http://example.org/abalone/chunk/0029b47b-f99e-41f8-8e24-baf62041ab85
confidence: 0.8
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mentions: I
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/01af1940-eddb-4634-a9e5-7208c9e75600
confidence: 0.8
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mentions: Diameter
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/01af392e-7eb7-4415-94f0-d853f14c81ed
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
confidence: 0.95
mentions: area
mentions: sole
mentions: Tentacles
sentence: The area around the foot is black and the sole is tan to grey.
sentence: The tentacles are black.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/021b5a0b-d306-4275-b3a0-7c3383279757
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mentions: Diameter
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/021fc9f3-7219-41f4-a472-ad11563ba27d
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/0278a204-eed9-4a97-a068-3d8f3b0cf33f
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Carson et al. 2019
mentions: Overton et al. 2025
sentence: release.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/031e9988-3859-4e7f-a39b-5d5cce4c956b
confidence: 0.9
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sentence: Diameter: 0.457
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/0421d53d-91d3-4e29-bf58-72a73f748b22
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone
sentence: Commercial harvesting is prohibited during January, February and August.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/042aee70-d3a7-451e-87ec-8bf0ed07b177
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mentions: Diameter
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/046afde2-85ff-437a-8832-29278958bfbf
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: black
mentions: flat
mentions: green
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sentence: black (H. cracherodii)
sentence: flat (H. walallensis)
sentence: green (H. fulgens)
sentence: pink (H. corrugata)

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/049985df-f74b-4ff0-a693-8c7bdc9861a2
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: edges
mentions: groove
sentence: A groove often parallels the outer edge of the line of pores.
sentence: edges are elevated above the shell surface.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/066c099a-9421-44f7-bcd6-781ef11ce57d
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Citations
mentions: many additional papers
sentence: Citations correspond to representative studies and reports; many additional papers exist on each topic.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/0675b3f5-f3a3-4203-b014-bb25c83b46d4
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/0779c1d0-16e7-42ce-97ee-39366c9e8262
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: annotated genome
mentions: comparative genomic study
mentions: heterozygosity
sentence: A comparative genomic study that generated an annotated genome for red abalone examined heterozygosity across several abalone species.
sentence: Estimated genome-wide heterozygosity ranged from roughly 0.43%

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/07917934-a382-49a8-9743-afedbef494e0
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/079af8bf-eb69-484a-bddd-be19892ddb41
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/07eed8af-a3be-4e5a-845e-c8f248cdd7e9
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
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sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/08a0cf1b-c979-45af-bc00-699a9741ff4d
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
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sentence: Height: 0.045
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sentence: Whole_weight: 1.405

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/08dccd8a-1e5b-4d81-a361-912bdb5715d1
confidence: 0.75
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confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Studies
sentence: marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies recommend careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/09ed0cc0-ab9e-4e74-adf1-4bf9439835df
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalones
mentions: California
mentions: pinks
sentence: California.
sentence: Commercial sizes of 6.25 inches for pinks
sentence: Commercial sizes of 7 inches for pinks
sentence: Limited growth information is available for abalones.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/0a161624-4733-4c38-90bd-d9172ca320c0
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/0a93620e-00c8-41f0-9f18-0ce75d8edf48
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/0ad9b92f-d36f-42a9-a0d0-e9a9051d7b85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
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sentence: Height: 0.035
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/0afc390a-8d46-4145-8338-b4d0a044f248
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Height: 0.1
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/0b7dfc06-ba69-4870-86c8-f141d1383b92
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.497
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/0ba28631-18fa-4990-ad83-22d9e2f53fa1
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Experiments
mentions: Juvenile red abalone growth
sentence: Experiments using macroalgae blades enriched with benthic diatom films or biofilms from settlement
sentence: Juvenile red abalone growth is sensitive to diet quality and structure of the rearing environment.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/0bfa753f-f9e0-479f-90d4-0de933b23c43
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated fishing effort
sentence: disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated fishing effort can substantially increase effective mortality rates.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/0d1d6bdb-b9e3-4208-99c2-37875ae18868
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: individuals
mentions: Pink Abalone
sentence: Pink abalone reach 10 inches in length
sentence: individuals over 7 inches long are now rare

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/0e17d757-2ec0-4588-bc23-b2858b0bc917
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: recoveries
sentence: recoveries. [Peters 2024; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/0f2ffd7b-b313-429e-be9f-73bf46c72117
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
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sentence: Diameter: 0.583
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sentence: Length: 0.752
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/0f9ba6e2-8ee6-46f3-9734-5b04bb195a67
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
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sentence: Diameter: 0.671
sentence: Height: 0.247
sentence: Length: 0.808
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/10d81283-0b66-4bac-91e0-b1c19abef7e7
confidence: 0.91
confidence: 0.92
confidence: 0.95
mentions: recruitment data
sentence: a large free-diving recreational fishery, recruitment data are now used alongside environmental indicators to guide management and assess recovery potential.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/10f24f85-1961-45e8-ab17-30e1240e7255
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.687
sentence: Height: 0.115
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/1106f29a-5b5a-4dfd-b4d6-da9b7a56a5f0
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone
sentence: Diameter: 0.113
sentence: Height: 0.049
sentence: Length: 0.145
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/125b5c96-28d6-46de-83b4-ba2adc201df3
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.53
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sentence: Length: 0.591
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/12e8dc1c-f2ee-4ead-af97-109958f6f041
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.196
sentence: Height: 0.039
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sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/1349eb33-0a51-4f08-b519-1ef5049eaeb7
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.077
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sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/135afc6a-b75e-4365-a41e-bd1dc45bd7e7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: California Department of Fish and Game
mentions: stocks of black abalone
sentence: In June, 1994, the California Department of Fish and Game proposed and the Fish and Game Commission adopted
sentence: unlikely that stocks of black abalone will recover enough for the fishery to reopen.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/141d836a-3e60-4fc3-bdc2-a9cf50f3a3d4
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.072
sentence: Height: 0.126
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sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/1507e528-2340-48a7-a43f-19e2a0a2a427
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalones
mentions: Western Atlantic abalone
sentence: Flat and threaded abalones have limited distributions and neither is common.
sentence: The western Atlantic abalone is rare and is not fished commercially.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/1580b0ce-5f82-49f6-8548-25e58ccfcec1
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.258
sentence: Height: 0.136
sentence: Length: 0.35
sentence: Sex: I

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/16c00351-b082-4720-a0bf-bb49de591398
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.493
sentence: Height: 0.214
sentence: Length: 0.621
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/16c320e8-1186-4df2-9982-64af00ae3876
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.9
mentions: commercial harvests
mentions: Current stocks
sentence: Current stocks of most
sentence: commercial harvests have declined dramatically to about 461,376 pounds in 1993

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/178829ca-6a37-445b-8ad8-f9868013b09e
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: product demand
mentions: scuba gear
sentence: increased dramatically during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, increased product demand, and

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/17b38542-6951-479c-88dc-9b05ab5fc761
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.273
sentence: Height: 0.079
sentence: Length: 0.325
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/17b38761-a12b-461f-93bc-379c9b6d0e4c
confidence: 0.88
confidence: 0.91
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confidence: 0.95
mentions: Tentacles
sentence: Tentacles are yellowish brown, or occasionally green, and thin.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/189233f2-e4c2-4b69-8c1a-aebe54d3e8ef
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Juvenile abalones
sentence: Juvenile abalones feed on rock-encrusting coralline algae and on diatom and bacterial films.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/18e23b3a-7413-49ab-b34b-4b026127f1b1
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.301
sentence: Height: 0.077
sentence: Length: 0.414
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/18edfdde-f8c3-4529-a97e-385e12475457
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.588
sentence: Height: 0.055
sentence: Length: 0.808
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/1b5fa629-63d8-4b3a-9cf8-f206243cd20d
confidence: 0.88
confidence: 0.92
confidence: 0.95
mentions: shell
mentions: Tentacles
sentence: The shell is usually brown, and its surface marked.
sentence: The shell is usually brown.
sentence: The tentacles are olive green.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/1b7c6d09-3ff6-4998-aaf6-7f2d5fa1b07e
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone
sentence: Diameter: 0.672
sentence: Height: 0.176
sentence: Length: 0.79
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/1b885b2a-c4b5-4d1b-96ae-4dba1fb1d5ed
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: They
sentence: They are found in the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 120 feet, commonly in

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/1c052942-db40-4bff-a2b7-796d7f5e13b8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: restrictive season
sentence: restrictive season, and local area closures for conservation and food fisheries.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/1c7dbb52-aac3-45a1-aac5-49af582984eb
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.103
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/1c8d453f-a4c6-47af-ad9d-dcb72fe46d8b
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Pinto Abalone
sentence: Pinto abalone are commercially harvested in Alaska and British Columbia.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/1d865b31-81ee-4750-8e56-81f9de4ea824
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
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sentence: Diameter: 0.431
sentence: Height: 0.078
sentence: Length: 0.54
sentence: Sex: I

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/1ef0e056-7c10-46b5-86d2-9b58050fbcd1
confidence: 0.9
confidence: 0.95
mentions: shell
mentions: Tentacles
sentence: The shell is oval
sentence: The tentacles are yellowish brown, short and thin.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/1f46b1af-05c7-44b0-a5c9-946a0d7432b4
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: culture
sentence: Growth rates in culture can exceed those in the wild under optimal temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes.
sentence: juvenile rearing on macroalgae diets.
sentence: onto plates or artificial substrates, and juvenile rearing on macroalgae diets.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/1fa6f56f-8605-4fad-ad70-769354a3e199
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.225
sentence: Height: 0.058
sentence: Length: 0.258
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/2005b54f-5712-4681-8218-0b8b3850f0a6
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Red Abalone
mentions: white abalones
sentence: (3.5%), and white (>1%) abalones have all been harvested in California.
sentence: Since 1993, only red abalone

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/2042e727-6ef5-496b-a356-2d3a33f1af15
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.131
sentence: Height: 0.14
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/227538bd-0544-49a7-90b8-45442a58bc27
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.48
sentence: Height: 0.056
sentence: Length: 0.536
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/22772eb9-0f52-4ce7-b224-d8bca99c30c4
confidence: 0.91
confidence: 0.92
confidence: 0.95
mentions: foot
mentions: shell
mentions: Tentacles
sentence: The foot is yellow to light orange.
sentence: The shell is thick.
sentence: The tentacles are black.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/23d15f8d-0a93-4d49-8c06-e12c76127540
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.426
sentence: Height: 0.068
sentence: Length: 0.496
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/25413a65-86ce-4886-a62d-61373f53a79a
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone
sentence: Diameter: 0.592
sentence: Height: 0.234
sentence: Length: 0.71
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/2653b2ed-7663-4cda-8093-f086e5142a97
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: New laws
sentence: New laws pending in the 1997 Legislature would establish a multi-year moratorium on the

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/2688de83-6dd5-4daa-963b-60514b1e6f6e
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: CDFW
sentence: (Fishery history, closures, recruitment).
sentence: CDFW – California Department of Fish and Wildlife.
sentence: Various abalone status reports, culture chapters, and recruitment monitoring documents.
sentence: [CDFW PDFs]

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/2763550b-7a27-4878-8e9a-1d2c715d1ad4
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: climate-driven habitat change
mentions: endemics
mentions: species
mentions: White Abalone
sentence: Species such as white abalone and several localized endemics in South Africa and Australia are considered at very high risk of extinction.
sentence: disease, and climate-driven habitat change.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/27868846-2143-4f5b-a561-c051213dccd4
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Mortality
mentions: removals
sentence: In general, natural mortality in adult size classes tends to be relatively
sentence: removals by legal harvest and non-harvest losses indicate that mortality is strongly size-dependent and can vary by site.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/279fc0d5-87c7-4c39-8cd7-ba841c8fc20a
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: divers
mentions: hooka gear
sentence: In the late 1950's, "hooka" gear, which supplied air from the surface to divers using light

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/291462f0-bf09-4514-9844-a0a8869ca73c
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: 1970's
mentions: fishery
sentence: fishery accelerated rapidly during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, reduced access to herring

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/296cc890-1696-4549-b4bf-d2b7911f090a
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Fish and Game Commission
mentions: Red Abalone
sentence: red abalone have been taken commercially
sentence: the Fish and Game Commission closed all red abalone harvest south

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/2b33a387-54f5-4053-a4a9-67e1c0628c48
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
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sentence: Diameter: 0.375
sentence: Height: 0.075
sentence: Length: 0.459
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/2b40709e-2e2b-4bc6-a5b6-fe7c12189e4d
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalones
mentions: Peters, H. et al.
sentence: Peters, H. et al. 2024. Abalones at Risk: A Global Red List Assessment of Haliotis. (Global conservation status of abalones). [Red List assessment]

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/2b9d529f-f267-4543-9889-e920b1b890d8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Pinto Abalone
sentence: Pinto abalone (H. kamtschatkana) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium, with a pebbly

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/2d689335-d5a9-4183-a284-6a72e6012dd4
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.292
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/2dee55a4-1bdc-4925-9cd3-9899ed0125e8
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.069
sentence: Height: 0.163
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/2eb8d264-1d3c-40b3-8e53-1bb8d682c188
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.337
sentence: Height: 0.121
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/2f756bc2-9046-4192-a34b-80fa4cc17e57
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.315
sentence: Height: 0.155
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sentence: Sex: I

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/302cb4e0-c1df-416a-8b6e-22f56e839282
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Bertalanffy modeling
sentence: Bertalanffy modeling for Mexican populations of related species (yellow and blue abalones) yield growth parameters with L∞ values around 150–165 mm and relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/3121dd86-f443-4532-bacd-1b7d1b9ba53a
confidence: 0.6
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
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mentions: California
mentions: disease
mentions: pollution
mentions: predator recovery
sentence: In central and southern California, cumulative effects of serial overfishing, disease (e.g., withering syndrome in black abalone), pollution, and predator recovery led to the closure of commercial

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/314b61f1-1623-4a59-ba90-d074bc888b07
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/3282737a-ab80-49e8-955e-16f108a0976d
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/32e03c88-e7ae-496c-9764-4daa4e49b438
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/32f61139-44e9-4ae0-929a-0216013539b9
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sentence: abalone fishery is managed through guideline harvest ranges, a minimum legal size of 3.75 inches

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/3433254d-90f7-4620-80b4-fd898cad19ca
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mentions: Incorporating temporal variation
mentions: Jiao, Y. et al.
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sentence: Jiao, Y. et al. 2010. Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone. (Time-varying growth modeling). [Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/3443e0bd-19a1-4762-8b7b-c72fdb53a097
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sentence: curves because they directly affect estimates of yield per recruit and sustainable harvest rates.

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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/369240cc-6933-4dfb-bf3f-6c28fe3616a1
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mentions: Abalone
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sentence: Diver operated from a boat.
sentence: Diver used at least 100 feet of air hose.

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mentions: aquaculture and restoration activities
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/3c164a16-e2ca-461b-b18b-68765be407cf
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mentions: Pinto Abalone
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sentence: Pinto abalone is the only invertebrate species in some Canadian jurisdictions for which all fishing is completely banned.
sentence: showing that post-release survival can still be a limiting factor.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/3d150233-1e74-4bdf-a4f9-6816822f3eea
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mentions: Flat abalone
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sentence: Flat abalone are commonly under 5 inches
sentence: Flat abalone reach 7 inches in length
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/3d18c7c5-ef8c-4d38-bdc2-f5fd6d89ddb6
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mentions: Abalones
mentions: hybridization
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sentence: After settling, abalones change their diet and feed on macroalgae.
sentence: Except for black abalone, hybridization for abalone species is not uncommon in areas where several
sentence: rates appear to be variable.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/3d35638d-39de-444c-b860-c9bfa9bdaed9
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/3d46498e-0b2e-4673-ba2b-e0bc13462c4b
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mentions: Abalone
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sentence: Pinto abalone are also known regionally as northern abalone.
sentence: abalone reach 6.49 inches in length, but are commonly 4 inches long.

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sentence: Black abalone range from Mendocino County, California to southern Baja California.
sentence: They are surface.

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mentions: Diameter
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sentence: Green abalone (H. fulgens) have a mottled cream and brown epipodium, with tubercles scattered on the

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confidence: 1.0
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sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/422be2d2-183c-4129-a82d-658a3fe7931a
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: environmental variability
mentions: macroalgal diets
sentence: Effect of environmental variability on yellow and blue abalone; Cicala et al. 2023; Mexican growth parameter studies

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/42eb910e-5bd2-4045-b797-ec3e454989f7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: California
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sentence: California may be eliminated if the sea otter range is not contained.
sentence: Studies in a California fishery reserve

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/4392a345-586f-4526-a23a-efa8d08f26ab
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mentions: Red Abalone
sentence: Red abalone is the largest abalone species globally, reaching shell lengths over 300 mm in some regions, and historically supported the most important abalone fisheries on the US West Coast.

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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/43ffd5e6-7b49-4429-956e-1c924ba1e345
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/450ec1b1-6c84-4559-adf8-acf730a8c1ba
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mentions: Pink Abalone
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sentence: and pink abalone have been used as models for diet and temperature experiments; these studies typically show faster growth under moderate temperatures and diversified macroalgal diets.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/45148c4b-0d1e-462e-9d7e-4ea97c546082
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/4538ab7e-c24a-4ebc-8802-c2f718d8c526
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sentence: Its range spans from British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico, with historically dense populations around central and northern California kelp
sentence: abalone fisheries on the US West Coast.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/454742c5-6de1-4c41-b446-65923f5a9544
confidence: 1.0
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sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/45e893cf-b294-48c7-a823-39c0abb4428c
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mentions: Analyses
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sentence: Tag–recapture studies in northern California have been used to estimate both natural and fishing mortality for red abalone.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/472c942b-939d-4b85-896d-f7ca57c37af2
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sentence: Abalones (genus Haliotis) are large marine gastropods in the family Haliotidae.
sentence: They are shallow-water herbivores distributed on rocky coasts in temperate and subtropical regions.

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mentions: Abalone
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sentence: They are commonly found in open, exposed areas.
sentence: White abalone are found in the subtidal zone down to at least 200 feet.
sentence: White abalone reach 10
sentence: abalone are found in the Channel Islands in California.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/487e69af-f3cf-42c4-b921-c01338802c9f
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sentence: Diameter: 0.171
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/49e1e1b7-e848-4057-8571-b0a1d5e3f60f
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sentence: Analyses comparing model fits to tag–recapture data suggest that more
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/4ab9632b-150c-44e7-9e12-cf11ee6d41ce
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/4ac65cff-8c5f-470f-9cb3-21b74be6522b
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sentence: They reach 10 inches in length, but are generally smaller.
sentence: crevices where surfgrass and algal cover is dense.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/4b2aaed0-a5be-407b-b458-ac1c88a64c49
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sentence: Diameter: 0.603
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/4bf7ab2c-5e24-4a5a-9236-de769629bd81
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sentence: growth. [Wulffson 2020; Ulva / diatom settlement studies on H. rufescens]

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sentence: Diameter: 0.473
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/4c81a039-898d-4978-ae4d-f33346332ed1
confidence: 0.8
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mentions: large abalone
sentence: Other predators include large fishes (e.g., California sheephead and cabezon), bat rays, octopus, and crabs, especially for juveniles and subadults.
sentence: with declines in exposed, large abalone.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/4d08389f-4e79-4d98-9ae0-bc6356aabd84
confidence: 0.9
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/4d1c4c39-5537-4fbd-8d58-36d8dc833dfd
confidence: 0.75
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mentions: red abalone Haliotis rufescens
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sentence: Size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature of red abalone Haliotis rufescens.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/4d976f9e-c987-4ce7-a094-a26908212b6b
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confidence: 0.85
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mentions: Numerical values
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sentence: Numerical values (e.g., growth rates, asymptotic sizes, heterozygosity) are approximate and context-dependent; original articles should be consulted for precise estimates and methods.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/51121cc3-507b-4df5-b801-c6a579d55f5a
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sentence: commercial harvesting of black abalone began in July, 1993, and extends through January 1, 1997. It is

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/51acbc32-f60d-4b31-a1da-28c165375a0d
confidence: 0.85
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sentence: There are 12 recognized hybrids in southern California and northern Baja California.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/5241d0e8-3c19-4ad4-a6c3-03d63c04379b
confidence: 0.8
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sentence: The eggs and sperm broadcast into the water through the

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/525b089e-f4c7-4114-a88b-182736d0b94a
confidence: 0.75
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mentions: Abalone
mentions: Aquaculture
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sentence: Aquaculture of red, pink, and green abalones occurs in California.
sentence: There is limited aquaculture of green
sentence: abalone is rare and is not fished commercially.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/5430230b-6961-42a5-abbc-3a73da50562b
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/54d453a5-9a33-4444-9ab3-31009c05e229
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sentence: Maximum observed shell growth for mid-size juveniles in one experiment was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/54faae17-f505-4c2b-9a4c-54dc4749a54d
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sentence: Height: 0.192
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/556a8192-3aea-43fd-9924-43cc5c9f53e0
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mentions: Predators
sentence: Abalone eggs and larvae are consumed by filter-feeding fish and shellfish.
sentence: Predators of juvenile abalones
sentence: algae may be eaten at various times.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/55bc52ac-8e9b-47c0-bd3c-6150d560833a
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/55c3c44a-2f2d-40c5-af9d-945081af06ed
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sentence: Red abalone (H. rufescens) usually have a black epipodium
sentence: some specimens have a barred black

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/560dbae9-0513-4720-8d50-784918e0e402
confidence: 0.8
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sentence: Key species treated in this summary

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/561dde4d-bb10-4a64-834e-07d0d4d17c4f
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mentions: depleted abalones
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sentence: Micheli, F. et al. 2008. Persistence of depleted abalones in marine reserves of central California. (High mortality and limited recovery). [Biological Conservation]

