{ "_meta": { "title": "Refuge — Global Country Reference Data", "description": "Complete reference for all 149 states parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol, plus key non-signatory countries with alternative pathways. Global scope — serves displaced people from any origin, going to any destination. This is the authoritative data layer for Refuge's country recommendation system.", "schema_version": "3.0.0", "last_curated": "2026-06-06", "total_signatories_documented": 146, "total_non_signatories_documented": 23, "sources": [ "UNHCR Refugee Statistics API — https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/", "UNHCR 1951 Convention page — https://www.unhcr.org/about-unhcr/overview/1951-refugee-convention", "UNHCR States Parties list — https://www.unhcr.org/media/states-parties-1951-convention-and-its-1967-protocol", "Asylum Information Database (AIDA) — aida.ecre.org", "DWRAP — World Bank/UNHCR Joint Data Center", "Country asylum authority websites (per entry)", "Norwegian Refugee Council country guides" ], "tier_system": { "1": "Major active asylum system — high volume, full procedures and contacts (step-by-step registration, required docs, legal aid orgs)", "2": "Active asylum system — moderate volume or significant for specific origin groups, detailed entry", "3": "Functioning system but low volume, primarily transit or origin country — summary entry with strategic note", "4": "Signatory in name only — micro-state, collapsed state, or system non-functional — minimal entry, warn if dangerous" }, "non_signatory_tiers": { "non_signatory_viable_temporary": "Not a signatory but has real alternative pathways (UAE: Humanitarian Permit, Green Residency). Viable waiting country while pursuing formal asylum elsewhere.", "non_signatory_skilled_only": "Not a signatory. Viable only for highly skilled with formal employment. No protection framework.", "non_signatory_resettlement_pipeline": "Not a signatory. UNHCR present and active. Primary value is third-country resettlement, not local integration.", "non_signatory_not_recommended": "Not a signatory and actively hostile, dangerous, or collapsed. Do not recommend as destination." }, "convention_intro": "The 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol define who is a refugee and outline the legal protection, rights and assistance they are entitled to receive. The cornerstone principle is non-refoulement: a refugee must not be returned to a country where they face serious threats to their life or freedom. To date, 149 States are parties to the Convention and/or its Protocol. Even states that have not acceded are bound by non-refoulement as a norm of customary international law.", "stats_enrichment": "All fields marked PENDING are enriched from the UNHCR Refugee Statistics API via data/scripts/enrich_countries.py after running unhcr_downloader.py --all", "enrichment_mapping": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "asylum-decisions.json → dec_recognized / dec_total for most recent year", "total_protection_rate_recent": "asylum-decisions.json → (dec_recognized + dec_other) / dec_total", "applications_last_year": "asylum-applications.json → applied field for most recent year", "refugee_population_total": "population.json → refugees field, most recent year", "data_year": "most recent year available in asylum-decisions.json for this country" } }, "signatories": { "KEN": { "name": "Kenya", "iso3": "KEN", "flag": "🇰🇪", "tier": 1, "region": "East Africa", "unhcr_region": "East and Horn of Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1966, "notes": "Encampment policy (Dadaab, Kakuma, Kalobeyei). 2021 Refugee Act improved rights on paper." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Department of Refugee Services (DRS)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Nairobi", "procedure": "individual_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "restricted — encampment; urban tolerated", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "Refugee Consortium of Kenya (RCK)", "url": "https://rckkenya.org" }, { "name": "UNHCR Kenya", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/kenya" }, { "name": "Kituo cha Sheria", "url": "https://kituochasheria.or.ke" } ], "steps": [ "Register at UNHCR or DRS", "Biometric registration + asylum seeker cert", "Individual RSD interview", "Decision", "Refugee ID if recognised" ], "docs_required": [ "Any identity document", "Written persecution account", "Supporting evidence" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Swahili", "English" ], "secondary": [ "Somali", "Oromo", "Arabic" ], "hosts": [ "Somalia", "South Sudan", "DRC", "Ethiopia", "Burundi" ], "integration": "moderate", "safety": "generally safe — insecurity near borders", "economic_access": "improving under 2021 Act" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "UGA": { "name": "Uganda", "iso3": "UGA", "flag": "🇺🇬", "tier": 1, "region": "East Africa", "unhcr_region": "East and Horn of Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1976, "notes": "Africa's most progressive framework. Self-reliance model. No mandatory encampment." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Office of the Prime Minister (OPM)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Kampala", "procedure": "individual_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 3, "max": 24, "typical": 12 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Uganda", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/uganda" }, { "name": "InterAid Uganda", "url": "https://interaiduganda.org" } ], "steps": [ "Register at Reception Centre", "OPM biometric + UNHCR registration", "RSD interview", "Decision", "Settlement or urban registration" ], "docs_required": [ "Any available documents", "Persecution statement", "Photos" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "Swahili", "Luganda" ], "hosts": [ "South Sudan", "DRC", "Somalia", "Burundi", "Rwanda" ], "integration": "good — world's most generous refugee policy", "safety": "generally safe", "economic_access": "strong — work and land from arrival" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "ETH": { "name": "Ethiopia", "iso3": "ETH", "flag": "🇪🇹", "tier": 1, "region": "East Africa", "unhcr_region": "East and Horn of Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1969, "notes": "2019 Refugee Proclamation expanded rights. Internal displacement (Tigray, Oromia)." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ethiopia Refugees and Returnees Service (ERRS)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Addis Ababa", "procedure": "individual_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "improving", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Ethiopia", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/ethiopia" } ], "steps": [ "Register at ERRS or border", "Biometric registration", "RSD interview", "Decision + refugee ID" ], "docs_required": [ "Any identity document", "Persecution statement", "Supporting evidence" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Amharic", "Oromo", "Tigrinya", "English" ], "hosts": [ "South Sudan", "Somalia", "Eritrea", "Sudan", "DRC" ], "integration": "moderate", "safety": "variable — Addis safe; borders/Tigray/Oromia conflict", "economic_access": "improving under 2019 proclamation" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "TZA": { "name": "Tanzania", "iso3": "TZA", "flag": "🇹🇿", "tier": 1, "region": "East Africa", "unhcr_region": "East and Horn of Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1964, "notes": "Increasingly restrictive since 2017. Strict encampment enforced." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Home Affairs", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Dar es Salaam", "procedure": "individual_rsd", "work_right": false, "education_right": true, "movement": "restricted — strict encampment (Nyarugusu, Nduta, Mtendeli)", "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 60, "typical": 30 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Tanzania", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/tanzania" } ], "steps": [ "Present at camp reception", "UNHCR registration + biometrics", "RSD interview", "Decision" ], "docs_required": [ "Any available documents", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Swahili", "English" ], "hosts": [ "Burundi", "DRC", "Rwanda" ], "integration": "poor — strict encampment limits all rights", "safety": "safe", "economic_access": "very limited" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "ZAF": { "name": "South Africa", "iso3": "ZAF", "flag": "🇿🇦", "tier": 1, "region": "Southern Africa", "unhcr_region": "Southern Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1996, "notes": "Urban-based, no camps. DHA severely backlogged. Xenophobic violence documented." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Department of Home Affairs (DHA)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Pretoria", "procedure": "individual_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 120, "typical": 48, "note": "severe backlog" }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "Lawyers for Human Rights (LHR)", "url": "https://www.lhr.org.za" }, { "name": "Scalabrini Centre", "url": "https://www.scalabrini.org.za" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at Refugee Reception Office", "Section 22 asylum permit", "RSD interview (long wait)", "Section 24 refugee status", "RAB appeal if rejected" ], "docs_required": [ "Any origin identity doc", "Persecution statement", "Evidence" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "Zulu", "Xhosa", "Afrikaans" ], "hosts": [ "Zimbabwe", "DRC", "Somalia", "Ethiopia", "Mozambique" ], "integration": "good legally, hard practically — xenophobia + backlog", "safety": "moderate — high crime, periodic xenophobic violence", "economic_access": "full rights while permit valid" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "ZMB": { "name": "Zambia", "iso3": "ZMB", "flag": "🇿🇲", "tier": 1, "region": "Southern Africa", "unhcr_region": "Southern Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1969 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Commission for Refugees (CORS)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Lusaka", "procedure": "individual_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "settlement requirement; urban tolerated", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 12 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Zambia", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/zambia" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at CORS or border", "UNHCR/CORS registration", "RSD interview", "Settlement or urban permit" ], "docs_required": [ "Identity docs if available", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "Bemba", "Nyanja" ], "hosts": [ "DRC", "Angola", "Zimbabwe", "Rwanda", "Somalia" ], "integration": "moderate", "safety": "safe", "economic_access": "improving" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "RWA": { "name": "Rwanda", "iso3": "RWA", "flag": "🇷🇼", "tier": 1, "region": "East Africa", "unhcr_region": "East and Horn of Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1980 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Directorate General of Immigration (DGIE)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Kigali", "procedure": "individual_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "relatively free", "processing_months": { "min": 3, "max": 18, "typical": 9 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Rwanda", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/rwanda" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at DGIE or UNHCR Kigali", "Biometric registration", "RSD interview", "Decision" ], "docs_required": [ "Any available documents", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Kinyarwanda", "French", "English" ], "hosts": [ "Burundi", "DRC", "Somalia", "Ethiopia" ], "integration": "moderate", "safety": "safe", "economic_access": "improving" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "EGY": { "name": "Egypt", "iso3": "EGY", "flag": "🇪🇬", "tier": 1, "region": "North Africa", "unhcr_region": "North Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1981, "notes": "UNHCR conducts RSD (delegated). MOU basis. No formal work right. Severe post-2023 backlog." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "UNHCR Egypt (government-delegated RSD)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Cairo", "procedure": "unhcr_rsd", "work_right": false, "education_right": true, "movement": "relatively free", "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 60, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Egypt", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/egypt" }, { "name": "Caritas Egypt", "url": "https://www.caritasegypt.org" } ], "steps": [ "Register at UNHCR Cairo", "Asylum seeker cert issued", "UNHCR RSD interview", "Yellow card (mandate refugee) if recognised" ], "docs_required": [ "Any identity documents", "Persecution statement", "Photos" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Arabic" ], "secondary": [ "English", "Tigrinya", "Somali" ], "hosts": [ "Sudan", "South Sudan", "Syria", "Ethiopia", "Eritrea", "Somalia" ], "integration": "limited — no citizenship; informal work", "safety": "generally safe; periodic migration crackdowns", "economic_access": "informal economy primary avenue" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "MAR": { "name": "Morocco", "iso3": "MAR", "flag": "🇲🇦", "tier": 1, "region": "North Africa", "unhcr_region": "North Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": false, "year": 1956, "notes": "Government took over RSD from UNHCR in 2013 via BRA. Transit country for those heading to Europe." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Bureau des Réfugiés et Apatrides (BRA)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Rabat", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "relatively free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Morocco", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/morocco" }, { "name": "GADEM", "url": "https://www.gadem-asso.org" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at BRA Rabat or UNHCR", "Preliminary registration", "BRA interview", "Refugee card (3yr renewable)" ], "docs_required": [ "Any identity docs", "Persecution statement in French or Arabic" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Arabic", "French", "Tamazight" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Sub-Saharan Africa", "DRC", "Cameroon" ], "integration": "moderate", "safety": "generally safe", "economic_access": "limited for asylum seekers; improving for recognised" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "IRN": { "name": "Iran", "iso3": "IRN", "flag": "🇮🇷", "tier": 1, "region": "Middle East", "unhcr_region": "Middle East and North Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1976, "notes": "Hosts 3M+ Afghans. Prima facie for Afghans. No citizenship. Periodic deportation." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Bureau for Aliens and Foreign Immigrants Affairs (BAFIA)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Tehran", "procedure": "prima_facie_plus_individual", "work_right": "limited — specific sectors", "education_right": true, "movement": "restricted — designated areas", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 48, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Iran", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/iran" } ], "steps": [ "Register with BAFIA or UNHCR", "Amayesh card issued", "RSD if not prima facie" ], "docs_required": [ "Any documents", "Registration form" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Farsi/Persian", "Dari", "Kurdish" ], "hosts": [ "Afghanistan", "Iraq" ], "integration": "very limited — no citizenship, periodic crackdowns", "safety": "mixed — discrimination and deportation risk", "economic_access": "limited — specific sectors" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "TUR": { "name": "Turkey", "iso3": "TUR", "flag": "🇹🇷", "tier": 1, "region": "Middle East / Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1962, "notes": "Geographic limitation retained — only European-origin refugees get full refugee status. Non-Europeans get conditional/subsidiary protection. Hosts ~3.5M Syrians. Deportations increasing." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Directorate General of Migration Management (DGMM)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Ankara", "procedure": "government_rsd_conditional", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "satellite city assignment", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Turkey", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/turkey" }, { "name": "SGDD-ASAM", "url": "https://sgdd.org.tr/en" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at Provincial Directorate of Migration", "Foreigner ID card issued", "Interview", "Conditional refugee or subsidiary protection" ], "docs_required": [ "Passport or any ID", "Registration form", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Turkish", "Arabic", "Kurdish" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Afghanistan", "Iraq", "Iran", "Somalia" ], "integration": "limited — no citizenship; satellite city system", "safety": "generally safe but increasing deportation risk", "economic_access": "formal work permit available but difficult for many" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "DEU": { "name": "Germany", "iso3": "DEU", "flag": "🇩🇪", "tier": 1, "region": "Western Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1953 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Berlin", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 3 months", "education_right": true, "movement": "restricted early (Wohnsitzauflage)", "processing_months": { "min": 3, "max": 24, "typical": 9 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "Pro Asyl", "url": "https://www.proasyl.de" }, { "name": "UNHCR Germany", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/germany" } ], "steps": [ "Register at AnkER centre", "BÜMA issued", "BAMF interview", "Decision", "Administrative court appeal" ], "docs_required": [ "Any identity documents", "Asylum form", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "German" ], "secondary": [ "English", "Arabic", "Tigrinya" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Afghanistan", "Eritrea", "Somalia", "Nigeria", "Ethiopia" ], "integration": "good — structured integration, language courses, clear residency path", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "full rights after 3 months" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "FRA": { "name": "France", "iso3": "FRA", "flag": "🇫🇷", "tier": 1, "region": "Western Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1954, "notes": "Particularly relevant for Francophone African and Middle Eastern applicants." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "OFPRA", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Paris", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 6 months", "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 14 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "France terre d'asile", "url": "https://www.france-terre-asile.org" }, { "name": "La Cimade", "url": "https://www.lacimade.org" } ], "steps": [ "Préfecture appointment → ADA allowance", "OFPRA application within 21 days", "OFPRA interview", "Decision", "CNDA appeal" ], "docs_required": [ "Any identity documents", "Persecution narrative", "Supporting evidence" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French" ], "secondary": [ "Arabic", "Wolof", "Bambara", "Lingala" ], "hosts": [ "DRC", "Guinea", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Mali", "Afghanistan", "Sudan" ], "integration": "good for French speakers", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "work after 6 months" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "GBR": { "name": "United Kingdom", "iso3": "GBR", "flag": "🇬🇧", "tier": 1, "region": "Western Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1954, "notes": "Post-Brexit. Hostile policy since 2022 Illegal Migration Act. Severe backlog. No work right during wait." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "UKVI — Home Office", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "London", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": false, "education_right": true, "movement": "free within UK", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 60, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "reduced", "orgs": [ { "name": "Refugee Council", "url": "https://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk" }, { "name": "Asylum Aid", "url": "https://asylumaid.org.uk" } ], "steps": [ "Claim at port or Home Office", "Screening interview", "Substantive interview", "Decision", "First Tier Tribunal" ], "docs_required": [ "Any identity documents", "SEF form", "Supporting docs" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English" ], "hosts": [ "Iran", "Eritrea", "Afghanistan", "Sudan", "Syria" ], "integration": "moderate — 5yr limited leave, then ILR", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "no work during wait" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "SWE": { "name": "Sweden", "iso3": "SWE", "flag": "🇸🇪", "tier": 1, "region": "Northern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1954 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Swedish Migration Agency (Migrationsverket)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Stockholm", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 30, "typical": 15 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "Migrationsverket", "url": "https://www.migrationsverket.se" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at migration agency or border", "Housing + allowance", "Investigation interview", "Decision" ], "docs_required": [ "Identity documents", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Swedish" ], "secondary": [ "English", "Arabic", "Somali" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Eritrea", "Somalia", "Afghanistan", "Ethiopia" ], "integration": "good — SFI language program", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "work rights during process" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "NOR": { "name": "Norway", "iso3": "NOR", "flag": "🇳🇴", "tier": 1, "region": "Northern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1953 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (UDI)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Oslo", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 6 months", "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 12 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "Norwegian Refugee Council", "url": "https://www.nrc.no" }, { "name": "UDI", "url": "https://www.udi.no/en" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at NPIS", "Registration + interview", "UDI decision", "UNE appeal" ], "docs_required": [ "Any available documents", "Asylum application form" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Norwegian" ], "secondary": [ "English", "Arabic", "Somali" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Eritrea", "Afghanistan", "Ethiopia" ], "integration": "good", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "work after 6 months" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "NLD": { "name": "Netherlands", "iso3": "NLD", "flag": "🇳🇱", "tier": 1, "region": "Western Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1951 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "IND", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "The Hague", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 6 months", "education_right": true, "movement": "restricted initially (AZC)", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "VluchtelingenWerk Nederland", "url": "https://www.vluchtelingenwerk.nl" } ], "steps": [ "Register at COA", "AC procedure", "IND decision", "Court appeal" ], "docs_required": [ "Any documents", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Dutch", "English" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Eritrea", "Yemen", "Turkey", "Afghanistan" ], "integration": "good", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "work after 6 months" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "BEL": { "name": "Belgium", "iso3": "BEL", "flag": "🇧🇪", "tier": 1, "region": "Western Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1953 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Commissioner General for Refugees (CGRS)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Brussels", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 4 months", "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 4, "max": 18, "typical": 10 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "CGRS", "url": "https://www.cgrs.be" } ], "steps": [ "Register at Immigration Office", "CGRS interview", "Decision", "CALL appeal" ], "docs_required": [ "Any documents", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French", "Dutch", "German" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Afghanistan", "Iraq", "Guinea", "DRC" ], "integration": "good", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "work after 4 months" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "CHE": { "name": "Switzerland", "iso3": "CHE", "flag": "🇨🇭", "tier": 1, "region": "Central Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1955, "notes": "Home of UNHCR global HQ." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "State Secretariat for Migration (SEM)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Geneva (global HQ)", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 3 months", "education_right": true, "movement": "cantonal assignment initially", "processing_months": { "min": 3, "max": 24, "typical": 12 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "SFH (Swiss Refugee Council)", "url": "https://www.fluechtlingshilfe.ch" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at federal asylum centre", "SEM interview", "Decision", "Federal Administrative Court appeal" ], "docs_required": [ "Any documents", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "German", "French", "Italian" ], "hosts": [ "Eritrea", "Afghanistan", "Syria", "Turkey", "Ethiopia" ], "integration": "good", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "work quickly; high cost of living" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "AUT": { "name": "Austria", "iso3": "AUT", "flag": "🇦🇹", "tier": 1, "region": "Central Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1954 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Federal Office for Immigration and Asylum (BFA)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Vienna", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 3 months (very limited sectors)", "education_right": true, "movement": "Grundversorgung — cantonal assignment", "processing_months": { "min": 3, "max": 24, "typical": 12 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Austria", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/austria" } ], "steps": [ "Register at police", "BFA interview", "Decision", "BVwG court appeal" ], "docs_required": [ "Any documents", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "German" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Afghanistan", "Iraq", "Nigeria", "Somalia" ], "integration": "moderate", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "limited during process" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "ITA": { "name": "Italy", "iso3": "ITA", "flag": "🇮🇹", "tier": 1, "region": "Southern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1954, "notes": "Major EU entry point. Restrictive since 2022." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Territorial Commissions for International Protection", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Rome", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 60 days", "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Italy", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/italy" }, { "name": "ASGI", "url": "https://www.asgi.it" } ], "steps": [ "Declare intent at port/police", "Questura registration", "Commission interview", "Decision", "Civil court appeal" ], "docs_required": [ "Any documents", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Italian" ], "hosts": [ "Nigeria", "Pakistan", "Afghanistan", "Bangladesh", "Tunisia" ], "integration": "moderate", "safety": "safe", "economic_access": "work after 60 days" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "ESP": { "name": "Spain", "iso3": "ESP", "flag": "🇪🇸", "tier": 1, "region": "Southern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1978 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Office of Asylum and Refuge (OAR)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Madrid", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 6 months", "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "CEAR", "url": "https://www.cear.es" }, { "name": "UNHCR Spain", "url": "https://www.acnur.org" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at National Police or port", "OAR interview", "Decision", "Court appeal" ], "docs_required": [ "Any documents", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "Venezuela", "Colombia", "Syria", "Honduras", "Mali", "Senegal" ], "integration": "good", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "work after 6 months" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "PRT": { "name": "Portugal", "iso3": "PRT", "flag": "🇵🇹", "tier": 1, "region": "Southern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1960, "notes": "Important destination for Lusophone Africans. More welcoming than many EU neighbours." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "AIMA (Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum) — from 2024", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Lisbon", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 3 months", "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 14 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "CPR (Portuguese Refugee Council)", "url": "https://www.cpr.pt" }, { "name": "UNHCR Portugal", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/portugal" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at border or AIMA office", "Registration and interview", "Decision", "Administrative court appeal" ], "docs_required": [ "Any documents", "Persecution statement in Portuguese" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Portuguese" ], "hosts": [ "Ukraine", "Afghanistan", "Venezuela", "Angola", "Guinea-Bissau", "Syria" ], "integration": "good — language bridge for Lusophone Africans especially", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "work after 3 months" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "GRC": { "name": "Greece", "iso3": "GRC", "flag": "🇬🇷", "tier": 1, "region": "Southern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1960, "notes": "Major EU entry point. Pushbacks documented. Reception conditions criticised." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Asylum Service", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Athens", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 6 months", "education_right": true, "movement": "restricted initially", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "Greek Council for Refugees", "url": "https://www.gcr.gr" }, { "name": "UNHCR Greece", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/greece" } ], "steps": [ "Registration", "Asylum interview", "Decision", "Appeals Authority" ], "docs_required": [ "Any documents", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Greek" ], "secondary": [ "English", "Arabic", "Farsi" ], "hosts": [ "Afghanistan", "Syria", "Pakistan", "Iraq", "Somalia" ], "integration": "difficult — limited support", "safety": "safe but poor reception conditions", "economic_access": "very limited in practice" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "POL": { "name": "Poland", "iso3": "POL", "flag": "🇵🇱", "tier": 1, "region": "Central Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1991, "notes": "Massive Ukrainian intake since 2022. Hostile toward non-European applicants. Belarus border pushbacks documented." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Office for Foreigners", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Warsaw", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 6 months (non-Ukrainian)", "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights", "url": "https://www.hfhr.pl" }, { "name": "UNHCR Poland", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/poland" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at border or Office for Foreigners", "Interview", "Decision", "Administrative court appeal" ], "docs_required": [ "Any documents", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Polish" ], "secondary": [ "English", "Ukrainian", "Russian" ], "hosts": [ "Ukraine", "Chechnya/Russia", "Afghanistan" ], "integration": "good for Ukrainians; hostile for others", "safety": "safe", "economic_access": "work after 6 months" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "CAN": { "name": "Canada", "iso3": "CAN", "flag": "🇨🇦", "tier": 1, "region": "North America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1969, "notes": "One of world's strongest systems. High acceptance rates. Inland claims + resettlement + private sponsorship." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Ottawa", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 36, "typical": 21 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "CCR (Canadian Council for Refugees)", "url": "https://ccrweb.ca" }, { "name": "Refugee Law Office", "url": "https://refugeelaw.ca" } ], "steps": [ "File inland claim at port or IRCC", "Eligibility determination", "IRB RPD hearing", "Protected Person status", "PR application within 180 days" ], "docs_required": [ "Travel/identity document", "Basis of Claim (BOC) form", "Supporting evidence" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "French" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Eritrea", "Ethiopia", "DRC", "Somalia", "Nigeria", "Afghanistan", "Colombia", "Venezuela" ], "integration": "excellent — clear PR and citizenship path", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "full work rights; strong support services" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "USA": { "name": "United States", "iso3": "USA", "flag": "🇺🇸", "tier": 1, "region": "North America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": true, "year": 1968, "notes": "Protocol only. Implements via Refugee Act 1980. Two tracks: Resettlement and Asylum. 2M+ case backlog. Policies shift with administrations." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "USCIS (affirmative) + EOIR Immigration Courts (defensive)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Washington DC", "procedure": "government_rsd_dual", "work_right": "after 180 days", "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 84, "typical": 36 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "no right to government-funded counsel", "orgs": [ { "name": "IRC (International Rescue Committee)", "url": "https://www.rescue.org" }, { "name": "Human Rights First", "url": "https://www.humanrightsfirst.org" } ], "steps": [ "File I-589 within 1 year of entry", "USCIS interview (affirmative) or Immigration Court (defensive)", "Decision", "BIA appeal then federal court" ], "docs_required": [ "I-589 form", "Identity documents if available", "Country condition evidence" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "El Salvador", "Guatemala", "Venezuela", "China", "India", "Colombia", "Syria", "Ethiopia" ], "integration": "good once status secured", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "work after 180 days" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "MEX": { "name": "Mexico", "iso3": "MEX", "flag": "🇲🇽", "tier": 1, "region": "North America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 2000, "notes": "Cartagena. Major transit and destination. African, Central American, Venezuelan, Cuban, Haitian applicants." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Mexican Commission for Refugee Assistance (COMAR)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Mexico City", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 3, "max": 24, "typical": 12 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Mexico", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/mexico" }, { "name": "Sin Fronteras IAP", "url": "https://www.sinfronteras.org.mx" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at COMAR within 30 days", "Interview", "Decision", "Interior Ministry appeal" ], "docs_required": [ "Any identity documents", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "Honduras", "El Salvador", "Guatemala", "Venezuela", "Cuba", "Haiti", "Africa (mixed)" ], "integration": "moderate", "safety": "variable by region", "economic_access": "work rights from application" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "BRA": { "name": "Brazil", "iso3": "BRA", "flag": "🇧🇷", "tier": 1, "region": "South America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1960, "notes": "1997 Refugee Act one of most progressive globally. Cartagena." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "National Committee for Refugees (CONARE)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Brasília", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Brazil", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/brazil" }, { "name": "Caritas Brasileira", "url": "https://caritas.org.br" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at Federal Police", "CONARE case review", "Decision", "Ministry of Justice appeal" ], "docs_required": [ "Any identity documents", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Portuguese" ], "hosts": [ "Venezuela", "Syria", "Angola", "DRC", "Haiti", "Colombia" ], "integration": "good — language barrier main challenge", "safety": "generally safe — high crime some cities", "economic_access": "work rights from application" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "ARG": { "name": "Argentina", "iso3": "ARG", "flag": "🇦🇷", "tier": 1, "region": "South America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1961, "notes": "Cartagena." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "National Commission for Refugees (CONARE)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Buenos Aires", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 30, "typical": 15 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Argentina", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/argentina" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at CONARE", "Interview", "Decision" ], "docs_required": [ "Any identity documents", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "Venezuela", "Colombia", "Senegal", "Cuba" ], "integration": "good", "safety": "generally safe", "economic_access": "work rights from application" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "COL": { "name": "Colombia", "iso3": "COL", "flag": "🇨🇴", "tier": 1, "region": "South America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1961, "notes": "Cartagena. World's largest Venezuelan host under TPS. Also major origin country." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs — Refugee Status Committee", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Bogotá", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 14 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Colombia", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/colombia" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Interview", "Decision" ], "docs_required": [ "Identity documents", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "Venezuela", "Ecuador", "Haiti" ], "integration": "good for Venezuelans (TPS)", "safety": "variable — conflict in rural areas", "economic_access": "work rights for recognised" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "AUS": { "name": "Australia", "iso3": "AUS", "flag": "🇦🇺", "tier": 1, "region": "Oceania", "unhcr_region": "Asia and Pacific", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1954, "notes": "Strong resettlement program. Harsh offshore processing for boat arrivals." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Department of Home Affairs (DHA)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Canberra", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "yes for most bridging visa holders", "education_right": true, "movement": "restricted for some bridging visas", "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 60, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "RACS", "url": "https://www.racs.org.au" }, { "name": "ASRC", "url": "https://www.asrc.org.au" } ], "steps": [ "Lodge Protection Visa (subclass 866)", "Health and character checks", "DHA interview", "Decision" ], "docs_required": [ "Identity documents", "Protection claim statement", "Health checks" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English" ], "hosts": [ "Afghanistan", "Iran", "Sri Lanka", "Myanmar", "Somalia", "South Sudan" ], "integration": "excellent once recognised", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "strong once status confirmed" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "NZL": { "name": "New Zealand", "iso3": "NZL", "flag": "🇳🇿", "tier": 1, "region": "Oceania", "unhcr_region": "Asia and Pacific", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1960 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Immigration NZ — Refugee Status Branch", "unhcr_present": false, "unhcr_office": "Canberra covers NZ", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 6 months", "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 12 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "RILC", "url": "https://www.rilc.org.nz" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at INZ", "Refugee status interview", "Decision", "IPRT appeal" ], "docs_required": [ "Any identity documents", "Persecution statement" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "Māori" ], "hosts": [ "Afghanistan", "Myanmar", "Iran", "Pacific nations" ], "integration": "excellent", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "strong" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "JPN": { "name": "Japan", "iso3": "JPN", "flag": "🇯🇵", "tier": 1, "region": "East Asia", "unhcr_region": "Asia and Pacific", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1981, "notes": "Historically near-0% recognition. 2023 reform introduced faster processing. Still one of hardest systems globally." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Justice — Immigration Services Agency", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Tokyo", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "movement": "relatively free", "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 60, "typical": 30 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "JAR (Japan Association for Refugees)", "url": "https://www.refugee.or.jp/en" }, { "name": "UNHCR Japan", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/japan" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at regional immigration bureau", "Interview", "Decision", "Refugee Examination Counselors review", "Administrative litigation" ], "docs_required": [ "Any identity documents", "Persecution statement (translation required)" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Japanese" ], "hosts": [ "Myanmar", "Afghanistan", "Ethiopia", "Nepal", "Sri Lanka" ], "integration": "very difficult — language barrier, cultural homogeneity", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "limited during process" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "KOR": { "name": "South Korea", "iso3": "KOR", "flag": "🇰🇷", "tier": 1, "region": "East Asia", "unhcr_region": "Asia and Pacific", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1992, "notes": "First Asian standalone Refugee Act (2013). Low recognition rates." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Justice — Korea Immigration Service", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Seoul", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 6 months", "education_right": true, "movement": "relatively free", "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "KRAN", "url": "https://kran.or.kr" }, { "name": "UNHCR Korea", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/republic-of-korea" } ], "steps": [ "Apply at immigration office within 1 year", "Initial interview", "Detailed investigation interview", "Decision", "Administrative court" ], "docs_required": [ "Any documents", "Persecution statement (Korean translation required)" ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Korean" ], "hosts": [ "China", "Kazakhstan", "Egypt", "Pakistan", "Myanmar" ], "integration": "difficult — language and cultural barriers", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "limited during process" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "DZA": { "name": "Algeria", "iso3": "DZA", "flag": "🇩🇿", "tier": 2, "region": "North Africa", "unhcr_region": "North Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1963, "notes": "Hosts Sahrawi refugees (Tindouf — 100,000+). Government resists UNHCR oversight." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Interior (informal)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Algiers", "procedure": "unhcr_rsd_de_facto", "work_right": false, "education_right": "limited", "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 60, "typical": 30 }, "appeal": false, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Algeria", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/algeria" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Arabic", "Tamazight", "French" ], "hosts": [ "Sahrawi", "Mali", "Niger", "Syria" ], "integration": "very limited", "safety": "generally safe in cities; insecurity in south", "economic_access": "informal only" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "ISR": { "name": "Israel", "iso3": "ISR", "flag": "🇮🇱", "tier": 2, "region": "Middle East", "unhcr_region": "Middle East and North Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1954, "notes": "Very low recognition rates. Holot detention. Active conflict in region from 2023." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Population and Immigration Authority (PIBA)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Tel Aviv", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "movement": "restricted for some", "processing_months": { "min": 24, "max": 120, "typical": 60 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "Hotline for Refugees and Migrants", "url": "https://hotline.org.il/en" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Hebrew", "Arabic", "English" ], "hosts": [ "Eritrea", "Sudan", "South Sudan" ], "integration": "very poor — hostile for non-Jewish asylum seekers", "safety": "complex — active conflict from 2023", "economic_access": "minimal formal rights" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "TUN": { "name": "Tunisia", "iso3": "TUN", "flag": "🇹🇳", "tier": 2, "region": "North Africa", "unhcr_region": "North Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1957, "notes": "UNHCR conducts RSD. Hostile toward sub-Saharan Africans from 2023." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "UNHCR Tunisia (delegated)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Tunis", "procedure": "unhcr_rsd", "work_right": false, "education_right": "limited", "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Tunisia", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/tunisia" }, { "name": "Caritas Tunis", "url": "https://www.caritastunis.org" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Arabic", "French" ], "hosts": [ "Sub-Saharan Africa", "Syria", "Libya" ], "integration": "poor — hostile political environment from 2023", "safety": "moderate risk for sub-Saharan Africans — documented discrimination", "economic_access": "very limited" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "PER": { "name": "Peru", "iso3": "PER", "flag": "🇵🇪", "tier": 2, "region": "South America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1964, "notes": "Cartagena. Major Venezuelan host." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Special Commission for Refugees (CEPR)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Lima", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 14 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Peru", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/peru" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "Venezuela", "Colombia" ], "integration": "moderate", "safety": "generally safe", "economic_access": "work rights" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "ECU": { "name": "Ecuador", "iso3": "ECU", "flag": "🇪🇨", "tier": 2, "region": "South America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1955, "notes": "Cartagena. Historically one of world's most open systems." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Quito", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 3, "max": 18, "typical": 10 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Ecuador", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/ecuador" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "Colombia", "Venezuela" ], "integration": "good", "safety": "generally safe but rising insecurity", "economic_access": "work rights" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "CHL": { "name": "Chile", "iso3": "CHL", "flag": "🇨🇱", "tier": 2, "region": "South America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1972, "notes": "Cartagena." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "National Refugee Commission (CONARE)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Santiago", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 14 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Chile", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/chile" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "Venezuela", "Colombia", "Peru", "Haiti" ], "integration": "good", "safety": "safe", "economic_access": "work rights" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "URY": { "name": "Uruguay", "iso3": "URY", "flag": "🇺🇾", "tier": 2, "region": "South America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1970, "notes": "Cartagena. Small but progressive." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Refugee Commission (CORE)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Montevideo", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 12 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Uruguay", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/uruguay" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "Venezuela", "Cuba", "Colombia" ], "integration": "good", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "work rights" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "CRI": { "name": "Costa Rica", "iso3": "CRI", "flag": "🇨🇷", "tier": 2, "region": "Central America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1978, "notes": "Cartagena. UNHCR regional hub." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "DGME", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "San José", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 30, "typical": 15 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Costa Rica", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/costa-rica" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "Nicaragua", "Venezuela", "Colombia" ], "integration": "good", "safety": "safe", "economic_access": "work rights" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "PAN": { "name": "Panama", "iso3": "PAN", "flag": "🇵🇦", "tier": 2, "region": "Central America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1978, "notes": "Cartagena. Darien Gap crossing point." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "ONPAR", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Panama City", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "movement": "free", "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 14 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Panama", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/panama" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "Colombia", "Venezuela", "Cuba", "Darien transit" ], "integration": "moderate", "safety": "generally safe — Darien dangerous", "economic_access": "work rights" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "NGA": { "name": "Nigeria", "iso3": "NGA", "flag": "🇳🇬", "tier": 2, "region": "West Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1968 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "NCFRMI", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Abuja", "procedure": "individual_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Nigeria", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/nigeria" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "Hausa", "Yoruba", "Igbo" ], "hosts": [ "Cameroon", "Niger", "Chad", "CAR" ], "integration": "limited", "safety": "variable — northeast and northwest active conflict", "economic_access": "limited" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "GHA": { "name": "Ghana", "iso3": "GHA", "flag": "🇬🇭", "tier": 2, "region": "West Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1963 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ghana Refugee Board", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Accra", "procedure": "individual_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 12 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Ghana", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/ghana" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "Twi", "Ewe", "Ga" ], "hosts": [ "Togo", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Mali", "Liberia" ], "integration": "moderate", "safety": "generally safe", "economic_access": "moderate" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "SEN": { "name": "Senegal", "iso3": "SEN", "flag": "🇸🇳", "tier": 2, "region": "West Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1967 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "National Eligibility Commission (CNE)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Dakar", "procedure": "individual_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 12 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Senegal", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/senegal" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French", "Wolof" ], "hosts": [ "Mauritania", "Guinea-Bissau", "DRC", "Gambia" ], "integration": "moderate", "safety": "safe — stable democracy", "economic_access": "moderate" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "CMR": { "name": "Cameroon", "iso3": "CMR", "flag": "🇨🇲", "tier": 2, "region": "Central Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1961, "notes": "Anglophone crisis = dual role as origin and host." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "NRSPCC", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Yaoundé", "procedure": "individual_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Cameroon", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/cameroon" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French", "English" ], "hosts": [ "Nigeria", "CAR", "Chad" ], "integration": "limited", "safety": "variable — Anglophone regions active conflict", "economic_access": "very limited" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "TCD": { "name": "Chad", "iso3": "TCD", "flag": "🇹🇩", "tier": 2, "region": "Central Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1981, "notes": "Major refugee host — Sudan (massive 2023 influx), CAR, Nigeria. One of world's poorest countries." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "National Commission for Receiving Refugees (CNAR)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "N'Djamena", "procedure": "prima_facie_plus_individual", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Chad", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/chad" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French", "Arabic" ], "hosts": [ "Sudan", "CAR", "Nigeria", "Cameroon" ], "integration": "very limited — one of world's poorest", "safety": "variable — north unstable", "economic_access": "extremely limited" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "COD": { "name": "DR Congo", "iso3": "COD", "flag": "🇨🇩", "tier": 2, "region": "Central Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1965, "notes": "Major origin AND host. 6M+ IDPs. Eastern DRC active conflict." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "National Commission for Refugees (CNR)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Kinshasa", "procedure": "prima_facie_plus_individual", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR DRC", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/democratic-republic-congo" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French", "Lingala", "Swahili", "Kikongo" ], "hosts": [ "Rwanda", "Burundi", "CAR", "South Sudan", "Angola" ], "integration": "very limited — major instability", "safety": "extremely variable — eastern DRC active conflict", "economic_access": "very limited" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "ZWE": { "name": "Zimbabwe", "iso3": "ZWE", "flag": "🇿🇼", "tier": 2, "region": "Southern Africa", "unhcr_region": "Southern Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1981 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Department of Social Services", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Harare", "procedure": "individual_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Zimbabwe", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/zimbabwe" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "Shona", "Ndebele" ], "hosts": [ "DRC", "Mozambique", "Rwanda", "Burundi" ], "integration": "limited — own economic crisis", "safety": "generally safe", "economic_access": "very limited" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "MOZ": { "name": "Mozambique", "iso3": "MOZ", "flag": "🇲🇿", "tier": 2, "region": "Southern Africa", "unhcr_region": "Southern Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1983, "notes": "Hosts DRC, Rwanda refugees. Cabo Delgado insurgency adds complexity." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "INAR", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Maputo", "procedure": "individual_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Mozambique", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/mozambique" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Portuguese" ], "hosts": [ "DRC", "Rwanda", "Burundi", "Malawi" ], "integration": "limited", "safety": "variable — Cabo Delgado insurgency", "economic_access": "limited" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "AGO": { "name": "Angola", "iso3": "AGO", "flag": "🇦🇴", "tier": 2, "region": "Southern Africa", "unhcr_region": "Southern Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "oau_1969": true, "year": 1981, "notes": "Post-civil war (2002). Oil economy." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "INAR", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Luanda", "procedure": "individual_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Angola", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/angola" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Portuguese" ], "hosts": [ "DRC", "Mozambique" ], "integration": "limited", "safety": "generally safe", "economic_access": "limited for foreigners" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "CZE": { "name": "Czech Republic", "iso3": "CZE", "flag": "🇨🇿", "tier": 2, "region": "Central Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1993 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Interior", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Prague", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 6 months", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 12 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "OPU", "url": "https://www.opu.cz/en" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Czech" ], "hosts": [ "Ukraine", "Syria", "Afghanistan", "Belarus" ], "integration": "moderate", "safety": "safe", "economic_access": "work after 6 months" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "HUN": { "name": "Hungary", "iso3": "HUN", "flag": "🇭🇺", "tier": 2, "region": "Central Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1989, "notes": "EU member but famously hostile. Illegal pushbacks. Must apply via Hungarian embassy. Lowest acceptance rates in EU." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "National Directorate-General for Aliens Policing (NDGAP)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Budapest", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 3, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "Hungarian Helsinki Committee", "url": "https://www.helsinki.hu/en" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Hungarian" ], "integration": "very difficult — hostile government policy", "safety": "safe", "economic_access": "extremely limited" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "ROU": { "name": "Romania", "iso3": "ROU", "flag": "🇷🇴", "tier": 2, "region": "Eastern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1991 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "General Inspectorate for Immigration (IGI)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Bucharest", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 3 months", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 3, "max": 18, "typical": 10 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "CNRR", "url": "https://www.cnrr.ro" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Romanian" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Afghanistan", "Iraq", "Ukraine" ], "integration": "moderate", "safety": "safe", "economic_access": "work after 3 months" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "BGR": { "name": "Bulgaria", "iso3": "BGR", "flag": "🇧🇬", "tier": 2, "region": "Eastern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1993, "notes": "EU border country. Pushbacks at Turkish border documented." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "State Agency for Refugees (SAR)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Sofia", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 3 months", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 3, "max": 24, "typical": 14 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Bulgaria", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/bulgaria" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Bulgarian" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Afghanistan", "Iraq" ], "integration": "difficult — language barrier", "safety": "safe", "economic_access": "work after 3 months" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "MLT": { "name": "Malta", "iso3": "MLT", "flag": "🇲🇹", "tier": 2, "region": "Southern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1971, "notes": "Tiny EU island. Major Mediterranean Sea Rescue point." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "International Protection Agency (IPA)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Valletta", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 9 months", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "JRS Malta", "url": "https://jrsmalta.eu" }, { "name": "UNHCR Malta", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/malta" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Maltese", "English" ], "hosts": [ "Sub-Saharan Africa", "Middle East" ], "integration": "difficult — very small island economy", "safety": "safe", "economic_access": "limited — small market" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "CYP": { "name": "Cyprus", "iso3": "CYP", "flag": "🇨🇾", "tier": 2, "region": "Southern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1963 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Asylum Service", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Nicosia", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 9 months", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Cyprus", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/cyprus" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Greek", "Turkish", "English" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Georgia", "India", "Cameroon" ], "integration": "moderate", "safety": "safe", "economic_access": "work after 9 months" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "DNK": { "name": "Denmark", "iso3": "DNK", "flag": "🇩🇰", "tier": 2, "region": "Northern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1952, "notes": "Tightened since 2015. Rwanda-style third country processing announced. Syrian residence revocations triggered court cases." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Danish Immigration Service (DIS)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Copenhagen", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 6 months", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 3, "max": 24, "typical": 12 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "DRC (Danish Refugee Council)", "url": "https://www.drc.ngo" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Danish" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Eritrea", "Afghanistan", "Somalia" ], "integration": "increasingly difficult", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "work after 6 months" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "FIN": { "name": "Finland", "iso3": "FIN", "flag": "🇫🇮", "tier": 2, "region": "Northern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1968 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Finnish Immigration Service (Migri)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Helsinki", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 3 months", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 12 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "Finnish Refugee Council", "url": "https://www.pakolaisneuvonta.fi/en" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Finnish", "Swedish" ], "hosts": [ "Iraq", "Somalia", "Afghanistan", "Syria", "Eritrea" ], "integration": "good — strong integration programmes", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "work after 3 months" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "IRL": { "name": "Ireland", "iso3": "IRL", "flag": "🇮🇪", "tier": 2, "region": "Western Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1956, "notes": "Applications surged 2021+." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "International Protection Office (IPO)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Dublin", "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "after 6 months", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "Nasc", "url": "https://nascireland.org" }, { "name": "UNHCR Ireland", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/ireland" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "Irish" ], "hosts": [ "Ukraine", "Georgia", "Albania", "Nigeria", "Somalia" ], "integration": "good — English language advantage", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "work after 6 months" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "ISL": { "name": "Iceland", "iso3": "ISL", "flag": "🇮🇸", "tier": 2, "region": "Northern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1955 }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Directorate of Immigration", "unhcr_present": false, "procedure": "government_rsd", "work_right": "during process", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 3, "max": 18, "typical": 9 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": true, "orgs": [ { "name": "Icelandic Red Cross", "url": "https://www.redcross.is/en" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Icelandic", "English" ], "integration": "good", "safety": "very safe", "economic_access": "work during process" }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "CIV": { "name": "Côte d'Ivoire", "iso3": "CIV", "flag": "🇨🇮", "tier": 3, "region": "West Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1962, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "CNR", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Abidjan", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Côte d'Ivoire", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/cote-divoire" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French" ], "hosts": [ "Liberia", "Sierra Leone", "Burkina Faso", "Mali" ], "strategic_note": "Improving stability. Limited capacity but functional system." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "GIN": { "name": "Guinea", "iso3": "GIN", "flag": "🇬🇳", "tier": 3, "region": "West Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1965, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "CNR", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Conakry", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Guinea", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/guinea" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French", "Pulaar", "Mandinka" ], "hosts": [ "Liberia", "Sierra Leone", "Côte d'Ivoire" ], "strategic_note": "Hosts refugees from neighbouring conflicts. Limited capacity." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "LBR": { "name": "Liberia", "iso3": "LBR", "flag": "🇱🇷", "tier": 3, "region": "West Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1964, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "LRRRC", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Monrovia", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Liberia", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/liberia" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English" ], "hosts": [ "Côte d'Ivoire", "Sierra Leone" ], "strategic_note": "Post-civil war. English-speaking. Small system." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "SLE": { "name": "Sierra Leone", "iso3": "SLE", "flag": "🇸🇱", "tier": 3, "region": "West Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1981, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "NaCSA", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Freetown", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Sierra Leone", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/sierra-leone" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "Krio" ], "hosts": [ "Liberia", "Guinea" ], "strategic_note": "English-speaking. Small system. Post-war recovery." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "GMB": { "name": "Gambia", "iso3": "GMB", "flag": "🇬🇲", "tier": 3, "region": "West Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1966, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Interior", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Banjul", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Gambia", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/gambia" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "Mandinka", "Wolof" ], "hosts": [ "Senegal", "Guinea-Bissau" ], "strategic_note": "Small English-speaking country. Very limited capacity." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "TGO": { "name": "Togo", "iso3": "TGO", "flag": "🇹🇬", "tier": 3, "region": "West Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1962, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "CNR", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Lomé", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Togo", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/togo" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French", "Ewe", "Kabyé" ], "hosts": [ "Ghana", "Benin" ], "strategic_note": "Small system. Limited capacity." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "BEN": { "name": "Benin", "iso3": "BEN", "flag": "🇧🇯", "tier": 3, "region": "West Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1962, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "CNR", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Cotonou", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Benin", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/benin" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French", "Fon", "Yoruba" ], "hosts": [ "Nigeria", "Togo" ], "strategic_note": "Small but relatively stable." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "MRT": { "name": "Mauritania", "iso3": "MRT", "flag": "🇲🇷", "tier": 3, "region": "West Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1987, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Interior", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Nouakchott", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Mauritania", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/mauritania" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Arabic", "French", "Pulaar" ], "hosts": [ "Mali" ], "strategic_note": "UNHCR present primarily for Malian refugees. Limited as general destination." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "NER": { "name": "Niger", "iso3": "NER", "flag": "🇳🇪", "tier": 3, "region": "West Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1961, "notes": "Military coup 2023." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "CNE", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Niamey", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Niger", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/niger" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French", "Hausa", "Zarma" ], "hosts": [ "Mali", "Nigeria", "Burkina Faso" ], "strategic_note": "Unstable post-coup 2023. Major transit. UNHCR present for those stranded." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "CPV": { "name": "Cabo Verde", "iso3": "CPV", "flag": "🇨🇻", "tier": 3, "region": "West Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1987, "notes": "Protocol only." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Interior", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "(no resident office)", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Portuguese", "Creole" ], "hosts": [], "strategic_note": "Small island. Primarily Lusophone Africans. Very small caseload." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "NAM": { "name": "Namibia", "iso3": "NAM", "flag": "🇳🇦", "tier": 3, "region": "Southern Africa", "unhcr_region": "Southern Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1995, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Home Affairs", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Windhoek", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Namibia", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/namibia" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "Afrikaans", "German", "Oshiwambo" ], "hosts": [ "Angola", "DRC" ], "strategic_note": "Stable, functional system. Osire settlement." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "BWA": { "name": "Botswana", "iso3": "BWA", "flag": "🇧🇼", "tier": 3, "region": "Southern Africa", "unhcr_region": "Southern Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1969, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Justice", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Gaborone", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Botswana", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/botswana" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "Tswana" ], "hosts": [ "Zimbabwe", "DRC", "Somalia" ], "strategic_note": "Upper-middle income. Dukwi settlement. Limited integration but stable." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "MWI": { "name": "Malawi", "iso3": "MWI", "flag": "🇲🇼", "tier": 3, "region": "Southern Africa", "unhcr_region": "Southern Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1987, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Department of Refugees", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Lilongwe", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Malawi", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/malawi" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Chichewa", "English" ], "hosts": [ "Mozambique", "DRC", "Rwanda", "Burundi", "Ethiopia" ], "strategic_note": "Dzaleka camp — very limited rights. Very poor country. Resettlement pipeline primary value." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "GEO": { "name": "Georgia", "iso3": "GEO", "flag": "🇬🇪", "tier": 3, "region": "Caucasus / Eastern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1999, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Internal Affairs", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Tbilisi", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Georgia", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/georgia" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Georgian" ], "hosts": [ "Iraq", "Iran", "Nigeria", "Russia-fleeing post-2022" ], "strategic_note": "Functioning system. Important for those fleeing Russia/Iran. EU candidate country." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "ARM": { "name": "Armenia", "iso3": "ARM", "flag": "🇦🇲", "tier": 3, "region": "Caucasus", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1993, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "State Migration Service", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Yerevan", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Armenia", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/armenia" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Armenian", "Russian" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Iraq", "Iran" ], "strategic_note": "Small but functional. Syrian Armenian community historic link." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "AZE": { "name": "Azerbaijan", "iso3": "AZE", "flag": "🇦🇿", "tier": 3, "region": "Caucasus", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1993, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "State Migration Service", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Baku", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Azerbaijan", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/azerbaijan" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Azerbaijani", "Russian" ], "hosts": [ "Afghanistan", "Iraq", "Iran" ], "strategic_note": "Limited as destination. Nagorno-Karabakh context." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "KGZ": { "name": "Kyrgyzstan", "iso3": "KGZ", "flag": "🇰🇬", "tier": 3, "region": "Central Asia", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1996, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "State Migration Service", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Bishkek", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 30, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Kyrgyzstan", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/kyrgyzstan" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Kyrgyz", "Russian" ], "hosts": [ "Afghanistan", "Tajikistan" ], "strategic_note": "Functional but limited. Primarily Afghan context." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "KAZ": { "name": "Kazakhstan", "iso3": "KAZ", "flag": "🇰🇿", "tier": 3, "region": "Central Asia", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1999, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Internal Affairs", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Astana", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 14 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Kazakhstan", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/kazakhstan" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Kazakh", "Russian" ], "hosts": [ "Afghanistan", "Uzbekistan", "Russia-fleeing post-2022" ], "strategic_note": "Oil economy. Growing importance post-2022 for Russians. UNHCR present." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "TJK": { "name": "Tajikistan", "iso3": "TJK", "flag": "🇹🇯", "tier": 3, "region": "Central Asia", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1993, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Committee on Migration", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Dushanbe", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 16 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Tajikistan", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/tajikistan" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Tajik", "Russian" ], "hosts": [ "Afghanistan" ], "strategic_note": "Very poor country. Limited capacity. Primarily Afghan context." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "MDA": { "name": "Moldova", "iso3": "MDA", "flag": "🇲🇩", "tier": 3, "region": "Eastern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 2002, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Bureau for Migration and Asylum", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Chișinău", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Moldova", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/moldova" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Romanian", "Russian" ], "hosts": [ "Ukraine", "Syria" ], "strategic_note": "Poor country. Mainly transit toward Romania/EU. Large Ukrainian presence." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "LVA": { "name": "Latvia", "iso3": "LVA", "flag": "🇱🇻", "tier": 3, "region": "Northern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1997, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "OCMA", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Riga", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Latvia", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/latvia" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Latvian", "Russian", "English" ], "hosts": [ "Ukraine", "Syria", "Afghanistan" ], "strategic_note": "Baltic EU state. Very small caseload but functional system." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "LTU": { "name": "Lithuania", "iso3": "LTU", "flag": "🇱🇹", "tier": 3, "region": "Northern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1997, "notes": "Large arrivals from Belarus border since 2021." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Migration Department", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Vilnius", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Lithuania", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/lithuania" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Lithuanian", "Russian", "English" ], "hosts": [ "Ukraine", "Iraq", "Syria", "Cameroon", "DRC" ], "strategic_note": "EU member. Belarus route arrivals complex." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "EST": { "name": "Estonia", "iso3": "EST", "flag": "🇪🇪", "tier": 3, "region": "Northern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1997, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Police and Border Guard Board", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Tallinn", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 3, "max": 12, "typical": 6 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Estonia", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/estonia" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Estonian", "Russian", "English" ], "hosts": [ "Ukraine", "Russia", "Belarus" ], "strategic_note": "Very small caseload. Efficient system." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "SVK": { "name": "Slovakia", "iso3": "SVK", "flag": "🇸🇰", "tier": 3, "region": "Central Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1993, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Migration Office", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Bratislava", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "Human Rights League Slovakia", "url": "https://www.hrl.sk/en" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Slovak" ], "hosts": [ "Ukraine", "Afghanistan", "Iraq" ], "strategic_note": "Small functional EU system." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "SVN": { "name": "Slovenia", "iso3": "SVN", "flag": "🇸🇮", "tier": 3, "region": "Southern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1992, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Interior", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Ljubljana", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "PIC Slovenia", "url": "https://pic.si/en" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Slovenian" ], "hosts": [ "Afghanistan", "Pakistan", "Morocco" ], "strategic_note": "Western Balkans EU entry point. Small caseload." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "HRV": { "name": "Croatia", "iso3": "HRV", "flag": "🇭🇷", "tier": 3, "region": "Southern Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1992, "notes": "Pushbacks at Bosnia-Croatia border documented." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Interior", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Zagreb", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Croatian" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Afghanistan", "Iran" ], "strategic_note": "Primarily transit toward Western Europe. Pushbacks documented." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "BIH": { "name": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "iso3": "BIH", "flag": "🇧🇦", "tier": 3, "region": "Western Balkans", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1993, "notes": "Poor conditions at Lipa camp documented." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Security — Asylum Sector", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Sarajevo", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 20 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR BiH", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Bosnian", "Serbian", "Croatian" ], "hosts": [ "Pakistan", "Afghanistan", "Bangladesh", "Syria" ], "strategic_note": "Primarily transit toward Croatia/EU. Poor conditions documented." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "SRB": { "name": "Serbia", "iso3": "SRB", "flag": "🇷🇸", "tier": 3, "region": "Western Balkans", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 2001, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Asylum Office — Ministry of Interior", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Belgrade", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 14 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "Belgrade Centre for Human Rights", "url": "https://www.bgcentar.org.rs/en" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Serbian" ], "hosts": [ "Afghanistan", "Pakistan", "Syria", "Burundi" ], "strategic_note": "Key transit. Most applicants move on toward EU." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "MKD": { "name": "North Macedonia", "iso3": "MKD", "flag": "🇲🇰", "tier": 3, "region": "Western Balkans", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1994, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Interior", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Skopje", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 14 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR North Macedonia", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/north-macedonia" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Macedonian" ], "hosts": [ "Afghanistan", "Pakistan", "Syria" ], "strategic_note": "Primarily transit toward Serbia/EU." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "ALB": { "name": "Albania", "iso3": "ALB", "flag": "🇦🇱", "tier": 3, "region": "Western Balkans", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1992, "notes": "UK negotiated processing agreement 2024." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Directorate for Migration and Borders", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Tirana", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Albania", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/albania" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Albanian" ], "hosts": [ "Afghanistan", "Syria" ], "strategic_note": "Transit and emigration country. UK-Albania processing scheme notable." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "MNE": { "name": "Montenegro", "iso3": "MNE", "flag": "🇲🇪", "tier": 3, "region": "Western Balkans", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 2006, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Interior", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Podgorica", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 14 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Montenegro", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/montenegro" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Montenegrin" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Afghanistan", "Albania" ], "strategic_note": "Small system. Primarily transit toward Serbia/EU." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "LUX": { "name": "Luxembourg", "iso3": "LUX", "flag": "🇱🇺", "tier": 3, "region": "Western Europe", "unhcr_region": "Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1953, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Immigration and Asylum", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Luxembourg City", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 3, "max": 18, "typical": 10 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "ASTI", "url": "https://www.asti.lu" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Luxembourgish", "French", "German" ], "hosts": [ "Syria", "Eritrea", "Kosovo", "Iraq" ], "strategic_note": "Small country. Good services. High cost of living." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "NPL": { "name": "Nepal", "iso3": "NPL", "flag": "🇳🇵", "tier": 3, "region": "South Asia", "unhcr_region": "Asia and Pacific", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 2018, "notes": "Acceded 2018. Bhutanese resettlement to USA/Canada nearly complete." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Home Affairs / UNHCR", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Kathmandu", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Nepal", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/nepal" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Nepali" ], "hosts": [ "Bhutan (historically)", "Tibet/China" ], "strategic_note": "UNHCR registration for resettlement pipeline. Limited as local destination." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "KHM": { "name": "Cambodia", "iso3": "KHM", "flag": "🇰🇭", "tier": 3, "region": "Southeast Asia", "unhcr_region": "Asia and Pacific", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1992, "notes": "Poor implementation. Forcibly returned Uyghurs to China 2009." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "NCRC / UNHCR", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Phnom Penh", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 60, "typical": 30 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Cambodia", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/cambodia" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Khmer" ], "hosts": [], "strategic_note": "UNHCR resettlement pipeline primarily. Not a practical destination." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "PHL": { "name": "Philippines", "iso3": "PHL", "flag": "🇵🇭", "tier": 3, "region": "Southeast Asia", "unhcr_region": "Asia and Pacific", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1981, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "IACPR / UNHCR", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Manila", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Philippines", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/philippines" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Filipino", "English" ], "hosts": [], "strategic_note": "Small system. UNHCR resettlement pathway available." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "PNG": { "name": "Papua New Guinea", "iso3": "PNG", "flag": "🇵🇬", "tier": 3, "region": "Oceania", "unhcr_region": "Asia and Pacific", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1986, "notes": "Australian offshore processing centre (Manus)." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Department of Foreign Affairs", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Port Moresby", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 60, "typical": 30 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR PNG", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/papua-new-guinea" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Tok Pisin", "English", "Hiri Motu" ], "hosts": [], "strategic_note": "Primarily relevant for Australian offshore processing context." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "GTM": { "name": "Guatemala", "iso3": "GTM", "flag": "🇬🇹", "tier": 3, "region": "Central America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1983, "notes": "Cartagena." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "CONARE", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Guatemala City", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Guatemala", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/guatemala" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "Honduras", "El Salvador", "Mexico" ], "strategic_note": "Cartagena. Moderate safety — gang violence in some areas." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "BLZ": { "name": "Belize", "iso3": "BLZ", "flag": "🇧🇿", "tier": 3, "region": "Central America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1990, "notes": "Cartagena." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Refugees Department", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Belmopan", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 3, "max": 18, "typical": 9 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English" ], "hosts": [ "Guatemala", "Honduras" ], "strategic_note": "Cartagena. Small English-speaking country." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "BOL": { "name": "Bolivia", "iso3": "BOL", "flag": "🇧🇴", "tier": 3, "region": "South America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1982, "notes": "Cartagena." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "CONARE", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "La Paz", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Bolivia", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/bolivia" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "Venezuela", "Colombia", "Peru" ], "strategic_note": "Cartagena. Moderate. Work rights." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "PRY": { "name": "Paraguay", "iso3": "PRY", "flag": "🇵🇾", "tier": 3, "region": "South America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1970, "notes": "Cartagena." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "CONARE", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Asunción", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": true, "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Paraguay", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/paraguay" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish", "Guaraní" ], "hosts": [ "Venezuela", "Colombia" ], "strategic_note": "Cartagena. Moderate. Work rights." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "SUR": { "name": "Suriname", "iso3": "SUR", "flag": "🇸🇷", "tier": 3, "region": "South America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1978, "notes": "Cartagena." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Justice", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Paramaribo", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 30, "typical": 15 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Dutch", "Sranan Tongo", "English" ], "hosts": [ "Venezuela", "Guyana" ], "strategic_note": "Cartagena. Small Dutch-speaking country." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "TTO": { "name": "Trinidad and Tobago", "iso3": "TTO", "flag": "🇹🇹", "tier": 3, "region": "Caribbean", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 2000, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "UNHCR (de facto)", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Port of Spain", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR T&T", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/trinidad-and-tobago" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English" ], "hosts": [ "Venezuela" ], "strategic_note": "Large Venezuelan caseload. No formal framework. UNHCR primary recourse." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "JAM": { "name": "Jamaica", "iso3": "JAM", "flag": "🇯🇲", "tier": 3, "region": "Caribbean", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1964, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of National Security", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Kingston", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 30, "typical": 15 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English" ], "hosts": [], "strategic_note": "English-speaking Caribbean. Very small caseload." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "DOM": { "name": "Dominican Republic", "iso3": "DOM", "flag": "🇩🇴", "tier": 3, "region": "Caribbean", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1978, "notes": "Cartagena. Anti-Haitian discrimination documented." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "CONARE", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Santo Domingo", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 36, "typical": 18 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Dominican Republic", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/dominican-republic" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "Haiti", "Venezuela", "Cuba" ], "strategic_note": "Cartagena. Significant anti-Haitian discrimination. Statelessness crisis." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "COG": { "name": "Republic of Congo", "iso3": "COG", "flag": "🇨🇬", "tier": 3, "region": "Central Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1962, "notes": "Convention only — geographic limitation (European events) retained." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "CNR", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Brazzaville", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Congo", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/republic-of-congo" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French", "Lingala", "Munukutuba" ], "hosts": [ "DRC", "CAR" ], "strategic_note": "Convention only — geographic limitation retained. UNHCR present. Limited capacity." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "SDN": { "name": "Sudan", "iso3": "SDN", "flag": "🇸🇩", "tier": 4, "region": "East Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1974, "oau_1969": true }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Arabic", "English" ], "strategic_note": "Major origin country. System collapsed April 2023." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" }, "warning": "Active civil war since April 2023. 