{ "deepseek": { "ask": { "model_id": "deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:free", "endpoint": "ask", "endpoint_label": "Simple Explanation", "latency_s": 5.14, "success": false, "fallback": false, "error": "429_RATE_LIMIT", "output": null, "quality": null, "raw_size_chars": 0, "error_category": "429_RATE_LIMIT" }, "notes": { "model_id": "deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:free", "endpoint": "notes", "endpoint_label": "Smart Notes", "latency_s": 16.13, "success": false, "fallback": false, "error": "JSON_PARSE_ERROR", "output": null, "quality": null, "raw_size_chars": 0, "error_category": "JSON_PARSE_ERROR" }, "quiz": { "model_id": "deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:free", "endpoint": "quiz", "endpoint_label": "Quiz (5 Qs)", "latency_s": 3.76, "success": false, "fallback": false, "error": "429_RATE_LIMIT", "output": null, "quality": null, "raw_size_chars": 0, "error_category": "429_RATE_LIMIT" }, "flashcards": { "model_id": "deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:free", "endpoint": "flashcards", "endpoint_label": "Flashcards (6)", "latency_s": 3.29, "success": false, "fallback": false, "error": "429_RATE_LIMIT", "output": null, "quality": null, "raw_size_chars": 0, "error_category": "429_RATE_LIMIT" }, "exam-answer": { "model_id": "deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:free", "endpoint": "exam-answer", "endpoint_label": "Exam Answer", "latency_s": 3.53, "success": false, "fallback": false, "error": "429_RATE_LIMIT", "output": null, "quality": null, "raw_size_chars": 0, "error_category": "429_RATE_LIMIT" }, "last-night": { "model_id": "deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:free", "endpoint": "last-night", "endpoint_label": "Last-Night Notes", "latency_s": 16.07, "success": true, "fallback": false, "error": null, "output": { "title": "Electromagnetic Induction - വൈദ്യുതകാന്തിക പ്രേരണം", "student_level_summary": "A changing magnetic field near a coil induces an electric current in the coil without direct contact. This is the principle behind generators, transformers, and induction cooktops.", "must_learn_first": [ "Magnetic field (B) and magnetic flux (Φ = BA cosθ)", "Ohm's law: V = IR", "Relation between current and magnetic field (right-hand rule)" ], "simple_explanation": "When a magnet moves through a coil, the coil experiences a change in magnetic flux, which creates an induced emf. This emf drives a current that opposes the motion of the magnet (Lenz's Law). The faster the change, the larger the induced emf. This is how generators produce electricity and transformers change voltage.", "key_points": [ "Faraday's 1st law: A change in magnetic flux through a coil induces an emf.", "Faraday's 2nd law: Induced emf is directly proportional to rate of change of flux. Formula: ε = –dΦ/dt [SI: Volt (V)]", "Lenz's law: Induced current opposes the cause that produces it; ensures conservation of energy.", "Motional emf: When a conductor moves perpendicular to B, ε = Blv [SI: V].", "Self-inductance: Coil opposes change in its own current; ε = –L(dI/dt) [L in Henry (H)].", "Mutual inductance: two coils; ε₂ = –M(dI₁/dt) [M in Henry (H)].", "Transformer: Vs/Vp = Ns/Np = Ip/Is; step-up if Ns > Np; step-down if Ns < Np.", "AC generator: ε = NBAω sin(ωt); peak emf ε₀ = NBAω.", "Eddy currents: induced currents in bulk metal; reduced by lamination; used in braking and heating." ], "important_definitions": [ "Magnetic flux: The total magnetic field passing through a given area. Φ = B·A·cosθ, SI unit weber (Wb).", "Faraday's first law of electromagnetic induction: Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an emf is induced in the coil.", "Faraday's second law: The induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux. ε = –dΦ/dt", "Lenz's law: The direction of induced current is such that it opposes the cause that produced it.", "Self-inductance: The property of a coil by which it opposes any change in the current flowing through it. ε = –L(dI/dt), unit henry (H).", "Mutual inductance: The property by which a change in current in one coil induces an emf in a nearby coil. ε₂ = –M(dI₁/dt)" ], "formulas": [ "Faraday's law: ε = –dΦ/dt [SI: volt (V)]; condition: any change in flux.", "Motional emf: ε = Blv [V]; condition: conductor of length l moves perpendicular to uniform B field with velocity v.", "Self-inductance: ε = –L(dI/dt) [L in henry (H)]; condition: for a single coil.", "Energy in inductor: U = ½LI² [J]", "Mutual inductance: ε₂ = –M(dI₁/dt) [M in H]", "Transformer relation: Vs/Vp = Ns/Np = Ip/Is", "Transformer efficiency: η = (Vs·Is)/(Vp·Ip) × 100%", "AC generator emf: ε = NBAω sin(ωt) = ε₀ sin(ωt), with ε₀ = NBAω [V]; condition: coil rotates in uniform B field.", "Magnetic flux: Φ = BA cosθ [Wb]" ], "diagrams_to_practice": [ "AC generator (alternator) with labelled parts: armature coil, field magnet, slip rings, brushes", "Step-up and step-down transformer with labelled primary, secondary, core, laminated sheets", "Eddy current experiment: metal disc swinging between magnet poles", "Motional emf: conductor moving on U-shaped rails in magnetic field (used in Kerala HSE 4-mark questions)" ], "exam_keywords": [ "Induced emf", "Rate of change of magnetic flux", "Lenz's law (opposes the cause)", "Motional emf (Blv)", "Self-inductance (L)", "Mutual inductance (M)", "Step-up / step-down transformer", "Peak emf (ε₀ = NBAω)", "Eddy currents (lamination)", "Conservation of energy" ], "memory_tricks": [ "FLux Change → EMF: 'Faraday's Law says: Change Clips EMF'", "Lenz's Law Negative Sign: 'Lenz says NO to change' (think of 'negative' = opposition)", "Transformer formula: Vp/Vs = Np/Ns → 'Voltage per turn is same' (Vp per Np = Vs per Ns)", "AC Generator: ε₀ = NBAω → 'NBA Omega' sounds like 'NBA woah!' (woah = ω)", "Eddy currents reduced by lamination → 'Lamination stops eddy mission'" ], "possible_exam_questions": [ "State and prove Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction. (4 marks)", "State Lenz's Law. Explain with an example why it is a consequence of conservation of energy. (3 marks)", "Derive the expression for motional emf. (3 marks) [Kerala HSE common]", "Explain the principle, construction and working of an AC generator with a labelled diagram. (5 marks)", "Distinguish between self-inductance and mutual inductance. (2 marks)", "What are eddy currents? Give two applications and mention how they are minimised. (2 marks)", "A coil of 200 turns, area 0.05 m², is placed perpendicular to a magnetic field of 0.1 T. If the field reverses in 0.02 s, find the induced emf. (3 marks) [Answer: 100 V]", "An inductor of self-inductance 0.5 H carries a current of 2 A. Calculate the energy stored. (2 marks) [Answer: 1 J]" ], "last_minute_revision": [ "Faraday's 1st + 2nd: ε = –dΦ/dt, emf induced only when flux changes.", "Lenz's law: direction opposes change; gives negative sign.", "Motional emf: ε = Blv (conductor perpendicular to field).", "Self-inductance: ε = –L dI/dt; L in henry.", "Energy in inductor: U = ½LI².", "Mutual inductance: ε₂ = –M dI₁/dt.", "Transformer: Vs/Vp = Ns/Np = Ip/Is; step-up if Ns > Np.", "AC generator: ε = NBAω sin(ωt); peak = NBAω.", "Eddy currents: minimised by lamination; used in brakes and induction heating." ], "quick_check": [ "Q: What is the SI unit of magnetic flux? A: Weber (Wb)", "Q: What does Lenz's law ensure? A: Conservation of energy.", "Q: A transformer has 100 primary turns and 200 secondary turns. Is it step-up or step-down? 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