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sentence: multi-hose hooka gear and specialized, high-speed, seaworthy boats have become common in the fishery.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/57af8112-2feb-45b5-ada9-ecf4622b5e6b
confidence: 0.8
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sentence: The shell is reddish-orange.
sentence: The sole of the foot is tan.
sentence: Western Atlantic abalone range from

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/58998db8-0821-4d94-a8c2-3ec5a32ca68a
confidence: 0.85
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/595dbda2-b396-4857-b415-871abb77cf66
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mentions: British Columbia and Washington State
mentions: Global genetic and Red List assessments
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sentence: British Columbia and Washington State
sentence: Global genetic and Red List assessments
sentence: The Mexican Pacific

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/59aa307e-0192-41f0-a785-08f3664b9fda
confidence: 0.75
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mentions: restoration
sentence: However, current densities in the wild are so low that natural recovery is unlikely without active restoration, including captive breeding and out-planting.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/59babc9d-4965-4d3f-b52a-1d43152d787f
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.397
sentence: Height: 0.104
sentence: Length: 0.566
sentence: Sex: I

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/59f5b008-f24a-4fc3-9b28-567121b669a2
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Abalone shells
mentions: shell
sentence: Abalone shells are rounded or oval with a large dome towards one end.
sentence: The shell has a row of respiratory.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/5aa12d80-528f-43dd-8cea-379111869e28
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: ecosystem shifts
mentions: Red Abalone
sentence: In northern California, where red abalone supported a large free-diving recreational fishery,
sentence: many years following ecosystem shifts, such as severe kelp loss or changes in predator abundance.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/5aca7152-5763-4282-8e03-189808d4f9cb
confidence: 0.92
confidence: 0.95
mentions: commercial abalone fishery
sentence: The commercial abalone fishery in California is managed through size limits

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/5af99df5-ed88-4ea3-99c1-fa484996d91c
confidence: 1.0
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.273
sentence: Height: 0.191
sentence: Length: 0.31
sentence: Whole_weight: 2.517

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/5bc0143e-1108-4304-87a8-6e3f9f715d3c
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Recreational legal size
mentions: Time
sentence: Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178 mm in California regulations) can vary from roughly 8 to 20 years depending on local conditions and growth model choice.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/5bcc0ac4-d37b-4928-b12e-36daed6c7725
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: divers
mentions: hard-hat divers
sentence: Later, hard-hat divers harvested abalones from
sentence: divers working from barrel floats harvested abalones.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/5c2767e8-affb-4a97-9553-8f522766c94e
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.367
sentence: Height: 0.029
sentence: Length: 0.481
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/5cfffffd-7af1-406f-bad1-58d16948c834
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.411
sentence: Height: 0.234
sentence: Length: 0.503
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/5e286884-5929-4d0c-95ed-2a11ff02df7f
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalones
sentence: Currently, most abalones are exported to Japan, either fresh or frozen whole.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/5ec6d299-5221-49bd-b53b-a56613570d39
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalones
sentence: Abalones are members of a large class (Gastropoda) of molluscs having one-piece shells

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/5ed52cf5-b4ba-457f-aa21-5e21e013169d
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: harvested
sentence: initially harvested intertidal green and black abalones with skiffs using long, hooked poles.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/5ef4650b-de3f-4c31-b4e8-aeadce2ab855
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Recruitment
mentions: settlement
sentence: Long-term monitoring has shown that recruitment is highly variable and can remain depressed for many years following ecosystem shifts
sentence: to quantify settlement and early survival over time

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/5fd573e1-1b56-463f-9cbf-297a8b80886d
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.572
sentence: Height: 0.207
sentence: Length: 0.636
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/60bc05e8-29b9-4c70-93e2-4fe3978e6460
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: abalone species
mentions: commercial harvest efficiency
mentions: market demand
mentions: result
sentence: This is the combined result of commercial harvest efficiency, increased market demand, sport fishery expansion, an expanding
sentence: abalone species in central and southern California are over utilized.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/60ec351a-3ed3-4fc8-938c-1c1b36ce1678
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Production
sentence: In decreasing order of total catch between 1950 and 1995, red (46.6%), pink (41.2%), black (8.7%), green

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/61f9deac-58f1-4c6c-99c4-9d5a6553de29
confidence: 0.6
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Carson, H. S. et al.
mentions: Haliotis kamtschatkana
mentions: Pinto Abalone
sentence: Carson, H. S. et al. 2019. Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State. (Haliotis kamtschatkana restoration and decline). [Aquatic Conservation article]

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/640007b1-4ccd-4e9a-8b07-574bcd29e2a9
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Abalone
sentence: A 1.5 inch abalone may spawn 10,000 eggs or more at a time

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/645b319b-dceb-4ada-a7a8-ab99c813678b
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: commercial harvest
mentions: shallow waters
sentence: was eliminated in California in 1900 by closure of shallow waters to commercial harvest

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/64a733c2-6b75-4781-86cf-588590b55112
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Hines, A. H. 1982
mentions: Sea otters
sentence: Hines, A. H. 1982. Abalones, shells, and sea otters: dynamics of predator–prey interactions in central California. (Sea otter predation on abalone). [Smithsonian report]

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/64e92c9b-fc60-4409-bfd3-9189fb5034f7
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Genetics
sentence: Genetics and Conservation Assessments

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/6555b8ca-8a77-41b0-b8c3-b67036762d10
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.19
sentence: Height: 0.188
sentence: Length: 0.26
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/67012802-e9eb-4142-8f32-9770cc2255a6
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.64
sentence: Height: 0.04
sentence: Length: 0.74
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/67075b7e-bbab-4894-a9b0-5c76fb1c3a00
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.403
sentence: Height: 0.094
sentence: Length: 0.457
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/67ce955b-cf66-4286-9825-2304d4b55c10
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.469
sentence: Height: 0.062
sentence: Length: 0.604
sentence: Whole_weight: 1.375

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/6808d77e-e9c0-4cd0-a936-a96784704af8
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: ecosystem
mentions: kelp forest
mentions: Recruitment
sentence: Models and status reports emphasize that recruitment failure and
sentence: open longer, but was eventually closed after unprecedented kelp forest collapse and associated ecosystem changes around 2014–2018.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/685a79d7-cf26-4537-aec9-e5c608c35a31
confidence: 0.95
mentions: genetic variation
sentence: need to preserve genetic variation in both wild and hatchery programs, particularly for highly depleted species. [Masonbrink et al. 2019]

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/6860e33d-7011-4b7d-90af-da2ca4406c15
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: adult size classes
mentions: environmental disturbances
sentence: but localized environmental disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated
sentence: in adult size classes tends to be relatively low (on the order of a few tenths per year in many marine invertebrates)

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/68c9b86c-cb65-4169-8b2e-d8c54f50e849
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.251
sentence: Height: 0.04
sentence: Length: 0.293
sentence: Rings: 23

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/69b8cb05-c44b-4b09-9dca-5c77811a8d18
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.587
sentence: Height: 0.222
sentence: Length: 0.745
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/6a493f9e-dbfb-41f4-b680-824523c65e85
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Pink Abalone
sentence: Pink abalone (H. corrugata) have a mottled black and white epipodium with many tubercles on the

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/6c321a30-da8b-4b14-9454-78f608a8be21
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: fertilized eggs
mentions: Red Abalone
sentence: Red abalone in some locations spawn throughout the year.
sentence: The fertilized eggs hatch into

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/6c4a4bc8-fa23-449f-a484-dbc83c148232
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: fits
mentions: von Bertalanffy
sentence: fits to tag–recapture data suggest that more flexible curves (e.g., Richards or Gaussian) can capture variable early growth, whereas von Bertalanffy tends to slightly overestimate early growth

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/6d4952aa-5469-4e31-9369-fea6f9b82b03
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.383
sentence: Height: 0.102
sentence: Length: 0.53
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/6deaac5d-75ff-4e3d-b11f-b63ab1c61b65
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.304
sentence: Height: 0.055
sentence: Length: 0.362
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/6e360a25-4bc0-4979-ae10-308a863edd17
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.464
sentence: Height: 0.205
sentence: Length: 0.556
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/6eacdf04-1ff8-49c0-8c40-89d1aaadc82c
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.394
sentence: Height: 0.236
sentence: Length: 0.481
sentence: Shell_weight: 0.402

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/6eb86470-78b8-493f-aeab-d0b458f1712c
confidence: 0.9
mentions: family Haliotidae
mentions: genus Haliotis
sentence: the family Haliotidae and the genus Haliotis, which means sea ear, referring to the flattened shape of the shell.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/70078b57-5d7a-4e8b-9570-cf0e15d92412
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.409
sentence: Height: 0.092
sentence: Length: 0.551
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/70154924-7ad6-4dde-add4-c7f267d4c31d
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.288
sentence: Height: 0.15
sentence: Length: 0.392
sentence: Whole_weight: 0.4

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/704ae9c4-3bd0-48ca-a50e-b10cdf474b92
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone
sentence: Diameter: 0.085
sentence: Height: 0.118
sentence: Length: 0.103
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/713ac3ca-ede1-4a37-991c-919477457652
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
mentions: Abalone
mentions: muscular foot
sentence: The muscular foot has strong suction power permitting the abalone to clamp tightly to rocky

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/71da8d5f-1b19-4878-a0a0-75d696c19cc1
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone
sentence: abalone sinks to the bottom where it clings to rocks and crevices with its single powerful foot.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/7206f3ca-4b6e-4996-8c6a-0236fb0a80e2
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone
sentence: Diameter: 0.329
sentence: Height: 0.195
sentence: Length: 0.4
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/724d3ac7-278d-4b6e-a1df-53ccce9f6b20
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: pores
mentions: Red Abalone
sentence: Red abalone range from Sunset Bay, Oregon
sentence: pores are moderately elevated above the shell surface.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/73207a8b-7613-4b69-bec8-429a5209f57e
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: algae
mentions: species of algae
sentence: algae such as giant kelp, bull kelp, feather boa kelp and elk kelp are preferred
sentence: other species of algae may be eaten at various times

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/74ed1ecf-9653-4da9-820d-3ca45a85d76d
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone
sentence: Diameter: 0.566
sentence: Height: 0.028
sentence: Length: 0.735
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/7505e6ea-d7d0-4fa1-8bd6-ceee63adbaa7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: pore edges
mentions: shell
mentions: There
sentence: There are 3 to 6 open pores
sentence: shell is irregularly mottled and narrow
sentence: the pore edges are elevated

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/750cd1e0-7348-443b-82f3-c7304ca6d5ee
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Threaded abalone
sentence: Threaded abalone reach 6 inches in length

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/765f76fc-1cc5-49d4-980c-2ef2619f6c0b
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Black abalone
mentions: H. sorenseni
sentence: (H. sorenseni) abalone.
sentence: Black abalone (H. cracherodii) have black and smooth epipodium and tentacles.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/775b470c-9fbd-4584-9c8f-ef9458f8897e
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Abalone
sentence: Flat abalone range from British Columbia, Canada to San Diego, California.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/77be11d2-486d-444f-9128-ac4e847296f0
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: blue abalone
mentions: Yellow
sentence: Yellow (H. corrugata in Mexican literature) and blue abalone (H. fulgens) in some growth studies

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/7864fb81-56af-4f51-b9cc-e867969196a4
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.48
sentence: Height: 0.084
sentence: Length: 0.627
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/78b175d3-8a21-497b-a199-f36a76a64f60
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.277
sentence: Height: 0.131
sentence: Length: 0.347
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/79201b62-f1de-4938-b0da-49198346ba22
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: abalone fishery
mentions: Abalones
sentence: During the early years of the abalone fishery, abalones were dried and smoked, or canned for export

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/792c972e-d7d4-40ad-b87c-82885e692434
confidence: 0.9
mentions: California
sentence: commercial size limits in California are: 7-3/4 inches for red abalone, 7 inches for green abalone, 6-1/4

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/79862d6f-3685-436b-83f0-291df1013745
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: local collapses
mentions: status
sentence: status now ranges from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with many local collapses due to overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/79e0e192-9008-449f-9e03-f5964fe234f3
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.447
sentence: Height: 0.077
sentence: Length: 0.591
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/7a01c960-462a-4be1-962d-714fa9b3d9b5
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Abalones
sentence: abalones feed primarily on loose pieces of marine algae drifting with the surge or current.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/7aa07632-2e01-4ecd-90ed-8ff25fd8b562
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Brody growth coefficients
mentions: cultured green and pink abalone
sentence: Cultured green and pink abalone have been used as models for
sentence: relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈ 0.3–0.36 yr⁻¹), reflecting faster growth than large red abalone in colder, northern waters.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/7b7f7d23-3718-4fbe-ba7e-1543c869b2c6
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: pore edges
mentions: pores
mentions: surface
sentence: There are 2 to 4 open pores,
sentence: and pore edges are strongly
sentence: its surface is marked with wavy corrugations.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/7bdc3fad-8281-4150-8ace-e18e618b2fbe
confidence: 0.6
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Abalones
mentions: fishing
mentions: further losses
mentions: life-history traits
sentence: Abalones at
sentence: life-history traits (slow growth, late maturity, and broadcast spawning) make recovery inherently slow even after fishing stops.
sentence: to prevent further losses, and that life-history traits (slow growth, late maturity, and broadcast spawning) make recovery inherently slow even after fishing stops.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/7c03a454-a67b-4838-a47a-3fccdbfa436d
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: California kelp forests
mentions: CDFW
mentions: Jiao et al. 2010
mentions: Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007
sentence: around central and northern California kelp forests.
sentence: around central and northern California kelp forests. [CDFW; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Jiao et al. 2010]

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/7c04c3b8-c38f-40bf-bdc7-f18d6a0990d5
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: growth studies
mentions: Islands
sentence: Growth studies suggest that white abalone can grow roughly 1.0–2.9 cm per year depending on size
sentence: Islands, followed by decades of extremely low recruitment, drove the species to very low densities.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/7ccbb1e5-2d98-446a-9771-9ff4c68f4005
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.472
sentence: Height: 0.051
sentence: Length: 0.547
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/7d278e83-1d2f-470b-a1fa-3865ba323514
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.27
sentence: Height: 0.095
sentence: Length: 0.349
sentence: Whole_weight: 2.692

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/7d76ded1-ca26-40e1-a205-fb1a7026fdcd
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: modern recoveries of otters
mentions: removal of sea otters
sentence: modern recoveries of otters have coincided with declines in exposed, large abalone
sentence: the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early 20th centuries likely contributed to abalone booms

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/7ddc5fac-7949-482b-a9b1-989c19aea30e
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.139
sentence: Height: 0.179
sentence: Length: 0.194
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/7e8aa579-54a1-4d80-a8d3-c68180a53087
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Prices
mentions: two-year closure
sentence: Prices to fishermen for red abalone were around $500 to $600 per dozen in 1993-94.
sentence: effective January 1, 1995 a two-year closure on sport and commercial harvesting of pink, green and white abalone.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/7e9e45e4-6798-4c3c-ae10-1a39ab1233e2
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.492
sentence: Height: 0.1
sentence: Length: 0.694
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/8012efa3-5b64-4c53-bbc5-5833d221aa60
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Recruitment monitoring
sentence: Recruitment monitoring can improve diversity in hiring
sentence: Recruitment monitoring helps in ensuring compliance
sentence: Recruitment monitoring involves tracking applicants
sentence: Recruitment monitoring is related to the hiring process

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/805fcf3b-8adc-47d4-8919-fc5e84b31629
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
confidence: 0.95
mentions: environmental forcing
mentions: fishing
mentions: kelp scarcity
sentence: Persistent kelp scarcity, even in protected areas, suggests that environmental forcing can be as important as fishing in controlling abalone population

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/8109a9b2-046f-4996-adbe-d2e8a5b940e3
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone
sentence: Diameter: 0.271
sentence: Height: 0.206
sentence: Length: 0.314
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/8134b339-a700-4aaa-bcb7-22b6ac874b9d
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Genome
mentions: Haliotis rufescens
mentions: Masonbrink, R. E.
sentence: Masonbrink, R. E. et al. 2019. An annotated genome for Haliotis rufescens (red abalone). (Genome, heterozygosity of multiple abalone species). [PMC article]

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/81ca9f5c-d299-4f5f-a799-44344011ee8e
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.617
sentence: Height: 0.236
sentence: Length: 0.709
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/8202152a-a68c-4dd1-8070-b83f97572232
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
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sentence: Diameter: 0.517
sentence: Height: 0.137
sentence: Length: 0.684
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/82384513-30ae-4e55-a8cd-143377c5353c
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.483
sentence: Height: 0.184
sentence: Length: 0.663
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/825d24e0-a6bb-4039-b635-59a4de0be2b0
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Re seeding experiments
sentence: Reseeding experiments have not been successful.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/82ccd156-a291-4b9b-a684-a6b3c02047b3
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.095
sentence: Height: 0.142
sentence: Length: 0.113
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/84493ec1-08c7-4929-bc78-f7063d5676f3
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: populations
mentions: sea otter range
sentence: have shown that even protected populations cannot support a fishery within the sea otter range in central

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/848d8016-2af7-4959-900a-deccdc2d2f92
confidence: 0.6
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confidence: 0.8
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mentions: assessment
mentions: management
mentions: programs
sentence: The assessment highlights that precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/8523ebb8-c536-473c-9a37-1ff264718a01
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.506
sentence: Height: 0.135
sentence: Length: 0.706
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/86447bd7-69ba-4fde-ac27-71e898ec2567
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Prices
sentence: High prices increased the incentive for illegal harvesting in closed areas.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/870d2e71-026c-41d4-8bc8-6f0862c87e8c
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Pinto abalone populations
mentions: Surveys
sentence: Pinto abalone populations in Washington State and British Columbia have experienced declines exceeding 90% in many monitored areas, despite complete fishery closures.
sentence: Surveys indicate that densities

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/87506d89-ff56-4299-b9ab-55e3383d6654
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: densities
mentions: phenomenon
sentence: Surveys indicate that densities have fallen below thresholds where successful fertilization is likely
sentence: a phenomenon often described as Allee effects in broadcast spawners

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/88522799-4d15-4e88-95d6-daac6a9f2059
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
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sentence: Diameter: 0.491
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/8912cb82-4bc9-4b54-88d3-bdac3e440510
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone
sentence: Diameter: 0.501
sentence: Height: 0.229
sentence: Length: 0.67
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/8b401247-0a88-4cc2-a180-da235aa6a63e
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/8cb5ec29-2af6-4194-ad01-cd8741d26340
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.38
sentence: Height: 0.052
sentence: Length: 0.485
sentence: Rings: 17

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/8cfa940d-5e0c-4b30-a5a3-da114d5be304
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
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sentence: Height: 0.046
sentence: Length: 0.169
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/8d713323-1d23-4a2b-907b-70088a7a62dd
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
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sentence: Diameter: 0.46
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/8e4e15bc-1224-46f7-bd92-2b9144d81699
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: historical records
mentions: otters
sentence: Historical records indicate that the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early
sentence: otters can maintain abalone populations at low densities, with most surviving individuals confined to deep crevices.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/8ea15a5c-ebbc-4f49-8d7f-b54f8db8a0e5
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Size-specific mortality
sentence: Size-specific mortality

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/8ebd6338-47e5-49b1-a286-e0db05fce480
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
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sentence: Diameter: 0.213
sentence: Height: 0.167
sentence: Length: 0.284
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http://example.org/abalone/chunk/8f1bcf43-a732-421a-b72c-ff3929ff7e8a
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.511
sentence: Height: 0.073
sentence: Length: 0.7
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/8f9cf031-3ac7-4006-b058-5515411845a6
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: harvest
mentions: management plan
mentions: stocks
sentence: a new management plan is in effect
sentence: commercial and recreational harvest of all species of abalone south of the entrance to San Francisco Bay
sentence: until stocks have demonstrated some level of recovery

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/90148afb-c1db-425a-995f-64c6a5adc8c4
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: recurring challenge
sentence: recurring challenge is low post-release survival caused by predation, limited shelter, and physiological stress, similar to problems seen in other marine gastropod restoration efforts.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/901b2979-170c-4642-97cf-71b01bfafd85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.24
sentence: Height: 0.034
sentence: Length: 0.316
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/9117f5c7-533b-4bd5-abbf-5d5e447d9ffd
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: areas
mentions: elevated mortality
mentions: recruitment failure
sentence: reports emphasize that recruitment failure and elevated mortality can prevent recovery even in areas without direct fishing pressure.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/91778c4e-a17a-40e9-8563-55b63bddc0b2
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Size
mentions: Temperature
sentence: Temperature and size-dependent growth

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/91fc9d74-f621-4c39-91fe-e6c13e4a46ac
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
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sentence: Diameter: 0.646
sentence: Height: 0.043
sentence: Length: 0.724
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/92d66669-319d-4c3c-996b-237ee11f2a4a
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: text
sentence: This text is a synthesized summary built from multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources, rewritten in plain language for use in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/935308a8-b6f8-4662-b10b-efd508411846
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.584
sentence: Height: 0.248
sentence: Length: 0.797
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/93ada17e-4f3f-4236-b0d6-72968fdc05d3
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.466
sentence: Height: 0.18
sentence: Length: 0.631
sentence: Shell_weight: 0.456

