vectorstore/chunks_index.json

{"5ec6d299-5221-49bd-b53b-a56613570d39": {"text": "Abalone\nDescription\nAbalones are members of a large class (Gastropoda) of molluscs having one-piece shells. They belong to", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "5ec6d299-5221-49bd-b53b-a56613570d39"}}, "6eb86470-78b8-493f-aeab-d0b458f1712c": {"text": "the family Haliotidae and the genus Haliotis, which means sea ear, referring to the flattened shape of the\nshell.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "6eb86470-78b8-493f-aeab-d0b458f1712c"}}, "59f5b008-f24a-4fc3-9b28-567121b669a2": {"text": "shell.\nAbalone shells are rounded or oval with a large dome towards one end. The shell has a row of respiratory", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "59f5b008-f24a-4fc3-9b28-567121b669a2"}}, "713ac3ca-ede1-4a37-991c-919477457652": {"text": "pores. The muscular foot has strong suction power permitting the abalone to clamp tightly to rocky", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "713ac3ca-ede1-4a37-991c-919477457652"}}, "b90ae741-277c-4ee1-bcbe-db394847df34": {"text": "surfaces. An epipodium, a sensory structure and extension of the foot that bears tentacles, circles the foot", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "b90ae741-277c-4ee1-bcbe-db394847df34"}}, "ccb009d4-d2ef-4b0b-9f29-9d75955700de": {"text": "and projects beyond the shell edge in the living abalone. Nine species of abalone occur in North America:", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "ccb009d4-d2ef-4b0b-9f29-9d75955700de"}}, "046afde2-85ff-437a-8832-29278958bfbf": {"text": "black (H. cracherodii), flat (H. walallensis), green (H. fulgens), pink (H. corrugata), pinto (H.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "046afde2-85ff-437a-8832-29278958bfbf"}}, "cddfdc71-a095-4cc3-9dc0-a7719c9526a5": {"text": "kamtschatkana), red (H. rufescens), threaded (H. assimilis), Western Atlantic (H. pourtalesii), and white\n(H. sorenseni) abalone.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "cddfdc71-a095-4cc3-9dc0-a7719c9526a5"}}, "765f76fc-1cc5-49d4-980c-2ef2619f6c0b": {"text": "(H. sorenseni) abalone.\nBlack abalone (H. cracherodii) have black and smooth epipodium and tentacles. The shell surface is", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "765f76fc-1cc5-49d4-980c-2ef2619f6c0b"}}, "e29f4f6f-a4aa-488b-9d38-95eb4d025569": {"text": "black or dark blue, and smooth. There are 5 to 9 open pores, and the pores are flush with the shell", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "e29f4f6f-a4aa-488b-9d38-95eb4d025569"}}, "3e031e85-fd22-4aa1-8038-ad5b31338e1b": {"text": "surface. Black abalone range from Mendocino County, California to southern Baja California. They are", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "3e031e85-fd22-4aa1-8038-ad5b31338e1b"}}, "c19114db-c3a0-4cf8-be5c-1622f5d6f895": {"text": "found in intertidal and shallow subtidal zones down to a depth of about 20 feet. Black abalone reach 7.75\ninches in length, but are commonly 5 to 6 inches long.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "c19114db-c3a0-4cf8-be5c-1622f5d6f895"}}, "fd26eb44-aa75-45d2-b946-d6460874196a": {"text": "Flat abalone (H. walallensis) have a mottled yellowish and brown epipodium, with a pebbly appearing\nsurface and lacy edge. The tentacles are greenish and slender. The shell is flattened, narrow, and", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "fd26eb44-aa75-45d2-b946-d6460874196a"}}, "d88103ee-493a-44cb-8b33-55fa7ad5e647": {"text": "marked with low ribs. There are 5 to 6 open pores, and the pore edges are moderately elevated above", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "d88103ee-493a-44cb-8b33-55fa7ad5e647"}}, "775b470c-9fbd-4584-9c8f-ef9458f8897e": {"text": "the shell surface. Flat abalone range from British Columbia, Canada to San Diego, California. They are", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "775b470c-9fbd-4584-9c8f-ef9458f8897e"}}, "3d150233-1e74-4bdf-a4f9-6816822f3eea": {"text": "found in the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 70 feet. Flat abalone reach 7 inches in length, but\nare commonly under 5 inches.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "3d150233-1e74-4bdf-a4f9-6816822f3eea"}}, "41aa346f-ec69-4319-a1c9-34ba4391761e": {"text": "are commonly under 5 inches.\nGreen abalone (H. fulgens) have a mottled cream and brown epipodium, with tubercles scattered on the", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "41aa346f-ec69-4319-a1c9-34ba4391761e"}}, "1b5fa629-63d8-4b3a-9cf8-f206243cd20d": {"text": "surface and a frilly edge. The tentacles are olive green. The shell is usually brown, and its surface marked", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "1b5fa629-63d8-4b3a-9cf8-f206243cd20d"}}, "dfe84e63-73d1-45db-a6f2-6c8ae85793d8": {"text": "with many low, flat-topped ribs that run parallel to the pores. There are 5 to 7 open pores, and the pore", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "dfe84e63-73d1-45db-a6f2-6c8ae85793d8"}}, "049985df-f74b-4ff0-a693-8c7bdc9861a2": {"text": "edges are elevated above the shell surface. A groove often parallels the outer edge of the line of pores.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "049985df-f74b-4ff0-a693-8c7bdc9861a2"}}, "b985f4c4-086c-472f-a8f6-620220dff43e": {"text": "Green abalone range from Point Conception, California to Bahia Magdalena, Baja California. They are", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "b985f4c4-086c-472f-a8f6-620220dff43e"}}, "d6cb008d-a644-4f15-9930-007469a1caf7": {"text": "found in the intertidal and subtidal zones down to at least 30 feet. Green abalone are often found in", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "d6cb008d-a644-4f15-9930-007469a1caf7"}}, "4ac65cff-8c5f-470f-9cb3-21b74be6522b": {"text": "crevices where surfgrass and algal cover is dense. They reach 10 inches in length, but are generally\nsmaller.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "4ac65cff-8c5f-470f-9cb3-21b74be6522b"}}, "6a493f9e-dbfb-41f4-b680-824523c65e85": {"text": "smaller.\nPink abalone (H. corrugata) have a mottled black and white epipodium with many tubercles on the", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "6a493f9e-dbfb-41f4-b680-824523c65e85"}}, "22772eb9-0f52-4ce7-b224-d8bca99c30c4": {"text": "surface and a lacy edge. The foot is yellow to light orange. The tentacles are black. The shell is thick and", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "22772eb9-0f52-4ce7-b224-d8bca99c30c4"}}, "7b7f7d23-3718-4fbe-ba7e-1543c869b2c6": {"text": "its surface is marked with wavy corrugations. There are 2 to 4 open pores, and pore edges are strongly", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "7b7f7d23-3718-4fbe-ba7e-1543c869b2c6"}}, "b761ad8a-f53d-481a-a424-1118b1df1447": {"text": "elevated above the surface. Pink abalone range from Point Conception, California to Santa Maria Bay,", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "b761ad8a-f53d-481a-a424-1118b1df1447"}}, "1b885b2a-c4b5-4d1b-96ae-4dba1fb1d5ed": {"text": "Baja California. They are found in the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 120 feet, commonly in", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "1b885b2a-c4b5-4d1b-96ae-4dba1fb1d5ed"}}, "0d1d6bdb-b9e3-4208-99c2-37875ae18868": {"text": "beds of giant kelp. Pink abalone reach 10 inches in length, but individuals over 7 inches long are now\nrare.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "0d1d6bdb-b9e3-4208-99c2-37875ae18868"}}, "2b9d529f-f267-4543-9889-e920b1b890d8": {"text": "rare.\nPinto abalone (H. kamtschatkana) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium, with a pebbly", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "2b9d529f-f267-4543-9889-e920b1b890d8"}}, "17b38761-a12b-461f-93bc-379c9b6d0e4c": {"text": "appearing surface and lacy edge. Tentacles are yellowish brown, or occasionally green, and thin. The", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "17b38761-a12b-461f-93bc-379c9b6d0e4c"}}, "7505e6ea-d7d0-4fa1-8bd6-ceee63adbaa7": {"text": "shell is irregularly mottled and narrow. There are 3 to 6 open pores, and the pore edges are elevated", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "7505e6ea-d7d0-4fa1-8bd6-ceee63adbaa7"}}, "efa071f2-4a6a-4524-be3a-44ed73942154": {"text": "above the shell surface. A groove often parallels the line of pores. Pinto abalone range from Sitka, Alaska", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "efa071f2-4a6a-4524-be3a-44ed73942154"}}, "31f40273-c769-4909-bfa5-f628245b9b66": {"text": "to Monterey, California. They are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones down to at least 70 feet. Pinto", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "31f40273-c769-4909-bfa5-f628245b9b66"}}, "3d46498e-0b2e-4673-ba2b-e0bc13462c4b": {"text": "abalone reach 6.49 inches in length, but are commonly 4 inches long. Pinto abalone are also known\nregionally as northern abalone.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "3d46498e-0b2e-4673-ba2b-e0bc13462c4b"}}, "55c3c44a-2f2d-40c5-af9d-945081af06ed": {"text": "regionally as northern abalone.\nRed abalone (H. rufescens) usually have a black epipodium, but some specimens have a barred black", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "55c3c44a-2f2d-40c5-af9d-945081af06ed"}}, "d4a0d4c5-ff24-4b0b-a9f5-589f8540b747": {"text": "and cream pattern on their epipodium. The surface of the epipodium is smooth and broadly scalloped", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "d4a0d4c5-ff24-4b0b-a9f5-589f8540b747"}}, "01af392e-7eb7-4415-94f0-d853f14c81ed": {"text": "along the edge. The area around the foot is black and the sole is tan to grey. The tentacles are black. The", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "01af392e-7eb7-4415-94f0-d853f14c81ed"}}, "f3e294a0-03eb-45d4-a86e-a5adb8024f50": {"text": "shell surface is generally brick red and the inside edge is often red. There are 3 to 4 open pores, and the", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "f3e294a0-03eb-45d4-a86e-a5adb8024f50"}}, "724d3ac7-278d-4b6e-a1df-53ccce9f6b20": {"text": "pores are moderately elevated above the shell surface. Red abalone range from Sunset Bay, Oregon to", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "724d3ac7-278d-4b6e-a1df-53ccce9f6b20"}}, "d6c712ea-3d0e-4c15-bc64-8b0ddc55f4b6": {"text": "Tortugas, Baja California. North of Point Conception, they are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "d6c712ea-3d0e-4c15-bc64-8b0ddc55f4b6"}}, "a824d6d7-557e-4391-833c-c404983ed7c2": {"text": "down to at least 60 feet. South of Point Conception, they are found in the subtidal zone down to over 100\nfeet. Red abalone reach 12.3 inches in length, but are commonly 7 to 9 inches long.