professional affiliations (i.e. academia, medical profession, clinical practice, research institutes, and governmental bodies including national immunization programmes, public health departments and regulatory authorities); and major areas of expertise (e.g. influenza control, diar- rhoeal diseases, respiratory diseases, research, biologics, and safety).\nMembers will be selected on the basis of their qualifica- tions, experience and ability to contribute to the accom- plishment of the RITAG objectives. Appointment of RITAG members will be made by the WHO Regional Director for Africa upon the proposal of the selection panel. Members of the RITAG are appointed to serve for an initial term of 3 years, renewable once. Consideration is given to ensuring appropriate geographical represen- tation and gender balance.\nRITAG normally meets twice a year rotating between the WHO Regional Office in Brazzaville (Congo) and a country in the region. In addition, members may be asked to contribute to RITAG working groups, and will be fully engaged in the preparation of each meeting.\nPlease submit your nominations along with a letter of support by e-mail to ritag@who.int. Self-nominations as well as nominations suggested by third party indivi- duals or organizations will be accepted. Nominees will be asked to confirm their interest, availability and commitment to serve on RITAG, to provide a curricu- lum vitae, a letter of motivation highlighting what their contribution to RITAG could be, and a completed decla- ration of interests form before their nomination will be considered by the selection panel.\nPlease share this request with anyone who may be inter- ested in nominating an individual to serve as a member of this Group.\n436\nsélection des membres du RITAG, qui soumettra la liste des candidats retenus à la Directrice régionale de l’OMS pour l’Afrique.\nLe RITAG fait office de principal groupe consultatif du Bureau régional de l’OMS pour l’Afrique chargé de formuler des orien- tations stratégiques dans le domaine des vaccins et de la vacci- nation. Le RITAG rend compte directement à la Directrice régio- nale et lui adresse des conseils relatifs aux politiques et stratégies régionales globales de vaccination, allant de la recherche-développement sur les vaccins et la technologie à la prestation des services de vaccination, sans oublier les liens entre la vaccination et d’autres interventions sanitaires. Le mandat de ce groupe de travail ne se limite pas à la vaccination des enfants, mais concerne toutes les maladies à prévention vaccinale et tous les groupes d’âge.\nLe groupe de travail se compose d’experts de renom qui se sont distingués par des réalisations notables dans leurs domaines de compétence respectifs et qui ont une parfaite connaissance des questions de vaccination couvertes par le RITAG. Ces experts sont chargés de prodiguer des conseils à l’OMS et d’émettre des recommandations de qualité et mûrement réflé- chies sur les questions décrites dans les termes de référence ci-joints.\nLes membres du RITAG représentent un éventail d’affiliations professionnelles (universitaires, professions médicales, spécia- listes de la pratique clinique, instituts de recherche et orga- nismes publics englobant des programmes de vaccination, des ministères de la santé publique et des autorités de réglementa- tion) et sont spécialisés dans de grands domaines d’expertise (lutte contre la grippe, maladies diarrhéiques, affections respi- ratoires, recherche, biologie, innocuité des vaccins, etc.).\nLes membres du RITAG sont choisis sur la base de leurs quali- fications, de leur expérience et de leur capacité à œuvrer à l’at- teinte des objectifs du groupe de travail. La Directrice régionale de l’OMS pour l’Afrique nomme les membres du RITAG sur proposition du panel de sélection. Les membres du RITAG sont nommés pour un mandat de 3 ans, renouvelable une seule fois. Le choix de ces membres doit respecter les principes de la repré- sentation géographique équitable et de la parité homme-femme.\nLe RITAG se réunit normalement 2 fois par an, de façon tour- nante entre le siège du Bureau régional, à Brazzaville (Congo), et un pays de la Région. Ses membres sont tenus de contribuer aux groupes de travail et de participer activement aux prépa- ratifs de chaque réunion.\nLes candidatures des personnes nominées, accompagnées d’une lettre de soutien, doivent être envoyées par courriel à l’adresse ritag@who.int. Les candidatures présentées par le candidat lui- même et les candidatures proposées par de tierces personnes ou par des organisations sont acceptées. Les candidats retenus devront confirmer leur intérêt, leur disponibilité et leur enga- gement à servir au sein du RITAG. Ils devront aussi soumettre leur curriculum vitae, une lettre de motivation faisant ressortir leur contribution éventuelle au RITAG et un formulaire de déclaration d’intérêt dûment renseigné avant que leur désigna- tion ne puisse être examinée par le panel de sélection.\nVous voudrez bien diffuser le présent appel à candidatures auprès de toutes les personnes qui pourraient souhaiter dési- gner un individu pour servir au sein du RITAG.\nWEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO 31, 4 AUGUST 2017", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "elements": [ - { - "type": "Title", - "element_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text": "Groupe de travail technique sur la vaccination dans la Région africaine de l’OMS: Appel à candidatures", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "", - "text_as_html": "