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/94560a63-cbb2-464c-9e39-78ae8cfa3411
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.112
sentence: Height: 0.203
sentence: Length: 0.128
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/95090689-a37f-4b12-b54d-c1a38965762f
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.508
sentence: Height: 0.038
sentence: Length: 0.717
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/952fceee-7927-49ec-a719-2dbf7dad185e
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.362
sentence: Height: 0.097
sentence: Length: 0.475
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/96125cd7-8ef4-4dbe-9c26-38c998f94e24
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.08
sentence: Height: 0.076
sentence: Length: 0.093
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/966d2e38-94a5-443a-b6e0-73534c14bba1
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: British Columbia commercial pinto abalone fishery
mentions: productive areas
sentence: British Columbia. Prior to 1971, the British Columbia commercial pinto abalone fishery was sporadic
sentence: productive areas were closed after 6 days and a catch of 37,000 pounds.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/97a6aed0-2a20-41fe-a5a4-6d7fbbd26a63
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.106
sentence: Height: 0.151
sentence: Length: 0.147
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/97e0b24d-c9cc-4bd4-a641-8c09f3f49144
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Red Abalone
sentence: Red Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) – Biology and Growth

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/986a5adc-b264-4307-81cc-37390ffdb88d
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.429
sentence: Height: 0.203
sentence: Length: 0.55
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/9875ee6b-ad78-4e35-80db-f2b5effb1e19
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.093
sentence: Height: 0.103
sentence: Length: 0.109
sentence: Rings: 14

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/988bd211-6858-412f-9d94-8f16ba721194
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Obispo County, California
mentions: They
sentence: Obispo County, California to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California.
sentence: They are found in the subtidal zone from 20

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/98c262dc-e7df-4f07-a014-effb6568908b
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
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sentence: Diameter: 0.41
sentence: Height: 0.227
sentence: Length: 0.531
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/99bdcf44-5a69-4a20-815a-694b070f4921
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
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sentence: Diameter: 0.553
sentence: Height: 0.155
sentence: Length: 0.705
sentence: Sex: I

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/99f0e2d7-2bf1-49c6-8235-53b65ab00db6
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: current densities
mentions: individuals
sentence: However, current densities in the wild
sentence: roughly 1.0–2.9 cm per year depending on size, indicating that individuals could rebuild size structure over a few decades if recruitment and survival improved.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/9b53d360-083a-40c0-8ebc-85e17b324033
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.611
sentence: Height: 0.202
sentence: Length: 0.788
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/9bdd558c-9890-4c73-b419-559d3c32f44d
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Chinese Americans
mentions: commercial fishery
mentions: H. diversicolor supertexta
sentence: Chinese Americans
sentence: The commercial fishery for abalones in California began in the 1850's.
sentence: and H. diversicolor supertexta abalones in Hawaii.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/9be27de6-cc6d-4e1d-9d26-9c83a3f7ddd3
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.288
sentence: Height: 0.024
sentence: Length: 0.327
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/9c2086b5-2ee9-4933-9d11-98ced34aa6d9
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: largest recorded shell
mentions: North Carolina
mentions: They
sentence: North Carolina through the Gulf of Mexico to Brazil.
sentence: The largest recorded shell had a length of about 1.2 inches.
sentence: They are found from 187 feet down to at least 1,200 feet on hard substrates.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/9d19b3db-e329-4078-a168-53f997ecc3e9
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.107
sentence: Height: 0.107
sentence: Length: 0.147
sentence: Whole_weight: 1.623

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/9dc1c445-2a01-41b0-b443-465f1dcf839b
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone
mentions: Events
sentence: Abalone growth and survival depend heavily on kelp forests and drift macroalgae.
sentence: Events such as marine heatwaves, disease outbreaks in sea urchin predators, and prolonged urchin barrens have caused

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/9e8f6cb8-0fa5-467c-87b3-c3e338c1599c
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Guideline harvests
mentions: October
mentions: season
sentence: Guideline harvests prior to 1988-89 varied 33,000 to 57,000 pounds per year.
sentence: October to remain outside spawning and settling periods.
sentence: The season was shortened each year, and in 1993-94 the most

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/9ee14bcb-bfe6-4f04-888b-3c67b4b2a4c9
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.416
sentence: Height: 0.234
sentence: Length: 0.59
sentence: Sex: I

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/9fcd726d-4e69-4359-a731-1c7fceb91d4f
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.541
sentence: Height: 0.186
sentence: Length: 0.678
sentence: Whole_weight: 1.4

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/a07424c9-2ce3-480f-b4e0-a69557aecaac
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: findings
mentions: Growth
sentence: These findings highlight that both body size and local temperature regime strongly influence growth
sentence: was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with growth declining away from the optimal temperature range.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/a1ea2735-9302-47c5-a314-964ddfc19950
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
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sentence: Diameter: 0.292
sentence: Height: 0.144
sentence: Length: 0.36
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/a2701f15-5b37-4ed2-aa47-a931fb91d335
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: challenge
mentions: programs
sentence: A recurring challenge is low post-release survival
sentence: Multiple programs aim to release hatchery-origin juveniles of pinto, white, and other abalone species to supplement depleted wild populations.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/a2bea16e-01d1-4eeb-afe9-c317bc261bf5
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
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sentence: Diameter: 0.391
sentence: Height: 0.126
sentence: Length: 0.439
sentence: Sex: I

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/a3cc6318-b1df-4ca5-8daf-a955742eaa7d
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.353
sentence: Height: 0.169
sentence: Length: 0.497
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/a41b631c-acdc-4a1c-abb2-e0cee37aa065
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalones
mentions: Hatchery protocols
sentence: Hatchery protocols typically involve controlled spawning, larval settlement onto plates or artificial substrates, and
sentence: Red, green, and pink abalones are cultured in California and other regions.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/a49e1ee1-2ca5-4d4e-b5a0-b5126eabcd3b
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: scuba gear
mentions: Shore picking
sentence: Shore picking was the main harvest method
sentence: after 1960 some scuba gear was used

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/a5e6e87a-bd56-4242-bb4e-d2ff64214b3b
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.476
sentence: Height: 0.046
sentence: Length: 0.666
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/a5ee643d-4e46-404b-b248-b49706c02974
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.478
sentence: Height: 0.111
sentence: Length: 0.58
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/a6d2583b-c147-4ac4-8be6-28db30f32af9
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
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sentence: Diameter: 0.316
sentence: Height: 0.142
sentence: Length: 0.439
sentence: Sex: I

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/a7cf0062-7bec-40f8-8b39-c4f1c27d6b83
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Green Abalone
mentions: Pink Abalone
sentence: Green and pink abalone were historically important components of mixed-species fisheries in California and Mexico.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/a824d6d7-557e-4391-833c-c404983ed7c2
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Red Abalone
sentence: Red abalone reach 12.3 inches in length, but are commonly 7 to 9 inches long.
sentence: South of Point Conception, they are found in the subtidal zone down to at least 60 feet.
sentence: South of Point Conception, they are found in the subtidal zone down to over 100 feet.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/a8ceab96-5dbd-4811-be49-b59212d5798e
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: growth rate
mentions: Laboratory experiments
mentions: thermal optimum
sentence: Laboratory experiments that reared multiple size classes of red abalone at temperatures between about 11 and 22 °C showed strong size-dependent variation in both growth rate and thermal optimum.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/a93bf8a0-ed57-4e38-b9b8-9dd9d498a0a4
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.245
sentence: Height: 0.19
sentence: Length: 0.282
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/aa0ab51e-3133-4876-a40c-08f2f628662c
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: acceptance of the pinto abalone in the Japanese market
mentions: salmon fisheries
sentence: salmon fisheries, acceptance of the pinto abalone in the Japanese market, increased product demand

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/aa1fd13a-7b5f-4840-a9f7-cf9dea910942
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.483
sentence: Height: 0.055
sentence: Length: 0.623
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ab4cad34-580b-49c2-9b5d-d4a7bbc579c5
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.203
sentence: Height: 0.154
sentence: Length: 0.284
sentence: Whole_weight: 1.934

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ac2b1295-38e0-4e5a-8784-917819e2ba51
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: pores
sentence: There are 3 to 5 open pores, and the edges of the pores are elevated above the

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ad500111-7651-4634-9766-6faf6a02ec5c
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: greens
mentions: Pinto Abalone
mentions: reds
sentence: Pinto abalone reach about 2.5 inches in a minimum of 6 years.
sentence: inches for greens and 7.75 inches for reds are reached after a minimum of 10 to 15 years in southern California.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ad631e98-2620-4e97-bdf4-e54d028aaf14
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Sea otters
mentions: Studies
sentence: Sea otters are a dominant predator of abalone within their current California range.
sentence: Studies in central California marine reserves show that sea otters can maintain abalone populations at low.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/adb109f6-93aa-495f-8d8f-0c86a51b84d3
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Green Abalone
mentions: Pink Abalone
mentions: White Abalone
sentence: Green abalone (H. fulgens)
sentence: Pink abalone (H. corrugata)
sentence: White abalone (Haliotis sorenseni)

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ae7d3ebc-38d9-435d-8da3-4550746a7ebe
confidence: 0.6
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone
sentence: Diameter: 0.355
sentence: Length: 0.461
sentence: Rings: 23
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/aed1178e-1d19-4eac-a61b-58bf0543c945
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.361
sentence: Height: 0.084
sentence: Length: 0.477
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/b01c36ac-b037-497f-a698-efb323d30489
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: pores
mentions: Threaded abalone
sentence: Threaded abalone range from San Luis
sentence: and the pores are moderately elevated above the shell surface.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/b04aeb92-8346-420e-be0b-38f465f39b2b
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.522
sentence: Height: 0.204
sentence: Length: 0.587
sentence: Sex: I

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/b130eae0-a565-4b78-abe5-c7e9cddbbca9
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: conservation status
mentions: several species
sentence: Conservation status now ranges from Least Concern to
sentence: Several species have supported major fisheries, particularly in California, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, and Japan.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/b24bd4c0-a1fe-4210-b466-9e86c6dc322b
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.616
sentence: Height: 0.11
sentence: Length: 0.708
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/b2ba34c3-c480-437e-886c-da1a6289e3f7
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.482
sentence: Height: 0.062
sentence: Length: 0.562
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/b2c2a6c4-7a9e-4c6a-a42b-5fe23b8282ca
confidence: 0.6
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: ruler
sentence: 36" long and not less than 1/16 inch thick, with rounded smooth edges and a curve with a radius of less

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/b2da1ec8-4304-413b-a90c-a6c5041e5d7c
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.59
sentence: Height: 0.079
sentence: Length: 0.663
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/b3dd1cd7-838a-47b9-b55f-06d68d363753
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.117
sentence: Height: 0.067
sentence: Length: 0.15
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/b554c28a-233e-4731-8bbe-85d2497a3fe8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Mortality
mentions: Recruitment
sentence: Mortality, Recruitment, and Population Dynamics

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/b5cb40fd-f4a6-4cfe-992b-485289533efb
confidence: 0.6
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone recruitment
mentions: Hart, L. C. et al. 2020
mentions: NOAA Technical Memo
mentions: Red abalone recruitment
sentence: Hart, L. C. et al. 2020. Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California. (Red abalone recruitment and fishery collapse). [NOAA Technical Memo]

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/b5f99d5a-068d-44c4-8f04-1e329b70f11f
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: American divers
mentions: fishery
sentence: American divers followed the Chinese Americans as the fishery moved to the subtidal zone.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/b761ad8a-f53d-481a-a424-1118b1df1447
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Pink Abalone
sentence: elevated above the surface. Pink abalone range from Point Conception, California to Santa Maria Bay

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/b777af36-de1a-4c15-8511-91b9024f6f30
confidence: 0.9
mentions: General biology
sentence: General biology

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/b83b9ed4-bed6-4b4a-9f1b-f4738deaf1cb
confidence: 0.65
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: California commercial abalone harvest
sentence: The California commercial abalone harvest reached a record 5.4 million pounds in 1957.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/b90ae741-277c-4ee1-bcbe-db394847df34
confidence: 0.6
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: epipodium
mentions: foot
sentence: An epipodium, a sensory structure and extension of the foot that bears tentacles, circles the foot

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/b985f4c4-086c-472f-a8f6-620220dff43e
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Green Abalone
sentence: Green abalone range from Point Conception, California to Bahia Magdalena, Baja California.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ba5283ab-496f-4de5-8385-6708ac8cc097
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: juveniles
sentence: [Hines 1982; Braje et al. 2009; CDFW abalone status reports]
sentence: especially for juveniles and subadults.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/bbdb1c29-e6b7-406e-9095-fd3d63b05377
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.352
sentence: Height: 0.157
sentence: Length: 0.392
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/bc0e0731-d5e6-427e-8a84-6c1fe9b94ef1
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
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mentions: Length
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sentence: Diameter: 0.595
sentence: Height: 0.028
sentence: Length: 0.772
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/bf307543-0e04-497e-b4c3-2591241b7af6
confidence: 0.92
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Additional references
sentence: Additional references include regional growth and fishery studies on green, pink, yellow, and blue abalones, as well as recruitment and culture manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/c0592162-5e52-466c-91a1-a38acda1fd29
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.194
sentence: Height: 0.099
sentence: Length: 0.22
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/c0a5a1e2-008e-4321-8c0a-327370d7fb45
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.128
sentence: Height: 0.18
sentence: Length: 0.162
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/c0f0bb66-59f4-496e-ad22-44a258310912
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: biosecurity concerns
mentions: genetic issues
sentence: temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/c19114db-c3a0-4cf8-be5c-1622f5d6f895
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Black abalone
sentence: Black abalone reach 7.75 inches in length, but are commonly 5 to 6 inches long.
sentence: found in intertidal and shallow subtidal zones down to a depth of about 20 feet.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/c19ddeda-0ab1-40fa-95bb-2ba2eaa45688
confidence: 0.9
mentions: growth model choice
sentence: growth model choice. [Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Wulffson 2020; Jiao et al. 2010]

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/c417cac3-355a-404c-b38d-5bb0d1b6684d
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.083
sentence: Height: 0.128
sentence: Length: 0.094
sentence: Sex: I

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/c41ee017-40cd-44a4-b5f5-9fd2f58ff975
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: condition
mentions: loss of kelp populations
mentions: Management efforts
sentence: Management efforts through size limits and limits on commercial harvesting permits have been
sentence: condition known as "withering syndrome," and loss of kelp populations associated with El Niño events.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/c57f8bf5-4381-4064-9643-09ab7008333a
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Steinarsson and co-authors
mentions: temperature regime
sentence: [Steinarsson and co-authors; Pérez et al. 2010; size-dependent temperature study on H. rufescens]
sentence: temperature regime strongly influence growth performance.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/c6c1b753-f618-40d5-8e16-74e4d5e40d49
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.401
sentence: Height: 0.246
sentence: Length: 0.446
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/c7b42713-2073-4796-8da2-24e137d861aa
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.389
sentence: Height: 0.049
sentence: Length: 0.487
sentence: Rings: 16

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/c8cad59e-6d2a-4ee2-a214-09aa34dd1a56
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.254
sentence: Height: 0.063
sentence: Length: 0.341
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/c94cbf4a-5419-49e3-bfb4-b5a692996f13
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.091
sentence: Height: 0.145
sentence: Length: 0.109
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/c9f7745f-070e-4a01-b687-7148105db3d4
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: U.S. market
sentence: The U.S. market is primarily in California for live abalone for the sashimi market, and for some fresh and frozen steaks for restaurants.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/cae7ab5c-9535-402a-9899-385f2312c21e
confidence: 0.92
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Field and modeling studies
mentions: Tag–recapture work
sentence: Field and modeling studies show substantial spatial and temporal variation in growth.
sentence: Tag–recapture work along the north coast of California indicates asymptotic shell lengths (L∞) on the order of

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/cb22d954-a66a-4f00-89d3-ea56bd86e445
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Hart et al. 2020
mentions: Measuring Abalone Recruitment in California 2004
sentence: potential.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/cc037ad6-a0dc-4086-97ee-924c720a5357
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Green Abalone
mentions: Pink Abalone
mentions: Red Abalone
mentions: White Abalone
sentence: Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited
sentence: White abalone showed the lowest (~0.43%), consistent with severe bottlenecks and the use of closely related cultured individuals in that dataset.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/cc2d703f-d363-4328-953d-5d18876c202c
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.305
sentence: Height: 0.073
sentence: Length: 0.37
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ccb009d4-d2ef-4b0b-9f29-9d75955700de
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Nine species
mentions: projects
sentence: Nine species of abalone occur in North America:
sentence: and projects beyond the shell edge in the living abalone.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ccd6943d-d6c4-4f39-9f23-4c925c36912e
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Behrens and Lafferty
mentions: CDFW
mentions: Peters
sentence: Behrens and Lafferty 2005
sentence: CDFW
sentence: Peters 2024

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/cd4f36b1-83b0-4308-8ea0-72984da2aee7
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Collapse
sentence: Collapse and closures

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/cddfdc71-a095-4cc3-9dc0-a7719c9526a5
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone
sentence: Western Atlantic (H. pourtalesii) abalone.
sentence: kamtschatkana abalone.
sentence: red (H. rufescens) abalone.
sentence: white (H. sorenseni) abalone.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/cdef3066-5697-49ef-920a-d634b273cd68
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.168
sentence: Height: 0.154
sentence: Length: 0.235
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ce034add-5bd5-433e-b8c1-971098e30e78
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.111
sentence: Height: 0.052
sentence: Length: 0.127
sentence: Whole_weight: 1.184

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ce319f62-d1b3-40a8-b414-c3ddf856dec8
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Growth modeling
sentence: Growth modeling can be applied in various fields
sentence: Growth modeling involves analyzing data
sentence: Growth modeling is a technique
sentence: Growth modeling is used for predicting future trends

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ce7dc16b-d70c-4660-abeb-6b402909c497
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.656
sentence: Height: 0.226
sentence: Length: 0.771
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/cf5167c4-155c-4c56-a893-3b2df5a9ec5a
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: larger individuals
mentions: small juveniles
sentence: Small juveniles typically grow fastest at intermediate temperatures in the mid-teens to high-teens °C
sentence: larger individuals display lower specific

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/cfbc0f6f-998a-46aa-937c-00eb90aaa2d3
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.148
sentence: Height: 0.107
sentence: Length: 0.206
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/cfd5ef99-0a56-49fe-958c-2ea41d34e524
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: 8 inch abalone
mentions: black, green and pink abalone
mentions: spawning season
sentence: 8 inch abalone may spawn 11 million or more eggs.
sentence: The spawning season varies among species with black, green and pink abalone spawning between spring and fall, and pinto abalone spawning during the

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d18a17d1-aac3-4915-964d-03f201d2592e
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.398
sentence: Height: 0.203
sentence: Length: 0.528
sentence: Sex: I

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d22c0bd0-9d33-4e8f-b461-8617e343d670
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Culture of Abalone
sentence: [Culture of Abalone, Haliotis spp., CDFW 2008; SeaChoice aquaculture review]
sentence: wild populations.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d2a32bee-881d-4794-80ff-7a49a794358e
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: hatchery practice
mentions: prepared plates or substrates
mentions: Ulva
sentence: This supports hatchery practice of using prepared plates or substrates colonized by diatoms or green algae (e.g., Ulva) for settlement and early growth.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d2c2f8d7-f7ea-408e-9af8-67f8ba50bd9e
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.193
sentence: Height: 0.162
sentence: Length: 0.271
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d300b2ca-3202-4317-94a5-33a16d1314c2
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.198
sentence: Height: 0.232
sentence: Length: 0.251
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d40bf18a-e8f0-484c-b5cf-fa2da0df2272
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Threaded abalone
sentence: Threaded abalone (H. assimilis) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium with a pebbly

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d47b881e-3750-46e8-bf43-63a29d9207eb
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: declines
mentions: global Red List assessment
mentions: Haliotis species
sentence: A recent global Red List assessment of abalones emphasizes that many Haliotis species have undergone rapid declines driven by overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d4a0d4c5-ff24-4b0b-a9f5-589f8540b747
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: epipodium
sentence: The surface of the epipodium is smooth and broadly scalloped
sentence: and cream pattern on their epipodium.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d5113e13-f1af-4390-aad8-6bb2fa05b38f
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.679
sentence: Height: 0.152
sentence: Length: 0.782
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d5c1867e-b5f6-47c6-b371-6f5ea0196fcf
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: 36,000 pounds
mentions: Alaska pinto
sentence: then fell to about 36,000 pounds in 1992-93 when a minimum size limit was instituted.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d64eb710-ed66-40ab-8b59-7b77a709ea3c
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.298
sentence: Height: 0.151
sentence: Length: 0.42
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d673e6ec-0fd4-4a2f-9ce5-8d5c114bfeeb
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Green Abalone
mentions: Pink Abalone
mentions: Red Abalone
mentions: results
sentence: Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited intermediate values (approximately 0.68%, 0.76%, and 0.95% respectively).
sentence: These results underline the need to preserve genetic variation in both wild

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d6bff44e-f036-4f67-bdb3-0bb964b7e07e
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
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sentence: Diameter: 0.394
sentence: Height: 0.108
sentence: Length: 0.545
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d6c712ea-3d0e-4c15-bc64-8b0ddc55f4b6
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Tortugas
sentence: Tortugas, Baja California. North of Point Conception, they are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d6cb008d-a644-4f15-9930-007469a1caf7
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Green Abalone
sentence: Green abalone are often found in

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d6eaf436-dbb8-4f96-8cfa-4863db40c794
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Northern California’s recreational red abalone fishery
mentions: recovery
sentence: Northern California’s recreational red abalone fishery remained open longer, but was eventually closed after
sentence: recovery led to the closure of commercial abalone fisheries in the late 1990s.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d718e74f-8761-49fe-b4ac-c7e661684702
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: number of permits
mentions: restrictions
sentence: number of permits for commercial abalone divers
sentence: restrictions on harvesting areas