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "a824d6d7-557e-4391-833c-c404983ed7c2"}}, "d40bf18a-e8f0-484c-b5cf-fa2da0df2272": {"text": "Threaded abalone (H. assimilis) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium with a pebbly", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "d40bf18a-e8f0-484c-b5cf-fa2da0df2272"}}, "1ef0e056-7c10-46b5-86d2-9b58050fbcd1": {"text": "appearing surface and frilly edge. The tentacles are yellowish brown, short and thin. The shell is oval and", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "1ef0e056-7c10-46b5-86d2-9b58050fbcd1"}}, "37ff4a4d-c46f-4fa3-9a06-c8c9f9a1f19f": {"text": "the surface is marked with prominent ribs interspersed with narrow ones. There are 4 to 6 open pores,", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "37ff4a4d-c46f-4fa3-9a06-c8c9f9a1f19f"}}, "b01c36ac-b037-497f-a698-efb323d30489": {"text": "and the pores are moderately elevated above the shell surface. Threaded abalone range from San Luis", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "b01c36ac-b037-497f-a698-efb323d30489"}}, "988bd211-6858-412f-9d94-8f16ba721194": {"text": "Obispo County, California to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California. They are found in the subtidal zone from 20", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "988bd211-6858-412f-9d94-8f16ba721194"}}, "750cd1e0-7348-443b-82f3-c7304ca6d5ee": {"text": "feet down to at least 80 feet, commonly on rock surfaces. Threaded abalone reach 6 inches in length, but", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "750cd1e0-7348-443b-82f3-c7304ca6d5ee"}}, "d86c52a5-7452-4496-998e-f4b727563f06": {"text": "are commonly smaller. Threaded abalone are considered a subspecies of the pinto abalone by some\nscientists.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "d86c52a5-7452-4496-998e-f4b727563f06"}}, "314b61f1-1623-4a59-ba90-d074bc888b07": {"text": "scientists.\nWestern Atlantic abalone (H. pourtalesii) have a yellowish epipodium with large and small sensory", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "314b61f1-1623-4a59-ba90-d074bc888b07"}}, "57af8112-2feb-45b5-ada9-ecf4622b5e6b": {"text": "tentacles. The sole of the foot is tan. The shell is reddish-orange. Western Atlantic abalone range from", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "57af8112-2feb-45b5-ada9-ecf4622b5e6b"}}, "9c2086b5-2ee9-4933-9d11-98ced34aa6d9": {"text": "North Carolina through the Gulf of Mexico to Brazil. They are found from 187 feet down to at least 1,200\nfeet on hard substrates. The largest recorded shell had a length of about 1.2 inches.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "9c2086b5-2ee9-4933-9d11-98ced34aa6d9"}}, "ffcb628a-e616-49ed-937b-b905ef98622e": {"text": "White abalone (H. sorenseni) have a tan and pebbly epipodium. The sole of the foot is orange. The shell", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "ffcb628a-e616-49ed-937b-b905ef98622e"}}, "ac2b1295-38e0-4e5a-8784-917819e2ba51": {"text": "is deep, thin and oval. There are 3 to 5 open pores, and the edges of the pores are elevated above the", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "ac2b1295-38e0-4e5a-8784-917819e2ba51"}}, "e479a62c-e3cf-473e-ac24-3986ec211753": {"text": "shell surface. White abalone range from Point Conception to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California. Most white", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "e479a62c-e3cf-473e-ac24-3986ec211753"}}, "485b11b3-0410-4d31-94e5-4e476dd9bcdf": {"text": "abalone are found in the Channel Islands in California. White abalone are found in the subtidal zone\ndown to at least 200 feet. They are commonly found in open, exposed areas. White abalone reach 10", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "485b11b3-0410-4d31-94e5-4e476dd9bcdf"}}, "efdd0746-0522-4e0e-93e2-0482a688016c": {"text": "inches in length, but are commonly 5 to 8 inches long.\nNatural History\nAbalones reach sexual maturity at a small size, and fertility is high and increases exponentially with size.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "efdd0746-0522-4e0e-93e2-0482a688016c"}}, "5241d0e8-3c19-4ad4-a6c3-03d63c04379b": {"text": "Sexes are separate and fertilization is external. The eggs and sperm broadcast into the water through the", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "5241d0e8-3c19-4ad4-a6c3-03d63c04379b"}}, "640007b1-4ccd-4e9a-8b07-574bcd29e2a9": {"text": "pores with the respiratory current. A 1.5 inch abalone may spawn 10,000 eggs or more at a time, while an", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "640007b1-4ccd-4e9a-8b07-574bcd29e2a9"}}, "cfd5ef99-0a56-49fe-958c-2ea41d34e524": {"text": "8 inch abalone may spawn 11 million or more eggs. The spawning season varies among species with\nblack, green and pink abalone spawning between spring and fall, and pinto abalone spawning during the", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "cfd5ef99-0a56-49fe-958c-2ea41d34e524"}}, "6c321a30-da8b-4b14-9454-78f608a8be21": {"text": "summer. Red abalone in some locations spawn throughout the year. The fertilized eggs hatch into", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "6c321a30-da8b-4b14-9454-78f608a8be21"}}, "dd96f1b3-7aef-4933-a77e-e2f2134fcfbf": {"text": "floating larvae that feed on plankton until their shells begin to form. Once the shell forms, the juvenile", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "dd96f1b3-7aef-4933-a77e-e2f2134fcfbf"}}, "71da8d5f-1b19-4878-a0a0-75d696c19cc1": {"text": "abalone sinks to the bottom where it clings to rocks and crevices with its single powerful foot. Settling", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "71da8d5f-1b19-4878-a0a0-75d696c19cc1"}}, "3d18c7c5-ef8c-4d38-bdc2-f5fd6d89ddb6": {"text": "rates appear to be variable. After settling, abalones change their diet and feed on macroalgae.\nExcept for black abalone, hybridization for abalone species is not uncommon in areas where several", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "3d18c7c5-ef8c-4d38-bdc2-f5fd6d89ddb6"}}, "51acbc32-f60d-4b31-a1da-28c165375a0d": {"text": "species occur together. There are 12 recognized hybrids in southern California and northern Baja\nCalifornia.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "51acbc32-f60d-4b31-a1da-28c165375a0d"}}, "09ed0cc0-ab9e-4e74-adf1-4bf9439835df": {"text": "California.\nLimited growth information is available for abalones. Commercial sizes of 6.25 inches for pinks, seven", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "09ed0cc0-ab9e-4e74-adf1-4bf9439835df"}}, "ad500111-7651-4634-9766-6faf6a02ec5c": {"text": "inches for greens and 7.75 inches for reds are reached after a minimum of 10 to 15 years in southern\nCalifornia. Pinto abalone reach about 2.5 inches in a minimum of 6 years.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "ad500111-7651-4634-9766-6faf6a02ec5c"}}, "189233f2-e4c2-4b69-8c1a-aebe54d3e8ef": {"text": "Juvenile abalones feed on rock-encrusting coralline algae and on diatom and bacterial films. Adult", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "189233f2-e4c2-4b69-8c1a-aebe54d3e8ef"}}, "7a01c960-462a-4be1-962d-714fa9b3d9b5": {"text": "abalones feed primarily on loose pieces of marine algae drifting with the surge or current. Large brown", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "7a01c960-462a-4be1-962d-714fa9b3d9b5"}}, "73207a8b-7613-4b69-bec8-429a5209f57e": {"text": "algae such as giant kelp, bull kelp, feather boa kelp and elk kelp are preferred, although other species of\nalgae may be eaten at various times.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "73207a8b-7613-4b69-bec8-429a5209f57e"}}, "556a8192-3aea-43fd-9924-43cc5c9f53e0": {"text": "algae may be eaten at various times.\nAbalone eggs and larvae are consumed by filter-feeding fish and shellfish. Predators of juvenile abalones", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "556a8192-3aea-43fd-9924-43cc5c9f53e0"}}, "dc92fe94-5ee9-477c-8564-226220f22319": {"text": "include crabs, lobsters, gastropods, octopuses, seastars, and fishes. The bat ray in southern California\nand the sea otter in central California prey selectively on larger abalones.\nProduction", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "dc92fe94-5ee9-477c-8564-226220f22319"}}, "60ec351a-3ed3-4fc8-938c-1c1b36ce1678": {"text": "Production\nIn decreasing order of total catch between 1950 and 1995, red (46.6%), pink (41.2%), black (8.7%), green", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "60ec351a-3ed3-4fc8-938c-1c1b36ce1678"}}, "2005b54f-5712-4681-8218-0b8b3850f0a6": {"text": "(3.5%), and white (>1%) abalones have all been harvested in California. Since 1993, only red abalone", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "2005b54f-5712-4681-8218-0b8b3850f0a6"}}, "296cc890-1696-4549-b4bf-d2b7911f090a": {"text": "have been taken commercially, and the Fish and Game Commission closed all red abalone harvest south", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "296cc890-1696-4549-b4bf-d2b7911f090a"}}, "1c8d453f-a4c6-47af-ad9d-dcb72fe46d8b": {"text": "of San Francisco in May 1997. Pinto abalone are commercially harvested in Alaska and British Columbia.