    Groupe de travail technique sur la vaccination dans la Région africaine de l’OMS: Appel à candidatures

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    Le Bureau régional de l’OMS pour l’Afrique lance un appel à proposition de candidatures en vue de pourvoir aux vacances actuelles au sein de son Groupe consultatif technique régional sur la vaccination (RITAG). Les propositions de candidatures doivent être soumises au plus tard le 4 septembre 2017. Les candidatures seront examinées attentivement par le panel de

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 292.86, - "y0": 704.58, - "x1": 551.61, - "y1": 774.13 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "UncategorizedText", - "element_id": "e3530b22918981058d51b21f19c6b7e3", - "text": "435", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 19, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    435

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 18, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 538.85, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 549.77, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "a79c485e459088fac7f64f6055446a83", - "text": "which will propose the selection of nominees for appointment to the WHO Regional Director for Africa.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    which will propose the selection of nominees for appointment to the WHO Regional Director for Africa.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 42.99, - "y0": 55.98, - "x1": 273.06, - "y1": 77.66 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "fc74b7e1990a5dc0d76cf2a9728d17f6", - "text": "RITAG serves as the principal advisory group to the WHO Regional Office for Africa for strategic guidance on vaccines and immunization. RITAG reports directly to the WHO Regional Director for Africa and advises the Regional Director on overall regional policies and strategies, ranging from vaccine and technology research and development, to delivery of immunization services and linkages between immunization and other health interventions. Its remit is not restricted to childhood immunization but extends to all vaccine-preventable diseases as well as all age groups.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    RITAG serves as the principal advisory group to the WHO Regional Office for Africa for strategic guidance on vaccines and immunization. RITAG reports directly to the WHO Regional Director for Africa and advises the Regional Director on overall regional policies and strategies, ranging from vaccine and technology research and development, to delivery of immunization services and linkages between immunization and other health interventions. Its remit is not restricted to childhood immunization but extends to all vaccine-preventable diseases as well as all age groups.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.45, - "y0": 96.19, - "x1": 272.93, - "y1": 221.34 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c38e1e84089182e472a617479b4bf49d", - "text": "All members are acknowledged experts with an outstanding record of achievement in their own field and an understanding of the immunization issues covered by the RITAG. They have a responsibility to provide WHO with high quality, well-considered advice and recommendations on matters described in the attached terms of reference.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    All members are acknowledged experts with an outstanding record of achievement in their own field and an understanding of the immunization issues covered by the RITAG. They have a responsibility to provide WHO with high quality, well-considered advice and recommendations on matters described in the attached terms of reference.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 44.0, - "y0": 239.91, - "x1": 273.85, - "y1": 318.91 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "7d3c816831475a403b6cc7ef522325f7", - "text": "RITAG members will represent a range of professional affiliations (i.e. academia, medical profession, clinical practice, research institutes, and governmental bodies including national immunization programmes, public health departments and regulatory authorities); and major areas of expertise (e.g. influenza control, diar- rhoeal diseases, respiratory diseases, research, biologics, and safety).", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    RITAG members will represent a range of professional affiliations (i.e. academia, medical profession, clinical practice, research institutes, and governmental bodies including national immunization programmes, public health departments and regulatory authorities); and major areas of expertise (e.g. influenza control, diar- rhoeal diseases, respiratory diseases, research, biologics, and safety).

