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accessed at: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/ meetings/2014/october/en/

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Background

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Epidemiology

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Disease distribution and burden

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis in developing countries. A global burden of disease study estimated that HEV genotypes 1 and 2 ac- count for approximately 20.1 million HEV infections, 3.4 million symptomatic cases, 70000 deaths, and 3000 still- births annually.

", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 1, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.8, + "y0": 140.26, + "x1": 273.7, + "y1": 207.24 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "f05f58ffa39bf3ee8af6aa90b011f800", + "text": "The epidemiology and clinical presentation of HEV in- fection vary greatly by geographic location, based pri- marily on differences in circulating HEV genotypes.” ** Hepatitis E occurring sporadically or as disease out- breaks has been identified in at least 63 countries, of which about half have reported large outbreaks.’ There are also countries with no recorded sporadic disease or outbreak but where serologic evidence of past HEV in- fection has been reported, suggesting that HEV infec- tion may be endemic.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 2, + "parent_id": "cf8775a83110aa19b6e4b6558819d6a0", + "text_as_html": "

The epidemiology and clinical presentation of HEV in- fection vary greatly by geographic location, based pri- marily on differences in circulating HEV genotypes.” ** Hepatitis E occurring sporadically or as disease out- breaks has been identified in at least 63 countries, of which about half have reported large outbreaks.’ There are also countries with no recorded sporadic disease or outbreak but where serologic evidence of past HEV in- fection has been reported, suggesting that HEV infec- tion may be endemic.

", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 1, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.03, + "y0": 215.05, + "x1": 274.04, + "y1": 328.5 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "c6515d80fcfefb7a7477ef123439a799", + "text": "HEV genotypes 1 and 2 primarily infect humans, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 mainly infect mammalian animals with occasional cross-species transmission to humans. Genotype 1 is the most prevalent HEV genotype and is widely distributed in several countries in Asia and Africa. Genotype 1 has also been identified among indigenous cases of hepatitis E in South America. In Europe, North America and Australia cases due to genotype 1 have occurred in persons who had travelled to Asia or Africa. The distribution of HEV genotype 2 has been focal, with the majority of cases reported from Mexico, Nigeria, Namibia and a few other West African countries.’ Despite the ubiquity of HEV genotype 3 in the swine population, clinically apparent human infections with this genotype have been reported almost entirely in developed coun- tries. In recent years, HEV genotype 4 has been found to circulate in animals in India and China, and has been found in several European countries; most human cases of hepatitis due to HEV genotype 4 have been reported in mainland China and Taiwan.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 2, + "parent_id": "cf8775a83110aa19b6e4b6558819d6a0", + "text_as_html": "

HEV genotypes 1 and 2 primarily infect humans, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 mainly infect mammalian animals with occasional cross-species transmission to humans. Genotype 1 is the most prevalent HEV genotype and is widely distributed in several countries in Asia and Africa. Genotype 1 has also been identified among indigenous cases of hepatitis E in South America. In Europe, North America and Australia cases due to genotype 1 have occurred in persons who had travelled to Asia or Africa. The distribution of HEV genotype 2 has been focal, with the majority of cases reported from Mexico, Nigeria, Namibia and a few other West African countries.’ Despite the ubiquity of HEV genotype 3 in the swine population, clinically apparent human infections with this genotype have been reported almost entirely in developed coun- tries. In recent years, HEV genotype 4 has been found to circulate in animals in India and China, and has been found in several European countries; most human cases of hepatitis due to HEV genotype 4 have been reported in mainland China and Taiwan.

", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 1, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.37, + "y0": 336.32, + "x1": 273.53, + "y1": 563.93 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-11", + "text": "\n\n\nMode of transmission\nThe overall burden of disease due to hepatitis E is great- est in parts of the world where clean drinking water is scarce, as faecal contamination of drinking water is a major route of HEV transmission.' In these areas, HEV genotypes 1 and 2 predominate. Sporadic disease occurs\n' Rein DB, Stevens GA, Theaker J, et al. The global burden of hepatitis E genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. Hepatology. 2012; 55(4):988-997.\nTeshale EH, Hu DJ. Hepatitis E: Epidemiology and Prevention. World J. Hepatol. 2011; 3(12):285-291.\n3 Kamar N, Bendall R, Legrand-Abravanel F, et al. Hepatitis £. Lancet. 2012 Jun 30;379(9835):2477-2488.\n4 Aggarwal R. The global prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection and susceptibility: a systematic review. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010 (http://whqlibdoc. who.int/hq/2010/WHO_IVB_10.14_eng.pdf).\n5 Kim JH, Nelson KE, Panzner U, et al. A systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2014 Jun 5;14:308.\nlors de cette réunion peuvent étre consultés a l’adresse: http:// www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/october/en/", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "6472804345097be4e907c19a3074e421", + "text": "Mode of transmission", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 2, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

Mode of transmission

", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 1, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.63, + "y0": 577.28, + "x1": 123.86, + "y1": 587.17 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "41ca3be9e29d7c68607c3a5ba4707603", + "text": "The overall burden of disease due to hepatitis E is great- est in parts of the world where clean drinking water is scarce, as faecal contamination of drinking water is a major route of HEV transmission.' In these areas, HEV genotypes 1 and 2 predominate. Sporadic disease occurs", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 2, + "parent_id": "6472804345097be4e907c19a3074e421", + "text_as_html": "

The overall burden of disease due to hepatitis E is great- est in parts of the world where clean drinking water is scarce, as faecal contamination of drinking water is a major route of HEV transmission.' In these areas, HEV genotypes 1 and 2 predominate. Sporadic disease occurs

", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 1, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.23, + "y0": 589.85, + "x1": 273.22, + "y1": 645.9 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "58cf3c969d5730ee9dce30356861a478", + "text": "' Rein DB, Stevens GA, Theaker J, et al. The global burden of hepatitis E genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. Hepatology. 2012; 55(4):988-997.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 2, + "parent_id": "6472804345097be4e907c19a3074e421", + "text_as_html": "
  • ' Rein DB, Stevens GA, Theaker J, et al. The global burden of hepatitis E genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. Hepatology. 2012; 55(4):988-997.
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  • Teshale EH, Hu DJ. Hepatitis E: Epidemiology and Prevention. World J. Hepatol. 2011; 3(12):285-291.
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  • 3 Kamar N, Bendall R, Legrand-Abravanel F, et al. Hepatitis £. Lancet. 2012 Jun 30;379(9835):2477-2488.
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  • 4 Aggarwal R. The global prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection and susceptibility: a systematic review. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010 (http://whqlibdoc. who.int/hq/2010/WHO_IVB_10.14_eng.pdf).
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  • 5 Kim JH, Nelson KE, Panzner U, et al. A systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2014 Jun 5;14:308.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 1, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.67, + "y0": 757.03, + "x1": 273.09, + "y1": 772.49 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "48d30f3572f7ff194a7f6a85767218b9", + "text": "lors de cette réunion peuvent étre consultés a l’adresse: http:// www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/october/en/", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 2, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    lors de cette réunion peuvent étre consultés a l’adresse: http:// www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/october/en/

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    Généralités

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 1, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.9, + "y0": 88.78, + "x1": 347.17, + "y1": 101.8 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-13", + "text": "\n\n\nEpidémiologie\nRépartition géographique et charge de morbidité\nVinfection par le virus de ’hépatite E (VHE) est Pune des causes principales @hépatite virale aigué dans les pays en développe- ment. Une étude sur la charge de morbidité mondiale de la mala- die a estimé que les génotypes 1 et 2 du VHE sont responsables chaque année de 20,1 millions d’infections, avec 3,4 millions de cas symptomatiques, 70 000 décés et 3000 mortinaissances.'\nLépidémiologie et les caractéristiques cliniques de infection a VHE présentent de trés fortes variations géographiques, dues essentiellement a la circulation de génotypes différents.” ** Au moins 63 pays connaissent des cas sporadiques ou des flambées @hépatite E, avec des flambées de grande ampleur signalées dans environ la moitié d’entre eux.’ Dans certains autres pays, aucun cas sporadique et aucune flambée de la maladie n’ont été enregistrés, mais les données sérologiques indiquent une infection a VHE antérieure, laissant supposer que l’infection pourrait étre endémique.\nLes génotypes 1 et 2 du virus infectent principalement les étres humains, tandis que les génotypes 3 et 4 touchent essentielle- ment les mammiféres, pouvant occasionnellement franchir la barriére des espéces et se transmettre 4 ’homme. Le génotype 1 est le plus courant. Largement répandu dans plusieurs pays Asie et d'Afrique, il a également été identifié dans des cas autochtones d’hépatite E en Amérique du Sud. En Europe, en Amérique du Nord et en Australie, des cas imputables au géno- type 1 sont apparus chez des personnes qui avaient voyagé en Asie ou en Afrique. Le génotype 2 du VHE a une répartition focale, la majorité des cas notifiés se trouvant au Mexique, en Namibie, au Nigéria et dans quelques autres pays d’Afrique occidentale.’ Bien que le génotype 3 du VHE soit omniprésent dans la population porcine, des cas cliniques apparents d’infec- tion chez Phomme par ce génotype ont été signalés, pratique- ment tous dans les pays développés. Quant au génotype 4 du VHE, il a circulé ces derniéres années dans la population animale en Inde et en Chine et a été détecté dans plusieurs pays européens; la plupart des cas d’hépatite dus au génotype 4 se trouvent en Chine continentale et a Taiwan.", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "3e5d6c41abeed4c95c31ec04e9bca644", + "text": "Epidémiologie", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 2, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Epidémiologie

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    Répartition géographique et charge de morbidité

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 1, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.08, + "y0": 126.46, + "x1": 470.48, + "y1": 138.35 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "b77cfc1ff0a4316c0e3e6e44efb05aaf", + "text": "Vinfection par le virus de ’hépatite E (VHE) est Pune des causes principales @hépatite virale aigué dans les pays en développe- ment. Une étude sur la charge de morbidité mondiale de la mala- die a estimé que les génotypes 1 et 2 du VHE sont responsables chaque année de 20,1 millions d’infections, avec 3,4 millions de cas symptomatiques, 70 000 décés et 3000 mortinaissances.'", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 2, + "parent_id": "3e5d6c41abeed4c95c31ec04e9bca644", + "text_as_html": "

    Vinfection par le virus de ’hépatite E (VHE) est Pune des causes principales @hépatite virale aigué dans les pays en développe- ment. Une étude sur la charge de morbidité mondiale de la mala- die a estimé que les génotypes 1 et 2 du VHE sont responsables chaque année de 20,1 millions d’infections, avec 3,4 millions de cas symptomatiques, 70 000 décés et 3000 mortinaissances.'

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 1, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 295.01, + "y0": 140.33, + "x1": 551.78, + "y1": 207.6 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "dcfd130fb5d07788fdca4221e598fb75", + "text": "Lépidémiologie et les caractéristiques cliniques de infection a VHE présentent de trés fortes variations géographiques, dues essentiellement a la circulation de génotypes différents.” ** Au moins 63 pays connaissent des cas sporadiques ou des flambées @hépatite E, avec des flambées de grande ampleur signalées dans environ la moitié d’entre eux.’ Dans certains autres pays, aucun cas sporadique et aucune flambée de la maladie n’ont été enregistrés, mais les données sérologiques indiquent une infection a VHE antérieure, laissant supposer que l’infection pourrait étre endémique.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 2, + "parent_id": "3e5d6c41abeed4c95c31ec04e9bca644", + "text_as_html": "

    Lépidémiologie et les caractéristiques cliniques de infection a VHE présentent de trés fortes variations géographiques, dues essentiellement a la circulation de génotypes différents.” ** Au moins 63 pays connaissent des cas sporadiques ou des flambées @hépatite E, avec des flambées de grande ampleur signalées dans environ la moitié d’entre eux.’ Dans certains autres pays, aucun cas sporadique et aucune flambée de la maladie n’ont été enregistrés, mais les données sérologiques indiquent une infection a VHE antérieure, laissant supposer que l’infection pourrait étre endémique.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 1, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.28, + "y0": 215.52, + "x1": 552.58, + "y1": 328.37 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "3264ee7f95dba653ad01745543471c62", + "text": "Les génotypes 1 et 2 du virus infectent principalement les étres humains, tandis que les génotypes 3 et 4 touchent essentielle- ment les mammiféres, pouvant occasionnellement franchir la barriére des espéces et se transmettre 4 ’homme. Le génotype 1 est le plus courant. Largement répandu dans plusieurs pays Asie et d'Afrique, il a également été identifié dans des cas autochtones d’hépatite E en Amérique du Sud. En Europe, en Amérique du Nord et en Australie, des cas imputables au géno- type 1 sont apparus chez des personnes qui avaient voyagé en Asie ou en Afrique. Le génotype 2 du VHE a une répartition focale, la majorité des cas notifiés se trouvant au Mexique, en Namibie, au Nigéria et dans quelques autres pays d’Afrique occidentale.’ Bien que le génotype 3 du VHE soit omniprésent dans la population porcine, des cas cliniques apparents d’infec- tion chez Phomme par ce génotype ont été signalés, pratique- ment tous dans les pays développés. Quant au génotype 4 du VHE, il a circulé ces derniéres années dans la population animale en Inde et en Chine et a été détecté dans plusieurs pays européens; la plupart des cas d’hépatite dus au génotype 4 se trouvent en Chine continentale et a Taiwan.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 2, + "parent_id": "3e5d6c41abeed4c95c31ec04e9bca644", + "text_as_html": "

    Les génotypes 1 et 2 du virus infectent principalement les étres humains, tandis que les génotypes 3 et 4 touchent essentielle- ment les mammiféres, pouvant occasionnellement franchir la barriére des espéces et se transmettre 4 ’homme. Le génotype 1 est le plus courant. Largement répandu dans plusieurs pays Asie et d'Afrique, il a également été identifié dans des cas autochtones d’hépatite E en Amérique du Sud. En Europe, en Amérique du Nord et en Australie, des cas imputables au géno- type 1 sont apparus chez des personnes qui avaient voyagé en Asie ou en Afrique. Le génotype 2 du VHE a une répartition focale, la majorité des cas notifiés se trouvant au Mexique, en Namibie, au Nigéria et dans quelques autres pays d’Afrique occidentale.’ Bien que le génotype 3 du VHE soit omniprésent dans la population porcine, des cas cliniques apparents d’infec- tion chez Phomme par ce génotype ont été signalés, pratique- ment tous dans les pays développés. Quant au génotype 4 du VHE, il a circulé ces derniéres années dans la population animale en Inde et en Chine et a été détecté dans plusieurs pays européens; la plupart des cas d’hépatite dus au génotype 4 se trouvent en Chine continentale et a Taiwan.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 1, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.78, + "y0": 335.8, + "x1": 553.17, + "y1": 564.02 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-14", + "text": "\n\n\nMode de transmission\nLa charge de morbidité globale due a P’hépatite E est particu- ligrement élevée dans les régions ow l’eau potable fait défaut, la contamination fécale de l’eau de boisson étant l’une des voies principales de transmission du virus.’ Dans ces régions, ce sont les génotypes 1 et 2 qui prédominent. Les pays d’endémie sont\nRein DB, Stevens GA, Theaker J, et al. The global burden of hepatitis E genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. Hepatology. 2012; 55(4):988-997.\nTeshale EH, Hu DJ. Hepatitis E: Epidemiology and Prevention. World J. Hepatol. 2011; 3(12):285— 291.\n3 Kamar N, Bendall R, Legrand-Abravanel F, etal. Hepatitis E. Lancet. 2012 Jun 30;379(9835):2477— 2488.\nAggarwal R. The global prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection and susceptibility: a systematic review. Genéve, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2010 (http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2010/ WHO_IVB_10.14_eng.pdf).\nKim JH, Nelson KE, Panzner U, et al. A systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2014 Jun 5;14:308.\nWEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO. 18, 1ST MAY 2015\nin endemic countries, with periodic large epidemics usually related to contamination of water sources. In the industrialized countries, where the disease burden is much lower, zoonotic transmission, mainly through consumption of uncooked or undercooked meat, is con- sidered to be a possible mode of transmission and HEV genotype 3 is the predominant genotype.’ The mode of transmission of HEV genotype 4 is also believed to be mainly through consumption of infected animal meat. There is no evidence of sexual transmission of HEV.’ During pregnancy HEV is transmitted from mother to fetus and results in poor fetal outcomes.® Transfusion transmission of HEV occurs and is well documented; however its contribution to the overall disease burden is limited.» §", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "c45632108dd382608f2294fa39ab3271", + "text": "Mode de transmission", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 2, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Mode de transmission

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 1, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.48, + "y0": 577.1, + "x1": 374.03, + "y1": 587.27 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "ec268cb59a671cd62bb344409bd643d5", + "text": "La charge de morbidité globale due a P’hépatite E est particu- ligrement élevée dans les régions ow l’eau potable fait défaut, la contamination fécale de l’eau de boisson étant l’une des voies principales de transmission du virus.’ Dans ces régions, ce sont les génotypes 1 et 2 qui prédominent. Les pays d’endémie sont", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 2, + "parent_id": "c45632108dd382608f2294fa39ab3271", + "text_as_html": "

    La charge de morbidité globale due a P’hépatite E est particu- ligrement élevée dans les régions ow l’eau potable fait défaut, la contamination fécale de l’eau de boisson étant l’une des voies principales de transmission du virus.’ Dans ces régions, ce sont les génotypes 1 et 2 qui prédominent. Les pays d’endémie sont

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 1, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.11, + "y0": 589.69, + "x1": 551.79, + "y1": 646.02 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "62aea9dd624bb17b79b4895c8c536afe", + "text": "Rein DB, Stevens GA, Theaker J, et al. The global burden of hepatitis E genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. Hepatology. 2012; 55(4):988-997.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 2, + "parent_id": "c45632108dd382608f2294fa39ab3271", + "text_as_html": "
  • Rein DB, Stevens GA, Theaker J, et al. The global burden of hepatitis E genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. Hepatology. 2012; 55(4):988-997.
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  • Teshale EH, Hu DJ. Hepatitis E: Epidemiology and Prevention. World J. Hepatol. 2011; 3(12):285— 291.
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  • 3 Kamar N, Bendall R, Legrand-Abravanel F, etal. Hepatitis E. Lancet. 2012 Jun 30;379(9835):2477— 2488.
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  • Aggarwal R. The global prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection and susceptibility: a systematic review. Genéve, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2010 (http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2010/ WHO_IVB_10.14_eng.pdf).
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  • Kim JH, Nelson KE, Panzner U, et al. A systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2014 Jun 5;14:308.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 1, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.7, + "y0": 756.93, + "x1": 550.25, + "y1": 772.67 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "c798467097ce92797bc7f49417460fd9", + "text": "WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO. 18, 1ST MAY 2015", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 2, + "parent_id": "c45632108dd382608f2294fa39ab3271", + "text_as_html": "

    WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO. 18, 1ST MAY 2015

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 1, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 393.46, + "y0": 778.8, + "x1": 549.82, + "y1": 786.49 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "70a0badaab64552c606fd96bdaf434ab", + "text": "in endemic countries, with periodic large epidemics usually related to contamination of water sources. In the industrialized countries, where the disease burden is much lower, zoonotic transmission, mainly through consumption of uncooked or undercooked meat, is con- sidered to be a possible mode of transmission and HEV genotype 3 is the predominant genotype.’ The mode of transmission of HEV genotype 4 is also believed to be mainly through consumption of infected animal meat. There is no evidence of sexual transmission of HEV.’ During pregnancy HEV is transmitted from mother to fetus and results in poor fetal outcomes.® Transfusion transmission of HEV occurs and is well documented; however its contribution to the overall disease burden is limited.» §", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 3, + "parent_id": "c45632108dd382608f2294fa39ab3271", + "text_as_html": "

    in endemic countries, with periodic large epidemics usually related to contamination of water sources. In the industrialized countries, where the disease burden is much lower, zoonotic transmission, mainly through consumption of uncooked or undercooked meat, is con- sidered to be a possible mode of transmission and HEV genotype 3 is the predominant genotype.’ The mode of transmission of HEV genotype 4 is also believed to be mainly through consumption of infected animal meat. There is no evidence of sexual transmission of HEV.’ During pregnancy HEV is transmitted from mother to fetus and results in poor fetal outcomes.® Transfusion transmission of HEV occurs and is well documented; however its contribution to the overall disease burden is limited.» §

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 2, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.28, + "y0": 57.06, + "x1": 273.05, + "y1": 225.14 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-15", + "text": "\n\n\nEndemic/epidemic patterns\nIn developing countries, where HEV genotypes 1 and 2 are the causes of hepatitis E, the disease mainly affects young adults (aged 15-39 years), with preponderance in males. In pregnant women, hepatitis caused by HEV genotype 1 has a high mortality rate. The ratio of symp- tomatic to asymptomatic infection has been estimated to range from 1:2 to 1:10 or more in outbreak settings and may be dependent on age at infection. HEV infec- tion occurs in children and the probability of symp- tomatic disease increases with age.’ During waterborne outbreaks, children may develop severe hepatitis E as a result of co-infection with hepatitis A virus.’ Although waterborne HEV outbreaks can result in large numbers of cases over a short period of time, most hepa- titis E cases in developing countries occur as part of smaller clusters or result from sporadic transmission. The risk factors for sporadic hepatitis E are less well under- stood, although water contamination may play a role.\nWaterborne hepatitis E outbreaks have been reported from at least 30 countries from 3 continents (Asia, Africa and North America [Mexico]); all of these out- breaks were caused by HEV genotypes 1 or 2. Large waterborne hepatitis E outbreaks frequently occur in the Indian subcontinent.\" In recent years, there have been numerous outbreaks caused by HEV genotype 1 in camps for displaced persons (refugees) in Africa, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Per- sons living in such camps may not have adequate access to clean water and sanitation, leading to high risk of exposure to an infectious dose of the virus. There is\n© Khuroo MS, Kamili S. Aetiology, clinical course and outcome of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in pregnancy.J Viral Hepat. 2003 Jan;10(1):61-69\n7 Hewitt PE, Ijaz S, Brailsford SR, Brett R, et al. 2. Hepatitis E virus in blood compo- nents: a prevalence and transmission study in southeast England. Lancet 2014; 384:1766-1773.\n® Huzly D, Umhau M, Bettinger D, et al. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in Ger- many, 2013. Euro Surveill 2014; 19:20812.\nVerghese VP, Robinson JL. A systematic review of hepatitis E virus infection in child- ren. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Sep 1;59(5):689-697.\nArora NK, Nanda SK, Gulati S, et al. Acute viral hepatitis types E, A, and B singly and in combination in acute liver failure in children in northern India. J. Med Virol. 1996; 48(3):215-221.\nHepatitis E Vaccine Working Group. Hepatitis E: epidemiology and disease burden. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2014 (http:/Awww.who.int/immunization/ sage/meetings/2014/october/1_HEV_burden_paper_final_03_Oct_14_yellow_ book.pdf?ua=1, accessed December 2014).\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, N° 18, 1° MAI 2015\nsujets a des cas sporadiques de la maladie, ainsi que des épidé- mies périodiques de grande ampleur, généralement imputables a la contamination des sources d’eau. Dans les pays industrialisés, ow la charge de la maladie est beaucoup plus faible, la transmis- sion zoonotique, lige essentiellement 4 la consommation de viande non cuite ou insuffisamment cuite, est considérée comme un mode de transmission possible et le génotype 3 du VHE est prédominant.’ Il semblerait que le génotype 4 soit également transmis par la consommation de viande provenant d’animaux infectés. Rien nindique que le VHE puisse étre transmis par voie sexuelle.’ Au cours de la grossesse, le VHE est transmis de la mére a l’enfant et entraine un risque accru issue foetale défa- vorable.’ La transmission transfusionnelle du VHE existe égale- ment et est bien connue; toutefois, sa contribution a la charge de morbidité globale de ’hépatite E reste limitée.*”*", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "78d436595c023a9c6e60d1512f96e171", + "text": "Endemic/epidemic patterns", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 3, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Endemic/epidemic patterns

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 2, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.0, + "y0": 239.58, + "x1": 143.75, + "y1": 249.88 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "147c00a18bb959c96fa2ad3679c00d7f", + "text": "In developing countries, where HEV genotypes 1 and 2 are the causes of hepatitis E, the disease mainly affects young adults (aged 15-39 years), with preponderance in males. In pregnant women, hepatitis caused by HEV genotype 1 has a high mortality rate. The ratio of symp- tomatic to asymptomatic infection has been estimated to range from 1:2 to 1:10 or more in outbreak settings and may be dependent on age at infection. HEV infec- tion occurs in children and the probability of symp- tomatic disease increases with age.’ During waterborne outbreaks, children may develop severe hepatitis E as a result of co-infection with hepatitis A virus.’ Although waterborne HEV outbreaks can result in large numbers of cases over a short period of time, most hepa- titis E cases in developing countries occur as part of smaller clusters or result from sporadic transmission. The risk factors for sporadic hepatitis E are less well under- stood, although water contamination may play a role.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 3, + "parent_id": "78d436595c023a9c6e60d1512f96e171", + "text_as_html": "

    In developing countries, where HEV genotypes 1 and 2 are the causes of hepatitis E, the disease mainly affects young adults (aged 15-39 years), with preponderance in males. In pregnant women, hepatitis caused by HEV genotype 1 has a high mortality rate. The ratio of symp- tomatic to asymptomatic infection has been estimated to range from 1:2 to 1:10 or more in outbreak settings and may be dependent on age at infection. HEV infec- tion occurs in children and the probability of symp- tomatic disease increases with age.’ During waterborne outbreaks, children may develop severe hepatitis E as a result of co-infection with hepatitis A virus.’ Although waterborne HEV outbreaks can result in large numbers of cases over a short period of time, most hepa- titis E cases in developing countries occur as part of smaller clusters or result from sporadic transmission. The risk factors for sporadic hepatitis E are less well under- stood, although water contamination may play a role.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 2, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.92, + "y0": 253.13, + "x1": 273.17, + "y1": 457.63 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "f1fe6e207a5bfea95785f3c1e7636284", + "text": "Waterborne hepatitis E outbreaks have been reported from at least 30 countries from 3 continents (Asia, Africa and North America [Mexico]); all of these out- breaks were caused by HEV genotypes 1 or 2. Large waterborne hepatitis E outbreaks frequently occur in the Indian subcontinent.\" In recent years, there have been numerous outbreaks caused by HEV genotype 1 in camps for displaced persons (refugees) in Africa, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Per- sons living in such camps may not have adequate access to clean water and sanitation, leading to high risk of exposure to an infectious dose of the virus. There is", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 3, + "parent_id": "78d436595c023a9c6e60d1512f96e171", + "text_as_html": "

    Waterborne hepatitis E outbreaks have been reported from at least 30 countries from 3 continents (Asia, Africa and North America [Mexico]); all of these out- breaks were caused by HEV genotypes 1 or 2. Large waterborne hepatitis E outbreaks frequently occur in the Indian subcontinent.\" In recent years, there have been numerous outbreaks caused by HEV genotype 1 in camps for displaced persons (refugees) in Africa, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Per- sons living in such camps may not have adequate access to clean water and sanitation, leading to high risk of exposure to an infectious dose of the virus. There is

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 2, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.58, + "y0": 465.29, + "x1": 272.52, + "y1": 601.22 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "8da240e8e00a22fc53ce3dec0a494721", + "text": "© Khuroo MS, Kamili S. Aetiology, clinical course and outcome of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in pregnancy.J Viral Hepat. 2003 Jan;10(1):61-69", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 3, + "parent_id": "78d436595c023a9c6e60d1512f96e171", + "text_as_html": "
  • © Khuroo MS, Kamili S. Aetiology, clinical course and outcome of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in pregnancy.J Viral Hepat. 2003 Jan;10(1):61-69
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  • 7 Hewitt PE, Ijaz S, Brailsford SR, Brett R, et al. 2. Hepatitis E virus in blood compo- nents: a prevalence and transmission study in southeast England. Lancet 2014; 384:1766-1773.
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  • ® Huzly D, Umhau M, Bettinger D, et al. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in Ger- many, 2013. Euro Surveill 2014; 19:20812.
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  • Verghese VP, Robinson JL. A systematic review of hepatitis E virus infection in child- ren. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Sep 1;59(5):689-697.
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  • Arora NK, Nanda SK, Gulati S, et al. Acute viral hepatitis types E, A, and B singly and in combination in acute liver failure in children in northern India. J. Med Virol. 1996; 48(3):215-221.
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  • Hepatitis E Vaccine Working Group. Hepatitis E: epidemiology and disease burden. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2014 (http:/Awww.who.int/immunization/ sage/meetings/2014/october/1_HEV_burden_paper_final_03_Oct_14_yellow_ book.pdf?ua=1, accessed December 2014).
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    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, N° 18, 1° MAI 2015

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 2, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.04, + "y0": 779.18, + "x1": 216.7, + "y1": 786.16 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "dbd6655f1e9d5b8b71218cef953b935e", + "text": "sujets a des cas sporadiques de la maladie, ainsi que des épidé- mies périodiques de grande ampleur, généralement imputables a la contamination des sources d’eau. Dans les pays industrialisés, ow la charge de la maladie est beaucoup plus faible, la transmis- sion zoonotique, lige essentiellement 4 la consommation de viande non cuite ou insuffisamment cuite, est considérée comme un mode de transmission possible et le génotype 3 du VHE est prédominant.’ Il semblerait que le génotype 4 soit également transmis par la consommation de viande provenant d’animaux infectés. Rien nindique que le VHE puisse étre transmis par voie sexuelle.’ Au cours de la grossesse, le VHE est transmis de la mére a l’enfant et entraine un risque accru issue foetale défa- vorable.’ La transmission transfusionnelle du VHE existe égale- ment et est bien connue; toutefois, sa contribution a la charge de morbidité globale de ’hépatite E reste limitée.*”*", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 3, + "parent_id": "78d436595c023a9c6e60d1512f96e171", + "text_as_html": "

    sujets a des cas sporadiques de la maladie, ainsi que des épidé- mies périodiques de grande ampleur, généralement imputables a la contamination des sources d’eau. Dans les pays industrialisés, ow la charge de la maladie est beaucoup plus faible, la transmis- sion zoonotique, lige essentiellement 4 la consommation de viande non cuite ou insuffisamment cuite, est considérée comme un mode de transmission possible et le génotype 3 du VHE est prédominant.’ Il semblerait que le génotype 4 soit également transmis par la consommation de viande provenant d’animaux infectés. Rien nindique que le VHE puisse étre transmis par voie sexuelle.’ Au cours de la grossesse, le VHE est transmis de la mére a l’enfant et entraine un risque accru issue foetale défa- vorable.’ La transmission transfusionnelle du VHE existe égale- ment et est bien connue; toutefois, sa contribution a la charge de morbidité globale de ’hépatite E reste limitée.*”*

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 2, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.66, + "y0": 57.17, + "x1": 552.23, + "y1": 226.9 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-16", + "text": "\n\n\nTendances endémiques/épidémiques\nDans les pays en développement, ot hépatite E est imputable aux génotypes 1 et 2, la maladie touche principalement les jeunes adultes (4gés de 15 a 39 ans), avec une prépondérance chez les sujets de sexe masculin. Chez les femmes enceintes, infection par le génotype 1 du VHE est associée 4 une morta- lité élevée. Le rapport entre infections symptomatiques et asymptomatiques varie entre 1/10 et 1/2, voire plus en situation de flambée, et pourrait dépendre de l’4ge au moment de l’infec- tion. Linfection a VHE touche aussi les enfants et la probabilité quelle soit symptomatique augmente avec l’age.’ Lors des flam- bées a transmission hydrique, les enfants peuvent présenter une hépatite E grave du fait d’une co-infection par le virus de Phépa- tite A.\"° Bien qu'un grand nombre de cas puisse apparaitre sur une courte période lors de flambées a transmission hydrique, la plupart des cas dans les pays en développement sont associés a des petits groupes de cas ou a une transmission sporadique. Les facteurs de risque de l’hépatite E sporadique sont moins bien compris, mais ils pourraient étre liés 4 la contamination de l’eau.\nDes flambées @hépatite E a transmission hydrique ont été signa- lées dans au moins 30 pays sur 3 continents (Asie, Afrique et Amérique du Nord [Mexique]); elles étaient toutes dues aux géno- types 1 ou 2 du VHE. Le sous-continent indien est fréquemment sujet a des flambées de grande ampleur d’hépatite E a transmission hydrique.\"' Ces derniéres années, de nombreuses flambées dues au génotype 1 se sont déclarées dans des camps de personnes dépla- cées (réfugiés) en Afrique, entrainant une morbidité et une morta- lité importantes. Les résidents de ces camps ne disposent pas toujours d’un accés 4 une eau potable salubre ni a un systéme dassainissement adéquat, et leur risque d’exposition 4 une dose infectieuse du virus est donc élevé. Certains éléments semblent\n© Khuroo MS, Kamili S. Aetiology, clinical course and outcome of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in pregnancy.) Viral Hepat. 2003 Jan;10(1):61-69.\nHewitt PE, ljaz S, Brailsford SR, Brett R, et al. 2. Hepatitis E virus in blood components: a preva- lence and transmission study in southeast England. Lancet 2014; 384:1766-1773.\n® Huzly D, Umhau M, Bettinger D, et al. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in Germany, 2013. Euro Surveill 2014; 19:20812.\nVerghese VP, Robinson JL. A systematic review of hepatitis E virus infection in children. Clin In- fect Dis. 2014 Sep 1;59(5):689-697.\n‘0 Arora NK, Nanda SK, Gulati S, et al. Acute viral hepatitis types E, A, and B singly and in combi- nation in acute liver failure in children in northern India. J. Med Virol. 1996; 48(3):215-221.\nHepatitis E Vaccine Working Group. Hepatitis E: epidemiology and disease burden. Geneve, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2014 (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/mee- tings/201 4/october/1_HEV_burden_paper_final_03_Oct_14_yellow_book.pdf?ua=1, consulté en décembre 2014).\n187\nsome evidence that other modes, including person-to- person transmission, may contribute to the prolonga- tion of outbreaks, particularly in displaced popula- tions.” There is anecdotal evidence that hepatitis E occurs among health-care workers from developed countries who respond to outbreaks in such situations.\nIn industrialized countries HEV genotype 3 is the main cause of hepatitis E, and disease is more common in older adults. There is significant preponderance in males (about two-thirds of cases).'* Hepatitis E due to HEV genotype 3 occurs in areas where genotypes 1 and 2 are not endemic. In these areas genotype 1 infec- tion occurs only as a result of importation by travellers from countries where it is prevalent. Imported cases are nearly all in the travellers themselves though a few occasional cases have resulted from secondary trans- mission.\nHEV genotype 4 disease is prevalent in mainland China and Taiwan, and isolated cases have occurred in some European countries. There are limited data on the clin- ical presentation of disease caused by HEV genotype 4; it is believed to be similar, though milder, than disease caused by HEV genotypes 1 or 2.\nLarge outbreaks of hepatitis E have not been reported from developed countries. However, a few small clusters of cases associated with foodborne transmission have occurred in Europe and Japan.”", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "c063cd097007c2b745026111768f5551", + "text": "Tendances endémiques/épidémiques", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 3, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Tendances endémiques/épidémiques

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    Dans les pays en développement, ot hépatite E est imputable aux génotypes 1 et 2, la maladie touche principalement les jeunes adultes (4gés de 15 a 39 ans), avec une prépondérance chez les sujets de sexe masculin. Chez les femmes enceintes, infection par le génotype 1 du VHE est associée 4 une morta- lité élevée. Le rapport entre infections symptomatiques et asymptomatiques varie entre 1/10 et 1/2, voire plus en situation de flambée, et pourrait dépendre de l’4ge au moment de l’infec- tion. Linfection a VHE touche aussi les enfants et la probabilité quelle soit symptomatique augmente avec l’age.’ Lors des flam- bées a transmission hydrique, les enfants peuvent présenter une hépatite E grave du fait d’une co-infection par le virus de Phépa- tite A.\"° Bien qu'un grand nombre de cas puisse apparaitre sur une courte période lors de flambées a transmission hydrique, la plupart des cas dans les pays en développement sont associés a des petits groupes de cas ou a une transmission sporadique. Les facteurs de risque de l’hépatite E sporadique sont moins bien compris, mais ils pourraient étre liés 4 la contamination de l’eau.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 2, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.43, + "y0": 253.26, + "x1": 552.69, + "y1": 458.3 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "40eb78318eff0633ca6d21923c5193e9", + "text": "Des flambées @hépatite E a transmission hydrique ont été signa- lées dans au moins 30 pays sur 3 continents (Asie, Afrique et Amérique du Nord [Mexique]); elles étaient toutes dues aux géno- types 1 ou 2 du VHE. Le sous-continent indien est fréquemment sujet a des flambées de grande ampleur d’hépatite E a transmission hydrique.\"' Ces derniéres années, de nombreuses flambées dues au génotype 1 se sont déclarées dans des camps de personnes dépla- cées (réfugiés) en Afrique, entrainant une morbidité et une morta- lité importantes. Les résidents de ces camps ne disposent pas toujours d’un accés 4 une eau potable salubre ni a un systéme dassainissement adéquat, et leur risque d’exposition 4 une dose infectieuse du virus est donc élevé. Certains éléments semblent", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 3, + "parent_id": "c063cd097007c2b745026111768f5551", + "text_as_html": "

    Des flambées @hépatite E a transmission hydrique ont été signa- lées dans au moins 30 pays sur 3 continents (Asie, Afrique et Amérique du Nord [Mexique]); elles étaient toutes dues aux géno- types 1 ou 2 du VHE. Le sous-continent indien est fréquemment sujet a des flambées de grande ampleur d’hépatite E a transmission hydrique.\"' Ces derniéres années, de nombreuses flambées dues au génotype 1 se sont déclarées dans des camps de personnes dépla- cées (réfugiés) en Afrique, entrainant une morbidité et une morta- lité importantes. Les résidents de ces camps ne disposent pas toujours d’un accés 4 une eau potable salubre ni a un systéme dassainissement adéquat, et leur risque d’exposition 4 une dose infectieuse du virus est donc élevé. Certains éléments semblent

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  • © Khuroo MS, Kamili S. Aetiology, clinical course and outcome of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in pregnancy.) Viral Hepat. 2003 Jan;10(1):61-69.
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  • Hewitt PE, ljaz S, Brailsford SR, Brett R, et al. 2. Hepatitis E virus in blood components: a preva- lence and transmission study in southeast England. Lancet 2014; 384:1766-1773.
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  • ® Huzly D, Umhau M, Bettinger D, et al. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in Germany, 2013. Euro Surveill 2014; 19:20812.
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  • Verghese VP, Robinson JL. A systematic review of hepatitis E virus infection in children. Clin In- fect Dis. 2014 Sep 1;59(5):689-697.
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  • ‘0 Arora NK, Nanda SK, Gulati S, et al. Acute viral hepatitis types E, A, and B singly and in combi- nation in acute liver failure in children in northern India. J. Med Virol. 1996; 48(3):215-221.
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  • Hepatitis E Vaccine Working Group. Hepatitis E: epidemiology and disease burden. Geneve, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2014 (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/mee- tings/201 4/october/1_HEV_burden_paper_final_03_Oct_14_yellow_book.pdf?ua=1, consulté en décembre 2014).
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    187

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 2, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 539.14, + "y0": 779.62, + "x1": 549.57, + "y1": 784.66 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "72e4f4aab62750e6b6461e5502ae00f0", + "text": "some evidence that other modes, including person-to- person transmission, may contribute to the prolonga- tion of outbreaks, particularly in displaced popula- tions.” There is anecdotal evidence that hepatitis E occurs among health-care workers from developed countries who respond to outbreaks in such situations.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 4, + "parent_id": "c063cd097007c2b745026111768f5551", + "text_as_html": "

    some evidence that other modes, including person-to- person transmission, may contribute to the prolonga- tion of outbreaks, particularly in displaced popula- tions.” There is anecdotal evidence that hepatitis E occurs among health-care workers from developed countries who respond to outbreaks in such situations.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 3, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.42, + "y0": 56.57, + "x1": 272.78, + "y1": 122.88 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "b1d983b9712f892b7cbbbdffd7c73b9e", + "text": "In industrialized countries HEV genotype 3 is the main cause of hepatitis E, and disease is more common in older adults. There is significant preponderance in males (about two-thirds of cases).'* Hepatitis E due to HEV genotype 3 occurs in areas where genotypes 1 and 2 are not endemic. In these areas genotype 1 infec- tion occurs only as a result of importation by travellers from countries where it is prevalent. Imported cases are nearly all in the travellers themselves though a few occasional cases have resulted from secondary trans- mission.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 4, + "parent_id": "c063cd097007c2b745026111768f5551", + "text_as_html": "

    In industrialized countries HEV genotype 3 is the main cause of hepatitis E, and disease is more common in older adults. There is significant preponderance in males (about two-thirds of cases).'* Hepatitis E due to HEV genotype 3 occurs in areas where genotypes 1 and 2 are not endemic. In these areas genotype 1 infec- tion occurs only as a result of importation by travellers from countries where it is prevalent. Imported cases are nearly all in the travellers themselves though a few occasional cases have resulted from secondary trans- mission.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 3, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.38, + "y0": 131.11, + "x1": 273.17, + "y1": 255.37 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "53507f4bc9da7ef1daee0161aa879642", + "text": "HEV genotype 4 disease is prevalent in mainland China and Taiwan, and isolated cases have occurred in some European countries. There are limited data on the clin- ical presentation of disease caused by HEV genotype 4; it is believed to be similar, though milder, than disease caused by HEV genotypes 1 or 2.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 4, + "parent_id": "c063cd097007c2b745026111768f5551", + "text_as_html": "

    HEV genotype 4 disease is prevalent in mainland China and Taiwan, and isolated cases have occurred in some European countries. There are limited data on the clin- ical presentation of disease caused by HEV genotype 4; it is believed to be similar, though milder, than disease caused by HEV genotypes 1 or 2.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 3, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 46.1, + "y0": 261.9, + "x1": 274.05, + "y1": 329.87 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "08c46003b99b26b72d46d9a247088762", + "text": "Large outbreaks of hepatitis E have not been reported from developed countries. However, a few small clusters of cases associated with foodborne transmission have occurred in Europe and Japan.”", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 4, + "parent_id": "c063cd097007c2b745026111768f5551", + "text_as_html": "

    Large outbreaks of hepatitis E have not been reported from developed countries. However, a few small clusters of cases associated with foodborne transmission have occurred in Europe and Japan.”

