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"referenceYear": 2025,
"metaSource": "IEA, OPEC, EIA, national energy ministries, ISPRL, JOGMEC, KNOC",
"policies": {
"US": {
"regime": "government_spr",
"operator": "DOE Strategic Petroleum Reserve",
"capacityMb": 714,
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": false,
"stockholdingModel": "government",
"source": "DOE SPR Distribution Brochure 2025",
"asOf": "2025-03"
},
"CN": {
"regime": "government_spr",
"operator": "CNPC/Sinopec (state-directed)",
"capacityMb": 476,
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "government",
"note": "Capacity from 3-phase construction program; fill levels not publicly disclosed",
"source": "EIA Today in Energy (2025), Wikipedia SPR China",
"asOf": "2025-10"
},
"IN": {
"regime": "government_spr",
"operator": "ISPRL (Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd)",
"capacityMb": 39,
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "government",
"note": "Phase 2 expansion to 87Mb planned (Chandikhol + Padur)",
"source": "ISPRL, PIB India",
"asOf": "2026-03"
},
"JP": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "JOGMEC + private sector",
"capacityMb": 260,
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"source": "IEA Japan Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"KR": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "KNOC + private sector",
"capacityMb": 146,
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"source": "IEA Korea Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"DE": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "EBV (Erdolbevorratungsverband)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"source": "IEA Germany Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"FR": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "SAGESS + private sector",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"source": "IEA France Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"GB": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "BEIS (industry obligation)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": false,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"source": "IEA United Kingdom Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"IT": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "OCSIT + industry",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"source": "IEA Italy Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"SA": {
"regime": "spare_capacity",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"note": "No formal SPR; maintains spare production capacity as world's swing producer",
"source": "OPEC, Aramco Annual Report 2025",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"SG": {
"regime": "government_spr",
"operator": "Ministry of Trade and Industry",
"capacityMb": 32,
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "government",
"note": "Strategic reserves at Jurong Island facilities",
"source": "MTI Singapore Energy Security",
"asOf": "2025-06"
},
"ZA": {
"regime": "government_spr",
"operator": "CEF SOC (Saldanha Bay)",
"capacityMb": 10,
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "government",
"note": "Saldanha Bay tank farm; partially leased to traders",
"source": "CEF SOC South Africa, EIA",
"asOf": "2025-01"
},
"BR": {
"regime": "none",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"source": "ANP Brazil",
"asOf": "2025-01"
},
"AU": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "NESA (ticketed abroad)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"note": "Mostly ticketed stocks held abroad (US, EU); domestic reserves are small",
"source": "IEA Australia Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"CA": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "NEB (net exporter exemption)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": false,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"source": "IEA Canada Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"NO": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "MoE (net exporter exemption)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": false,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"source": "IEA Norway Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"MX": {
"regime": "commercial_only",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"note": "Pemex commercial stocks only; no formal government reserve program",
"source": "SENER Mexico",
"asOf": "2025-01"
},
"NZ": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "MBIE (ticketed abroad)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"note": "Mostly ticketed stocks held abroad",
"source": "IEA New Zealand Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"AT": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "ELG (Erdol-Lagergesellschaft)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"source": "IEA Austria Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"BE": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "APETRA",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"source": "IEA Belgium Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"CZ": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "SSHR (Administration of State Material Reserves)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "government",
"source": "IEA Czech Republic Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"DK": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "FDO (Foreningen Danske Olieberedskabslagre)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"source": "IEA Denmark Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"EE": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "MoECA (ticketed EU stocks)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"source": "IEA Estonia Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"FI": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "NESA (National Emergency Supply Agency)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "government",
"source": "IEA Finland Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"GR": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "MoE + industry obligation",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"source": "IEA Greece Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"HU": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "HUSA (Hungarian Hydrocarbon Stockpiling Association)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"source": "IEA Hungary Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"IE": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "NORA (National Oil Reserves Agency)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"source": "IEA Ireland Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"LU": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "MoE (ticketed EU stocks)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"source": "IEA Luxembourg Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"NL": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "COVA (Centraal Orgaan Voorraadvorming Aardolieproducten)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"source": "IEA Netherlands Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"PL": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "ARM (Material Reserves Agency)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"source": "IEA Poland Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"PT": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "ENMC (Entidade Nacional para o Mercado de Combustiveis)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"source": "IEA Portugal Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"SK": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "EOSA (Emergency Oil Stocks Agency)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"source": "IEA Slovakia Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"ES": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "CORES (Corporacion de Reservas Estrategicas)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"source": "IEA