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d75199a6-82c4-4041-8a21-61bf5b7d307f
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: fishing
sentence: as fishing in controlling abalone population trajectories.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d7987ddc-29d1-49d1-9765-8c9989ba63c1
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.124
sentence: Height: 0.131
sentence: Length: 0.138
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d817cf5e-c682-45f1-9e64-421f6aae4a6c
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.093
sentence: Height: 0.222
sentence: Length: 0.105
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d86c52a5-7452-4496-998e-f4b727563f06
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Threaded abalone
sentence: Threaded abalone are commonly smaller.
sentence: Threaded abalone are considered a subspecies of the pinto abalone by some scientists.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d88103ee-493a-44cb-8b33-55fa7ad5e647
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: pore edges
mentions: pores
sentence: There are 5 to 6 open pores
sentence: the pore edges are moderately elevated above

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d8b811db-6044-43b5-984f-238ea8f81bf3
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: benthic diatom films
sentence: This supports hatchery practice of using prepared
sentence: benthic diatom films or biofilms from settlement plates show higher growth and survival relative to macroalgae alone in early post-settlement stages

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/d9799301-7dc6-4e94-b42c-a54cb3c1fb2d
confidence: 0.8
mentions: Abalones
sentence: [Peters et al. 2024; Abalones at Risk global assessment]

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/db17b193-9775-46b6-8fc8-572c4949fd80
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: abalone iron
mentions: Abalones
sentence: Abalones may be taken only by hand or with abalone irons.
sentence: An abalone iron is a flat device not more than

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/db55cb79-d33f-4eb3-91bc-a1ae65da4343
confidence: 1.0
mentions: fishing
sentence: all fishing is completely banned.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/db68685d-3808-40b4-9313-59bf77b48bee
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
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sentence: Diameter: 0.255
sentence: Height: 0.197
sentence: Length: 0.287
sentence: Sex: I

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/dc1c0a48-4c59-4cd7-adb4-30818101755d
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.531
sentence: Height: 0.243
sentence: Length: 0.594
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/dc87ff66-37c7-4c3c-b383-294a71f70c14
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.513
sentence: Height: 0.123
sentence: Length: 0.61
sentence: Whole_weight: 1.185

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/dc92fe94-5ee9-477c-8564-226220f22319
confidence: 0.9
mentions: bat ray
mentions: sea otter
sentence: The bat ray in southern California and the sea otter in central California prey selectively on larger abalones.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/dca3432c-713f-4ac9-aa87-d16f52f45be5
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.152
sentence: Height: 0.159
sentence: Length: 0.179
sentence: Sex: I

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/dd96f1b3-7aef-4933-a77e-e2f2134fcfbf
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: larvae
sentence: floating larvae that feed on plankton until their shells begin to form.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/de3469ab-bb72-4224-ba90-3a338ab1aab7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone steaks
mentions: Shells
mentions: Yield
sentence: Abalone steaks are produced by removing the foot, trimming, slicing, and tenderizing.
sentence: Shells are used for mother-of-pearl, souvenirs, and jewelry.
sentence: Yield from a live abalone is roughly 15 percent.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/de519873-18e3-4ceb-beb7-be94c0c09a4c
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.627
sentence: Height: 0.126
sentence: Length: 0.795
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/dec2304f-7e25-4b89-ad22-569f07caa19d
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.232
sentence: Height: 0.177
sentence: Length: 0.275
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/def95f82-2357-4e51-b0d3-04f4ca1464cc
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone landings
mentions: fishery
sentence: Abalone landings peaked in 1977 at 474.8 metric tons and then declined rapidly.
sentence: The fishery was later closed to rebuild stocks.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/df9aa594-9b57-43f4-a6c9-91c499fb0170
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.598
sentence: Height: 0.192
sentence: Length: 0.703
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/dfe84e63-73d1-45db-a6f2-6c8ae85793d8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: pores
mentions: ribs
sentence: There are 5 to 7 open pores, and the pore
sentence: with many low, flat-topped ribs that run parallel to the pores.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/dff870d1-bdc1-4b64-b4a1-0231860f874c
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Black abalone
mentions: heterozygosity
mentions: Pinto Abalone
mentions: White Abalone
sentence: Black (H. cracherodii) and pinto abalone had the highest heterozygosity values (about 1.0%)
sentence: heterozygosity ranged from roughly 0.43% to just over 1%
sentence: whereas white abalone showed the lowest

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/e01f5163-5a1e-4eb5-83c6-0fad8fca093e
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Black abalone
mentions: Pink Abalone
mentions: Pinto
sentence: inches for pink or white abalone, 5-3/4 inches for black abalone, and 4 inches for pinto, threaded, and flat

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/e0815551-ae8d-4017-aaf6-74ce6f5b33b9
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Green Abalone
mentions: Pink Abalone
sentence: Green and pink abalone (Haliotis fulgens and H. corrugata)

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/e1981709-be04-435a-9df3-6ab221410931
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.283
sentence: Height: 0.228
sentence: Length: 0.352
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/e29f4f6f-a4aa-488b-9d38-95eb4d025569
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: pores
sentence: There are 5 to 9 open pores
sentence: the pores are flush with the shell

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/e36a27ad-1ed7-42e7-9e1b-e48b04bd7a48
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: management
sentence: Effective management relies on realistic growth curves because they directly affect estimates

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/e3b48876-c4fc-465d-88ee-73d5a21ce649
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.465
sentence: Height: 0.082
sentence: Length: 0.553
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/e479a62c-e3cf-473e-ac24-3986ec211753
confidence: 0.92
confidence: 0.95
mentions: White Abalone
sentence: White abalone range from Point Conception to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/e525a906-46ca-4312-b58e-cbf50bc1f764
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.12
sentence: Height: 0.174
sentence: Length: 0.145
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/e53f3aeb-8645-456d-837e-63835d14ed89
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.512
sentence: Height: 0.062
sentence: Length: 0.619
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/e6bc09af-60d2-4f19-a20a-7983263e0b24
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Journal of Shellfish Research
sentence: Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth and mortality models).

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/e7203899-d926-43f9-a5a3-3507e3e0b76a
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Predators
sentence: Predators and ecosystem context

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/e72d0195-6545-4b49-8265-679fadc3c46f
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.359
sentence: Height: 0.047
sentence: Length: 0.447
sentence: Whole_weight: 1.689

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ea10f8e4-b455-4614-9b10-7622b0992bee
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.07
sentence: Height: 0.136
sentence: Length: 0.079
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ec16d667-d0b3-41c4-8f27-b94e0004b0d6
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.539
sentence: Height: 0.085
sentence: Length: 0.768
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ec57a341-0601-42f1-8229-b0edeaeaf703
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Other Species
sentence: Other Species: Pinto, White, Green, and Pink Abalone

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/eceb5226-fa6a-4ddb-8966-467d33d60422
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: quantitative information
sentence: Most quantitative information summarized here comes from: - California (especially northern California and Channel Islands)
sentence: Most quantitative information summarized here comes from: - The Mexican Pacific

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ed062561-6cd1-4daa-811b-d4eb59efba91
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Northern abalone
mentions: Pinto
sentence: Pinto / Northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana)

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ed65096b-28ed-42e3-91a3-7218dfdaabb0
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.413
sentence: Height: 0.138
sentence: Length: 0.502
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ee059a1c-487a-49a1-888f-c25e30fd8b1c
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.448
sentence: Height: 0.232
sentence: Length: 0.633
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/eead3100-2d87-4ee6-a900-7e7aec211c4d
confidence: 0.9
mentions: White Abalone
sentence: White abalone (Haliotis sorenseni)

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/efa071f2-4a6a-4524-be3a-44ed73942154
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: groove
mentions: Pinto Abalone
sentence: A groove often parallels the line of pores.
sentence: Pinto abalone range from Sitka, Alaska

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/efdd0746-0522-4e0e-93e2-0482a688016c
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalones
mentions: inches
sentence: Abalones reach sexual maturity at a small size, and fertility is high and increases exponentially with size.
sentence: inches in length, but are commonly 5 to 8 inches long.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f0076bbe-34e7-4892-8dc4-ef5453f73aae
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: asymptotic shell lengths
mentions: individuals
mentions: Time
sentence: Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178
sentence: asymptotic shell lengths (L∞) on the order of ~184–232 mm for many sites
sentence: some individuals ultimately exceeding fishery legal size by a large margin

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f01d1493-477d-4e1b-a0f6-57a19ed3e683
confidence: 0.6
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Growth of juvenile red abalone
mentions: Juvenile growth and diet
mentions: Wulffson
sentence: Wulffson, Q. C. 2020. Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions. (Juvenile growth and diet). [Humboldt State University thesis]

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f10aba57-a8d9-4b2a-b6dd-5d0528661d29
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Behrens, M. D.
mentions: White Abalone
sentence: (White abalone growth and status).
sentence: Behrens, M. D., and K. D. Lafferty. 2005. Size frequency measures of white abalone in the California Channel Islands.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f19a2dfb-e22e-4609-9977-aa0357ca8d03
confidence: 0.7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: fishery
mentions: harvesting method
mentions: southeast Alaska commercial abalone fishery
sentence: After 1960 some scuba gear was used.
sentence: Shore picking was the primary harvesting method.
sentence: The fishery
sentence: The southeast Alaska commercial abalone fishery was sporadic and local prior to 1971.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f24c70b0-a485-4d73-9934-f7b2a34ad73b
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: fishing pressure
mentions: White Abalone
sentence: Historical fishing pressure concentrated on dense aggregations at offshore banks and Channel Islands, followed by decades of extremely low.
sentence: Historical fishing pressure concentrated on dense aggregations at offshore banks and Channel Islands.
sentence: White abalone is listed as Critically Endangered.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f257ae47-fa9c-4154-af99-07907dfc89c8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.365
sentence: Height: 0.114
sentence: Length: 0.453
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f3e294a0-03eb-45d4-a86e-a5adb8024f50
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: inside edge
mentions: shell surface
sentence: There are 3 to 4 open pores
sentence: shell surface is generally brick red
sentence: the inside edge is often red

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f4990388-8a88-488c-a0d7-67257b3fbdd0
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Abalone Research Summary
sentence: Abalone Research Summary – Derived from Peer-Reviewed Literature

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f537745b-2226-4228-ac85-713b3132ba18
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: changes
mentions: prolonged urchin barrens
sentence: These changes dramatically reduced food availability for abalone and contributed to fishery closure decisions.
sentence: These changes dramatically reduced food availability for abalone.
sentence: and prolonged urchin barrens have caused large-scale kelp loss in northern California.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f666fdf4-ee58-41b0-be28-ef4e6414051b
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.451
sentence: Height: 0.112
sentence: Length: 0.556
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f68cfef8-f62a-417e-8f2b-1542c696e8f7
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.527
sentence: Height: 0.086
sentence: Length: 0.645
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f6a28669-ad52-4e33-8052-08bb724bfdd6
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.277
sentence: Height: 0.054
sentence: Length: 0.311
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f6a3a18b-bfdb-4965-97d0-ced84a584406
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.175
sentence: Height: 0.242
sentence: Length: 0.203
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f70f40d7-20eb-4ec3-a8cd-3dfde3ad5a23
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.4
sentence: Height: 0.048
sentence: Length: 0.524
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f71079f7-4b0d-4520-b303-f8e1a27a6a71
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone
sentence: Diameter: 0.447
sentence: Height: 0.208
sentence: Length: 0.596
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f7e16334-ee4e-411f-b087-ed93613e7dba
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Kelp forests
sentence: Kelp forests and climate impacts

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f8004c1b-4335-48f5-8390-822bd8f12583
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.45
sentence: Height: 0.063
sentence: Length: 0.512
sentence: Sex: F

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f81da99c-084b-4127-9987-71ad891ab24b
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.52
sentence: Height: 0.057
sentence: Length: 0.595
sentence: Sex: I

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f8872ddf-a039-4d49-98bc-476edab3c0a3
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Alaska abalone
mentions: larger vessels
sentence: The Alaska abalone harvest reached a record 315,000 pounds in 1978-79
sentence: The use of larger vessels

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f8b24649-6268-4e97-8b96-a882255efac4
confidence: 0.9
mentions: I
sentence: Diameter: 0.295
sentence: Height: 0.151
sentence: Length: 0.361
sentence: Whole_weight: 1.009

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f94a2335-671e-4f01-9997-ebc1774fd5bb
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: management
mentions: Studies
sentence: Contemporary management focuses on translocations, hatchery production, and out-planting, with studies showing that post-release survival can still

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/f9f5848e-8621-4e46-b749-29eb7343aef9
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.074
sentence: Height: 0.048
sentence: Length: 0.086
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/fa6788e2-7fc5-4490-848f-2bba506ef634
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Black abalone
mentions: black abalone moratorium
mentions: frozen steaks
mentions: U.S. marketing
sentence: A major shift in U.S. marketing occurred after the black abalone moratorium in 1993.
sentence: frozen steaks for restaurants.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/fc6b7837-eca1-47a1-a9f0-ef631d80ec6a
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.468
sentence: Height: 0.104
sentence: Length: 0.59
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/fd26eb44-aa75-45d2-b946-d6460874196a
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.95
mentions: Flat abalone
sentence: Flat abalone (H. walallensis) have a mottled yellowish and brown epipodium, with a pebbly appearing surface and lacy edge.
sentence: The shell is flattened, narrow.
sentence: The tentacles are greenish and slender.

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/fe3d2ec6-e8d1-4fec-af67-f0741b9104b8
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.396
sentence: Height: 0.059
sentence: Length: 0.55
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/fea6f57b-0190-46f9-b51f-887e46ae8231
confidence: 1.0
mentions: Diameter
mentions: Height
mentions: Length
mentions: Sex
sentence: Diameter: 0.075
sentence: Height: 0.215
sentence: Length: 0.088
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/feb9fe37-f0c5-489c-8479-0928ee0e8605
confidence: 0.9
mentions: Abalone
sentence: Diameter: 0.381
sentence: Height: 0.226
sentence: Length: 0.447
sentence: Sex: M

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ff182753-44f0-4428-a1b5-0d86020191bb
confidence: 0.78
confidence: 0.82
confidence: 0.85
mentions: pollution of mainland habitat
mentions: population of sea otters
mentions: unexplained mortalities of black abalone
sentence: pollution of mainland habitat is affecting
sentence: population of sea otters is decreasing
sentence: unexplained mortalities of black abalone are increasing

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ff8bac42-4432-4277-a3c6-6c92084afab4
confidence: 0.75
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: D. W. Rogers
mentions: red abalone (Haliotis rufescens)
mentions: Rogers-Bennett, L.
mentions: S. A. Schultz
sentence: Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz. 2007. Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth

http://example.org/abalone/chunk/ffcb628a-e616-49ed-937b-b905ef98622e
confidence: 0.8
confidence: 0.85
confidence: 0.9
mentions: White Abalone
sentence: White abalone (H. sorenseni) have a tan and pebbly epipodium.

0.024

0.025

0.029

0.032

0.034

0.038

0.039

0.043

0.046

0.047

0.048

0.051

0.052

0.054

0.056

0.057

0.06

0.061

0.066

0.067

0.068

0.07

0.072

0.074

0.076

0.08

0.081

0.083

0.088

0.089

0.09

0.091

0.098

0.099

0.1

0.106

0.108

0.11

0.114

0.115

0.117

0.118

0.119

0.12

0.123

0.124

0.127

0.133

0.134

0.135

0.139

0.14

0.141

0.142

0.156

0.163

0.167

0.168

0.171

0.173

0.174

0.175

0.176

0.177

0.184

0.188

0.192

0.193

0.197

0.198

0.2

0.201

0.204

0.205

0.209

0.211

0.213

0.214

0.215

0.22

0.221

0.227

0.228

0.229

0.235

0.238

0.24

0.241

0.242

0.243

0.245

0.246

0.247

0.248

0.252

0.254

0.255

0.256

0.26

0.261

0.27

0.277

0.279

0.282

0.287

0.295

0.298

0.301

0.304

0.305

0.31

0.311

0.314

0.315

0.321

0.325

0.327

0.329

0.33

0.338

0.341

0.342

0.347

0.35

0.355

0.36

0.365

0.366

0.37

0.375

0.381

0.383

0.386

0.389

0.391

0.397

0.398

0.401

0.402

0.403

0.409

0.41

0.411

0.414

0.416

0.42

0.425

0.429

0.431

0.446

0.448

0.45

0.451

0.453

0.455

0.456

0.459

0.46

0.461

0.464

0.465

0.466

0.469

0.472

0.473

0.475

0.476

0.477

0.478

0.479

0.482

0.483

0.485

0.487

0.491

0.492

0.493

0.5

0.502

0.503

0.504

0.506

0.511

0.513

0.517

0.52

0.522

0.524

0.527

0.528

0.534

0.536

0.538

0.539

0.54

0.541

0.542

0.545

0.547

0.55

0.551

0.554

0.557

0.564

0.572

0.58

0.583

0.584

0.588

0.592

0.594

0.596

0.598

0.602

0.603

0.604

0.606

0.607

0.61

0.611

0.616

0.617

0.619

0.621

0.623

0.63

0.631

0.633

0.636

0.64

0.645

0.646

0.65

0.656

0.66

0.663

0.664

0.666

0.67

0.671

0.679

0.684

0.687

0.694

0.7

0.701

0.703

0.705

0.706

0.708

0.709

0.71

0.717

0.734

0.735

0.74

0.745

0.751

0.752

0.762

0.764

0.768

0.771

0.772

0.781

0.782

0.786

0.787

0.788

0.79

0.795

0.797

1.009

1.184

1.185

1.192

1.375

1.4

1.405

1.5 inch

1.623

1.689

1.934

10,000 eggs

14

16

17

1970's
provenance: {'sentence': "fishery accelerated rapidly during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, reduced access to herring", 'confidence': 0.8}
due to: improved scuba gear
due to: reduced access to herring

2.143

2.517

2.65

2.692

36,000 pounds
provenance: {'sentence': 'then fell to about 36,000 pounds in 1992-93 when a minimum size limit was instituted.', 'confidence': 0.9}
fell to: in 1992-93

6.49 inches in length

8 inch abalone
provenance: {'sentence': '8 inch abalone may spawn 11 million or more eggs.', 'confidence': 0.9}
may spawn: 11 million or more eggs

abalone divers
provenance: {'sentence': 'In California, abalone divers must use underwater diving gear consisting of an above-surface air pump', 'confidence': 0.9}
must use: underwater diving gear

abalone fisheries
provenance: {'sentence': 'abalone fisheries on the US West Coast.', 'confidence': 0.9}
located on: US West Coast

abalone iron
provenance: {'sentence': 'An abalone iron is a flat device not more than', 'confidence': 0.8}
is: flat device

Abalone landings
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalone landings peaked in 1977 at 474.8 metric tons and then declined rapidly.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalone landings peaked in 1977 at 474.8 metric tons and then declined rapidly.', 'confidence': 0.9}
declined to: rapidly
peaked in: 1977 at 474.8 metric tons

Abalone recruitment
provenance: {'sentence': 'Hart, L. C. et al. 2020. Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California. (Red abalone recruitment and fishery collapse). [NOAA Technical Memo]', 'confidence': 0.8}
occurs in: low-density and aggregated populations in central California

Abalone Research Summary
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalone Research Summary – Derived from Peer-Reviewed Literature', 'confidence': 0.95}
derived from: Peer-Reviewed Literature

Abalone shells
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalone shells are rounded or oval with a large dome towards one end.', 'confidence': 0.95}
are: rounded or oval with a large dome towards one end

abalone species
provenance: {'sentence': 'abalone species in central and southern California are over utilized.', 'confidence': 0.95}
are over utilized: in central and southern California

Abalone steaks
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalone steaks are produced by removing the foot, trimming, slicing, and tenderizing.', 'confidence': 0.9}
are produced by: removing the foot, trimming, slicing, and tenderizing

acceptance of the pinto abalone in the Japanese market
provenance: {'sentence': 'salmon fisheries, acceptance of the pinto abalone in the Japanese market, increased product demand', 'confidence': 0.85}
increased: product demand

Additional references
provenance: {'sentence': 'Additional references include regional growth and fishery studies on green, pink, yellow, and blue abalones, as well as recruitment and culture manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery', 'confidence': 0.92}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Additional references include regional growth and fishery studies on green, pink, yellow, and blue abalones, as well as recruitment and culture manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery', 'confidence': 0.95}
include: recruitment and culture manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery
include: regional growth and fishery studies on green, pink, yellow, and blue abalones

adult size classes
provenance: {'sentence': 'in adult size classes tends to be relatively low (on the order of a few tenths per year in many marine invertebrates)', 'confidence': 0.9}
tends to be: relatively low

Alaska abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'The Alaska abalone harvest reached a record 315,000 pounds in 1978-79', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The Alaska abalone harvest reached a record 315,000 pounds in 1978-79', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The Alaska abalone harvest reached a record 315,000 pounds in 1978-79', 'confidence': 0.9}
harvested: 315,000 pounds
harvested in: 1978
harvested in: 1978-79

Alaska pinto
provenance: {'sentence': 'then fell to about 36,000 pounds in 1992-93 when a minimum size limit was instituted.', 'confidence': 0.8}
was instituted: a minimum size limit

American divers
provenance: {'sentence': 'American divers followed the Chinese Americans as the fishery moved to the subtidal zone.', 'confidence': 0.95}
followed: Chinese Americans

aquaculture and restoration activities
provenance: {'sentence': 'Culture of Abalone, Haliotis', 'confidence': 0.85}
support: wild populations

area
provenance: {'sentence': 'The area around the foot is black and the sole is tan to grey.', 'confidence': 0.9}
is: black

areas
provenance: {'sentence': 'reports emphasize that recruitment failure and elevated mortality can prevent recovery even in areas without direct fishing pressure.', 'confidence': 0.8}
without: direct fishing pressure

assessment
provenance: {'sentence': 'The assessment highlights that precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The assessment highlights that precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses', 'confidence': 0.9}
highlights: at very high risk of extinction
highlights: precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses

asymptotic shell lengths
provenance: {'sentence': 'asymptotic shell lengths (L∞) on the order of ~184–232 mm for many sites', 'confidence': 0.9}
have: ~184–232 mm