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 3, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.62, + "y0": 336.75, + "x1": 274.27, + "y1": 381.62 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-17", + "text": "\n\n\nPathogen\nHEV is an RNA virus and is a member of the Hepeviri- dae family. It has 4 known genotypes that infect mam- malian hosts (genotypes 1, 2,3 and 4), and which belong to a single serotype. The viral genome contains 3 open reading frames (ORF1-3). Of these, ORF2 codes for the viral capsid protein which is the target of neutralizing antibodies against HEV.'° The virus is relatively stable in the environment;’* it is sensitive to heat, chlorination and ultraviolet light.”", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "2b5dbac134393592cfd9382099585294", + "text": "Pathogen", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 4, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Pathogen

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 3, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 46.03, + "y0": 393.41, + "x1": 86.61, + "y1": 404.59 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "f340829b29dfd3dacbfbcf74ee8beef3", + "text": "HEV is an RNA virus and is a member of the Hepeviri- dae family. It has 4 known genotypes that infect mam- malian hosts (genotypes 1, 2,3 and 4), and which belong to a single serotype. The viral genome contains 3 open reading frames (ORF1-3). Of these, ORF2 codes for the viral capsid protein which is the target of neutralizing antibodies against HEV.'° The virus is relatively stable in the environment;’* it is sensitive to heat, chlorination and ultraviolet light.”", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 4, + "parent_id": "2b5dbac134393592cfd9382099585294", + "text_as_html": "

    HEV is an RNA virus and is a member of the Hepeviri- dae family. It has 4 known genotypes that infect mam- malian hosts (genotypes 1, 2,3 and 4), and which belong to a single serotype. The viral genome contains 3 open reading frames (ORF1-3). Of these, ORF2 codes for the viral capsid protein which is the target of neutralizing antibodies against HEV.'° The virus is relatively stable in the environment;’* it is sensitive to heat, chlorination and ultraviolet light.”

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 3, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.32, + "y0": 406.95, + "x1": 273.42, + "y1": 508.17 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-18", + "text": "\n\n\nDisease\nThe clinical features of hepatitis E (all genotypes) are similar to those of acute viral hepatitis caused by other hepatotropic viruses. However, in immunocompetent persons, acute illness is infrequent and often mild. The\n1 Teshale EH, Grytdal SP, Howard C, et al. Evidence of person-to-person transmission of hepatitis E virus during a large outbreak in Northern Uganda. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Apr 1;50(7):1006-1010.\nNelson KE, Kmush B, Labrique AB. The epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infections in developed countries and among immunocompromised patients. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011 Dec;9(12):1133-1148.\nMatsuda H, Okada K, Takahashi K, Mishiro S. Severe hepatitis E virus infection after ingestion of uncooked liver from a wild boar. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):944.\nBradley DW. Hepatitis E virus: a brief review of the biology, molecular virology, and immunology of a novel virus. J Hepatol. 1995;22(1 Suppl):140-145.\nClemente-Casares P, Pina S, Buti M, et al. Hepatitis E virus epidemiology in indus- trialized countries. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Apr;9(4):448-454.\nAlbinana-Gimenez N, Clemente-Casares P, Bofill-Mas S, et al. Distribution of human polyomaviruses, adenoviruses, and hepatitis E virus in the environment and in a drinking-water treatment plant. Environ Sci Technol. 2006 Dec 1;40(23):7416- 7422.\n18 Girones R, Carratala A, Calgua B, et al. Chlorine inactivation of hepatitis E virus and human adenovirus 2 in water. J Water Health. 2014; 12(3): 436-442.\nindiquer que d’autres modes de transmission, y compris la trans- mission interhumaine, pourraient contribuer 4 une prolongation des flambées, en particulier dans les populations déplacées.” Certaines observations empiriques font état de cas d’hépatite E apparus chez des agents de santé venus de pays développés pour lutter contre une flambée dans un tel contexte.\nDans les pays industrialisés, le génotype 3 du VHE est le prin- cipal responsable des cas d’hépatite E et la maladie est plus fréquente chez les personnes agées, avec une prépondérance marquée chez les hommes (environ deux tiers des cas).'? Lhé- patite E imputable au génotype 3 est présente dans les régions ou les génotypes 1 et 2 ne sont pas endémiques. Dans ces régions, les cas d’infection par le génotype 1 résultent tous dune importation du virus par des voyageurs en provenance de pays ou il est prévalent. Ces cas importés concernent presque tous les voyageurs eux-mémes, méme si quelques cas occasion- nels résultent d’une transmission secondaire.\nLa maladie due au génotype 4 du VHE touche essentiellement la Chine continentale et Taiwan, avec quelques cas isolés dans certains pays européens. II n’existe que peu de données sur les caractéristiques cliniques de la maladie due au génotype 4; il semblerait qu’elles soient comparables a celles de la maladie induite par les génotypes 1 ou 2, quoique moins virulentes.\nDans les pays développés, aucune flambée de grande ampleur @hépatite E n’a été signalée. Cependant, quelques petits groupes de cas, associés a une transmission par voie alimentaire, sont survenus en Europe et au Japon.\"", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "e35de61ed89b4f055055f58487e5853e", + "text": "Disease", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 4, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Disease

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 3, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.34, + "y0": 521.87, + "x1": 78.28, + "y1": 532.32 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "30d7ca9ef3bb3089c681ee1a1402bdad", + "text": "The clinical features of hepatitis E (all genotypes) are similar to those of acute viral hepatitis caused by other hepatotropic viruses. However, in immunocompetent persons, acute illness is infrequent and often mild. The", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 4, + "parent_id": "e35de61ed89b4f055055f58487e5853e", + "text_as_html": "

    The clinical features of hepatitis E (all genotypes) are similar to those of acute viral hepatitis caused by other hepatotropic viruses. However, in immunocompetent persons, acute illness is infrequent and often mild. The

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  • 1 Teshale EH, Grytdal SP, Howard C, et al. Evidence of person-to-person transmission of hepatitis E virus during a large outbreak in Northern Uganda. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Apr 1;50(7):1006-1010.
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  • Nelson KE, Kmush B, Labrique AB. The epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infections in developed countries and among immunocompromised patients. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011 Dec;9(12):1133-1148.
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  • Matsuda H, Okada K, Takahashi K, Mishiro S. Severe hepatitis E virus infection after ingestion of uncooked liver from a wild boar. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):944.
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  • Bradley DW. Hepatitis E virus: a brief review of the biology, molecular virology, and immunology of a novel virus. J Hepatol. 1995;22(1 Suppl):140-145.
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  • Clemente-Casares P, Pina S, Buti M, et al. Hepatitis E virus epidemiology in indus- trialized countries. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Apr;9(4):448-454.
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  • Albinana-Gimenez N, Clemente-Casares P, Bofill-Mas S, et al. Distribution of human polyomaviruses, adenoviruses, and hepatitis E virus in the environment and in a drinking-water treatment plant. Environ Sci Technol. 2006 Dec 1;40(23):7416- 7422.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 3, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.76, + "y0": 721.98, + "x1": 275.5, + "y1": 753.95 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "7cb032451604819d42f6db7eaab9fbef", + "text": "18 Girones R, Carratala A, Calgua B, et al. Chlorine inactivation of hepatitis E virus and human adenovirus 2 in water. J Water Health. 2014; 12(3): 436-442.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 4, + "parent_id": "e35de61ed89b4f055055f58487e5853e", + "text_as_html": "
  • 18 Girones R, Carratala A, Calgua B, et al. Chlorine inactivation of hepatitis E virus and human adenovirus 2 in water. J Water Health. 2014; 12(3): 436-442.
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    indiquer que d’autres modes de transmission, y compris la trans- mission interhumaine, pourraient contribuer 4 une prolongation des flambées, en particulier dans les populations déplacées.” Certaines observations empiriques font état de cas d’hépatite E apparus chez des agents de santé venus de pays développés pour lutter contre une flambée dans un tel contexte.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 3, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 295.14, + "y0": 56.34, + "x1": 551.58, + "y1": 122.88 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "61fb5d27438d058617e70a495e5451db", + "text": "Dans les pays industrialisés, le génotype 3 du VHE est le prin- cipal responsable des cas d’hépatite E et la maladie est plus fréquente chez les personnes agées, avec une prépondérance marquée chez les hommes (environ deux tiers des cas).'? Lhé- patite E imputable au génotype 3 est présente dans les régions ou les génotypes 1 et 2 ne sont pas endémiques. Dans ces régions, les cas d’infection par le génotype 1 résultent tous dune importation du virus par des voyageurs en provenance de pays ou il est prévalent. Ces cas importés concernent presque tous les voyageurs eux-mémes, méme si quelques cas occasion- nels résultent d’une transmission secondaire.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 4, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Dans les pays industrialisés, le génotype 3 du VHE est le prin- cipal responsable des cas d’hépatite E et la maladie est plus fréquente chez les personnes agées, avec une prépondérance marquée chez les hommes (environ deux tiers des cas).'? Lhé- patite E imputable au génotype 3 est présente dans les régions ou les génotypes 1 et 2 ne sont pas endémiques. Dans ces régions, les cas d’infection par le génotype 1 résultent tous dune importation du virus par des voyageurs en provenance de pays ou il est prévalent. Ces cas importés concernent presque tous les voyageurs eux-mémes, méme si quelques cas occasion- nels résultent d’une transmission secondaire.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 3, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.58, + "y0": 130.88, + "x1": 552.21, + "y1": 255.33 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "9f525a66c40916b21a925cd4d192ef38", + "text": "La maladie due au génotype 4 du VHE touche essentiellement la Chine continentale et Taiwan, avec quelques cas isolés dans certains pays européens. II n’existe que peu de données sur les caractéristiques cliniques de la maladie due au génotype 4; il semblerait qu’elles soient comparables a celles de la maladie induite par les génotypes 1 ou 2, quoique moins virulentes.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 4, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    La maladie due au génotype 4 du VHE touche essentiellement la Chine continentale et Taiwan, avec quelques cas isolés dans certains pays européens. II n’existe que peu de données sur les caractéristiques cliniques de la maladie due au génotype 4; il semblerait qu’elles soient comparables a celles de la maladie induite par les génotypes 1 ou 2, quoique moins virulentes.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 3, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.75, + "y0": 262.41, + "x1": 552.63, + "y1": 329.96 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "06f8ca86457a221b34d7583780b708ff", + "text": "Dans les pays développés, aucune flambée de grande ampleur @hépatite E n’a été signalée. Cependant, quelques petits groupes de cas, associés a une transmission par voie alimentaire, sont survenus en Europe et au Japon.\"", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 4, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Dans les pays développés, aucune flambée de grande ampleur @hépatite E n’a été signalée. Cependant, quelques petits groupes de cas, associés a une transmission par voie alimentaire, sont survenus en Europe et au Japon.\"

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 3, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.23, + "y0": 336.85, + "x1": 551.76, + "y1": 381.42 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-19", + "text": "\n\n\nAgent pathogéne\nLe virus de ’hépatite E est un virus a acide ribonucléique (ARN) de la famille des Hepeviridze. Quatre génotypes infectant les hétes mammiféres (génotypes 1, 2, 3 et 4) sont connus, appartenant tous a un sérotype unique. Le génome du virus comporte 3 cadres de lecture ouverts (ORF 1-3), le deuxiéme (ORE2) étant celui qui code la protéine de capside virale ciblée par les anticorps neutra- lisants dirigés contre le VHE.'° Le virus est relativement stable dans les conditions environnementales et est sensible 4 la chaleur, a la chloration et aux ultraviolets.!” '*", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "32f9b77ff1b96615e465d97eed85f32e", + "text": "Agent pathogéne", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 4, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Agent pathogéne

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 3, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.2, + "y0": 393.47, + "x1": 368.35, + "y1": 404.7 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "f2af68ce26efc73b49eab0372439289b", + "text": "Le virus de ’hépatite E est un virus a acide ribonucléique (ARN) de la famille des Hepeviridze. Quatre génotypes infectant les hétes mammiféres (génotypes 1, 2, 3 et 4) sont connus, appartenant tous a un sérotype unique. Le génome du virus comporte 3 cadres de lecture ouverts (ORF 1-3), le deuxiéme (ORE2) étant celui qui code la protéine de capside virale ciblée par les anticorps neutra- lisants dirigés contre le VHE.'° Le virus est relativement stable dans les conditions environnementales et est sensible 4 la chaleur, a la chloration et aux ultraviolets.!” '*", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 4, + "parent_id": "32f9b77ff1b96615e465d97eed85f32e", + "text_as_html": "

    Le virus de ’hépatite E est un virus a acide ribonucléique (ARN) de la famille des Hepeviridze. Quatre génotypes infectant les hétes mammiféres (génotypes 1, 2, 3 et 4) sont connus, appartenant tous a un sérotype unique. Le génome du virus comporte 3 cadres de lecture ouverts (ORF 1-3), le deuxiéme (ORE2) étant celui qui code la protéine de capside virale ciblée par les anticorps neutra- lisants dirigés contre le VHE.'° Le virus est relativement stable dans les conditions environnementales et est sensible 4 la chaleur, a la chloration et aux ultraviolets.!” '*

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 3, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.77, + "y0": 406.85, + "x1": 551.77, + "y1": 508.82 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-20", + "text": "\n\n\nMaladie\nLes caractéristiques cliniques de l’hépatite E (tous génotypes confondus) sont analogues a celles de lhépatite virale aigué provoquée par d’autres virus hépatotropiques. Cependant, chez les sujets immunocompétents, les cas de maladie aigué sont peu\nTeshale EH, Grytdal SP, Howard C, et al. Evidence of person-to-person transmission of hepatitis E virus during a large outbreak in Northern Uganda. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Apr 1;50(7):1006- 1010.\nNelson KE, Kmush B, Labrique AB. The epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infections in developed countries and among immunocompromised patients. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011 Dec;9(12):1133-1148.\nMatsuda H, Okada K, Takahashi K, Mishiro S. Severe hepatitis E virus infection after ingestion of uncooked liver from a wild boar. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):944.\nBradley DW. Hepatitis E virus: a brief review of the biology, molecular virology, and immuno- logy of a novel virus. J Hepatol. 1995;22(1 Suppl):140-145.\nClemente-Casares P, Pina S, Buti M, et al. Hepatitis E virus epidemiology in industrialized countries. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Apr;9(4):448-454.\nAlbinana-Gimenez N, Clemente-Casares P, Bofill-Mas 5, et al. Distribution of human polyoma- viruses, adenoviruses, and hepatitis E virus in the environment and in a drinking-water treat- ment plant. Environ Sci Technol. 2006 Dec 1;40(23):7416-7422.\nGirones R, Carratala A, Calgua B, et al. Chlorine inactivation of hepatitis E virus and human adenovirus 2 in water. J Water Health. 2014; 12(3): 436-442.\nincubation period ranges from 15 to 60 days, with a mean of 40 days.” HEV-infected persons exhibit a wide clinical spectrum, ranging from asymptomatic infection through acute icteric hepatitis to fulminant hepatitis. Infection with HEV genotype 1 is associated more often with fulminant hepatitis and death in pregnant women and persons with pre-existing chronic liver disease. The extent to which such severe disease occurs with geno- types 2 and 4 is not well documented. In regions where the disease is mainly caused by genotype 3, HEV causes severe disease including chronic hepatitis E in immu- nocompromised persons. Chronic infections do not occur in otherwise healthy individuals. Studies in non- human primates have shown a relationship between the dose of viral inoculum and the host’s immunological response and degree of liver injury.”\nCertain population subgroups are at greater risk for severe disease following HEV infection. These include pregnant women, persons with pre-existing liver dis- ease and immunosuppressed persons.'! Due to the na- ture of their living conditions, including overcrowding and poor hygiene, displaced persons and refugees ex- perience the highest attack rates whenever outbreaks occur.\nTravellers from industrialized countries to areas where hepatitis E is endemic are at risk of exposure to the virus if water sources are contaminated.\nDuring epidemics, fulminant hepatitis E occurs with a disproportionately high rate among pregnant women.*”!” The disease is typically most severe during the third trimester of pregnancy.?*** While in the gen- eral population mortality from hepatitis E ranges from 0.1% to 4%, among women in the third trimester of pregnancy, it can range from 10% to 50%. The exact mechanism responsible for the disproportionately high mortality among pregnant women is unclear.* The causes of death include fulminant liver failure and ob- stetric complications including excessive bleeding.” HEV genotype 1 infection during pregnancy is also as- sociated with poor fetal outcomes including miscar- riage, premature delivery, and stillbirths.\"\nPersons with pre-existing chronic liver disease are prone to develop severe hepatitis following HEV infec- tion. Those with advanced liver disease, including cir- rhosis, may develop acute hepatic failure when infected with HEV.\"' The burden of HEV-induced acute liver\n19 Viswanthan R, Infectious hepatitis in Delhi 1955-56 .Epidemiology. Indian J Med Res 1957,x1v, Suppl.1-29.\n20 Tsarev SA, Tsareva TS, Emerson SU, et al. Infectivity titration of a prototype strain of hepatitis E virus in cynomolgus monkeys. J Med Virol. 1994 Jun;43(2):135-142.\n21 Tsega E, Krawczynski K, Hansson BG, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in pregnancy in Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 1993 Jul;31(3):173-181.\n22 Ramalingaswami V, Purcell RH. Waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet. 1988;1 (8585): 571-573.\n2 Kumar A, Beniwal M, Kar P, et al. Hepatitis E in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2004;85(3): 240-244.\n* Khuroo MS, Kamili S. Aetiology and prognostic factors in acute liver failure in India. J Viral Hepat. 2003 May;10(3):224-231.\n5 Navaneethan U, Al Mohajer M, Shata MT. Hepatitis E and pregnancy: understan- ding the pathogenesis. Liver Int. 2008 Nov;28(9):1190-1199.\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, N° 18, 1° MAI 2015\nfréquents et souvent bénins. La période d’incubation varie de 15 a 60 jours, avec une moyenne de 40 jours.” Le tableau clinique des personnes infectées est vaste, allant de infection asympto- matique a lhépatite fulminante en passant par l’ictére aigu. Chez les femmes enceintes et les personnes souffrant d’une maladie hépatique chronique préexistante, le génotype 1 du VHE est le plus susceptible d’entrainer une hépatite fulminante et le décés du patient. La probabilité que l’infection évolue en maladie grave est mal connue pour les génotypes 2 et 4. Dans les régions ot Phépatite E est essentiellement due au génotype 3, infection peut mener a une maladie grave, y compris une hépatite E chronique, chez les sujets immunodéprimés. Aucune infection chronique nest sinon observée chez les sujets sains. Des études sur des primates non humains ont démontré qu'il existe une relation entre la dose de inoculum viral et la réaction immunologique de ’héte, ainsi que l’'ampleur des lésions hépatiques.”\nCertains sous-groupes de population présentent un risque accru de maladie grave suite a une infection par le VHE, notamment les femmes enceintes, les personnes atteintes d’une affection hépatique préexistante et les sujets immunodéprimés.\" De par leurs conditions de vie, en particulier le surpeuplement et les mauvaises conditions d’hygiéne qui caractérisent leur quoti- dien, les personnes déplacées et les réfugiés enregistrent le plus fort taux d’atteinte lors des flambées.\nLes voyageurs en provenance de pays industrialisés se rendant dans des zones d’endémie de l’hépatite E risquent d’étre expo- sés au virus si les sources d’eau sont contaminées.\nEn situation d’épidémie, les taux @hépatite E fulminante sont disproportionnellement élevés chez les femmes enceintes.**\"” En général, la maladie est particuliérement grave lorsqu’elle survient au troisiéme trimestre de la grossesse.”*™ Alors que dans la popu- lation générale, le taux de mortalité induit par ?hépatite E varie de 0,1% & 4%, il est de 10% a 50% chez les femmes enceintes atteintes lors du troisiéme trimestre de grossesse. Le mécanisme précis responsable de ce taux de mortalité disproportionné des femmes enceintes est mal compris.” Parmi les causes de morta- lité figurent linsuffisance hépatique fulminante et les complica- tions obstétricales, telles que les hémorragies.” Linfection par le génotype 1 du VHE pendant la grossesse est également associée a une issue foetale défavorable, notamment des fausses couches, accouchements avant terme ou mortinaissances.\"!\nLinfection a VHE est susceptible de provoquer une hépatite grave chez les sujets atteints d’une affection hépatique chro- nique préexistante. Ceux qui ont une maladie du foie a un stade avancé, comme une cirrhose, peuvent présenter une insuffisance hépatique aigué suite 4 l infection par le VHE.\"’ La charge de\n\"9 Viswanthan R, Infectious hepatitis in Delhi 1955-56 .Epidemiology. Indian J Med Res 1957,x1v, Suppl.1-29.\n20 Tsarev SA, Tsareva TS, Emerson SU, et al. Infectivity titration of a prototype strain of hepatitis E virus in cynomolgus monkeys. J Med Virol. 1994 Jun;43(2):135-142.\n21 Tsega E, Krawczynski K, Hansson BG, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in pregnancy in Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 1993 Jul;31 (3):173-181.\n22 Ramalingaswami V, Purcell RH. Waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet. 1988;1(8585): 571-573.\n3 Kumar A, Beniwal M, Kar P, Sharma JB, et al. Hepatitis E in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2004;85(3): 240-244.\n> Khuroo MS, Kamili S. Aetiology and prognostic factors in acute liver failure in India. J Viral Hepat. 2003 May;10(3):224-231.\n25 Navaneethan U, Al Mohajer M, Shata MT. Hepatitis E and pregnancy: understanding the pa- thogenesis. Liver Int. 2008 Nov;28(9):1190-1199.\n189\nfailure in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease is unknown.\nHEV infection in persons who receive immunosuppres- sive treatment following solid organ or bone marrow transplantation and persons with severe immunodefi- ciency of other origins is associated with risk of pro- gression to chronic hepatitis E.*° HIV-infected patients are not at higher risk for HEV infection; the number of acute infections in these populations is low and very few chronic cases have been reported.” **\nImmunosuppressed persons, in particular solid organ transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive med- ication, may fail to clear the virus after primary infection, leading to chronic HEV infection (lasting >6 months). The clinical manifestation and progression of chronic hepatitis E are variable; some cases progress to signifi- cant fibrosis in a relatively short period of time.\nRecent large outbreaks have occurred among displaced persons in Sudan, Chad, and Uganda.* *°*! The first serologically confirmed outbreak documented in Africa occurred among Angolan refugees in Namibia in 1983. During a recent outbreak in northern Uganda, a high mortality rate was recorded among children <2 years of age; however, the cause of death in these children was not verified. As in the outbreak in northern Uganda in 2007, the Sudanese outbreak also started during the rainy season with high attack rates (7.4%) among camp residents and high mortality among pregnant women (10.4%).*! A sero-survey conducted during this outbreak showed that more than half of residents had no evi- dence of recent or past HEV infection, suggesting that these persons remained uninfected. Both the Ugandan and South Sudanese outbreaks lasted well over a year, indicating that prevention and control efforts in such outbreaks can be challenging.", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text": "Maladie", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 4, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Maladie

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    Les caractéristiques cliniques de l’hépatite E (tous génotypes confondus) sont analogues a celles de lhépatite virale aigué provoquée par d’autres virus hépatotropiques. Cependant, chez les sujets immunocompétents, les cas de maladie aigué sont peu

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  • Teshale EH, Grytdal SP, Howard C, et al. Evidence of person-to-person transmission of hepatitis E virus during a large outbreak in Northern Uganda. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Apr 1;50(7):1006- 1010.
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  • Nelson KE, Kmush B, Labrique AB. The epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infections in developed countries and among immunocompromised patients. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011 Dec;9(12):1133-1148.
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  • Matsuda H, Okada K, Takahashi K, Mishiro S. Severe hepatitis E virus infection after ingestion of uncooked liver from a wild boar. J Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;188(6):944.
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  • Bradley DW. Hepatitis E virus: a brief review of the biology, molecular virology, and immuno- logy of a novel virus. J Hepatol. 1995;22(1 Suppl):140-145.
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  • Clemente-Casares P, Pina S, Buti M, et al. Hepatitis E virus epidemiology in industrialized countries. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Apr;9(4):448-454.
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  • Albinana-Gimenez N, Clemente-Casares P, Bofill-Mas 5, et al. Distribution of human polyoma- viruses, adenoviruses, and hepatitis E virus in the environment and in a drinking-water treat- ment plant. Environ Sci Technol. 2006 Dec 1;40(23):7416-7422.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 3, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.0, + "y0": 721.62, + "x1": 553.56, + "y1": 745.6 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "8ba5f2d2cf4aa954040b790c4a9017aa", + "text": "Girones R, Carratala A, Calgua B, et al. Chlorine inactivation of hepatitis E virus and human adenovirus 2 in water. J Water Health. 2014; 12(3): 436-442.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 4, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "
  • Girones R, Carratala A, Calgua B, et al. Chlorine inactivation of hepatitis E virus and human adenovirus 2 in water. J Water Health. 2014; 12(3): 436-442.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 3, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 291.77, + "y0": 756.88, + "x1": 551.96, + "y1": 772.32 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "a221218ca62f2cef26aa95f61bf0c54a", + "text": "incubation period ranges from 15 to 60 days, with a mean of 40 days.” HEV-infected persons exhibit a wide clinical spectrum, ranging from asymptomatic infection through acute icteric hepatitis to fulminant hepatitis. Infection with HEV genotype 1 is associated more often with fulminant hepatitis and death in pregnant women and persons with pre-existing chronic liver disease. The extent to which such severe disease occurs with geno- types 2 and 4 is not well documented. In regions where the disease is mainly caused by genotype 3, HEV causes severe disease including chronic hepatitis E in immu- nocompromised persons. Chronic infections do not occur in otherwise healthy individuals. Studies in non- human primates have shown a relationship between the dose of viral inoculum and the host’s immunological response and degree of liver injury.”", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "

    incubation period ranges from 15 to 60 days, with a mean of 40 days.” HEV-infected persons exhibit a wide clinical spectrum, ranging from asymptomatic infection through acute icteric hepatitis to fulminant hepatitis. Infection with HEV genotype 1 is associated more often with fulminant hepatitis and death in pregnant women and persons with pre-existing chronic liver disease. The extent to which such severe disease occurs with geno- types 2 and 4 is not well documented. In regions where the disease is mainly caused by genotype 3, HEV causes severe disease including chronic hepatitis E in immu- nocompromised persons. Chronic infections do not occur in otherwise healthy individuals. Studies in non- human primates have shown a relationship between the dose of viral inoculum and the host’s immunological response and degree of liver injury.”

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.17, + "y0": 57.02, + "x1": 272.64, + "y1": 238.1 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "d024292d8df9ca4d86437633d7b762c8", + "text": "Certain population subgroups are at greater risk for severe disease following HEV infection. These include pregnant women, persons with pre-existing liver dis- ease and immunosuppressed persons.'! Due to the na- ture of their living conditions, including overcrowding and poor hygiene, displaced persons and refugees ex- perience the highest attack rates whenever outbreaks occur.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "

    Certain population subgroups are at greater risk for severe disease following HEV infection. These include pregnant women, persons with pre-existing liver dis- ease and immunosuppressed persons.'! Due to the na- ture of their living conditions, including overcrowding and poor hygiene, displaced persons and refugees ex- perience the highest attack rates whenever outbreaks occur.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.96, + "y0": 245.47, + "x1": 272.71, + "y1": 335.25 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "7ddcbcb1283facd2149d33727bb20e8e", + "text": "Travellers from industrialized countries to areas where hepatitis E is endemic are at risk of exposure to the virus if water sources are contaminated.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "

    Travellers from industrialized countries to areas where hepatitis E is endemic are at risk of exposure to the virus if water sources are contaminated.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.51, + "y0": 342.21, + "x1": 272.81, + "y1": 375.87 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "3a97f87fc28332e1e0c61592e27d0826", + "text": "During epidemics, fulminant hepatitis E occurs with a disproportionately high rate among pregnant women.*”!” The disease is typically most severe during the third trimester of pregnancy.?*** While in the gen- eral population mortality from hepatitis E ranges from 0.1% to 4%, among women in the third trimester of pregnancy, it can range from 10% to 50%. The exact mechanism responsible for the disproportionately high mortality among pregnant women is unclear.* The causes of death include fulminant liver failure and ob- stetric complications including excessive bleeding.” HEV genotype 1 infection during pregnancy is also as- sociated with poor fetal outcomes including miscar- riage, premature delivery, and stillbirths.\"", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "

    During epidemics, fulminant hepatitis E occurs with a disproportionately high rate among pregnant women.*”!” The disease is typically most severe during the third trimester of pregnancy.?*** While in the gen- eral population mortality from hepatitis E ranges from 0.1% to 4%, among women in the third trimester of pregnancy, it can range from 10% to 50%. The exact mechanism responsible for the disproportionately high mortality among pregnant women is unclear.* The causes of death include fulminant liver failure and ob- stetric complications including excessive bleeding.” HEV genotype 1 infection during pregnancy is also as- sociated with poor fetal outcomes including miscar- riage, premature delivery, and stillbirths.\"

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.15, + "y0": 383.68, + "x1": 273.0, + "y1": 542.75 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "3fdb3d72cb65eefef5fc0e9a179896c7", + "text": "Persons with pre-existing chronic liver disease are prone to develop severe hepatitis following HEV infec- tion. Those with advanced liver disease, including cir- rhosis, may develop acute hepatic failure when infected with HEV.\"' The burden of HEV-induced acute liver", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "

    Persons with pre-existing chronic liver disease are prone to develop severe hepatitis following HEV infec- tion. Those with advanced liver disease, including cir- rhosis, may develop acute hepatic failure when infected with HEV.\"' The burden of HEV-induced acute liver

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 46.6, + "y0": 550.08, + "x1": 272.01, + "y1": 605.7 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "f8cc91b73d3feb7c7273fa89ae4ba493", + "text": "19 Viswanthan R, Infectious hepatitis in Delhi 1955-56 .Epidemiology. Indian J Med Res 1957,x1v, Suppl.1-29.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "
  • 19 Viswanthan R, Infectious hepatitis in Delhi 1955-56 .Epidemiology. Indian J Med Res 1957,x1v, Suppl.1-29.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 42.56, + "y0": 644.49, + "x1": 272.09, + "y1": 660.67 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "a7f3d40021775ca9dd94093191e50fce", + "text": "20 Tsarev SA, Tsareva TS, Emerson SU, et al. Infectivity titration of a prototype strain of hepatitis E virus in cynomolgus monkeys. J Med Virol. 1994 Jun;43(2):135-142.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "
  • 20 Tsarev SA, Tsareva TS, Emerson SU, et al. Infectivity titration of a prototype strain of hepatitis E virus in cynomolgus monkeys. J Med Virol. 1994 Jun;43(2):135-142.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.19, + "y0": 663.4, + "x1": 273.06, + "y1": 679.15 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "fb7bfc7b042cd101db84f5a89c97c002", + "text": "21 Tsega E, Krawczynski K, Hansson BG, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in pregnancy in Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 1993 Jul;31(3):173-181.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "
  • 21 Tsega E, Krawczynski K, Hansson BG, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in pregnancy in Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 1993 Jul;31(3):173-181.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 42.6, + "y0": 682.29, + "x1": 272.56, + "y1": 697.87 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "675be0c76ad4d27ecd57e914538dfa37", + "text": "22 Ramalingaswami V, Purcell RH. Waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet. 1988;1 (8585): 571-573.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "
  • 22 Ramalingaswami V, Purcell RH. Waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet. 1988;1 (8585): 571-573.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 42.85, + "y0": 700.99, + "x1": 271.57, + "y1": 716.66 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "a58cfaaf61fe7cdabb661c8b31c91ece", + "text": "2 Kumar A, Beniwal M, Kar P, et al. Hepatitis E in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2004;85(3): 240-244.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "
  • 2 Kumar A, Beniwal M, Kar P, et al. Hepatitis E in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2004;85(3): 240-244.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 42.43, + "y0": 720.0, + "x1": 272.41, + "y1": 736.12 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "54ee1b422153f40ee113bb8958b12f02", + "text": "* Khuroo MS, Kamili S. Aetiology and prognostic factors in acute liver failure in India. J Viral Hepat. 2003 May;10(3):224-231.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "
  • * Khuroo MS, Kamili S. Aetiology and prognostic factors in acute liver failure in India. J Viral Hepat. 2003 May;10(3):224-231.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.1, + "y0": 738.77, + "x1": 270.4, + "y1": 754.52 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "9a04b01f6916801dd54cb0590583e9b7", + "text": "5 Navaneethan U, Al Mohajer M, Shata MT. Hepatitis E and pregnancy: understan- ding the pathogenesis. Liver Int. 2008 Nov;28(9):1190-1199.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "
  • 5 Navaneethan U, Al Mohajer M, Shata MT. Hepatitis E and pregnancy: understan- ding the pathogenesis. Liver Int. 2008 Nov;28(9):1190-1199.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.23, + "y0": 757.33, + "x1": 271.88, + "y1": 772.96 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "6f0e84a008444445a91a6e374e7a4951", + "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, N° 18, 1° MAI 2015", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "
  • RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, N° 18, 1° MAI 2015
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.17, + "y0": 779.03, + "x1": 217.0, + "y1": 785.97 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "b1bd05cb5b44d19acbb2b43037aa72ac", + "text": "fréquents et souvent bénins. La période d’incubation varie de 15 a 60 jours, avec une moyenne de 40 jours.” Le tableau clinique des personnes infectées est vaste, allant de infection asympto- matique a lhépatite fulminante en passant par l’ictére aigu. Chez les femmes enceintes et les personnes souffrant d’une maladie hépatique chronique préexistante, le génotype 1 du VHE est le plus susceptible d’entrainer une hépatite fulminante et le décés du patient. La probabilité que l’infection évolue en maladie grave est mal connue pour les génotypes 2 et 4. Dans les régions ot Phépatite E est essentiellement due au génotype 3, infection peut mener a une maladie grave, y compris une hépatite E chronique, chez les sujets immunodéprimés. Aucune infection chronique nest sinon observée chez les sujets sains. Des études sur des primates non humains ont démontré qu'il existe une relation entre la dose de inoculum viral et la réaction immunologique de ’héte, ainsi que l’'ampleur des lésions hépatiques.”", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "

    fréquents et souvent bénins. La période d’incubation varie de 15 a 60 jours, avec une moyenne de 40 jours.” Le tableau clinique des personnes infectées est vaste, allant de infection asympto- matique a lhépatite fulminante en passant par l’ictére aigu. Chez les femmes enceintes et les personnes souffrant d’une maladie hépatique chronique préexistante, le génotype 1 du VHE est le plus susceptible d’entrainer une hépatite fulminante et le décés du patient. La probabilité que l’infection évolue en maladie grave est mal connue pour les génotypes 2 et 4. Dans les régions ot Phépatite E est essentiellement due au génotype 3, infection peut mener a une maladie grave, y compris une hépatite E chronique, chez les sujets immunodéprimés. Aucune infection chronique nest sinon observée chez les sujets sains. Des études sur des primates non humains ont démontré qu'il existe une relation entre la dose de inoculum viral et la réaction immunologique de ’héte, ainsi que l’'ampleur des lésions hépatiques.”

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.5, + "y0": 57.16, + "x1": 551.45, + "y1": 238.07 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "6f45603584b290cf26495dc58d86aad7", + "text": "Certains sous-groupes de population présentent un risque accru de maladie grave suite a une infection par le VHE, notamment les femmes enceintes, les personnes atteintes d’une affection hépatique préexistante et les sujets immunodéprimés.\" De par leurs conditions de vie, en particulier le surpeuplement et les mauvaises conditions d’hygiéne qui caractérisent leur quoti- dien, les personnes déplacées et les réfugiés enregistrent le plus fort taux d’atteinte lors des flambées.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "

    Certains sous-groupes de population présentent un risque accru de maladie grave suite a une infection par le VHE, notamment les femmes enceintes, les personnes atteintes d’une affection hépatique préexistante et les sujets immunodéprimés.\" De par leurs conditions de vie, en particulier le surpeuplement et les mauvaises conditions d’hygiéne qui caractérisent leur quoti- dien, les personnes déplacées et les réfugiés enregistrent le plus fort taux d’atteinte lors des flambées.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.73, + "y0": 245.27, + "x1": 552.8, + "y1": 335.69 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "6cffec864722a4a62c4ac78635571e7a", + "text": "Les voyageurs en provenance de pays industrialisés se rendant dans des zones d’endémie de l’hépatite E risquent d’étre expo- sés au virus si les sources d’eau sont contaminées.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "

    Les voyageurs en provenance de pays industrialisés se rendant dans des zones d’endémie de l’hépatite E risquent d’étre expo- sés au virus si les sources d’eau sont contaminées.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.33, + "y0": 342.47, + "x1": 550.97, + "y1": 375.83 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "97a9535e2411c1e6927c5b2067b732ce", + "text": "En situation d’épidémie, les taux @hépatite E fulminante sont disproportionnellement élevés chez les femmes enceintes.**\"” En général, la maladie est particuliérement grave lorsqu’elle survient au troisiéme trimestre de la grossesse.”*™ Alors que dans la popu- lation générale, le taux de mortalité induit par ?hépatite E varie de 0,1% & 4%, il est de 10% a 50% chez les femmes enceintes atteintes lors du troisiéme trimestre de grossesse. Le mécanisme précis responsable de ce taux de mortalité disproportionné des femmes enceintes est mal compris.” Parmi les causes de morta- lité figurent linsuffisance hépatique fulminante et les complica- tions obstétricales, telles que les hémorragies.” Linfection par le génotype 1 du VHE pendant la grossesse est également associée a une issue foetale défavorable, notamment des fausses couches, accouchements avant terme ou mortinaissances.\"!", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "

    En situation d’épidémie, les taux @hépatite E fulminante sont disproportionnellement élevés chez les femmes enceintes.**\"” En général, la maladie est particuliérement grave lorsqu’elle survient au troisiéme trimestre de la grossesse.”*™ Alors que dans la popu- lation générale, le taux de mortalité induit par ?hépatite E varie de 0,1% & 4%, il est de 10% a 50% chez les femmes enceintes atteintes lors du troisiéme trimestre de grossesse. Le mécanisme précis responsable de ce taux de mortalité disproportionné des femmes enceintes est mal compris.” Parmi les causes de morta- lité figurent linsuffisance hépatique fulminante et les complica- tions obstétricales, telles que les hémorragies.” Linfection par le génotype 1 du VHE pendant la grossesse est également associée a une issue foetale défavorable, notamment des fausses couches, accouchements avant terme ou mortinaissances.\"!