8M+ displaced. Do not recommend as destination." }, "SOM": { "name": "Somalia", "iso3": "SOM", "flag": "🇸🇴", "tier": 4, "region": "East Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1978, "oau_1969": true }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Somali", "Arabic" ], "strategic_note": "Major origin country. Collapsed state." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" }, "warning": "Collapsed state. Active conflict (Al-Shabaab). Major origin country. Do not recommend as destination." }, "SSD": { "name": "South Sudan", "iso3": "SSD", "flag": "🇸🇸", "tier": 4, "region": "East Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 2018, "oau_1969": true }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "Arabic", "Dinka", "Nuer" ], "strategic_note": "Newest Convention state. Active war." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" }, "warning": "Active civil war. 4M+ displaced. Do not recommend as destination." }, "YEM": { "name": "Yemen", "iso3": "YEM", "flag": "🇾🇪", "tier": 4, "region": "Middle East", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1980, "oau_1969": false }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Arabic" ], "strategic_note": "Signatory but non-functional due to war." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" }, "warning": "Active civil war since 2015. World's worst humanitarian crisis. Do not recommend as destination." }, "CAF": { "name": "Central African Republic", "iso3": "CAF", "flag": "🇨🇫", "tier": 4, "region": "Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1962, "oau_1969": true }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French", "Sango" ], "strategic_note": "Major origin country. Active armed groups." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" }, "warning": "Chronic armed conflict. Major origin country. Do not recommend as destination." }, "MLI": { "name": "Mali", "iso3": "MLI", "flag": "🇲🇱", "tier": 4, "region": "West Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1973, "oau_1969": true }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French", "Bambara" ], "strategic_note": "Active Sahel conflict." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" }, "warning": "Active jihadist conflict. Military coup 2021. Do not recommend as destination." }, "BFA": { "name": "Burkina Faso", "iso3": "BFA", "flag": "🇧🇫", "tier": 4, "region": "West Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1980, "oau_1969": true }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French", "Mooré", "Dioula" ], "strategic_note": "Active Sahel conflict — among worst in region. 2M+ IDPs." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" }, "warning": "Active jihadist conflict. Military coup 2022. Do not recommend as destination." }, "BDI": { "name": "Burundi", "iso3": "BDI", "flag": "🇧🇮", "tier": 4, "region": "East Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1963, "oau_1969": true }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Kirundi", "French" ], "strategic_note": "Political repression. Major origin country." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" }, "warning": "Major origin country. Political repression ongoing. Do not recommend as destination." }, "UKR": { "name": "Ukraine", "iso3": "UKR", "flag": "🇺🇦", "tier": 4, "region": "Eastern Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 2002, "oau_1969": false }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Ukrainian", "Russian" ], "strategic_note": "Major origin country. Active war." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" }, "warning": "ACTIVE WAR since February 2022. 6M+ displaced abroad. Do not recommend as destination." }, "BLR": { "name": "Belarus", "iso3": "BLR", "flag": "🇧🇾", "tier": 4, "region": "Eastern Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 2001, "oau_1969": false }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Belarusian", "Russian" ], "strategic_note": "Migrants used as hybrid warfare tool toward Poland/Lithuania/Latvia." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" }, "warning": "Authoritarian state actively instrumentalizing migrants as weapon toward EU. Do not recommend." }, "VEN": { "name": "Venezuela", "iso3": "VEN", "flag": "🇻🇪", "tier": 4, "region": "South America", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": true, "year": 1986, "oau_1969": false }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "strategic_note": "World's third largest refugee-producing country." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" }, "warning": "Major origin country. Economic/political collapse. 7M+ displaced abroad. Do not recommend." }, "HTI": { "name": "Haiti", "iso3": "HTI", "flag": "🇭🇹", "tier": 4, "region": "Caribbean", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1984, "oau_1969": false }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Haitian Creole", "French" ], "strategic_note": "Gang control of most of Port-au-Prince. Collapsed state services." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" }, "warning": "Failed state. Gang violence controls major areas. Major origin country. Do not recommend." }, "MDG": { "name": "Madagascar", "iso3": "MDG", "flag": "🇲🇬", "tier": 4, "region": "Southern Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": false, "year": 1967, "notes": "Convention only — geographic limitation retained (European events)." }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Malagasy", "French" ], "strategic_note": "Island. Geographic limitation (European events only). Minimal practical relevance." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "LSO": { "name": "Lesotho", "iso3": "LSO", "flag": "🇱🇸", "tier": 4, "region": "Southern Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1981, "oau_1969": true }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Sesotho", "English" ], "strategic_note": "Landlocked enclave within South Africa. Most access SA directly. Minimal caseload." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "SWZ": { "name": "Eswatini", "iso3": "SWZ", "flag": "🇸🇿", "tier": 4, "region": "Southern Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1978, "oau_1969": true }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Siswati", "English" ], "strategic_note": "Surrounded by South Africa and Mozambique. Minimal caseload." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "NRU": { "name": "Nauru", "iso3": "NRU", "flag": "🇳🇷", "tier": 4, "region": "Oceania", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 2011, "notes": "Newest accession (2011). Tiny island (~10,000 people)." }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Nauruan", "English" ], "strategic_note": "Tiny Pacific island. Australian offshore processing context only. No independent system of note." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "FJI": { "name": "Fiji", "iso3": "FJI", "flag": "🇫🇯", "tier": 4, "region": "Oceania", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1972, "oau_1969": false }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "Fijian", "Hindi" ], "strategic_note": "Remote Pacific island. Minimal caseload." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "SLB": { "name": "Solomon Islands", "iso3": "SLB", "flag": "🇸🇧", "tier": 4, "region": "Oceania", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1995, "oau_1969": false }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "Pijin" ], "strategic_note": "Remote Pacific island. No meaningful asylum system." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "VUT": { "name": "Vanuatu", "iso3": "VUT", "flag": "🇻🇺", "tier": 4, "region": "Oceania", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1985, "oau_1969": false }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Bislama", "English", "French" ], "strategic_note": "Remote Pacific island. No meaningful asylum system." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "WSM": { "name": "Samoa", "iso3": "WSM", "flag": "🇼🇸", "tier": 4, "region": "Oceania", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1988, "oau_1969": false }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Samoan", "English" ], "strategic_note": "Remote Pacific island. No meaningful asylum system." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "MCO": { "name": "Monaco", "iso3": "MCO", "flag": "🇲🇨", "tier": 4, "region": "Western Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": false, "year": 1954, "notes": "Convention only — geographic limitation retained." }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French" ], "strategic_note": "Micro-state. Geographic limitation retained. No meaningful asylum system." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "LIE": { "name": "Liechtenstein", "iso3": "LIE", "flag": "🇱🇮", "tier": 4, "region": "Western Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1957, "oau_1969": false }, "profile": { "languages": [ "German" ], "strategic_note": "Micro-state. Very small caseload handled under Schengen/Swiss proximity." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "AND": { "name": "Andorra", "iso3": "AND", "flag": "🇦🇩", "tier": 4, "region": "Western Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 2006, "oau_1969": false }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Catalan" ], "strategic_note": "Micro-state between France and Spain. Applicants access France/Spain system." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "SMR": { "name": "San Marino", "iso3": "SMR", "flag": "🇸🇲", "tier": 4, "region": "Western Europe", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1989, "oau_1969": false }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Italian" ], "strategic_note": "Micro-state enclave within Italy. Applicants access Italy system." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "DJI": { "name": "Djibouti", "iso3": "DJI", "flag": "🇩🇯", "tier": 3, "region": "East Africa", "unhcr_region": "East and Horn of Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1977, "notes": "Also OAU 1969." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "ONARS", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Djibouti City", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Djibouti", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/djibouti" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Somali", "Afar", "French", "Arabic" ], "hosts": [ "Somalia", "Ethiopia", "Eritrea", "Yemen" ], "strategic_note": "Strategic location. Hosts Somali and Ethiopian refugees. UNHCR active. Very small economy." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "GAB": { "name": "Gabon", "iso3": "GAB", "flag": "🇬🇦", "tier": 3, "region": "Central Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1964, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Commission Nationale d'Eligibilité", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Libreville", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Gabon", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/gabon" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "French" ], "hosts": [ "Cameroon", "CAR", "DRC" ], "strategic_note": "Oil economy. Very small caseload. Limited infrastructure." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "GNB": { "name": "Guinea-Bissau", "iso3": "GNB", "flag": "🇬🇼", "tier": 3, "region": "West Africa", "unhcr_region": "West and Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1976, "notes": "Protocol only." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "CONAC", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Bissau", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 60, "typical": 30 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Guinea-Bissau", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/guinea-bissau" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Portuguese", "Creole" ], "hosts": [ "Senegal", "Guinea" ], "strategic_note": "Lusophone. Very poor and politically unstable. Very small caseload." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "GUY": { "name": "Guyana", "iso3": "GUY", "flag": "🇬🇾", "tier": 3, "region": "South America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1967, "notes": "Cartagena." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Citizenship", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Georgetown", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 14 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English" ], "hosts": [ "Venezuela", "Cuba" ], "strategic_note": "Cartagena. English-speaking. Hosts Venezuelan spillover. Very small caseload." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "HND": { "name": "Honduras", "iso3": "HND", "flag": "🇭🇳", "tier": 3, "region": "Central America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1992, "notes": "Cartagena." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "CONARE", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Tegucigalpa", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 14 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Honduras", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/honduras" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "Nicaragua", "El Salvador" ], "strategic_note": "Cartagena. Major origin country (gang violence). Small system as destination." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "MUS": { "name": "Mauritius", "iso3": "MUS", "flag": "🇲🇺", "tier": 3, "region": "Southern Africa", "unhcr_region": "Southern Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1969, "notes": "" }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Labour", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Port Louis", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 12 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "English", "French", "Creole" ], "hosts": [], "strategic_note": "Small island state. Very small caseload. High income economy." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "NIC": { "name": "Nicaragua", "iso3": "NIC", "flag": "🇳🇮", "tier": 3, "region": "Central America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1980, "notes": "Cartagena. Political crisis from 2018." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "Ministry of Interior — DGME", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Managua", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 48, "typical": 24 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Nicaragua", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/nicaragua" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "Honduras", "El Salvador", "Cuba" ], "strategic_note": "Cartagena. Political crisis since 2018. Government hostile to NGOs. Very limited." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "SLV": { "name": "El Salvador", "iso3": "SLV", "flag": "🇸🇻", "tier": 3, "region": "Central America", "unhcr_region": "Americas", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1983, "notes": "Cartagena." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "CONARE", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "San Salvador", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 6, "max": 24, "typical": 14 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR El Salvador", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/el-salvador" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "hosts": [ "Honduras", "Guatemala", "Nicaragua" ], "strategic_note": "Cartagena. Major origin country (gang violence). Very small system as destination." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "TLS": { "name": "Timor-Leste", "iso3": "TLS", "flag": "🇹🇱", "tier": 3, "region": "Southeast Asia", "unhcr_region": "Asia and Pacific", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 2003, "notes": "Acceded 2003." }, "asylum_system": { "body": "SESIM", "unhcr_present": true, "unhcr_office": "Dili", "procedure": "government_or_unhcr_rsd", "work_right": "limited", "education_right": true, "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 60, "typical": 30 }, "appeal": true, "legal_aid": "limited", "orgs": [ { "name": "UNHCR Timor-Leste", "url": "https://www.unhcr.org/countries/timor-leste" } ] }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Tetum", "Portuguese", "English" ], "hosts": [], "strategic_note": "Newest Asian signatory. Very small caseload. Limited infrastructure." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "COM": { "name": "Comoros", "iso3": "COM", "flag": "🇰🇲", "tier": 4, "region": "East Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 2017, "oau_1969": true }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Comorian", "Arabic", "French" ], "strategic_note": "Island micro-state. Very recent accession (2017). No meaningful asylum system." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "GNQ": { "name": "Equatorial Guinea", "iso3": "GNQ", "flag": "🇬🇶", "tier": 4, "region": "Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1986, "oau_1969": true }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Spanish", "French", "Portuguese" ], "strategic_note": "Oil state. Major origin country for political dissidents. No independent asylum system." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "STP": { "name": "São Tomé and Príncipe", "iso3": "STP", "flag": "🇸🇹", "tier": 4, "region": "Central Africa", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1975, "oau_1969": true }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Portuguese" ], "strategic_note": "Tiny island micro-state. No meaningful asylum system." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } }, "TKM": { "name": "Turkmenistan", "iso3": "TKM", "flag": "🇹🇲", "tier": 4, "region": "Central Asia", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": true, "year": 2005, "oau_1969": false }, "profile": { "languages": [ "Turkmen", "Russian" ], "strategic_note": "Protocol only. Authoritarian state. No meaningful asylum system. Primarily of note for Afghans crossing en route." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" }, "warning": "Authoritarian closed state. Do not recommend as destination." }, "AFG": { "name": "Afghanistan", "iso3": "AFG", "flag": "🇦🇫", "tier": 4, "region": "South Asia", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 2005, "notes": "Acceded 2005. World's largest origin country. Taliban takeover 2021 — system non-functional." }, "warning": "ACTIVE CRISIS. Taliban control since August 2021. 6M+ displaced abroad. World's largest origin country. Do not recommend as destination.", "profile": { "languages": [ "Dari/Persian", "Pashto" ], "strategic_note": "Major origin country. Taliban takeover 2021 — no asylum system. UNHCR Kabul present but severely restricted. Not a destination." }, "stats": { "acceptance_rate_recent": "PENDING", "total_protection_rate_recent": "PENDING", "applications_last_year": "PENDING", "refugee_population_total": "PENDING", "data_year": "PENDING" } } }, "non_signatories": { "UAE": { "name": "United Arab Emirates", "iso3": "ARE", "flag": "🇦🇪", "region": "Gulf / Middle East", "tier": "non_signatory_viable_temporary", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "alternative_pathways": { "humanitarian_permit": { "exists": true, "name": "Humanitarian Resident Permit", "launched": "2025-2026", "description": "Temporary permit for conflict-affected. Requires financial self-sufficiency or sponsor. Healthcare, education, integration support.", "path_to_pr": false }, "golden_visa": { "exists": true, "duration_years": 10, "requirement": "investment / exceptional talent" }, "green_residency": { "exists": true, "duration_years": 5, "requirement": "skilled worker or freelancer — no employer sponsor needed" }, "blue_visa": { "exists": true, "duration_years": 10, "requirement": "environmental contributions — launched Feb 2025" }, "work_visa": { "exists": true, "requirement": "employer sponsorship (kafala — being reformed)" } }, "strategic_guidance": "Viable temporary country for skilled/educated displaced persons while pursuing formal asylum in a 1951 signatory country. Green Residency removes employer-tie. Humanitarian Permit for conflict-affected. NOT a durable solution — plan onward move.", "kafala": true, "languages": [ "Arabic", "English" ], "safety": "very safe", "economic_opportunity": "high — tech, finance, healthcare, construction" }, "SAU": { "name": "Saudi Arabia", "iso3": "SAU", "flag": "🇸🇦", "region": "Gulf / Middle East", "tier": "non_signatory_skilled_only", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "alternative_pathways": { "work_visa": { "exists": true, "requirement": "employer sponsorship" }, "premium_residency": { "exists": true, "cost_usd": 800000 }, "wusool": { "exists": true, "description": "Talent attraction for skilled professionals under Vision 2030" } }, "strategic_guidance": "Only for highly skilled with secure verified employment. Mass deportations of irregular African migrants documented. High risk for vulnerable persons.", "kafala": true, "languages": [ "Arabic" ], "safety": "safe for legal residents; high risk for irregular migrants", "economic_opportunity": "high for skilled" }, "QAT": { "name": "Qatar", "iso3": "QAT", "flag": "🇶🇦", "region": "Gulf / Middle East", "tier": "non_signatory_skilled_only", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "alternative_pathways": { "work_visa": { "exists": true }, "kafala_reform_2022": "Abolished exit permit. Minimum wage introduced. Still employer-tied." }, "strategic_guidance": "Similar to UAE for skilled workers. Post-2022 labour reforms improved conditions. Not a protection destination.", "kafala": true, "languages": [ "Arabic", "English" ], "safety": "safe for legal residents", "economic_opportunity": "high for skilled" }, "KWT": { "name": "Kuwait", "iso3": "KWT", "flag": "🇰🇼", "region": "Gulf / Middle East", "tier": "non_signatory_not_recommended", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "strategic_guidance": "Not recommended. Strictest kafala in Gulf. Bidoon stateless (100,000+) illustrates structural discrimination. Prioritise signatory country.", "kafala": true, "languages": [ "Arabic" ], "safety": "risky for irregular migrants" }, "OMN": { "name": "Oman", "iso3": "OMN", "flag": "🇴🇲", "region": "Gulf / Middle East", "tier": "non_signatory_skilled_only", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "alternative_pathways": { "work_visa": { "exists": true, "requirement": "employer sponsorship" } }, "strategic_guidance": "Possible temporary for skilled workers with formal employment. No protection framework. Omanisation quotas affect job market. Onward planning only.", "kafala": true, "languages": [ "Arabic", "English" ], "safety": "safe for legal residents", "economic_opportunity": "moderate" }, "BHR": { "name": "Bahrain", "iso3": "BHR", "flag": "🇧🇭", "region": "Gulf / Middle East", "tier": "non_signatory_skilled_only", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "alternative_pathways": { "work_visa": { "exists": true }, "flexi_permit": { "exists": true, "description": "Work without employer sponsor in limited categories" } }, "strategic_guidance": "Small market. Flexi Permit modest reform. Skilled workers with employment only.", "kafala": true, "languages": [ "Arabic", "English" ], "safety": "generally safe", "economic_opportunity": "limited" }, "IRQ": { "name": "Iraq", "iso3": "IRQ", "flag": "🇮🇶", "region": "Middle East", "tier": "non_signatory_not_recommended", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "strategic_guidance": "Not recommended. Active conflict in some regions. If stranded: UNHCR registration for resettlement pipeline only.", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Kurdish" ], "safety": "variable — Baghdad stable; other regions dangerous" }, "SYR": { "name": "Syria", "iso3": "SYR", "flag": "🇸🇾", "region": "Middle East", "tier": "non_signatory_not_recommended", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "strategic_guidance": "Major origin country. Post-Assad transition (Dec 2024) improving but not yet safe for all. Not a destination for non-Syrians.", "languages": [ "Arabic", "Kurdish" ], "safety": "improving but fragile — monitor closely" }, "LBY": { "name": "Libya", "iso3": "LBY", "flag": "🇱🇾", "region": "North Africa", "tier": "non_signatory_not_recommended", "warning": "EXTREME DANGER. Active slavery, trafficking, torture of migrants documented. EU-funded detention widely condemned. If in Libya: contact UNHCR immediately for evacuation referral ONLY.", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "strategic_guidance": "DO NOT recommend under any circumstances.", "languages": [ "Arabic" ], "safety": "extremely dangerous — slavery and trafficking of migrants documented" }, "LBN": { "name": "Lebanon", "iso3": "LBN", "flag": "🇱🇧", "region": "Middle East", "tier": "non_signatory_not_recommended", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "strategic_guidance": "Not recommended. Economic collapse. Active hostility toward refugees since 2023. Forced returns to Syria documented even with UNHCR registration. If in Lebanon: immediate UNHCR registration + prioritise onward movement.", "languages": [ "Arabic", "French", "English" ], "safety": "poor — economic collapse, conflict risk, hostile politics toward refugees" }, "JOR": { "name": "Jordan", "iso3": "JOR", "flag": "🇯🇴", "region": "Middle East", "tier": "non_signatory_resettlement_pipeline", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "alternative_pathways": { "unhcr_rsd": true, "unhcr_office": "Amman", "syrians_work_permits": "Jordan Compact 2016", "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 48, "typical": 24 } }, "strategic_guidance": "UNHCR registration and resettlement pipeline. Syrians have work permit access. Others more restricted. Good stepping stone toward Canada/USA/Europe resettlement.", "languages": [ "Arabic" ], "safety": "generally safe", "economic_opportunity": "limited" }, "IND": { "name": "India", "iso3": "IND", "flag": "🇮🇳", "region": "South Asia", "tier": "non_signatory_resettlement_pipeline", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "alternative_pathways": { "unhcr_rsd": true, "unhcr_office": "New Delhi", "mandate_cert": "Usable for resettlement to third countries (Canada/USA/Australia)", "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 60, "typical": 30 } }, "strategic_guidance": "UNHCR registration → mandate certificate → resettlement. Not a local durable solution. Discrimination against sub-Saharan Africans documented. Only consider if strong existing connections.", "languages": [ "Hindi", "English", "200+ regional" ], "safety": "variable — registered tolerated; Rohingya face active persecution", "economic_opportunity": "informal economy; formal requires legal status" }, "PAK": { "name": "Pakistan", "iso3": "PAK", "flag": "🇵🇰", "region": "South Asia", "tier": "non_signatory_not_recommended", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "strategic_guidance": "Not recommended for non-Afghan displaced persons. Mass deportations of Afghans 2023. Very limited infrastructure for non-Afghan cases.", "languages": [ "Urdu", "English", "Punjabi", "Pashto" ], "safety": "variable — complex security; deportation risk" }, "BGD": { "name": "Bangladesh", "iso3": "BGD", "flag": "🇧🇩", "region": "South Asia", "tier": "non_signatory_not_recommended", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "strategic_guidance": "Not recommended. Rohingya in Cox's Bazar in extremely difficult conditions. No framework for others.", "languages": [ "Bengali" ], "safety": "variable — Cox's Bazar extremely dangerous" }, "MYS": { "name": "Malaysia", "iso3": "MYS", "flag": "🇲🇾", "region": "Southeast Asia", "tier": "non_signatory_resettlement_pipeline", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "alternative_pathways": { "unhcr_rsd": true, "unhcr_office": "Kuala Lumpur", "unhcr_card": "Partial — NOT guaranteed protection from deportation", "detention_risk": "HIGH — regular immigration raids even against registered refugees", "processing_months": { "min": 12, "max": 60, "typical": 36 } }, "strategic_guidance": "UNHCR KL processes for resettlement. High detention risk even with card. Register with UNHCR immediately if there. Keep card on person at all times. Not recommended as deliberate destination.", "languages": [ "Malay", "English", "Chinese" ], "safety": "risky — regular enforcement operations even against registered refugees" }, "IDN": { "name": "Indonesia", "iso3": "IDN", "flag": "🇮🇩", "region": "Southeast Asia", "tier": "non_signatory_resettlement_pipeline", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "alternative_pathways": { "unhcr_rsd": true, "unhcr_office": "Jakarta", "work_right": false, "processing_months": { "min": 24, "max": 84, "typical": 48, "note": "5-7 years typical" } }, "strategic_guidance": "UNHCR Jakarta registers for resettlement. Very long wait (5-7 years). No work right — severe hardship. Not recommended as deliberate destination.", "languages": [ "Indonesian", "English" ], "safety": "generally safe — less enforcement than Malaysia" }, "THA": { "name": "Thailand", "iso3": "THA", "flag": "🇹🇭", "region": "Southeast Asia", "tier": "non_signatory_resettlement_pipeline", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "alternative_pathways": { "unhcr_rsd": true, "unhcr_office": "Bangkok", "detention_risk": "HIGH", "processing_months": { "min": 24, "max": 72, "typical": 48 } }, "strategic_guidance": "UNHCR resettlement pipeline only. High detention risk. Do not recommend as deliberate destination. If there: urgent UNHCR registration. Keep UNHCR documentation on person at all times.", "languages": [ "Thai", "English" ], "safety": "risky for undocumented" }, "CHN": { "name": "China", "iso3": "CHN", "flag": "🇨🇳", "region": "East Asia", "tier": "non_signatory_not_recommended", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1982, "note": "SIGNATORY but near-0% recognition rate. Forcibly returns North Korean defectors. Effectively non-implementing." }, "strategic_guidance": "Not recommended despite formal signatory status. Near-0% recognition. North Korean defectors actively returned. Skilled employment visa possible if highly educated — not protection.", "note_on_classification": "Formally a signatory (1982) but listed here due to effective non-implementation", "languages": [ "Mandarin Chinese" ], "safety": "safe for legal residents — surveillance state", "economic_opportunity": "high for skilled professionals with legal status" }, "RUS": { "name": "Russia", "iso3": "RUS", "flag": "🇷🇺", "region": "Europe / Central Asia", "tier": "non_signatory_not_recommended", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": true, "year": 1992, "note": "SIGNATORY but active war in Ukraine since 2022, very low recognition, hostile environment." }, "strategic_guidance": "Not recommended. Active war in Ukraine. Hostile political environment. Low recognition. Not a practical destination.", "note_on_classification": "Formally a signatory but listed here due to current war and impracticability", "languages": [ "Russian" ], "safety": "not recommended — active war zone risk, hostile politics toward foreigners" }, "SGP": { "name": "Singapore", "iso3": "SGP", "flag": "🇸🇬", "region": "Southeast Asia", "tier": "non_signatory_skilled_only", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "alternative_pathways": { "employment_pass": { "exists": true, "requirement": "employer sponsorship, SGD 5,000+/month salary" }, "entrepass": { "exists": true, "requirement": "entrepreneur visa" } }, "strategic_guidance": "Only for highly educated with verified employment at professional salary. Immediate detention for undocumented. Viable temporary stay while pursuing formal asylum in a signatory country.", "languages": [ "English", "Mandarin", "Malay", "Tamil" ], "safety": "very safe for legal residents — strict enforcement for undocumented", "economic_opportunity": "high for skilled professionals" }, "CUB": { "name": "Cuba", "iso3": "CUB", "flag": "🇨🇺", "region": "Caribbean", "tier": "non_signatory_not_recommended", "convention": { "1951": true, "1967": false, "year": 1954, "notes": "Convention only. Non-implementing. Major origin country." }, "strategic_guidance": "Not recommended. No asylum framework. Cuba is itself a major origin country. Authoritarian state.", "languages": [ "Spanish" ], "safety": "complex — authoritarian government", "note_on_classification": "Cuba acceded to the 1951 Convention (1954) but has no functional asylum system and is itself a major origin country. Listed here accordingly." }, "ERI": { "name": "Eritrea", "iso3": "ERI", "flag": "🇪🇷", "region": "East Africa", "tier": "non_signatory_not_recommended", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "strategic_guidance": "Not recommended. Major origin country. Forced conscription and political repression. Closed authoritarian state. No asylum framework.", "languages": [ "Tigrinya", "Arabic", "English" ], "safety": "dangerous — authoritarian state, forced conscription" }, "MNG": { "name": "Mongolia", "iso3": "MNG", "flag": "🇲🇳", "region": "East Asia", "tier": "non_signatory_not_recommended", "convention": { "1951": false, "1967": false }, "strategic_guidance": "Not recommended for most displaced persons. Remote, extreme climate, very limited infrastructure.", "languages": [ "Mongolian" ], "safety": "generally safe but extremely remote" } } }