August

bat ray
provenance: {'sentence': 'The bat ray in southern California and the sea otter in central California prey selectively on larger abalones.', 'confidence': 0.9}
prey on: larger abalones

Behrens, M. D.
provenance: {'sentence': 'Behrens, M. D., and K. D. Lafferty. 2005. Size frequency measures of white abalone in the California Channel Islands.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Behrens, M. D., and K. D. Lafferty. 2005. Size frequency measures of white abalone in the California Channel Islands.', 'confidence': 0.9}
co-authored: K. D. Lafferty
published: Size frequency measures of white abalone in the California Channel Islands

Behrens and Lafferty
provenance: {'sentence': 'Behrens and Lafferty 2005', 'confidence': 0.9}
published: out-planting

benthic diatom films
provenance: {'sentence': 'This supports hatchery practice of using prepared', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'benthic diatom films or biofilms from settlement plates show higher growth and survival relative to macroalgae alone in early post-settlement stages', 'confidence': 0.9}
show: higher growth and survival relative to macroalgae alone in early post-settlement stages
support: hatchery practice of using prepared

Bertalanffy modeling
provenance: {'sentence': 'Bertalanffy modeling for Mexican populations of related species (yellow and blue abalones) yield growth parameters with L∞ values around 150–165 mm and relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Bertalanffy modeling for Mexican populations of related species (yellow and blue abalones) yield growth parameters with L∞ values around 150–165 mm and relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Bertalanffy modeling for Mexican populations of related species (yellow and blue abalones) yield growth parameters with L∞ values around 150–165 mm and relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈', 'confidence': 0.95}
yield: Brody growth coefficients
yield: growth parameters
yield: L∞ values

biosecurity concerns
provenance: {'sentence': 'temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes.', 'confidence': 0.9}
include: transmission of withering syndrome

black, green and pink abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'The spawning season varies among species with black, green and pink abalone spawning between spring and fall, and pinto abalone spawning during the', 'confidence': 0.8}
spawn between: spring and fall

black abalone moratorium
provenance: {'sentence': 'A major shift in U.S. marketing occurred after the black abalone moratorium in 1993.', 'confidence': 0.8}
occurred in: 1993

blue abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'Yellow (H. corrugata in Mexican literature) and blue abalone (H. fulgens) in some growth studies', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Yellow (H. corrugata in Mexican literature) and blue abalone (H. fulgens) in some growth studies', 'confidence': 0.85}
associated with: H. fulgens
mentioned in: some growth studies

bottom

British Columbia, Canada to San Diego, California

British Columbia and Washington State
provenance: {'sentence': 'British Columbia and Washington State', 'confidence': 0.85}
are located in: North America

British Columbia commercial pinto abalone fishery
provenance: {'sentence': 'British Columbia. Prior to 1971, the British Columbia commercial pinto abalone fishery was sporadic', 'confidence': 0.8}
was: sporadic

California commercial abalone harvest
provenance: {'sentence': 'The California commercial abalone harvest reached a record 5.4 million pounds in 1957.', 'confidence': 0.65}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The California commercial abalone harvest reached a record 5.4 million pounds in 1957.', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The California commercial abalone harvest reached a record 5.4 million pounds in 1957.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The California commercial abalone harvest reached a record 5.4 million pounds in 1957.', 'confidence': 0.95}
reached: 5.4 million pounds
reached: record

California Department of Fish and Game
provenance: {'sentence': 'In June, 1994, the California Department of Fish and Game proposed and the Fish and Game Commission adopted', 'confidence': 0.8}
proposed: the Fish and Game Commission adopted

California kelp forests
provenance: {'sentence': 'around central and northern California kelp forests.', 'confidence': 0.9}
located around: central and northern California

Carson, H. S. et al.
provenance: {'sentence': 'Carson, H. S. et al. 2019. Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State. (Haliotis kamtschatkana restoration and decline). [Aquatic Conservation article]', 'confidence': 0.9}
authored: Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State

Carson et al. 2019
provenance: {'sentence': 'release.', 'confidence': 0.9}
reviewed: marine gastropod

challenge
provenance: {'sentence': 'A recurring challenge is low post-release survival', 'confidence': 0.8}
is: low post-release survival

changes
provenance: {'sentence': 'These changes dramatically reduced food availability for abalone and contributed to fishery closure decisions.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'These changes dramatically reduced food availability for abalone.', 'confidence': 0.85}
contributed to: fishery closure decisions
reduced: food availability for abalone

Citations
provenance: {'sentence': 'Citations correspond to representative studies and reports; many additional papers exist on each topic.', 'confidence': 0.9}
correspond to: representative studies and reports

climate-driven habitat change
provenance: {'sentence': 'disease, and climate-driven habitat change.', 'confidence': 0.7}
affects: disease

Collapse
provenance: {'sentence': 'Collapse and closures', 'confidence': 0.9}
is related to: closures

commercial abalone fishery
provenance: {'sentence': 'The commercial abalone fishery in California is managed through size limits', 'confidence': 0.92}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The commercial abalone fishery in California is managed through size limits', 'confidence': 0.95}
managed through: limits on
managed through: size limits

commercial harvest efficiency
provenance: {'sentence': 'This is the combined result of commercial harvest efficiency, increased market demand, sport fishery expansion, an expanding', 'confidence': 0.75}
contributes to: over utilization of abalone species

commercial harvesting
provenance: {'sentence': 'commercial harvesting of black abalone began in July, 1993, and extends through January 1, 1997. It is', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'commercial harvesting of black abalone began in July, 1993, and extends through January 1, 1997. It is', 'confidence': 0.9}
began in: July, 1993
extends through: January 1, 1997

commercial harvests
provenance: {'sentence': 'commercial harvests have declined dramatically to about 461,376 pounds in 1993', 'confidence': 0.9}
have declined: dramatically to about 461,376 pounds in 1993

comparative genomic study
provenance: {'sentence': 'A comparative genomic study that generated an annotated genome for red abalone examined heterozygosity across several abalone species.', 'confidence': 0.9}
generated: annotated genome

condition
provenance: {'sentence': 'condition known as "withering syndrome," and loss of kelp populations associated with El Niño events.', 'confidence': 0.9}
known as: withering syndrome

conservation status
provenance: {'sentence': 'Conservation status now ranges from Least Concern to', 'confidence': 0.85}
ranges from: Least Concern

culture
provenance: {'sentence': 'Growth rates in culture can exceed those in the wild under optimal temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'juvenile rearing on macroalgae diets.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'onto plates or artificial substrates, and juvenile rearing on macroalgae diets.', 'confidence': 0.7}
exceed: growth rates in the wild
rearing: juvenile
rearing: onto plates or artificial substrates

Culture of Abalone
provenance: {'sentence': '[Culture of Abalone, Haliotis spp., CDFW 2008; SeaChoice aquaculture review]', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'wild populations.', 'confidence': 0.9}
is: Haliotis spp.
was reviewed by: SeaChoice

cultured green and pink abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'Cultured green and pink abalone have been used as models for', 'confidence': 0.8}
have been used as: models for

Current stocks
provenance: {'sentence': 'Current stocks of most', 'confidence': 0.7}
of: most

curves
provenance: {'sentence': 'curves because they directly affect estimates of yield per recruit and sustainable harvest rates.', 'confidence': 0.9}
affect: estimates of yield per recruit
affect: sustainable harvest rates

D. W. Rogers
provenance: {'sentence': 'Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz. 2007. Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth', 'confidence': 0.85}
is author of: Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California

declines
provenance: {'sentence': 'A recent global Red List assessment of abalones emphasizes that many Haliotis species have undergone rapid declines driven by overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change.', 'confidence': 0.8}
driven by: overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change

depleted abalones
provenance: {'sentence': 'Micheli, F. et al. 2008. Persistence of depleted abalones in marine reserves of central California. (High mortality and limited recovery). [Biological Conservation]', 'confidence': 0.85}
persisted in: marine reserves of central California

diatom
provenance: {'sentence': 'growth. [Wulffson 2020; Ulva / diatom settlement studies on H. rufescens]', 'confidence': 0.8}
settlement studies on: H. rufescens

disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated fishing effort
provenance: {'sentence': 'disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated fishing effort can substantially increase effective mortality rates.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated fishing effort can substantially increase effective mortality rates.', 'confidence': 0.9}
can increase: effective mortality rates
can substantially increase: effective mortality rates

ecosystem
provenance: {'sentence': 'open longer, but was eventually closed after unprecedented kelp forest collapse and associated ecosystem changes around 2014–2018.', 'confidence': 0.85}
changes: associated

eggs and sperm
provenance: {'sentence': 'The eggs and sperm broadcast into the water through the', 'confidence': 0.8}
broadcast into: the water

elevated mortality
provenance: {'sentence': 'reports emphasize that recruitment failure and elevated mortality can prevent recovery even in areas without direct fishing pressure.', 'confidence': 0.9}
can prevent: recovery

endemics
provenance: {'sentence': 'Species such as white abalone and several localized endemics in South Africa and Australia are considered at very high risk of extinction.', 'confidence': 0.8}
are considered at: very high risk of extinction

environmental disturbances
provenance: {'sentence': 'but localized environmental disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated', 'confidence': 0.8}
localized: concentrated

environmental forcing
provenance: {'sentence': 'Persistent kelp scarcity, even in protected areas, suggests that environmental forcing can be as important as fishing in controlling abalone population', 'confidence': 0.95}
can be as important as: fishing

environmental variability
provenance: {'sentence': 'Effect of environmental variability on yellow and blue abalone; Cicala et al. 2023; Mexican growth parameter studies', 'confidence': 0.9}
affects: yellow and blue abalone

Events
provenance: {'sentence': 'Events such as marine heatwaves, disease outbreaks in sea urchin predators, and prolonged urchin barrens have caused', 'confidence': 0.8}
cause: disease outbreaks in sea urchin predators
cause: marine heatwaves
cause: prolonged urchin barrens

Experiments
provenance: {'sentence': 'Experiments using macroalgae blades enriched with benthic diatom films or biofilms from settlement', 'confidence': 0.8}
using: biofilms from settlement
using: macroalgae blades enriched with benthic diatom films

family Haliotidae
provenance: {'sentence': 'the family Haliotidae and the genus Haliotis, which means sea ear, referring to the flattened shape of the shell.', 'confidence': 0.9}
means: sea ear

February

fertilization
provenance: {'sentence': 'Sexes are separate and fertilization is external.', 'confidence': 0.85}
is: external

fertilized eggs
provenance: {'sentence': 'The fertilized eggs hatch into', 'confidence': 0.85}
hatch into: Abalone

Field and modeling studies
provenance: {'sentence': 'Field and modeling studies show substantial spatial and temporal variation in growth.', 'confidence': 0.95}
show: substantial spatial and temporal variation in growth

findings
provenance: {'sentence': 'These findings highlight that both body size and local temperature regime strongly influence growth', 'confidence': 0.8}
highlight: that both body size and local temperature regime strongly influence growth

Fish and Game Commission
provenance: {'sentence': 'the Fish and Game Commission closed all red abalone harvest south', 'confidence': 0.9}
closed: all red abalone harvest south

fishing pressure
provenance: {'sentence': 'Historical fishing pressure concentrated on dense aggregations at offshore banks and Channel Islands, followed by decades of extremely low.', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Historical fishing pressure concentrated on dense aggregations at offshore banks and Channel Islands.', 'confidence': 0.85}
concentrated on: dense aggregations at offshore banks and Channel Islands
followed by: decades of extremely low

fits
provenance: {'sentence': 'fits to tag–recapture data suggest that more flexible curves (e.g., Richards or Gaussian) can capture variable early growth, whereas von Bertalanffy tends to slightly overestimate early growth', 'confidence': 0.9}
suggest: more flexible curves (e.g., Richards or Gaussian) can capture variable early growth

flat
provenance: {'sentence': 'flat (H. walallensis)', 'confidence': 0.8}
is a color of: H. walallensis

flat shell surface

frozen steaks
provenance: {'sentence': 'frozen steaks for restaurants.', 'confidence': 0.9}
used for: restaurants

General biology
provenance: {'sentence': 'General biology', 'confidence': 0.9}
is a branch of: biology

Genetic diversity
provenance: {'sentence': 'Genetic diversity across species', 'confidence': 0.9}
is across: species

genetic issues
provenance: {'sentence': 'temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes.', 'confidence': 0.85}
include: inbreeding or maladaptation of hatchery stocks

genetic variation
provenance: {'sentence': 'need to preserve genetic variation in both wild and hatchery programs, particularly for highly depleted species. [Masonbrink et al. 2019]', 'confidence': 0.95}
preserve: in both wild and hatchery programs

Genetics
provenance: {'sentence': 'Genetics and Conservation Assessments', 'confidence': 0.9}
related to: Conservation Assessments

Genome
provenance: {'sentence': 'Masonbrink, R. E. et al. 2019. An annotated genome for Haliotis rufescens (red abalone). (Genome, heterozygosity of multiple abalone species). [PMC article]', 'confidence': 0.7}
mentions: heterozygosity of multiple abalone species

genus Haliotis
provenance: {'sentence': 'the family Haliotidae and the genus Haliotis, which means sea ear, referring to the flattened shape of the shell.', 'confidence': 0.9}
means: sea ear

Global genetic and Red List assessments
provenance: {'sentence': 'Global genetic and Red List assessments', 'confidence': 0.8}
provide information about: species

global Red List assessment
provenance: {'sentence': 'A recent global Red List assessment of abalones emphasizes that many Haliotis species have undergone rapid declines driven by overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change.', 'confidence': 0.9}
emphasizes: Abalones

greens
provenance: {'sentence': 'inches for greens and 7.75 inches for reds are reached after a minimum of 10 to 15 years in southern California.', 'confidence': 0.9}
reach: 7.75 inches

growth model choice
provenance: {'sentence': 'growth model choice. [Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Wulffson 2020; Jiao et al. 2010]', 'confidence': 0.9}
mentioned in: Jiao et al. 2010
mentioned in: Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007
mentioned in: Wulffson 2020

Growth modeling
provenance: {'sentence': 'Growth modeling can be applied in various fields', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Growth modeling involves analyzing data', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Growth modeling is a technique', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Growth modeling is used for predicting future trends', 'confidence': 0.85}
can be applied in: various fields
involves: analyzing data
is: a technique
is used for: predicting future trends

Growth of juvenile red abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'Wulffson, Q. C. 2020. Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions. (Juvenile growth and diet). [Humboldt State University thesis]', 'confidence': 0.7}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Wulffson, Q. C. 2020. Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions. (Juvenile growth and diet). [Humboldt State University thesis]', 'confidence': 0.8}
occurred in: hatchery conditions
related to: Juvenile growth and diet

growth rate
provenance: {'sentence': 'Laboratory experiments that reared multiple size classes of red abalone at temperatures between about 11 and 22 °C showed strong size-dependent variation in both growth rate and thermal optimum.', 'confidence': 0.8}
varied in: size-dependent manner

growth studies
provenance: {'sentence': 'Growth studies suggest that white abalone can grow roughly 1.0–2.9 cm per year depending on size', 'confidence': 0.8}
suggest: white abalone can grow roughly 1.0–2.9 cm per year depending on size

Guideline harvests
provenance: {'sentence': 'Guideline harvests prior to 1988-89 varied 33,000 to 57,000 pounds per year.', 'confidence': 0.85}
varied: 33,000 to 57,000 pounds per year

H. diversicolor supertexta
provenance: {'sentence': 'and H. diversicolor supertexta abalones in Hawaii.', 'confidence': 0.9}
are found in: Hawaii

H. sorenseni
provenance: {'sentence': '(H. sorenseni) abalone.', 'confidence': 0.9}
is a type of: Abalone

Haliotis species
provenance: {'sentence': 'A recent global Red List assessment of abalones emphasizes that many Haliotis species have undergone rapid declines driven by overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change.', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'A recent global Red List assessment of abalones emphasizes that many Haliotis species have undergone rapid declines driven by overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change.', 'confidence': 0.85}
driven by: overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change
have undergone: rapid declines

hard-hat divers
provenance: {'sentence': 'Later, hard-hat divers harvested abalones from', 'confidence': 0.85}
harvested: Abalones

Hart, L. C. et al. 2020
provenance: {'sentence': 'Hart, L. C. et al. 2020. Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California. (Red abalone recruitment and fishery collapse). [NOAA Technical Memo]', 'confidence': 0.9}
authored: Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California

Hart et al. 2020
provenance: {'sentence': 'potential.', 'confidence': 0.9}
published: Measuring Abalone Recruitment in California 2004

harvest
provenance: {'sentence': 'commercial and recreational harvest of all species of abalone south of the entrance to San Francisco Bay', 'confidence': 0.9}
includes: all species of abalone

harvested
provenance: {'sentence': 'initially harvested intertidal green and black abalones with skiffs using long, hooked poles.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'initially harvested intertidal green and black abalones with skiffs using long, hooked poles.', 'confidence': 0.9}
using: long, hooked poles
using: skiffs

harvesting method
provenance: {'sentence': 'After 1960 some scuba gear was used.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Shore picking was the primary harvesting method.', 'confidence': 0.8}
was: scuba gear
was: Shore picking

hatchery practice
provenance: {'sentence': 'This supports hatchery practice of using prepared plates or substrates colonized by diatoms or green algae (e.g., Ulva) for settlement and early growth.', 'confidence': 0.9}
supports: prepared plates or substrates colonized by diatoms or green algae

Hatchery protocols
provenance: {'sentence': 'Hatchery protocols typically involve controlled spawning, larval settlement onto plates or artificial substrates, and', 'confidence': 0.8}
involve: controlled spawning, larval settlement onto plates or artificial substrates

Hines, A. H. 1982
provenance: {'sentence': 'Hines, A. H. 1982. Abalones, shells, and sea otters: dynamics of predator–prey interactions in central California. (Sea otter predation on abalone). [Smithsonian report]', 'confidence': 0.9}
authored: Abalones, shells, and sea otters: dynamics of predator–prey interactions in central California

historical records
provenance: {'sentence': 'Historical records indicate that the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early', 'confidence': 0.85}
indicate: the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early

hooka gear
provenance: {'sentence': 'In the late 1950\'s, "hooka" gear, which supplied air from the surface to divers using light', 'confidence': 0.9}
supplied: air from the surface to divers

hybridization
provenance: {'sentence': 'Except for black abalone, hybridization for abalone species is not uncommon in areas where several', 'confidence': 0.8}
is: not uncommon

hybrids
provenance: {'sentence': 'There are 12 recognized hybrids in southern California and northern Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.85}
recognized in: southern California and northern Baja California

inches
provenance: {'sentence': 'inches in length, but are commonly 5 to 8 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.75}
are: 5 to 8 inches long

Incorporating temporal variation
provenance: {'sentence': 'Jiao, Y. et al. 2010. Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone. (Time-varying growth modeling). [Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]', 'confidence': 0.8}
is about: growth of red abalone

inside edge
provenance: {'sentence': 'the inside edge is often red', 'confidence': 0.85}
is: often red

Islands
provenance: {'sentence': 'Islands, followed by decades of extremely low recruitment, drove the species to very low densities.', 'confidence': 0.9}
drove: species to very low densities

January

Jiao, Y. et al.
provenance: {'sentence': 'Jiao, Y. et al. 2010. Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone. (Time-varying growth modeling). [Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]', 'confidence': 0.9}
published: Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone

Journal of Shellfish Research
provenance: {'sentence': 'Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth and mortality models).', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth and mortality models).', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth and mortality models).', 'confidence': 0.9}
has page range: 719–727
has publication volume: 26
is related to: Growth and mortality models

Juvenile growth
provenance: {'sentence': 'Juvenile growth and diet', 'confidence': 0.9}
is related to: diet

Juvenile red abalone growth
provenance: {'sentence': 'Juvenile red abalone growth is sensitive to diet quality and structure of the rearing environment.', 'confidence': 0.9}
is sensitive to: diet quality
is sensitive to: structure of the rearing environment

juveniles
provenance: {'sentence': '[Hines 1982; Braje et al. 2009; CDFW abalone status reports]', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'especially for juveniles and subadults.', 'confidence': 0.9}
are mentioned in: Braje et al. 2009
are mentioned in: CDFW abalone status reports
are mentioned in: Hines 1982
are suitable for: subadults

kelp forest
provenance: {'sentence': 'open longer, but was eventually closed after unprecedented kelp forest collapse and associated ecosystem changes around 2014–2018.', 'confidence': 0.9}
collapse: unprecedented

Kelp forests
provenance: {'sentence': 'Kelp forests and climate impacts', 'confidence': 0.9}
are impacted by: climate

kelp scarcity
provenance: {'sentence': 'Persistent kelp scarcity, even in protected areas, suggests that environmental forcing can be as important as fishing in controlling abalone population', 'confidence': 0.85}
is persistent in: protected areas