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.07, - "y0": 336.63, - "x1": 273.45, - "y1": 428.05 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "e33a2c086f0ba2b18826bf03be28b675", - "text": "Members will be selected on the basis of their qualifica- tions, experience and ability to contribute to the accom- plishment of the RITAG objectives. Appointment of RITAG members will be made by the WHO Regional Director for Africa upon the proposal of the selection panel. Members of the RITAG are appointed to serve for an initial term of 3 years, renewable once. Consideration is given to ensuring appropriate geographical represen- tation and gender balance.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    Members will be selected on the basis of their qualifica- tions, experience and ability to contribute to the accom- plishment of the RITAG objectives. Appointment of RITAG members will be made by the WHO Regional Director for Africa upon the proposal of the selection panel. Members of the RITAG are appointed to serve for an initial term of 3 years, renewable once. Consideration is given to ensuring appropriate geographical represen- tation and gender balance.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.12, - "y0": 434.55, - "x1": 273.83, - "y1": 537.18 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "9578d9c7a75e331df57fa38a48e20884", - "text": "RITAG normally meets twice a year rotating between the WHO Regional Office in Brazzaville (Congo) and a country in the region. In addition, members may be asked to contribute to RITAG working groups, and will be fully engaged in the preparation of each meeting.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    RITAG normally meets twice a year rotating between the WHO Regional Office in Brazzaville (Congo) and a country in the region. In addition, members may be asked to contribute to RITAG working groups, and will be fully engaged in the preparation of each meeting.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 543.51, - "x1": 272.91, - "y1": 600.31 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "bcf0ae56da0923808ccbaf8905f61d0d", - "text": "Please submit your nominations along with a letter of support by e-mail to ritag@who.int. Self-nominations as well as nominations suggested by third party indivi- duals or organizations will be accepted. Nominees will be asked to confirm their interest, availability and commitment to serve on RITAG, to provide a curricu- lum vitae, a letter of motivation highlighting what their contribution to RITAG could be, and a completed decla- ration of interests form before their nomination will be considered by the selection panel.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    Please submit your nominations along with a letter of support by e-mail to ritag@who.int. Self-nominations as well as nominations suggested by third party indivi- duals or organizations will be accepted. Nominees will be asked to confirm their interest, availability and commitment to serve on RITAG, to provide a curricu- lum vitae, a letter of motivation highlighting what their contribution to RITAG could be, and a completed decla- ration of interests form before their nomination will be considered by the selection panel.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.34, - "y0": 607.96, - "x1": 273.21, - "y1": 720.94 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "00dbd709d338225d526fe048be878c35", - "text": "Please share this request with anyone who may be inter- ested in nominating an individual to serve as a member of this Group.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    Please share this request with anyone who may be inter- ested in nominating an individual to serve as a member of this Group.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 43.93, - "y0": 739.87, - "x1": 273.69, - "y1": 774.29 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "UncategorizedText", - "element_id": "eeade892def059a4b56b7aae64b39680", - "text": "436", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    436