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.16, + "y0": 383.41, + "x1": 552.08, + "y1": 542.52 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "49333366da923f02700aa57f75594e5e", + "text": "Linfection a VHE est susceptible de provoquer une hépatite grave chez les sujets atteints d’une affection hépatique chro- nique préexistante. Ceux qui ont une maladie du foie a un stade avancé, comme une cirrhose, peuvent présenter une insuffisance hépatique aigué suite 4 l infection par le VHE.\"’ La charge de", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "

    Linfection a VHE est susceptible de provoquer une hépatite grave chez les sujets atteints d’une affection hépatique chro- nique préexistante. Ceux qui ont une maladie du foie a un stade avancé, comme une cirrhose, peuvent présenter une insuffisance hépatique aigué suite 4 l infection par le VHE.\"’ La charge de

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 295.36, + "y0": 550.13, + "x1": 550.26, + "y1": 605.75 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "e4bb0c64e7f63bb983d42cdff1985829", + "text": "\"9 Viswanthan R, Infectious hepatitis in Delhi 1955-56 .Epidemiology. Indian J Med Res 1957,x1v, Suppl.1-29.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "
  • \"9 Viswanthan R, Infectious hepatitis in Delhi 1955-56 .Epidemiology. Indian J Med Res 1957,x1v, Suppl.1-29.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.4, + "y0": 644.5, + "x1": 549.22, + "y1": 660.93 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "604f7b41706845fb941d45725906fb53", + "text": "20 Tsarev SA, Tsareva TS, Emerson SU, et al. Infectivity titration of a prototype strain of hepatitis E virus in cynomolgus monkeys. J Med Virol. 1994 Jun;43(2):135-142.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "
  • 20 Tsarev SA, Tsareva TS, Emerson SU, et al. Infectivity titration of a prototype strain of hepatitis E virus in cynomolgus monkeys. J Med Virol. 1994 Jun;43(2):135-142.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 291.74, + "y0": 663.45, + "x1": 550.04, + "y1": 679.5 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "3f01001b49de40a74b0a1783c30fb83f", + "text": "21 Tsega E, Krawczynski K, Hansson BG, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in pregnancy in Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 1993 Jul;31 (3):173-181.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "
  • 21 Tsega E, Krawczynski K, Hansson BG, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in pregnancy in Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 1993 Jul;31 (3):173-181.
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  • 22 Ramalingaswami V, Purcell RH. Waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet. 1988;1(8585): 571-573.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 291.95, + "y0": 700.9, + "x1": 550.44, + "y1": 717.33 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "d5dcef824899aca4dd553927395395d1", + "text": "3 Kumar A, Beniwal M, Kar P, Sharma JB, et al. Hepatitis E in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2004;85(3): 240-244.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "
  • 3 Kumar A, Beniwal M, Kar P, Sharma JB, et al. Hepatitis E in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2004;85(3): 240-244.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.12, + "y0": 720.11, + "x1": 549.1, + "y1": 736.39 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "ab00d1cbe1be8453d2667493c4d77eea", + "text": "> Khuroo MS, Kamili S. Aetiology and prognostic factors in acute liver failure in India. J Viral Hepat. 2003 May;10(3):224-231.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "
  • > Khuroo MS, Kamili S. Aetiology and prognostic factors in acute liver failure in India. J Viral Hepat. 2003 May;10(3):224-231.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.75, + "y0": 738.69, + "x1": 549.63, + "y1": 754.74 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "b2604864e30ca64329abd6bd7a0ec767", + "text": "25 Navaneethan U, Al Mohajer M, Shata MT. Hepatitis E and pregnancy: understanding the pa- thogenesis. Liver Int. 2008 Nov;28(9):1190-1199.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "
  • 25 Navaneethan U, Al Mohajer M, Shata MT. Hepatitis E and pregnancy: understanding the pa- thogenesis. Liver Int. 2008 Nov;28(9):1190-1199.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 4, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.38, + "y0": 757.44, + "x1": 549.3, + "y1": 773.21 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "ce664a7559766861d4adcbb2e09d37ed", + "text": "189", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 5, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "

    189

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    failure in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease is unknown.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 5, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 42.44, + "y0": 55.57, + "x1": 273.96, + "y1": 77.31 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "22c81cfc5a1538a057322ca4845d9651", + "text": "HEV infection in persons who receive immunosuppres- sive treatment following solid organ or bone marrow transplantation and persons with severe immunodefi- ciency of other origins is associated with risk of pro- gression to chronic hepatitis E.*° HIV-infected patients are not at higher risk for HEV infection; the number of acute infections in these populations is low and very few chronic cases have been reported.” **", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 6, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "

    HEV infection in persons who receive immunosuppres- sive treatment following solid organ or bone marrow transplantation and persons with severe immunodefi- ciency of other origins is associated with risk of pro- gression to chronic hepatitis E.*° HIV-infected patients are not at higher risk for HEV infection; the number of acute infections in these populations is low and very few chronic cases have been reported.” **

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 5, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.51, + "y0": 95.94, + "x1": 273.71, + "y1": 186.29 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "efc9aeea32ae4203501709d5053d226e", + "text": "Immunosuppressed persons, in particular solid organ transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive med- ication, may fail to clear the virus after primary infection, leading to chronic HEV infection (lasting >6 months). The clinical manifestation and progression of chronic hepatitis E are variable; some cases progress to signifi- cant fibrosis in a relatively short period of time.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 6, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "

    Immunosuppressed persons, in particular solid organ transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive med- ication, may fail to clear the virus after primary infection, leading to chronic HEV infection (lasting >6 months). The clinical manifestation and progression of chronic hepatitis E are variable; some cases progress to signifi- cant fibrosis in a relatively short period of time.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 5, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.42, + "y0": 204.98, + "x1": 273.79, + "y1": 283.65 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "4ecb99ed9eba8706012fcf09b24752c9", + "text": "Recent large outbreaks have occurred among displaced persons in Sudan, Chad, and Uganda.* *°*! The first serologically confirmed outbreak documented in Africa occurred among Angolan refugees in Namibia in 1983. During a recent outbreak in northern Uganda, a high mortality rate was recorded among children <2 years of age; however, the cause of death in these children was not verified. As in the outbreak in northern Uganda in 2007, the Sudanese outbreak also started during the rainy season with high attack rates (7.4%) among camp residents and high mortality among pregnant women (10.4%).*! A sero-survey conducted during this outbreak showed that more than half of residents had no evi- dence of recent or past HEV infection, suggesting that these persons remained uninfected. Both the Ugandan and South Sudanese outbreaks lasted well over a year, indicating that prevention and control efforts in such outbreaks can be challenging.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 6, + "parent_id": "a39d9c06e2933a1ea800bedcb1027e74", + "text_as_html": "

    Recent large outbreaks have occurred among displaced persons in Sudan, Chad, and Uganda.* *°*! The first serologically confirmed outbreak documented in Africa occurred among Angolan refugees in Namibia in 1983. During a recent outbreak in northern Uganda, a high mortality rate was recorded among children <2 years of age; however, the cause of death in these children was not verified. As in the outbreak in northern Uganda in 2007, the Sudanese outbreak also started during the rainy season with high attack rates (7.4%) among camp residents and high mortality among pregnant women (10.4%).*! A sero-survey conducted during this outbreak showed that more than half of residents had no evi- dence of recent or past HEV infection, suggesting that these persons remained uninfected. Both the Ugandan and South Sudanese outbreaks lasted well over a year, indicating that prevention and control efforts in such outbreaks can be challenging.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 5, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.05, + "y0": 292.31, + "x1": 273.67, + "y1": 496.43 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-21", + "text": "\n\n\nDiagnosis and treatment\nThe biochemical laboratory abnormalities in acute hep- atitis E are similar to those in acute hepatitis caused by other viruses. Laboratory diagnosis of recent HEV infec- tion is based on detection of HEV-specific IgM antibod- ies, recent appearance or several-fold increase in titres of specific IgG antibodies or detection of HEV RNA in blood samples.” However, the performance characteris- tics (sensitivity and specificity) of various currently\nKamar N, Selves J, Mansuy JM, et al. Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ- transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2008 Feb 21;358(8):81 1-817.\nRobbins A, Lambert D, Ehrhard F, et al. Severe acute hepatitis E in an HIV infected patient: Successful treatment with ribavirin. J Clin Virol. 2014;60(4): 422-423.\nFujiwara S, Yokokawa Y, Morino K, et al. Chronic hepatitis E: a review of the litera- ture. J Viral Hepat. 2014 Feb;21(2):78-89.\nCrum-Cianflone NF, Curry J, Drobeniuc J, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in HIV- infected persons. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:502-506.\nTeshale EH, Howard CM, Grytdal SP, et al. Hepatitis E epidemic, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Jan;16(1):126-129.\nThomson K, Dvorzak JL, Lagu J, et al. Investigation of Hepatitis E outbreak among refugees — Upper Nile, South Sudan, 2012-2013. MMWR. 2013; 62(29); 581-586.\nKhudyakov Y, Kamili S. Serological diagnostics of hepatitis E virus infection. Virus Res, 2011 Oct;161(1):84-92.\nmorbidité liée aux insuffisances hépatiques aigués induites par le VHE chez les patients atteints d’une affection hépatique chro- nique préexistante n’est pas connue.\nChez les personnes qui suivent un traitement immunosuppres- seur suite a une transplantation d’organes solides ou une greffe de moelle osseuse ou qui présentent une immunodéficience sévére pour d’autres raisons, l’infection par le VHE est associée a un risque accru de progression de la maladie en hépatite E chronique.” Les patients infectés par le VIH ne présentent pas de risque accru d’infection par le VHE; le nombre de cas d’in- fections aigués dans cette population est faible et trés peu de cas chroniques ont été signalés.”” >”\nIl arrive que les sujets immunodéprimés, en particulier les bénéficiaires de greffes d’organes solides traités par des médi- caments immunosuppresseurs, ne parviennent pas a éliminer le virus aprés la primo-infection, donnant lieu a une infection a VHE chronique (durant >6 mois). L’évolution et les manifes- tations cliniques de ’hépatite E chronique varient; certains cas aboutissent assez rapidement a une fibrose importante.\nDes flambées de grande ampleur ont récemment touché des populations déplacées en Ouganda, au Soudan et au Tchad.>*°*! La premiére flambée sérologiquement confirmée enregistrée en Afrique, en 1983, a frappé une population de réfugiés angolais en Namibie. Lors d’une récente flambée dans le nord de l’Ou- ganda, un fort taux de mortalité des enfants de <2 ans a été enregistré;” toutefois, la cause de ces décés n’a pas été vérifiée. A Vinstar de la flambée qui a sévi dans le nord de POuganda en 2007, celle qui est apparue au Soudan a commencé pendant la saison des pluies, avec un taux d’atteinte élevé des résidents des camps de réfugiés (7,4%) et un fort taux de mortalité (10,4%) chez les femmes enceintes.*! Une enquéte sérologique réalisée durant la flambée a montré que plus de la moitié des résidents ne présen- taient aucun signe d’infection 4 VHE récente ou plus ancienne, semblant indiquer quils avaient été épargnés par l’infection. Les flambées en Ouganda et au Soudan du Sud ont toutes 2 duré plus @un an, reflétant les difficultés pouvant étre rencontrées dans les activités de prévention et de lutte contre de telles flambées.", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "18b8f0d9a9c8fb638508facc5aece2a7", + "text": "Diagnosis and treatment", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 6, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Diagnosis and treatment

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    The biochemical laboratory abnormalities in acute hep- atitis E are similar to those in acute hepatitis caused by other viruses. Laboratory diagnosis of recent HEV infec- tion is based on detection of HEV-specific IgM antibod- ies, recent appearance or several-fold increase in titres of specific IgG antibodies or detection of HEV RNA in blood samples.” However, the performance characteris- tics (sensitivity and specificity) of various currently

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  • Kamar N, Selves J, Mansuy JM, et al. Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ- transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2008 Feb 21;358(8):81 1-817.
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  • Robbins A, Lambert D, Ehrhard F, et al. Severe acute hepatitis E in an HIV infected patient: Successful treatment with ribavirin. J Clin Virol. 2014;60(4): 422-423.
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  • Fujiwara S, Yokokawa Y, Morino K, et al. Chronic hepatitis E: a review of the litera- ture. J Viral Hepat. 2014 Feb;21(2):78-89.
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  • Crum-Cianflone NF, Curry J, Drobeniuc J, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in HIV- infected persons. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:502-506.
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  • Teshale EH, Howard CM, Grytdal SP, et al. Hepatitis E epidemic, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Jan;16(1):126-129.
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  • Thomson K, Dvorzak JL, Lagu J, et al. Investigation of Hepatitis E outbreak among refugees — Upper Nile, South Sudan, 2012-2013. MMWR. 2013; 62(29); 581-586.
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  • Khudyakov Y, Kamili S. Serological diagnostics of hepatitis E virus infection. Virus Res, 2011 Oct;161(1):84-92.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 5, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 42.76, + "y0": 756.52, + "x1": 272.63, + "y1": 772.16 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "26463dd8de2432366c6692b34abc6e96", + "text": "morbidité liée aux insuffisances hépatiques aigués induites par le VHE chez les patients atteints d’une affection hépatique chro- nique préexistante n’est pas connue.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 6, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    morbidité liée aux insuffisances hépatiques aigués induites par le VHE chez les patients atteints d’une affection hépatique chro- nique préexistante n’est pas connue.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 5, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 296.87, + "y0": 55.92, + "x1": 551.97, + "y1": 88.63 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "fa1f30ba0378dd1fc3041fcde5068141", + "text": "Chez les personnes qui suivent un traitement immunosuppres- seur suite a une transplantation d’organes solides ou une greffe de moelle osseuse ou qui présentent une immunodéficience sévére pour d’autres raisons, l’infection par le VHE est associée a un risque accru de progression de la maladie en hépatite E chronique.” Les patients infectés par le VIH ne présentent pas de risque accru d’infection par le VHE; le nombre de cas d’in- fections aigués dans cette population est faible et trés peu de cas chroniques ont été signalés.”” >”", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 6, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Chez les personnes qui suivent un traitement immunosuppres- seur suite a une transplantation d’organes solides ou une greffe de moelle osseuse ou qui présentent une immunodéficience sévére pour d’autres raisons, l’infection par le VHE est associée a un risque accru de progression de la maladie en hépatite E chronique.” Les patients infectés par le VIH ne présentent pas de risque accru d’infection par le VHE; le nombre de cas d’in- fections aigués dans cette population est faible et trés peu de cas chroniques ont été signalés.”” >”

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 5, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 295.11, + "y0": 95.57, + "x1": 552.24, + "y1": 196.79 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "489f27b8a7c8d8d694c465ecd04670ff", + "text": "Il arrive que les sujets immunodéprimés, en particulier les bénéficiaires de greffes d’organes solides traités par des médi- caments immunosuppresseurs, ne parviennent pas a éliminer le virus aprés la primo-infection, donnant lieu a une infection a VHE chronique (durant >6 mois). L’évolution et les manifes- tations cliniques de ’hépatite E chronique varient; certains cas aboutissent assez rapidement a une fibrose importante.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 6, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Il arrive que les sujets immunodéprimés, en particulier les bénéficiaires de greffes d’organes solides traités par des médi- caments immunosuppresseurs, ne parviennent pas a éliminer le virus aprés la primo-infection, donnant lieu a une infection a VHE chronique (durant >6 mois). L’évolution et les manifes- tations cliniques de ’hépatite E chronique varient; certains cas aboutissent assez rapidement a une fibrose importante.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 5, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 295.12, + "y0": 204.87, + "x1": 551.74, + "y1": 283.7 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "a33ba98334ca23ed717b3d7986800790", + "text": "Des flambées de grande ampleur ont récemment touché des populations déplacées en Ouganda, au Soudan et au Tchad.>*°*! La premiére flambée sérologiquement confirmée enregistrée en Afrique, en 1983, a frappé une population de réfugiés angolais en Namibie. Lors d’une récente flambée dans le nord de l’Ou- ganda, un fort taux de mortalité des enfants de <2 ans a été enregistré;” toutefois, la cause de ces décés n’a pas été vérifiée. A Vinstar de la flambée qui a sévi dans le nord de POuganda en 2007, celle qui est apparue au Soudan a commencé pendant la saison des pluies, avec un taux d’atteinte élevé des résidents des camps de réfugiés (7,4%) et un fort taux de mortalité (10,4%) chez les femmes enceintes.*! Une enquéte sérologique réalisée durant la flambée a montré que plus de la moitié des résidents ne présen- taient aucun signe d’infection 4 VHE récente ou plus ancienne, semblant indiquer quils avaient été épargnés par l’infection. Les flambées en Ouganda et au Soudan du Sud ont toutes 2 duré plus @un an, reflétant les difficultés pouvant étre rencontrées dans les activités de prévention et de lutte contre de telles flambées.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 6, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Des flambées de grande ampleur ont récemment touché des populations déplacées en Ouganda, au Soudan et au Tchad.>*°*! La premiére flambée sérologiquement confirmée enregistrée en Afrique, en 1983, a frappé une population de réfugiés angolais en Namibie. Lors d’une récente flambée dans le nord de l’Ou- ganda, un fort taux de mortalité des enfants de <2 ans a été enregistré;” toutefois, la cause de ces décés n’a pas été vérifiée. A Vinstar de la flambée qui a sévi dans le nord de POuganda en 2007, celle qui est apparue au Soudan a commencé pendant la saison des pluies, avec un taux d’atteinte élevé des résidents des camps de réfugiés (7,4%) et un fort taux de mortalité (10,4%) chez les femmes enceintes.*! Une enquéte sérologique réalisée durant la flambée a montré que plus de la moitié des résidents ne présen- taient aucun signe d’infection 4 VHE récente ou plus ancienne, semblant indiquer quils avaient été épargnés par l’infection. Les flambées en Ouganda et au Soudan du Sud ont toutes 2 duré plus @un an, reflétant les difficultés pouvant étre rencontrées dans les activités de prévention et de lutte contre de telles flambées.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 5, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.76, + "y0": 292.01, + "x1": 553.32, + "y1": 496.34 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-22", + "text": "\n\n\nDiagnostic et traitement\nLes anomalies biochimiques relevées en laboratoire pour les cas @hépatite E aigué sont semblables a celles des hépatites aigués induites par d’autres virus. Le diagnostic en laboratoire d'une infection a VHE récente repose sur la détection des anti- corps IgM spécifiques du VHE, l’apparition récente ou la multi- plication du titre d’anticorps IgG spécifiques, ou la détection de ARN du virus dans des échantillons de sang.” Cependant, les caractéristiques de performance (sensibilité et spécificité)\nKamar N, Selves J, Mansuy JM, et al. Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2008 Feb 21;358(8):811-817.\nRobbins A, Lambert D, Ehrhard F, et al. Severe acute hepatitis E in an HIV infected patient: Successful treatment with ribavirin. J Clin Virol. 2014;60(4): 422-423.\nFujiwara S, Yokokawa Y, Morino K, et al. Chronic hepatitis E: a review of the literature. J Viral Hepat. 2014 Feb;21 (2):78-89.\nCrum-Cianflone NF, Curry J, Drobeniuc J, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in HIV-infected persons. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:502-506.\nTeshale EH, Howard CM, Grytdal SP, et al. Hepatitis E epidemic, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Jan;16(1):126-129.\nThomson K, Dvorzak JL, Lagu J, et al. Investigation of Hepatitis E outbreak among refugees — Upper Nile, South Sudan, 2012-2013. MMWR. 2013; 62(29); 581-586.\nKhudyakov Y, Kamili S. Serological diagnostics of hepatitis E virus infection. Virus Res. 2011 Oct;161(1):84-92.\navailable commercial assays for anti-HEV antibodies are suboptimal. In one study that compared 6 different as- says, sensitivity of the individual assays ranged from 72% to 98%, and specificity from 78% to 96%; further, the kappa coefficients for agreement between results of various pairs of tests varied from 0.42 to 0.80.\nThere are no WHO guidelines on treatment of hepatitis E. Treatment for acute hepatitis E is generally support- ive. Chronic hepatitis E in solid organ transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive medication has been successfully treated by withdrawal or reduction of immunosuppressive drugs, administration of ribavirin, administration of interferon or a combination of these measures.** *", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "8e6c8fe94e809b1625e0ceb710bef461", + "text": "Diagnostic et traitement", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 6, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Diagnostic et traitement

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 5, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.68, + "y0": 508.66, + "x1": 398.93, + "y1": 519.84 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "9e0973cda144a042a43438fa14d8dfbc", + "text": "Les anomalies biochimiques relevées en laboratoire pour les cas @hépatite E aigué sont semblables a celles des hépatites aigués induites par d’autres virus. Le diagnostic en laboratoire d'une infection a VHE récente repose sur la détection des anti- corps IgM spécifiques du VHE, l’apparition récente ou la multi- plication du titre d’anticorps IgG spécifiques, ou la détection de ARN du virus dans des échantillons de sang.” Cependant, les caractéristiques de performance (sensibilité et spécificité)", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 6, + "parent_id": "8e6c8fe94e809b1625e0ceb710bef461", + "text_as_html": "

    Les anomalies biochimiques relevées en laboratoire pour les cas @hépatite E aigué sont semblables a celles des hépatites aigués induites par d’autres virus. Le diagnostic en laboratoire d'une infection a VHE récente repose sur la détection des anti- corps IgM spécifiques du VHE, l’apparition récente ou la multi- plication du titre d’anticorps IgG spécifiques, ou la détection de ARN du virus dans des échantillons de sang.” Cependant, les caractéristiques de performance (sensibilité et spécificité)

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  • Kamar N, Selves J, Mansuy JM, et al. Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2008 Feb 21;358(8):811-817.
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  • Robbins A, Lambert D, Ehrhard F, et al. Severe acute hepatitis E in an HIV infected patient: Successful treatment with ribavirin. J Clin Virol. 2014;60(4): 422-423.
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  • Fujiwara S, Yokokawa Y, Morino K, et al. Chronic hepatitis E: a review of the literature. J Viral Hepat. 2014 Feb;21 (2):78-89.
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  • Crum-Cianflone NF, Curry J, Drobeniuc J, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in HIV-infected persons. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:502-506.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 5, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.19, + "y0": 699.8, + "x1": 550.85, + "y1": 715.94 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "74b11a9a8061685afee4f24d91fbafc8", + "text": "Teshale EH, Howard CM, Grytdal SP, et al. Hepatitis E epidemic, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Jan;16(1):126-129.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 6, + "parent_id": "8e6c8fe94e809b1625e0ceb710bef461", + "text_as_html": "
  • Teshale EH, Howard CM, Grytdal SP, et al. Hepatitis E epidemic, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Jan;16(1):126-129.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 5, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.68, + "y0": 718.79, + "x1": 551.47, + "y1": 734.86 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "ef0219fef121589b67fc50478588cc2c", + "text": "Thomson K, Dvorzak JL, Lagu J, et al. Investigation of Hepatitis E outbreak among refugees — Upper Nile, South Sudan, 2012-2013. MMWR. 2013; 62(29); 581-586.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 6, + "parent_id": "8e6c8fe94e809b1625e0ceb710bef461", + "text_as_html": "
  • Thomson K, Dvorzak JL, Lagu J, et al. Investigation of Hepatitis E outbreak among refugees — Upper Nile, South Sudan, 2012-2013. MMWR. 2013; 62(29); 581-586.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 5, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.51, + "y0": 737.56, + "x1": 550.71, + "y1": 753.44 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "c6579534d6947f0a484dca8a3bdc7229", + "text": "Khudyakov Y, Kamili S. Serological diagnostics of hepatitis E virus infection. Virus Res. 2011 Oct;161(1):84-92.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 6, + "parent_id": "8e6c8fe94e809b1625e0ceb710bef461", + "text_as_html": "
  • Khudyakov Y, Kamili S. Serological diagnostics of hepatitis E virus infection. Virus Res. 2011 Oct;161(1):84-92.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 5, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.83, + "y0": 756.41, + "x1": 550.06, + "y1": 772.75 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "75d2461ee1a11b8e3e890d9a20b6115e", + "text": "available commercial assays for anti-HEV antibodies are suboptimal. In one study that compared 6 different as- says, sensitivity of the individual assays ranged from 72% to 98%, and specificity from 78% to 96%; further, the kappa coefficients for agreement between results of various pairs of tests varied from 0.42 to 0.80.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "8e6c8fe94e809b1625e0ceb710bef461", + "text_as_html": "

    available commercial assays for anti-HEV antibodies are suboptimal. In one study that compared 6 different as- says, sensitivity of the individual assays ranged from 72% to 98%, and specificity from 78% to 96%; further, the kappa coefficients for agreement between results of various pairs of tests varied from 0.42 to 0.80.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.18, + "y0": 56.04, + "x1": 272.52, + "y1": 123.07 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "790a33b1f56fdbfce7933d78aa1ac744", + "text": "There are no WHO guidelines on treatment of hepatitis E. Treatment for acute hepatitis E is generally support- ive. Chronic hepatitis E in solid organ transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive medication has been successfully treated by withdrawal or reduction of immunosuppressive drugs, administration of ribavirin, administration of interferon or a combination of these measures.** *", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "8e6c8fe94e809b1625e0ceb710bef461", + "text_as_html": "

    There are no WHO guidelines on treatment of hepatitis E. Treatment for acute hepatitis E is generally support- ive. Chronic hepatitis E in solid organ transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive medication has been successfully treated by withdrawal or reduction of immunosuppressive drugs, administration of ribavirin, administration of interferon or a combination of these measures.** *

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.61, + "y0": 141.63, + "x1": 272.63, + "y1": 231.49 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-23", + "text": "\n\n\nNaturally-acquired immunity\nPast HEV infection is characterized by the presence of specific IgG antibodies against viral capsid protein, which may confer protection against reinfection; how- ever, the protective titre and the duration of its persis- tence are uncertain. In Kashmir, serological follow-up of 47 persons known to have had hepatitis E during the 1978 outbreak found that 47% had detectable anti-HEV IgG 14 years after infection.*° In another follow-up study, 100% of persons maintained evidence of past in- fection 5 years later.” However, the significance of the persistence of antibodies is not clear as the subjects studied were living in hyperendemic areas where the possibility of multiple reinfections cannot be ruled out.\nThe observations that the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG in the population does not reach the very high levels observed for hepatitis A, and that attack rates are high- est among young to middle-aged adults, suggest that infection during early life may not confer lifetime pro- tection, or that infections usually occur later in life. Interpretation of these findings is complicated by the recurrence of outbreaks in countries where previous epidemics would be expected to have resulted in a level of population immunity sufficient to prevent future out- breaks. The duration of anti-HEV IgG and the protec- tion conferred by naturally-acquired antibodies have important implications for long term vaccine efficacy.", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "775aea9c0e2baaf0c3ea98abd799b66a", + "text": "Naturally-acquired immunity", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Naturally-acquired immunity

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.76, + "y0": 243.85, + "x1": 170.04, + "y1": 255.34 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "3b71a114582561909a9e8ec6d9d23992", + "text": "Past HEV infection is characterized by the presence of specific IgG antibodies against viral capsid protein, which may confer protection against reinfection; how- ever, the protective titre and the duration of its persis- tence are uncertain. In Kashmir, serological follow-up of 47 persons known to have had hepatitis E during the 1978 outbreak found that 47% had detectable anti-HEV IgG 14 years after infection.*° In another follow-up study, 100% of persons maintained evidence of past in- fection 5 years later.” However, the significance of the persistence of antibodies is not clear as the subjects studied were living in hyperendemic areas where the possibility of multiple reinfections cannot be ruled out.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "775aea9c0e2baaf0c3ea98abd799b66a", + "text_as_html": "

    Past HEV infection is characterized by the presence of specific IgG antibodies against viral capsid protein, which may confer protection against reinfection; how- ever, the protective titre and the duration of its persis- tence are uncertain. In Kashmir, serological follow-up of 47 persons known to have had hepatitis E during the 1978 outbreak found that 47% had detectable anti-HEV IgG 14 years after infection.*° In another follow-up study, 100% of persons maintained evidence of past in- fection 5 years later.” However, the significance of the persistence of antibodies is not clear as the subjects studied were living in hyperendemic areas where the possibility of multiple reinfections cannot be ruled out.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.84, + "y0": 258.78, + "x1": 272.28, + "y1": 405.94 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "ffa1be3ba06fdc4e30b0d3009d3b70b6", + "text": "The observations that the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG in the population does not reach the very high levels observed for hepatitis A, and that attack rates are high- est among young to middle-aged adults, suggest that infection during early life may not confer lifetime pro- tection, or that infections usually occur later in life. Interpretation of these findings is complicated by the recurrence of outbreaks in countries where previous epidemics would be expected to have resulted in a level of population immunity sufficient to prevent future out- breaks. The duration of anti-HEV IgG and the protec- tion conferred by naturally-acquired antibodies have important implications for long term vaccine efficacy.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "775aea9c0e2baaf0c3ea98abd799b66a", + "text_as_html": "

    The observations that the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG in the population does not reach the very high levels observed for hepatitis A, and that attack rates are high- est among young to middle-aged adults, suggest that infection during early life may not confer lifetime pro- tection, or that infections usually occur later in life. Interpretation of these findings is complicated by the recurrence of outbreaks in countries where previous epidemics would be expected to have resulted in a level of population immunity sufficient to prevent future out- breaks. The duration of anti-HEV IgG and the protec- tion conferred by naturally-acquired antibodies have important implications for long term vaccine efficacy.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.25, + "y0": 413.22, + "x1": 271.87, + "y1": 561.21 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-24", + "text": "\n\n\nVaccine\nAt least 11 experimental HEV vaccines have been eval- uated in non-human primates with virus challenge. However, only 2 such vaccines progressed to clinical trials in humans, of which one, Hecolin®, has been developed and is manufactured by Xiamen Innovax\nDrobeniuc, J. et al. Serologic assays specific to immunoglobulin M antibodies against hepatitis E virus: pangenotypic evaluation of performances. Clin. Infect. Dis. 51, e24-e27 (2010).\nPischke S, Hardtke S, Bode U, et al. Ribavirin treatment of acute and chronic hepa- titis E: a single-centre experience. Liver Int. 2013 May;33(5):722-726.\nKamar N, Legrand-Abravanel F, Izopet J, et al. Hepatitis E virus: what transplant physicians should know. Am J Transplant. 2012 Sep;12(9):2281-2287\nKhuroo MS. Seroepidemiology of a second epidemic of hepatitis E in a population that had recorded first epidemic 30 years before and has been under surveillance since then. Hepatol Int. 2010 Feb 3;4(2):494-499.\nChadha MS, Walimbe AM, Arankalle VA. Retrospective serological analysis of hepa- titis E patients: a long-term follow-up study. J Viral Hepat. 1999 Nov;6(6):457-461.\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, N° 18, 1° MAI 2015\ndes différents tests disponibles dans le commerce pour le dépis- tage des anticorps anti-VHE demeurent insuffisantes. Dans une étude comparative portant sur 6 tests de dépistage différents, la sensibilité de ces derniers variait entre 72% et 98%, avec une spécificité allant de 78% a 96%; par ailleurs, les coefficients kappa de concordance des résultats entre différentes paires de tests se situaient entre 0,42 et 0,80.**\nAucune directive sur le traitement de ’hépatite E n’a été émise par POMS. Pour Vhépatite E aigué, un traitement symptoma- tique d’appoint est généralement utilisé. Chez les bénéficiaires une greffe d’organe solide traités par des médicaments immu- nosuppresseurs, le traitement de l’hépatite E chronique par arrét ou réduction des immunosuppresseurs, par administra- tion de ribavirine ou d’interférons, ou par une approche asso- ciant ces mesures, a donné des résultats concluants.** *", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "492a68fa7ee9415b44acaf4b22616e96", + "text": "Vaccine", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Vaccine

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.57, + "y0": 573.7, + "x1": 77.33, + "y1": 584.18 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "7a9fe2c41b5eb0baae94923c2739926f", + "text": "At least 11 experimental HEV vaccines have been eval- uated in non-human primates with virus challenge. However, only 2 such vaccines progressed to clinical trials in humans, of which one, Hecolin®, has been developed and is manufactured by Xiamen Innovax", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "492a68fa7ee9415b44acaf4b22616e96", + "text_as_html": "

    At least 11 experimental HEV vaccines have been eval- uated in non-human primates with virus challenge. However, only 2 such vaccines progressed to clinical trials in humans, of which one, Hecolin®, has been developed and is manufactured by Xiamen Innovax

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 46.19, + "y0": 587.33, + "x1": 270.94, + "y1": 642.37 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "5fee0f445d36f9d81a81b3fab0ea0adf", + "text": "Drobeniuc, J. et al. Serologic assays specific to immunoglobulin M antibodies against hepatitis E virus: pangenotypic evaluation of performances. Clin. Infect. Dis. 51, e24-e27 (2010).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "492a68fa7ee9415b44acaf4b22616e96", + "text_as_html": "
  • Drobeniuc, J. et al. Serologic assays specific to immunoglobulin M antibodies against hepatitis E virus: pangenotypic evaluation of performances. Clin. Infect. Dis. 51, e24-e27 (2010).
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  • Pischke S, Hardtke S, Bode U, et al. Ribavirin treatment of acute and chronic hepa- titis E: a single-centre experience. Liver Int. 2013 May;33(5):722-726.
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  • Kamar N, Legrand-Abravanel F, Izopet J, et al. Hepatitis E virus: what transplant physicians should know. Am J Transplant. 2012 Sep;12(9):2281-2287
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.88, + "y0": 711.31, + "x1": 275.79, + "y1": 728.16 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "da724233aab054c43be581c70889de21", + "text": "Khuroo MS. Seroepidemiology of a second epidemic of hepatitis E in a population that had recorded first epidemic 30 years before and has been under surveillance since then. Hepatol Int. 2010 Feb 3;4(2):494-499.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "492a68fa7ee9415b44acaf4b22616e96", + "text_as_html": "
  • Khuroo MS. Seroepidemiology of a second epidemic of hepatitis E in a population that had recorded first epidemic 30 years before and has been under surveillance since then. Hepatol Int. 2010 Feb 3;4(2):494-499.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.75, + "y0": 730.72, + "x1": 275.03, + "y1": 754.23 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "04849f9749ae20594dc7d93dc2588762", + "text": "Chadha MS, Walimbe AM, Arankalle VA. Retrospective serological analysis of hepa- titis E patients: a long-term follow-up study. J Viral Hepat. 1999 Nov;6(6):457-461.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "492a68fa7ee9415b44acaf4b22616e96", + "text_as_html": "
  • Chadha MS, Walimbe AM, Arankalle VA. Retrospective serological analysis of hepa- titis E patients: a long-term follow-up study. J Viral Hepat. 1999 Nov;6(6):457-461.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.65, + "y0": 757.13, + "x1": 272.3, + "y1": 773.1 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "673088360f674a2d3359f7b2f44dbf18", + "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, N° 18, 1° MAI 2015", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "492a68fa7ee9415b44acaf4b22616e96", + "text_as_html": "
  • RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, N° 18, 1° MAI 2015
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.74, + "y0": 778.95, + "x1": 216.58, + "y1": 785.97 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "c41b17741b6720b002a3e95b0f099b30", + "text": "des différents tests disponibles dans le commerce pour le dépis- tage des anticorps anti-VHE demeurent insuffisantes. Dans une étude comparative portant sur 6 tests de dépistage différents, la sensibilité de ces derniers variait entre 72% et 98%, avec une spécificité allant de 78% a 96%; par ailleurs, les coefficients kappa de concordance des résultats entre différentes paires de tests se situaient entre 0,42 et 0,80.**", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "492a68fa7ee9415b44acaf4b22616e96", + "text_as_html": "

    des différents tests disponibles dans le commerce pour le dépis- tage des anticorps anti-VHE demeurent insuffisantes. Dans une étude comparative portant sur 6 tests de dépistage différents, la sensibilité de ces derniers variait entre 72% et 98%, avec une spécificité allant de 78% a 96%; par ailleurs, les coefficients kappa de concordance des résultats entre différentes paires de tests se situaient entre 0,42 et 0,80.**

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.24, + "y0": 55.86, + "x1": 552.29, + "y1": 134.47 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "f58221e907da423e725a656e50f938bb", + "text": "Aucune directive sur le traitement de ’hépatite E n’a été émise par POMS. Pour Vhépatite E aigué, un traitement symptoma- tique d’appoint est généralement utilisé. Chez les bénéficiaires une greffe d’organe solide traités par des médicaments immu- nosuppresseurs, le traitement de l’hépatite E chronique par arrét ou réduction des immunosuppresseurs, par administra- tion de ribavirine ou d’interférons, ou par une approche asso- ciant ces mesures, a donné des résultats concluants.** *", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "492a68fa7ee9415b44acaf4b22616e96", + "text_as_html": "

    Aucune directive sur le traitement de ’hépatite E n’a été émise par POMS. Pour Vhépatite E aigué, un traitement symptoma- tique d’appoint est généralement utilisé. Chez les bénéficiaires une greffe d’organe solide traités par des médicaments immu- nosuppresseurs, le traitement de l’hépatite E chronique par arrét ou réduction des immunosuppresseurs, par administra- tion de ribavirine ou d’interférons, ou par une approche asso- ciant ces mesures, a donné des résultats concluants.** *

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.03, + "y0": 141.45, + "x1": 552.43, + "y1": 232.47 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-25", + "text": "\n\n\nImmunité acquise naturellement\nTout antécédent d’infection par le VHE se caractérise par la présence d’anticorps IgG spécifiques dirigés contre la protéine de capside virale, pouvant conférer une protection contre la réinfec- tion; toutefois, le titre d’anticorps nécessaires et la durée de cette protection sont incertains. Au Cachemire, un suivi sérologique de 47 personnes qui avaient contracté P’hépatite E pendant la flambée de 1978 a montré que 47% d’entre elles présentaient des taux détec- tables d’anticorps IgG anti-VHE 14 ans aprés linfection.% Dans une autre étude de suivi, les signes d’infection étaient encore présents chez 100% des participants 5 ans aprés l’infection.” Toute- fois, on ne sait pas si cette persistance des anticorps est significa- tive car les sujets étudiés vivaient dans des zones d’hyperendémie, ot lon ne peut exclure la possibilité de réinfections multiples.\nEtant donné que la prévalence des anticorps IgG antiVHE dans la population r’atteint pas les niveaux trés élevés observés pour Phépatite A et que les jeunes adultes et les adultes d’age moyen sont les plus atteints par la maladie, il semblerait quwune infec- tion contractée en début de vie ne confére pas de protection a vie, ou que l’infection soit plus probable a un Age plus avancé. Vinterprétation de ces résultats est compliquée par la résur- gence de flambées dans des pays ou l’on aurait pu s’attendre, en raison d’épidémies précédentes, 4 ce que ’immunité de la population soit suffisante pour prévenir de telles flambées. La durée de persistance des IgG anti-VHE et la protection confé- rée par les anticorps acquis naturellement ont une incidence importante sur lefficacité vaccinale a long terme.", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "a7cd68d7ab6cfe37605ac74d7a0e2921", + "text": "Immunité acquise naturellement", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Immunité acquise naturellement

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.67, + "y0": 243.87, + "x1": 432.38, + "y1": 255.27 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "30641ba8963d6b39cc95ec2f6b3e27d3", + "text": "Tout antécédent d’infection par le VHE se caractérise par la présence d’anticorps IgG spécifiques dirigés contre la protéine de capside virale, pouvant conférer une protection contre la réinfec- tion; toutefois, le titre d’anticorps nécessaires et la durée de cette protection sont incertains. Au Cachemire, un suivi sérologique de 47 personnes qui avaient contracté P’hépatite E pendant la flambée de 1978 a montré que 47% d’entre elles présentaient des taux détec- tables d’anticorps IgG anti-VHE 14 ans aprés linfection.% Dans une autre étude de suivi, les signes d’infection étaient encore présents chez 100% des participants 5 ans aprés l’infection.” Toute- fois, on ne sait pas si cette persistance des anticorps est significa- tive car les sujets étudiés vivaient dans des zones d’hyperendémie, ot lon ne peut exclure la possibilité de réinfections multiples.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "a7cd68d7ab6cfe37605ac74d7a0e2921", + "text_as_html": "

    Tout antécédent d’infection par le VHE se caractérise par la présence d’anticorps IgG spécifiques dirigés contre la protéine de capside virale, pouvant conférer une protection contre la réinfec- tion; toutefois, le titre d’anticorps nécessaires et la durée de cette protection sont incertains. Au Cachemire, un suivi sérologique de 47 personnes qui avaient contracté P’hépatite E pendant la flambée de 1978 a montré que 47% d’entre elles présentaient des taux détec- tables d’anticorps IgG anti-VHE 14 ans aprés linfection.% Dans une autre étude de suivi, les signes d’infection étaient encore présents chez 100% des participants 5 ans aprés l’infection.” Toute- fois, on ne sait pas si cette persistance des anticorps est significa- tive car les sujets étudiés vivaient dans des zones d’hyperendémie, ot lon ne peut exclure la possibilité de réinfections multiples.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.55, + "y0": 258.57, + "x1": 552.34, + "y1": 405.81 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "3c0af61d6c1508049b3476862169647b", + "text": "Etant donné que la prévalence des anticorps IgG antiVHE dans la population r’atteint pas les niveaux trés élevés observés pour Phépatite A et que les jeunes adultes et les adultes d’age moyen sont les plus atteints par la maladie, il semblerait quwune infec- tion contractée en début de vie ne confére pas de protection a vie, ou que l’infection soit plus probable a un Age plus avancé. Vinterprétation de ces résultats est compliquée par la résur- gence de flambées dans des pays ou l’on aurait pu s’attendre, en raison d’épidémies précédentes, 4 ce que ’immunité de la population soit suffisante pour prévenir de telles flambées. La durée de persistance des IgG anti-VHE et la protection confé- rée par les anticorps acquis naturellement ont une incidence importante sur lefficacité vaccinale a long terme.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "a7cd68d7ab6cfe37605ac74d7a0e2921", + "text_as_html": "

    Etant donné que la prévalence des anticorps IgG antiVHE dans la population r’atteint pas les niveaux trés élevés observés pour Phépatite A et que les jeunes adultes et les adultes d’age moyen sont les plus atteints par la maladie, il semblerait quwune infec- tion contractée en début de vie ne confére pas de protection a vie, ou que l’infection soit plus probable a un Age plus avancé. Vinterprétation de ces résultats est compliquée par la résur- gence de flambées dans des pays ou l’on aurait pu s’attendre, en raison d’épidémies précédentes, 4 ce que ’immunité de la population soit suffisante pour prévenir de telles flambées. La durée de persistance des IgG anti-VHE et la protection confé- rée par les anticorps acquis naturellement ont une incidence importante sur lefficacité vaccinale a long terme.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.51, + "y0": 413.4, + "x1": 552.05, + "y1": 561.49 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-26", + "text": "\n\n\nVaccin\nAu moins 11 vaccins expérimentaux contre l’hépatite E ont été évalués chez les primates non humains avec une inoculation d@épreuve. Seuls 2 de ces vaccins ont progressé jusqu’au stade de lessai clinique chez Phomme, dont l’un, Hecolin®, a été mis au point et est fabriqué par Xiamen Innovax Biotech Co., Ltd.,\n33 Drobeniuc, J. et al. Serologic assays specific to immunoglobulin M antibodies against hepatitis E virus: pangenotypic evaluation of performances. Clin. Infect. Dis. 51, e24—e27 (2010).\n34 Pischke S, Hardtke S, Bode U, et al. Ribavirin treatment of acute and chronic hepatitis E: a single- centre experience. Liver Int. 2013 May;33(5):722-726.\n3° Kamar N, Legrand-Abravanel F, Izopet J, et al. Hepatitis E virus: what transplant physicians should know. Am J Transplant. 2012 Sep;12(9):2281-2287.\n3° Khuroo MS. Seroepidemiology of a second epidemic of hepatitis E in a population that had recorded first epidemic 30 years before and has been under surveillance since then. Hepatol Int. 2010 Feb 3;4(2):494-499.\n37 Chadha MS, Walimbe AM, Arankalle VA. Retrospective serological analysis of hepatitis E pa- tients: a long-term follow-up study. J Viral Hepat. 1999 Nov;6(6):457—461.\n191\nBiotech Co., Ltd., China. This vaccine was licensed in China in December 2011 for use in people aged >16 years. It is recommended by the manufacturer for individuals at high risk of HEV infection, including those involved in animal husbandry, food handlers, students, members of the armed forces, women of childbearing age, as well as travellers to endemic areas.** To date it has not been licensed in other countries or territories.\nThe other experimental vaccine that progressed to clin- ical trials (rHEV, based on the 56 kDa capsid protein) has not undergone further commercial development.”\nVaccine characteristics, content, dosage, administration, storage\nHecolin® is based on a 239 amino acid recombinant HEV peptide, corresponding to amino acids 368-606 of open reading frame 2 (ORF2) which encodes the capsid protein of HEV. The amino acid sequence is derived from a genotype 1 Chinese HEV strain.“ HEV 239 is expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant antigen is then purified using Triton X-100 and urea, and dia- lyzed against phosphate buffered saline, to enable rena- turation of the protein, followed by further purification by gel filtration and high performance liquid chroma- tography.\" The protein forms a homodimer and as- sembles into ~23 nm particles. These dimeric particles have surface protrusions that correspond to a protrud- ing domain on the surface of the HEV capsid believed to be responsible for eliciting neutralizing antibodies.\nEach 0.5 ml dose of the HEV 239 vaccine contains 30 pg of purified recombinant HEV antigen, plus sodium chlo- ride, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydro- gen phosphate, 0.8 mg aluminium hydroxide, 25 pg thio- mersal, and water for injection. The product is a white suspension with each dose of vaccine supplied in a non- auto-disable pre-filled syringe (one per package, with a package volume of 100 cm’); the syringe is not disabled after use. The manufacturer recommends the intramus- cular administration of 3 doses at 0, 1 and 6 months.\nAs stipulated by the manufacturer, the vaccine should be stored at 2-8 °C, out of direct sunlight, and has an approved shelf life of 36 months under appropriate stor- age conditions, although the vaccine is stable for at least 45 months. The product is not approved for packaging as multi-dose vials. Analysis of bulk lots as well as the final product showed that the vaccine is stable when stored at 30-37 °C for 2 months. Exposure for longer periods of time and at higher temperatures has not been investigated. In its current presentation, the vac- cine is not accompanied by a vaccine vial monitor.\n38 Recombinant Hepatitis — Vaccine. Available at http://www. innovax.cn/en/pro1. aspx?CatelD=52#1 03, accessed December 2014.\nHepatitis E Vaccine Working Group. Hepatitis E vaccine pipeline. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2014 — (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/mee- tings/2014/october/4_Hepatitis_E_vaccine_pipeline_final_29_Sept_14.pdf?ua=1, accessed December 2014).\nLi SW, Zhang J, Li YM, Ou SH, et al. A bacterially expressed particulate hepatitis E vaccine: antigenicity, immunogenicity and protectivity in primates. Vaccine. 2005; 23: 2893-2901.\nLi SW, Zhang J, He ZQ, Gu Y, et al. Mutational analysis of essential interactions involved in the assembly of hepatitis E virus capsid. J Biol Chem. 2005; 280: 3400— 3406.\n192\nen Chine. Ce vaccin a été homologué en Chine en décembre 2011 pour les personnes de >16 ans. Le fabricant recommande l’admi- nistration de ce vaccin aux sujets présentant un risque élevé d@ infection 4 VHE, notamment les éleveurs, les manipulateurs de produits alimentaires, les étudiants, les membres des forces armées, les femmes en age de procréer et les voyageurs se rendant dans des zones d’endémie.* Ce vaccin n’a pas été homologué dans d’autres pays ou territoires a ce jour.\nLautre vaccin expérimental ayant progressé au stade des essais cliniques (rHEV, basé sur la protéine de capside de 56 kDa) n’a fait Pobjet d’aucun développement commercial.”\nPropriétés, contenu, dosage, administration et stockage du vaccin\nHecolin® est un vaccin basé sur un peptide recombinant du VHE composé de 239 amino acides correspondant aux acides aminés 368-606 du cadre de lecture ouvert 2 (ORF2) qui code la protéine de capside du VHE. La séquence d’acides aminés est dérivée @une souche chinoise du génotype 1 du virus.” Ce vaccin, aussi appelé HEV 239, est exprimé dans Escherichia coli. Lantigéne recombinant est alors purifié 4 aide de Triton X 100 et durée, puis dialysé contre un tampon phosphate salin pour permettre la renaturation de la protéine, et enfin de nouveau purifié par filtration sur gel et chromatographie liquide haute performance.\" La protéine forme un homodimére et s’assemble en particules de ~23 nm. La surface de ces particules dimériques présente des protubérances qui coincident avec un domaine protubérant a la surface de la capside du VHE qui est vraisemblablement respon- sable de la production des anticorps neutralisants.\nChaque dose de 0,5 ml du HEV 239 contient 30 pg d’antigéne recombinant purifié du VHE, ainsi que du chlorure de sodium, de Phydrogénophosphate de disodium, du dihydrogénophosphate de potassium, 0,8 mg d’hydroxyde d’aluminium, 25 yg de thiomersal et de Peau pour préparations injectables. Le produit se présente sous forme de suspension de couleur blanche et chaque dose est fournie dans une seringue préremplie non autobloquante (une par emballage, chaque emballage ayant un volume de 100 cm’); la seringue ne se bloque pas aprés emploi. Le fabricant recommande Padministration intramusculaire de 3 doses, a 0, 1 et 6 mois.\nConformément aux indications du fabricant, le vaccin doit étre conservé entre 2 et 8°C et a l’abri de la lumiére directe du soleil. Sa durée de conservation approuvée est de 36 mois dans des condi- tions de stockage appropriées, bien que le vaccin demeure stable pendant au moins 45 mois. Ce produit n’est pas approuvé pour un conditionnement en flacons multidoses. Une analyse réalisée a la fois sur des lots en vrac et le produit final a montré qu’a une température de 30-37°C, le vaccin est stable pendant 2 mois. Lex- position a des températures plus élevées ou pour des périodes plus longues na pas été étudiée. Tel quil se présente actuellement, le vaccin nest pas accompagné dune pastille de contréle.\n38 Recombinant Hepatitis Vaccine. Disponible sur — http://www.innovax.cn/en/prot. aspx?CatelD=52#103, consulté en décembre 2014.\n33 Hepatitis E Vaccine Working Group. Hepatitis E vaccine pipeline. Genéve, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2014 (http:/Awww.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/201 4/october/4_ Hepatitis_E_vaccine_pipeline_final_29_Sept_14.pdf?ua=1, consulté en décembre 2014).\n0 Li SW, Zhang J, Li YM, Ou SH, et al. A bacterially expressed particulate hepatitis E vaccine: an- tigenicity, immunogenicity and protectivity in primates. Vaccine. 2005; 23: 2893-2901.\n4\" Li SW, Zhang J, He ZQ, et al. Mutational analysis of essential interactions involved in the assem- bly of hepatitis E virus capsid. J Biol Chem. 2005; 280: 3400-3406.\nWEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO. 18, 1ST MAY 2015", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text": "Vaccin", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Vaccin