Laboratory experiments
provenance: {'sentence': 'Laboratory experiments that reared multiple size classes of red abalone at temperatures between about 11 and 22 °C showed strong size-dependent variation in both growth rate and thermal optimum.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Laboratory experiments that reared multiple size classes of red abalone at temperatures between about 11 and 22 °C showed strong size-dependent variation in both growth rate and thermal optimum.', 'confidence': 0.9}
reared: multiple size classes of red abalone
showed: strong size-dependent variation

large abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'Other predators include large fishes (e.g., California sheephead and cabezon), bat rays, octopus, and crabs, especially for juveniles and subadults.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'with declines in exposed, large abalone.', 'confidence': 0.8}
are preyed on by: other predators
experience declines in: exposure

larger vessels
provenance: {'sentence': 'The use of larger vessels', 'confidence': 0.75}
used for: harvesting

largest recorded shell
provenance: {'sentence': 'The largest recorded shell had a length of about 1.2 inches.', 'confidence': 0.8}
had length of: about 1.2 inches

larvae
provenance: {'sentence': 'floating larvae that feed on plankton until their shells begin to form.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'floating larvae that feed on plankton until their shells begin to form.', 'confidence': 0.9}
feed on: plankton
form: Shells

life-history traits
provenance: {'sentence': 'life-history traits (slow growth, late maturity, and broadcast spawning) make recovery inherently slow even after fishing stops.', 'confidence': 0.95}
make: recovery inherently slow

limited aquaculture
provenance: {'sentence': 'There is limited aquaculture of green', 'confidence': 0.75}
of: green

local collapses
provenance: {'sentence': 'status now ranges from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with many local collapses due to overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries.', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'status now ranges from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with many local collapses due to overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'status now ranges from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with many local collapses due to overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries.', 'confidence': 0.8}
due to: disease
due to: overfishing
due to: overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries

loss of kelp populations
provenance: {'sentence': 'condition known as "withering syndrome," and loss of kelp populations associated with El Niño events.', 'confidence': 0.85}
associated with: El Niño events

macroalgal diets
provenance: {'sentence': 'Effect of environmental variability on yellow and blue abalone; Cicala et al. 2023; Mexican growth parameter studies', 'confidence': 0.8}
are: diversified

male

Management efforts
provenance: {'sentence': 'Management efforts through size limits and limits on commercial harvesting permits have been', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Management efforts through size limits and limits on commercial harvesting permits have been', 'confidence': 0.8}
through: limits on commercial harvesting permits
through: size limits

management plan
provenance: {'sentence': 'a new management plan is in effect', 'confidence': 0.8}
is: new

manuals
provenance: {'sentence': 'manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery reports.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery reports.', 'confidence': 0.9}
cited in: California fishery reports
cited in: Mexican fishery reports

many additional papers
provenance: {'sentence': 'Citations correspond to representative studies and reports; many additional papers exist on each topic.', 'confidence': 0.8}
exist on: each topic

market demand
provenance: {'sentence': 'This is the combined result of commercial harvest efficiency, increased market demand, sport fishery expansion, an expanding', 'confidence': 0.8}
increases: over utilization of abalone species

masks, fins and wet suits
provenance: {'sentence': 'masks, fins and wet suits, began replacing hard-hat gear.', 'confidence': 0.9}
replacing: hard-hat gear

Masonbrink, R. E.
provenance: {'sentence': 'Masonbrink, R. E. et al. 2019. An annotated genome for Haliotis rufescens (red abalone). (Genome, heterozygosity of multiple abalone species). [PMC article]', 'confidence': 0.9}
authored: An annotated genome for Haliotis rufescens (red abalone)

Micheli, F. et al. 2008
provenance: {'sentence': 'Micheli, F. et al. 2008. Persistence of depleted abalones in marine reserves of central California. (High mortality and limited recovery). [Biological Conservation]', 'confidence': 0.9}
published: Persistence of depleted abalones in marine reserves of central California

mid-size juveniles
provenance: {'sentence': 'Maximum observed shell growth for mid-size juveniles in one experiment was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with', 'confidence': 0.75}
had: Maximum observed shell growth

modern recoveries of otters
provenance: {'sentence': 'modern recoveries of otters have coincided with declines in exposed, large abalone', 'confidence': 0.85}
have coincided with: declines in exposed, large abalone

multi-hose hooka gear
provenance: {'sentence': 'multi-hose hooka gear and specialized, high-speed, seaworthy boats have become common in the fishery.', 'confidence': 0.85}
became: common

muscular foot
provenance: {'sentence': 'The muscular foot has strong suction power permitting the abalone to clamp tightly to rocky', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The muscular foot has strong suction power permitting the abalone to clamp tightly to rocky', 'confidence': 0.85}
has: strong suction power
permits: Abalone

natural recovery
provenance: {'sentence': 'However, current densities in the wild are so low that natural recovery is unlikely without active restoration, including captive breeding and out-planting.', 'confidence': 0.85}
is: unlikely

New laws
provenance: {'sentence': 'New laws pending in the 1997 Legislature would establish a multi-year moratorium on the', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'New laws pending in the 1997 Legislature would establish a multi-year moratorium on the', 'confidence': 0.9}
pending in: 1997 Legislature
would establish: multi-year moratorium

Nine species
provenance: {'sentence': 'Nine species of abalone occur in North America:', 'confidence': 0.8}
occur in: North America

NOAA Technical Memo
provenance: {'sentence': 'Hart, L. C. et al. 2020. Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California. (Red abalone recruitment and fishery collapse). [NOAA Technical Memo]', 'confidence': 0.6}
related to: Abalone recruitment study by Hart, L. C. et al. 2020

North Carolina
provenance: {'sentence': 'North Carolina through the Gulf of Mexico to Brazil.', 'confidence': 0.9}
located through: Gulf of Mexico to Brazil

Northern California’s recreational red abalone fishery
provenance: {'sentence': 'Northern California’s recreational red abalone fishery remained open longer, but was eventually closed after', 'confidence': 0.85}
was: closed

number of permits
provenance: {'sentence': 'number of permits for commercial abalone divers', 'confidence': 0.9}
for: commercial abalone divers

Numerical values
provenance: {'sentence': 'Numerical values (e.g., growth rates, asymptotic sizes, heterozygosity) are approximate and context-dependent; original articles should be consulted for precise estimates and methods.', 'confidence': 0.9}
are: approximate and context-dependent

Obispo County, California
provenance: {'sentence': 'Obispo County, California to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.9}
located in: Bahia Tortugas, Baja California

October
provenance: {'sentence': 'October to remain outside spawning and settling periods.', 'confidence': 0.9}
to remain outside: spawning and settling periods

original articles
provenance: {'sentence': 'Numerical values (e.g., growth rates, asymptotic sizes, heterozygosity) are approximate and context-dependent; original articles should be consulted for precise estimates and methods.', 'confidence': 0.85}
should be consulted for: precise estimates and methods

Other Species
provenance: {'sentence': 'Other Species: Pinto, White, Green, and Pink Abalone', 'confidence': 0.9}
include: Green Abalone
include: Pink Abalone
include: Pinto Abalone
include: White Abalone

otters
provenance: {'sentence': 'otters can maintain abalone populations at low densities, with most surviving individuals confined to deep crevices.', 'confidence': 0.9}
can maintain: abalone populations at low densities

Overton et al. 2025
provenance: {'sentence': 'release.', 'confidence': 0.9}
reviewed: marine gastropod

Peters
provenance: {'sentence': 'Peters 2024', 'confidence': 0.7}
will publish: out-planting

Peters, H. et al.
provenance: {'sentence': 'Peters, H. et al. 2024. Abalones at Risk: A Global Red List Assessment of Haliotis. (Global conservation status of abalones). [Red List assessment]', 'confidence': 0.9}
authored: Abalones at Risk: A Global Red List Assessment of Haliotis

phenomenon
provenance: {'sentence': 'a phenomenon often described as Allee effects in broadcast spawners', 'confidence': 0.8}
often described as: Allee effects

pinks
provenance: {'sentence': 'Commercial sizes of 6.25 inches for pinks', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Commercial sizes of 7 inches for pinks', 'confidence': 0.8}
have commercial sizes of: 6.25 inches
have commercial sizes of: 7 inches

Pinto abalone populations
provenance: {'sentence': 'Pinto abalone populations in Washington State and British Columbia have experienced declines exceeding 90% in many monitored areas, despite complete fishery closures.', 'confidence': 0.9}
experienced declines exceeding: 90%

pollution
provenance: {'sentence': 'In central and southern California, cumulative effects of serial overfishing, disease (e.g., withering syndrome in black abalone), pollution, and predator recovery led to the closure of commercial', 'confidence': 0.7}
contributed to: closure of commercial

pollution of mainland habitat
provenance: {'sentence': 'pollution of mainland habitat is affecting', 'confidence': 0.78}
is: affecting

population of sea otters
provenance: {'sentence': 'population of sea otters is decreasing', 'confidence': 0.85}
is: decreasing

post-release survival
provenance: {'sentence': 'showing that post-release survival can still be a limiting factor.', 'confidence': 0.9}
can be: limiting factor

predator recovery
provenance: {'sentence': 'In central and southern California, cumulative effects of serial overfishing, disease (e.g., withering syndrome in black abalone), pollution, and predator recovery led to the closure of commercial', 'confidence': 0.6}
played a role in: closure of commercial

prepared plates or substrates
provenance: {'sentence': 'This supports hatchery practice of using prepared plates or substrates colonized by diatoms or green algae (e.g., Ulva) for settlement and early growth.', 'confidence': 0.8}
colonized by: diatoms or green algae

Production
provenance: {'sentence': 'In decreasing order of total catch between 1950 and 1995, red (46.6%), pink (41.2%), black (8.7%), green', 'confidence': 0.9}
total catch between 1950 and 1995: black
total catch between 1950 and 1995: green
total catch between 1950 and 1995: pink
total catch between 1950 and 1995: red

productive areas
provenance: {'sentence': 'productive areas were closed after 6 days and a catch of 37,000 pounds.', 'confidence': 0.9}
were closed after: 6 days and a catch of 37,000 pounds

projects
provenance: {'sentence': 'and projects beyond the shell edge in the living abalone.', 'confidence': 0.9}
beyond: shell edge

quantitative information
provenance: {'sentence': 'Most quantitative information summarized here comes from: - California (especially northern California and Channel Islands)', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Most quantitative information summarized here comes from: - The Mexican Pacific', 'confidence': 0.8}
comes from: California
comes from: Mexican Pacific

range
provenance: {'sentence': 'Its range spans from British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico, with historically dense populations around central and northern California kelp', 'confidence': 0.85}
spans from: British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico

rates
provenance: {'sentence': 'rates appear to be variable.', 'confidence': 0.9}
appear to be: variable

Re seeding experiments
provenance: {'sentence': 'Reseeding experiments have not been successful.', 'confidence': 0.95}
have not been: successful

recoveries
provenance: {'sentence': 'recoveries. [Peters 2024; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]', 'confidence': 0.7}
provenance: {'sentence': 'recoveries. [Peters 2024; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'recoveries. [Peters 2024; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]', 'confidence': 0.9}
mentioned in: California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)
mentioned in: Peters 2024
mentioned in: Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007

recruitment data
provenance: {'sentence': 'a large free-diving recreational fishery, recruitment data are now used alongside environmental indicators to guide management and assess recovery potential.', 'confidence': 0.91}
provenance: {'sentence': 'a large free-diving recreational fishery, recruitment data are now used alongside environmental indicators to guide management and assess recovery potential.', 'confidence': 0.92}
provenance: {'sentence': 'a large free-diving recreational fishery, recruitment data are now used alongside environmental indicators to guide management and assess recovery potential.', 'confidence': 0.95}
are used alongside: environmental indicators
are used to assess: recovery potential
are used to guide: management

recruitment failure
provenance: {'sentence': 'reports emphasize that recruitment failure and elevated mortality can prevent recovery even in areas without direct fishing pressure.', 'confidence': 0.9}
can prevent: recovery

recruitment modules
provenance: {'sentence': 'Standardized recruitment modules built from cinder blocks or plates have been deployed at multiple California sites', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Standardized recruitment modules have been deployed at multiple California sites to quantify settlement and early survival', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Standardized recruitment modules have been deployed at multiple California sites to quantify settlement and early survival', 'confidence': 0.9}
built from: cinder blocks or plates
have been deployed at: multiple California sites
used to quantify: settlement and early survival

Recruitment monitoring
provenance: {'sentence': 'Recruitment monitoring can improve diversity in hiring', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Recruitment monitoring helps in ensuring compliance', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Recruitment monitoring involves tracking applicants', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Recruitment monitoring is related to the hiring process', 'confidence': 0.9}
can improve: diversity in hiring
helps in: ensuring compliance
involves: tracking applicants
is related to: hiring process

recurring challenge
provenance: {'sentence': 'recurring challenge is low post-release survival caused by predation, limited shelter, and physiological stress, similar to problems seen in other marine gastropod restoration efforts.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'recurring challenge is low post-release survival caused by predation, limited shelter, and physiological stress, similar to problems seen in other marine gastropod restoration efforts.', 'confidence': 0.9}
is caused by: low post-release survival
is similar to: problems seen in other marine gastropod restoration efforts

red abalone (Haliotis rufescens)
provenance: {'sentence': 'Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz. 2007. Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth', 'confidence': 0.75}
has growth modelled by: Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz

Red abalone growth
provenance: {'sentence': 'Red abalone growth has been described with several curves, including von Bertalanffy, Richards, Gaussian, and Ricker models.', 'confidence': 0.9}
described with: several curves

red abalone Haliotis rufescens
provenance: {'sentence': 'Size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature of red abalone Haliotis rufescens.', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature of red abalone Haliotis rufescens.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature of red abalone Haliotis rufescens.', 'confidence': 0.8}
belongs to: Haliotis rufescens
has: optimum growth temperature
is: a species

Red abalone recruitment
provenance: {'sentence': 'Hart, L. C. et al. 2020. Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California. (Red abalone recruitment and fishery collapse). [NOAA Technical Memo]', 'confidence': 0.7}
linked to: fishery collapse

Red List
provenance: {'sentence': 'Red List and global status', 'confidence': 0.9}
has: global status

reds
provenance: {'sentence': 'inches for greens and 7.75 inches for reds are reached after a minimum of 10 to 15 years in southern California.', 'confidence': 0.9}
reach: 7.75 inches

removal of sea otters
provenance: {'sentence': 'the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early 20th centuries likely contributed to abalone booms', 'confidence': 0.9}
contributed to: abalone booms

removals
provenance: {'sentence': 'removals by legal harvest and non-harvest losses indicate that mortality is strongly size-dependent and can vary by site.', 'confidence': 0.9}
indicate: mortality is strongly size-dependent

Restocking
provenance: {'sentence': 'Restocking and out-planting', 'confidence': 0.9}
involves: out-planting

restoration
provenance: {'sentence': 'However, current densities in the wild are so low that natural recovery is unlikely without active restoration, including captive breeding and out-planting.', 'confidence': 0.8}
including: captive breeding and out-planting

restrictions
provenance: {'sentence': 'restrictions on harvesting areas', 'confidence': 0.85}
on: harvesting areas

restrictive season
provenance: {'sentence': 'restrictive season, and local area closures for conservation and food fisheries.', 'confidence': 0.9}
is for: conservation and food fisheries

result
provenance: {'sentence': 'This is the combined result of commercial harvest efficiency, increased market demand, sport fishery expansion, an expanding', 'confidence': 0.85}
is: combined

results
provenance: {'sentence': 'These results underline the need to preserve genetic variation in both wild', 'confidence': 0.8}
underline: the need to preserve genetic variation in both wild

ribs
provenance: {'sentence': 'with many low, flat-topped ribs that run parallel to the pores.', 'confidence': 0.9}
run parallel to: pores

Rogers-Bennett, L.
provenance: {'sentence': 'Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz. 2007. Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth', 'confidence': 0.9}
is author of: Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California

ruler
provenance: {'sentence': '36" long and not less than 1/16 inch thick, with rounded smooth edges and a curve with a radius of less', 'confidence': 0.6}
provenance: {'sentence': '36" long and not less than 1/16 inch thick, with rounded smooth edges and a curve with a radius of less', 'confidence': 0.7}
provenance: {'sentence': '36" long and not less than 1/16 inch thick, with rounded smooth edges and a curve with a radius of less', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': '36" long and not less than 1/16 inch thick, with rounded smooth edges and a curve with a radius of less', 'confidence': 0.9}
has curve radius: less than a full circle
has edge type: rounded smooth
has length: 36 inches
has thickness: 1/16 inch

S. A. Schultz
provenance: {'sentence': 'Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz. 2007. Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth', 'confidence': 0.8}
is author of: Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California

salmon fisheries
provenance: {'sentence': 'salmon fisheries, acceptance of the pinto abalone in the Japanese market, increased product demand', 'confidence': 0.9}
acceptance of: Pinto Abalone

sea otter
provenance: {'sentence': 'The bat ray in southern California and the sea otter in central California prey selectively on larger abalones.', 'confidence': 0.9}
prey on: larger abalones

sea otter range
provenance: {'sentence': 'have shown that even protected populations cannot support a fishery within the sea otter range in central', 'confidence': 0.8}
located in: central

season
provenance: {'sentence': 'The season was shortened each year, and in 1993-94 the most', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The season was shortened each year, and in 1993-94 the most', 'confidence': 0.8}
was shortened: each year
was shortened: in 1993-94

settlement
provenance: {'sentence': 'to quantify settlement and early survival over time', 'confidence': 0.75}
to quantify: settlement and early survival over time

several species
provenance: {'sentence': 'Several species have supported major fisheries, particularly in California, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, and Japan.', 'confidence': 0.9}
have supported: major fisheries

Sexes
provenance: {'sentence': 'Sexes are separate and fertilization is external.', 'confidence': 0.9}
are: separate

shallow waters
provenance: {'sentence': 'was eliminated in California in 1900 by closure of shallow waters to commercial harvest', 'confidence': 0.85}
closed to: commercial harvest

Size
provenance: {'sentence': 'Temperature and size-dependent growth', 'confidence': 0.8}
affects: Growth

Size-specific mortality
provenance: {'sentence': 'Size-specific mortality', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Size-specific mortality', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Size-specific mortality', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Size-specific mortality', 'confidence': 0.9}
can affect: Population Dynamics
is: a concept
is influenced by: environmental factors
is related to: the size of an organism

small juveniles
provenance: {'sentence': 'Small juveniles typically grow fastest at intermediate temperatures in the mid-teens to high-teens °C', 'confidence': 0.9}
grow fastest at: intermediate temperatures in the mid-teens to high-teens °C

sole
provenance: {'sentence': 'The area around the foot is black and the sole is tan to grey.', 'confidence': 0.85}
is: tan to grey

some specimens
provenance: {'sentence': 'some specimens have a barred black', 'confidence': 0.85}
have: barred black

southeast Alaska commercial abalone fishery
provenance: {'sentence': 'The southeast Alaska commercial abalone fishery was sporadic and local prior to 1971.', 'confidence': 0.9}
was: sporadic and local prior to 1971

spawning season
provenance: {'sentence': 'The spawning season varies among species with black, green and pink abalone spawning between spring and fall, and pinto abalone spawning during the', 'confidence': 0.85}
varies among: species

species of algae
provenance: {'sentence': 'other species of algae may be eaten at various times', 'confidence': 0.8}
may be eaten: at various times

Steinarsson, A. and co-authors
provenance: {'sentence': 'Size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature of red abalone Haliotis rufescens.', 'confidence': 0.9}
studied: size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature

Steinarsson and co-authors
provenance: {'sentence': '[Steinarsson and co-authors; Pérez et al. 2010; size-dependent temperature study on H. rufescens]', 'confidence': 0.8}
conducted: size-dependent temperature study on H. rufescens

stocks
provenance: {'sentence': 'until stocks have demonstrated some level of recovery', 'confidence': 0.85}
need: demonstrate some level of recovery

stocks of black abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'unlikely that stocks of black abalone will recover enough for the fishery to reopen.', 'confidence': 0.9}
will recover enough for: the fishery to reopen

summary
provenance: {'sentence': 'Key species treated in this summary', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Key species treated in this summary', 'confidence': 0.9}
treats: Pinto / Northern abalone
treats: Red Abalone
treats: species
treats: White Abalone

surfgrass
provenance: {'sentence': 'They reach 10 inches in length, but are generally smaller.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'crevices where surfgrass and algal cover is dense.', 'confidence': 0.9}
is dense in: crevices
reaches: 10 inches in length

Surveys
provenance: {'sentence': 'Surveys indicate that densities', 'confidence': 0.8}
indicate: densities

Tag-recapture studies
provenance: {'sentence': 'Tag–recapture studies in northern California have been used to estimate both natural and fishing mortality for red abalone.', 'confidence': 0.9}
have been used to estimate: natural and fishing mortality for red abalone

Tag–recapture work
provenance: {'sentence': 'Tag–recapture work along the north coast of California indicates asymptotic shell lengths (L∞) on the order of', 'confidence': 0.92}
indicates: asymptotic shell lengths (L∞) on the order of

Temperature
provenance: {'sentence': 'Temperature and size-dependent growth', 'confidence': 0.9}
affects: Growth

temperature regime
provenance: {'sentence': 'temperature regime strongly influence growth performance.', 'confidence': 0.9}
influence: growth performance

text
provenance: {'sentence': 'This text is a synthesized summary built from multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources, rewritten in plain language for use in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems.', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'This text is a synthesized summary built from multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources, rewritten in plain language for use in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'This text is a synthesized summary built from multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources, rewritten in plain language for use in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'This text is a synthesized summary built from multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources, rewritten in plain language for use in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems.', 'confidence': 0.9}
is: synthesized summary
is built from: multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources
is rewritten in: plain language
is used for: retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems

The Mexican Pacific
provenance: {'sentence': 'The Mexican Pacific', 'confidence': 0.9}
is located in: Mexico

There
provenance: {'sentence': 'There are 3 to 6 open pores', 'confidence': 0.8}
are: 3 to 6 open pores

thermal optimum
provenance: {'sentence': 'Laboratory experiments that reared multiple size classes of red abalone at temperatures between about 11 and 22 °C showed strong size-dependent variation in both growth rate and thermal optimum.', 'confidence': 0.8}
varied in: size-dependent manner