Spain Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"SE": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "SEA (Swedish Energy Agency)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"source": "IEA Sweden Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"CH": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "Carbura (industry stockpiling org)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"source": "IEA Switzerland Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"TR": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "EPDK (industry obligation)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"source": "IEA Turkey Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"CL": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "CNE (National Energy Commission)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"source": "IEA Chile Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"CO": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "MME (Ministry of Mines and Energy)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": false,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"source": "IEA Colombia Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"IL": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "MoE + industry obligation",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"source": "IEA Israel Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"LV": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "MoE (ticketed EU stocks)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"source": "IEA Latvia Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"LT": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "LITGAS (industry obligation)",
"ieaMember": true,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"source": "IEA Lithuania Oil Security Policy",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"AE": {
"regime": "government_spr",
"operator": "ADNOC (state-directed)",
"capacityMb": 15,
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "government",
"note": "Underground Ruwais reserve; integrated with refinery operations",
"source": "ADNOC Annual Report, EIA",
"asOf": "2025-06"
},
"KW": {
"regime": "spare_capacity",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"note": "KPC maintains spare production capacity; no formal SPR",
"source": "KPC, OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"ID": {
"regime": "government_spr",
"operator": "SKK Migas / Pertamina (pilot phase)",
"capacityMb": 6,
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "government",
"note": "Pilot reserve at Tuban; 6Mb initial capacity, expansion planned",
"source": "MEMR Indonesia, Jakarta Post",
"asOf": "2025-06"
},
"RU": {
"regime": "commercial_only",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"note": "Rosneft/Transneft commercial stocks; no government SPR program",
"source": "EIA Russia Country Analysis",
"asOf": "2025-01"
},
"IR": {
"regime": "spare_capacity",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"note": "NIOC maintains production flexibility; no publicly documented SPR",
"source": "OPEC, EIA Iran Country Analysis",
"asOf": "2025-01"
},
"IQ": {
"regime": "commercial_only",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"note": "SOMO commercial stocks at Basra; no formal government SPR",
"source": "EIA Iraq Country Analysis",
"asOf": "2025-01"
},
"NG": {
"regime": "none",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"note": "NNPCL commercial stocks; no strategic reserve mandate",
"source": "NNPCL Nigeria, EIA",
"asOf": "2025-01"
},
"VE": {
"regime": "none",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"source": "EIA Venezuela Country Analysis",
"asOf": "2025-01"
},
"QA": {
"regime": "spare_capacity",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"note": "QatarEnergy LNG-focused; spare gas capacity, not oil stockpile",
"source": "QatarEnergy, OPEC",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"TH": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "DOEB (industry obligation)",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"note": "IEA Association Country; 90-day voluntary stockholding obligation",
"source": "DOEB Thailand, IEA Association Countries",
"asOf": "2025-06"
},
"PH": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "DOE Philippines (industry mandate)",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"note": "30-day industry stockholding obligation",
"source": "DOE Philippines Oil Contingency Plan",
"asOf": "2025-06"
},
"MY": {
"regime": "commercial_only",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"note": "Petronas commercial stocks; no government SPR",
"source": "Petronas, EIA Malaysia Country Analysis",
"asOf": "2025-01"
},
"TW": {
"regime": "government_spr",
"operator": "CPC Corporation + MOEA",
"capacityMb": 30,
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"note": "Government + industry 90-day strategic stocks mandate",
"source": "MOEA Taiwan, CPC Corporation",
"asOf": "2025-06"
},
"PK": {
"regime": "none",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"note": "No SPR program; relies on 20-day commercial stocks",
"source": "OGRA Pakistan, EIA",
"asOf": "2025-01"
},
"EG": {
"regime": "commercial_only",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"note": "EGPC commercial stocks; no government SPR",
"source": "EGPC, EIA Egypt Country Analysis",
"asOf": "2025-01"
},
"DZ": {
"regime": "commercial_only",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"note": "Sonatrach commercial stocks; no formal SPR",
"source": "Sonatrach, EIA Algeria Country Analysis",
"asOf": "2025-01"
},
"LY": {
"regime": "none",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"source": "EIA Libya Country Analysis",
"asOf": "2025-01"
},
"AO": {
"regime": "none",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"source": "EIA Angola Country Analysis",
"asOf": "2025-01"
},
"KZ": {
"regime": "commercial_only",
"ieaMember": false,
"stockholdingModel": "none",
"note": "KazMunayGas commercial stocks; no government SPR",
"source": "EIA Kazakhstan Country Analysis",
"asOf": "2025-01"
},
"HR": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "HANDA (Croatian Hydrocarbon Agency)",
"ieaMember": false,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"note": "EU stockholding directive; IEA candidate country",
"source": "HANDA Croatia, EU Oil Stocks Directive",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"BG": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "SSRA (State Agency for Strategic Reserves)",
"ieaMember": false,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "government",
"note": "EU stockholding directive compliance",
"source": "SSRA Bulgaria, EU Oil Stocks Directive",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"RO": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "ANRM (National Agency for Mineral Resources)",
"ieaMember": false,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"note": "EU stockholding directive compliance",
"source": "ANRM Romania, EU Oil Stocks Directive",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"CY": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "MoE (ticketed EU stocks)",
"ieaMember": false,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"note": "EU stockholding directive; small island economy, relies on ticketed stocks",
"source": "MoE Cyprus, EU Oil Stocks Directive",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"MT": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "MRA (Malta Resources Authority)",
"ieaMember": false,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "industry",
"note": "EU stockholding directive; minimal domestic storage",
"source": "MRA Malta, EU Oil Stocks Directive",
"asOf": "2025-12"
},
"SI": {
"regime": "mandatory_stockholding",
"operator": "ZODS (Commodity Reserves Agency)",
"ieaMember": false,
"ieaNetImporterObligation": true,
"stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private",
"note": "EU stockholding directive compliance",
"source": "ZODS Slovenia, EU Oil Stocks Directive",
"asOf": "2025-12"
}
}
}
|