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "1c8d453f-a4c6-47af-ad9d-dcb72fe46d8b"}}, "1507e528-2340-48a7-a43f-19e2a0a2a427": {"text": "Flat and threaded abalones have limited distributions and neither is common. The western Atlantic\nabalone is rare and is not fished commercially.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "1507e528-2340-48a7-a43f-19e2a0a2a427"}}, "525b089e-f4c7-4114-a88b-182736d0b94a": {"text": "abalone is rare and is not fished commercially.\nAquaculture of red, pink, and green abalones occurs in California. There is limited aquaculture of green", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "525b089e-f4c7-4114-a88b-182736d0b94a"}}, "9bdd558c-9890-4c73-b419-559d3c32f44d": {"text": "and H. diversicolor supertexta abalones in Hawaii.\nCalifornia. The commercial fishery for abalones in California began in the 1850's. Chinese Americans", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "9bdd558c-9890-4c73-b419-559d3c32f44d"}}, "5ed52cf5-b4ba-457f-aa21-5e21e013169d": {"text": "initially harvested intertidal green and black abalones with skiffs using long, hooked poles. This fishery", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "5ed52cf5-b4ba-457f-aa21-5e21e013169d"}}, "645b319b-dceb-4ada-a7a8-ab99c813678b": {"text": "was eliminated in California in 1900 by closure of shallow waters to commercial harvest. Japanese", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "645b319b-dceb-4ada-a7a8-ab99c813678b"}}, "b5f99d5a-068d-44c4-8f04-1e329b70f11f": {"text": "American divers followed the Chinese Americans as the fishery moved to the subtidal zone. Initially, free", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "b5f99d5a-068d-44c4-8f04-1e329b70f11f"}}, "5bcc0ac4-d37b-4928-b12e-36daed6c7725": {"text": "divers working from barrel floats harvested abalones. Later, hard-hat divers harvested abalones from", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "5bcc0ac4-d37b-4928-b12e-36daed6c7725"}}, "279fc0d5-87c7-4c39-8cd7-ba841c8fc20a": {"text": "deeper waters. In the late 1950's, \"hooka\" gear, which supplied air from the surface to divers using light", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "279fc0d5-87c7-4c39-8cd7-ba841c8fc20a"}}, "5770ebda-c13a-49e7-bfe0-48dda323b20e": {"text": "masks, fins and wet suits, began replacing hard-hat gear. Since the 1970's, multi-hose hooka gear and\nspecialized, high-speed, seaworthy boats have become common in the fishery.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "5770ebda-c13a-49e7-bfe0-48dda323b20e"}}, "3455cdb3-2393-48bf-b34a-024f04ac23c9": {"text": "In California, abalone divers must use underwater diving gear consisting of an above-surface air pump", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "3455cdb3-2393-48bf-b34a-024f04ac23c9"}}, "37f3b8fd-24e6-4519-bf0d-b7af68d58549": {"text": "operated from a boat and at least 100 feet of air hose, and must be fully submerged while taking abalone.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "37f3b8fd-24e6-4519-bf0d-b7af68d58549"}}, "db17b193-9775-46b6-8fc8-572c4949fd80": {"text": "Abalones may be taken only by hand or with abalone irons. An abalone iron is a flat device not more than", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "db17b193-9775-46b6-8fc8-572c4949fd80"}}, "b2c2a6c4-7a9e-4c6a-a42b-5fe23b8282ca": {"text": "36\" long and not less than 1/16 inch thick, with rounded smooth edges and a curve with a radius of less", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "b2c2a6c4-7a9e-4c6a-a42b-5fe23b8282ca"}}, "5aca7152-5763-4282-8e03-189808d4f9cb": {"text": "than 18 inches. The commercial abalone fishery in California is managed through size limits, limits on the", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "5aca7152-5763-4282-8e03-189808d4f9cb"}}, "d718e74f-8761-49fe-b4ac-c7e661684702": {"text": "number of permits for commercial abalone divers, and restrictions on harvesting areas. Minimum", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "d718e74f-8761-49fe-b4ac-c7e661684702"}}, "792c972e-d7d4-40ad-b87c-82885e692434": {"text": "commercial size limits in California are: 7-3/4 inches for red abalone, 7 inches for green abalone, 6-1/4", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "792c972e-d7d4-40ad-b87c-82885e692434"}}, "e01f5163-5a1e-4eb5-83c6-0fad8fca093e": {"text": "inches for pink or white abalone, 5-3/4 inches for black abalone, and 4 inches for pinto, threaded, and flat", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "e01f5163-5a1e-4eb5-83c6-0fad8fca093e"}}, "0421d53d-91d3-4e29-bf58-72a73f748b22": {"text": "abalone. Commercial harvesting is prohibited during January, February and August. A moratorium on", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "0421d53d-91d3-4e29-bf58-72a73f748b22"}}, "51121cc3-507b-4df5-b801-c6a579d55f5a": {"text": "commercial harvesting of black abalone began in July, 1993, and extends through January 1, 1997. It is", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "51121cc3-507b-4df5-b801-c6a579d55f5a"}}, "135afc6a-b75e-4365-a41e-bd1dc45bd7e7": {"text": "unlikely that stocks of black abalone will recover enough for the fishery to reopen. In June, 1994, the\nCalifornia Department of Fish and Game proposed and the Fish and Game Commission adopted", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "135afc6a-b75e-4365-a41e-bd1dc45bd7e7"}}, "7e8aa579-54a1-4d80-a8d3-c68180a53087": {"text": "effective January 1, 1995 a two-year closure on sport and commercial harvesting of pink, green and white\nabalone. Prices to fishermen for red abalone were around $500 to $600 per dozen in 1993-94.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "7e8aa579-54a1-4d80-a8d3-c68180a53087"}}, "b83b9ed4-bed6-4b4a-9f1b-f4738deaf1cb": {"text": "The California commercial abalone harvest reached a record 5.4 million pounds in 1957. Since then,", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "b83b9ed4-bed6-4b4a-9f1b-f4738deaf1cb"}}, "16c320e8-1186-4df2-9982-64af00ae3876": {"text": "commercial harvests have declined dramatically to about 461,376 pounds in 1993. Current stocks of most", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "16c320e8-1186-4df2-9982-64af00ae3876"}}, "60bc05e8-29b9-4c70-93e2-4fe3978e6460": {"text": "abalone species in central and southern California are over utilized. This is the combined result of\ncommercial harvest efficiency, increased market demand, sport fishery expansion, an expanding", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "60bc05e8-29b9-4c70-93e2-4fe3978e6460"}}, "ff182753-44f0-4428-a1b5-0d86020191bb": {"text": "population of sea otters, pollution of mainland habitat, unexplained mortalities of black abalone due to a", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "ff182753-44f0-4428-a1b5-0d86020191bb"}}, "c41ee017-40cd-44a4-b5f5-9fd2f58ff975": {"text": "condition known as \"withering syndrome,\" and loss of kelp populations associated with El Ni\u00f1o events.\nManagement efforts through size limits and limits on commercial harvesting permits have been", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "c41ee017-40cd-44a4-b5f5-9fd2f58ff975"}}, "825d24e0-a6bb-4039-b635-59a4de0be2b0": {"text": "ineffective. Reseeding experiments have not been successful. Commercial abalone harvesting in", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "825d24e0-a6bb-4039-b635-59a4de0be2b0"}}, "42eb910e-5bd2-4045-b797-ec3e454989f7": {"text": "California may be eliminated if the sea otter range is not contained. Studies in a California fishery reserve", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "42eb910e-5bd2-4045-b797-ec3e454989f7"}}, "84493ec1-08c7-4929-bc78-f7063d5676f3": {"text": "have shown that even protected populations cannot support a fishery within the sea otter range in central", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "84493ec1-08c7-4929-bc78-f7063d5676f3"}}, "2653b2ed-7663-4cda-8093-f086e5142a97": {"text": "California. New laws pending in the 1997 Legislature would establish a multi-year moratorium on the", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "2653b2ed-7663-4cda-8093-f086e5142a97"}}, "8f9cf031-3ac7-4006-b058-5515411845a6": {"text": "commercial and recreational harvest of all species of abalone south of the entrance to San Francisco Bay\nuntil stocks have demonstrated some level of recovery and a new management plan is in effect.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "8f9cf031-3ac7-4006-b058-5515411845a6"}}, "f19a2dfb-e22e-4609-9977-aa0357ca8d03": {"text": "Alaska. The southeast Alaska commercial abalone fishery was sporadic and local prior to 1971. Shore\npicking was the primary harvesting method, but after 1960 some scuba gear was used. The fishery", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "f19a2dfb-e22e-4609-9977-aa0357ca8d03"}}, "178829ca-6a37-445b-8ad8-f9868013b09e": {"text": "increased dramatically during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, increased product demand, and", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "178829ca-6a37-445b-8ad8-f9868013b09e"}}, "f8872ddf-a039-4d49-98bc-476edab3c0a3": {"text": "the use of larger vessels. The Alaska abalone harvest reached a record 315,000 pounds in 1978-79, and", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "f8872ddf-a039-4d49-98bc-476edab3c0a3"}}, "d5c1867e-b5f6-47c6-b371-6f5ea0196fcf": {"text": "then fell to about 36,000 pounds in 1992-93 when a minimum size limit was instituted. The Alaska pinto", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "d5c1867e-b5f6-47c6-b371-6f5ea0196fcf"}}, "32f61139-44e9-4ae0-929a-0216013539b9": {"text": "abalone fishery is managed through guideline harvest ranges, a minimum legal size of 3.75 inches, a", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "32f61139-44e9-4ae0-929a-0216013539b9"}}, "1c052942-db40-4bff-a2b7-796d7f5e13b8": {"text": "restrictive season, and local area closures for conservation and food fisheries. The fishery opens in", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "1c052942-db40-4bff-a2b7-796d7f5e13b8"}}, "9e8f6cb8-0fa5-467c-87b3-c3e338c1599c": {"text": "October to remain outside spawning and settling periods. Guideline harvests prior to 1988-89 varied\n33,000 to 57,000 pounds per year. The season was shortened each year, and in 1993-94 the most", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "9e8f6cb8-0fa5-467c-87b3-c3e338c1599c"}}, "966d2e38-94a5-443a-b6e0-73534c14bba1": {"text": "productive areas were closed after 6 days and a catch of 37,000 pounds.