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 45.09, - "y0": 779.41, - "x1": 57.82, - "y1": 786.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "7abcacc3a80ad47725eb9844064fb397", - "text": "sélection des membres du RITAG, qui soumettra la liste des candidats retenus à la Directrice régionale de l’OMS pour l’Afrique.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    sélection des membres du RITAG, qui soumettra la liste des candidats retenus à la Directrice régionale de l’OMS pour l’Afrique.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 55.81, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 89.16 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "3e3c297987322fc0addc373efd2704a4", - "text": "Le RITAG fait office de principal groupe consultatif du Bureau régional de l’OMS pour l’Afrique chargé de formuler des orien- tations stratégiques dans le domaine des vaccins et de la vacci- nation. Le RITAG rend compte directement à la Directrice régio- nale et lui adresse des conseils relatifs aux politiques et stratégies régionales globales de vaccination, allant de la recherche-développement sur les vaccins et la technologie à la prestation des services de vaccination, sans oublier les liens entre la vaccination et d’autres interventions sanitaires. Le mandat de ce groupe de travail ne se limite pas à la vaccination des enfants, mais concerne toutes les maladies à prévention vaccinale et tous les groupes d’âge.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    Le RITAG fait office de principal groupe consultatif du Bureau régional de l’OMS pour l’Afrique chargé de formuler des orien- tations stratégiques dans le domaine des vaccins et de la vacci- nation. Le RITAG rend compte directement à la Directrice régio- nale et lui adresse des conseils relatifs aux politiques et stratégies régionales globales de vaccination, allant de la recherche-développement sur les vaccins et la technologie à la prestation des services de vaccination, sans oublier les liens entre la vaccination et d’autres interventions sanitaires. Le mandat de ce groupe de travail ne se limite pas à la vaccination des enfants, mais concerne toutes les maladies à prévention vaccinale et tous les groupes d’âge.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 95.74, - "x1": 552.22, - "y1": 232.78 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "773f7086c085b2106bcb6b2c8d3776b1", - "text": "Le groupe de travail se compose d’experts de renom qui se sont distingués par des réalisations notables dans leurs domaines de compétence respectifs et qui ont une parfaite connaissance des questions de vaccination couvertes par le RITAG. Ces experts sont chargés de prodiguer des conseils à l’OMS et d’émettre des recommandations de qualité et mûrement réflé- chies sur les questions décrites dans les termes de référence ci-joints.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    Le groupe de travail se compose d’experts de renom qui se sont distingués par des réalisations notables dans leurs domaines de compétence respectifs et qui ont une parfaite connaissance des questions de vaccination couvertes par le RITAG. Ces experts sont chargés de prodiguer des conseils à l’OMS et d’émettre des recommandations de qualité et mûrement réflé- chies sur les questions décrites dans les termes de référence ci-joints.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 239.17, - "x1": 552.29, - "y1": 330.41 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "f55909b51891ac353b424be481b42fef", - "text": "Les membres du RITAG représentent un éventail d’affiliations professionnelles (universitaires, professions médicales, spécia- listes de la pratique clinique, instituts de recherche et orga- nismes publics englobant des programmes de vaccination, des ministères de la santé publique et des autorités de réglementa- tion) et sont spécialisés dans de grands domaines d’expertise (lutte contre la grippe, maladies diarrhéiques, affections respi- ratoires, recherche, biologie, innocuité des vaccins, etc.).", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    Les membres du RITAG représentent un éventail d’affiliations professionnelles (universitaires, professions médicales, spécia- listes de la pratique clinique, instituts de recherche et orga- nismes publics englobant des programmes de vaccination, des ministères de la santé publique et des autorités de réglementa- tion) et sont spécialisés dans de grands domaines d’expertise (lutte contre la grippe, maladies diarrhéiques, affections respi- ratoires, recherche, biologie, innocuité des vaccins, etc.).