Tortugas
provenance: {'sentence': 'Tortugas, Baja California. North of Point Conception, they are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Tortugas, Baja California. North of Point Conception, they are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones', 'confidence': 0.9}
are found in: intertidal and subtidal zones
are found north of: Point Conception

two-year closure
provenance: {'sentence': 'effective January 1, 1995 a two-year closure on sport and commercial harvesting of pink, green and white abalone.', 'confidence': 0.9}
on: sport and commercial harvesting of pink, green and white abalone

U.S. market
provenance: {'sentence': 'The U.S. market is primarily in California for live abalone for the sashimi market, and for some fresh and frozen steaks for restaurants.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The U.S. market is primarily in California for live abalone for the sashimi market, and for some fresh and frozen steaks for restaurants.', 'confidence': 0.95}
is primarily for: live abalone for the sashimi market
is primarily for: some fresh and frozen steaks for restaurants
is primarily in: California

U.S. marketing
provenance: {'sentence': 'A major shift in U.S. marketing occurred after the black abalone moratorium in 1993.', 'confidence': 0.85}
experienced: major shift

unexplained mortalities of black abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'unexplained mortalities of black abalone are increasing', 'confidence': 0.82}
are: increasing

von Bertalanffy
provenance: {'sentence': 'fits to tag–recapture data suggest that more flexible curves (e.g., Richards or Gaussian) can capture variable early growth, whereas von Bertalanffy tends to slightly overestimate early growth', 'confidence': 0.8}
tends to: slightly overestimate early growth

white

white abalones
provenance: {'sentence': '(3.5%), and white (>1%) abalones have all been harvested in California.', 'confidence': 0.9}
have been harvested in: California

Wulffson
provenance: {'sentence': 'Wulffson, Q. C. 2020. Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions. (Juvenile growth and diet). [Humboldt State University thesis]', 'confidence': 0.9}
authored: Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions

Yellow
provenance: {'sentence': 'Yellow (H. corrugata in Mexican literature) and blue abalone (H. fulgens) in some growth studies', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Yellow (H. corrugata in Mexican literature) and blue abalone (H. fulgens) in some growth studies', 'confidence': 0.9}
associated with: H. corrugata
mentioned in: Mexican literature

Yield
provenance: {'sentence': 'Yield from a live abalone is roughly 15 percent.', 'confidence': 0.8}
is: roughly 15 percent

0.028

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.049

0.055

0.058

0.059

0.063

0.069

0.073

0.075

0.077

0.079

0.082

0.084

0.085

0.092

0.097

0.102

0.109

0.111

0.113

0.121

0.131

0.136

0.137

0.138

0.143

0.147

0.148

0.152

0.154

0.155

0.157

0.159

0.161

0.162

0.169

0.179

0.18

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0.19

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0.196

0.202

0.206

0.207

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0.219

0.222

0.225

0.234

0.236

0.251

0.258

0.271

0.273

0.275

0.283

0.284

0.288

0.293

0.316

0.337

0.349

0.352

0.353

0.359

0.361

0.362

0.367

0.378

0.38

0.394

0.396

0.413

0.426

0.439

0.457

0.468

0.48

0.481

0.496

0.497

0.501

0.508

0.53

0.531

0.556

0.562

0.566

0.587

0.59

0.591

0.595

0.612

0.627

0.672

0.674

0.678

0.724

0.808

23

Abalone eggs and larvae
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalone eggs and larvae are consumed by filter-feeding fish and shellfish.', 'confidence': 0.85}
are consumed by: filter-feeding fish and shellfish

abalone fishery
provenance: {'sentence': 'During the early years of the abalone fishery, abalones were dried and smoked, or canned for export', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'abalone fishery is managed through guideline harvest ranges, a minimum legal size of 3.75 inches', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'abalone fishery is managed through guideline harvest ranges, a minimum legal size of 3.75 inches', 'confidence': 0.9}
has a minimum legal size of: 3.75 inches
is managed through: guideline harvest ranges
occurred during: early years

Analyses
provenance: {'sentence': 'Analyses comparing model fits to tag–recapture data suggest that more', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Analyses that separate removals by legal harvest and non-harvest losses', 'confidence': 0.85}
separate: removals by legal harvest and non-harvest losses
suggest: more

annotated genome
provenance: {'sentence': 'A comparative genomic study that generated an annotated genome for red abalone examined heterozygosity across several abalone species.', 'confidence': 0.8}
examined: heterozygosity

Aquaculture
label: aquaculture
provenance: {'sentence': 'Aquaculture of red, pink, and green abalones occurs in California.', 'confidence': 0.85}
occurs in: California

Brody growth coefficients
provenance: {'sentence': 'relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈ 0.3–0.36 yr⁻¹), reflecting faster growth than large red abalone in colder, northern waters.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈ 0.3–0.36 yr⁻¹), reflecting faster growth than large red abalone in colder, northern waters.', 'confidence': 0.9}
are: relatively high
reflect: faster growth than large red abalone in colder, northern waters

Chinese Americans
provenance: {'sentence': 'Chinese Americans', 'confidence': 0.7}
were involved in: commercial fishery

commercial fishery
provenance: {'sentence': "The commercial fishery for abalones in California began in the 1850's.", 'confidence': 0.8}
began in: California

commercial harvest
provenance: {'sentence': 'was eliminated in California in 1900 by closure of shallow waters to commercial harvest', 'confidence': 0.95}
eliminated in: California

current densities
provenance: {'sentence': 'However, current densities in the wild are so low that natural recovery is unlikely without active restoration, including captive breeding and out-planting.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'However, current densities in the wild', 'confidence': 0.8}
are: in the wild
are: low

densities
provenance: {'sentence': 'Surveys indicate that densities have fallen below thresholds where successful fertilization is likely', 'confidence': 0.9}
have fallen below: thresholds

diver
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diver operated from a boat.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diver used at least 100 feet of air hose.', 'confidence': 0.7}
operate with: boat
use: air hose

divers
provenance: {'sentence': 'In the late 1950\'s, "hooka" gear, which supplied air from the surface to divers using light', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'divers working from barrel floats harvested abalones.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'divers working from barrel floats harvested abalones.', 'confidence': 0.9}
harvested: Abalones
using: light
working from: barrel floats

ecosystem shifts
provenance: {'sentence': 'many years following ecosystem shifts, such as severe kelp loss or changes in predator abundance.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'many years following ecosystem shifts, such as severe kelp loss or changes in predator abundance.', 'confidence': 0.9}
following: many years
result in: changes in predator abundance
result in: severe kelp loss

edges
provenance: {'sentence': 'edges are elevated above the shell surface.', 'confidence': 0.9}
are elevated above: shell surface

epipodium
provenance: {'sentence': 'An epipodium, a sensory structure and extension of the foot that bears tentacles, circles the foot', 'confidence': 0.7}
provenance: {'sentence': 'An epipodium, a sensory structure and extension of the foot that bears tentacles, circles the foot', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'An epipodium, a sensory structure and extension of the foot that bears tentacles, circles the foot', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The surface of the epipodium is smooth and broadly scalloped', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'and cream pattern on their epipodium.', 'confidence': 0.9}
bears: Tentacles
circles: foot
has: cream pattern
has: smooth surface
is: sensory structure

filter-feeding fish and shellfish
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalone eggs and larvae are consumed by filter-feeding fish and shellfish.', 'confidence': 0.8}
consume: Abalone eggs and larvae

Flat abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'Flat abalone (H. walallensis) have a mottled yellowish and brown epipodium, with a pebbly appearing surface and lacy edge.', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Flat abalone are commonly under 5 inches', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Flat abalone reach 7 inches in length', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The shell is flattened, narrow.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The tentacles are greenish and slender.', 'confidence': 0.85}
are: commonly under 5 inches
have: mottled yellowish and brown epipodium
have: shell
have: Tentacles
reach: 7 inches in length

groove
provenance: {'sentence': 'A groove often parallels the line of pores.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'A groove often parallels the outer edge of the line of pores.', 'confidence': 0.85}
often parallels: outer edge of the line of pores
parallels: line of pores

growth of red abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'Jiao, Y. et al. 2010. Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone. (Time-varying growth modeling). [Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]', 'confidence': 0.85}
is modeled using: Time-varying growth modeling

Haliotis kamtschatkana
provenance: {'sentence': 'Carson, H. S. et al. 2019. Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State. (Haliotis kamtschatkana restoration and decline). [Aquatic Conservation article]', 'confidence': 0.6}
related to: restoration and decline

inbreeding or maladaptation of hatchery stocks
provenance: {'sentence': 'Culture of Abalone, Haliotis', 'confidence': 0.9}
must be addressed to ensure: aquaculture and restoration activities support wild populations

Jiao et al. 2010
provenance: {'sentence': 'around central and northern California kelp forests. [CDFW; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Jiao et al. 2010]', 'confidence': 0.8}
mentioned in: around central and northern California kelp forests

Juvenile abalones
label: juvenile abalones
provenance: {'sentence': 'Juvenile abalones feed on rock-encrusting coralline algae and on diatom and bacterial films.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Juvenile abalones feed on rock-encrusting coralline algae and on diatom and bacterial films.', 'confidence': 0.9}
feed on: diatom and bacterial films
feed on: rock-encrusting coralline algae

Juvenile growth and diet
provenance: {'sentence': 'Wulffson, Q. C. 2020. Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions. (Juvenile growth and diet). [Humboldt State University thesis]', 'confidence': 0.6}
studied in: Humboldt State University thesis

larger individuals
provenance: {'sentence': 'larger individuals display lower specific', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'whereas larger individuals display lower specific growth rates and shifted optima.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'whereas larger individuals display lower specific growth rates and shifted optima.', 'confidence': 0.9}
display: lower specific
display: lower specific growth rates
shifted: optima

Maximum observed shell growth
provenance: {'sentence': 'Maximum observed shell growth for mid-size juveniles in one experiment was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with', 'confidence': 0.85}
was: on the order of 0.1 mm per day

Measuring Abalone Recruitment in California 2004
provenance: {'sentence': 'potential.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'potential.', 'confidence': 0.8}
measured in: California
published by: CDFW

Mortality
label: mortality
provenance: {'sentence': 'In general, natural mortality in adult size classes tends to be relatively', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Mortality, Recruitment, and Population Dynamics', 'confidence': 0.9}
affects: Population Dynamics
tends to be: relatively

pink
provenance: {'sentence': 'pink (H. corrugata)', 'confidence': 0.85}
is a color of: H. corrugata

Pinto
label: pinto
provenance: {'sentence': 'Pinto / Northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana)', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'inches for pink or white abalone, 5-3/4 inches for black abalone, and 4 inches for pinto, threaded, and flat', 'confidence': 0.8}
has size: 4 inches
is also known as: Northern abalone

populations
provenance: {'sentence': 'Its range spans from British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico, with historically dense populations around central and northern California kelp', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'have shown that even protected populations cannot support a fishery within the sea otter range in central', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'have shown that even protected populations cannot support a fishery within the sea otter range in central', 'confidence': 0.95}
historically dense around: central and northern California kelp
protected by: regulations
support: fishery

Predators
provenance: {'sentence': 'Predators and ecosystem context', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Predators of juvenile abalones', 'confidence': 0.7}
are part of: ecosystem context
of: Juvenile abalones

Prices
label: prices
provenance: {'sentence': 'High prices increased the incentive for illegal harvesting in closed areas.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Prices to fishermen for red abalone were around $500 to $600 per dozen in 1993-94.', 'confidence': 0.8}
increased: incentive
to fishermen for: Red Abalone

product demand
provenance: {'sentence': "increased dramatically during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, increased product demand, and", 'confidence': 0.7}
provenance: {'sentence': "increased dramatically during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, increased product demand, and", 'confidence': 0.9}
increased: dramatically
increased: due to

programs
provenance: {'sentence': 'Multiple programs aim to release hatchery-origin juveniles of pinto, white, and other abalone species to supplement depleted wild populations.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The assessment highlights that precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses', 'confidence': 0.6}
aim to release: hatchery-origin juveniles
are required for: precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration

prolonged urchin barrens
provenance: {'sentence': 'and prolonged urchin barrens have caused large-scale kelp loss in northern California.', 'confidence': 0.9}
have caused: large-scale kelp loss in northern California

Recreational legal size
label: recreational legal size
provenance: {'sentence': 'Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178 mm in California regulations) can vary from roughly 8 to 20 years depending on local conditions and growth model choice.', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178 mm in California regulations) can vary from roughly 8 to 20 years depending on local conditions and growth model choice.', 'confidence': 0.8}
be: 178 mm
be: ≈178 mm in California regulations

Sea otters
provenance: {'sentence': 'Hines, A. H. 1982. Abalones, shells, and sea otters: dynamics of predator–prey interactions in central California. (Sea otter predation on abalone). [Smithsonian report]', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Sea otters are a dominant predator of abalone within their current California range.', 'confidence': 0.9}
are: dominant predator of abalone within their current California range
preyed on: Abalone

Shells
label: shells
provenance: {'sentence': 'Shells are used for mother-of-pearl, souvenirs, and jewelry.', 'confidence': 0.85}
are used for: mother-of-pearl, souvenirs, and jewelry

Shore picking
label: shore picking
provenance: {'sentence': 'Shore picking was the main harvest method', 'confidence': 0.9}
was: main harvest method

status
provenance: {'sentence': 'status now ranges from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with many local collapses due to overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries.', 'confidence': 0.9}
ranges from: Least Concern to Critically Endangered

subtidal zone
provenance: {'sentence': 'found in the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 70 feet', 'confidence': 0.8}
found in: from 20 feet down to at least 70 feet

Time
provenance: {'sentence': 'Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178 mm in California regulations) can vary from roughly 8 to 20 years depending on local conditions and growth model choice.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178 mm in California regulations) can vary from roughly 8 to 20 years depending on local conditions and growth model choice.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178', 'confidence': 0.8}
depend on: local conditions and growth model choice
reach: Recreational legal size
vary: from roughly 8 to 20 years

Time-varying growth modeling
provenance: {'sentence': 'Jiao, Y. et al. 2010. Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone. (Time-varying growth modeling). [Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]', 'confidence': 0.8}
is discussed in: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

Ulva
provenance: {'sentence': 'This supports hatchery practice of using prepared plates or substrates colonized by diatoms or green algae (e.g., Ulva) for settlement and early growth.', 'confidence': 0.7}
provenance: {'sentence': 'growth. [Wulffson 2020; Ulva / diatom settlement studies on H. rufescens]', 'confidence': 0.9}
settlement studies on: H. rufescens
used for: settlement and early growth

underwater diving gear
provenance: {'sentence': 'In California, abalone divers must use underwater diving gear consisting of an above-surface air pump', 'confidence': 0.85}
consisting of: above-surface air pump

0.062

0.078

0.093

0.094

0.095

0.103

0.104

0.105

0.107

0.112

0.126

0.128

0.144

0.15

0.164

0.191

0.195

0.226

0.232

0.292

0.392

0.4

0.512

0.553

algae
provenance: {'sentence': 'algae may be eaten at various times.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'algae such as giant kelp, bull kelp, feather boa kelp and elk kelp are preferred', 'confidence': 0.9}
are preferred: giant kelp, bull kelp, feather boa kelp and elk kelp
may be eaten at: various times

disease
provenance: {'sentence': 'In central and southern California, cumulative effects of serial overfishing, disease (e.g., withering syndrome in black abalone), pollution, and predator recovery led to the closure of commercial', 'confidence': 0.8}
caused: withering syndrome in black abalone

further losses
provenance: {'sentence': 'to prevent further losses, and that life-history traits (slow growth, late maturity, and broadcast spawning) make recovery inherently slow even after fishing stops.', 'confidence': 0.75}

green
provenance: {'sentence': 'green (H. fulgens)', 'confidence': 0.85}
is a color of: H. fulgens

Haliotis rufescens
provenance: {'sentence': 'Masonbrink, R. E. et al. 2019. An annotated genome for Haliotis rufescens (red abalone). (Genome, heterozygosity of multiple abalone species). [PMC article]', 'confidence': 0.8}
belongs to: Red Abalone

heterozygosity
provenance: {'sentence': 'Estimated genome-wide heterozygosity ranged from roughly 0.43%', 'confidence': 0.7}
provenance: {'sentence': 'heterozygosity ranged from roughly 0.43% to just over 1%', 'confidence': 0.9}
ranged from: 0.43%
ranged from: roughly 0.43% to just over 1%

individuals
provenance: {'sentence': 'individuals over 7 inches long are now rare', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'roughly 1.0–2.9 cm per year depending on size, indicating that individuals could rebuild size structure over a few decades if recruitment and survival improved.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'some individuals ultimately exceeding fishery legal size by a large margin', 'confidence': 0.85}
are: rare
could rebuild: size structure
exceed: fishery legal size

Northern abalone
label: northern abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'Pinto / Northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana)', 'confidence': 0.85}
belongs to: Haliotis kamtschatkana

Population Dynamics
label: population dynamics

pore edges
provenance: {'sentence': 'and pore edges are strongly', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'the pore edges are elevated', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'the pore edges are moderately elevated above', 'confidence': 0.85}
are: elevated
are: elevated above
are: strongly

Recruitment
label: recruitment
provenance: {'sentence': 'Long-term monitoring has shown that recruitment is highly variable and can remain depressed for many years following ecosystem shifts', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Long-term monitoring has shown that recruitment is highly variable and can remain depressed for many years following ecosystem shifts', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Long-term monitoring has shown that recruitment is highly variable and can remain depressed for many years following ecosystem shifts', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Models and status reports emphasize that recruitment failure and', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Mortality, Recruitment, and Population Dynamics', 'confidence': 0.85}
affects: Population Dynamics
can remain: depressed for many years
failure: emphasize
following: ecosystem shifts
is: highly variable

Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007
provenance: {'sentence': 'around central and northern California kelp forests. [CDFW; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Jiao et al. 2010]', 'confidence': 0.8}
mentioned in: around central and northern California kelp forests

scuba gear
provenance: {'sentence': "increased dramatically during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, increased product demand, and", 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'after 1960 some scuba gear was used', 'confidence': 0.8}
improved: due to
was used after: 1960

Western Atlantic abalone
label: western Atlantic abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'The western Atlantic abalone is rare and is not fished commercially.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The western Atlantic abalone is rare and is not fished commercially.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Western Atlantic abalone (H. pourtalesii) have a yellowish epipodium with large and small sensory', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Western Atlantic abalone (H. pourtalesii) have a yellowish epipodium with large and small sensory', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Western Atlantic abalone range from', 'confidence': 0.8}
belong to: H. pourtalesii
has range: from
have: yellowish epipodium with large and small sensory
is: rare
is not: fished commercially

0.086

0.145

0.151

0.203

0.447

black
provenance: {'sentence': 'black (H. cracherodii)', 'confidence': 0.9}
is a color of: H. cracherodii

CDFW
provenance: {'sentence': '(Fishery history, closures, recruitment).', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'CDFW – California Department of Fish and Wildlife.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'CDFW', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Various abalone status reports, culture chapters, and recruitment monitoring documents.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': '[CDFW PDFs]', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'around central and northern California kelp forests. [CDFW; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Jiao et al. 2010]', 'confidence': 0.8}
includes: Fishery history, closures, recruitment
is: California Department of Fish and Wildlife
mentioned: out-planting
mentioned in: around central and northern California kelp forests
provides: Various abalone status reports, culture chapters, and recruitment monitoring documents
publishes: CDFW PDFs

foot
provenance: {'sentence': 'An epipodium, a sensory structure and extension of the foot that bears tentacles, circles the foot', 'confidence': 0.6}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The foot is yellow to light orange.', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The sole of the foot is tan.', 'confidence': 0.9}
has: Tentacles
has color: tan
is: yellow to light orange

management
provenance: {'sentence': 'Contemporary management focuses on translocations, hatchery production, and out-planting, with studies showing that post-release survival can still', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Effective management relies on realistic growth curves because they directly affect estimates', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Effective management relies on realistic growth curves because they directly affect estimates', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Effective management relies on realistic growth curves because they directly affect estimates', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Effective management relies on realistic growth curves because they directly affect estimates', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The assessment highlights that precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses', 'confidence': 0.7}
affects: estimates
affects: growth curves
directly affects: estimates
focuses on: translocations, hatchery production, and out-planting
is required to prevent: further losses
relies on: growth curves

shell surface
provenance: {'sentence': 'There are 3 to 4 open pores', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'shell surface is generally brick red', 'confidence': 0.9}
has: 3 to 4 open pores
is: brick red

surface
provenance: {'sentence': 'There are 4 to 6 open pores', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'its surface is marked with wavy corrugations.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'the surface is marked with prominent ribs interspersed with narrow ones', 'confidence': 0.95}
has: 4 to 6 open pores
is marked with: wavy corrugations
marked with: prominent ribs interspersed with narrow ones

They
provenance: {'sentence': 'They are found from 187 feet down to at least 1,200 feet on hard substrates.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'They are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones down to at least 70 feet.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'They are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones down to at least 70 feet.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'They are found in the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 120 feet, commonly in', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'They are found in the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 120 feet, commonly in', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'They are found in the subtidal zone from 20', 'confidence': 0.8}
are found in: Baja California
are found in: Monterey, California
are found in: the intertidal and subtidal zones down to at least 70 feet
are found in: the subtidal zone
are found in: the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 120 feet
found on: hard substrates