\nBritish Columbia. Prior to 1971, the British Columbia commercial pinto abalone fishery was sporadic", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "966d2e38-94a5-443a-b6e0-73534c14bba1"}}, "a49e1ee1-2ca5-4d4e-b5a0-b5126eabcd3b": {"text": "and local. Shore picking was the main harvest method, but after 1960 some scuba gear was used. The", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "a49e1ee1-2ca5-4d4e-b5a0-b5126eabcd3b"}}, "291462f0-bf09-4514-9844-a0a8869ca73c": {"text": "fishery accelerated rapidly during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, reduced access to herring and", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "291462f0-bf09-4514-9844-a0a8869ca73c"}}, "aa0ab51e-3133-4876-a40c-08f2f628662c": {"text": "salmon fisheries, acceptance of the pinto abalone in the Japanese market, increased product demand,", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "aa0ab51e-3133-4876-a40c-08f2f628662c"}}, "def95f82-2357-4e51-b0d3-04f4ca1464cc": {"text": "and the introduction of larger vessels with freezer capacity. Abalone landings peaked in 1977 at 474.8\nmetric tons and then declined rapidly. The fishery was later closed to rebuild stocks.\nProducts", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "def95f82-2357-4e51-b0d3-04f4ca1464cc"}}, "79201b62-f1de-4938-b0da-49198346ba22": {"text": "Products\nDuring the early years of the abalone fishery, abalones were dried and smoked, or canned for export, and", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "79201b62-f1de-4938-b0da-49198346ba22"}}, "5e286884-5929-4d0c-95ed-2a11ff02df7f": {"text": "sold fresh for local markets. Currently, most abalones are exported to Japan, either fresh or frozen whole.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "5e286884-5929-4d0c-95ed-2a11ff02df7f"}}, "c9f7745f-070e-4a01-b687-7148105db3d4": {"text": "The U.S. market is primarily in California for live abalone for the sashimi market, and for some fresh and\nfrozen steaks for restaurants.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "c9f7745f-070e-4a01-b687-7148105db3d4"}}, "fa6788e2-7fc5-4490-848f-2bba506ef634": {"text": "frozen steaks for restaurants.\nA major shift in U.S. marketing occurred after the black abalone moratorium in 1993. Red abalone became", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "fa6788e2-7fc5-4490-848f-2bba506ef634"}}, "86447bd7-69ba-4fde-ac27-71e898ec2567": {"text": "the primary export product. High prices increased the incentive for illegal harvesting in closed areas.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "86447bd7-69ba-4fde-ac27-71e898ec2567"}}, "de3469ab-bb72-4224-ba90-3a338ab1aab7": {"text": "Abalone steaks are produced by removing the foot, trimming, slicing, and tenderizing. Yield from a live\nabalone is roughly 15 percent. Shells are used for mother-of-pearl, souvenirs, and jewelry.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "de3469ab-bb72-4224-ba90-3a338ab1aab7"}}, "c4e1be70-9c45-4bc0-834f-f8de81ecb775": {"text": "References\n(References section preserved exactly as in the PDF.)", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone.txt", "chunk_id": "c4e1be70-9c45-4bc0-834f-f8de81ecb775"}}, "fe3d2ec6-e8d1-4fec-af67-f0741b9104b8": {"text": "Sex: M\nLength: 0.55\nDiameter: 0.396\nHeight: 0.059\nWhole_weight: 1.986\nShucked_weight: 0.706\nViscera_weight: 0.599\nShell_weight: 0.381\nRings: 3", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 0, "chunk_id": "fe3d2ec6-e8d1-4fec-af67-f0741b9104b8"}}, "4b2aaed0-a5be-407b-b458-ac1c88a64c49": {"text": "Sex: I\nLength: 0.137\nDiameter: 0.121\nHeight: 0.084\nWhole_weight: 0.444\nShucked_weight: 0.205\nViscera_weight: 0.069\nShell_weight: 0.085\nRings: 9", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 1, "chunk_id": "4b2aaed0-a5be-407b-b458-ac1c88a64c49"}}, "07917934-a382-49a8-9743-afedbef494e0": {"text": "Sex: F\nLength: 0.195\nDiameter: 0.156\nHeight: 0.061\nWhole_weight: 1.622\nShucked_weight: 0.911\nViscera_weight: 0.25\nShell_weight: 0.258\nRings: 8", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 2, "chunk_id": "07917934-a382-49a8-9743-afedbef494e0"}}, "67012802-e9eb-4142-8f32-9770cc2255a6": {"text": "Sex: F\nLength: 0.74\nDiameter: 0.64\nHeight: 0.04\nWhole_weight: 1.707\nShucked_weight: 0.887\nViscera_weight: 0.367\nShell_weight: 0.57\nRings: 1", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 3, "chunk_id": "67012802-e9eb-4142-8f32-9770cc2255a6"}}, "f70f40d7-20eb-4ec3-a8cd-3dfde3ad5a23": {"text": "Sex: M\nLength: 0.524\nDiameter: 0.4\nHeight: 0.048\nWhole_weight: 1.199\nShucked_weight: 0.65\nViscera_weight: 0.297\nShell_weight: 0.379\nRings: 27", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 4, "chunk_id": "f70f40d7-20eb-4ec3-a8cd-3dfde3ad5a23"}}, "141d836a-3e60-4fc3-bdc2-a9cf50f3a3d4": {"text": "Sex: M\nLength: 0.082\nDiameter: 0.072\nHeight: 0.126\nWhole_weight: 2.067\nShucked_weight: 1.029\nViscera_weight: 0.629\nShell_weight: 0.555\nRings: 6", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 5, "chunk_id": "141d836a-3e60-4fc3-bdc2-a9cf50f3a3d4"}}, "b3dd1cd7-838a-47b9-b55f-06d68d363753": {"text": "Sex: M\nLength: 0.15\nDiameter: 0.117\nHeight: 0.067\nWhole_weight: 2.618\nShucked_weight: 1.329\nViscera_weight: 0.75\nShell_weight: 0.945\nRings: 9", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 6, "chunk_id": "b3dd1cd7-838a-47b9-b55f-06d68d363753"}}, "59babc9d-4965-4d3f-b52a-1d43152d787f": {"text": "Sex: I\nLength: 0.566\nDiameter: 0.397\nHeight: 0.104\nWhole_weight: 2.593\nShucked_weight: 1.438\nViscera_weight: 0.62\nShell_weight: 0.911\nRings: 7", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 7, "chunk_id": "59babc9d-4965-4d3f-b52a-1d43152d787f"}}, "ea10f8e4-b455-4614-9b10-7622b0992bee": {"text": "Sex: F\nLength: 0.079\nDiameter: 0.07\nHeight: 0.136\nWhole_weight: 1.273\nShucked_weight: 0.477\nViscera_weight: 0.261\nShell_weight: 0.377\nRings: 4", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 8, "chunk_id": "ea10f8e4-b455-4614-9b10-7622b0992bee"}}, "7ddc5fac-7949-482b-a9b1-989c19aea30e": {"text": "Sex: F\nLength: 0.194\nDiameter: 0.139\nHeight: 0.179\nWhole_weight: 0.335\nShucked_weight: 0.15\nViscera_weight: 0.117\nShell_weight: 0.123\nRings: 13", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 9, "chunk_id": "7ddc5fac-7949-482b-a9b1-989c19aea30e"}}, "5c2767e8-affb-4a97-9553-8f522766c94e": {"text": "Sex: M\nLength: 0.481\nDiameter: 0.367\nHeight: 0.029\nWhole_weight: 2.758\nShucked_weight: 1.01\nViscera_weight: 0.649\nShell_weight: 0.556\nRings: 17", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 10, "chunk_id": "5c2767e8-affb-4a97-9553-8f522766c94e"}}, "b04aeb92-8346-420e-be0b-38f465f39b2b": {"text": "Sex: I\nLength: 0.587\nDiameter: 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0.512\nHeight: 0.062\nWhole_weight: 2.044\nShucked_weight: 0.676\nViscera_weight: 0.575\nShell_weight: 0.811\nRings: 13", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 184, "chunk_id": "e53f3aeb-8645-456d-837e-63835d14ed89"}}, "8912cb82-4bc9-4b54-88d3-bdac3e440510": {"text": "Sex: F\nLength: 0.67\nDiameter: 0.501\nHeight: 0.229\nWhole_weight: 1.397\nShucked_weight: 0.812\nViscera_weight: 0.3\nShell_weight: 0.257\nRings: 28", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 185, "chunk_id": "8912cb82-4bc9-4b54-88d3-bdac3e440510"}}, "ab4cad34-580b-49c2-9b5d-d4a7bbc579c5": {"text": "Sex: I\nLength: 0.284\nDiameter: 0.203\nHeight: 0.154\nWhole_weight: 1.934\nShucked_weight: 0.979\nViscera_weight: 0.589\nShell_weight: 0.626\nRings: 12", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 186, "chunk_id": "ab4cad34-580b-49c2-9b5d-d4a7bbc579c5"}}, "4ec75a35-93a7-4759-8ca5-929d09626bfe": {"text": "Sex: F\nLength: 0.206\nDiameter: 0.15\nHeight: 0.112\nWhole_weight: 1.229\nShucked_weight: 0.394\nViscera_weight: 0.217\nShell_weight: 0.309\nRings: 28", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 187, "chunk_id": "4ec75a35-93a7-4759-8ca5-929d09626bfe"}}, "031e9988-3859-4e7f-a39b-5d5cce4c956b": {"text": "Sex: F\nLength: 0.63\nDiameter: 0.457\nHeight: 0.126\nWhole_weight: 0.705\nShucked_weight: 0.275\nViscera_weight: 0.242\nShell_weight: 0.181\nRings: 13", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 188, "chunk_id": "031e9988-3859-4e7f-a39b-5d5cce4c956b"}}, "88522799-4d15-4e88-95d6-daac6a9f2059": {"text": "Sex: M\nLength: 0.672\nDiameter: 0.491\nHeight: 0.238\nWhole_weight: 2.297\nShucked_weight: 1.177\nViscera_weight: 0.553\nShell_weight: 0.757\nRings: 14", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 189, "chunk_id": "88522799-4d15-4e88-95d6-daac6a9f2059"}}, "18edfdde-f8c3-4529-a97e-385e12475457": {"text": "Sex: M\nLength: 0.808\nDiameter: 0.588\nHeight: 0.055\nWhole_weight: 2.242\nShucked_weight: 0.718\nViscera_weight: 0.442\nShell_weight: 0.724\nRings: 20", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 190, "chunk_id": "18edfdde-f8c3-4529-a97e-385e12475457"}}, "2f756bc2-9046-4192-a34b-80fa4cc17e57": {"text": "Sex: I\nLength: 0.38\nDiameter: 0.315\nHeight: 0.155\nWhole_weight: 1.951\nShucked_weight: 0.926\nViscera_weight: 0.321\nShell_weight: 0.776\nRings: 18", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 191, "chunk_id": "2f756bc2-9046-4192-a34b-80fa4cc17e57"}}, "1580b0ce-5f82-49f6-8548-25e58ccfcec1": {"text": "Sex: I\nLength: 0.35\nDiameter: 0.258\nHeight: 0.136\nWhole_weight: 0.777\nShucked_weight: 0.314\nViscera_weight: 0.143\nShell_weight: 0.141\nRings: 29", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 192, "chunk_id": "1580b0ce-5f82-49f6-8548-25e58ccfcec1"}}, "500e7242-d059-46c7-bcad-80dfee250bfb": {"text": "Sex: F\nLength: 0.65\nDiameter: 0.5\nHeight: 