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.23, + "y0": 573.39, + "x1": 320.38, + "y1": 584.44 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "e2ebc2343510f7d4174477d8fc5b241a", + "text": "Au moins 11 vaccins expérimentaux contre l’hépatite E ont été évalués chez les primates non humains avec une inoculation d@épreuve. Seuls 2 de ces vaccins ont progressé jusqu’au stade de lessai clinique chez Phomme, dont l’un, Hecolin®, a été mis au point et est fabriqué par Xiamen Innovax Biotech Co., Ltd.,", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "

    Au moins 11 vaccins expérimentaux contre l’hépatite E ont été évalués chez les primates non humains avec une inoculation d@épreuve. Seuls 2 de ces vaccins ont progressé jusqu’au stade de lessai clinique chez Phomme, dont l’un, Hecolin®, a été mis au point et est fabriqué par Xiamen Innovax Biotech Co., Ltd.,

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 295.22, + "y0": 587.06, + "x1": 549.96, + "y1": 642.53 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "12d5057ffe306700c566c97ddc3446e1", + "text": "33 Drobeniuc, J. et al. Serologic assays specific to immunoglobulin M antibodies against hepatitis E virus: pangenotypic evaluation of performances. Clin. Infect. Dis. 51, e24—e27 (2010).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "
  • 33 Drobeniuc, J. et al. Serologic assays specific to immunoglobulin M antibodies against hepatitis E virus: pangenotypic evaluation of performances. Clin. Infect. Dis. 51, e24—e27 (2010).
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 291.18, + "y0": 665.69, + "x1": 548.75, + "y1": 682.06 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "2fd10fecf68ee7c89ecf2bdb84d84f56", + "text": "34 Pischke S, Hardtke S, Bode U, et al. Ribavirin treatment of acute and chronic hepatitis E: a single- centre experience. Liver Int. 2013 May;33(5):722-726.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "
  • 34 Pischke S, Hardtke S, Bode U, et al. Ribavirin treatment of acute and chronic hepatitis E: a single- centre experience. Liver Int. 2013 May;33(5):722-726.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 291.97, + "y0": 692.47, + "x1": 548.95, + "y1": 709.11 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "56b5211a2a07a21b02187d9cf1f3df7a", + "text": "3° Kamar N, Legrand-Abravanel F, Izopet J, et al. Hepatitis E virus: what transplant physicians should know. Am J Transplant. 2012 Sep;12(9):2281-2287.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "
  • 3° Kamar N, Legrand-Abravanel F, Izopet J, et al. Hepatitis E virus: what transplant physicians should know. Am J Transplant. 2012 Sep;12(9):2281-2287.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 291.79, + "y0": 710.92, + "x1": 553.96, + "y1": 728.34 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "b08a5c8290a3f7a42b228cbafec947b0", + "text": "3�� Khuroo MS. Seroepidemiology of a second epidemic of hepatitis E in a population that had recorded first epidemic 30 years before and has been under surveillance since then. Hepatol Int. 2010 Feb 3;4(2):494-499.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "
  • 3° Khuroo MS. Seroepidemiology of a second epidemic of hepatitis E in a population that had recorded first epidemic 30 years before and has been under surveillance since then. Hepatol Int. 2010 Feb 3;4(2):494-499.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.8, + "y0": 730.53, + "x1": 552.76, + "y1": 754.39 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "a1dc933df80c5bf5d8fad4edb174ee2c", + "text": "37 Chadha MS, Walimbe AM, Arankalle VA. Retrospective serological analysis of hepatitis E pa- tients: a long-term follow-up study. J Viral Hepat. 1999 Nov;6(6):457—461.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "
  • 37 Chadha MS, Walimbe AM, Arankalle VA. Retrospective serological analysis of hepatitis E pa- tients: a long-term follow-up study. J Viral Hepat. 1999 Nov;6(6):457—461.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.84, + "y0": 757.15, + "x1": 550.27, + "y1": 773.16 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "element_id": "f54da92745d05b7b298b26f6ccba183f", + "text": "191", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 7, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "

    191

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 6, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 539.14, + "y0": 779.62, + "x1": 548.85, + "y1": 784.66 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "5e9551011838fc91e70604bc61035cb2", + "text": "Biotech Co., Ltd., China. This vaccine was licensed in China in December 2011 for use in people aged >16 years. It is recommended by the manufacturer for individuals at high risk of HEV infection, including those involved in animal husbandry, food handlers, students, members of the armed forces, women of childbearing age, as well as travellers to endemic areas.** To date it has not been licensed in other countries or territories.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "

    Biotech Co., Ltd., China. This vaccine was licensed in China in December 2011 for use in people aged >16 years. It is recommended by the manufacturer for individuals at high risk of HEV infection, including those involved in animal husbandry, food handlers, students, members of the armed forces, women of childbearing age, as well as travellers to endemic areas.** To date it has not been licensed in other countries or territories.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.87, + "y0": 55.97, + "x1": 272.49, + "y1": 146.3 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "cd01e852c862533d61da769fec40f5fd", + "text": "The other experimental vaccine that progressed to clin- ical trials (rHEV, based on the 56 kDa capsid protein) has not undergone further commercial development.”", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "

    The other experimental vaccine that progressed to clin- ical trials (rHEV, based on the 56 kDa capsid protein) has not undergone further commercial development.”

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.85, + "y0": 153.38, + "x1": 273.36, + "y1": 186.49 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "f98197bd08045a3d1806c67712a7d01c", + "text": "Vaccine characteristics, content, dosage, administration, storage", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "

    Vaccine characteristics, content, dosage, administration, storage

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 46.27, + "y0": 197.9, + "x1": 216.89, + "y1": 220.19 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "d36786f0858f6b4482b2517ff780936d", + "text": "Hecolin® is based on a 239 amino acid recombinant HEV peptide, corresponding to amino acids 368-606 of open reading frame 2 (ORF2) which encodes the capsid protein of HEV. The amino acid sequence is derived from a genotype 1 Chinese HEV strain.“ HEV 239 is expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant antigen is then purified using Triton X-100 and urea, and dia- lyzed against phosphate buffered saline, to enable rena- turation of the protein, followed by further purification by gel filtration and high performance liquid chroma- tography.\" The protein forms a homodimer and as- sembles into ~23 nm particles. These dimeric particles have surface protrusions that correspond to a protrud- ing domain on the surface of the HEV capsid believed to be responsible for eliciting neutralizing antibodies.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "

    Hecolin® is based on a 239 amino acid recombinant HEV peptide, corresponding to amino acids 368-606 of open reading frame 2 (ORF2) which encodes the capsid protein of HEV. The amino acid sequence is derived from a genotype 1 Chinese HEV strain.“ HEV 239 is expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant antigen is then purified using Triton X-100 and urea, and dia- lyzed against phosphate buffered saline, to enable rena- turation of the protein, followed by further purification by gel filtration and high performance liquid chroma- tography.\" The protein forms a homodimer and as- sembles into ~23 nm particles. These dimeric particles have surface protrusions that correspond to a protrud- ing domain on the surface of the HEV capsid believed to be responsible for eliciting neutralizing antibodies.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.88, + "y0": 223.98, + "x1": 273.2, + "y1": 394.53 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "7ccf95c65a1c68f69feac5d152e71218", + "text": "Each 0.5 ml dose of the HEV 239 vaccine contains 30 pg of purified recombinant HEV antigen, plus sodium chlo- ride, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydro- gen phosphate, 0.8 mg aluminium hydroxide, 25 pg thio- mersal, and water for injection. The product is a white suspension with each dose of vaccine supplied in a non- auto-disable pre-filled syringe (one per package, with a package volume of 100 cm’); the syringe is not disabled after use. The manufacturer recommends the intramus- cular administration of 3 doses at 0, 1 and 6 months.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "

    Each 0.5 ml dose of the HEV 239 vaccine contains 30 pg of purified recombinant HEV antigen, plus sodium chlo- ride, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydro- gen phosphate, 0.8 mg aluminium hydroxide, 25 pg thio- mersal, and water for injection. The product is a white suspension with each dose of vaccine supplied in a non- auto-disable pre-filled syringe (one per package, with a package volume of 100 cm’); the syringe is not disabled after use. The manufacturer recommends the intramus- cular administration of 3 doses at 0, 1 and 6 months.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.63, + "y0": 401.61, + "x1": 273.03, + "y1": 515.34 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "465517288915a4c5468532a1273565ad", + "text": "As stipulated by the manufacturer, the vaccine should be stored at 2-8 °C, out of direct sunlight, and has an approved shelf life of 36 months under appropriate stor- age conditions, although the vaccine is stable for at least 45 months. The product is not approved for packaging as multi-dose vials. Analysis of bulk lots as well as the final product showed that the vaccine is stable when stored at 30-37 °C for 2 months. Exposure for longer periods of time and at higher temperatures has not been investigated. In its current presentation, the vac- cine is not accompanied by a vaccine vial monitor.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "

    As stipulated by the manufacturer, the vaccine should be stored at 2-8 °C, out of direct sunlight, and has an approved shelf life of 36 months under appropriate stor- age conditions, although the vaccine is stable for at least 45 months. The product is not approved for packaging as multi-dose vials. Analysis of bulk lots as well as the final product showed that the vaccine is stable when stored at 30-37 °C for 2 months. Exposure for longer periods of time and at higher temperatures has not been investigated. In its current presentation, the vac- cine is not accompanied by a vaccine vial monitor.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.65, + "y0": 522.18, + "x1": 272.91, + "y1": 647.21 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "c1a803d115360f01d83a8b1f157618e5", + "text": "38 Recombinant Hepatitis — Vaccine. Available at http://www. innovax.cn/en/pro1. aspx?CatelD=52#1 03, accessed December 2014.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "
  • 38 Recombinant Hepatitis — Vaccine. Available at http://www. innovax.cn/en/pro1. aspx?CatelD=52#1 03, accessed December 2014.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 42.68, + "y0": 669.07, + "x1": 272.47, + "y1": 684.41 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "a89f22d5f09c28dc5e6f19cbb7f47307", + "text": "Hepatitis E Vaccine Working Group. Hepatitis E vaccine pipeline. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2014 — (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/mee- tings/2014/october/4_Hepatitis_E_vaccine_pipeline_final_29_Sept_14.pdf?ua=1, accessed December 2014).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "
  • Hepatitis E Vaccine Working Group. Hepatitis E vaccine pipeline. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2014 — (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/mee- tings/2014/october/4_Hepatitis_E_vaccine_pipeline_final_29_Sept_14.pdf?ua=1, accessed December 2014).
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 40.53, + "y0": 687.21, + "x1": 273.33, + "y1": 719.57 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "d5827a87ead59c15d089367e521d96ac", + "text": "Li SW, Zhang J, Li YM, Ou SH, et al. A bacterially expressed particulate hepatitis E vaccine: antigenicity, immunogenicity and protectivity in primates. Vaccine. 2005; 23: 2893-2901.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "
  • Li SW, Zhang J, Li YM, Ou SH, et al. A bacterially expressed particulate hepatitis E vaccine: antigenicity, immunogenicity and protectivity in primates. Vaccine. 2005; 23: 2893-2901.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.02, + "y0": 722.46, + "x1": 276.12, + "y1": 746.0 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "0a881c94bf177cda1191393d9a1ed437", + "text": "Li SW, Zhang J, He ZQ, Gu Y, et al. Mutational analysis of essential interactions involved in the assembly of hepatitis E virus capsid. J Biol Chem. 2005; 280: 3400— 3406.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "
  • Li SW, Zhang J, He ZQ, Gu Y, et al. Mutational analysis of essential interactions involved in the assembly of hepatitis E virus capsid. J Biol Chem. 2005; 280: 3400— 3406.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 41.9, + "y0": 749.34, + "x1": 276.17, + "y1": 773.36 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "59599423d623a9aa712aa706d47a6492", + "text": "192", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "

    192

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.04, + "y0": 778.7, + "x1": 56.29, + "y1": 786.74 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "51b145458a91d774965a15135c7249df", + "text": "en Chine. Ce vaccin a été homologué en Chine en décembre 2011 pour les personnes de >16 ans. Le fabricant recommande l’admi- nistration de ce vaccin aux sujets présentant un risque élevé d@ infection 4 VHE, notamment les éleveurs, les manipulateurs de produits alimentaires, les étudiants, les membres des forces armées, les femmes en age de procréer et les voyageurs se rendant dans des zones d’endémie.* Ce vaccin n’a pas été homologué dans d’autres pays ou territoires a ce jour.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "

    en Chine. Ce vaccin a été homologué en Chine en décembre 2011 pour les personnes de >16 ans. Le fabricant recommande l’admi- nistration de ce vaccin aux sujets présentant un risque élevé d@ infection 4 VHE, notamment les éleveurs, les manipulateurs de produits alimentaires, les étudiants, les membres des forces armées, les femmes en age de procréer et les voyageurs se rendant dans des zones d’endémie.* Ce vaccin n’a pas été homologué dans d’autres pays ou territoires a ce jour.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.84, + "y0": 55.93, + "x1": 551.89, + "y1": 146.15 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "035211dfb5f8a8f3a75cbc5b48575977", + "text": "Lautre vaccin expérimental ayant progressé au stade des essais cliniques (rHEV, basé sur la protéine de capside de 56 kDa) n’a fait Pobjet d’aucun développement commercial.”", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "

    Lautre vaccin expérimental ayant progressé au stade des essais cliniques (rHEV, basé sur la protéine de capside de 56 kDa) n’a fait Pobjet d’aucun développement commercial.”

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 295.22, + "y0": 152.96, + "x1": 550.79, + "y1": 186.44 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "85cf2bee6ca8f841339917f9e5aafc16", + "text": "Propriétés, contenu, dosage, administration et stockage du vaccin", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "

    Propriétés, contenu, dosage, administration et stockage du vaccin

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.27, + "y0": 198.14, + "x1": 532.23, + "y1": 219.8 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "25f8416d72b39ac9949dab1abaabe222", + "text": "Hecolin® est un vaccin basé sur un peptide recombinant du VHE composé de 239 amino acides correspondant aux acides aminés 368-606 du cadre de lecture ouvert 2 (ORF2) qui code la protéine de capside du VHE. La séquence d’acides aminés est dérivée @une souche chinoise du génotype 1 du virus.” Ce vaccin, aussi appelé HEV 239, est exprimé dans Escherichia coli. Lantigéne recombinant est alors purifié 4 aide de Triton X 100 et durée, puis dialysé contre un tampon phosphate salin pour permettre la renaturation de la protéine, et enfin de nouveau purifié par filtration sur gel et chromatographie liquide haute performance.\" La protéine forme un homodimére et s’assemble en particules de ~23 nm. La surface de ces particules dimériques présente des protubérances qui coincident avec un domaine protubérant a la surface de la capside du VHE qui est vraisemblablement respon- sable de la production des anticorps neutralisants.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "

    Hecolin® est un vaccin basé sur un peptide recombinant du VHE composé de 239 amino acides correspondant aux acides aminés 368-606 du cadre de lecture ouvert 2 (ORF2) qui code la protéine de capside du VHE. La séquence d’acides aminés est dérivée @une souche chinoise du génotype 1 du virus.” Ce vaccin, aussi appelé HEV 239, est exprimé dans Escherichia coli. Lantigéne recombinant est alors purifié 4 aide de Triton X 100 et durée, puis dialysé contre un tampon phosphate salin pour permettre la renaturation de la protéine, et enfin de nouveau purifié par filtration sur gel et chromatographie liquide haute performance.\" La protéine forme un homodimére et s’assemble en particules de ~23 nm. La surface de ces particules dimériques présente des protubérances qui coincident avec un domaine protubérant a la surface de la capside du VHE qui est vraisemblablement respon- sable de la production des anticorps neutralisants.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.11, + "y0": 224.41, + "x1": 552.03, + "y1": 394.27 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "752b16f526fcadd00a180942be675ed4", + "text": "Chaque dose de 0,5 ml du HEV 239 contient 30 pg d’antigéne recombinant purifié du VHE, ainsi que du chlorure de sodium, de Phydrogénophosphate de disodium, du dihydrogénophosphate de potassium, 0,8 mg d’hydroxyde d’aluminium, 25 yg de thiomersal et de Peau pour préparations injectables. Le produit se présente sous forme de suspension de couleur blanche et chaque dose est fournie dans une seringue préremplie non autobloquante (une par emballage, chaque emballage ayant un volume de 100 cm’); la seringue ne se bloque pas aprés emploi. Le fabricant recommande Padministration intramusculaire de 3 doses, a 0, 1 et 6 mois.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "

    Chaque dose de 0,5 ml du HEV 239 contient 30 pg d’antigéne recombinant purifié du VHE, ainsi que du chlorure de sodium, de Phydrogénophosphate de disodium, du dihydrogénophosphate de potassium, 0,8 mg d’hydroxyde d’aluminium, 25 yg de thiomersal et de Peau pour préparations injectables. Le produit se présente sous forme de suspension de couleur blanche et chaque dose est fournie dans une seringue préremplie non autobloquante (une par emballage, chaque emballage ayant un volume de 100 cm’); la seringue ne se bloque pas aprés emploi. Le fabricant recommande Padministration intramusculaire de 3 doses, a 0, 1 et 6 mois.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.08, + "y0": 401.76, + "x1": 551.82, + "y1": 515.13 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "4ff3ded89bf0f7cf52b38939bf215545", + "text": "Conformément aux indications du fabricant, le vaccin doit étre conservé entre 2 et 8°C et a l’abri de la lumiére directe du soleil. Sa durée de conservation approuvée est de 36 mois dans des condi- tions de stockage appropriées, bien que le vaccin demeure stable pendant au moins 45 mois. Ce produit n’est pas approuvé pour un conditionnement en flacons multidoses. Une analyse réalisée a la fois sur des lots en vrac et le produit final a montré qu’a une température de 30-37°C, le vaccin est stable pendant 2 mois. Lex- position a des températures plus élevées ou pour des périodes plus longues na pas été étudiée. Tel quil se présente actuellement, le vaccin nest pas accompagné dune pastille de contréle.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "

    Conformément aux indications du fabricant, le vaccin doit étre conservé entre 2 et 8°C et a l’abri de la lumiére directe du soleil. Sa durée de conservation approuvée est de 36 mois dans des condi- tions de stockage appropriées, bien que le vaccin demeure stable pendant au moins 45 mois. Ce produit n’est pas approuvé pour un conditionnement en flacons multidoses. Une analyse réalisée a la fois sur des lots en vrac et le produit final a montré qu’a une température de 30-37°C, le vaccin est stable pendant 2 mois. Lex- position a des températures plus élevées ou pour des périodes plus longues na pas été étudiée. Tel quil se présente actuellement, le vaccin nest pas accompagné dune pastille de contréle.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.41, + "y0": 522.09, + "x1": 551.43, + "y1": 647.36 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "538eb404b2e782d5fc169caafb78f245", + "text": "38 Recombinant Hepatitis Vaccine. Disponible sur — http://www.innovax.cn/en/prot. aspx?CatelD=52#103, consulté en décembre 2014.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "
  • 38 Recombinant Hepatitis Vaccine. Disponible sur — http://www.innovax.cn/en/prot. aspx?CatelD=52#103, consulté en décembre 2014.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.4, + "y0": 668.81, + "x1": 547.98, + "y1": 684.51 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "205025e69c51058d58252ad21bcbd4ac", + "text": "33 Hepatitis E Vaccine Working Group. Hepatitis E vaccine pipeline. Genéve, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2014 (http:/Awww.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/201 4/october/4_ Hepatitis_E_vaccine_pipeline_final_29_Sept_14.pdf?ua=1, consulté en décembre 2014).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "
  • 33 Hepatitis E Vaccine Working Group. Hepatitis E vaccine pipeline. Genéve, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2014 (http:/Awww.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/201 4/october/4_ Hepatitis_E_vaccine_pipeline_final_29_Sept_14.pdf?ua=1, consulté en décembre 2014).
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 290.91, + "y0": 687.21, + "x1": 549.92, + "y1": 711.82 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "28a5b85616d8109f2c7324889188e41a", + "text": "0 Li SW, Zhang J, Li YM, Ou SH, et al. A bacterially expressed particulate hepatitis E vaccine: an- tigenicity, immunogenicity and protectivity in primates. Vaccine. 2005; 23: 2893-2901.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "
  • 0 Li SW, Zhang J, Li YM, Ou SH, et al. A bacterially expressed particulate hepatitis E vaccine: an- tigenicity, immunogenicity and protectivity in primates. Vaccine. 2005; 23: 2893-2901.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.24, + "y0": 721.77, + "x1": 549.36, + "y1": 738.1 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "4cbb22016788a8178d652efc109cdafa", + "text": "4\" Li SW, Zhang J, He ZQ, et al. Mutational analysis of essential interactions involved in the assem- bly of hepatitis E virus capsid. J Biol Chem. 2005; 280: 3400-3406.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "
  • 4\" Li SW, Zhang J, He ZQ, et al. Mutational analysis of essential interactions involved in the assem- bly of hepatitis E virus capsid. J Biol Chem. 2005; 280: 3400-3406.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.15, + "y0": 748.85, + "x1": 549.82, + "y1": 765.22 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "eb365605dd55eaa1c9068c0b01926950", + "text": "WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO. 18, 1ST MAY 2015", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 8, + "parent_id": "033d370a42f6cbc5f6cf316bec1c3473", + "text_as_html": "

    WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO. 18, 1ST MAY 2015

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 7, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 393.71, + "y0": 778.56, + "x1": 549.56, + "y1": 786.44 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-27", + "text": "\n\n\nImmunogenicity\nThe immunogenicity of the HEV 239 vaccine in humans has been studied in one Phase II” and one Phase II study. The vaccine is highly immunogenic, with almost all recipients seroconverting after 3 doses administered in a 0, 1 and 6 month schedule. Limited data show that 2 doses (at 0 and 6 months, or at 0 and 1 month) also lead to a high rate of seroconversion, though with lower antibody titres.“\nA Phase Ila study in healthy seronegative persons aged 16-55 years investigated the schedule and dosage in 457 adults and 155 high school students.” In the dose scheduling component, subjects were randomly assigned to receive intramuscular injection of 2 doses of 20 yg at months 0 and 6, or 3 doses of 20 yg at months 0, 1 and 6, or to a control group receiving hepatitis B vaccine at months 0, 1, and 6. In the HEV 239 vaccine recipients, se- roconversion rates were 98% in the 2-dose group and and 100% in the 3-dose group, compared to 8% in the contro group. The geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of an- tibody induced by the 3-dose regimen were 2-fold higher than those induced by the 2-dose regimen [GMC 15.9 World Health Organization Units per millilitre [WU/ml] (95% CI: 13.8-18.2) versus 8.6 Wu/ml (95% CI: 6.5-11.3)].\nIn the Phase IIb (dose-escalation) component, subjects received 3 doses each of 10, 20, 30 or 40 pg at 0, 1, and 6 months. In this study, the antibody levels induced in previously seronegative young adults (aged 16-19 years) by the 3-dose vaccine regimen progressively increased from 10.1 to 23.4 Wu/ml as the amount in each vaccine dose increased from 10 pg to 40 pg, but the differences among the 3 highest dosages did not reach statistical significance. The GMC of anti-HEV antibody in the vac- cinated groups (15.9 Wu/ml) was lower than that in serum samples of patients with a history of hepatitis E (43.4 Wu/ml), but higher than in healthy persons who were HEV seropositive without history of hepatitis (0.76 Wu/ml).\nIna large Phase III study with approximately 113 000 par- ticipants,” serum samples were taken before HEV 239 vaccination and 1 month after receipt of the third dose from a subset of 11165 subjects (the immunoge- nicity subset), which included 5567 subjects in the HEV 239 vaccine group and 5598 subjects in the placebo group. In the vaccine group, 98.7% of subjects had a 4-fold or greater increase in antibody concentration fol- lowing vaccination compared to 2.1% in the control group; the increase in the latter group was believed to have been due to subclinical HEV infection. The GMC of anti-HEV antibody in the vaccine group rose from 0.14 Wu/ml to 19.0 Wu/ml (95% CI: 18.6-19.4).\nSubsequently, the immunogenicity of the vaccine in per- sons with pre-existing chronic hepatitis B infection\n® Zhang J, Liu CB, Li RC, et al. Randomized-controlled phase II clinical trial of a bac- terially expressed recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. Vaccine. 2009; 27:1869-1874.\n* Zhu FC, Zhang J, Zhang Xf, et al. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in healthy adults: a large-scale, randomised, double-blind placebo-control- led, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010; 376: 895-902.\n“ Hepatitis E Vaccine Working Group. Hepatitis E vaccine: Composition, safety, immu- nogenicity and efficacy. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2014 (http://www. who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/201 4/october/2_HepEvaccsafety_immu- nogenicity_efficacy_final_10ct2014.pdf?ua=1, accessed December 2014).\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, N° 18, 1° MAI 2015", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "efa2fd1f40294c2a62e6badea47d2eca", + "text": "Immunogenicity", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Immunogenicity

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 46.13, + "y0": 56.12, + "x1": 114.7, + "y1": 66.13 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "e866cf1d942ee06d142f56f6791783db", + "text": "The immunogenicity of the HEV 239 vaccine in humans has been studied in one Phase II” and one Phase II study. The vaccine is highly immunogenic, with almost all recipients seroconverting after 3 doses administered in a 0, 1 and 6 month schedule. Limited data show that 2 doses (at 0 and 6 months, or at 0 and 1 month) also lead to a high rate of seroconversion, though with lower antibody titres.“", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "efa2fd1f40294c2a62e6badea47d2eca", + "text_as_html": "

    The immunogenicity of the HEV 239 vaccine in humans has been studied in one Phase II” and one Phase II study. The vaccine is highly immunogenic, with almost all recipients seroconverting after 3 doses administered in a 0, 1 and 6 month schedule. Limited data show that 2 doses (at 0 and 6 months, or at 0 and 1 month) also lead to a high rate of seroconversion, though with lower antibody titres.“

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.85, + "y0": 68.73, + "x1": 272.23, + "y1": 155.62 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "050303dce7396b0b6482cc9b3d10d207", + "text": "A Phase Ila study in healthy seronegative persons aged 16-55 years investigated the schedule and dosage in 457 adults and 155 high school students.” In the dose scheduling component, subjects were randomly assigned to receive intramuscular injection of 2 doses of 20 yg at months 0 and 6, or 3 doses of 20 yg at months 0, 1 and 6, or to a control group receiving hepatitis B vaccine at months 0, 1, and 6. In the HEV 239 vaccine recipients, se- roconversion rates were 98% in the 2-dose group and and 100% in the 3-dose group, compared to 8% in the contro group. The geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of an- tibody induced by the 3-dose regimen were 2-fold higher than those induced by the 2-dose regimen [GMC 15.9 World Health Organization Units per millilitre [WU/ml] (95% CI: 13.8-18.2) versus 8.6 Wu/ml (95% CI: 6.5-11.3)].", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "efa2fd1f40294c2a62e6badea47d2eca", + "text_as_html": "

    A Phase Ila study in healthy seronegative persons aged 16-55 years investigated the schedule and dosage in 457 adults and 155 high school students.” In the dose scheduling component, subjects were randomly assigned to receive intramuscular injection of 2 doses of 20 yg at months 0 and 6, or 3 doses of 20 yg at months 0, 1 and 6, or to a control group receiving hepatitis B vaccine at months 0, 1, and 6. In the HEV 239 vaccine recipients, se- roconversion rates were 98% in the 2-dose group and and 100% in the 3-dose group, compared to 8% in the contro group. The geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of an- tibody induced by the 3-dose regimen were 2-fold higher than those induced by the 2-dose regimen [GMC 15.9 World Health Organization Units per millilitre [WU/ml] (95% CI: 13.8-18.2) versus 8.6 Wu/ml (95% CI: 6.5-11.3)].

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.06, + "y0": 162.36, + "x1": 272.05, + "y1": 329.05 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "66e5a478baa1337d2351c217e80e23b4", + "text": "In the Phase IIb (dose-escalation) component, subjects received 3 doses each of 10, 20, 30 or 40 pg at 0, 1, and 6 months. In this study, the antibody levels induced in previously seronegative young adults (aged 16-19 years) by the 3-dose vaccine regimen progressively increased from 10.1 to 23.4 Wu/ml as the amount in each vaccine dose increased from 10 pg to 40 pg, but the differences among the 3 highest dosages did not reach statistical significance. The GMC of anti-HEV antibody in the vac- cinated groups (15.9 Wu/ml) was lower than that in serum samples of patients with a history of hepatitis E (43.4 Wu/ml), but higher than in healthy persons who were HEV seropositive without history of hepatitis (0.76 Wu/ml).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "efa2fd1f40294c2a62e6badea47d2eca", + "text_as_html": "

    In the Phase IIb (dose-escalation) component, subjects received 3 doses each of 10, 20, 30 or 40 pg at 0, 1, and 6 months. In this study, the antibody levels induced in previously seronegative young adults (aged 16-19 years) by the 3-dose vaccine regimen progressively increased from 10.1 to 23.4 Wu/ml as the amount in each vaccine dose increased from 10 pg to 40 pg, but the differences among the 3 highest dosages did not reach statistical significance. The GMC of anti-HEV antibody in the vac- cinated groups (15.9 Wu/ml) was lower than that in serum samples of patients with a history of hepatitis E (43.4 Wu/ml), but higher than in healthy persons who were HEV seropositive without history of hepatitis (0.76 Wu/ml).

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.56, + "y0": 335.1, + "x1": 272.63, + "y1": 489.89 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "27bc1ee4418eb7b5583733bd8536c9b1", + "text": "Ina large Phase III study with approximately 113 000 par- ticipants,” serum samples were taken before HEV 239 vaccination and 1 month after receipt of the third dose from a subset of 11165 subjects (the immunoge- nicity subset), which included 5567 subjects in the HEV 239 vaccine group and 5598 subjects in the placebo group. In the vaccine group, 98.7% of subjects had a 4-fold or greater increase in antibody concentration fol- lowing vaccination compared to 2.1% in the control group; the increase in the latter group was believed to have been due to subclinical HEV infection. The GMC of anti-HEV antibody in the vaccine group rose from 0.14 Wu/ml to 19.0 Wu/ml (95% CI: 18.6-19.4).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "efa2fd1f40294c2a62e6badea47d2eca", + "text_as_html": "

    Ina large Phase III study with approximately 113 000 par- ticipants,” serum samples were taken before HEV 239 vaccination and 1 month after receipt of the third dose from a subset of 11165 subjects (the immunoge- nicity subset), which included 5567 subjects in the HEV 239 vaccine group and 5598 subjects in the placebo group. In the vaccine group, 98.7% of subjects had a 4-fold or greater increase in antibody concentration fol- lowing vaccination compared to 2.1% in the control group; the increase in the latter group was believed to have been due to subclinical HEV infection. The GMC of anti-HEV antibody in the vaccine group rose from 0.14 Wu/ml to 19.0 Wu/ml (95% CI: 18.6-19.4).

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 46.04, + "y0": 495.91, + "x1": 272.29, + "y1": 639.69 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "0dadcabe3d493cf5b9512db14b9b0769", + "text": "Subsequently, the immunogenicity of the vaccine in per- sons with pre-existing chronic hepatitis B infection", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "efa2fd1f40294c2a62e6badea47d2eca", + "text_as_html": "

    Subsequently, the immunogenicity of the vaccine in per- sons with pre-existing chronic hepatitis B infection

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.88, + "y0": 646.72, + "x1": 271.7, + "y1": 666.49 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "14af8985607f40748954e5035225e76f", + "text": "® Zhang J, Liu CB, Li RC, et al. Randomized-controlled phase II clinical trial of a bac- terially expressed recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. Vaccine. 2009; 27:1869-1874.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "efa2fd1f40294c2a62e6badea47d2eca", + "text_as_html": "
  • ® Zhang J, Liu CB, Li RC, et al. Randomized-controlled phase II clinical trial of a bac- terially expressed recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. Vaccine. 2009; 27:1869-1874.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 42.67, + "y0": 694.93, + "x1": 271.7, + "y1": 710.71 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "dad170987cfed7af37d4be8e24fe576a", + "text": "* Zhu FC, Zhang J, Zhang Xf, et al. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in healthy adults: a large-scale, randomised, double-blind placebo-control- led, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010; 376: 895-902.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "efa2fd1f40294c2a62e6badea47d2eca", + "text_as_html": "
  • * Zhu FC, Zhang J, Zhang Xf, et al. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in healthy adults: a large-scale, randomised, double-blind placebo-control- led, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010; 376: 895-902.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.59, + "y0": 713.47, + "x1": 276.27, + "y1": 737.66 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "09bef6457bd1fffb9ad2dcd82f455c7c", + "text": "“ Hepatitis E Vaccine Working Group. Hepatitis E vaccine: Composition, safety, immu- nogenicity and efficacy. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2014 (http://www. who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/201 4/october/2_HepEvaccsafety_immu- nogenicity_efficacy_final_10ct2014.pdf?ua=1, accessed December 2014).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "efa2fd1f40294c2a62e6badea47d2eca", + "text_as_html": "
  • “ Hepatitis E Vaccine Working Group. Hepatitis E vaccine: Composition, safety, immu- nogenicity and efficacy. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2014 (http://www. who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/201 4/october/2_HepEvaccsafety_immu- nogenicity_efficacy_final_10ct2014.pdf?ua=1, accessed December 2014).
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 42.66, + "y0": 740.14, + "x1": 273.53, + "y1": 772.3 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "621e6bd1318757e5b7bc37669f23b607", + "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, N° 18, 1° MAI 2015", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "efa2fd1f40294c2a62e6badea47d2eca", + "text_as_html": "

    RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, N° 18, 1° MAI 2015

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.42, + "y0": 778.96, + "x1": 217.49, + "y1": 786.28 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-28", + "text": "\n\n\nImmunogeénicité\nLimmunogénicité du HEV 239 chez Phomme a été étudiée dans le cadre d’un essai de phase II* et d’un essai de phase III.“ Le vaccin est fortement immunogéne, la séroconversion se produi- sant chez pratiquement tous les sujets qui ont été vaccinés selon un calendrier de 3 doses sur 6 mois (a 0, 1 et 6 mois). Des données limitées indiquent que méme 2 doses (administrées a 0 et 6 mois ou a 0 et 1 mois) produisent un taux élevé de séro- conversion, mais avec des titres plus faibles en anticorps.“\nUn essai de phase Ila chez les sujets séronégatifs sains de 16 a 55 ans a été réalisé auprés de 457 adultes et 155 lycéens pour étudier le dosage et le schéma d’administration du vaccin.” Dans le volet de l’étude portant sur le schéma d’administration, les sujets ont été assignés de maniére aléatoire 4 un groupe recevant 2 doses de 20 pg par injection intramusculaire aux mois 0 et 6, ou 3 doses de 20 pg aux mois 0, 1 et 6, et un groupe témoin recevant le vaccin contre Phépatite B aux mois 0, 1 et 6. Parmi les personnes ayant regu le vaccin HEV 239, les taux de séroconversion étaient de 98% et 100% aprés 2 et 3 doses, respectivement, contre 8% dans le groupe témoin. La moyenne géométrique des concentrations d’anticorps induites par le schéma d’administration de 3 doses était 2 fois supérieure a celle du schéma de 2 doses [moyenne de 15,9 World Health Orga- nization Units par millilitre [WU/ml] (intervalle de confiance a 95% [IC]: 13,8-18,2) contre 8,6 Wu/ml (IC a 95%: 6,5-11,3)].\nDans le volet de phase IIb (étude a doses progressives), les sujets ont recu chacun 3 doses de 10, 20, 30 ou 40 pg (a 0, 1 et 6 mois). Dans cette étude, le taux d’anticorps produits chez les jeunes adultes auparavant séronégatifs (de 16 a 19 ans) par le schéma d’administration de 3 doses était d’autant plus élevé, passant de 10,1 4 23,4 Wu/ml, que la dose administrée était forte, allant de 10 pg a 40 pg. Toutefois, les différences entre les 3 doses les plus élevées étaient pas statistiquement significa- tives. La moyenne géométrique des concentrations d’anticorps anti-VHE dans les groupes vaccinés (15,9 Wu/ml) était plus faible que dans les échantillons de sérum provenant de patients avec des antécédents d’hépatite E (43,4 Wu/ml), mais plus élevée que chez les sujets sains présentant une séropositivité pour le VHE sans antécédent d’hépatite (0,76 Wu/ml).\nDans le cadre d’une vaste étude de phase III comptant environ 113000 participants, des échantillons de sérum ont été prélevés avant la vaccination par le HEV 239, puis 1 mois aprés adminis- tration de la troisitme dose auprés d’un sous-groupe de 11 165 sujets (le sous-groupe «immunogénicité»), dont 5567 avaient recu le HEV 239 et 5598 avaient recu un placebo. Parmi les participants qui avaient recu le vaccin, 98,7% présentaient une multiplication par >4 de la concentration d’anticorps aprés vaccination, par rapport a 2,1% des sujets dans le groupe témoin; augmentation observée dans ce second groupe était probablement due a une infection a VHE infraclinique. La moyenne géométrique des concentrations d’anticorps anti-VHE dans le groupe ayant regu le vaccin est passée de 0,14 Wu/ml a 19,0 Wu/ml (IC a 95%: 18,6-19,4).\nUne étude distincte a ensuite porté sur ’immunogénicité du vaccin chez les personnes atteintes d’une hépatite B chronique\n® Zhang J, Liu CB, Li RC, et al. Randomized-controlled phase II clinical trial of a bacterially ex- pressed recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. Vaccine. 2009; 27:1869-1874.\n® Zhu FC, Zhang J, Zhang XF, et al. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in healthy adults: a large-scale, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lan- cet. 2010; 376: 895-902.\n* Hepatitis E Vaccine Working Group. Hepatitis E vaccine: Composition, safety, immunogenicity and efficacy. Genéve, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2014 (http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/sage/meetings/2014/october/2_HepEvaccsafety_immunogenicity_efficacy_ final_1Oct2014.pdf?ua=1, consulté en décembre 2014).\n193\nincluded in the Phase III trial was separately analysed.* At month 7, HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative subjects had similar anti-HEV seroconversion rates (98.34% and 98.7%, respectively), and post-vaccination anti-HEV IgG levels [19.3 Wu/ml (95% CI: 17.7-21.1) and 19.0 Wu/ml (95% CI: 18.6-19.4), respectively]. Antibody responses after vaccination were similar in HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative subjects, regardless of their baseline anti-HEV status.\nThe immunogenicity of the vaccine has not yet been evaluated in persons aged <16 years and >65 years, or in populations at higher risk for severe hepatitis E dis- ease, e.g. persons with pre-existing chronic liver disease or with immunosuppressive conditions. The immunoge- nicity of the vaccine after administration by subcutane- ous or intradermal routes, or in an accelerated regimen, e.g. 0, 1 and 2 months, has not been studied.", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "84d5f8a82916c3eb1680aa8112660279", + "text": "Immunogeénicité", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Immunogeénicité

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.0, + "y0": 55.69, + "x1": 362.1, + "y1": 66.35 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "e516e7d3b37169ea8a28529ff2a9a245", + "text": "Limmunogénicité du HEV 239 chez Phomme a été étudiée dans le cadre d’un essai de phase II* et d’un essai de phase III.“ Le vaccin est fortement immunogéne, la séroconversion se produi- sant chez pratiquement tous les sujets qui ont été vaccinés selon un calendrier de 3 doses sur 6 mois (a 0, 1 et 6 mois). Des données limitées indiquent que méme 2 doses (administrées a 0 et 6 mois ou a 0 et 1 mois) produisent un taux élevé de séro- conversion, mais avec des titres plus faibles en anticorps.“", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "84d5f8a82916c3eb1680aa8112660279", + "text_as_html": "

    Limmunogénicité du HEV 239 chez Phomme a été étudiée dans le cadre d’un essai de phase II* et d’un essai de phase III.“ Le vaccin est fortement immunogéne, la séroconversion se produi- sant chez pratiquement tous les sujets qui ont été vaccinés selon un calendrier de 3 doses sur 6 mois (a 0, 1 et 6 mois). Des données limitées indiquent que méme 2 doses (administrées a 0 et 6 mois ou a 0 et 1 mois) produisent un taux élevé de séro- conversion, mais avec des titres plus faibles en anticorps.“

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.89, + "y0": 68.6, + "x1": 551.05, + "y1": 156.67 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "cc3f781c52e20127ba53602d21dd6488", + "text": "Un essai de phase Ila chez les sujets séronégatifs sains de 16 a 55 ans a été réalisé auprés de 457 adultes et 155 lycéens pour étudier le dosage et le schéma d’administration du vaccin.” Dans le volet de l’étude portant sur le schéma d’administration, les sujets ont été assignés de maniére aléatoire 4 un groupe recevant 2 doses de 20 pg par injection intramusculaire aux mois 0 et 6, ou 3 doses de 20 pg aux mois 0, 1 et 6, et un groupe témoin recevant le vaccin contre Phépatite B aux mois 0, 1 et 6. Parmi les personnes ayant regu le vaccin HEV 239, les taux de séroconversion étaient de 98% et 100% aprés 2 et 3 doses, respectivement, contre 8% dans le groupe témoin. La moyenne géométrique des concentrations d’anticorps induites par le schéma d’administration de 3 doses était 2 fois supérieure a celle du schéma de 2 doses [moyenne de 15,9 World Health Orga- nization Units par millilitre [WU/ml] (intervalle de confiance a 95% [IC]: 13,8-18,2) contre 8,6 Wu/ml (IC a 95%: 6,5-11,3)].", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "84d5f8a82916c3eb1680aa8112660279", + "text_as_html": "

    Un essai de phase Ila chez les sujets séronégatifs sains de 16 a 55 ans a été réalisé auprés de 457 adultes et 155 lycéens pour étudier le dosage et le schéma d’administration du vaccin.” Dans le volet de l’étude portant sur le schéma d’administration, les sujets ont été assignés de maniére aléatoire 4 un groupe recevant 2 doses de 20 pg par injection intramusculaire aux mois 0 et 6, ou 3 doses de 20 pg aux mois 0, 1 et 6, et un groupe témoin recevant le vaccin contre Phépatite B aux mois 0, 1 et 6. Parmi les personnes ayant regu le vaccin HEV 239, les taux de séroconversion étaient de 98% et 100% aprés 2 et 3 doses, respectivement, contre 8% dans le groupe témoin. La moyenne géométrique des concentrations d’anticorps induites par le schéma d’administration de 3 doses était 2 fois supérieure a celle du schéma de 2 doses [moyenne de 15,9 World Health Orga- nization Units par millilitre [WU/ml] (intervalle de confiance a 95% [IC]: 13,8-18,2) contre 8,6 Wu/ml (IC a 95%: 6,5-11,3)].