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 336.92, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 428.05 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "8cdd0ce5be33f173e9bad73afb6c2c13", - "text": "Les membres du RITAG sont choisis sur la base de leurs quali- fications, de leur expérience et de leur capacité à œuvrer à l’at- teinte des objectifs du groupe de travail. La Directrice régionale de l’OMS pour l’Afrique nomme les membres du RITAG sur proposition du panel de sélection. Les membres du RITAG sont nommés pour un mandat de 3 ans, renouvelable une seule fois. Le choix de ces membres doit respecter les principes de la repré- sentation géographique équitable et de la parité homme-femme.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    Les membres du RITAG sont choisis sur la base de leurs quali- fications, de leur expérience et de leur capacité à œuvrer à l’at- teinte des objectifs du groupe de travail. La Directrice régionale de l’OMS pour l’Afrique nomme les membres du RITAG sur proposition du panel de sélection. Les membres du RITAG sont nommés pour un mandat de 3 ans, renouvelable une seule fois. Le choix de ces membres doit respecter les principes de la repré- sentation géographique équitable et de la parité homme-femme.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 434.54, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 525.68 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "c86831194f4b803b2afe0b06e36f955d", - "text": "Le RITAG se réunit normalement 2 fois par an, de façon tour- nante entre le siège du Bureau régional, à Brazzaville (Congo), et un pays de la Région. Ses membres sont tenus de contribuer aux groupes de travail et de participer activement aux prépa- ratifs de chaque réunion.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    Le RITAG se réunit normalement 2 fois par an, de façon tour- nante entre le siège du Bureau régional, à Brazzaville (Congo), et un pays de la Région. Ses membres sont tenus de contribuer aux groupes de travail et de participer activement aux prépa- ratifs de chaque réunion.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 543.97, - "x1": 552.07, - "y1": 600.31 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "b731bcb7b88ce757a93a039ad84fcc4a", - "text": "Les candidatures des personnes nominées, accompagnées d’une lettre de soutien, doivent être envoyées par courriel à l’adresse ritag@who.int. Les candidatures présentées par le candidat lui- même et les candidatures proposées par de tierces personnes ou par des organisations sont acceptées. Les candidats retenus devront confirmer leur intérêt, leur disponibilité et leur enga- gement à servir au sein du RITAG. Ils devront aussi soumettre leur curriculum vitae, une lettre de motivation faisant ressortir leur contribution éventuelle au RITAG et un formulaire de déclaration d’intérêt dûment renseigné avant que leur désigna- tion ne puisse être examinée par le panel de sélection.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    Les candidatures des personnes nominées, accompagnées d’une lettre de soutien, doivent être envoyées par courriel à l’adresse ritag@who.int. Les candidatures présentées par le candidat lui- même et les candidatures proposées par de tierces personnes ou par des organisations sont acceptées. Les candidats retenus devront confirmer leur intérêt, leur disponibilité et leur enga- gement à servir au sein du RITAG. Ils devront aussi soumettre leur curriculum vitae, une lettre de motivation faisant ressortir leur contribution éventuelle au RITAG et un formulaire de déclaration d’intérêt dûment renseigné avant que leur désigna- tion ne puisse être examinée par le panel de sélection.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 607.22, - "x1": 552.08, - "y1": 732.44 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "1805c69e28dda18afadcd6627f01d7bc", - "text": "Vous voudrez bien diffuser le présent appel à candidatures auprès de toutes les personnes qui pourraient souhaiter dési- gner un individu pour servir au sein du RITAG.", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    Vous voudrez bien diffuser le présent appel à candidatures auprès de toutes les personnes qui pourraient souhaiter dési- gner un individu pour servir au sein du RITAG.

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 293.33, - "y0": 739.25, - "x1": 552.7, - "y1": 774.29 - } - ] - } - }, - { - "type": "NarrativeText", - "element_id": "059fb7984e28990acdf017a649599ac8", - "text": "WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO 31, 4 AUGUST 2017", - "metadata": { - "category_depth": 1, - "page_number": 20, - "parent_id": "3fd437ff1721eb70cc44df4cf681b696", - "text_as_html": "

    WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO 31, 4 AUGUST 2017

    ", - "languages": [ - "eng" - ], - "filetype": "application/pdf", - "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", - "filename": "WER9231.pdf", - "page": 19, - "coordinates": [ - { - "x0": 390.69, - "y0": 777.1, - "x1": 549.5, - "y1": 786.95 - } - ] - } - } - ] - } -] \ No newline at end of file