0.161\nWhole_weight: 1.661\nShucked_weight: 0.808\nViscera_weight: 0.422\nShell_weight: 0.292\nRings: 28", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 193, "chunk_id": "500e7242-d059-46c7-bcad-80dfee250bfb"}}, "9be27de6-cc6d-4e1d-9d26-9c83a3f7ddd3": {"text": "Sex: M\nLength: 0.327\nDiameter: 0.288\nHeight: 0.024\nWhole_weight: 1.024\nShucked_weight: 0.321\nViscera_weight: 0.223\nShell_weight: 0.339\nRings: 6", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 194, "chunk_id": "9be27de6-cc6d-4e1d-9d26-9c83a3f7ddd3"}}, "3d35638d-39de-444c-b860-c9bfa9bdaed9": {"text": "Sex: M\nLength: 0.764\nDiameter: 0.607\nHeight: 0.221\nWhole_weight: 0.275\nShucked_weight: 0.154\nViscera_weight: 0.087\nShell_weight: 0.081\nRings: 29", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 195, "chunk_id": "3d35638d-39de-444c-b860-c9bfa9bdaed9"}}, "25413a65-86ce-4886-a62d-61373f53a79a": {"text": "Sex: F\nLength: 0.71\nDiameter: 0.592\nHeight: 0.234\nWhole_weight: 2.57\nShucked_weight: 1.522\nViscera_weight: 0.607\nShell_weight: 0.562\nRings: 11", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 196, "chunk_id": "25413a65-86ce-4886-a62d-61373f53a79a"}}, "70154924-7ad6-4dde-add4-c7f267d4c31d": {"text": "Sex: I\nLength: 0.392\nDiameter: 0.288\nHeight: 0.15\nWhole_weight: 0.4\nShucked_weight: 0.236\nViscera_weight: 0.08\nShell_weight: 0.068\nRings: 2", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 197, "chunk_id": "70154924-7ad6-4dde-add4-c7f267d4c31d"}}, "93ada17e-4f3f-4236-b0d6-72968fdc05d3": {"text": "Sex: I\nLength: 0.631\nDiameter: 0.466\nHeight: 0.18\nWhole_weight: 2.662\nShucked_weight: 1.397\nViscera_weight: 0.728\nShell_weight: 0.456\nRings: 28", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 198, "chunk_id": "93ada17e-4f3f-4236-b0d6-72968fdc05d3"}}, "ee059a1c-487a-49a1-888f-c25e30fd8b1c": {"text": "Sex: F\nLength: 0.633\nDiameter: 0.448\nHeight: 0.232\nWhole_weight: 1.26\nShucked_weight: 0.427\nViscera_weight: 0.367\nShell_weight: 0.471\nRings: 23", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_sample.csv", "row": 199, "chunk_id": "ee059a1c-487a-49a1-888f-c25e30fd8b1c"}}, "f4990388-8a88-488c-a0d7-67257b3fbdd0": {"text": "Abalone Research Summary \u2013 Derived from Peer-Reviewed Literature", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "f4990388-8a88-488c-a0d7-67257b3fbdd0"}}, "ae284cf1-0877-44ea-a33f-f551c230f2cc": {"text": "Overview and Taxonomy", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "ae284cf1-0877-44ea-a33f-f551c230f2cc"}}, "484b87a8-b80a-49b3-a7d5-4a7f935932da": {"text": "Abalones (genus Haliotis) are large marine gastropods in the family Haliotidae. They are shallow-water herbivores distributed on rocky coasts in temperate and subtropical regions. Several species", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "484b87a8-b80a-49b3-a7d5-4a7f935932da"}}, "b130eae0-a565-4b78-abe5-c7e9cddbbca9": {"text": "and subtropical regions. Several species have supported major fisheries, particularly in California, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, and Japan. Conservation status now ranges from Least Concern to", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "b130eae0-a565-4b78-abe5-c7e9cddbbca9"}}, "79862d6f-3685-436b-83f0-291df1013745": {"text": "status now ranges from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with many local collapses due to overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries. [Peters 2024; Rogers-Bennett et al.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "79862d6f-3685-436b-83f0-291df1013745"}}, "0e17d757-2ec0-4588-bc23-b2858b0bc917": {"text": "recoveries. [Peters 2024; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "0e17d757-2ec0-4588-bc23-b2858b0bc917"}}, "560dbae9-0513-4720-8d50-784918e0e402": {"text": "Key species treated in this summary\n- Red abalone (Haliotis rufescens)\n- Pinto / Northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana)\n- White abalone (Haliotis sorenseni)", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "560dbae9-0513-4720-8d50-784918e0e402"}}, "adb109f6-93aa-495f-8d8f-0c86a51b84d3": {"text": "- White abalone (Haliotis sorenseni)\n- Green abalone (H. fulgens) and pink abalone (H. corrugata) where relevant", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "adb109f6-93aa-495f-8d8f-0c86a51b84d3"}}, "77be11d2-486d-444f-9128-ac4e847296f0": {"text": "- Yellow (H. corrugata in Mexican literature) and blue abalone (H. fulgens) in some growth studies", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "77be11d2-486d-444f-9128-ac4e847296f0"}}, "eceb5226-fa6a-4ddb-8966-467d33d60422": {"text": "Geographic focus\nMost quantitative information summarized here comes from:\n- California (especially northern California and Channel Islands)\n- The Mexican Pacific", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "eceb5226-fa6a-4ddb-8966-467d33d60422"}}, "595dbda2-b396-4857-b415-871abb77cf66": {"text": "- The Mexican Pacific\n- British Columbia and Washington State\n- Global genetic and Red List assessments", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "595dbda2-b396-4857-b415-871abb77cf66"}}, "97e0b24d-c9cc-4bd4-a641-8c09f3f49144": {"text": "----------------------------------------------------------------------\nRed Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) \u2013 Biology and Growth\n----------------------------------------------------------------------", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "97e0b24d-c9cc-4bd4-a641-8c09f3f49144"}}, "b777af36-de1a-4c15-8511-91b9024f6f30": {"text": "General biology", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "b777af36-de1a-4c15-8511-91b9024f6f30"}}, "4392a345-586f-4526-a23a-efa8d08f26ab": {"text": "Red abalone is the largest abalone species globally, reaching shell lengths over 300 mm in some regions, and historically supported the most important abalone fisheries on the US West Coast. Its", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "4392a345-586f-4526-a23a-efa8d08f26ab"}}, "4538ab7e-c24a-4ebc-8802-c2f718d8c526": {"text": "abalone fisheries on the US West Coast. Its range spans from British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico, with historically dense populations around central and northern California kelp", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "4538ab7e-c24a-4ebc-8802-c2f718d8c526"}}, "7c03a454-a67b-4838-a47a-3fccdbfa436d": {"text": "around central and northern California kelp forests. [CDFW; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Jiao et al. 2010]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "7c03a454-a67b-4838-a47a-3fccdbfa436d"}}, "35f7ab64-7be2-488e-8ba5-ac9c3e7e7b91": {"text": "Growth and asymptotic size", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "35f7ab64-7be2-488e-8ba5-ac9c3e7e7b91"}}, "cae7ab5c-9535-402a-9899-385f2312c21e": {"text": "Field and modeling studies show substantial spatial and temporal variation in growth. Tag\u2013recapture work along the north coast of California indicates asymptotic shell lengths (L\u221e) on the order of", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "cae7ab5c-9535-402a-9899-385f2312c21e"}}, "f0076bbe-34e7-4892-8dc4-ef5453f73aae": {"text": "asymptotic shell lengths (L\u221e) on the order of ~184\u2013232 mm for many sites, with some individuals ultimately exceeding fishery legal size by a large margin. Time to reach recreational legal size (\u2248178", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "f0076bbe-34e7-4892-8dc4-ef5453f73aae"}}, "5bc0143e-1108-4304-87a8-6e3f9f715d3c": {"text": "Time to reach recreational legal size (\u2248178 mm in California regulations) can vary from roughly 8 to 20 years depending on local conditions and growth model choice. [Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007;", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "5bc0143e-1108-4304-87a8-6e3f9f715d3c"}}, "c19ddeda-0ab1-40fa-95bb-2ba2eaa45688": {"text": "growth model choice. [Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Wulffson 2020; Jiao et al. 2010]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "c19ddeda-0ab1-40fa-95bb-2ba2eaa45688"}}, "ce319f62-d1b3-40a8-b414-c3ddf856dec8": {"text": "Growth modeling", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "ce319f62-d1b3-40a8-b414-c3ddf856dec8"}}, "49e1e1b7-e848-4057-8571-b0a1d5e3f60f": {"text": "Red abalone growth has been described with several curves, including von Bertalanffy, Richards, Gaussian, and Ricker models. Analyses comparing model fits to tag\u2013recapture data suggest that more", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "49e1e1b7-e848-4057-8571-b0a1d5e3f60f"}}, "6c4a4bc8-fa23-449f-a484-dbc83c148232": {"text": "fits to tag\u2013recapture data suggest that more flexible curves (e.g., Richards or Gaussian) can capture variable early growth, whereas von Bertalanffy tends to slightly overestimate early growth and", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "6c4a4bc8-fa23-449f-a484-dbc83c148232"}}, "e36a27ad-1ed7-42e7-9e1b-e48b04bd7a48": {"text": "tends to slightly overestimate early growth and therefore predicts the shortest time to reach legal size. Effective management relies on realistic growth curves because they directly affect estimates", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "e36a27ad-1ed7-42e7-9e1b-e48b04bd7a48"}}, "3443e0bd-19a1-4762-8b7b-c72fdb53a097": {"text": "curves because they directly affect estimates of yield per recruit and sustainable harvest rates. [Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Leaf et al. 2007]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "3443e0bd-19a1-4762-8b7b-c72fdb53a097"}}, "91778c4e-a17a-40e9-8563-55b63bddc0b2": {"text": "Temperature and size-dependent growth", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "91778c4e-a17a-40e9-8563-55b63bddc0b2"}}, "a8ceab96-5dbd-4811-be49-b59212d5798e": {"text": "Laboratory experiments that reared multiple size classes of red abalone at temperatures between about 11 and 22 \u00b0C showed strong size-dependent variation in both growth rate and thermal optimum.