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.51, + "y0": 162.92, + "x1": 551.78, + "y1": 328.41 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "579d89ed8f31f0f5ac7875b8c18f7fba", + "text": "Dans le volet de phase IIb (étude a doses progressives), les sujets ont recu chacun 3 doses de 10, 20, 30 ou 40 pg (a 0, 1 et 6 mois). Dans cette étude, le taux d’anticorps produits chez les jeunes adultes auparavant séronégatifs (de 16 a 19 ans) par le schéma d’administration de 3 doses était d’autant plus élevé, passant de 10,1 4 23,4 Wu/ml, que la dose administrée était forte, allant de 10 pg a 40 pg. Toutefois, les différences entre les 3 doses les plus élevées étaient pas statistiquement significa- tives. La moyenne géométrique des concentrations d’anticorps anti-VHE dans les groupes vaccinés (15,9 Wu/ml) était plus faible que dans les échantillons de sérum provenant de patients avec des antécédents d’hépatite E (43,4 Wu/ml), mais plus élevée que chez les sujets sains présentant une séropositivité pour le VHE sans antécédent d’hépatite (0,76 Wu/ml).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "84d5f8a82916c3eb1680aa8112660279", + "text_as_html": "

    Dans le volet de phase IIb (étude a doses progressives), les sujets ont recu chacun 3 doses de 10, 20, 30 ou 40 pg (a 0, 1 et 6 mois). Dans cette étude, le taux d’anticorps produits chez les jeunes adultes auparavant séronégatifs (de 16 a 19 ans) par le schéma d’administration de 3 doses était d’autant plus élevé, passant de 10,1 4 23,4 Wu/ml, que la dose administrée était forte, allant de 10 pg a 40 pg. Toutefois, les différences entre les 3 doses les plus élevées étaient pas statistiquement significa- tives. La moyenne géométrique des concentrations d’anticorps anti-VHE dans les groupes vaccinés (15,9 Wu/ml) était plus faible que dans les échantillons de sérum provenant de patients avec des antécédents d’hépatite E (43,4 Wu/ml), mais plus élevée que chez les sujets sains présentant une séropositivité pour le VHE sans antécédent d’hépatite (0,76 Wu/ml).

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.96, + "y0": 334.77, + "x1": 552.49, + "y1": 490.12 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "42121c776e145097a5d6647f2c9a9be4", + "text": "Dans le cadre d’une vaste étude de phase III comptant environ 113000 participants, des échantillons de sérum ont été prélevés avant la vaccination par le HEV 239, puis 1 mois aprés adminis- tration de la troisitme dose auprés d’un sous-groupe de 11 165 sujets (le sous-groupe «immunogénicité»), dont 5567 avaient recu le HEV 239 et 5598 avaient recu un placebo. Parmi les participants qui avaient recu le vaccin, 98,7% présentaient une multiplication par >4 de la concentration d’anticorps aprés vaccination, par rapport a 2,1% des sujets dans le groupe témoin; augmentation observée dans ce second groupe était probablement due a une infection a VHE infraclinique. La moyenne géométrique des concentrations d’anticorps anti-VHE dans le groupe ayant regu le vaccin est passée de 0,14 Wu/ml a 19,0 Wu/ml (IC a 95%: 18,6-19,4).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "84d5f8a82916c3eb1680aa8112660279", + "text_as_html": "

    Dans le cadre d’une vaste étude de phase III comptant environ 113000 participants, des échantillons de sérum ont été prélevés avant la vaccination par le HEV 239, puis 1 mois aprés adminis- tration de la troisitme dose auprés d’un sous-groupe de 11 165 sujets (le sous-groupe «immunogénicité»), dont 5567 avaient recu le HEV 239 et 5598 avaient recu un placebo. Parmi les participants qui avaient recu le vaccin, 98,7% présentaient une multiplication par >4 de la concentration d’anticorps aprés vaccination, par rapport a 2,1% des sujets dans le groupe témoin; augmentation observée dans ce second groupe était probablement due a une infection a VHE infraclinique. La moyenne géométrique des concentrations d’anticorps anti-VHE dans le groupe ayant regu le vaccin est passée de 0,14 Wu/ml a 19,0 Wu/ml (IC a 95%: 18,6-19,4).

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.08, + "y0": 496.04, + "x1": 552.18, + "y1": 640.12 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "2a47ee862811e315d92e3256f761c00e", + "text": "Une étude distincte a ensuite porté sur ’immunogénicité du vaccin chez les personnes atteintes d’une hépatite B chronique", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "84d5f8a82916c3eb1680aa8112660279", + "text_as_html": "

    Une étude distincte a ensuite porté sur ’immunogénicité du vaccin chez les personnes atteintes d’une hépatite B chronique

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.24, + "y0": 647.58, + "x1": 549.34, + "y1": 667.96 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "9eedc2e1b7f864288df3ee54b6cd1095", + "text": "® Zhang J, Liu CB, Li RC, et al. Randomized-controlled phase II clinical trial of a bacterially ex- pressed recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. Vaccine. 2009; 27:1869-1874.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "84d5f8a82916c3eb1680aa8112660279", + "text_as_html": "
  • ® Zhang J, Liu CB, Li RC, et al. Randomized-controlled phase II clinical trial of a bacterially ex- pressed recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. Vaccine. 2009; 27:1869-1874.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.09, + "y0": 694.9, + "x1": 547.72, + "y1": 710.86 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "63f2c1a3bc5fa7bfc09f25e1ab3b3418", + "text": "® Zhu FC, Zhang J, Zhang XF, et al. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in healthy adults: a large-scale, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lan- cet. 2010; 376: 895-902.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "84d5f8a82916c3eb1680aa8112660279", + "text_as_html": "
  • ® Zhu FC, Zhang J, Zhang XF, et al. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in healthy adults: a large-scale, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lan- cet. 2010; 376: 895-902.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 290.04, + "y0": 713.5, + "x1": 550.43, + "y1": 737.79 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "0b85ed47cc0698270b269ef90bfede41", + "text": "* Hepatitis E Vaccine Working Group. Hepatitis E vaccine: Composition, safety, immunogenicity and efficacy. Genéve, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2014 (http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/sage/meetings/2014/october/2_HepEvaccsafety_immunogenicity_efficacy_ final_1Oct2014.pdf?ua=1, consulté en décembre 2014).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "84d5f8a82916c3eb1680aa8112660279", + "text_as_html": "
  • * Hepatitis E Vaccine Working Group. Hepatitis E vaccine: Composition, safety, immunogenicity and efficacy. Genéve, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2014 (http://www.who.int/immuniza- tion/sage/meetings/2014/october/2_HepEvaccsafety_immunogenicity_efficacy_ final_1Oct2014.pdf?ua=1, consulté en décembre 2014).
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 290.24, + "y0": 740.21, + "x1": 549.27, + "y1": 772.33 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "element_id": "4a900deb3b147fb904187c0c325f35b1", + "text": "193", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 9, + "parent_id": "84d5f8a82916c3eb1680aa8112660279", + "text_as_html": "

    193

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 8, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 539.14, + "y0": 779.62, + "x1": 549.57, + "y1": 784.66 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "ef3c395941107a54046513804f2b645c", + "text": "included in the Phase III trial was separately analysed.* At month 7, HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative subjects had similar anti-HEV seroconversion rates (98.34% and 98.7%, respectively), and post-vaccination anti-HEV IgG levels [19.3 Wu/ml (95% CI: 17.7-21.1) and 19.0 Wu/ml (95% CI: 18.6-19.4), respectively]. Antibody responses after vaccination were similar in HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative subjects, regardless of their baseline anti-HEV status.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "84d5f8a82916c3eb1680aa8112660279", + "text_as_html": "

    included in the Phase III trial was separately analysed.* At month 7, HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative subjects had similar anti-HEV seroconversion rates (98.34% and 98.7%, respectively), and post-vaccination anti-HEV IgG levels [19.3 Wu/ml (95% CI: 17.7-21.1) and 19.0 Wu/ml (95% CI: 18.6-19.4), respectively]. Antibody responses after vaccination were similar in HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative subjects, regardless of their baseline anti-HEV status.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.37, + "y0": 56.15, + "x1": 273.01, + "y1": 155.28 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "3dd545302e6e9d9f7c907800e9b18a2e", + "text": "The immunogenicity of the vaccine has not yet been evaluated in persons aged <16 years and >65 years, or in populations at higher risk for severe hepatitis E dis- ease, e.g. persons with pre-existing chronic liver disease or with immunosuppressive conditions. The immunoge- nicity of the vaccine after administration by subcutane- ous or intradermal routes, or in an accelerated regimen, e.g. 0, 1 and 2 months, has not been studied.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "84d5f8a82916c3eb1680aa8112660279", + "text_as_html": "

    The immunogenicity of the vaccine has not yet been evaluated in persons aged <16 years and >65 years, or in populations at higher risk for severe hepatitis E dis- ease, e.g. persons with pre-existing chronic liver disease or with immunosuppressive conditions. The immunoge- nicity of the vaccine after administration by subcutane- ous or intradermal routes, or in an accelerated regimen, e.g. 0, 1 and 2 months, has not been studied.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.5, + "y0": 161.84, + "x1": 273.75, + "y1": 250.33 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-29", + "text": "\n\n\nEfficacy\nEfficacy of the HEV 239 vaccine has been assessed in a randomized Phase II trial” and in a Phase III random- ized clinical trial.’ The vaccine protects against symp- tomatic HEV infection, with a very high efficacy rate.\" Data on this protection relate primarily to hepatitis caused by HEV genotype 4; data on protection against disease caused by other HEV genotypes are as yet either very limited (genotype 1) or not available (genotype 2 and 3). The vaccine can effectively lower, but not elim- inate, the risk of asymptomatic infection.”\nIn a Phase II dose-scheduling study, occurrence of new HEV infections was monitored as one of the secondary outcomes by following the study subjects for evidence of spontaneous seroconversion or a >3-fold rise in the level of IgG anti-HEV antibody in paired sera.” Among 151 control subjects (who received hepatitis B vaccine), 20 had evidence of new HEV infection, including 17 with anti-HEV seroconversion and 3 others who showed a >3-fold rise in anti-HEV IgG level (6, 19 and 78-fold, respectively). Among the 306 subjects who received HEV 239 vaccine (either 2 doses at 0 and 6 months or 3 doses at 0, 1, and 6 months), 13 had new HEV infections, in- cluding 3 with spontaneous seroconversion and 10 with >3 fold rise in anti-HEV antibody levels between vac- cine doses that could not be related to vaccine admin- istration. The frequency of new HEV infections in the vaccinated subjects was significantly lower than that in the control group, suggesting that administration of 22 doses of the vaccine may have prevented new HEV infections. However, none of the 20 persons in the con- trol group, or any of the 13 vaccine recipients who had new HEV infections as evidenced by spontaneous sero- conversion, reported any hepatitis-like illness.\n4° Wu T, Huang SJ, Zhu FC, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of hepatitis E vaccine in healthy hepatitis B surface antigen positive adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013; 9:2474-2479.\n46 Grading of scientific evidence — table 1b: Efficacy of hepatitis E vaccination in im- munocompetent individuals against hepatitis E disease. Available at http://www. who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_efficacy_disease.pdf\n47 Grading of scientific evidence — table 1a: Efficacy of hepatitis E vaccination in im- munocompetent individuals against hepatitis E virus infection. Available at http:// www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_efficacy_virus_in- fection.pdf", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "ecaa9bb4c36a8b1dbbcfd63ad9292b8e", + "text": "Efficacy", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Efficacy

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.48, + "y0": 262.22, + "x1": 78.96, + "y1": 273.32 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "f111993404508129bddc385e228eac6a", + "text": "Efficacy of the HEV 239 vaccine has been assessed in a randomized Phase II trial” and in a Phase III random- ized clinical trial.’ The vaccine protects against symp- tomatic HEV infection, with a very high efficacy rate.\" Data on this protection relate primarily to hepatitis caused by HEV genotype 4; data on protection against disease caused by other HEV genotypes are as yet either very limited (genotype 1) or not available (genotype 2 and 3). The vaccine can effectively lower, but not elim- inate, the risk of asymptomatic infection.”", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "ecaa9bb4c36a8b1dbbcfd63ad9292b8e", + "text_as_html": "

    Efficacy of the HEV 239 vaccine has been assessed in a randomized Phase II trial” and in a Phase III random- ized clinical trial.’ The vaccine protects against symp- tomatic HEV infection, with a very high efficacy rate.\" Data on this protection relate primarily to hepatitis caused by HEV genotype 4; data on protection against disease caused by other HEV genotypes are as yet either very limited (genotype 1) or not available (genotype 2 and 3). The vaccine can effectively lower, but not elim- inate, the risk of asymptomatic infection.”

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.34, + "y0": 275.3, + "x1": 273.48, + "y1": 386.23 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "69303e7eb2e8bcaac98892d14e213cce", + "text": "In a Phase II dose-scheduling study, occurrence of new HEV infections was monitored as one of the secondary outcomes by following the study subjects for evidence of spontaneous seroconversion or a >3-fold rise in the level of IgG anti-HEV antibody in paired sera.” Among 151 control subjects (who received hepatitis B vaccine), 20 had evidence of new HEV infection, including 17 with anti-HEV seroconversion and 3 others who showed a >3-fold rise in anti-HEV IgG level (6, 19 and 78-fold, respectively). Among the 306 subjects who received HEV 239 vaccine (either 2 doses at 0 and 6 months or 3 doses at 0, 1, and 6 months), 13 had new HEV infections, in- cluding 3 with spontaneous seroconversion and 10 with >3 fold rise in anti-HEV antibody levels between vac- cine doses that could not be related to vaccine admin- istration. The frequency of new HEV infections in the vaccinated subjects was significantly lower than that in the control group, suggesting that administration of 22 doses of the vaccine may have prevented new HEV infections. However, none of the 20 persons in the con- trol group, or any of the 13 vaccine recipients who had new HEV infections as evidenced by spontaneous sero- conversion, reported any hepatitis-like illness.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "ecaa9bb4c36a8b1dbbcfd63ad9292b8e", + "text_as_html": "

    In a Phase II dose-scheduling study, occurrence of new HEV infections was monitored as one of the secondary outcomes by following the study subjects for evidence of spontaneous seroconversion or a >3-fold rise in the level of IgG anti-HEV antibody in paired sera.” Among 151 control subjects (who received hepatitis B vaccine), 20 had evidence of new HEV infection, including 17 with anti-HEV seroconversion and 3 others who showed a >3-fold rise in anti-HEV IgG level (6, 19 and 78-fold, respectively). Among the 306 subjects who received HEV 239 vaccine (either 2 doses at 0 and 6 months or 3 doses at 0, 1, and 6 months), 13 had new HEV infections, in- cluding 3 with spontaneous seroconversion and 10 with >3 fold rise in anti-HEV antibody levels between vac- cine doses that could not be related to vaccine admin- istration. The frequency of new HEV infections in the vaccinated subjects was significantly lower than that in the control group, suggesting that administration of 22 doses of the vaccine may have prevented new HEV infections. However, none of the 20 persons in the con- trol group, or any of the 13 vaccine recipients who had new HEV infections as evidenced by spontaneous sero- conversion, reported any hepatitis-like illness.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.55, + "y0": 395.58, + "x1": 272.93, + "y1": 648.07 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "df6272868bd12ae8de224e37fd7f07e7", + "text": "4° Wu T, Huang SJ, Zhu FC, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of hepatitis E vaccine in healthy hepatitis B surface antigen positive adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013; 9:2474-2479.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "ecaa9bb4c36a8b1dbbcfd63ad9292b8e", + "text_as_html": "
  • 4° Wu T, Huang SJ, Zhu FC, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of hepatitis E vaccine in healthy hepatitis B surface antigen positive adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013; 9:2474-2479.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 42.35, + "y0": 687.31, + "x1": 272.13, + "y1": 710.88 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "9e0b681ffad9c9240d7cef5c2aad8d34", + "text": "46 Grading of scientific evidence — table 1b: Efficacy of hepatitis E vaccination in im- munocompetent individuals against hepatitis E disease. Available at http://www. who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_efficacy_disease.pdf", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "ecaa9bb4c36a8b1dbbcfd63ad9292b8e", + "text_as_html": "
  • 46 Grading of scientific evidence — table 1b: Efficacy of hepatitis E vaccination in im- munocompetent individuals against hepatitis E disease. Available at http://www. who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_efficacy_disease.pdf
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.46, + "y0": 714.04, + "x1": 274.4, + "y1": 737.76 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "1840d199d7297f1b414d68c42948a24d", + "text": "47 Grading of scientific evidence — table 1a: Efficacy of hepatitis E vaccination in im- munocompetent individuals against hepatitis E virus infection. Available at http:// www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_efficacy_virus_in- fection.pdf", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "ecaa9bb4c36a8b1dbbcfd63ad9292b8e", + "text_as_html": "
  • 47 Grading of scientific evidence — table 1a: Efficacy of hepatitis E vaccination in im- munocompetent individuals against hepatitis E virus infection. Available at http:// www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_efficacy_virus_in- fection.pdf
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 41.56, + "y0": 740.64, + "x1": 272.97, + "y1": 773.48 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-30", + "text": "\n\n\n194\npréexistante et incluses dans l’essai de phase III. Au bout de 7 mois, les sujets positifs pour le HBsAg et les sujets négatifs pour le HBsAg avaient des taux comparables de séroconversion contre le VHE (98,34% et 98,7%, respectivement) et des taux semblables d’anticorps IgG anti-VHE aprés vaccination [19,3 Wu/ml (IC a 95%: 17,7-21,1) et 19,0 Wu/ml (IC a 95%: 18,6-19,4), respectivement]. Leur réponse en anticorps aprés vaccination était également comparable, indépendamment de leur état sérologique anti-VHE initial.\nLimmunogénicité du vaccin n’a pas encore été évaluée chez les personnes de <16 ans et de >65 ans, ni dans les populations exposées a un risque accru d’hépatite E grave, notamment les personnes immunodéprimées ou atteintes d’une affection hépa- tique chronique préexistante. Limmunogénicité du vaccin aprés administration par voie sous cutanée ou intradermique ou selon un schéma accéléré, par exemple a 0, 1 et 2 mois, n’a pas été étudiée.", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "386b662b0044c71a301428fd8c45df48", + "text": "194", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    194

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.08, + "y0": 778.95, + "x1": 56.38, + "y1": 786.65 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "2c049b347902d6ef6367db58b948859d", + "text": "préexistante et incluses dans l’essai de phase III. Au bout de 7 mois, les sujets positifs pour le HBsAg et les sujets négatifs pour le HBsAg avaient des taux comparables de séroconversion contre le VHE (98,34% et 98,7%, respectivement) et des taux semblables d’anticorps IgG anti-VHE aprés vaccination [19,3 Wu/ml (IC a 95%: 17,7-21,1) et 19,0 Wu/ml (IC a 95%: 18,6-19,4), respectivement]. Leur réponse en anticorps aprés vaccination était également comparable, indépendamment de leur état sérologique anti-VHE initial.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "386b662b0044c71a301428fd8c45df48", + "text_as_html": "

    préexistante et incluses dans l’essai de phase III. Au bout de 7 mois, les sujets positifs pour le HBsAg et les sujets négatifs pour le HBsAg avaient des taux comparables de séroconversion contre le VHE (98,34% et 98,7%, respectivement) et des taux semblables d’anticorps IgG anti-VHE aprés vaccination [19,3 Wu/ml (IC a 95%: 17,7-21,1) et 19,0 Wu/ml (IC a 95%: 18,6-19,4), respectivement]. Leur réponse en anticorps aprés vaccination était également comparable, indépendamment de leur état sérologique anti-VHE initial.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.97, + "y0": 56.09, + "x1": 553.27, + "y1": 155.31 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "1250683273a546f52108d88782e1670d", + "text": "Limmunogénicité du vaccin n’a pas encore été évaluée chez les personnes de <16 ans et de >65 ans, ni dans les populations exposées a un risque accru d’hépatite E grave, notamment les personnes immunodéprimées ou atteintes d’une affection hépa- tique chronique préexistante. Limmunogénicité du vaccin aprés administration par voie sous cutanée ou intradermique ou selon un schéma accéléré, par exemple a 0, 1 et 2 mois, n’a pas été étudiée.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "386b662b0044c71a301428fd8c45df48", + "text_as_html": "

    Limmunogénicité du vaccin n’a pas encore été évaluée chez les personnes de <16 ans et de >65 ans, ni dans les populations exposées a un risque accru d’hépatite E grave, notamment les personnes immunodéprimées ou atteintes d’une affection hépa- tique chronique préexistante. Limmunogénicité du vaccin aprés administration par voie sous cutanée ou intradermique ou selon un schéma accéléré, par exemple a 0, 1 et 2 mois, n’a pas été étudiée.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.28, + "y0": 162.32, + "x1": 551.98, + "y1": 249.63 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-31", + "text": "\n\n\nEfficacité\nLefficacité du vaccin HEV 239 a été évaluée dans le cadre d’un essai randomisé de phase II” et d’un essai randomisé de phase III.” Le vaccin protége contre l’infection symptomatique a VHE, avec un taux d’efficacité trés élevé.*° Les données rela- tives a cette protection portent principalement sur l’hépatite induite par le génotype 4 du virus; les données sur la protection contre les maladies provoquées par les autres génotypes du VHE sont soit trés limitées (génotype 1), soit indisponibles (génotypes 2 et 3). Le vaccin permet une réduction efficace du risque d’infection asymptomatique, sans toutefois |’éliminer.”\nDans le cadre d’une étude de phase II sur le schéma d’admi- nistration, ?apparition de nouvelles infections 4 VHE a été surveillée a titre de critére secondaire par le biais d’un suivi des participants pour déceler tout signe de séroconversion spontanée ou de multiplication par >3 du taux d’anticorps IgG anti-VHE dans des sérums appariés.” Parmi les 151 sujets du groupe témoin (ayant recu le vaccin contre Vhépatite B), 20 présentaient les signes d’une nouvelle infection 4 VHE, dont 17 avec une séroconversion anti-VHE et 3 autres avec une multi- plication par >3 du taux d’anticorps IgG anti-VHE (multiplica- tion par 6, 19 et 78, respectivement). Parmi les 306 sujets ayant recu le vaccin HEV 239 (soit 2 doses a 0 et 6 mois, soit 3 doses a 0,1 et 6 mois), 13 présentaient les signes d’une nouvelle infec- tion a VHE, dont 3 avec une séroconversion spontanée et 10 avec la multiplication par >3 du taux d’anticorps anti-VHE entre les doses de vaccin, ne pouvant étre corrélée a l’adminis- tration du vaccin. Lincidence des nouvelles infections a VHE était considérablement plus faible parmi les sujets vaccinés que dans le groupe témoin, laissant supposer que l’administration de 22 doses du vaccin avait permis de prévenir de nouvelles infections par le VHE. Cependant, aucune des 20 personnes du groupe témoin ou des 13 personnes du groupe vacciné ayant contracté une nouvelle infection 4 VHE, telle qu’attestée par la séroconversion spontanée, n’a signalé de symptémes analogues a ceux de Vhépatite.\n4 WuT, Huang SJ, Zhu FC, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of hepatitis E vaccine in healthy hepa- titis B surface antigen positive adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013; 9:2474-2479.\n“© Cotation des preuves scientifiques — tableau 1b: Efficacy of hepatitis E vaccination in immuno- competent individuals against hepatitis E disease. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_efficacy_disease.pdf\nCotation des preuves scientifiques — tableau 1a: Efficacy of hepatitis E vaccination in immuno- competent individuals against hepatitis E virus infection. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_efficacy_vi- rus_infection.pdf\nIn a Phase III double-blind randomized field trial, 112604 healthy adults aged 16-65 years were randomly assigned to receive 3 doses of 30 pg of HEV 239 vaccine or a placebo (hepatitis B vaccine) administered intra- muscularly at 0, 1 and 6 months. Both groups were followed for 19 months to identify cases of hepatitis, through an active hepatitis surveillance system com- prising 205 sentinel sites, including 162 community clin- ics, 30 private clinics, 11 central hospitals located in townships, and 2 central hospitals in a large city. The primary endpoint was prevention of hepatitis E, as defined by fulfilment of 3 conditions: (i) constitutional symptoms (fatigue, loss of appetite or both) for at least 3 days, (ii) serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in- creased 22.5-fold the upper limit of normal range, and (iii) evidence of HEV infection (positive anti-HEV IgM and HEV RNA, 24-fold increase in anti-HEV IgG, or both) in the per-protocol population during the 12 months from the 31st day after the third dose. Effi- cacy analysis was based on accrued person-time in the vaccine and control groups, and used an exact condi- tional procedure under the assumption that the num- bers of patients with hepatitis E in the 2 groups were independent Poisson random variables. In addition, ef- ficacy was also assessed using a Cox proportional haz- ard model and log-rank test.\nIn the primary (per protocol) analysis, 15 of the 48663 placebo recipients (with 48 555.1 person-years at risk) and none of the 48 693 vaccine recipients (with 48 594.6 person-years at risk) developed hepatitis E dur- ing the 12 months from the 31st day after the third dose, reflecting 100% vaccine efficacy (95% CI: 72.1%-100%; p<0.0001). An intention-to-treat analysis in all eligible subjects who had received at least 1 dose and were fol- lowed for 19 months indicated vaccine efficacy of 95.5% (95% CI: 66.3%-99.4%; p<0.0001). Another analysis in the same groups for 12 months from the 31st day after the receipt of the final dose gave a protective efficacy of 93.8% (95% CI: 59.8%-99.9%). Assessment of efficacy using a Cox proportional hazard model and log-rank test showed a significant difference between the vaccine and the placebo groups in cumulative incidence of hepatitis E (p<0.0001).\nAn additional analysis evaluated vaccine efficacy after 2 doses, ie. in the period between 14 days after the second dose and before the third dose. This revealed 5 cases of hepatitis E among 54 973 placebo recipients (20 196.8 person years) and none among the 54 986 vaccine recipients (20 202.1 person years of follow-up) with efficacy of 100.0% (95% CI: 9.1%-100.0%).\"°\nLonger term efficacy was examined using paired serum samples from a subset of subjects from the phase III randomized trial who were followed for up to 25 months after a full vaccination course. The overall per-proto- col efficacy against HEV infection (based on serocon- version or a 24-fold rise in anti-HEV antibody level)\n48 Zhang J, Shih JW, WuT, et al. Development of the hepatitis E vaccine: from bench to field. Semin Liver Dis. 2013; 33:79-88.\nDans un essai de terrain randomisé de phase III en double aveugle, 112 604 adultes en bonne santé, agés de 16 a 65 ans, ont été répartis de maniére aléatoire en 2 groupes: un groupe recevant 3 doses de 30 pg du vaccin HEV 239 et l’autre recevant un placebo (vaccin contre Phépatite B) par injection intramus- culaire a 0, 1 et 6 mois.’ Pour détecter les cas d’hépatite, les 2 groupes ont fait objet d’un suivi de 19 mois, reposant sur un systéme actif de surveillance de Phépatite constitué de 205 sites sentinelles, dont 162 dispensaires communautaires, 30 cliniques privées, 11 centres hospitaliers dans des communes de petite taille et 2 centres hospitaliers dans une grande ville. La préven- tion de ’hépatite E, telle que définie par les 3 conditions suivantes, constituait le critére de jugement primaire: i) symptémes consti- tutionnels (fatigue, perte d’appétit ou les 2) pendant au moins 3 jours; ii) augmentation de l’alanine aminotransférase (ALAT) sérique pour atteindre 22,5 fois la limite supérieure de la plage normale; et iii) signes dune infection 4 VHE (résultats positifs pour lanticorps IgM anti VHE et ARN du VHE, multiplication par 24 des IgG anti-VHE, ou les 2) dans la population conforme au protocole dans une période de 12 mois a partir du 31* jour suivant la troisiéme dose. L’analyse de lefficacité est basée sur le nombre de personnes-années cumulées dans le groupe vacciné et le groupe témoin, et repose sur une procédure conditionnelle exacte en prenant pour hypothése que les nombres de patients atteints d@’hépatite E dans les 2 groupes sont des variables aléa- toires indépendantes de la loi de Poisson. En outre, l’efficacité a également été évaluée a l'aide d'un modeéle de risques propor- tionnels de Cox et d’un test logarithmique par rangs.\nDans analyse primaire (conforme au protocole), 15 des 48663 sujets ayant recu le placebo (avec 48555,1 personnes- années a risque) et aucun des 48693 sujets du groupe vacciné (avec 48 594,6 personnes-années a risque) ont contracté ’hépatite E dans la période de 12 mois a partir du 31¢ jour suivant la troisiéme dose, indiquant une efficacité de 100% du vaccin (IC a 95%: 72,1%-100%; p <0,0001). Une analyse selon intention de traiter de tous les sujets répondant aux critéres de l’étude, ayant recu au moins 1 dose et fait objet d’un suivi de 19 mois, a donné une efficacité de 95,5% (IC a 95%: 66,3%-99,4%; p <0,0001). Une autre analyse menée auprés des mémes groupes dans la période de 12 mois a partir du 31e jour suivant la derniére dose a abouti a une efficacité de 93,8% (IC a 95%: 59,8%-99,9%). Lévaluation de Lefficacité 4 l'aide du modéle de risques proportionnels de Cox et du test logarithmique par rangs a révélé une différence statistiquement significative de incidence cumulée d’hépatite E entre le groupe vacciné et le groupe placebo (p <0,0001).\nUne autre analyse a été réalisée pour évaluer lefficacité du vaccin aprés 2 doses, c’est-a-dire dans la période débutant 14 jours aprés la seconde dose et se terminant avant la troisiéme dose. Cette analyse a mis en évidence 5 cas d’hépatite E parmi les 54 973 sujets ayant regu le placebo (soit 20196,8 personnes- années) et aucun cas parmi les 54 986 sujets du groupe vacciné (soit 20 202,1 personnes-années de suivi), se traduisant par une efficacité de 100,0% (IC & 95%: 9,1%-100,0%).\nLefficacité 4 plus long terme a été étudiée a partir d’échantillons de sérum appariés provenant d’un sous-groupe de sujets de essai randomisé de phase III, suivis pour une période allant jusqu’a 25 mois aprés ladministration de toutes les doses.** Lefficacité globale contre infection 4 VHE selon le protocole (déterminée sur la base de la séroconversion ou d’une augmentation d’un facteur\n4 Zhang J, Shih JW, WuT, et al. Development of the hepatitis E vaccine: from bench to field. Semin Liver Dis. 2013; 33:79-88.\n195\nwas 79.2% and was similar in the first and second year post-vaccination. Overall efficacy in subjects who had received at least 1 dose of vaccine (intention-to-treat analysis) was 77.0%.\nData on efficacy in children (<16 years of age), persons aged >65 years, or in immunosuppressed persons are lacking. There are no data on immunogenicity and pro- tection in pregnant women. The vaccine appears to be immunogenic in hepatitis B carriers; whether it is also immunogenic in persons with chronic liver disease needs further study.\nEfficacy of the vaccine in protecting against infection by HEV genotypes 2 or 3 is unknown. Efficacy of the vaccine when administered post exposure or in control- ling disease outbreaks has not yet been studied. In ad- dition, there are no data on protection against severe forms of disease with acute liver failure, which is par- ticularly frequent in HEV-infected pregnant women. Data on these aspects would inform decisions regarding the clinical and public health applications of this vac- cine.”\nCurrently, data on protection are available only from clinical trials; no data are available on the effectiveness of the vaccine in the field.", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "780bebe24a6ebcdff9a1bceb185c7647", + "text": "Efficacité", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Efficacité

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.98, + "y0": 261.84, + "x1": 333.33, + "y1": 273.17 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "156494c98e6bc9d70e55601521b62538", + "text": "Lefficacité du vaccin HEV 239 a été évaluée dans le cadre d’un essai randomisé de phase II” et d’un essai randomisé de phase III.” Le vaccin protége contre l’infection symptomatique a VHE, avec un taux d’efficacité trés élevé.*° Les données rela- tives a cette protection portent principalement sur l’hépatite induite par le génotype 4 du virus; les données sur la protection contre les maladies provoquées par les autres génotypes du VHE sont soit trés limitées (génotype 1), soit indisponibles (génotypes 2 et 3). Le vaccin permet une réduction efficace du risque d’infection asymptomatique, sans toutefois |’éliminer.”", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "780bebe24a6ebcdff9a1bceb185c7647", + "text_as_html": "

    Lefficacité du vaccin HEV 239 a été évaluée dans le cadre d’un essai randomisé de phase II” et d’un essai randomisé de phase III.” Le vaccin protége contre l’infection symptomatique a VHE, avec un taux d’efficacité trés élevé.*° Les données rela- tives a cette protection portent principalement sur l’hépatite induite par le génotype 4 du virus; les données sur la protection contre les maladies provoquées par les autres génotypes du VHE sont soit trés limitées (génotype 1), soit indisponibles (génotypes 2 et 3). Le vaccin permet une réduction efficace du risque d’infection asymptomatique, sans toutefois |’éliminer.”

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.15, + "y0": 275.51, + "x1": 551.83, + "y1": 386.17 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "a559d62523828386ed261f697ee79152", + "text": "Dans le cadre d’une étude de phase II sur le schéma d’admi- nistration, ?apparition de nouvelles infections 4 VHE a été surveillée a titre de critére secondaire par le biais d’un suivi des participants pour déceler tout signe de séroconversion spontanée ou de multiplication par >3 du taux d’anticorps IgG anti-VHE dans des sérums appariés.” Parmi les 151 sujets du groupe témoin (ayant recu le vaccin contre Vhépatite B), 20 présentaient les signes d’une nouvelle infection 4 VHE, dont 17 avec une séroconversion anti-VHE et 3 autres avec une multi- plication par >3 du taux d’anticorps IgG anti-VHE (multiplica- tion par 6, 19 et 78, respectivement). Parmi les 306 sujets ayant recu le vaccin HEV 239 (soit 2 doses a 0 et 6 mois, soit 3 doses a 0,1 et 6 mois), 13 présentaient les signes d’une nouvelle infec- tion a VHE, dont 3 avec une séroconversion spontanée et 10 avec la multiplication par >3 du taux d’anticorps anti-VHE entre les doses de vaccin, ne pouvant étre corrélée a l’adminis- tration du vaccin. Lincidence des nouvelles infections a VHE était considérablement plus faible parmi les sujets vaccinés que dans le groupe témoin, laissant supposer que l’administration de 22 doses du vaccin avait permis de prévenir de nouvelles infections par le VHE. Cependant, aucune des 20 personnes du groupe témoin ou des 13 personnes du groupe vacciné ayant contracté une nouvelle infection 4 VHE, telle qu’attestée par la séroconversion spontanée, n’a signalé de symptémes analogues a ceux de Vhépatite.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "780bebe24a6ebcdff9a1bceb185c7647", + "text_as_html": "

    Dans le cadre d’une étude de phase II sur le schéma d’admi- nistration, ?apparition de nouvelles infections 4 VHE a été surveillée a titre de critére secondaire par le biais d’un suivi des participants pour déceler tout signe de séroconversion spontanée ou de multiplication par >3 du taux d’anticorps IgG anti-VHE dans des sérums appariés.” Parmi les 151 sujets du groupe témoin (ayant recu le vaccin contre Vhépatite B), 20 présentaient les signes d’une nouvelle infection 4 VHE, dont 17 avec une séroconversion anti-VHE et 3 autres avec une multi- plication par >3 du taux d’anticorps IgG anti-VHE (multiplica- tion par 6, 19 et 78, respectivement). Parmi les 306 sujets ayant recu le vaccin HEV 239 (soit 2 doses a 0 et 6 mois, soit 3 doses a 0,1 et 6 mois), 13 présentaient les signes d’une nouvelle infec- tion a VHE, dont 3 avec une séroconversion spontanée et 10 avec la multiplication par >3 du taux d’anticorps anti-VHE entre les doses de vaccin, ne pouvant étre corrélée a l’adminis- tration du vaccin. Lincidence des nouvelles infections a VHE était considérablement plus faible parmi les sujets vaccinés que dans le groupe témoin, laissant supposer que l’administration de 22 doses du vaccin avait permis de prévenir de nouvelles infections par le VHE. Cependant, aucune des 20 personnes du groupe témoin ou des 13 personnes du groupe vacciné ayant contracté une nouvelle infection 4 VHE, telle qu’attestée par la séroconversion spontanée, n’a signalé de symptémes analogues a ceux de Vhépatite.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.83, + "y0": 393.96, + "x1": 552.97, + "y1": 669.6 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "8023cad86c6e387b201c8e9b5221bb73", + "text": "4 WuT, Huang SJ, Zhu FC, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of hepatitis E vaccine in healthy hepa- titis B surface antigen positive adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013; 9:2474-2479.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "780bebe24a6ebcdff9a1bceb185c7647", + "text_as_html": "
  • 4 WuT, Huang SJ, Zhu FC, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of hepatitis E vaccine in healthy hepa- titis B surface antigen positive adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013; 9:2474-2479.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.37, + "y0": 686.9, + "x1": 546.9, + "y1": 702.89 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "99403a86d1eac46692ac3da28f93820c", + "text": "“© Cotation des preuves scientifiques — tableau 1b: Efficacy of hepatitis E vaccination in immuno- competent individuals against hepatitis E disease. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_efficacy_disease.pdf", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "780bebe24a6ebcdff9a1bceb185c7647", + "text_as_html": "
  • “© Cotation des preuves scientifiques — tableau 1b: Efficacy of hepatitis E vaccination in immuno- competent individuals against hepatitis E disease. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_efficacy_disease.pdf
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 290.44, + "y0": 713.65, + "x1": 547.48, + "y1": 737.82 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "32984261fe9ab9bc20e43ebcb0038d35", + "text": "Cotation des preuves scientifiques — tableau 1a: Efficacy of hepatitis E vaccination in immuno- competent individuals against hepatitis E virus infection. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_efficacy_vi- rus_infection.pdf", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 10, + "parent_id": "780bebe24a6ebcdff9a1bceb185c7647", + "text_as_html": "
  • Cotation des preuves scientifiques — tableau 1a: Efficacy of hepatitis E vaccination in immuno- competent individuals against hepatitis E virus infection. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_efficacy_vi- rus_infection.pdf
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 9, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 291.53, + "y0": 740.36, + "x1": 548.97, + "y1": 773.51 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "97f7b3d03b465000643a1ef2fef8eb8a", + "text": "In a Phase III double-blind randomized field trial, 112604 healthy adults aged 16-65 years were randomly assigned to receive 3 doses of 30 pg of HEV 239 vaccine or a placebo (hepatitis B vaccine) administered intra- muscularly at 0, 1 and 6 months. Both groups were followed for 19 months to identify cases of hepatitis, through an active hepatitis surveillance system com- prising 205 sentinel sites, including 162 community clin- ics, 30 private clinics, 11 central hospitals located in townships, and 2 central hospitals in a large city. The primary endpoint was prevention of hepatitis E, as defined by fulfilment of 3 conditions: (i) constitutional symptoms (fatigue, loss of appetite or both) for at least 3 days, (ii) serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in- creased 22.5-fold the upper limit of normal range, and (iii) evidence of HEV infection (positive anti-HEV IgM and HEV RNA, 24-fold increase in anti-HEV IgG, or both) in the per-protocol population during the 12 months from the 31st day after the third dose. Effi- cacy analysis was based on accrued person-time in the vaccine and control groups, and used an exact condi- tional procedure under the assumption that the num- bers of patients with hepatitis E in the 2 groups were independent Poisson random variables. In addition, ef- ficacy was also assessed using a Cox proportional haz- ard model and log-rank test.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 11, + "parent_id": "780bebe24a6ebcdff9a1bceb185c7647", + "text_as_html": "

    In a Phase III double-blind randomized field trial, 112604 healthy adults aged 16-65 years were randomly assigned to receive 3 doses of 30 pg of HEV 239 vaccine or a placebo (hepatitis B vaccine) administered intra- muscularly at 0, 1 and 6 months. Both groups were followed for 19 months to identify cases of hepatitis, through an active hepatitis surveillance system com- prising 205 sentinel sites, including 162 community clin- ics, 30 private clinics, 11 central hospitals located in townships, and 2 central hospitals in a large city. The primary endpoint was prevention of hepatitis E, as defined by fulfilment of 3 conditions: (i) constitutional symptoms (fatigue, loss of appetite or both) for at least 3 days, (ii) serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in- creased 22.5-fold the upper limit of normal range, and (iii) evidence of HEV infection (positive anti-HEV IgM and HEV RNA, 24-fold increase in anti-HEV IgG, or both) in the per-protocol population during the 12 months from the 31st day after the third dose. Effi- cacy analysis was based on accrued person-time in the vaccine and control groups, and used an exact condi- tional procedure under the assumption that the num- bers of patients with hepatitis E in the 2 groups were independent Poisson random variables. In addition, ef- ficacy was also assessed using a Cox proportional haz- ard model and log-rank test.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 10, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.81, + "y0": 58.91, + "x1": 271.96, + "y1": 345.21 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "6cdc259f7f759d8cda0bec5136603253", + "text": "In the primary (per protocol) analysis, 15 of the 48663 placebo recipients (with 48 555.1 person-years at risk) and none of the 48 693 vaccine recipients (with 48 594.6 person-years at risk) developed hepatitis E dur- ing the 12 months from the 31st day after the third dose, reflecting 100% vaccine efficacy (95% CI: 72.1%-100%; p<0.0001). An intention-to-treat analysis in all eligible subjects who had received at least 1 dose and were fol- lowed for 19 months indicated vaccine efficacy of 95.5% (95% CI: 66.3%-99.4%; p<0.0001). Another analysis in the same groups for 12 months from the 31st day after the receipt of the final dose gave a protective efficacy of 93.8% (95% CI: 59.8%-99.9%). Assessment of efficacy using a Cox proportional hazard model and log-rank test showed a significant difference between the vaccine and the placebo groups in cumulative incidence of hepatitis E (p<0.0001).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 11, + "parent_id": "780bebe24a6ebcdff9a1bceb185c7647", + "text_as_html": "

    In the primary (per protocol) analysis, 15 of the 48663 placebo recipients (with 48 555.1 person-years at risk) and none of the 48 693 vaccine recipients (with 48 594.6 person-years at risk) developed hepatitis E dur- ing the 12 months from the 31st day after the third dose, reflecting 100% vaccine efficacy (95% CI: 72.1%-100%; p<0.0001). An intention-to-treat analysis in all eligible subjects who had received at least 1 dose and were fol- lowed for 19 months indicated vaccine efficacy of 95.5% (95% CI: 66.3%-99.4%; p<0.0001). Another analysis in the same groups for 12 months from the 31st day after the receipt of the final dose gave a protective efficacy of 93.8% (95% CI: 59.8%-99.9%). Assessment of efficacy using a Cox proportional hazard model and log-rank test showed a significant difference between the vaccine and the placebo groups in cumulative incidence of hepatitis E (p<0.0001).