Threaded abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'Threaded abalone (H. assimilis) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium with a pebbly', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Threaded abalone (H. assimilis) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium with a pebbly', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Threaded abalone are commonly smaller.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Threaded abalone are considered a subspecies of the pinto abalone by some scientists.', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Threaded abalone range from San Luis', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Threaded abalone reach 6 inches in length', 'confidence': 0.95}
are: smaller
are considered: a subspecies of the pinto abalone
belong to: H. assimilis
have: mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium
range from: San Luis
reach: 6 inches in length

fishery
provenance: {'sentence': "fishery accelerated rapidly during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, reduced access to herring", 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'American divers followed the Chinese Americans as the fishery moved to the subtidal zone.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The fishery was later closed to rebuild stocks.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The fishery', 'confidence': 0.7}
accelerated: rapidly
moved to: subtidal zone
was: sporadic and local
was closed to: rebuild stocks

fishing
provenance: {'sentence': 'Persistent kelp scarcity, even in protected areas, suggests that environmental forcing can be as important as fishing in controlling abalone population', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'all fishing is completely banned.', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'as fishing in controlling abalone population trajectories.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'as fishing in controlling abalone population trajectories.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'life-history traits (slow growth, late maturity, and broadcast spawning) make recovery inherently slow even after fishing stops.', 'confidence': 0.85}
control: abalone population trajectories
impact: abalone population trajectories
is banned: completely
is important in controlling: abalone population
stops: recovery

Growth
label: growth
provenance: {'sentence': 'Growth and asymptotic size', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with growth declining away from the optimal temperature range.', 'confidence': 0.9}
is related to: asymptotic size
was: on the order of 0.1 mm per day

recovery
provenance: {'sentence': 'However, current densities in the wild are so low that natural recovery is unlikely without active restoration, including captive breeding and out-planting.', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'recovery led to the closure of commercial abalone fisheries in the late 1990s.', 'confidence': 0.9}
is: unlikely
led to: closure of commercial abalone fisheries

species
provenance: {'sentence': 'Species such as white abalone and several localized endemics in South Africa and Australia are considered at very high risk of extinction.', 'confidence': 0.9}
are considered at: very high risk of extinction

Studies
label: studies
provenance: {'sentence': 'Contemporary management focuses on translocations, hatchery production, and out-planting, with studies showing that post-release survival can still', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Studies in a California fishery reserve', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Studies in central California marine reserves show that sea otters can maintain abalone populations at low.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'and pink abalone have been used as models for diet and temperature experiments; these studies typically show faster growth under moderate temperatures and diversified macroalgal diets.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies recommend careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release.', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies recommend careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies recommend careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies recommend careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release.', 'confidence': 0.9}
in: California fishery reserve
recommend: acclimation protocols
recommend: careful site selection
recommend: careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release
recommend: monitoring of both survival and growth after release
show: post-release survival can still
show: sea otters can maintain abalone populations at low
typically show: faster growth under moderate temperatures and diversified macroalgal diets

Black abalone
label: black abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'A major shift in U.S. marketing occurred after the black abalone moratorium in 1993.', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Black (H. cracherodii) and pinto abalone had the highest heterozygosity values (about 1.0%)', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Black abalone (H. cracherodii) have black and smooth epipodium and tentacles.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Black abalone (H. cracherodii) have black and smooth epipodium and tentacles.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Black abalone range from Mendocino County, California to southern Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Black abalone reach 7.75 inches in length, but are commonly 5 to 6 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Black abalone reach 7.75 inches in length, but are commonly 5 to 6 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'They are surface.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'found in intertidal and shallow subtidal zones down to a depth of about 20 feet.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'inches for pink or white abalone, 5-3/4 inches for black abalone, and 4 inches for pinto, threaded, and flat', 'confidence': 0.85}
affected by: moratorium
are: commonly 5 to 6 inches long
are: surface
found in: intertidal and shallow subtidal zones down to a depth of about 20 feet
had: the highest heterozygosity values (about 1.0%)
has size: 5-3/4 inches
have: black and smooth epipodium and tentacles
have: shell surface
range from: Mendocino County, California to southern Baja California
reach: 7.75 inches in length

pores
provenance: {'sentence': 'There are 2 to 4 open pores,', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'There are 3 to 5 open pores, and the edges of the pores are elevated above the', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'There are 3 to 5 open pores, and the edges of the pores are elevated above the', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'There are 5 to 6 open pores', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'There are 5 to 7 open pores, and the pore', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'There are 5 to 9 open pores', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'and the pores are moderately elevated above the shell surface.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'pores are moderately elevated above the shell surface.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'the pores are flush with the shell', 'confidence': 0.85}
are: 2 to 4 open
are: 5 to 7 open
are: 5 to 9 open
are: flush with the shell
are: open
are elevated above: edges
are elevated above: shell surface

shell
provenance: {'sentence': 'The shell has a row of respiratory.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The shell is oval', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The shell is reddish-orange.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The shell is thick.', 'confidence': 0.91}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The shell is usually brown, and its surface marked.', 'confidence': 0.88}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The shell is usually brown.', 'confidence': 0.92}
provenance: {'sentence': 'shell is irregularly mottled and narrow', 'confidence': 0.9}
has: a row of respiratory
has color: reddish-orange
is: irregularly mottled and narrow
is: oval
is: thick
is: usually brown
marked with: surface

Tentacles
label: tentacles
provenance: {'sentence': 'Tentacles are yellowish brown, or occasionally green, and thin.', 'confidence': 0.88}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Tentacles are yellowish brown, or occasionally green, and thin.', 'confidence': 0.91}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Tentacles are yellowish brown, or occasionally green, and thin.', 'confidence': 0.92}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Tentacles are yellowish brown, or occasionally green, and thin.', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The tentacles are black.', 'confidence': 0.92}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The tentacles are black.', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The tentacles are olive green.', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The tentacles are yellowish brown, short and thin.', 'confidence': 0.95}
are: black
are: occasionally green
are: olive green
are: short
are: thin
are: yellowish brown
have: lacy edge

Green Abalone
label: Green abalone
label: green abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green abalone (H. fulgens) have a mottled cream and brown epipodium, with tubercles scattered on the', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green abalone (H. fulgens) have a mottled cream and brown epipodium, with tubercles scattered on the', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green abalone (H. fulgens) have a mottled cream and brown epipodium, with tubercles scattered on the', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green abalone (H. fulgens) have a mottled cream and brown epipodium, with tubercles scattered on the', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green abalone (H. fulgens)', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green abalone are often found in', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green abalone are often found in', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green abalone range from Point Conception, California to Bahia Magdalena, Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone (Haliotis fulgens and H. corrugata)', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone were historically important components of mixed-species fisheries in California and Mexico.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone were historically important components of mixed-species fisheries in California and Mexico.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited intermediate values (approximately 0.68%, 0.76%, and 0.95% respectively).', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited', 'confidence': 0.8}
belong to: H. fulgens
exhibited: entity
exhibited: 0.68%
found in: intertidal and subtidal zones down to at least 30 feet
found in: subtidal zones down to at least 30 feet
have: mottled cream and brown epipodium
have: tubercles scattered on
is a species of: H. fulgens
is a species of: Haliotis fulgens
range from: Point Conception, California to Bahia Magdalena, Baja California
species: H. fulgens
were historically important components of: mixed-species fisheries in California
were historically important components of: mixed-species fisheries in Mexico

Pinto Abalone
label: Pinto abalone
label: pinto abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'Black (H. cracherodii) and pinto abalone had the highest heterozygosity values (about 1.0%)', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Carson, H. S. et al. 2019. Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State. (Haliotis kamtschatkana restoration and decline). [Aquatic Conservation article]', 'confidence': 0.7}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Carson, H. S. et al. 2019. Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State. (Haliotis kamtschatkana restoration and decline). [Aquatic Conservation article]', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Pinto abalone (H. kamtschatkana) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium, with a pebbly', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Pinto abalone (H. kamtschatkana) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium, with a pebbly', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Pinto abalone are also known regionally as northern abalone.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Pinto abalone are commercially harvested in Alaska and British Columbia.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Pinto abalone is the only invertebrate species in some Canadian jurisdictions for which all fishing is completely banned.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Pinto abalone range from Sitka, Alaska', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Pinto abalone reach about 2.5 inches in a minimum of 6 years.', 'confidence': 0.8}
are commercially harvested in: Alaska
are commercially harvested in: British Columbia
are known as: Northern abalone
belong to: H. kamtschatkana
found in: Washington State
had: the highest heterozygosity values (about 1.0%)
have: mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium
is: the only invertebrate species in some Canadian jurisdictions
originated from: hatchery
range from: Sitka, Alaska
reach: 2.5 inches

Pink Abalone
label: Pink abalone
label: pink abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone (Haliotis fulgens and H. corrugata)', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone were historically important components of mixed-species fisheries in California and Mexico.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone were historically important components of mixed-species fisheries in California and Mexico.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited intermediate values (approximately 0.68%, 0.76%, and 0.95% respectively).', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Pink abalone (H. corrugata) have a mottled black and white epipodium with many tubercles on the', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Pink abalone (H. corrugata) have a mottled black and white epipodium with many tubercles on the', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Pink abalone (H. corrugata)', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Pink abalone reach 10 inches in length', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'and pink abalone have been used as models for diet and temperature experiments; these studies typically show faster growth under moderate temperatures and diversified macroalgal diets.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'elevated above the surface. Pink abalone range from Point Conception, California to Santa Maria Bay', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'inches for pink or white abalone, 5-3/4 inches for black abalone, and 4 inches for pinto, threaded, and flat', 'confidence': 0.9}
belong to: H. corrugata
exhibited: entity
exhibited: 0.76%
has size: 5-3/4 inches
have: mottled black and white epipodium with many tubercles
have been used as models for: diet and temperature experiments
is a species of: H. corrugata
is a species of: Haliotis corrugata
range from: Point Conception, California to Santa Maria Bay
reach: 10 inches in length
were historically important components of: mixed-species fisheries in California
were historically important components of: mixed-species fisheries in Mexico

White Abalone
label: White abalone
label: white abalone
provenance: {'sentence': '(White abalone growth and status).', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Species such as white abalone and several localized endemics in South Africa and Australia are considered at very high risk of extinction.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'They are commonly found in open, exposed areas.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'White abalone (H. sorenseni) have a tan and pebbly epipodium.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'White abalone (H. sorenseni) have a tan and pebbly epipodium.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'White abalone (H. sorenseni) have a tan and pebbly epipodium.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'White abalone (Haliotis sorenseni)', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'White abalone are found in the subtidal zone down to at least 200 feet.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'White abalone is listed as Critically Endangered.', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'White abalone range from Point Conception to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.92}
provenance: {'sentence': 'White abalone range from Point Conception to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'White abalone reach 10', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'White abalone showed the lowest (~0.43%), consistent with severe bottlenecks and the use of closely related cultured individuals in that dataset.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'whereas white abalone showed the lowest', 'confidence': 0.7}
are commonly found in: open, exposed areas
are considered at: very high risk of extinction
are found in: Point Conception to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California
are found in: subtidal zone down to at least 200 feet
has: Growth
has: status
have: orange sole of the foot
have: shell
have: tan and pebbly epipodium
is a species of: Haliotis sorenseni
is listed as: Critically Endangered
range from: Point Conception to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California
reach: 10
showed: the lowest (~0.43%)
showed: the lowest heterozygosity

California
provenance: {'sentence': 'California may be eliminated if the sea otter range is not contained.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'California.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'In central and southern California, cumulative effects of serial overfishing, disease (e.g., withering syndrome in black abalone), pollution, and predator recovery led to the closure of commercial', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'commercial size limits in California are: 7-3/4 inches for red abalone, 7 inches for green abalone, 6-1/4', 'confidence': 0.9}
experienced: cumulative effects
has commercial size limits for: Green Abalone
has commercial size limits for: Red Abalone
is located in: United States
may be eliminated if: sea otter range is not contained

Red Abalone
label: Red abalone
label: red abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited intermediate values (approximately 0.68%, 0.76%, and 0.95% respectively).', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'In northern California, where red abalone supported a large free-diving recreational fishery,', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Red Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) – Biology and Growth', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Red Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) – Biology and Growth', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Red abalone (H. rufescens) usually have a black epipodium', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Red abalone in some locations spawn throughout the year.', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Red abalone is the largest abalone species globally, reaching shell lengths over 300 mm in some regions, and historically supported the most important abalone fisheries on the US West Coast.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Red abalone is the largest abalone species globally, reaching shell lengths over 300 mm in some regions, and historically supported the most important abalone fisheries on the US West Coast.', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Red abalone is the largest abalone species globally, reaching shell lengths over 300 mm in some regions, and historically supported the most important abalone fisheries on the US West Coast.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Red abalone range from Sunset Bay, Oregon', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Red abalone reach 12.3 inches in length, but are commonly 7 to 9 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Red abalone reach 12.3 inches in length, but are commonly 7 to 9 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Since 1993, only red abalone', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'South of Point Conception, they are found in the subtidal zone down to at least 60 feet.', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'South of Point Conception, they are found in the subtidal zone down to over 100 feet.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'red abalone have been taken commercially', 'confidence': 0.85}
are: commonly 7 to 9 inches long
exhibited: entity
exhibited: 0.95%
found in: the subtidal zone down to at least 60 feet
found in: the subtidal zone down to over 100 feet
harvested: commercially
has: Biology and Growth
have: black epipodium
have been harvested in: California
historically supported: most important abalone fisheries on the US West Coast
is: Haliotis rufescens
is: largest abalone species globally
range from: Sunset Bay, Oregon
reach: 12.3 inches in length
reaching: shell lengths over 300 mm in some regions
spawn: throughout the year
supported: a large free-diving recreational fishery

Abalones
label: abalones
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalones (genus Haliotis) are large marine gastropods in the family Haliotidae.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalones are members of a large class (Gastropoda) of molluscs having one-piece shells', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalones are members of a large class (Gastropoda) of molluscs having one-piece shells', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalones at', 'confidence': 0.6}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalones may be taken only by hand or with abalone irons.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalones reach sexual maturity at a small size, and fertility is high and increases exponentially with size.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalones reach sexual maturity at a small size, and fertility is high and increases exponentially with size.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalones reach sexual maturity at a small size, and fertility is high and increases exponentially with size.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'After settling, abalones change their diet and feed on macroalgae.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Currently, most abalones are exported to Japan, either fresh or frozen whole.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Currently, most abalones are exported to Japan, either fresh or frozen whole.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'During the early years of the abalone fishery, abalones were dried and smoked, or canned for export', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Flat and threaded abalones have limited distributions and neither is common.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Flat and threaded abalones have limited distributions and neither is common.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Limited growth information is available for abalones.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Peters, H. et al. 2024. Abalones at Risk: A Global Red List Assessment of Haliotis. (Global conservation status of abalones). [Red List assessment]', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Red, green, and pink abalones are cultured in California and other regions.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Red, green, and pink abalones are cultured in California and other regions.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'They are shallow-water herbivores distributed on rocky coasts in temperate and subtropical regions.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'They are shallow-water herbivores distributed on rocky coasts in temperate and subtropical regions.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': '[Peters et al. 2024; Abalones at Risk global assessment]', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'abalones feed primarily on loose pieces of marine algae drifting with the surge or current.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'abalones feed primarily on loose pieces of marine algae drifting with the surge or current.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'abalones feed primarily on loose pieces of marine algae drifting with the surge or current.', 'confidence': 0.95}
are: distributed on rocky coasts
are: exported
are: found in temperate and subtropical regions
are: large marine gastropods
are: not common
are: shallow-water herbivores
are cultured in: California
are cultured in: other regions
are exported to: Japan
are members of: a large class (Gastropoda) of molluscs having one-piece shells
at: Peters et al. 2024
at risk: global assessment
belong to: Gastropoda
change: diet
feed on: algae
feed on: marine algae
feed on: pieces of marine algae
have: Global conservation status
have: high fertility
have: limited distributions
have: limited growth information available
increase: fertility exponentially with size
may be taken by: abalone irons
may be taken by: hand
reach: sexual maturity
were used for: export

I
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.093', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.107', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.111', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.157', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.171', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.203', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.251', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.261', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.27', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.273', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.288', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.295', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.315', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.359', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.38', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.389', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.394', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.397', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.431', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.466', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.469', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.496', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.512', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.513', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.541', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.035', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.04', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.045', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.047', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.049', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.052', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.062', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.078', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.086', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.095', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.103', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.104', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.107', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.123', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.15', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.151', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.154', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.155', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.164', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.18', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.186', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.191', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.236', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.109', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.127', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.147', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.191', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.219', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.284', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.292', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.293', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.31', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.349', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.361', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.38', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.392', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.447', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.481', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.485', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.487', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.54', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.557', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.566', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.604', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.61', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.612', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.631', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.678', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Rings: 14', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Rings: 16', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Rings: 17', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Rings: 23', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Sex: I', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Shell_weight: 0.402', 'confidence': 0.9}

Abalone
label: abalone
provenance: {'sentence': 'A 1.5 inch abalone may spawn 10,000 eggs or more at a time', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'A 1.5 inch abalone may spawn 10,000 eggs or more at a time', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalone aquaculture', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Abalone growth and survival depend heavily on kelp forests and drift macroalgae.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Commercial harvesting is prohibited during January, February and August.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.085', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.113', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.207', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.271', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.329', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.337', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.355', 'confidence': 0.6}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.381', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.447', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.457', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.473', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.5', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.501', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.566', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.592', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.672', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diver must be fully submerged while taking abalone.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Flat abalone range from British Columbia, Canada to San Diego, California.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Flat abalone range from British Columbia, Canada to San Diego, California.', 'confidence': 0.95}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.028', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.049', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.06', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.105', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.118', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.126', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.161', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.176', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.191', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.195', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.206', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.208', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.226', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.229', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.234', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.103', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.145', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.256', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.314', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.4', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.447', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.461', 'confidence': 0.7}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.479', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.596', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.63', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.65', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.67', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.674', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.71', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.735', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.79', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Rings: 23', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Sex: F', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Sex: M', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'The muscular foot has strong suction power permitting the abalone to clamp tightly to rocky', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Western Atlantic (H. pourtalesii) abalone.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'abalone are found in the Channel Islands in California.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'abalone is rare and is not fished commercially.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'abalone reach 6.49 inches in length, but are commonly 4 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'abalone sinks to the bottom where it clings to rocks and crevices with its single powerful foot.', 'confidence': 0.85}
provenance: {'sentence': 'abalone sinks to the bottom where it clings to rocks and crevices with its single powerful foot.', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'abalone sinks to the bottom where it clings to rocks and crevices with its single powerful foot.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'kamtschatkana abalone.', 'confidence': 0.75}
provenance: {'sentence': 'red (H. rufescens) abalone.', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'white (H. sorenseni) abalone.', 'confidence': 0.85}
are: 4 inches long
are found in: Channel Islands in California
be taken by: diver
clamps: tightly to rocky
clings to: rocks and crevices
depend on: kelp forests and drift macroalgae
habitat: kamtschatkana
habitat: Western Atlantic
has: single powerful foot

Diameter
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.069', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.07', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.072', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.074', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.075', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.077', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.078', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.08', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.081', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.083', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.09', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.091', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.093', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.095', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.097', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.103', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.104', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.106', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.112', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.117', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.12', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.121', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.124', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.128', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.131', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.134', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.139', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.144', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.148', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.15', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.151', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.152', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.156', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.159', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.168', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.175', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.19', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.193', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.194', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.196', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.198', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.202', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.213', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.225', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.232', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.24', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.245', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.252', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.254', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.255', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.258', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.273', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.275', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.277', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.279', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.283', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.288', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.292', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.292', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.293', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.298', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.301', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.304', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.305', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.316', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.321', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.33', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.337', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.349', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.352', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.353', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.359', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.361', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.362', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.365', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.367', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.375', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.378', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.383', 'confidence': 0.9}

Height
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.024', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.025', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.028', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.029', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.032', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.034', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.035', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.038', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.039', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.04', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.043', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.045', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.046', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.046', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.048', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.051', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.054', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.055', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.055', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.056', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.057', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.058', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.058', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.059', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.059', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.061', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.062', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.062', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.063', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.063', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.066', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.067', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.068', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.069', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.073', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.073', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.075', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.076', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.076', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.077', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.078', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.079', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.082', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.084', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.084', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.084', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.085', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.086', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.089', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.092', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.094', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.094', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.097', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.099', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.1', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.1', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.102', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.104', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.105', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.107', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.108', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.11', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.111', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.112', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.112', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.114', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.115', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.119', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.121', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.126', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.126', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.128', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.131', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.135', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.136', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.136', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.137', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.138', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Height: 0.14', 'confidence': 1.0}

Length
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.079', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.082', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.086', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.086', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.088', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.092', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.093', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.094', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.095', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.098', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.102', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.105', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.109', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.113', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.126', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.128', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.133', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.137', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.138', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.144', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.145', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.147', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.15', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.15', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.161', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.162', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.169', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.179', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.194', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.195', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.196', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.2', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.203', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.206', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.22', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.235', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.241', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.251', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.258', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.26', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.271', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.275', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.282', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.283', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.284', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.287', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.311', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.316', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.325', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.327', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.338', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.341', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.342', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.347', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.35', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.352', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.353', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.36', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.362', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.366', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.37', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.378', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.386', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.392', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.396', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.414', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.42', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.425', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.426', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.439', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.446', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.453', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.457', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.459', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.468', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.475', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.477', 'confidence': 0.8}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.481', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Length: 0.496', 'confidence': 0.8}

Sex
provenance: {'sentence': 'Sex: F', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Sex: F', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Sex: I', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Sex: I', 'confidence': 1.0}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Sex: M', 'confidence': 0.9}
provenance: {'sentence': 'Sex: M', 'confidence': 1.0}
has: I
has: M
has value: F
has value: I
has value: M
hasvalue: F
hasvalue: M
is: F
is: M