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "a8ceab96-5dbd-4811-be49-b59212d5798e"}}, "cf5167c4-155c-4c56-a893-3b2df5a9ec5a": {"text": "in both growth rate and thermal optimum. Small juveniles typically grow fastest at intermediate temperatures in the mid-teens to high-teens \u00b0C, whereas larger individuals display lower specific", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "cf5167c4-155c-4c56-a893-3b2df5a9ec5a"}}, "54d453a5-9a33-4444-9ab3-31009c05e229": {"text": "whereas larger individuals display lower specific growth rates and shifted optima. Maximum observed shell growth for mid-size juveniles in one experiment was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "54d453a5-9a33-4444-9ab3-31009c05e229"}}, "a07424c9-2ce3-480f-b4e0-a69557aecaac": {"text": "was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with growth declining away from the optimal temperature range. These findings highlight that both body size and local temperature regime strongly influence growth", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "a07424c9-2ce3-480f-b4e0-a69557aecaac"}}, "c57f8bf5-4381-4064-9643-09ab7008333a": {"text": "temperature regime strongly influence growth performance. [Steinarsson and co-authors; P\u00e9rez et al. 2010; size-dependent temperature study on H. rufescens]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "c57f8bf5-4381-4064-9643-09ab7008333a"}}, "55bc52ac-8e9b-47c0-bd3c-6150d560833a": {"text": "Juvenile growth and diet", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "55bc52ac-8e9b-47c0-bd3c-6150d560833a"}}, "0ba28631-18fa-4990-ad83-22d9e2f53fa1": {"text": "Juvenile red abalone growth is sensitive to diet quality and structure of the rearing environment. Experiments using macroalgae blades enriched with benthic diatom films or biofilms from settlement", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "0ba28631-18fa-4990-ad83-22d9e2f53fa1"}}, "d8b811db-6044-43b5-984f-238ea8f81bf3": {"text": "benthic diatom films or biofilms from settlement plates show higher growth and survival relative to macroalgae alone in early post-settlement stages. This supports hatchery practice of using prepared", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "d8b811db-6044-43b5-984f-238ea8f81bf3"}}, "d2a32bee-881d-4794-80ff-7a49a794358e": {"text": "This supports hatchery practice of using prepared plates or substrates colonized by diatoms or green algae (e.g., Ulva) for settlement and early growth. [Wulffson 2020; Ulva / diatom settlement", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "d2a32bee-881d-4794-80ff-7a49a794358e"}}, "4bf7ab2c-5e24-4a5a-9236-de769629bd81": {"text": "growth. [Wulffson 2020; Ulva / diatom settlement studies on H. rufescens]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "4bf7ab2c-5e24-4a5a-9236-de769629bd81"}}, "b554c28a-233e-4731-8bbe-85d2497a3fe8": {"text": "----------------------------------------------------------------------\nMortality, Recruitment, and Population Dynamics\n----------------------------------------------------------------------", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "b554c28a-233e-4731-8bbe-85d2497a3fe8"}}, "8ea15a5c-ebbc-4f49-8d7f-b54f8db8a0e5": {"text": "Size-specific mortality", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "8ea15a5c-ebbc-4f49-8d7f-b54f8db8a0e5"}}, "45e893cf-b294-48c7-a823-39c0abb4428c": {"text": "Tag\u2013recapture studies in northern California have been used to estimate both natural and fishing mortality for red abalone. Analyses that separate removals by legal harvest and non-harvest losses", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "45e893cf-b294-48c7-a823-39c0abb4428c"}}, "27868846-2143-4f5b-a561-c051213dccd4": {"text": "removals by legal harvest and non-harvest losses indicate that mortality is strongly size-dependent and can vary by site. In general, natural mortality in adult size classes tends to be relatively", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "27868846-2143-4f5b-a561-c051213dccd4"}}, "6860e33d-7011-4b7d-90af-da2ca4406c15": {"text": "in adult size classes tends to be relatively low (on the order of a few tenths per year in many marine invertebrates), but localized environmental disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "6860e33d-7011-4b7d-90af-da2ca4406c15"}}, "0bfa753f-f9e0-479f-90d4-0de933b23c43": {"text": "disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated fishing effort can substantially increase effective mortality rates. [Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Leaf et al. 2007]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "0bfa753f-f9e0-479f-90d4-0de933b23c43"}}, "8012efa3-5b64-4c53-bbc5-5833d221aa60": {"text": "Recruitment monitoring", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "8012efa3-5b64-4c53-bbc5-5833d221aa60"}}, "324aa983-4832-44a8-b28c-1ed9b8c0d802": {"text": "Standardized recruitment modules (e.g., Abalone Recruitment Modules built from cinder blocks or plates) have been deployed at multiple California sites to quantify settlement and early survival over", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "324aa983-4832-44a8-b28c-1ed9b8c0d802"}}, "5ef4650b-de3f-4c31-b4e8-aeadce2ab855": {"text": "to quantify settlement and early survival over time. Long-term monitoring has shown that recruitment is highly variable and can remain depressed for many years following ecosystem shifts, such as", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "5ef4650b-de3f-4c31-b4e8-aeadce2ab855"}}, "5aa12d80-528f-43dd-8cea-379111869e28": {"text": "many years following ecosystem shifts, such as severe kelp loss or changes in predator abundance. In northern California, where red abalone supported a large free-diving recreational fishery,", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "5aa12d80-528f-43dd-8cea-379111869e28"}}, "10d81283-0b66-4bac-91e0-b1c19abef7e7": {"text": "a large free-diving recreational fishery, recruitment data are now used alongside environmental indicators to guide management and assess recovery potential. [Hart et al. 2020; Measuring Abalone", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "10d81283-0b66-4bac-91e0-b1c19abef7e7"}}, "cb22d954-a66a-4f00-89d3-ea56bd86e445": {"text": "potential. [Hart et al. 2020; Measuring Abalone Recruitment in California 2004; CDFW]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "cb22d954-a66a-4f00-89d3-ea56bd86e445"}}, "cd4f36b1-83b0-4308-8ea0-72984da2aee7": {"text": "Collapse and closures", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "cd4f36b1-83b0-4308-8ea0-72984da2aee7"}}, "3121dd86-f443-4532-bacd-1b7d1b9ba53a": {"text": "In central and southern California, cumulative effects of serial overfishing, disease (e.g., withering syndrome in black abalone), pollution, and predator recovery led to the closure of commercial", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "3121dd86-f443-4532-bacd-1b7d1b9ba53a"}}, "d6eaf436-dbb8-4f96-8cfa-4863db40c794": {"text": "recovery led to the closure of commercial abalone fisheries in the late 1990s. Northern California\u2019s recreational red abalone fishery remained open longer, but was eventually closed after", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "d6eaf436-dbb8-4f96-8cfa-4863db40c794"}}, "6808d77e-e9c0-4cd0-a936-a96784704af8": {"text": "open longer, but was eventually closed after unprecedented kelp forest collapse and associated ecosystem changes around 2014\u20132018. Models and status reports emphasize that recruitment failure and", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "6808d77e-e9c0-4cd0-a936-a96784704af8"}}, "9117f5c7-533b-4bd5-abbf-5d5e447d9ffd": {"text": "reports emphasize that recruitment failure and elevated mortality can prevent recovery even in areas without direct fishing pressure. [CDFW abalone reports; Hart et al. 2020; Micheli et al. 2008]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "9117f5c7-533b-4bd5-abbf-5d5e447d9ffd"}}, "e7203899-d926-43f9-a5a3-3507e3e0b76a": {"text": "Predators and ecosystem context", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "e7203899-d926-43f9-a5a3-3507e3e0b76a"}}, "ad631e98-2620-4e97-bdf4-e54d028aaf14": {"text": "Sea otters are a dominant predator of abalone within their current California range. Studies in central California marine reserves show that sea otters can maintain abalone populations at low", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "ad631e98-2620-4e97-bdf4-e54d028aaf14"}}, "8e4e15bc-1224-46f7-bd92-2b9144d81699": {"text": "otters can maintain abalone populations at low densities, with most surviving individuals confined to deep crevices. Historical records indicate that the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "8e4e15bc-1224-46f7-bd92-2b9144d81699"}}, "7d76ded1-ca26-40e1-a205-fb1a7026fdcd": {"text": "the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early 20th centuries likely contributed to abalone booms, while modern recoveries of otters have coincided with declines in exposed, large abalone. Other", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "7d76ded1-ca26-40e1-a205-fb1a7026fdcd"}}, "4c81a039-898d-4978-ae4d-f33346332ed1": {"text": "with declines in exposed, large abalone. Other predators include large fishes (e.g., California sheephead and cabezon), bat rays, octopus, and crabs, especially for juveniles and subadults. [Hines", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "4c81a039-898d-4978-ae4d-f33346332ed1"}}, "ba5283ab-496f-4de5-8385-6708ac8cc097": {"text": "especially for juveniles and subadults. [Hines 1982; Braje et al. 2009; CDFW abalone status reports]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "ba5283ab-496f-4de5-8385-6708ac8cc097"}}, "f7e16334-ee4e-411f-b087-ed93613e7dba": {"text": "Kelp forests and climate impacts", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "f7e16334-ee4e-411f-b087-ed93613e7dba"}}, "9dc1c445-2a01-41b0-b443-465f1dcf839b": {"text": "Abalone growth and survival depend heavily on kelp forests and drift macroalgae. Events such as marine heatwaves, disease outbreaks in sea urchin predators, and prolonged urchin barrens have caused", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "9dc1c445-2a01-41b0-b443-465f1dcf839b"}}, "f537745b-2226-4228-ac85-713b3132ba18": {"text": "and prolonged urchin barrens have caused large-scale kelp loss in northern California. These changes dramatically reduced food availability for abalone and contributed to fishery closure decisions.