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 10, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.95, + "y0": 379.1, + "x1": 272.31, + "y1": 566.25 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "d418f7d216328992a450eede3d97d632", + "text": "An additional analysis evaluated vaccine efficacy after 2 doses, ie. in the period between 14 days after the second dose and before the third dose. This revealed 5 cases of hepatitis E among 54 973 placebo recipients (20 196.8 person years) and none among the 54 986 vaccine recipients (20 202.1 person years of follow-up) with efficacy of 100.0% (95% CI: 9.1%-100.0%).\"°", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 11, + "parent_id": "780bebe24a6ebcdff9a1bceb185c7647", + "text_as_html": "

    An additional analysis evaluated vaccine efficacy after 2 doses, ie. in the period between 14 days after the second dose and before the third dose. This revealed 5 cases of hepatitis E among 54 973 placebo recipients (20 196.8 person years) and none among the 54 986 vaccine recipients (20 202.1 person years of follow-up) with efficacy of 100.0% (95% CI: 9.1%-100.0%).\"°

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 10, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.12, + "y0": 573.94, + "x1": 272.31, + "y1": 650.64 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "eef7411325976abddad35b514d2d2373", + "text": "Longer term efficacy was examined using paired serum samples from a subset of subjects from the phase III randomized trial who were followed for up to 25 months after a full vaccination course. The overall per-proto- col efficacy against HEV infection (based on serocon- version or a 24-fold rise in anti-HEV antibody level)", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 11, + "parent_id": "780bebe24a6ebcdff9a1bceb185c7647", + "text_as_html": "

    Longer term efficacy was examined using paired serum samples from a subset of subjects from the phase III randomized trial who were followed for up to 25 months after a full vaccination course. The overall per-proto- col efficacy against HEV infection (based on serocon- version or a 24-fold rise in anti-HEV antibody level)

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 10, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.77, + "y0": 670.33, + "x1": 272.49, + "y1": 734.84 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "c8a93329c313252b720b1818c6fc998f", + "text": "48 Zhang J, Shih JW, WuT, et al. Development of the hepatitis E vaccine: from bench to field. Semin Liver Dis. 2013; 33:79-88.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 11, + "parent_id": "780bebe24a6ebcdff9a1bceb185c7647", + "text_as_html": "
  • 48 Zhang J, Shih JW, WuT, et al. Development of the hepatitis E vaccine: from bench to field. Semin Liver Dis. 2013; 33:79-88.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 10, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 42.9, + "y0": 757.3, + "x1": 273.22, + "y1": 772.6 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "654392835544ab5e2cb58d982f606d18", + "text": "Dans un essai de terrain randomisé de phase III en double aveugle, 112 604 adultes en bonne santé, agés de 16 a 65 ans, ont été répartis de maniére aléatoire en 2 groupes: un groupe recevant 3 doses de 30 pg du vaccin HEV 239 et l’autre recevant un placebo (vaccin contre Phépatite B) par injection intramus- culaire a 0, 1 et 6 mois.’ Pour détecter les cas d’hépatite, les 2 groupes ont fait objet d’un suivi de 19 mois, reposant sur un systéme actif de surveillance de Phépatite constitué de 205 sites sentinelles, dont 162 dispensaires communautaires, 30 cliniques privées, 11 centres hospitaliers dans des communes de petite taille et 2 centres hospitaliers dans une grande ville. La préven- tion de ’hépatite E, telle que définie par les 3 conditions suivantes, constituait le critére de jugement primaire: i) symptémes consti- tutionnels (fatigue, perte d’appétit ou les 2) pendant au moins 3 jours; ii) augmentation de l’alanine aminotransférase (ALAT) sérique pour atteindre 22,5 fois la limite supérieure de la plage normale; et iii) signes dune infection 4 VHE (résultats positifs pour lanticorps IgM anti VHE et ARN du VHE, multiplication par 24 des IgG anti-VHE, ou les 2) dans la population conforme au protocole dans une période de 12 mois a partir du 31* jour suivant la troisiéme dose. L’analyse de lefficacité est basée sur le nombre de personnes-années cumulées dans le groupe vacciné et le groupe témoin, et repose sur une procédure conditionnelle exacte en prenant pour hypothése que les nombres de patients atteints d@’hépatite E dans les 2 groupes sont des variables aléa- toires indépendantes de la loi de Poisson. En outre, l’efficacité a également été évaluée a l'aide d'un modeéle de risques propor- tionnels de Cox et d’un test logarithmique par rangs.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 11, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Dans un essai de terrain randomisé de phase III en double aveugle, 112 604 adultes en bonne santé, agés de 16 a 65 ans, ont été répartis de maniére aléatoire en 2 groupes: un groupe recevant 3 doses de 30 pg du vaccin HEV 239 et l’autre recevant un placebo (vaccin contre Phépatite B) par injection intramus- culaire a 0, 1 et 6 mois.’ Pour détecter les cas d’hépatite, les 2 groupes ont fait objet d’un suivi de 19 mois, reposant sur un systéme actif de surveillance de Phépatite constitué de 205 sites sentinelles, dont 162 dispensaires communautaires, 30 cliniques privées, 11 centres hospitaliers dans des communes de petite taille et 2 centres hospitaliers dans une grande ville. La préven- tion de ’hépatite E, telle que définie par les 3 conditions suivantes, constituait le critére de jugement primaire: i) symptémes consti- tutionnels (fatigue, perte d’appétit ou les 2) pendant au moins 3 jours; ii) augmentation de l’alanine aminotransférase (ALAT) sérique pour atteindre 22,5 fois la limite supérieure de la plage normale; et iii) signes dune infection 4 VHE (résultats positifs pour lanticorps IgM anti VHE et ARN du VHE, multiplication par 24 des IgG anti-VHE, ou les 2) dans la population conforme au protocole dans une période de 12 mois a partir du 31* jour suivant la troisiéme dose. L’analyse de lefficacité est basée sur le nombre de personnes-années cumulées dans le groupe vacciné et le groupe témoin, et repose sur une procédure conditionnelle exacte en prenant pour hypothése que les nombres de patients atteints d@’hépatite E dans les 2 groupes sont des variables aléa- toires indépendantes de la loi de Poisson. En outre, l’efficacité a également été évaluée a l'aide d'un modeéle de risques propor- tionnels de Cox et d’un test logarithmique par rangs.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 10, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.12, + "y0": 58.89, + "x1": 552.26, + "y1": 367.01 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "a7c6003e6073afead6d9d769975565ae", + "text": "Dans analyse primaire (conforme au protocole), 15 des 48663 sujets ayant recu le placebo (avec 48555,1 personnes- années a risque) et aucun des 48693 sujets du groupe vacciné (avec 48 594,6 personnes-années a risque) ont contracté ’hépatite E dans la période de 12 mois a partir du 31¢ jour suivant la troisiéme dose, indiquant une efficacité de 100% du vaccin (IC a 95%: 72,1%-100%; p <0,0001). Une analyse selon intention de traiter de tous les sujets répondant aux critéres de l’étude, ayant recu au moins 1 dose et fait objet d’un suivi de 19 mois, a donné une efficacité de 95,5% (IC a 95%: 66,3%-99,4%; p <0,0001). Une autre analyse menée auprés des mémes groupes dans la période de 12 mois a partir du 31e jour suivant la derniére dose a abouti a une efficacité de 93,8% (IC a 95%: 59,8%-99,9%). Lévaluation de Lefficacité 4 l'aide du modéle de risques proportionnels de Cox et du test logarithmique par rangs a révélé une différence statistiquement significative de incidence cumulée d’hépatite E entre le groupe vacciné et le groupe placebo (p <0,0001).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 11, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Dans analyse primaire (conforme au protocole), 15 des 48663 sujets ayant recu le placebo (avec 48555,1 personnes- années a risque) et aucun des 48693 sujets du groupe vacciné (avec 48 594,6 personnes-années a risque) ont contracté ’hépatite E dans la période de 12 mois a partir du 31¢ jour suivant la troisiéme dose, indiquant une efficacité de 100% du vaccin (IC a 95%: 72,1%-100%; p <0,0001). Une analyse selon intention de traiter de tous les sujets répondant aux critéres de l’étude, ayant recu au moins 1 dose et fait objet d’un suivi de 19 mois, a donné une efficacité de 95,5% (IC a 95%: 66,3%-99,4%; p <0,0001). Une autre analyse menée auprés des mémes groupes dans la période de 12 mois a partir du 31e jour suivant la derniére dose a abouti a une efficacité de 93,8% (IC a 95%: 59,8%-99,9%). Lévaluation de Lefficacité 4 l'aide du modéle de risques proportionnels de Cox et du test logarithmique par rangs a révélé une différence statistiquement significative de incidence cumulée d’hépatite E entre le groupe vacciné et le groupe placebo (p <0,0001).

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 10, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.92, + "y0": 377.97, + "x1": 553.55, + "y1": 567.08 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "cc39e05ac4f3c4a903f00e491d4d4945", + "text": "Une autre analyse a été réalisée pour évaluer lefficacité du vaccin aprés 2 doses, c’est-a-dire dans la période débutant 14 jours aprés la seconde dose et se terminant avant la troisiéme dose. Cette analyse a mis en évidence 5 cas d’hépatite E parmi les 54 973 sujets ayant regu le placebo (soit 20196,8 personnes- années) et aucun cas parmi les 54 986 sujets du groupe vacciné (soit 20 202,1 personnes-années de suivi), se traduisant par une efficacité de 100,0% (IC & 95%: 9,1%-100,0%).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 11, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Une autre analyse a été réalisée pour évaluer lefficacité du vaccin aprés 2 doses, c’est-a-dire dans la période débutant 14 jours aprés la seconde dose et se terminant avant la troisiéme dose. Cette analyse a mis en évidence 5 cas d’hépatite E parmi les 54 973 sujets ayant regu le placebo (soit 20196,8 personnes- années) et aucun cas parmi les 54 986 sujets du groupe vacciné (soit 20 202,1 personnes-années de suivi), se traduisant par une efficacité de 100,0% (IC & 95%: 9,1%-100,0%).

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 10, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.47, + "y0": 573.88, + "x1": 552.94, + "y1": 661.98 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "ff01e467099273b51d3d4cdf63180971", + "text": "Lefficacité 4 plus long terme a été étudiée a partir d’échantillons de sérum appariés provenant d’un sous-groupe de sujets de essai randomisé de phase III, suivis pour une période allant jusqu’a 25 mois aprés ladministration de toutes les doses.** Lefficacité globale contre infection 4 VHE selon le protocole (déterminée sur la base de la séroconversion ou d’une augmentation d’un facteur", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 11, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Lefficacité 4 plus long terme a été étudiée a partir d’échantillons de sérum appariés provenant d’un sous-groupe de sujets de essai randomisé de phase III, suivis pour une période allant jusqu’a 25 mois aprés ladministration de toutes les doses.** Lefficacité globale contre infection 4 VHE selon le protocole (déterminée sur la base de la séroconversion ou d’une augmentation d’un facteur

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 10, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 291.96, + "y0": 669.44, + "x1": 551.71, + "y1": 734.86 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "31424c961413acdb52a52b960410c979", + "text": "4 Zhang J, Shih JW, WuT, et al. Development of the hepatitis E vaccine: from bench to field. Semin Liver Dis. 2013; 33:79-88.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 11, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "
  • 4 Zhang J, Shih JW, WuT, et al. Development of the hepatitis E vaccine: from bench to field. Semin Liver Dis. 2013; 33:79-88.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 10, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.73, + "y0": 756.57, + "x1": 549.89, + "y1": 772.64 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "element_id": "527ade5c408a403fb1b5254261079c10", + "text": "195", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 11, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    195

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 10, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 539.14, + "y0": 779.62, + "x1": 549.57, + "y1": 784.66 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "bf536d8e71129d904d38826451efc328", + "text": "was 79.2% and was similar in the first and second year post-vaccination. Overall efficacy in subjects who had received at least 1 dose of vaccine (intention-to-treat analysis) was 77.0%.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    was 79.2% and was similar in the first and second year post-vaccination. Overall efficacy in subjects who had received at least 1 dose of vaccine (intention-to-treat analysis) was 77.0%.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.37, + "y0": 55.53, + "x1": 273.43, + "y1": 98.89 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "58f2b3e3da4aae3278bc5b59ea13c9b6", + "text": "Data on efficacy in children (<16 years of age), persons aged >65 years, or in immunosuppressed persons are lacking. There are no data on immunogenicity and pro- tection in pregnant women. The vaccine appears to be immunogenic in hepatitis B carriers; whether it is also immunogenic in persons with chronic liver disease needs further study.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Data on efficacy in children (<16 years of age), persons aged >65 years, or in immunosuppressed persons are lacking. There are no data on immunogenicity and pro- tection in pregnant women. The vaccine appears to be immunogenic in hepatitis B carriers; whether it is also immunogenic in persons with chronic liver disease needs further study.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.36, + "y0": 106.18, + "x1": 273.33, + "y1": 183.19 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "256ea317c29f102b5e5481c0456b6453", + "text": "Efficacy of the vaccine in protecting against infection by HEV genotypes 2 or 3 is unknown. Efficacy of the vaccine when administered post exposure or in control- ling disease outbreaks has not yet been studied. In ad- dition, there are no data on protection against severe forms of disease with acute liver failure, which is par- ticularly frequent in HEV-infected pregnant women. Data on these aspects would inform decisions regarding the clinical and public health applications of this vac- cine.”", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Efficacy of the vaccine in protecting against infection by HEV genotypes 2 or 3 is unknown. Efficacy of the vaccine when administered post exposure or in control- ling disease outbreaks has not yet been studied. In ad- dition, there are no data on protection against severe forms of disease with acute liver failure, which is par- ticularly frequent in HEV-infected pregnant women. Data on these aspects would inform decisions regarding the clinical and public health applications of this vac- cine.”

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.57, + "y0": 201.6, + "x1": 274.18, + "y1": 311.8 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "98dfb7ea662fcf890b2487d9740069cf", + "text": "Currently, data on protection are available only from clinical trials; no data are available on the effectiveness of the vaccine in the field.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Currently, data on protection are available only from clinical trials; no data are available on the effectiveness of the vaccine in the field.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.35, + "y0": 318.78, + "x1": 273.45, + "y1": 351.54 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-32", + "text": "\n\n\nCross protection\nThe HEV 239 vaccine is a recombinant protein based on amino acid sequence corresponding to HEV of a geno- type 1 Chinese strain. In the large Phase III trial, of 23 persons who developed HEV infection (22 in the pla- cebo group and 1 in the vaccine group), viral genotype could be studied in 13 patients. Of these 13 isolates (all in the placebo group), 12 were genotype 4 and one was genotype 1. This indicates that protection provided by the HEV 239 vaccine in this trial was mainly against infection with HEV genotype 4, a heterologous strain.\nThere are no data on specific protection afforded by the HEV 239 vaccine against genotype 1, 2 or 3 HEV infection, though there is indirect evidence that it is likely to protect against infection with these HEV genotypes. A neutralizing monoclonal antibody (8G12) was found to bind to recom- binant E2 capsid peptides from all 4 HEV genotypes with equivalent affinity, showing that this region of the viral capsid protein is conserved across genotypes and hence providing indirect evidence of expected cross protection. This antibody was also able to neutralize the infectivity of HEV of genotypes 1 and 4 in vitro. HEV 239 may therefore be expected to protect against infection with all 4 HEV genotypes. Further studies have shown that in rhesus ma- caques, HEV 239 vaccine prevents disease in animals infected with HEV genotypes 1 and 4.”", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "9e65f477e99eefe5b730871fe0d68111", + "text": "Cross protection", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Cross protection

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.56, + "y0": 362.99, + "x1": 115.96, + "y1": 374.08 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "49836943c69605fd3763dbb9215e7b78", + "text": "The HEV 239 vaccine is a recombinant protein based on amino acid sequence corresponding to HEV of a geno- type 1 Chinese strain. In the large Phase III trial, of 23 persons who developed HEV infection (22 in the pla- cebo group and 1 in the vaccine group), viral genotype could be studied in 13 patients. Of these 13 isolates (all in the placebo group), 12 were genotype 4 and one was genotype 1. This indicates that protection provided by the HEV 239 vaccine in this trial was mainly against infection with HEV genotype 4, a heterologous strain.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "9e65f477e99eefe5b730871fe0d68111", + "text_as_html": "

    The HEV 239 vaccine is a recombinant protein based on amino acid sequence corresponding to HEV of a geno- type 1 Chinese strain. In the large Phase III trial, of 23 persons who developed HEV infection (22 in the pla- cebo group and 1 in the vaccine group), viral genotype could be studied in 13 patients. Of these 13 isolates (all in the placebo group), 12 were genotype 4 and one was genotype 1. This indicates that protection provided by the HEV 239 vaccine in this trial was mainly against infection with HEV genotype 4, a heterologous strain.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.95, + "y0": 376.63, + "x1": 274.21, + "y1": 487.19 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "45bf5484670a867e910fed8a812d2575", + "text": "There are no data on specific protection afforded by the HEV 239 vaccine against genotype 1, 2 or 3 HEV infection, though there is indirect evidence that it is likely to protect against infection with these HEV genotypes. A neutralizing monoclonal antibody (8G12) was found to bind to recom- binant E2 capsid peptides from all 4 HEV genotypes with equivalent affinity, showing that this region of the viral capsid protein is conserved across genotypes and hence providing indirect evidence of expected cross protection. This antibody was also able to neutralize the infectivity of HEV of genotypes 1 and 4 in vitro. HEV 239 may therefore be expected to protect against infection with all 4 HEV genotypes. Further studies have shown that in rhesus ma- caques, HEV 239 vaccine prevents disease in animals infected with HEV genotypes 1 and 4.”", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "9e65f477e99eefe5b730871fe0d68111", + "text_as_html": "

    There are no data on specific protection afforded by the HEV 239 vaccine against genotype 1, 2 or 3 HEV infection, though there is indirect evidence that it is likely to protect against infection with these HEV genotypes. A neutralizing monoclonal antibody (8G12) was found to bind to recom- binant E2 capsid peptides from all 4 HEV genotypes with equivalent affinity, showing that this region of the viral capsid protein is conserved across genotypes and hence providing indirect evidence of expected cross protection. This antibody was also able to neutralize the infectivity of HEV of genotypes 1 and 4 in vitro. HEV 239 may therefore be expected to protect against infection with all 4 HEV genotypes. Further studies have shown that in rhesus ma- caques, HEV 239 vaccine prevents disease in animals infected with HEV genotypes 1 and 4.”

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.35, + "y0": 494.29, + "x1": 273.09, + "y1": 660.26 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-33", + "text": "\n\n\nDuration of protection\nThe anti-HEV antibodies induced by the vaccine decline with time in the majority of vaccinees, but remain detect- able up to 4.5 years after the first dose. Data from con- tinued follow-up of the original cohorts of vaccinated\n24 du taux d’anticorps anti-VHE) était de 79,2%, avec des résultats comparables obtenus pour la premiére et la seconde année aprés vaccination. Lefficacité globale chez les sujets ayant recu au moins 1 dose du vaccin (analyse selon Pintention de traiter) était de 77,0%.\nLes données sur l’efficacité du vaccin chez les enfants (<16 ans), les personnes agées (>65 ans) et les personnes immunodépri- meées font défaut. Par ailleurs, aucune donnée rrest disponible sur Pimmunogénicité et lefficacité protectrice du vaccin chez les femmes enceintes. I] semble que le vaccin soit immunogéne chez les porteurs du virus de l’hépatite B; en revanche, des études plus approfondies sont nécessaires pour évaluer son immunogénicité chez les personnes atteintes d’une affection chronique du foie.\nLefficacité du vaccin contre l infection par les génotypes 2 et 3 du VHE rest pas connue. Son efficacité dans le cadre d’une adminis- tration postexposition ou de la lutte contre une flambée n’a pas encore été étudiée. En outre, aucune information n’est disponible sur la protection conférée par le vaccin contre les formes graves de la maladie accompagnées d'une insuffisance hépatique aigué, probléme particuligrement fréquent chez les femmes enceintes infectées par le VHE. Des données supplémentaires sur ces différents points permettraient de prendre des décisions éclairées sur les appli- cations de ce vaccin au niveau clinique et pour la santé publique.’\nes données actuellement disponibles, issues d’essais cliniques, Les di tuell td ib] d Li portent sur lefficacité potentielle du vaccin, mais on ne dispose aucune donnée sur son efficacité sur le terrain. a d fficacit le t", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "7456e331769c6ecd2e91950393433458", + "text": "Duration of protection", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Duration of protection

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.61, + "y0": 673.32, + "x1": 142.16, + "y1": 683.01 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "270608b9a647296166ae6be455946dc7", + "text": "The anti-HEV antibodies induced by the vaccine decline with time in the majority of vaccinees, but remain detect- able up to 4.5 years after the first dose. Data from con- tinued follow-up of the original cohorts of vaccinated", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "7456e331769c6ecd2e91950393433458", + "text_as_html": "

    The anti-HEV antibodies induced by the vaccine decline with time in the majority of vaccinees, but remain detect- able up to 4.5 years after the first dose. Data from con- tinued follow-up of the original cohorts of vaccinated

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.8, + "y0": 686.97, + "x1": 272.89, + "y1": 729.63 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "ca8dd64dcfb4e6265973978f5b7fd657", + "text": "24 du taux d’anticorps anti-VHE) était de 79,2%, avec des résultats comparables obtenus pour la premiére et la seconde année aprés vaccination. Lefficacité globale chez les sujets ayant recu au moins 1 dose du vaccin (analyse selon Pintention de traiter) était de 77,0%.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    24 du taux d’anticorps anti-VHE) était de 79,2%, avec des résultats comparables obtenus pour la premiére et la seconde année aprés vaccination. Lefficacité globale chez les sujets ayant recu au moins 1 dose du vaccin (analyse selon Pintention de traiter) était de 77,0%.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.95, + "y0": 55.52, + "x1": 551.05, + "y1": 99.14 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "e80e1a6ebb01102c1854115c1c64306f", + "text": "Les données sur l’efficacité du vaccin chez les enfants (<16 ans), les personnes agées (>65 ans) et les personnes immunodépri- meées font défaut. Par ailleurs, aucune donnée rrest disponible sur Pimmunogénicité et lefficacité protectrice du vaccin chez les femmes enceintes. I] semble que le vaccin soit immunogéne chez les porteurs du virus de l’hépatite B; en revanche, des études plus approfondies sont nécessaires pour évaluer son immunogénicité chez les personnes atteintes d’une affection chronique du foie.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Les données sur l’efficacité du vaccin chez les enfants (<16 ans), les personnes agées (>65 ans) et les personnes immunodépri- meées font défaut. Par ailleurs, aucune donnée rrest disponible sur Pimmunogénicité et lefficacité protectrice du vaccin chez les femmes enceintes. I] semble que le vaccin soit immunogéne chez les porteurs du virus de l’hépatite B; en revanche, des études plus approfondies sont nécessaires pour évaluer son immunogénicité chez les personnes atteintes d’une affection chronique du foie.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.64, + "y0": 106.35, + "x1": 550.73, + "y1": 194.36 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "808c4f4d5939fde71478e9c727eb0d84", + "text": "Lefficacité du vaccin contre l infection par les génotypes 2 et 3 du VHE rest pas connue. Son efficacité dans le cadre d’une adminis- tration postexposition ou de la lutte contre une flambée n’a pas encore été étudiée. En outre, aucune information n’est disponible sur la protection conférée par le vaccin contre les formes graves de la maladie accompagnées d'une insuffisance hépatique aigué, probléme particuligrement fréquent chez les femmes enceintes infectées par le VHE. Des données supplémentaires sur ces différents points permettraient de prendre des décisions éclairées sur les appli- cations de ce vaccin au niveau clinique et pour la santé publique.’", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Lefficacité du vaccin contre l infection par les génotypes 2 et 3 du VHE rest pas connue. Son efficacité dans le cadre d’une adminis- tration postexposition ou de la lutte contre une flambée n’a pas encore été étudiée. En outre, aucune information n’est disponible sur la protection conférée par le vaccin contre les formes graves de la maladie accompagnées d'une insuffisance hépatique aigué, probléme particuligrement fréquent chez les femmes enceintes infectées par le VHE. Des données supplémentaires sur ces différents points permettraient de prendre des décisions éclairées sur les appli- cations de ce vaccin au niveau clinique et pour la santé publique.’

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.71, + "y0": 201.29, + "x1": 552.27, + "y1": 312.2 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "309590ea880000cc0b27db5c15406559", + "text": "es données actuellement disponibles, issues d’essais cliniques, Les di tuell td ib] d Li portent sur lefficacité potentielle du vaccin, mais on ne dispose aucune donnée sur son efficacité sur le terrain. a d fficacit le t", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    es données actuellement disponibles, issues d’essais cliniques, Les di tuell td ib] d Li portent sur lefficacité potentielle du vaccin, mais on ne dispose aucune donnée sur son efficacité sur le terrain. a d fficacit le t

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 295.05, + "y0": 318.75, + "x1": 552.12, + "y1": 351.55 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-34", + "text": "\n\n\nProtection croisée\nLe vaccin HEV 239 est une protéine recombinante basée sur une séquence d’acides aminés correspondant a une souche chinoise du génotype 1 du VHE. Dans létude a grande échelle de phase III, parmi les 23 personnes qui ont contracté une infection 4 VHE (22 dans le groupe placebo et 1 dans le groupe vacciné), 13 patients ont fait Pobjet dune analyse du génotype viral.” Sur ces 13 isolats (tous issus du groupe placebo), 12 était de génotype 4 et un de génotype 1. Cela indique que la protection conférée par le vaccin HEV 239 dans cette étude était essentiellement contre l’infection par le génotype 4 du virus, qui est une souche hétérologue.\nIl existe aucune donnée sur la protection spécifique conférée par le vaccin HEV 239 contre linfection par les génotypes 1, 2 ou 3 du VHE. Toutefois, des éléments indirects laissent supposer que le vaccin offre une protection contre ces génotypes. Il a été observé qu'un anticorps monoclonal neutralisant (8G12) se lie aux peptides de capside recombinants E2 des 4 génotypes avec un degré d’affinité équivalent, montrant que cette région de la protéine de capside virale est inchangée d’un génotype a l’autre, ce qui fournit la preuve indirecte d’une protection croisée probable. Cet anticorps a par ailleurs pu neutraliser l’infectio- sité des génotypes 1 et 4 du VHE in vitro. On peut donc escomp- ter une protection du HEV 239 contre les 4 génotypes du VHE. Des études supplémentaires sur les macaques rhésus ont montré que le vaccin HEV 239 prévient la maladie chez les animaux infectés par les génotypes 1 et 4 du VHE.”", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "65924d2e83ac4af37ebbfea47419de3e", + "text": "Protection croisée", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Protection croisée

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.56, + "y0": 362.89, + "x1": 370.57, + "y1": 374.37 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "4624e36a46b0b393f8899698c2d28b1b", + "text": "Le vaccin HEV 239 est une protéine recombinante basée sur une séquence d’acides aminés correspondant a une souche chinoise du génotype 1 du VHE. Dans létude a grande échelle de phase III, parmi les 23 personnes qui ont contracté une infection 4 VHE (22 dans le groupe placebo et 1 dans le groupe vacciné), 13 patients ont fait Pobjet dune analyse du génotype viral.” Sur ces 13 isolats (tous issus du groupe placebo), 12 était de génotype 4 et un de génotype 1. Cela indique que la protection conférée par le vaccin HEV 239 dans cette étude était essentiellement contre l’infection par le génotype 4 du virus, qui est une souche hétérologue.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "65924d2e83ac4af37ebbfea47419de3e", + "text_as_html": "

    Le vaccin HEV 239 est une protéine recombinante basée sur une séquence d’acides aminés correspondant a une souche chinoise du génotype 1 du VHE. Dans létude a grande échelle de phase III, parmi les 23 personnes qui ont contracté une infection 4 VHE (22 dans le groupe placebo et 1 dans le groupe vacciné), 13 patients ont fait Pobjet dune analyse du génotype viral.” Sur ces 13 isolats (tous issus du groupe placebo), 12 était de génotype 4 et un de génotype 1. Cela indique que la protection conférée par le vaccin HEV 239 dans cette étude était essentiellement contre l’infection par le génotype 4 du virus, qui est une souche hétérologue.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.48, + "y0": 376.58, + "x1": 552.18, + "y1": 487.15 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "1ca397519382a0494fce1f6cae3061ce", + "text": "Il existe aucune donnée sur la protection spécifique conférée par le vaccin HEV 239 contre linfection par les génotypes 1, 2 ou 3 du VHE. Toutefois, des éléments indirects laissent supposer que le vaccin offre une protection contre ces génotypes. Il a été observé qu'un anticorps monoclonal neutralisant (8G12) se lie aux peptides de capside recombinants E2 des 4 génotypes avec un degré d’affinité équivalent, montrant que cette région de la protéine de capside virale est inchangée d’un génotype a l’autre, ce qui fournit la preuve indirecte d’une protection croisée probable. Cet anticorps a par ailleurs pu neutraliser l’infectio- sité des génotypes 1 et 4 du VHE in vitro. On peut donc escomp- ter une protection du HEV 239 contre les 4 génotypes du VHE. Des études supplémentaires sur les macaques rhésus ont montré que le vaccin HEV 239 prévient la maladie chez les animaux infectés par les génotypes 1 et 4 du VHE.”", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "65924d2e83ac4af37ebbfea47419de3e", + "text_as_html": "

    Il existe aucune donnée sur la protection spécifique conférée par le vaccin HEV 239 contre linfection par les génotypes 1, 2 ou 3 du VHE. Toutefois, des éléments indirects laissent supposer que le vaccin offre une protection contre ces génotypes. Il a été observé qu'un anticorps monoclonal neutralisant (8G12) se lie aux peptides de capside recombinants E2 des 4 génotypes avec un degré d’affinité équivalent, montrant que cette région de la protéine de capside virale est inchangée d’un génotype a l’autre, ce qui fournit la preuve indirecte d’une protection croisée probable. Cet anticorps a par ailleurs pu neutraliser l’infectio- sité des génotypes 1 et 4 du VHE in vitro. On peut donc escomp- ter une protection du HEV 239 contre les 4 génotypes du VHE. Des études supplémentaires sur les macaques rhésus ont montré que le vaccin HEV 239 prévient la maladie chez les animaux infectés par les génotypes 1 et 4 du VHE.”

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.54, + "y0": 494.12, + "x1": 554.37, + "y1": 660.61 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-35", + "text": "\n\n\nDurée de la protection\nLes anticorps anti-VHE induits par le vaccin voient leur taux décli- ner avec le temps chez la majorité des personnes vaccinées, mais demeurent détectables jusqu’a 4,5 ans aprés la premiére dose. Le suivi des cohortes initiales de sujets vaccinés et non vaccinés de\n“2 Li SW, Zhang J, LiYM, et al. A bacterially expressed particulate hepatitis E vaccine: antigenicity, immunogenicity and protectivity in primates. Vaccine 23 (2005), 2893-2901.\nand unvaccinated persons in the Phase III study for 54 months after the first dose of vaccine showed persis- tence of protection against hepatitis E with overall pro- tective efficacy of 93.3% (95% CI: 78.6%-97.9) in the per protocol analysis.* *\"? Long-term efficacy beyond this time point, duration of protection, and the need and tim- ing for a potential booster dose remain to be determined.", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "c490b6fc5562561832774dc0adda9d5e", + "text": "Durée de la protection", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Durée de la protection

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.23, + "y0": 672.6, + "x1": 390.58, + "y1": 683.14 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "61364c6b88b20c7de0c921cb88bd05d9", + "text": "Les anticorps anti-VHE induits par le vaccin voient leur taux décli- ner avec le temps chez la majorité des personnes vaccinées, mais demeurent détectables jusqu’a 4,5 ans aprés la premiére dose. Le suivi des cohortes initiales de sujets vaccinés et non vaccinés de", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "c490b6fc5562561832774dc0adda9d5e", + "text_as_html": "

    Les anticorps anti-VHE induits par le vaccin voient leur taux décli- ner avec le temps chez la majorité des personnes vaccinées, mais demeurent détectables jusqu’a 4,5 ans aprés la premiére dose. Le suivi des cohortes initiales de sujets vaccinés et non vaccinés de

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.39, + "y0": 686.75, + "x1": 550.46, + "y1": 729.6 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "5bbc1023ecbce2703a0e010d5edc1c89", + "text": "“2 Li SW, Zhang J, LiYM, et al. A bacterially expressed particulate hepatitis E vaccine: antigenicity, immunogenicity and protectivity in primates. Vaccine 23 (2005), 2893-2901.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 12, + "parent_id": "c490b6fc5562561832774dc0adda9d5e", + "text_as_html": "
  • “2 Li SW, Zhang J, LiYM, et al. A bacterially expressed particulate hepatitis E vaccine: antigenicity, immunogenicity and protectivity in primates. Vaccine 23 (2005), 2893-2901.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 11, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.51, + "y0": 756.44, + "x1": 550.54, + "y1": 772.64 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "e07cc512cb7c45c7a8f84e8807eb4251", + "text": "and unvaccinated persons in the Phase III study for 54 months after the first dose of vaccine showed persis- tence of protection against hepatitis E with overall pro- tective efficacy of 93.3% (95% CI: 78.6%-97.9) in the per protocol analysis.* *\"? Long-term efficacy beyond this time point, duration of protection, and the need and tim- ing for a potential booster dose remain to be determined.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    and unvaccinated persons in the Phase III study for 54 months after the first dose of vaccine showed persis- tence of protection against hepatitis E with overall pro- tective efficacy of 93.3% (95% CI: 78.6%-97.9) in the per protocol analysis.* *\"? Long-term efficacy beyond this time point, duration of protection, and the need and tim- ing for a potential booster dose remain to be determined.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.84, + "y0": 56.0, + "x1": 273.31, + "y1": 133.12 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-36", + "text": "\n\n\nCo-administration\nThere are no data on immunogenicity of the HEV 239 vaccine when co-administered with another vac- cine.", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "218953b4999f8a8c9f96e7df8a8ebdfa", + "text": "Co-administration", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Co-administration

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.13, + "y0": 144.64, + "x1": 122.55, + "y1": 155.39 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "5f65bc68fffcf9f7a74970f27e95de01", + "text": "There are no data on immunogenicity of the HEV 239 vaccine when co-administered with another vac- cine.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "218953b4999f8a8c9f96e7df8a8ebdfa", + "text_as_html": "

    There are no data on immunogenicity of the HEV 239 vaccine when co-administered with another vac- cine.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.48, + "y0": 158.05, + "x1": 273.26, + "y1": 189.73 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-37", + "text": "\n\n\nVaccine safety\nThe safety of HEV 239 in humans was evaluated throughout the pre-licensing clinical trials (Phase I-III) and in retrospective cohort post-marketing studies. Serious adverse events following hepatitis E vaccination are rare.\nIn the Phase III trial, active surveillance of adverse events was performed by following reactogenicity in a subset of subjects from one township; this subset comprised 1316 and 1329 subjects in the HEV 239 and placebo groups, respectively. There were more local reactions in the HEV 239 vaccinated group than the placebo group, 13.5% vs 7.1% (p<0.0001), mainly pain and swelling with itching at the injection site. The rate of systemic adverse events was similar in the HEV 239 vaccinated and the placebo groups (20.3% vs 19.8%). Adverse events of grade 3 or more were reported only very rarely, and included: sys- temic adverse events in 7 subjects in the vaccine group and 4 in the placebo group; fever in 6 individuals in the vaccine group and 3 in the placebo group; and both headache and fatigue in 1 subject in the vaccine group with none in the placebo group.“\nIn the total Phase III cohort (excluding the reactogenic- ity subset), the rate of solicited local adverse events oc- curring within 72 hours of each dose was 2.8% and 1.9% for the vaccine and placebo groups, respectively. Both groups had the same rate of solicited systemic adverse events occurring within 72 hours of each dose (1.9%). For the total vaccinated cohort, there was no significant difference in the rates of unsolicited or serious adverse events for the 2 groups within 30 days of vaccination with each dose. Similar rates of adverse events were observed for the 2 vaccinated groups up to 19 months. The rates of hospitalization and death among the study subjects in the 2 groups during the study period were similar; none of these events was determined to be related to the vaccine.”\n5° Zhang J, Zhang XF, Huang SJ, et al. Long term efficacy of a hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med 2015;372:914-922.\nGrading of scientific evidence — table 3a. Duration of protection following primary immunization with hepatitis E vaccination in immunocompetent individuals against hepatitis E virus infection. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/ position_papers/hepe_grad_duration_virus_infection.pdf 5\nGrading of scientific evidence — table 3b. Duration of protection following primary immunization with hepatitis E vaccination in immunocompetent individuals against hepatitis E disease. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_ papers/hepe_grad_duration_disease.pdf\nGrading of scientific evidence — table 2. Vaccine safety of hepatitis E vaccine in immunocompetent individuals. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/po- licy/position_papers/hepe_grad_safety.pdf\nRELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, N° 18, 1° MAI 2015\nPétude de phase III, qui s'est poursuivi pendant 54 mois aprés la premiére dose de vaccination, indique une persistance de la protec- tion contre ’hépatite E, avec une efficacité protectrice globale de 93,3% (IC a 95%: 78,6%-97,9%) dans l’analyse selon le protocole.** 5452 T] reste a déterminer lefficacité sur le plus long terme, la durée de la protection et la nécessité potentielle d’une dose de rappel, ainsi que son calendrier d’administration.", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "251933136f17612133d271d9af747e03", + "text": "Vaccine safety", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Vaccine safety

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.32, + "y0": 202.15, + "x1": 106.81, + "y1": 213.17 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "722f0f8834d4f26ffc2b651dca449b0e", + "text": "The safety of HEV 239 in humans was evaluated throughout the pre-licensing clinical trials (Phase I-III) and in retrospective cohort post-marketing studies. Serious adverse events following hepatitis E vaccination are rare.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "251933136f17612133d271d9af747e03", + "text_as_html": "

    The safety of HEV 239 in humans was evaluated throughout the pre-licensing clinical trials (Phase I-III) and in retrospective cohort post-marketing studies. Serious adverse events following hepatitis E vaccination are rare.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.51, + "y0": 215.93, + "x1": 274.13, + "y1": 269.15 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "843953a7c3fc92338c1edbc747b5a03a", + "text": "In the Phase III trial, active surveillance of adverse events was performed by following reactogenicity in a subset of subjects from one township; this subset comprised 1316 and 1329 subjects in the HEV 239 and placebo groups, respectively. There were more local reactions in the HEV 239 vaccinated group than the placebo group, 13.5% vs 7.1% (p<0.0001), mainly pain and swelling with itching at the injection site. The rate of systemic adverse events was similar in the HEV 239 vaccinated and the placebo groups (20.3% vs 19.8%). Adverse events of grade 3 or more were reported only very rarely, and included: sys- temic adverse events in 7 subjects in the vaccine group and 4 in the placebo group; fever in 6 individuals in the vaccine group and 3 in the placebo group; and both headache and fatigue in 1 subject in the vaccine group with none in the placebo group.“", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "251933136f17612133d271d9af747e03", + "text_as_html": "

    In the Phase III trial, active surveillance of adverse events was performed by following reactogenicity in a subset of subjects from one township; this subset comprised 1316 and 1329 subjects in the HEV 239 and placebo groups, respectively. There were more local reactions in the HEV 239 vaccinated group than the placebo group, 13.5% vs 7.1% (p<0.0001), mainly pain and swelling with itching at the injection site. The rate of systemic adverse events was similar in the HEV 239 vaccinated and the placebo groups (20.3% vs 19.8%). Adverse events of grade 3 or more were reported only very rarely, and included: sys- temic adverse events in 7 subjects in the vaccine group and 4 in the placebo group; fever in 6 individuals in the vaccine group and 3 in the placebo group; and both headache and fatigue in 1 subject in the vaccine group with none in the placebo group.“

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.38, + "y0": 276.8, + "x1": 272.05, + "y1": 454.67 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "d199d3762207e22faebd80b911080948", + "text": "In the total Phase III cohort (excluding the reactogenic- ity subset), the rate of solicited local adverse events oc- curring within 72 hours of each dose was 2.8% and 1.9% for the vaccine and placebo groups, respectively. Both groups had the same rate of solicited systemic adverse events occurring within 72 hours of each dose (1.9%). For the total vaccinated cohort, there was no significant difference in the rates of unsolicited or serious adverse events for the 2 groups within 30 days of vaccination with each dose. Similar rates of adverse events were observed for the 2 vaccinated groups up to 19 months. The rates of hospitalization and death among the study subjects in the 2 groups during the study period were similar; none of these events was determined to be related to the vaccine.”", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "251933136f17612133d271d9af747e03", + "text_as_html": "

    In the total Phase III cohort (excluding the reactogenic- ity subset), the rate of solicited local adverse events oc- curring within 72 hours of each dose was 2.8% and 1.9% for the vaccine and placebo groups, respectively. Both groups had the same rate of solicited systemic adverse events occurring within 72 hours of each dose (1.9%). For the total vaccinated cohort, there was no significant difference in the rates of unsolicited or serious adverse events for the 2 groups within 30 days of vaccination with each dose. Similar rates of adverse events were observed for the 2 vaccinated groups up to 19 months. The rates of hospitalization and death among the study subjects in the 2 groups during the study period were similar; none of these events was determined to be related to the vaccine.”

