# Decision Logic Documentation

## Overview

FraudSimulator-AI implements a multi-stage decision intelligence system for insurance fraud detection. The system answers a single executive decision question:

**"Should this insurance claim be investigated or allowed — and what evidence supports that decision?"**

## Decision Contract

### Input
Structured claim data including:
- Claim metadata (ID, type, amount)
- Claimant history
- Policy information
- Document data
- Temporal patterns
- Entity relationships

### Output
Binary decision with evidence:
```json
{
  "decision": "investigate | allow",
  "fraud_score": 0.0-1.0,
  "risk_band": "low | medium | high",
  "evidence": ["list of fraud indicators"],
  "confidence": 0.0-1.0,
  "audit_id": "unique identifier",
  "timestamp": "ISO 8601 timestamp"
}
```

## Decision Pipeline

### Stage 1: Feature Engineering
Extract and normalize features from raw claim data:
- **Amount features**: Claim amount, deviation from average
- **Frequency features**: Claim count, time between claims
- **Temporal features**: Days since policy inception, claim timing
- **Document features**: Document completeness, consistency scores
- **Entity features**: Linked entities, relationship networks

### Stage 2: Multi-Agent Analysis

#### Pattern Analysis Agent
Identifies fraud patterns:
- **High Frequency**: Claimant has submitted multiple claims in short period
- **Amount Deviation**: Claim amount significantly differs from historical average
- **Early Claim**: Claim filed shortly after policy inception (< 30 days)

#### Anomaly Detection Agent
Detects statistical anomalies:
- **Document Anomalies**: Missing or inconsistent documentation
- **Entity Linkage**: Connections to known suspicious entities
- **Behavioral Anomalies**: Unusual claim submission patterns

#### Risk Scoring Agent
Calculates weighted fraud risk score:
```
fraud_score = (pattern_score × 0.6) + (anomaly_score × 0.4)

where:
  pattern_score = (frequency × 0.4) + (amount_deviation × 0.3) + (temporal × 0.3)
  anomaly_score = (document × 0.4) + (entity × 0.4) + (behavioral × 0.2)
```

### Stage 3: Decision Threshold
Apply decision threshold to fraud score:
- **fraud_score ≥ 0.65**: Recommend "investigate"
- **fraud_score < 0.65**: Recommend "allow"

### Stage 4: Risk Banding
Classify risk level:
- **High Risk**: fraud_score ≥ 0.7
- **Medium Risk**: 0.4 ≤ fraud_score < 0.7
- **Low Risk**: fraud_score < 0.4

### Stage 5: Explainability Generation
Build evidence list from activated indicators:
- List all indicators with score > 0.1
- Provide human-readable descriptions
- Include indicator weights
- Calculate decision confidence

### Stage 6: Governance & Audit
Create audit trail:
- Generate unique audit ID
- Log timestamp (UTC)
- Record claim ID
- Store decision and evidence
- Track model version

## Decision Confidence

Confidence is calculated based on indicator consistency:
```
variance = Σ(indicator_value - 0.5)² / n_indicators
confidence = 1.0 - (variance × 0.5)
confidence = max(confidence, 0.5)  // minimum 50% confidence
```

Higher confidence indicates:
- Indicators are aligned (all high or all low)
- Clear fraud pattern or clear legitimate pattern
- Less ambiguity in decision

Lower confidence indicates:
- Mixed signals from different indicators
- Borderline case requiring human review
- Potential for false positive/negative

## Human-in-the-Loop Integration

The system is designed for human oversight:

1. **High-confidence "investigate"**: Immediate escalation to fraud investigation team
2. **Low-confidence "investigate"**: Flag for senior adjuster review
3. **High-confidence "allow"**: Auto-approve with audit trail
4. **Low-confidence "allow"**: Route to standard claims processing with monitoring

## Model Versioning

Current version: **1.0.0**

All decisions are tagged with model version for:
- Reproducibility
- A/B testing
- Regulatory compliance
- Drift detection

## Regulatory Alignment

Decision logic complies with:
- **IFRS 17**: Insurance contract accounting standards
- **AML Requirements**: Anti-money laundering detection
- **Explainability Standards**: All decisions are explainable and auditable
- **Bias Monitoring**: Regular review of decision patterns across demographics

## Performance Metrics

Target metrics:
- **Precision**: ≥ 75% (minimize false positives)
- **Recall**: ≥ 80% (catch majority of fraud)
- **F1 Score**: ≥ 0.77
- **Decision Time**: < 2 seconds per claim
- **Explainability Coverage**: 100% (all decisions explained)

## Continuous Improvement

Decision logic is updated based on:
- Fraud investigation outcomes
- False positive/negative analysis
- Emerging fraud patterns
- Regulatory changes
- Stakeholder feedback