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "f537745b-2226-4228-ac85-713b3132ba18"}}, "805fcf3b-8adc-47d4-8919-fc5e84b31629": {"text": "and contributed to fishery closure decisions. Persistent kelp scarcity, even in protected areas, suggests that environmental forcing can be as important as fishing in controlling abalone population", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "805fcf3b-8adc-47d4-8919-fc5e84b31629"}}, "d75199a6-82c4-4041-8a21-61bf5b7d307f": {"text": "as fishing in controlling abalone population trajectories. [Hart et al. 2020; Micheli et al. 2008; red abalone peer review documents]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "d75199a6-82c4-4041-8a21-61bf5b7d307f"}}, "ec57a341-0601-42f1-8229-b0edeaeaf703": {"text": "----------------------------------------------------------------------\nOther Species: Pinto, White, Green, and Pink Abalone\n----------------------------------------------------------------------", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "ec57a341-0601-42f1-8229-b0edeaeaf703"}}, "ed062561-6cd1-4daa-811b-d4eb59efba91": {"text": "Pinto / Northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana)", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "ed062561-6cd1-4daa-811b-d4eb59efba91"}}, "870d2e71-026c-41d4-8bc8-6f0862c87e8c": {"text": "Pinto abalone populations in Washington State and British Columbia have experienced declines exceeding 90% in many monitored areas, despite complete fishery closures. Surveys indicate that densities", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "870d2e71-026c-41d4-8bc8-6f0862c87e8c"}}, "87506d89-ff56-4299-b9ab-55e3383d6654": {"text": "fishery closures. Surveys indicate that densities have fallen below thresholds where successful fertilization is likely, a phenomenon often described as Allee effects in broadcast spawners.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "87506d89-ff56-4299-b9ab-55e3383d6654"}}, "f94a2335-671e-4f01-9997-ebc1774fd5bb": {"text": "described as Allee effects in broadcast spawners. Contemporary management focuses on translocations, hatchery production, and out-planting, with studies showing that post-release survival can still", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "f94a2335-671e-4f01-9997-ebc1774fd5bb"}}, "3c164a16-e2ca-461b-b18b-68765be407cf": {"text": "showing that post-release survival can still be a limiting factor. Pinto abalone is the only invertebrate species in some Canadian jurisdictions for which all fishing is completely banned. [Carson et", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "3c164a16-e2ca-461b-b18b-68765be407cf"}}, "db55cb79-d33f-4eb3-91bc-a1ae65da4343": {"text": "all fishing is completely banned. [Carson et al. 2019; Neuman et al. 2018; Jamieson 1999]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "db55cb79-d33f-4eb3-91bc-a1ae65da4343"}}, "eead3100-2d87-4ee6-a900-7e7aec211c4d": {"text": "White abalone (Haliotis sorenseni)", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "eead3100-2d87-4ee6-a900-7e7aec211c4d"}}, "f24c70b0-a485-4d73-9934-f7b2a34ad73b": {"text": "White abalone is listed as Critically Endangered. Historical fishing pressure concentrated on dense aggregations at offshore banks and Channel Islands, followed by decades of extremely low", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "f24c70b0-a485-4d73-9934-f7b2a34ad73b"}}, "7c04c3b8-c38f-40bf-bdc7-f18d6a0990d5": {"text": "Islands, followed by decades of extremely low recruitment, drove the species to very low densities. Growth studies suggest that white abalone can grow roughly 1.0\u20132.9 cm per year depending on size,", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "7c04c3b8-c38f-40bf-bdc7-f18d6a0990d5"}}, "99f0e2d7-2bf1-49c6-8235-53b65ab00db6": {"text": "roughly 1.0\u20132.9 cm per year depending on size, indicating that individuals could rebuild size structure over a few decades if recruitment and survival improved. However, current densities in the wild", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "99f0e2d7-2bf1-49c6-8235-53b65ab00db6"}}, "59aa307e-0192-41f0-a785-08f3664b9fda": {"text": "improved. However, current densities in the wild are so low that natural recovery is unlikely without active restoration, including captive breeding and out-planting. [Behrens and Lafferty 2005;", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "59aa307e-0192-41f0-a785-08f3664b9fda"}}, "ccd6943d-d6c4-4f39-9f23-4c925c36912e": {"text": "and out-planting. [Behrens and Lafferty 2005; CDFW; Peters 2024]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "ccd6943d-d6c4-4f39-9f23-4c925c36912e"}}, "e0815551-ae8d-4017-aaf6-74ce6f5b33b9": {"text": "Green and pink abalone (Haliotis fulgens and H. corrugata)", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "e0815551-ae8d-4017-aaf6-74ce6f5b33b9"}}, "a7cf0062-7bec-40f8-8b39-c4f1c27d6b83": {"text": "Green and pink abalone were historically important components of mixed-species fisheries in California and Mexico. Length\u2013frequency analyses and von Bertalanffy modeling for Mexican populations of", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "a7cf0062-7bec-40f8-8b39-c4f1c27d6b83"}}, "302cb4e0-c1df-416a-8b6e-22f56e839282": {"text": "Bertalanffy modeling for Mexican populations of related species (yellow and blue abalones) yield growth parameters with L\u221e values around 150\u2013165 mm and relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K \u2248", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "302cb4e0-c1df-416a-8b6e-22f56e839282"}}, "7aa07632-2e01-4ecd-90ed-8ff25fd8b562": {"text": "relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K \u2248 0.3\u20130.36 yr\u207b\u00b9), reflecting faster growth than large red abalone in colder, northern waters. Cultured green and pink abalone have been used as models for", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "7aa07632-2e01-4ecd-90ed-8ff25fd8b562"}}, "450ec1b1-6c84-4559-adf8-acf730a8c1ba": {"text": "and pink abalone have been used as models for diet and temperature experiments; these studies typically show faster growth under moderate temperatures and diversified macroalgal diets. [Effect of", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "450ec1b1-6c84-4559-adf8-acf730a8c1ba"}}, "422be2d2-183c-4129-a82d-658a3fe7931a": {"text": "and diversified macroalgal diets. [Effect of environmental variability on yellow and blue abalone; Cicala et al. 2023; Mexican growth parameter studies]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "422be2d2-183c-4129-a82d-658a3fe7931a"}}, "64e92c9b-fc60-4409-bfd3-9189fb5034f7": {"text": "----------------------------------------------------------------------\nGenetics and Conservation Assessments\n----------------------------------------------------------------------", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "64e92c9b-fc60-4409-bfd3-9189fb5034f7"}}, "4d976f9e-c987-4ce7-a094-a26908212b6b": {"text": "Genetic diversity across species", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "4d976f9e-c987-4ce7-a094-a26908212b6b"}}, "0779c1d0-16e7-42ce-97ee-39366c9e8262": {"text": "A comparative genomic study that generated an annotated genome for red abalone examined heterozygosity across several abalone species. Estimated genome-wide heterozygosity ranged from roughly 0.43%", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "0779c1d0-16e7-42ce-97ee-39366c9e8262"}}, "dff870d1-bdc1-4b64-b4a1-0231860f874c": {"text": "heterozygosity ranged from roughly 0.43% to just over 1%. Black (H. cracherodii) and pinto abalone had the highest heterozygosity values (about 1.0%), whereas white abalone showed the lowest", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "dff870d1-bdc1-4b64-b4a1-0231860f874c"}}, "cc037ad6-a0dc-4086-97ee-924c720a5357": {"text": "1.0%), whereas white abalone showed the lowest (~0.43%), consistent with severe bottlenecks and the use of closely related cultured individuals in that dataset. Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "cc037ad6-a0dc-4086-97ee-924c720a5357"}}, "d673e6ec-0fd4-4a2f-9ce5-8d5c114bfeeb": {"text": "dataset. Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited intermediate values (approximately 0.68%, 0.76%, and 0.95% respectively). These results underline the need to preserve genetic variation in both wild", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "d673e6ec-0fd4-4a2f-9ce5-8d5c114bfeeb"}}, "685a79d7-cf26-4537-aec9-e5c608c35a31": {"text": "need to preserve genetic variation in both wild and hatchery programs, particularly for highly depleted species. [Masonbrink et al. 2019]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "685a79d7-cf26-4537-aec9-e5c608c35a31"}}, "4c1f89f0-f61e-4876-ac07-148f98c5d10a": {"text": "Red List and global status", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "4c1f89f0-f61e-4876-ac07-148f98c5d10a"}}, "d47b881e-3750-46e8-bf43-63a29d9207eb": {"text": "A recent global Red List assessment of abalones emphasizes that many Haliotis species have undergone rapid declines driven by overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "d47b881e-3750-46e8-bf43-63a29d9207eb"}}, "2763550b-7a27-4878-8e9a-1d2c715d1ad4": {"text": "disease, and climate-driven habitat change. Species such as white abalone and several localized endemics in South Africa and Australia are considered at very high risk of extinction. The assessment", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "2763550b-7a27-4878-8e9a-1d2c715d1ad4"}}, "848d8016-2af7-4959-900a-deccdc2d2f92": {"text": "at very high risk of extinction. The assessment highlights that precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses, and that life-history", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "848d8016-2af7-4959-900a-deccdc2d2f92"}}, "7bdc3fad-8281-4150-8ace-e18e618b2fbe": {"text": "to prevent further losses, and that life-history traits (slow growth, late maturity, and broadcast spawning) make recovery inherently slow even after fishing stops. [Peters et al. 2024; Abalones at", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "7bdc3fad-8281-4150-8ace-e18e618b2fbe"}}, "d9799301-7dc6-4e94-b42c-a54cb3c1fb2d": {"text": "fishing stops. [Peters et al. 2024; Abalones at Risk global assessment]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "d9799301-7dc6-4e94-b42c-a54cb3c1fb2d"}}, "feb826f4-3232-4d5c-8296-0ea510354bec": {"text": "----------------------------------------------------------------------\nAquaculture and Restoration Notes\n----------------------------------------------------------------------", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "feb826f4-3232-4d5c-8296-0ea510354bec"}}, "5430230b-6961-42a5-abbc-3a73da50562b": {"text": "Abalone aquaculture", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "5430230b-6961-42a5-abbc-3a73da50562b"}}, "a41b631c-acdc-4a1c-abb2-e0cee37aa065": {"text": "Red, green, and pink abalones are cultured in California and other regions. Hatchery protocols typically involve controlled spawning, larval settlement onto plates or artificial substrates, and", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "a41b631c-acdc-4a1c-abb2-e0cee37aa065"}}, "1f46b1af-05c7-44b0-a5c9-946a0d7432b4": {"text": "onto plates or artificial substrates, and juvenile rearing on macroalgae diets. Growth rates in culture can exceed those in the wild under optimal temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "1f46b1af-05c7-44b0-a5c9-946a0d7432b4"}}, "c0f0bb66-59f4-496e-ad22-44a258310912": {"text": "temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes. However, biosecurity concerns (e.g., transmission of withering syndrome) and genetic issues (e.g., inbreeding or maladaptation of hatchery stocks)", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "c0f0bb66-59f4-496e-ad22-44a258310912"}}, "38075200-6ffc-4ea7-8815-1f177d0e9b18": {"text": "inbreeding or maladaptation of hatchery stocks) must be addressed to ensure that aquaculture and restoration activities support, rather than undermine, wild populations. [Culture of Abalone, Haliotis", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "38075200-6ffc-4ea7-8815-1f177d0e9b18"}}, "d22c0bd0-9d33-4e8f-b461-8617e343d670": {"text": "wild populations. [Culture of Abalone, Haliotis spp., CDFW 2008; SeaChoice aquaculture review]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "d22c0bd0-9d33-4e8f-b461-8617e343d670"}}, "4d08389f-4e79-4d98-9ae0-bc6356aabd84": {"text": "Restocking and out-planting", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "4d08389f-4e79-4d98-9ae0-bc6356aabd84"}}, "a2701f15-5b37-4ed2-aa47-a931fb91d335": {"text": "Multiple programs aim to release hatchery-origin juveniles of pinto, white, and other abalone species to supplement depleted wild populations. A recurring challenge is low post-release survival", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "a2701f15-5b37-4ed2-aa47-a931fb91d335"}}, "90148afb-c1db-425a-995f-64c6a5adc8c4": {"text": "recurring challenge is low post-release survival caused by predation, limited shelter, and physiological stress, similar to problems seen in other marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "90148afb-c1db-425a-995f-64c6a5adc8c4"}}, "08dccd8a-1e5b-4d81-a361-912bdb5715d1": {"text": "marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies recommend careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release. [Carson et al. 2019; Overton et al.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "08dccd8a-1e5b-4d81-a361-912bdb5715d1"}}, "0278a204-eed9-4a97-a068-3d8f3b0cf33f": {"text": "release. [Carson et al. 2019; Overton et al. 2025 marine gastropod review]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "0278a204-eed9-4a97-a068-3d8f3b0cf33f"}}, "a35871e6-1501-404c-acba-9ef047b464ba": {"text": "----------------------------------------------------------------------\nUsage Notes for This File\n----------------------------------------------------------------------", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "a35871e6-1501-404c-acba-9ef047b464ba"}}, "92d66669-319d-4c3c-996b-237ee11f2a4a": {"text": "1. This text is a synthesized summary built from multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources, rewritten in plain language for use in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "92d66669-319d-4c3c-996b-237ee11f2a4a"}}, "50ca0986-8291-445d-9716-b8de0d87b396": {"text": "2. Numerical values (e.g., growth rates, asymptotic sizes, heterozygosity) are approximate and context-dependent; original articles should be consulted for precise estimates and methods.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "50ca0986-8291-445d-9716-b8de0d87b396"}}, "066c099a-9421-44f7-bcd6-781ef11ce57d": {"text": "3. Citations correspond to representative studies and reports; many additional papers exist on each topic.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "066c099a-9421-44f7-bcd6-781ef11ce57d"}}, "324bd6cc-1715-4278-806d-5f9065220ec2": {"text": "----------------------------------------------------------------------\nSelected References (Abbreviated)\n----------------------------------------------------------------------", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "324bd6cc-1715-4278-806d-5f9065220ec2"}}, "f10aba57-a8d9-4b2a-b6dd-5d0528661d29": {"text": "Behrens, M. D., and K. D. Lafferty. 2005. Size frequency measures of white abalone in the California Channel Islands. (White abalone growth and status). [Behrens & Lafferty 2005 PDF]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "f10aba57-a8d9-4b2a-b6dd-5d0528661d29"}}, "61f9deac-58f1-4c6c-99c4-9d5a6553de29": {"text": "Carson, H. S. et al. 2019. Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State. (Haliotis kamtschatkana restoration and decline). [Aquatic Conservation article]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "61f9deac-58f1-4c6c-99c4-9d5a6553de29"}}, "2688de83-6dd5-4daa-963b-60514b1e6f6e": {"text": "CDFW \u2013 California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Various abalone status reports, culture chapters, and recruitment monitoring documents. (Fishery history, closures, recruitment). [CDFW PDFs]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "2688de83-6dd5-4daa-963b-60514b1e6f6e"}}, "b5cb40fd-f4a6-4cfe-992b-485289533efb": {"text": "Hart, L. C. et al. 2020. Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California. (Red abalone recruitment and fishery collapse). [NOAA Technical Memo]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "b5cb40fd-f4a6-4cfe-992b-485289533efb"}}, "64a733c2-6b75-4781-86cf-588590b55112": {"text": "Hines, A. H. 1982. Abalones, shells, and sea otters: dynamics of predator\u2013prey interactions in central California. (Sea otter predation on abalone). [Smithsonian report]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "64a733c2-6b75-4781-86cf-588590b55112"}}, "3433254d-90f7-4620-80b4-fd898cad19ca": {"text": "Jiao, Y. et al. 2010. Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone. (Time-varying growth modeling). [Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "3433254d-90f7-4620-80b4-fd898cad19ca"}}, "8134b339-a700-4aaa-bcb7-22b6ac874b9d": {"text": "Masonbrink, R. E. et al. 2019. An annotated genome for Haliotis rufescens (red abalone). (Genome, heterozygosity of multiple abalone species). [PMC article]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "8134b339-a700-4aaa-bcb7-22b6ac874b9d"}}, "57098f58-855a-4009-9420-a80fb763b797": {"text": "Micheli, F. et al. 2008. Persistence of depleted abalones in marine reserves of central California. (High mortality and limited recovery). [Biological Conservation]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "57098f58-855a-4009-9420-a80fb763b797"}}, "2b40709e-2e2b-4bc6-a5b6-fe7c12189e4d": {"text": "Peters, H. et al. 2024. Abalones at Risk: A Global Red List Assessment of Haliotis. (Global conservation status of abalones). [Red List assessment]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "2b40709e-2e2b-4bc6-a5b6-fe7c12189e4d"}}, "ff8bac42-4432-4277-a3c6-6c92084afab4": {"text": "Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz. 2007. Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719\u2013727. (Growth", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "ff8bac42-4432-4277-a3c6-6c92084afab4"}}, "e6bc09af-60d2-4f19-a20a-7983263e0b24": {"text": "Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719\u2013727. (Growth and mortality models).", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "e6bc09af-60d2-4f19-a20a-7983263e0b24"}}, "4d1c4c39-5537-4fbd-8d58-36d8dc833dfd": {"text": "Steinarsson, A. and co-authors. Size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature of red abalone Haliotis rufescens. (Temperature-dependent growth). [Aquaculture paper]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "4d1c4c39-5537-4fbd-8d58-36d8dc833dfd"}}, "f01d1493-477d-4e1b-a0f6-57a19ed3e683": {"text": "Wulffson, Q. C. 2020. Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions. (Juvenile growth and diet). [Humboldt State University thesis]", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "f01d1493-477d-4e1b-a0f6-57a19ed3e683"}}, "bf307543-0e04-497e-b4c3-2591241b7af6": {"text": "Additional references include regional growth and fishery studies on green, pink, yellow, and blue abalones, as well as recruitment and culture manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "bf307543-0e04-497e-b4c3-2591241b7af6"}}, "58998db8-0821-4d94-a8c2-3ec5a32ca68a": {"text": "manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery reports.", "metadata": {"source": "data/abalone_research_data.txt", "chunk_id": "58998db8-0821-4d94-a8c2-3ec5a32ca68a"}}}