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.83, + "y0": 462.26, + "x1": 272.26, + "y1": 628.21 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "fc002aa3acd21385fad83ea4ec917208", + "text": "5° Zhang J, Zhang XF, Huang SJ, et al. Long term efficacy of a hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med 2015;372:914-922.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "251933136f17612133d271d9af747e03", + "text_as_html": "
  • 5° Zhang J, Zhang XF, Huang SJ, et al. Long term efficacy of a hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med 2015;372:914-922.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.07, + "y0": 661.56, + "x1": 270.71, + "y1": 676.89 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "43b680222802b06009d8355b902f80f8", + "text": "Grading of scientific evidence — table 3a. Duration of protection following primary immunization with hepatitis E vaccination in immunocompetent individuals against hepatitis E virus infection. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/ position_papers/hepe_grad_duration_virus_infection.pdf 5", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "251933136f17612133d271d9af747e03", + "text_as_html": "
  • Grading of scientific evidence — table 3a. Duration of protection following primary immunization with hepatitis E vaccination in immunocompetent individuals against hepatitis E virus infection. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/ position_papers/hepe_grad_duration_virus_infection.pdf 5
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.2, + "y0": 679.96, + "x1": 275.01, + "y1": 711.27 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "2a3fb134d707d69299d55e7e3ae1ad26", + "text": "Grading of scientific evidence — table 3b. Duration of protection following primary immunization with hepatitis E vaccination in immunocompetent individuals against hepatitis E disease. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_ papers/hepe_grad_duration_disease.pdf", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "251933136f17612133d271d9af747e03", + "text_as_html": "
  • Grading of scientific evidence — table 3b. Duration of protection following primary immunization with hepatitis E vaccination in immunocompetent individuals against hepatitis E disease. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_ papers/hepe_grad_duration_disease.pdf
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 41.86, + "y0": 714.34, + "x1": 273.7, + "y1": 746.32 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "34b957e1a6299d4f3e2ba88b68257fee", + "text": "Grading of scientific evidence — table 2. Vaccine safety of hepatitis E vaccine in immunocompetent individuals. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/po- licy/position_papers/hepe_grad_safety.pdf", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "251933136f17612133d271d9af747e03", + "text_as_html": "
  • Grading of scientific evidence — table 2. Vaccine safety of hepatitis E vaccine in immunocompetent individuals. Available at http://www.who.int/immunization/po- licy/position_papers/hepe_grad_safety.pdf
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 42.5, + "y0": 749.63, + "x1": 273.24, + "y1": 773.37 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "a780527ac271789fe6347cde96d5af7c", + "text": "RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, N° 18, 1° MAI 2015", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "251933136f17612133d271d9af747e03", + "text_as_html": "
  • RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, N° 18, 1° MAI 2015
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.48, + "y0": 778.77, + "x1": 216.92, + "y1": 786.05 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "1ec3295655afdf2b514280668428ca82", + "text": "Pétude de phase III, qui s'est poursuivi pendant 54 mois aprés la premiére dose de vaccination, indique une persistance de la protec- tion contre ’hépatite E, avec une efficacité protectrice globale de 93,3% (IC a 95%: 78,6%-97,9%) dans l’analyse selon le protocole.** 5452 T] reste a déterminer lefficacité sur le plus long terme, la durée de la protection et la nécessité potentielle d’une dose de rappel, ainsi que son calendrier d’administration.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "251933136f17612133d271d9af747e03", + "text_as_html": "

    Pétude de phase III, qui s'est poursuivi pendant 54 mois aprés la premiére dose de vaccination, indique une persistance de la protec- tion contre ’hépatite E, avec une efficacité protectrice globale de 93,3% (IC a 95%: 78,6%-97,9%) dans l’analyse selon le protocole.** 5452 T] reste a déterminer lefficacité sur le plus long terme, la durée de la protection et la nécessité potentielle d’une dose de rappel, ainsi que son calendrier d’administration.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.07, + "y0": 55.85, + "x1": 552.5, + "y1": 133.4 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-38", + "text": "\n\n\nAdministration concomitante\nOn ne dispose d’aucune donnée sur immunogénicité du vaccin HEV 239 lorsquil est administré de fagon concomitante avec un autre vaccin.", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "530971813f355c1346fc8225f70fa09f", + "text": "Administration concomitante", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Administration concomitante

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.93, + "y0": 144.44, + "x1": 417.14, + "y1": 155.42 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "2eda332245e5c2fc9dd93105742cf265", + "text": "On ne dispose d’aucune donnée sur immunogénicité du vaccin HEV 239 lorsquil est administré de fagon concomitante avec un autre vaccin.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "530971813f355c1346fc8225f70fa09f", + "text_as_html": "

    On ne dispose d’aucune donnée sur immunogénicité du vaccin HEV 239 lorsquil est administré de fagon concomitante avec un autre vaccin.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.04, + "y0": 157.69, + "x1": 551.27, + "y1": 190.15 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-39", + "text": "\n\n\nInnocuité du vaccin\nLinnocuité du HEV 239 chez Phomme a été évaluée dans le cadre des essais cliniques préalables a lhomologation (phases I-III), ainsi que lors d’études de cohorte rétrospectives aprés la commercialisation. Il est rare que la vaccination contre Phépatite E soit suivie de manifestations indésirables graves.\nLors de l’essai de phase III, la surveillance active des manifesta- tions indésirables s’est appuyée sur l’observation de la réactogé- nicité d'un sous-groupe de sujets d’une méme commune, composé de 1316 personnes du groupe vacciné et de 1329 personnes du groupe placebo. Les réactions locales étaient plus fréquentes dans le groupe vacciné par le HEV 239 que dans le groupe placebo, a raison de 13,5% contre 7,1% (p <0.0001); il s’agissait principale- ment de douleurs, cedémes et démangeaisons au point d’injec- tion. Le taux de manifestations indésirables systémiques était comparable dans le groupe vacciné et le groupe placebo (20,3% contre 19,8%). Les manifestations indésirables de grade 3 ou plus, trés rares, comprenaient: des manifestations indésirables systé- miques chez 7 sujets du groupe vacciné et 4 sujets du groupe placebo; de la fiévre chez 6 personnes du groupe vacciné et 3 du groupe placebo; et des céphalées accompagnées de fatigue chez 1 sujet du groupe vacciné uniquement.“\nDans ensemble de la cohorte de phase III (a exclusion du sous- groupe d’étude de la réactogénicité), le taux de manifestations indé- sirables locales sollicitées apparues dans les 72 heures suivant l’ad- ministration de chaque dose était de 2,8% dans le groupe vacciné et de 1,9% dans le groupe placebo. Les 2 groupes avaient le méme taux de manifestations indésirables systémiques sollicitées apparues dans les 72 heures suivant l’administration de chaque dose (1,9%). Sur ensemble de la cohorte vaccinée, il n’y avait pas de différence significative entre les taux de manifestations indésirables non solli- citées ou graves des 2 groupes dans les 30 jours suivant l’adminis- tration de chaque dose. Des taux comparables de manifestations indésirables ont été observés pour les 2 groupes vaccinés sur une période de 19 mois. Les taux @hospitalisations et de décés au cours de étude étaient semblables pour les 2 groupes et il a été déterminé que ces événements étaient sans lien avec le vaccin.*\n5° Zhang J, Zhang XF, Huang SJ, et al. Long term efficacy of a hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med 2015;372:914-922.\nCotation des preuves scientifiques — tableau 3a. Duration of protection following primary im- munization with hepatitis E vaccination in immunocompetent individuals against hepatitis E virus infection. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http://Awww.who.int/immuniza- tion/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_duration_virus_infection.pdf 5\nCotation des preuves scientifiques — tableau 3b. Duration of protection following primary immu- nization with hepatitis E vaccination in immunocompetent individuals against hepatitis E disease. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http://www.who.int/immunization/ policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_duration_disease.pdf\nCotation des preuves scientifiques — tableau 2. Vaccine safety of hepatitis E vaccine in immuno- competent individuals. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http:/Awww.who.int/im- munization/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_safety.pdf\n197\nData collected during an extended follow-up period of 19-54 months after the first vaccine dose (ie. 1 year to 4 years after completion of vaccination), showed the num- ber of reported serious adverse events (4792 vs 4667; p=0.18) and the number of subjects with one or more serious adverse events (4602 vs 4490; p=0.22) to be compa- rable between the vaccine and placebo groups. The number of deaths over this extended period was almost 10% higher in the vaccine recipients (408 of 56 302) when compared to the placebo recipients (370 of 56 032); however, this differ- ence was not statistically significant (p=0.17).”\nNearly 200 000 doses of the vaccine have been distrib- uted in the private market in China since the vaccine was licensed; the actual number used is not known. There has been only one report of a local adverse event during such use (unpublished data, Innovax).\nAlthough pregnancy was an exclusion for the Phase III clinical trial, 37 women in the HEV 239 vaccine group and 31 women in the placebo group were either pregnant at the start of the trial or became pregnant during it. Data for this group of subjects inadvertently vaccinated during pregnancy were reviewed carefully.“ The 37 women in the HEV 239 vaccine group had received 53 vaccine doses (22 received 1 dose, 14 received 2 doses, and one received 3 doses). The vaccine was well tolerated in the pregnant women with only one woman reporting grade 1 inocula- tion site pain. The rate of adverse events was similar in the pregnant women who had inadvertently received HEV 239 vaccine and the vaccinated non-pregnant women. In the vaccinated group 19 (51.3%) of the pregnant women underwent elective abortion; the rate was 45.2% in the placebo group. No spontaneous abortions occurred in the vaccine group and the remaining 18 babies, delivered either by normal vaginal delivery (n=7) or caesarean sec- tion (n=11), were as healthy as those in the control group (vaginal delivery n=7; caesarean delivery n=10); none of the babies had any congenital abnormality. Birth weights (3573.54356.7 g vs 3565.6+531.6 g), lengths (50.7£1.3 cm vs 50.8+1.5 cm) and gestational ages (276.2+7.6 d vs 276.6+7.1 d) of the babies born to the mothers in the vaccine and placebo groups were comparable.\nA retrospective study of blood samples from 2 town- ships was performed to review the safety and immuno- genicity of HEV 239 in HBsAg-positive subjects from the Phase III study, none of whom had evidence of chronic liver disease.” * Rates of adverse events in HBsAg-positive vaccine recipients were similar to those in HBsAg-negative vaccinees.*\nThe Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) reviewed the safety of HEV 239 vaccine during its meeting in June 2014 and concluded that available safety data on this vaccine derived from Phase I, II and III clinical trials in healthy subjects are reassuring.” However, GACVS noted that there are no safety data in paediatric subjects (aged <16 years), the elderly (aged >65 years), persons with underlying diseases or condi- tions such as those who are immunosuppressed or have\n54 WuT, Zhu FC, Huang SJ, et al. Safety of the hepatitis E vaccine for pregnant women: a preliminary analysis. Hepatology. 2012; 55: 2038.\nLes données recueillies pendant une période prolongée de suivi de 19 4 54 mois aprés l’administration de la premiére dose (soit 14 4 ans aprés la fin de la vaccination) montrent que le nombre de manifestations indésirables graves signalées (4792 contre 4667; p = 0,18) et le nombre de personnes présentant au moins une manifestation indésirable grave (4602 contre 4490; p = 0,22) sont comparables entre le groupe vacciné et le groupe placebo. Au cours de cette période, le nombre de décés parmi les sujets vacci- nés (408 sur 56 302) était prés de 10% supérieur a celui des sujets du groupe placebo (370 sur 56 032); cependant, cette différence était pas significative sur le plan statistique (p = 0,17).”\nPrés de 200 000 doses ont été distribuées sur le marché chinois privé depuis ?homologation du vaccin; le nombre de doses effectivement utilisées n’est pas connu. Un seul cas de manifes- tation indésirable locale a été signalé pendant cette période (données non publiées, Innovax).\nBien que la grossesse ait constitué un facteur d’exclusion de lessai clinique de phase III, 37 femmes du groupe ayant recu le vaccin HEV 239 et 31 femmes du groupe placebo étaient soit déja enceintes au début de l’essai, soit le sont devenues en cours d’étude. Les données relatives 4 ce groupe de femmes vaccinées par inadver- tance durant la grossesse ont été examinées avec soin.™ Au total, 53 doses de vaccin ont été administrées aux 37 femmes du groupe vacciné (22 femmes ont recu 1 seule dose, 14 ont recu 2 doses et une femme a recu 3 doses). La vaccination a été bien tolérée, seule une des femmes ayant signalé une douleur de grade 1 au point injection. Le taux de manifestations indésirables signalées chez les femmes enceintes ayant recu le vaccin HEV 239 par inadver- tance était comparable a celui des femmes vaccinées qui m’étaient pas enceintes. Dans le groupe vacciné, 19 femmes (51,3%) ont subi une interruption volontaire de grossesse, contre 45,2% dans le groupe placebo. Aucun avortement spontané n’a été observé dans le groupe vacciné et 18 enfants sont nés soit par un accouchement vaginal normal (n = 7), soit par césarienne (n = 11), en aussi bonne santé que ceux qui étaient nés dans le groupe témoin (accouche- ment par voie vaginale n = 7, césarienne n = 10); aucun des nouveau-nés ne présentait d’anomalie congénitale. Le poids de naissance (3573,5 +356,7 g contre 3565,6 +531,6 g), la taille (50,7 +1,3 cm contre 50,8 +1,5 cm) et l’age gestationnel (276,2 +7,6 jours contre 276,6 +7,1 jours) des nouveau-nés du groupe vacciné et du groupe placebo étaient comparables.\nUne analyse rétrospective d’échantillons de sang provenant de 2 communes a été réalisée pour étudier Pinnocuité et Pimmu- nogénicité du HEV 239 chez les sujets de lessai de phase III qui étaient positifs pour le HBsAg et qui ne présentaient pas de signe d’affection chronique du foie.“ ** Le taux de manifes- tations indésirables chez les sujets positifs pour le HBsAg qui avaient recu le vaccin était semblable a celui des sujets vaccinés qui étaient négatifs pour le HBsAg.\nLors de sa réunion de juin 2014, le Comité consultatif mondial de la sécurité vaccinale (GACVS) a étudié le vaccin HEV 239 et conclu que les données disponibles sur son innocuité chez les sujets en bonne santé, provenant des essais cliniques de phases I, II et III, sont rassurantes.* Toutefois, le GACVS a relevé qu il rexiste pas de données sur Pinnocuité chez les enfants (<16 ans), les personnes agées (>65 ans) et les sujets atteints de maladies ou affections sous-jacentes, notamment ceux qui sont immunodéprimés ou ont une affection hépatique, et a recommandé que des études soient\n5* Wu, Zhu FC, Huang SJ, et al. Safety of the hepatitis E vaccine for pregnant women: a prelimi- nary analysis. Hepatology. 2012; 55: 2038.\n5 Voir N° 29, 2014, pp. 325-335.\nliver disease, and recommended that studies be conducted to assess the safety of the vaccine in these subpopulations. Any follow-up of pregnant women inadvertently vacci- nated during the Phase III trial should be useful for as- sessment of safety in this group. The committee also noted that there are as yet no studies to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of HEV 239 vaccine when given concom- itantly with other vaccines. In addition, GACVS recom- mended that a Phase IV post-marketing study be con- ducted once the vaccine is in more widespread use to further assess its safety profile, in particular with regard to serious and rare adverse events.\nBased on evidence from the Phase I, II and III trials con- ducted by the manufacturer, HEV 239 vaccine was well tol- erated and demonstrated to have a good safety profile for those aged 16-65 years, with most adverse events limited to local reactions at the injection site. There are limited data on safety of this vaccine with regard to maternal and fetal outcomes following use during pregnancy, and none for its use among organ transplant recipients, other immunosup- pressed persons or persons with chronic liver disease.\"", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "19cf02dc4c7f34e27527703d75f0a544", + "text": "Innocuité du vaccin", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Innocuité du vaccin

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.44, + "y0": 201.92, + "x1": 374.93, + "y1": 213.02 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "cb8656f26c36b4712e89693833495369", + "text": "Linnocuité du HEV 239 chez Phomme a été évaluée dans le cadre des essais cliniques préalables a lhomologation (phases I-III), ainsi que lors d’études de cohorte rétrospectives aprés la commercialisation. Il est rare que la vaccination contre Phépatite E soit suivie de manifestations indésirables graves.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "19cf02dc4c7f34e27527703d75f0a544", + "text_as_html": "

    Linnocuité du HEV 239 chez Phomme a été évaluée dans le cadre des essais cliniques préalables a lhomologation (phases I-III), ainsi que lors d’études de cohorte rétrospectives aprés la commercialisation. Il est rare que la vaccination contre Phépatite E soit suivie de manifestations indésirables graves.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 295.11, + "y0": 215.21, + "x1": 550.64, + "y1": 270.45 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "d91d915f7da1859a9b7d384295efb1ec", + "text": "Lors de l’essai de phase III, la surveillance active des manifesta- tions indésirables s’est appuyée sur l’observation de la réactogé- nicité d'un sous-groupe de sujets d’une méme commune, composé de 1316 personnes du groupe vacciné et de 1329 personnes du groupe placebo. Les réactions locales étaient plus fréquentes dans le groupe vacciné par le HEV 239 que dans le groupe placebo, a raison de 13,5% contre 7,1% (p <0.0001); il s’agissait principale- ment de douleurs, cedémes et démangeaisons au point d’injec- tion. Le taux de manifestations indésirables systémiques était comparable dans le groupe vacciné et le groupe placebo (20,3% contre 19,8%). Les manifestations indésirables de grade 3 ou plus, trés rares, comprenaient: des manifestations indésirables systé- miques chez 7 sujets du groupe vacciné et 4 sujets du groupe placebo; de la fiévre chez 6 personnes du groupe vacciné et 3 du groupe placebo; et des céphalées accompagnées de fatigue chez 1 sujet du groupe vacciné uniquement.“", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "19cf02dc4c7f34e27527703d75f0a544", + "text_as_html": "

    Lors de l’essai de phase III, la surveillance active des manifesta- tions indésirables s’est appuyée sur l’observation de la réactogé- nicité d'un sous-groupe de sujets d’une méme commune, composé de 1316 personnes du groupe vacciné et de 1329 personnes du groupe placebo. Les réactions locales étaient plus fréquentes dans le groupe vacciné par le HEV 239 que dans le groupe placebo, a raison de 13,5% contre 7,1% (p <0.0001); il s’agissait principale- ment de douleurs, cedémes et démangeaisons au point d’injec- tion. Le taux de manifestations indésirables systémiques était comparable dans le groupe vacciné et le groupe placebo (20,3% contre 19,8%). Les manifestations indésirables de grade 3 ou plus, trés rares, comprenaient: des manifestations indésirables systé- miques chez 7 sujets du groupe vacciné et 4 sujets du groupe placebo; de la fiévre chez 6 personnes du groupe vacciné et 3 du groupe placebo; et des céphalées accompagnées de fatigue chez 1 sujet du groupe vacciné uniquement.“

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.3, + "y0": 276.8, + "x1": 553.41, + "y1": 454.63 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "0d45f249e4bf590c0388fc20b41e8ca8", + "text": "Dans ensemble de la cohorte de phase III (a exclusion du sous- groupe d’étude de la réactogénicité), le taux de manifestations indé- sirables locales sollicitées apparues dans les 72 heures suivant l’ad- ministration de chaque dose était de 2,8% dans le groupe vacciné et de 1,9% dans le groupe placebo. Les 2 groupes avaient le méme taux de manifestations indésirables systémiques sollicitées apparues dans les 72 heures suivant l’administration de chaque dose (1,9%). Sur ensemble de la cohorte vaccinée, il n’y avait pas de différence significative entre les taux de manifestations indésirables non solli- citées ou graves des 2 groupes dans les 30 jours suivant l’adminis- tration de chaque dose. Des taux comparables de manifestations indésirables ont été observés pour les 2 groupes vaccinés sur une période de 19 mois. Les taux @hospitalisations et de décés au cours de étude étaient semblables pour les 2 groupes et il a été déterminé que ces événements étaient sans lien avec le vaccin.*", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "19cf02dc4c7f34e27527703d75f0a544", + "text_as_html": "

    Dans ensemble de la cohorte de phase III (a exclusion du sous- groupe d’étude de la réactogénicité), le taux de manifestations indé- sirables locales sollicitées apparues dans les 72 heures suivant l’ad- ministration de chaque dose était de 2,8% dans le groupe vacciné et de 1,9% dans le groupe placebo. Les 2 groupes avaient le méme taux de manifestations indésirables systémiques sollicitées apparues dans les 72 heures suivant l’administration de chaque dose (1,9%). Sur ensemble de la cohorte vaccinée, il n’y avait pas de différence significative entre les taux de manifestations indésirables non solli- citées ou graves des 2 groupes dans les 30 jours suivant l’adminis- tration de chaque dose. Des taux comparables de manifestations indésirables ont été observés pour les 2 groupes vaccinés sur une période de 19 mois. Les taux @hospitalisations et de décés au cours de étude étaient semblables pour les 2 groupes et il a été déterminé que ces événements étaient sans lien avec le vaccin.*

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.21, + "y0": 462.13, + "x1": 553.24, + "y1": 628.79 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "99c90ec9958daf65240a6812705884c5", + "text": "5° Zhang J, Zhang XF, Huang SJ, et al. Long term efficacy of a hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med 2015;372:914-922.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "19cf02dc4c7f34e27527703d75f0a544", + "text_as_html": "
  • 5° Zhang J, Zhang XF, Huang SJ, et al. Long term efficacy of a hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med 2015;372:914-922.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 291.65, + "y0": 660.92, + "x1": 550.44, + "y1": 677.34 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "962b7e0f92455037e0ab7f27014b4921", + "text": "Cotation des preuves scientifiques — tableau 3a. Duration of protection following primary im- munization with hepatitis E vaccination in immunocompetent individuals against hepatitis E virus infection. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http://Awww.who.int/immuniza- tion/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_duration_virus_infection.pdf 5", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "19cf02dc4c7f34e27527703d75f0a544", + "text_as_html": "
  • Cotation des preuves scientifiques — tableau 3a. Duration of protection following primary im- munization with hepatitis E vaccination in immunocompetent individuals against hepatitis E virus infection. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http://Awww.who.int/immuniza- tion/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_duration_virus_infection.pdf 5
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.46, + "y0": 679.88, + "x1": 553.01, + "y1": 711.43 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "3cc04b92a84287856ab17ed2851e27bf", + "text": "Cotation des preuves scientifiques — tableau 3b. Duration of protection following primary immu- nization with hepatitis E vaccination in immunocompetent individuals against hepatitis E disease. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http://www.who.int/immunization/ policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_duration_disease.pdf", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "19cf02dc4c7f34e27527703d75f0a544", + "text_as_html": "
  • Cotation des preuves scientifiques — tableau 3b. Duration of protection following primary immu- nization with hepatitis E vaccination in immunocompetent individuals against hepatitis E disease. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http://www.who.int/immunization/ policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_duration_disease.pdf
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 288.87, + "y0": 714.6, + "x1": 551.25, + "y1": 746.38 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "8f610ead473674825a292b5b6a01a8b1", + "text": "Cotation des preuves scientifiques — tableau 2. Vaccine safety of hepatitis E vaccine in immuno- competent individuals. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http:/Awww.who.int/im- munization/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_safety.pdf", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "19cf02dc4c7f34e27527703d75f0a544", + "text_as_html": "
  • Cotation des preuves scientifiques — tableau 2. Vaccine safety of hepatitis E vaccine in immuno- competent individuals. Disponible uniquement en langue anglaise sur http:/Awww.who.int/im- munization/policy/position_papers/hepe_grad_safety.pdf
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 290.16, + "y0": 749.35, + "x1": 549.64, + "y1": 773.44 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "element_id": "970ed9f72516b535a2cb6a7b70b54568", + "text": "197", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 13, + "parent_id": "19cf02dc4c7f34e27527703d75f0a544", + "text_as_html": "

    197

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 12, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 539.14, + "y0": 779.62, + "x1": 549.57, + "y1": 784.66 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "504aee4aaa98ee5a3b28b8a39b2d705b", + "text": "Data collected during an extended follow-up period of 19-54 months after the first vaccine dose (ie. 1 year to 4 years after completion of vaccination), showed the num- ber of reported serious adverse events (4792 vs 4667; p=0.18) and the number of subjects with one or more serious adverse events (4602 vs 4490; p=0.22) to be compa- rable between the vaccine and placebo groups. The number of deaths over this extended period was almost 10% higher in the vaccine recipients (408 of 56 302) when compared to the placebo recipients (370 of 56 032); however, this differ- ence was not statistically significant (p=0.17).”", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 14, + "parent_id": "19cf02dc4c7f34e27527703d75f0a544", + "text_as_html": "

    Data collected during an extended follow-up period of 19-54 months after the first vaccine dose (ie. 1 year to 4 years after completion of vaccination), showed the num- ber of reported serious adverse events (4792 vs 4667; p=0.18) and the number of subjects with one or more serious adverse events (4602 vs 4490; p=0.22) to be compa- rable between the vaccine and placebo groups. The number of deaths over this extended period was almost 10% higher in the vaccine recipients (408 of 56 302) when compared to the placebo recipients (370 of 56 032); however, this differ- ence was not statistically significant (p=0.17).”

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 13, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.4, + "y0": 56.62, + "x1": 272.95, + "y1": 177.69 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "0348c4097d427e6cd12b16cc0eac0ebf", + "text": "Nearly 200 000 doses of the vaccine have been distrib- uted in the private market in China since the vaccine was licensed; the actual number used is not known. There has been only one report of a local adverse event during such use (unpublished data, Innovax).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 14, + "parent_id": "19cf02dc4c7f34e27527703d75f0a544", + "text_as_html": "

    Nearly 200 000 doses of the vaccine have been distrib- uted in the private market in China since the vaccine was licensed; the actual number used is not known. There has been only one report of a local adverse event during such use (unpublished data, Innovax).

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 13, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.73, + "y0": 185.27, + "x1": 274.14, + "y1": 238.97 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "8e4b4e4efffaa23aa793e791ab309fd6", + "text": "Although pregnancy was an exclusion for the Phase III clinical trial, 37 women in the HEV 239 vaccine group and 31 women in the placebo group were either pregnant at the start of the trial or became pregnant during it. Data for this group of subjects inadvertently vaccinated during pregnancy were reviewed carefully.“ The 37 women in the HEV 239 vaccine group had received 53 vaccine doses (22 received 1 dose, 14 received 2 doses, and one received 3 doses). The vaccine was well tolerated in the pregnant women with only one woman reporting grade 1 inocula- tion site pain. The rate of adverse events was similar in the pregnant women who had inadvertently received HEV 239 vaccine and the vaccinated non-pregnant women. In the vaccinated group 19 (51.3%) of the pregnant women underwent elective abortion; the rate was 45.2% in the placebo group. No spontaneous abortions occurred in the vaccine group and the remaining 18 babies, delivered either by normal vaginal delivery (n=7) or caesarean sec- tion (n=11), were as healthy as those in the control group (vaginal delivery n=7; caesarean delivery n=10); none of the babies had any congenital abnormality. Birth weights (3573.54356.7 g vs 3565.6+531.6 g), lengths (50.7£1.3 cm vs 50.8+1.5 cm) and gestational ages (276.2+7.6 d vs 276.6+7.1 d) of the babies born to the mothers in the vaccine and placebo groups were comparable.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 14, + "parent_id": "19cf02dc4c7f34e27527703d75f0a544", + "text_as_html": "

    Although pregnancy was an exclusion for the Phase III clinical trial, 37 women in the HEV 239 vaccine group and 31 women in the placebo group were either pregnant at the start of the trial or became pregnant during it. Data for this group of subjects inadvertently vaccinated during pregnancy were reviewed carefully.“ The 37 women in the HEV 239 vaccine group had received 53 vaccine doses (22 received 1 dose, 14 received 2 doses, and one received 3 doses). The vaccine was well tolerated in the pregnant women with only one woman reporting grade 1 inocula- tion site pain. The rate of adverse events was similar in the pregnant women who had inadvertently received HEV 239 vaccine and the vaccinated non-pregnant women. In the vaccinated group 19 (51.3%) of the pregnant women underwent elective abortion; the rate was 45.2% in the placebo group. No spontaneous abortions occurred in the vaccine group and the remaining 18 babies, delivered either by normal vaginal delivery (n=7) or caesarean sec- tion (n=11), were as healthy as those in the control group (vaginal delivery n=7; caesarean delivery n=10); none of the babies had any congenital abnormality. Birth weights (3573.54356.7 g vs 3565.6+531.6 g), lengths (50.7£1.3 cm vs 50.8+1.5 cm) and gestational ages (276.2+7.6 d vs 276.6+7.1 d) of the babies born to the mothers in the vaccine and placebo groups were comparable.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 13, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.38, + "y0": 248.93, + "x1": 272.51, + "y1": 525.04 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "0049bfb4d1722eb34da9b48e791e5947", + "text": "A retrospective study of blood samples from 2 town- ships was performed to review the safety and immuno- genicity of HEV 239 in HBsAg-positive subjects from the Phase III study, none of whom had evidence of chronic liver disease.” * Rates of adverse events in HBsAg-positive vaccine recipients were similar to those in HBsAg-negative vaccinees.*", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 14, + "parent_id": "19cf02dc4c7f34e27527703d75f0a544", + "text_as_html": "

    A retrospective study of blood samples from 2 town- ships was performed to review the safety and immuno- genicity of HEV 239 in HBsAg-positive subjects from the Phase III study, none of whom had evidence of chronic liver disease.” * Rates of adverse events in HBsAg-positive vaccine recipients were similar to those in HBsAg-negative vaccinees.*

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 13, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.6, + "y0": 531.68, + "x1": 273.5, + "y1": 608.5 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "5cc6d9d261d4020745253a6a9d190668", + "text": "The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) reviewed the safety of HEV 239 vaccine during its meeting in June 2014 and concluded that available safety data on this vaccine derived from Phase I, II and III clinical trials in healthy subjects are reassuring.” However, GACVS noted that there are no safety data in paediatric subjects (aged <16 years), the elderly (aged >65 years), persons with underlying diseases or condi- tions such as those who are immunosuppressed or have", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 14, + "parent_id": "19cf02dc4c7f34e27527703d75f0a544", + "text_as_html": "

    The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) reviewed the safety of HEV 239 vaccine during its meeting in June 2014 and concluded that available safety data on this vaccine derived from Phase I, II and III clinical trials in healthy subjects are reassuring.” However, GACVS noted that there are no safety data in paediatric subjects (aged <16 years), the elderly (aged >65 years), persons with underlying diseases or condi- tions such as those who are immunosuppressed or have

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 13, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.91, + "y0": 627.93, + "x1": 273.15, + "y1": 726.38 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "18b99be5289060267edbc57365a0869d", + "text": "54 WuT, Zhu FC, Huang SJ, et al. Safety of the hepatitis E vaccine for pregnant women: a preliminary analysis. Hepatology. 2012; 55: 2038.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 14, + "parent_id": "19cf02dc4c7f34e27527703d75f0a544", + "text_as_html": "
  • 54 WuT, Zhu FC, Huang SJ, et al. Safety of the hepatitis E vaccine for pregnant women: a preliminary analysis. Hepatology. 2012; 55: 2038.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 13, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 42.91, + "y0": 746.28, + "x1": 273.35, + "y1": 761.96 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "4a7824ec65b04d7ec698d4eee986fb64", + "text": "Les données recueillies pendant une période prolongée de suivi de 19 4 54 mois aprés l’administration de la premiére dose (soit 14 4 ans aprés la fin de la vaccination) montrent que le nombre de manifestations indésirables graves signalées (4792 contre 4667; p = 0,18) et le nombre de personnes présentant au moins une manifestation indésirable grave (4602 contre 4490; p = 0,22) sont comparables entre le groupe vacciné et le groupe placebo. Au cours de cette période, le nombre de décés parmi les sujets vacci- nés (408 sur 56 302) était prés de 10% supérieur a celui des sujets du groupe placebo (370 sur 56 032); cependant, cette différence était pas significative sur le plan statistique (p = 0,17).”", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 14, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Les données recueillies pendant une période prolongée de suivi de 19 4 54 mois aprés l’administration de la premiére dose (soit 14 4 ans aprés la fin de la vaccination) montrent que le nombre de manifestations indésirables graves signalées (4792 contre 4667; p = 0,18) et le nombre de personnes présentant au moins une manifestation indésirable grave (4602 contre 4490; p = 0,22) sont comparables entre le groupe vacciné et le groupe placebo. Au cours de cette période, le nombre de décés parmi les sujets vacci- nés (408 sur 56 302) était prés de 10% supérieur a celui des sujets du groupe placebo (370 sur 56 032); cependant, cette différence était pas significative sur le plan statistique (p = 0,17).”

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 13, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.4, + "y0": 56.27, + "x1": 551.99, + "y1": 177.6 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "b7487417f6cb163b5a5dafcf74a1e5a5", + "text": "Prés de 200 000 doses ont été distribuées sur le marché chinois privé depuis ?homologation du vaccin; le nombre de doses effectivement utilisées n’est pas connu. Un seul cas de manifes- tation indésirable locale a été signalé pendant cette période (données non publiées, Innovax).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 14, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Prés de 200 000 doses ont été distribuées sur le marché chinois privé depuis ?homologation du vaccin; le nombre de doses effectivement utilisées n’est pas connu. Un seul cas de manifes- tation indésirable locale a été signalé pendant cette période (données non publiées, Innovax).

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 13, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.47, + "y0": 184.98, + "x1": 552.3, + "y1": 239.0 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "68107162adca421c91a7662c31f0ebe0", + "text": "Bien que la grossesse ait constitué un facteur d’exclusion de lessai clinique de phase III, 37 femmes du groupe ayant recu le vaccin HEV 239 et 31 femmes du groupe placebo étaient soit déja enceintes au début de l’essai, soit le sont devenues en cours d’étude. Les données relatives 4 ce groupe de femmes vaccinées par inadver- tance durant la grossesse ont été examinées avec soin.™ Au total, 53 doses de vaccin ont été administrées aux 37 femmes du groupe vacciné (22 femmes ont recu 1 seule dose, 14 ont recu 2 doses et une femme a recu 3 doses). La vaccination a été bien tolérée, seule une des femmes ayant signalé une douleur de grade 1 au point injection. Le taux de manifestations indésirables signalées chez les femmes enceintes ayant recu le vaccin HEV 239 par inadver- tance était comparable a celui des femmes vaccinées qui m’étaient pas enceintes. Dans le groupe vacciné, 19 femmes (51,3%) ont subi une interruption volontaire de grossesse, contre 45,2% dans le groupe placebo. Aucun avortement spontané n’a été observé dans le groupe vacciné et 18 enfants sont nés soit par un accouchement vaginal normal (n = 7), soit par césarienne (n = 11), en aussi bonne santé que ceux qui étaient nés dans le groupe témoin (accouche- ment par voie vaginale n = 7, césarienne n = 10); aucun des nouveau-nés ne présentait d’anomalie congénitale. Le poids de naissance (3573,5 +356,7 g contre 3565,6 +531,6 g), la taille (50,7 +1,3 cm contre 50,8 +1,5 cm) et l’age gestationnel (276,2 +7,6 jours contre 276,6 +7,1 jours) des nouveau-nés du groupe vacciné et du groupe placebo étaient comparables.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 14, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Bien que la grossesse ait constitué un facteur d’exclusion de lessai clinique de phase III, 37 femmes du groupe ayant recu le vaccin HEV 239 et 31 femmes du groupe placebo étaient soit déja enceintes au début de l’essai, soit le sont devenues en cours d’étude. Les données relatives 4 ce groupe de femmes vaccinées par inadver- tance durant la grossesse ont été examinées avec soin.™ Au total, 53 doses de vaccin ont été administrées aux 37 femmes du groupe vacciné (22 femmes ont recu 1 seule dose, 14 ont recu 2 doses et une femme a recu 3 doses). La vaccination a été bien tolérée, seule une des femmes ayant signalé une douleur de grade 1 au point injection. Le taux de manifestations indésirables signalées chez les femmes enceintes ayant recu le vaccin HEV 239 par inadver- tance était comparable a celui des femmes vaccinées qui m’étaient pas enceintes. Dans le groupe vacciné, 19 femmes (51,3%) ont subi une interruption volontaire de grossesse, contre 45,2% dans le groupe placebo. Aucun avortement spontané n’a été observé dans le groupe vacciné et 18 enfants sont nés soit par un accouchement vaginal normal (n = 7), soit par césarienne (n = 11), en aussi bonne santé que ceux qui étaient nés dans le groupe témoin (accouche- ment par voie vaginale n = 7, césarienne n = 10); aucun des nouveau-nés ne présentait d’anomalie congénitale. Le poids de naissance (3573,5 +356,7 g contre 3565,6 +531,6 g), la taille (50,7 +1,3 cm contre 50,8 +1,5 cm) et l’age gestationnel (276,2 +7,6 jours contre 276,6 +7,1 jours) des nouveau-nés du groupe vacciné et du groupe placebo étaient comparables.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 13, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.81, + "y0": 248.04, + "x1": 552.3, + "y1": 524.97 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "2a39fa9f99c9f4b0b52ec01665c83600", + "text": "Une analyse rétrospective d’échantillons de sang provenant de 2 communes a été réalisée pour étudier Pinnocuité et Pimmu- nogénicité du HEV 239 chez les sujets de lessai de phase III qui étaient positifs pour le HBsAg et qui ne présentaient pas de signe d’affection chronique du foie.“ ** Le taux de manifes- tations indésirables chez les sujets positifs pour le HBsAg qui avaient recu le vaccin était semblable a celui des sujets vaccinés qui étaient négatifs pour le HBsAg.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 14, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Une analyse rétrospective d’échantillons de sang provenant de 2 communes a été réalisée pour étudier Pinnocuité et Pimmu- nogénicité du HEV 239 chez les sujets de lessai de phase III qui étaient positifs pour le HBsAg et qui ne présentaient pas de signe d’affection chronique du foie.“ ** Le taux de manifes- tations indésirables chez les sujets positifs pour le HBsAg qui avaient recu le vaccin était semblable a celui des sujets vaccinés qui étaient négatifs pour le HBsAg.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 13, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.85, + "y0": 531.53, + "x1": 551.74, + "y1": 619.64 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "52b71597bcbf4fa2e1550a62081445ef", + "text": "Lors de sa réunion de juin 2014, le Comité consultatif mondial de la sécurité vaccinale (GACVS) a étudié le vaccin HEV 239 et conclu que les données disponibles sur son innocuité chez les sujets en bonne santé, provenant des essais cliniques de phases I, II et III, sont rassurantes.* Toutefois, le GACVS a relevé qu il rexiste pas de données sur Pinnocuité chez les enfants (<16 ans), les personnes agées (>65 ans) et les sujets atteints de maladies ou affections sous-jacentes, notamment ceux qui sont immunodéprimés ou ont une affection hépatique, et a recommandé que des études soient", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 14, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Lors de sa réunion de juin 2014, le Comité consultatif mondial de la sécurité vaccinale (GACVS) a étudié le vaccin HEV 239 et conclu que les données disponibles sur son innocuité chez les sujets en bonne santé, provenant des essais cliniques de phases I, II et III, sont rassurantes.* Toutefois, le GACVS a relevé qu il rexiste pas de données sur Pinnocuité chez les enfants (<16 ans), les personnes agées (>65 ans) et les sujets atteints de maladies ou affections sous-jacentes, notamment ceux qui sont immunodéprimés ou ont une affection hépatique, et a recommandé que des études soient

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 13, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.76, + "y0": 627.35, + "x1": 551.87, + "y1": 726.27 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "2329fbb968813c1a5c4b39b0bfadc2a8", + "text": "5* Wu, Zhu FC, Huang SJ, et al. Safety of the hepatitis E vaccine for pregnant women: a prelimi- nary analysis. Hepatology. 2012; 55: 2038.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 14, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "
  • 5* Wu, Zhu FC, Huang SJ, et al. Safety of the hepatitis E vaccine for pregnant women: a prelimi- nary analysis. Hepatology. 2012; 55: 2038.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 13, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 291.37, + "y0": 746.08, + "x1": 549.14, + "y1": 761.93 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "28a0e9d58cb622bf50a0c7b4d75a452f", + "text": "5 Voir N° 29, 2014, pp. 325-335.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 14, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "
  • 5 Voir N° 29, 2014, pp. 325-335.
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 13, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 290.83, + "y0": 764.51, + "x1": 380.37, + "y1": 772.53 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "052fa6a05ce2aa6d4093d819732f607b", + "text": "liver disease, and recommended that studies be conducted to assess the safety of the vaccine in these subpopulations. Any follow-up of pregnant women inadvertently vacci- nated during the Phase III trial should be useful for as- sessment of safety in this group. The committee also noted that there are as yet no studies to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of HEV 239 vaccine when given concom- itantly with other vaccines. In addition, GACVS recom- mended that a Phase IV post-marketing study be con- ducted once the vaccine is in more widespread use to further assess its safety profile, in particular with regard to serious and rare adverse events.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    liver disease, and recommended that studies be conducted to assess the safety of the vaccine in these subpopulations. Any follow-up of pregnant women inadvertently vacci- nated during the Phase III trial should be useful for as- sessment of safety in this group. The committee also noted that there are as yet no studies to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of HEV 239 vaccine when given concom- itantly with other vaccines. In addition, GACVS recom- mended that a Phase IV post-marketing study be con- ducted once the vaccine is in more widespread use to further assess its safety profile, in particular with regard to serious and rare adverse events.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 46.27, + "y0": 56.85, + "x1": 272.51, + "y1": 188.17 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "7e51a980c44f4425cf8c5e05ef478296", + "text": "Based on evidence from the Phase I, II and III trials con- ducted by the manufacturer, HEV 239 vaccine was well tol- erated and demonstrated to have a good safety profile for those aged 16-65 years, with most adverse events limited to local reactions at the injection site. There are limited data on safety of this vaccine with regard to maternal and fetal outcomes following use during pregnancy, and none for its use among organ transplant recipients, other immunosup- pressed persons or persons with chronic liver disease.\"", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Based on evidence from the Phase I, II and III trials con- ducted by the manufacturer, HEV 239 vaccine was well tol- erated and demonstrated to have a good safety profile for those aged 16-65 years, with most adverse events limited to local reactions at the injection site. There are limited data on safety of this vaccine with regard to maternal and fetal outcomes following use during pregnancy, and none for its use among organ transplant recipients, other immunosup- pressed persons or persons with chronic liver disease.\"

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.35, + "y0": 195.81, + "x1": 272.57, + "y1": 295.0 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-40", + "text": "\n\n\nCost-effectiveness\nThe cost-effectiveness of hepatitis E vaccination pro- grammes in outbreak settings has not been studied. A highly simplified simulation of the use of hepatitis E vaccine in an outbreak situation, similar to that in northern Uganda, utilized baseline parameter inputs taken from non-system- atic reviews of published sources or from assumptions, and assumed that all individuals were vaccinated with an effi- cacy of 50%. The model summed costs associated with hepatitis E with and without vaccination, and used the dif- ference in disability adjusted life years (DALYs) and costs to estimate the cost per DALY averted. The simplified model found that vaccination against hepatitis E in an outbreak situation cost US$ 875 per DALY averted. However this estimate is sensitive to changes in the assumptions used.", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "2a777c5cbfc4798c820edfcc6e944ecb", + "text": "Cost-effectiveness", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Cost-effectiveness

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.71, + "y0": 306.89, + "x1": 122.91, + "y1": 317.92 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "992241bca031e173eb4a058594589e24", + "text": "The cost-effectiveness of hepatitis E vaccination pro- grammes in outbreak settings has not been studied. A highly simplified simulation of the use of hepatitis E vaccine in an outbreak situation, similar to that in northern Uganda, utilized baseline parameter inputs taken from non-system- atic reviews of published sources or from assumptions, and assumed that all individuals were vaccinated with an effi- cacy of 50%. The model summed costs associated with hepatitis E with and without vaccination, and used the dif- ference in disability adjusted life years (DALYs) and costs to estimate the cost per DALY averted. The simplified model found that vaccination against hepatitis E in an outbreak situation cost US$ 875 per DALY averted. However this estimate is sensitive to changes in the assumptions used.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "2a777c5cbfc4798c820edfcc6e944ecb", + "text_as_html": "

    The cost-effectiveness of hepatitis E vaccination pro- grammes in outbreak settings has not been studied. A highly simplified simulation of the use of hepatitis E vaccine in an outbreak situation, similar to that in northern Uganda, utilized baseline parameter inputs taken from non-system- atic reviews of published sources or from assumptions, and assumed that all individuals were vaccinated with an effi- cacy of 50%. The model summed costs associated with hepatitis E with and without vaccination, and used the dif- ference in disability adjusted life years (DALYs) and costs to estimate the cost per DALY averted. The simplified model found that vaccination against hepatitis E in an outbreak situation cost US$ 875 per DALY averted. However this estimate is sensitive to changes in the assumptions used.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.12, + "y0": 320.93, + "x1": 273.34, + "y1": 475.74 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-41", + "text": "\n\n\nWHO position\nWHO recognizes the importance of hepatitis E as a public health problem in many developing countries, particularly among special populations such as pregnant women and individuals living in camps for displaced persons and in outbreak situations. The one currently licensed hepatitis E vaccine (HEV 239 vaccine, Hecolin®) is considered a promising vaccine which has shown a high degree of efficacy against hepatitis E disease in 16-65 year-old healthy subjects in China. However, data on the incidence of hepatitis E virus infection and disease worldwide, and the contribution of hepatitis E to mortality in the general population where infection is common, are limited.\nRoutine use: The available data concerning this rela- tively new vaccine are insufficient, and for some issues there are as yet no data, particularly regarding the im- munization of individuals <16 years of age, and the degree of cross-protection the vaccine may confer against HEV genotypes 1, 2, and 3. In the absence of sufficient information at this time, WHO does not make a recommendation on the introduction of the vaccine\n58 Cost-effectiveness background on Hepatitis E. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2014 =~ (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/201 4/october/5_HEV_ Cost-effectiveness_section_V3.pdf?ua=1, accessed December 2014).\nmenées pour évaluer l’innocuité du vaccin dans ces sous-groupes de la population. Le suivi des femmes vaccinées par inadvertance au cours de la grossesse dans le cadre de l’essai de phase III devrait apporter des éléments utiles pour évaluer Pinnocuité du vaccin dans cette population. Le Comité a noté par ailleurs quaucune étude n’avait encore été menée pour évaluer linnocuité et Pimmu- nogénicité du HEV 239 lorsquil est administré de fagon concomi- tante avec d’autres vaccins. En outre, le GACVS a recommandé quwune étude postcommercialisation de phase IV soit réalisée une fois que le vaccin sera plus largement utilisé pour déterminer son profil @innocuité de maniére plus détaillée, en particulier pour ce qui est des manifestations indésirables graves et rares.\nLes essais de phases I, II et III réalisés par le fabricant indiquent que le vaccin HEV 239 est bien toléré et a un profil d’innocuité favorable pour les sujets agés de 16 a 65 ans, la plupart des mani- festations indésirables se limitant a des réactions locales au point dinjection. Il nexiste que peu de données sur linnocuité du vaccin pendant la grossesse, en termes d’issues maternelles et foetales, et aucune donnée sur son administration aux personnes ayant recu une greffe d’organe, aux sujets immunodéprimés ou aux personnes atteintes d’une affection chronique du foie.”", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "4b1e3d5a3bb71b290d1aa353077d7155", + "text": "WHO position", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    WHO position

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 46.2, + "y0": 487.12, + "x1": 108.68, + "y1": 498.85 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "57b16feeb495d3482a474b5d9c9f7d20", + "text": "WHO recognizes the importance of hepatitis E as a public health problem in many developing countries, particularly among special populations such as pregnant women and individuals living in camps for displaced persons and in outbreak situations. The one currently licensed hepatitis E vaccine (HEV 239 vaccine, Hecolin®) is considered a promising vaccine which has shown a high degree of efficacy against hepatitis E disease in 16-65 year-old healthy subjects in China. However, data on the incidence of hepatitis E virus infection and disease worldwide, and the contribution of hepatitis E to mortality in the general population where infection is common, are limited.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "4b1e3d5a3bb71b290d1aa353077d7155", + "text_as_html": "

    WHO recognizes the importance of hepatitis E as a public health problem in many developing countries, particularly among special populations such as pregnant women and individuals living in camps for displaced persons and in outbreak situations. The one currently licensed hepatitis E vaccine (HEV 239 vaccine, Hecolin®) is considered a promising vaccine which has shown a high degree of efficacy against hepatitis E disease in 16-65 year-old healthy subjects in China. However, data on the incidence of hepatitis E virus infection and disease worldwide, and the contribution of hepatitis E to mortality in the general population where infection is common, are limited.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.77, + "y0": 501.19, + "x1": 272.81, + "y1": 634.36 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "28950dbd7c4244269eeaf17368aab67c", + "text": "Routine use: The available data concerning this rela- tively new vaccine are insufficient, and for some issues there are as yet no data, particularly regarding the im- munization of individuals <16 years of age, and the degree of cross-protection the vaccine may confer against HEV genotypes 1, 2, and 3. In the absence of sufficient information at this time, WHO does not make a recommendation on the introduction of the vaccine", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "4b1e3d5a3bb71b290d1aa353077d7155", + "text_as_html": "

    Routine use: The available data concerning this rela- tively new vaccine are insufficient, and for some issues there are as yet no data, particularly regarding the im- munization of individuals <16 years of age, and the degree of cross-protection the vaccine may confer against HEV genotypes 1, 2, and 3. In the absence of sufficient information at this time, WHO does not make a recommendation on the introduction of the vaccine

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.64, + "y0": 641.15, + "x1": 272.14, + "y1": 729.0 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "680ef103f66d8107378a92cd64f38d98", + "text": "58 Cost-effectiveness background on Hepatitis E. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2014 =~ (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/201 4/october/5_HEV_ Cost-effectiveness_section_V3.pdf?ua=1, accessed December 2014).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "4b1e3d5a3bb71b290d1aa353077d7155", + "text_as_html": "
  • 58 Cost-effectiveness background on Hepatitis E. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2014 =~ (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/201 4/october/5_HEV_ Cost-effectiveness_section_V3.pdf?ua=1, accessed December 2014).
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 42.86, + "y0": 748.92, + "x1": 272.6, + "y1": 772.64 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "43b6d29b604137db866b56a74427644b", + "text": "menées pour évaluer l’innocuité du vaccin dans ces sous-groupes de la population. Le suivi des femmes vaccinées par inadvertance au cours de la grossesse dans le cadre de l’essai de phase III devrait apporter des éléments utiles pour évaluer Pinnocuité du vaccin dans cette population. Le Comité a noté par ailleurs quaucune étude n’avait encore été menée pour évaluer linnocuité et Pimmu- nogénicité du HEV 239 lorsquil est administré de fagon concomi- tante avec d’autres vaccins. En outre, le GACVS a recommandé quwune étude postcommercialisation de phase IV soit réalisée une fois que le vaccin sera plus largement utilisé pour déterminer son profil @innocuité de maniére plus détaillée, en particulier pour ce qui est des manifestations indésirables graves et rares.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    menées pour évaluer l’innocuité du vaccin dans ces sous-groupes de la population. Le suivi des femmes vaccinées par inadvertance au cours de la grossesse dans le cadre de l’essai de phase III devrait apporter des éléments utiles pour évaluer Pinnocuité du vaccin dans cette population. Le Comité a noté par ailleurs quaucune étude n’avait encore été menée pour évaluer linnocuité et Pimmu- nogénicité du HEV 239 lorsquil est administré de fagon concomi- tante avec d’autres vaccins. En outre, le GACVS a recommandé quwune étude postcommercialisation de phase IV soit réalisée une fois que le vaccin sera plus largement utilisé pour déterminer son profil @innocuité de maniére plus détaillée, en particulier pour ce qui est des manifestations indésirables graves et rares.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.12, + "y0": 56.66, + "x1": 551.58, + "y1": 188.44 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "ebfb1a5c6f415d86c262be90ade09182", + "text": "Les essais de phases I, II et III réalisés par le fabricant indiquent que le vaccin HEV 239 est bien toléré et a un profil d’innocuité favorable pour les sujets agés de 16 a 65 ans, la plupart des mani- festations indésirables se limitant a des réactions locales au point dinjection. Il nexiste que peu de données sur linnocuité du vaccin pendant la grossesse, en termes d’issues maternelles et foetales, et aucune donnée sur son administration aux personnes ayant recu une greffe d’organe, aux sujets immunodéprimés ou aux personnes atteintes d’une affection chronique du foie.”", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Les essais de phases I, II et III réalisés par le fabricant indiquent que le vaccin HEV 239 est bien toléré et a un profil d’innocuité favorable pour les sujets agés de 16 a 65 ans, la plupart des mani- festations indésirables se limitant a des réactions locales au point dinjection. Il nexiste que peu de données sur linnocuité du vaccin pendant la grossesse, en termes d’issues maternelles et foetales, et aucune donnée sur son administration aux personnes ayant recu une greffe d’organe, aux sujets immunodéprimés ou aux personnes atteintes d’une affection chronique du foie.”

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.65, + "y0": 195.64, + "x1": 552.13, + "y1": 295.05 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-42", + "text": "\n\n\nRapport coit/efficacité\nLe rapport cott/efficacité des programmes de vaccination contre Vhépatite E en situation de flambée va pas été étudié. Une simula- tion hautement simplifiée de utilisation du vaccin contre Phépatite E dans une situation de flambée analogue a celle du nord de ?Ou- ganda a été réalisée, utilisant comme parameétres de référence des paramétres tirés d’un examen non systématique des sources publiées ou découlant des hypothéses retenues, et supposant que tous les sujets ont été vaccinés avec une efficacité de 50%. Le modéle a totalisé les cotits associés a Phépatite E avec et sans vaccination et, sur la base de la différence en cotit et en espérance de vie corrigée de Pincapacité (DALY), a estimé le cotit par DALY évitée. Ce modéle simplifié a conclu que la vaccination contre l’hépatite E en situation de flambée cotite US$ 875 par DALY évitée. Cependant, cette estima- tion est sensible a la modification des hypothéses utilisées.", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "7c6e948ce8dc26c606adacdc8564a56e", + "text": "Rapport coit/efficacité", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Rapport coit/efficacité

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.75, + "y0": 306.66, + "x1": 391.42, + "y1": 317.92 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "d0b3a09eb6e14ad596a3ace87fe899f0", + "text": "Le rapport cott/efficacité des programmes de vaccination contre Vhépatite E en situation de flambée va pas été étudié. Une simula- tion hautement simplifiée de utilisation du vaccin contre Phépatite E dans une situation de flambée analogue a celle du nord de ?Ou- ganda a été réalisée, utilisant comme parameétres de référence des paramétres tirés d’un examen non systématique des sources publiées ou découlant des hypothéses retenues, et supposant que tous les sujets ont été vaccinés avec une efficacité de 50%. Le modéle a totalisé les cotits associés a Phépatite E avec et sans vaccination et, sur la base de la différence en cotit et en espérance de vie corrigée de Pincapacité (DALY), a estimé le cotit par DALY évitée. Ce modéle simplifié a conclu que la vaccination contre l’hépatite E en situation de flambée cotite US$ 875 par DALY évitée. Cependant, cette estima- tion est sensible a la modification des hypothéses utilisées.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "7c6e948ce8dc26c606adacdc8564a56e", + "text_as_html": "

    Le rapport cott/efficacité des programmes de vaccination contre Vhépatite E en situation de flambée va pas été étudié. Une simula- tion hautement simplifiée de utilisation du vaccin contre Phépatite E dans une situation de flambée analogue a celle du nord de ?Ou- ganda a été réalisée, utilisant comme parameétres de référence des paramétres tirés d’un examen non systématique des sources publiées ou découlant des hypothéses retenues, et supposant que tous les sujets ont été vaccinés avec une efficacité de 50%. Le modéle a totalisé les cotits associés a Phépatite E avec et sans vaccination et, sur la base de la différence en cotit et en espérance de vie corrigée de Pincapacité (DALY), a estimé le cotit par DALY évitée. Ce modéle simplifié a conclu que la vaccination contre l’hépatite E en situation de flambée cotite US$ 875 par DALY évitée. Cependant, cette estima- tion est sensible a la modification des hypothéses utilisées.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.97, + "y0": 320.83, + "x1": 552.68, + "y1": 475.93 + } + ] + } + } + ] + }, + { + "type": "CompositeElement", + "element_id": "chunk-43", + "text": "\n\n\nPosition de I'OMS\nLOMS reconnait que l’hépatite E est un probléme majeur de santé publique dans de nombreux pays en développement, en particulier dans certains groupes spécifiques de la population, comme les femmes enceintes et les personnes vivant dans des camps de réfu- giés ou des situations de flambée. Le seul vaccin actuellement homologué contre l’hépatite E (HEV 239, ou Hecolin®) est jugé prometteur par OMS, ayant démontré sa grande efficacité contre Phépatite E chez les sujets sains agés de 16 a 65 ans en Chine. Toutefois, on ne dispose que de données limitées sur l’incidence de Vhépatite E et de infection par le VHE a ’échelle mondiale, ainsi que sur la contribution de la maladie a la mortalité de la population dans les régions ou Pinfection est répandue.\nUtilisation dans le cadre de la vaccination systématique: Les données dont on dispose sur ce vaccin relativement nouveau sont insuffisantes; sur certains points, aucune donnée mest encore disponible, en particulier pour ce qui est de la vaccination des enfants de <16 ans et du niveau de protection croisée conférée par le vaccin contre les génotypes 1, 2 et 3 du virus. En absence dinformations suffisantes 4 ce stade, ?OMS ne peut émettre de recommandation quant a lintroduction de ce vaccin dans les\n58 Cost-effectiveness background on Hepatitis E. Genéve, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2014 (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/october/5_HEV_Cost-effective- ness_section_V3.pdf?ua=1, consulté en décembre 2014).\n199\nfor routine use in national programmes in populations where epidemic and sporadic hepatitis E disease is com- mon. However, national authorities may decide to use the vaccine based on the local epidemiology.\nDue to the lack of sufficient information on safety, im- munogenicity and efficacy in the following population subgroups, WHO does not recommend routine use of the vaccine in children aged <16 years, pregnant women, chronic liver disease patients, and patients on organ transplant waiting lists, and travellers.\nSpecial groups and outbreak situations: There may be special situations such as outbreaks where the risk of hepatitis E or of its complications or mortality is par- ticularly high. The current WHO position concerning routine programmes should not preclude the use of the vaccine in these specific situations. In particular, the use of the vaccine to mitigate or prevent outbreaks of hep- atitis E should be considered as well as the use of the vaccine to mitigate consequences in high risk groups such as pregnant women.\nWHO recognizes the high risk of hepatitis E virus infec- tion for travellers, health-care and humanitarian relief workers deployed or travelling to areas where there is an ongoing outbreak of hepatitis E. In such circum- stances, each person should be evaluated individually for risks and benefits and vaccination should be con- sidered.\nHealth-care workers in endemic settings are at similar risk of contracting HEV infection as the local popula- tion, and there are no specific vaccination recommenda- tions for these groups; national authorities may decide to use the vaccine based on the local epidemiology.\nInformation gaps: WHO acknowledges the need for more comprehensive data on the use of the hepatitis E vaccine. In all situations where it is deployed, experi- ence with the use of the HEV 239 vaccine, including the occurrence of any adverse events, should be docu- mented. Analysis of vaccination in outbreak situations could provide valuable data on safety and effectiveness of the vaccine as well as the age-specific attack rates. WHO recommends the pre-emptive design of a research protocol that would be used to study safety and im- munogenicity of the vaccine in outbreak situations, pregnant women, in patients with chronic liver disease and in immunosuppressed persons, including those awaiting or having received solid organ transplantation.\nData gaps remain on the epidemiology of hepatitis E, in particular: the incidence and mortality of the disease in the general population as well as in special popula- tions; the efficacy of the hepatitis E vaccine against disease caused by HEV of genotypes 1, 2 and 3; the efficacy of schedules of hepatitis E vaccination with <3 doses or shorter intervals between doses; and the duration of protection following hepatitis E vaccination and the possible need for booster doses.\nAs further data become available, the current WHO position on hepatitis E vaccine will be reviewed and updated as necessary on the basis of new information. &\n200\nprogrammes nationaux de vaccination systématique de la popu- lation dans les pays out les épidémies ou les cas sporadiques d’hé- patite E sont courants. Cependant, les autorités nationales peuvent décider @utiliser le vaccin en fonction de l’épidémiologie locale.\nEn raison du manque d’informations sur l’innocuité, ’immuno- génicité et lefficacité du vaccin dans les sous-groupes suivants de la population, !OMS ne peut recommander son utilisation systématique chez les enfants de <16 ans, les femmes enceintes, les personnes atteintes d'une affection chronique du foie, les patients en attente d’une transplantation et les voyageurs.\nGroupes particuliers et situations de flambée: Dans certaines situations, notamment en cas de flambée, les risques de morbi- dité et de mortalité liées a ’hépatite E ou a ses complications sont particuliérement élevés. La position actuelle de OMS quant a Pinclusion du vaccin dans les programmes de vaccina- tion systématique ne doit pas exclure son utilisation dans ces situations spécifiques. En particulier, son utilisation devrait étre envisagée pour combattre ou prévenir une flambée d’hépatite E, ainsi que pour en atténuer les effets chez les personnes a haut risque, telles que les femmes enceintes.\nLOMS reconnait que les voyageurs, les agents de santé et les travailleurs humanitaires déployés ou en transit dans des zones touchées par une flambée d’hépatite E sont exposés a un risque élevé d’infection par le virus de lhépatite E. Dans de telles situations, il convient de faire une évaluation individuelle des risques et des avantages du vaccin pour la personne concernée et d’envisager sa vaccination.\nLes agents de santé travaillant dans des zones d’endémie ont le méme risque de contracter l’infection que la population locale et aucune recommandation spécifique nest émise quant a la vacci- nation de ces groupes; les autorités nationales peuvent décider de Putilisation du vaccin en fonction de l’épidémiologie locale.\nInsuffisances des informations: LOMS estime que des données plus complétes sont nécessaires quant a utilisation du vaccin contre ’hépatite E. Dans toutes les situations ou ce vaccin est déployé, il importe de consigner les informations sur l’expé- rience acquise, y compris la survenue de manifestations indé- sirables éventuelles. Une analyse de la vaccination effectuée dans les situations de flambée pourrait fournir des données précieuses sur l’innocuité et l’efficacité du vaccin, ainsi que sur les taux d’atteinte en fonction de Page. LOMS recommande Padoption d’un modéle de protocole de recherche anticipant les événements qui permettrait d’étudier Pinnocuité et Pimmu- nogénicité du vaccin dans les situations de flambée, ainsi que chez les femmes enceintes, les patients atteints d’une affection chronique du foie et les personnes immunodéprimées, y compris celles qui sont en attente d’une transplantation ou qui ont déja bénéficié dune greffe d’organe solide.\nLes données sur l’épidémiologie de Vhépatite E demeurent insuffisantes, en particulier en ce qui concerne: l’incidence et la mortalité de la maladie dans la population générale, ainsi que dans des groupes spécifiques; l’efficacité du vaccin contre Phépatite E induite par les génotypes 1, 2 et 3 du VHE; leffica- cité dun calendrier de vaccination contre Vhépatite E qui prévoirait <3 doses ou des intervalles plus courts entre les doses; et la durée de la protection conférée par le vaccin, ainsi que la nécessité de doses de rappel potentielles.\nA mesure que des données supplémentaires deviendront dispo- nibles, TOMS réexaminera sa position sur le vaccin contre Phépatite E et ladaptera le cas échéant. ©", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "elements": [ + { + "type": "Title", + "element_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text": "Position de I'OMS", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "", + "text_as_html": "

    Position de I'OMS

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.2, + "y0": 487.02, + "x1": 373.82, + "y1": 498.79 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "b9c12b86ef89562a68120056724c7cee", + "text": "LOMS reconnait que l’hépatite E est un probléme majeur de santé publique dans de nombreux pays en développement, en particulier dans certains groupes spécifiques de la population, comme les femmes enceintes et les personnes vivant dans des camps de réfu- giés ou des situations de flambée. Le seul vaccin actuellement homologué contre l’hépatite E (HEV 239, ou Hecolin®) est jugé prometteur par OMS, ayant démontré sa grande efficacité contre Phépatite E chez les sujets sains agés de 16 a 65 ans en Chine. Toutefois, on ne dispose que de données limitées sur l’incidence de Vhépatite E et de infection par le VHE a ’échelle mondiale, ainsi que sur la contribution de la maladie a la mortalité de la population dans les régions ou Pinfection est répandue.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    LOMS reconnait que l’hépatite E est un probléme majeur de santé publique dans de nombreux pays en développement, en particulier dans certains groupes spécifiques de la population, comme les femmes enceintes et les personnes vivant dans des camps de réfu- giés ou des situations de flambée. Le seul vaccin actuellement homologué contre l’hépatite E (HEV 239, ou Hecolin®) est jugé prometteur par OMS, ayant démontré sa grande efficacité contre Phépatite E chez les sujets sains agés de 16 a 65 ans en Chine. Toutefois, on ne dispose que de données limitées sur l’incidence de Vhépatite E et de infection par le VHE a ’échelle mondiale, ainsi que sur la contribution de la maladie a la mortalité de la population dans les régions ou Pinfection est répandue.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.1, + "y0": 501.14, + "x1": 552.35, + "y1": 634.38 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "b97cbdbcd8ef0b1e75d47976eb6b7b63", + "text": "Utilisation dans le cadre de la vaccination systématique: Les données dont on dispose sur ce vaccin relativement nouveau sont insuffisantes; sur certains points, aucune donnée mest encore disponible, en particulier pour ce qui est de la vaccination des enfants de <16 ans et du niveau de protection croisée conférée par le vaccin contre les génotypes 1, 2 et 3 du virus. En absence dinformations suffisantes 4 ce stade, ?OMS ne peut émettre de recommandation quant a lintroduction de ce vaccin dans les", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    Utilisation dans le cadre de la vaccination systématique: Les données dont on dispose sur ce vaccin relativement nouveau sont insuffisantes; sur certains points, aucune donnée mest encore disponible, en particulier pour ce qui est de la vaccination des enfants de <16 ans et du niveau de protection croisée conférée par le vaccin contre les génotypes 1, 2 et 3 du virus. En absence dinformations suffisantes 4 ce stade, ?OMS ne peut émettre de recommandation quant a lintroduction de ce vaccin dans les

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.09, + "y0": 641.28, + "x1": 552.47, + "y1": 729.0 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "ListItem", + "element_id": "dbbf76f86a65545fd56298a631b0b2c6", + "text": "58 Cost-effectiveness background on Hepatitis E. Genéve, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2014 (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/october/5_HEV_Cost-effective- ness_section_V3.pdf?ua=1, consulté en décembre 2014).", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "
  • 58 Cost-effectiveness background on Hepatitis E. Genéve, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2014 (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/october/5_HEV_Cost-effective- ness_section_V3.pdf?ua=1, consulté en décembre 2014).
  • ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 290.1, + "y0": 748.91, + "x1": 550.7, + "y1": 772.48 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "element_id": "9e1de75e199b608b63624a392bbcd1ea", + "text": "199", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 15, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    199

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 14, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 539.14, + "y0": 779.62, + "x1": 549.57, + "y1": 784.66 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "b1a4edadb1bc6a178feb4b56a3266a68", + "text": "for routine use in national programmes in populations where epidemic and sporadic hepatitis E disease is com- mon. However, national authorities may decide to use the vaccine based on the local epidemiology.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    for routine use in national programmes in populations where epidemic and sporadic hepatitis E disease is com- mon. However, national authorities may decide to use the vaccine based on the local epidemiology.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.03, + "y0": 55.66, + "x1": 273.51, + "y1": 99.18 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "d1bd10c969a16609c663b86fab1e23eb", + "text": "Due to the lack of sufficient information on safety, im- munogenicity and efficacy in the following population subgroups, WHO does not recommend routine use of the vaccine in children aged <16 years, pregnant women, chronic liver disease patients, and patients on organ transplant waiting lists, and travellers.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    Due to the lack of sufficient information on safety, im- munogenicity and efficacy in the following population subgroups, WHO does not recommend routine use of the vaccine in children aged <16 years, pregnant women, chronic liver disease patients, and patients on organ transplant waiting lists, and travellers.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.47, + "y0": 107.37, + "x1": 273.34, + "y1": 173.47 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "1870b9be19c98cdb5496827d8d32e85b", + "text": "Special groups and outbreak situations: There may be special situations such as outbreaks where the risk of hepatitis E or of its complications or mortality is par- ticularly high. The current WHO position concerning routine programmes should not preclude the use of the vaccine in these specific situations. In particular, the use of the vaccine to mitigate or prevent outbreaks of hep- atitis E should be considered as well as the use of the vaccine to mitigate consequences in high risk groups such as pregnant women.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    Special groups and outbreak situations: There may be special situations such as outbreaks where the risk of hepatitis E or of its complications or mortality is par- ticularly high. The current WHO position concerning routine programmes should not preclude the use of the vaccine in these specific situations. In particular, the use of the vaccine to mitigate or prevent outbreaks of hep- atitis E should be considered as well as the use of the vaccine to mitigate consequences in high risk groups such as pregnant women.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.47, + "y0": 181.31, + "x1": 273.15, + "y1": 292.02 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "2521e98f812a68cc59022942117254d4", + "text": "WHO recognizes the high risk of hepatitis E virus infec- tion for travellers, health-care and humanitarian relief workers deployed or travelling to areas where there is an ongoing outbreak of hepatitis E. In such circum- stances, each person should be evaluated individually for risks and benefits and vaccination should be con- sidered.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    WHO recognizes the high risk of hepatitis E virus infec- tion for travellers, health-care and humanitarian relief workers deployed or travelling to areas where there is an ongoing outbreak of hepatitis E. In such circum- stances, each person should be evaluated individually for risks and benefits and vaccination should be con- sidered.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.22, + "y0": 299.31, + "x1": 273.86, + "y1": 376.56 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "25c60088de7247e4fd1e146c2f2be10e", + "text": "Health-care workers in endemic settings are at similar risk of contracting HEV infection as the local popula- tion, and there are no specific vaccination recommenda- tions for these groups; national authorities may decide to use the vaccine based on the local epidemiology.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    Health-care workers in endemic settings are at similar risk of contracting HEV infection as the local popula- tion, and there are no specific vaccination recommenda- tions for these groups; national authorities may decide to use the vaccine based on the local epidemiology.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 46.12, + "y0": 385.35, + "x1": 272.89, + "y1": 440.1 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "1d159f7672bfd42acd0ab772a06bdf07", + "text": "Information gaps: WHO acknowledges the need for more comprehensive data on the use of the hepatitis E vaccine. In all situations where it is deployed, experi- ence with the use of the HEV 239 vaccine, including the occurrence of any adverse events, should be docu- mented. Analysis of vaccination in outbreak situations could provide valuable data on safety and effectiveness of the vaccine as well as the age-specific attack rates. WHO recommends the pre-emptive design of a research protocol that would be used to study safety and im- munogenicity of the vaccine in outbreak situations, pregnant women, in patients with chronic liver disease and in immunosuppressed persons, including those awaiting or having received solid organ transplantation.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    Information gaps: WHO acknowledges the need for more comprehensive data on the use of the hepatitis E vaccine. In all situations where it is deployed, experi- ence with the use of the HEV 239 vaccine, including the occurrence of any adverse events, should be docu- mented. Analysis of vaccination in outbreak situations could provide valuable data on safety and effectiveness of the vaccine as well as the age-specific attack rates. WHO recommends the pre-emptive design of a research protocol that would be used to study safety and im- munogenicity of the vaccine in outbreak situations, pregnant women, in patients with chronic liver disease and in immunosuppressed persons, including those awaiting or having received solid organ transplantation.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.93, + "y0": 448.38, + "x1": 272.37, + "y1": 604.07 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "c9575a35eb8213438f185b17c999860b", + "text": "Data gaps remain on the epidemiology of hepatitis E, in particular: the incidence and mortality of the disease in the general population as well as in special popula- tions; the efficacy of the hepatitis E vaccine against disease caused by HEV of genotypes 1, 2 and 3; the efficacy of schedules of hepatitis E vaccination with <3 doses or shorter intervals between doses; and the duration of protection following hepatitis E vaccination and the possible need for booster doses.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    Data gaps remain on the epidemiology of hepatitis E, in particular: the incidence and mortality of the disease in the general population as well as in special popula- tions; the efficacy of the hepatitis E vaccine against disease caused by HEV of genotypes 1, 2 and 3; the efficacy of schedules of hepatitis E vaccination with <3 doses or shorter intervals between doses; and the duration of protection following hepatitis E vaccination and the possible need for booster doses.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 45.96, + "y0": 635.47, + "x1": 272.02, + "y1": 733.52 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "9dcb373c45fe10f3303dc8994eb2278e", + "text": "As further data become available, the current WHO position on hepatitis E vaccine will be reviewed and updated as necessary on the basis of new information. &", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    As further data become available, the current WHO position on hepatitis E vaccine will be reviewed and updated as necessary on the basis of new information. &

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 43.43, + "y0": 740.86, + "x1": 273.39, + "y1": 772.98 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "ea80e70227355b83cc738b9c0bb82e84", + "text": "200", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    200

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 44.94, + "y0": 779.51, + "x1": 55.98, + "y1": 786.6 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "71a55cc617147bcbe0d519aa89c7765f", + "text": "programmes nationaux de vaccination systématique de la popu- lation dans les pays out les épidémies ou les cas sporadiques d’hé- patite E sont courants. Cependant, les autorités nationales peuvent décider @utiliser le vaccin en fonction de l’épidémiologie locale.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    programmes nationaux de vaccination systématique de la popu- lation dans les pays out les épidémies ou les cas sporadiques d’hé- patite E sont courants. Cependant, les autorités nationales peuvent décider @utiliser le vaccin en fonction de l’épidémiologie locale.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.03, + "y0": 55.65, + "x1": 551.06, + "y1": 99.16 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "752cf0e7cbda757af3fb644707dbfbfc", + "text": "En raison du manque d’informations sur l’innocuité, ’immuno- génicité et lefficacité du vaccin dans les sous-groupes suivants de la population, !OMS ne peut recommander son utilisation systématique chez les enfants de <16 ans, les femmes enceintes, les personnes atteintes d'une affection chronique du foie, les patients en attente d’une transplantation et les voyageurs.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    En raison du manque d’informations sur l’innocuité, ’immuno- génicité et lefficacité du vaccin dans les sous-groupes suivants de la population, !OMS ne peut recommander son utilisation systématique chez les enfants de <16 ans, les femmes enceintes, les personnes atteintes d'une affection chronique du foie, les patients en attente d’une transplantation et les voyageurs.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.64, + "y0": 107.44, + "x1": 551.09, + "y1": 173.3 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "b4f7586fcdbe860013cf3dd28ea6691d", + "text": "Groupes particuliers et situations de flambée: Dans certaines situations, notamment en cas de flambée, les risques de morbi- dité et de mortalité liées a ’hépatite E ou a ses complications sont particuliérement élevés. La position actuelle de OMS quant a Pinclusion du vaccin dans les programmes de vaccina- tion systématique ne doit pas exclure son utilisation dans ces situations spécifiques. En particulier, son utilisation devrait étre envisagée pour combattre ou prévenir une flambée d’hépatite E, ainsi que pour en atténuer les effets chez les personnes a haut risque, telles que les femmes enceintes.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    Groupes particuliers et situations de flambée: Dans certaines situations, notamment en cas de flambée, les risques de morbi- dité et de mortalité liées a ’hépatite E ou a ses complications sont particuliérement élevés. La position actuelle de OMS quant a Pinclusion du vaccin dans les programmes de vaccina- tion systématique ne doit pas exclure son utilisation dans ces situations spécifiques. En particulier, son utilisation devrait étre envisagée pour combattre ou prévenir une flambée d’hépatite E, ainsi que pour en atténuer les effets chez les personnes a haut risque, telles que les femmes enceintes.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.84, + "y0": 181.28, + "x1": 552.99, + "y1": 291.89 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "4dcbb9662afbef7d54b5acbdf5db1f43", + "text": "LOMS reconnait que les voyageurs, les agents de santé et les travailleurs humanitaires déployés ou en transit dans des zones touchées par une flambée d’hépatite E sont exposés a un risque élevé d’infection par le virus de lhépatite E. Dans de telles situations, il convient de faire une évaluation individuelle des risques et des avantages du vaccin pour la personne concernée et d’envisager sa vaccination.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    LOMS reconnait que les voyageurs, les agents de santé et les travailleurs humanitaires déployés ou en transit dans des zones touchées par une flambée d’hépatite E sont exposés a un risque élevé d’infection par le virus de lhépatite E. Dans de telles situations, il convient de faire une évaluation individuelle des risques et des avantages du vaccin pour la personne concernée et d’envisager sa vaccination.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 293.67, + "y0": 299.65, + "x1": 552.31, + "y1": 377.04 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "bef3a9e34a2de327b2dc089cc1b38f56", + "text": "Les agents de santé travaillant dans des zones d’endémie ont le méme risque de contracter l’infection que la population locale et aucune recommandation spécifique nest émise quant a la vacci- nation de ces groupes; les autorités nationales peuvent décider de Putilisation du vaccin en fonction de l’épidémiologie locale.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    Les agents de santé travaillant dans des zones d’endémie ont le méme risque de contracter l’infection que la population locale et aucune recommandation spécifique nest émise quant a la vacci- nation de ces groupes; les autorités nationales peuvent décider de Putilisation du vaccin en fonction de l’épidémiologie locale.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.25, + "y0": 385.61, + "x1": 551.44, + "y1": 439.61 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "1937ecd6c7383d16e71c40b26c3e0e97", + "text": "Insuffisances des informations: LOMS estime que des données plus complétes sont nécessaires quant a utilisation du vaccin contre ’hépatite E. Dans toutes les situations ou ce vaccin est déployé, il importe de consigner les informations sur l’expé- rience acquise, y compris la survenue de manifestations indé- sirables éventuelles. Une analyse de la vaccination effectuée dans les situations de flambée pourrait fournir des données précieuses sur l’innocuité et l’efficacité du vaccin, ainsi que sur les taux d’atteinte en fonction de Page. LOMS recommande Padoption d’un modéle de protocole de recherche anticipant les événements qui permettrait d’étudier Pinnocuité et Pimmu- nogénicité du vaccin dans les situations de flambée, ainsi que chez les femmes enceintes, les patients atteints d’une affection chronique du foie et les personnes immunodéprimées, y compris celles qui sont en attente d’une transplantation ou qui ont déja bénéficié dune greffe d’organe solide.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    Insuffisances des informations: LOMS estime que des données plus complétes sont nécessaires quant a utilisation du vaccin contre ’hépatite E. Dans toutes les situations ou ce vaccin est déployé, il importe de consigner les informations sur l’expé- rience acquise, y compris la survenue de manifestations indé- sirables éventuelles. Une analyse de la vaccination effectuée dans les situations de flambée pourrait fournir des données précieuses sur l’innocuité et l’efficacité du vaccin, ainsi que sur les taux d’atteinte en fonction de Page. LOMS recommande Padoption d’un modéle de protocole de recherche anticipant les événements qui permettrait d’étudier Pinnocuité et Pimmu- nogénicité du vaccin dans les situations de flambée, ainsi que chez les femmes enceintes, les patients atteints d’une affection chronique du foie et les personnes immunodéprimées, y compris celles qui sont en attente d’une transplantation ou qui ont déja bénéficié dune greffe d’organe solide.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.71, + "y0": 448.29, + "x1": 552.18, + "y1": 626.53 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "68b5684f1ed32208be4ac1b2c9632b5f", + "text": "Les données sur l’épidémiologie de Vhépatite E demeurent insuffisantes, en particulier en ce qui concerne: l’incidence et la mortalité de la maladie dans la population générale, ainsi que dans des groupes spécifiques; l’efficacité du vaccin contre Phépatite E induite par les génotypes 1, 2 et 3 du VHE; leffica- cité dun calendrier de vaccination contre Vhépatite E qui prévoirait <3 doses ou des intervalles plus courts entre les doses; et la durée de la protection conférée par le vaccin, ainsi que la nécessité de doses de rappel potentielles.", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    Les données sur l’épidémiologie de Vhépatite E demeurent insuffisantes, en particulier en ce qui concerne: l’incidence et la mortalité de la maladie dans la population générale, ainsi que dans des groupes spécifiques; l���efficacité du vaccin contre Phépatite E induite par les génotypes 1, 2 et 3 du VHE; leffica- cité dun calendrier de vaccination contre Vhépatite E qui prévoirait <3 doses ou des intervalles plus courts entre les doses; et la durée de la protection conférée par le vaccin, ainsi que la nécessité de doses de rappel potentielles.

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 292.71, + "y0": 634.61, + "x1": 552.88, + "y1": 733.79 + } + ] + } + }, + { + "type": "NarrativeText", + "element_id": "5d2f3b6eba252c51af6e1ffb44702817", + "text": "A mesure que des données supplémentaires deviendront dispo- nibles, TOMS réexaminera sa position sur le vaccin contre Phépatite E et ladaptera le cas échéant. ©", + "metadata": { + "category_depth": 1, + "page_number": 16, + "parent_id": "d1567ff500ac7724d4f8123b96d015f6", + "text_as_html": "

    A mesure que des données supplémentaires deviendront dispo- nibles, TOMS réexaminera sa position sur le vaccin contre Phépatite E et ladaptera le cas échéant. ©

    ", + "languages": [ + "eng" + ], + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "partitioner_type": "vlm_partition", + "filename": "WER9018_185-200.PDF", + "page": 15, + "coordinates": [ + { + "x0": 294.06, + "y0": 740.71, + "x1": 549.56, + "y1": 772.83 + } + ] + } + } + ] + } +] \ No newline at end of file