@prefix ns1: . @prefix ns2: . @prefix rdfs: . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.261", "Height: 0.086", "Length: 0.292", "Whole_weight: 2.65" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.293", "Height: 0.211", "Length: 0.378", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "The area around the foot is black and the sole is tan to grey.", "The tentacles are black." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.081", "Height: 0.186", "Length: 0.092", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.097", "Height: 0.209", "Length: 0.126", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "release." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.457", "Height: 0.126", "Length: 0.63", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Commercial harvesting is prohibited during January, February and August." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.455", "Height: 0.164", "Length: 0.562", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "black (H. cracherodii)", "flat (H. walallensis)", "green (H. fulgens)", "pink (H. corrugata)" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "A groove often parallels the outer edge of the line of pores.", "edges are elevated above the shell surface." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Citations correspond to representative studies and reports; many additional papers exist on each topic." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.349", "Height: 0.089", "Length: 0.425", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "A comparative genomic study that generated an annotated genome for red abalone examined heterozygosity across several abalone species.", "Estimated genome-wide heterozygosity ranged from roughly 0.43%" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.156", "Height: 0.061", "Length: 0.195", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.252", "Height: 0.076", "Length: 0.342", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.207", "Height: 0.105", "Length: 0.256", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.157", "Height: 0.045", "Length: 0.219", "Whole_weight: 1.405" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies recommend careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "California.", "Commercial sizes of 6.25 inches for pinks", "Commercial sizes of 7 inches for pinks", "Limited growth information is available for abalones." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.66", "Height: 0.141", "Length: 0.751", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.496", "Height: 0.164", "Length: 0.557", "Whole_weight: 0.367" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.512", "Height: 0.035", "Length: 0.612", "Whole_weight: 1.192" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.554", "Height: 0.1", "Length: 0.724", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.497", "Height: 0.221", "Length: 0.602", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Experiments using macroalgae blades enriched with benthic diatom films or biofilms from settlement", "Juvenile red abalone growth is sensitive to diet quality and structure of the rearing environment." . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated fishing effort can substantially increase effective mortality rates." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Pink abalone reach 10 inches in length", "individuals over 7 inches long are now rare" . ns1:confidence "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "recoveries. [Peters 2024; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.583", "Height: 0.069", "Length: 0.752", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.671", "Height: 0.247", "Length: 0.808", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.91", "0.92", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "a large free-diving recreational fishery, recruitment data are now used alongside environmental indicators to guide management and assess recovery potential." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.687", "Height: 0.115", "Length: 0.787", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.113", "Height: 0.049", "Length: 0.145", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.53", "Height: 0.145", "Length: 0.591", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.196", "Height: 0.039", "Length: 0.241", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.077", "Height: 0.173", "Length: 0.086", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "In June, 1994, the California Department of Fish and Game proposed and the Fish and Game Commission adopted", "unlikely that stocks of black abalone will recover enough for the fishery to reopen." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.072", "Height: 0.126", "Length: 0.082", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Flat and threaded abalones have limited distributions and neither is common.", "The western Atlantic abalone is rare and is not fished commercially." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.258", "Height: 0.136", "Length: 0.35", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.493", "Height: 0.214", "Length: 0.621", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.7", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Current stocks of most", "commercial harvests have declined dramatically to about 461,376 pounds in 1993" . ns1:confidence "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "increased dramatically during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, increased product demand, and" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.273", "Height: 0.079", "Length: 0.325", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.88", "0.91", "0.92", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Tentacles are yellowish brown, or occasionally green, and thin." . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Juvenile abalones feed on rock-encrusting coralline algae and on diatom and bacterial films." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.301", "Height: 0.077", "Length: 0.414", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.588", "Height: 0.055", "Length: 0.808", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.88", "0.92", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "The shell is usually brown, and its surface marked.", "The shell is usually brown.", "The tentacles are olive green." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.672", "Height: 0.176", "Length: 0.79", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "They are found in the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 120 feet, commonly in" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "restrictive season, and local area closures for conservation and food fisheries." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.103", "Height: 0.105", "Length: 0.144", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Pinto abalone are commercially harvested in Alaska and British Columbia." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.431", "Height: 0.078", "Length: 0.54", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "0.9", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "The shell is oval", "The tentacles are yellowish brown, short and thin." . ns1:confidence "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Growth rates in culture can exceed those in the wild under optimal temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes.", "juvenile rearing on macroalgae diets.", "onto plates or artificial substrates, and juvenile rearing on macroalgae diets." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.225", "Height: 0.058", "Length: 0.258", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "(3.5%), and white (>1%) abalones have all been harvested in California.", "Since 1993, only red abalone" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.131", "Height: 0.14", "Length: 0.161", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.48", "Height: 0.056", "Length: 0.536", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.91", "0.92", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "The foot is yellow to light orange.", "The shell is thick.", "The tentacles are black." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.426", "Height: 0.068", "Length: 0.496", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.592", "Height: 0.234", "Length: 0.71", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "New laws pending in the 1997 Legislature would establish a multi-year moratorium on the" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "(Fishery history, closures, recruitment).", "CDFW – California Department of Fish and Wildlife.", "Various abalone status reports, culture chapters, and recruitment monitoring documents.", "[CDFW PDFs]" . ns1:confidence "0.7", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Species such as white abalone and several localized endemics in South Africa and Australia are considered at very high risk of extinction.", "disease, and climate-driven habitat change." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "In general, natural mortality in adult size classes tends to be relatively", "removals by legal harvest and non-harvest losses indicate that mortality is strongly size-dependent and can vary by site." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "In the late 1950's, \"hooka\" gear, which supplied air from the surface to divers using light" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "fishery accelerated rapidly during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, reduced access to herring" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "red abalone have been taken commercially", "the Fish and Game Commission closed all red abalone harvest south" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.375", "Height: 0.075", "Length: 0.459", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Peters, H. et al. 2024. Abalones at Risk: A Global Red List Assessment of Haliotis. (Global conservation status of abalones). [Red List assessment]" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Pinto abalone (H. kamtschatkana) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium, with a pebbly" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.292", "Height: 0.058", "Length: 0.338", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.069", "Height: 0.163", "Length: 0.095", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.337", "Height: 0.121", "Length: 0.426", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.315", "Height: 0.155", "Length: 0.38", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Bertalanffy modeling for Mexican populations of related species (yellow and blue abalones) yield growth parameters with L∞ values around 150–165 mm and relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈" . ns1:confidence "0.6", "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "In central and southern California, cumulative effects of serial overfishing, disease (e.g., withering syndrome in black abalone), pollution, and predator recovery led to the closure of commercial" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Western Atlantic abalone (H. pourtalesii) have a yellowish epipodium with large and small sensory" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "They are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones down to at least 70 feet." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Standardized recruitment modules built from cinder blocks or plates have been deployed at multiple California sites", "Standardized recruitment modules have been deployed at multiple California sites to quantify settlement and early survival" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.378", "Height: 0.032", "Length: 0.468", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.553", "Height: 0.025", "Length: 0.771", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "abalone fishery is managed through guideline harvest ranges, a minimum legal size of 3.75 inches" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Jiao, Y. et al. 2010. Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone. (Time-varying growth modeling). [Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "curves because they directly affect estimates of yield per recruit and sustainable harvest rates." . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "In California, abalone divers must use underwater diving gear consisting of an above-surface air pump" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.504", "Height: 0.035", "Length: 0.564", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Growth and asymptotic size" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.144", "Height: 0.119", "Length: 0.2", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.413", "Height: 0.201", "Length: 0.501", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.078", "Height: 0.094", "Length: 0.098", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Diver must be fully submerged while taking abalone.", "Diver operated from a boat.", "Diver used at least 100 feet of air hose." . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "There are 4 to 6 open pores", "the surface is marked with prominent ribs interspersed with narrow ones" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Culture of Abalone, Haliotis" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.151", "Height: 0.192", "Length: 0.203", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.678", "Height: 0.225", "Length: 0.762", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.12", "Height: 0.045", "Length: 0.15", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Pinto abalone is the only invertebrate species in some Canadian jurisdictions for which all fishing is completely banned.", "showing that post-release survival can still be a limiting factor." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Flat abalone are commonly under 5 inches", "Flat abalone reach 7 inches in length", "found in the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 70 feet" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "After settling, abalones change their diet and feed on macroalgae.", "Except for black abalone, hybridization for abalone species is not uncommon in areas where several", "rates appear to be variable." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.607", "Height: 0.221", "Length: 0.764", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Pinto abalone are also known regionally as northern abalone.", "abalone reach 6.49 inches in length, but are commonly 4 inches long." . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Black abalone range from Mendocino County, California to southern Baja California.", "They are surface." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.701", "Height: 0.094", "Length: 0.781", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Green abalone (H. fulgens) have a mottled cream and brown epipodium, with tubercles scattered on the" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.159", "Height: 0.097", "Length: 0.196", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Effect of environmental variability on yellow and blue abalone; Cicala et al. 2023; Mexican growth parameter studies" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "California may be eliminated if the sea otter range is not contained.", "Studies in a California fishery reserve" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Red abalone is the largest abalone species globally, reaching shell lengths over 300 mm in some regions, and historically supported the most important abalone fisheries on the US West Coast." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.612", "Height: 0.195", "Length: 0.786", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.09", "Height: 0.148", "Length: 0.102", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "and pink abalone have been used as models for diet and temperature experiments; these studies typically show faster growth under moderate temperatures and diversified macroalgal diets." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.534", "Height: 0.219", "Length: 0.664", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Its range spans from British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico, with historically dense populations around central and northern California kelp", "abalone fisheries on the US West Coast." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.275", "Height: 0.066", "Length: 0.386", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Analyses that separate removals by legal harvest and non-harvest losses", "Tag–recapture studies in northern California have been used to estimate both natural and fishing mortality for red abalone." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.202", "Height: 0.143", "Length: 0.283", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Abalones (genus Haliotis) are large marine gastropods in the family Haliotidae.", "They are shallow-water herbivores distributed on rocky coasts in temperate and subtropical regions." . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "They are commonly found in open, exposed areas.", "White abalone are found in the subtidal zone down to at least 200 feet.", "White abalone reach 10", "abalone are found in the Channel Islands in California." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.171", "Height: 0.049", "Length: 0.191", "Whole_weight: 2.143" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Analyses comparing model fits to tag–recapture data suggest that more", "Red abalone growth has been described with several curves, including von Bertalanffy, Richards, Gaussian, and Ricker models." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.392", "Height: 0.078", "Length: 0.542", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "They reach 10 inches in length, but are generally smaller.", "crevices where surfgrass and algal cover is dense." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.121", "Height: 0.084", "Length: 0.137", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.603", "Height: 0.226", "Length: 0.674", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "growth. [Wulffson 2020; Ulva / diatom settlement studies on H. rufescens]" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.473", "Height: 0.06", "Length: 0.674", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Red List and global status" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.359", "Height: 0.143", "Length: 0.508", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Other predators include large fishes (e.g., California sheephead and cabezon), bat rays, octopus, and crabs, especially for juveniles and subadults.", "with declines in exposed, large abalone." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Restocking and out-planting" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature of red abalone Haliotis rufescens." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Genetic diversity across species" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.606", "Height: 0.208", "Length: 0.734", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.104", "Height: 0.157", "Length: 0.133", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.15", "Height: 0.112", "Length: 0.206", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.5", "Height: 0.161", "Length: 0.65", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Numerical values (e.g., growth rates, asymptotic sizes, heterozygosity) are approximate and context-dependent; original articles should be consulted for precise estimates and methods." . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "commercial harvesting of black abalone began in July, 1993, and extends through January 1, 1997. It is" . ns1:confidence "0.85" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "There are 12 recognized hybrids in southern California and northern Baja California." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Sexes are separate and fertilization is external.", "The eggs and sperm broadcast into the water through the" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Aquaculture of red, pink, and green abalones occurs in California.", "There is limited aquaculture of green", "abalone is rare and is not fished commercially." . ns1:confidence "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Abalone aquaculture" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Maximum observed shell growth for mid-size juveniles in one experiment was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with", "whereas larger individuals display lower specific growth rates and shifted optima." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.321", "Height: 0.192", "Length: 0.366", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.7", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Abalone eggs and larvae are consumed by filter-feeding fish and shellfish.", "Predators of juvenile abalones", "algae may be eaten at various times." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Juvenile growth and diet" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Red abalone (H. rufescens) usually have a black epipodium", "some specimens have a barred black" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Key species treated in this summary" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.33", "Height: 0.136", "Length: 0.396", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Micheli, F. et al. 2008. Persistence of depleted abalones in marine reserves of central California. (High mortality and limited recovery). [Biological Conservation]" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.337", "Height: 0.191", "Length: 0.479", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "masks, fins and wet suits, began replacing hard-hat gear.", "multi-hose hooka gear and specialized, high-speed, seaworthy boats have become common in the fishery." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "The shell is reddish-orange.", "The sole of the foot is tan.", "Western Atlantic abalone range from" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery reports." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "British Columbia and Washington State", "Global genetic and Red List assessments", "The Mexican Pacific" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "However, current densities in the wild are so low that natural recovery is unlikely without active restoration, including captive breeding and out-planting." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.397", "Height: 0.104", "Length: 0.566", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Abalone shells are rounded or oval with a large dome towards one end.", "The shell has a row of respiratory." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "In northern California, where red abalone supported a large free-diving recreational fishery,", "many years following ecosystem shifts, such as severe kelp loss or changes in predator abundance." . ns1:confidence "0.92", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "The commercial abalone fishery in California is managed through size limits" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.273", "Height: 0.191", "Length: 0.31", "Whole_weight: 2.517" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178 mm in California regulations) can vary from roughly 8 to 20 years depending on local conditions and growth model choice." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Later, hard-hat divers harvested abalones from", "divers working from barrel floats harvested abalones." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.367", "Height: 0.029", "Length: 0.481", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.411", "Height: 0.234", "Length: 0.503", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Currently, most abalones are exported to Japan, either fresh or frozen whole." . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Abalones are members of a large class (Gastropoda) of molluscs having one-piece shells" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "initially harvested intertidal green and black abalones with skiffs using long, hooked poles." . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Long-term monitoring has shown that recruitment is highly variable and can remain depressed for many years following ecosystem shifts", "to quantify settlement and early survival over time" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.572", "Height: 0.207", "Length: 0.636", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "This is the combined result of commercial harvest efficiency, increased market demand, sport fishery expansion, an expanding", "abalone species in central and southern California are over utilized." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "In decreasing order of total catch between 1950 and 1995, red (46.6%), pink (41.2%), black (8.7%), green" . ns1:confidence "0.6", "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Carson, H. S. et al. 2019. Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State. (Haliotis kamtschatkana restoration and decline). [Aquatic Conservation article]" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "A 1.5 inch abalone may spawn 10,000 eggs or more at a time" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "was eliminated in California in 1900 by closure of shallow waters to commercial harvest" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Hines, A. H. 1982. Abalones, shells, and sea otters: dynamics of predator–prey interactions in central California. (Sea otter predation on abalone). [Smithsonian report]" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Genetics and Conservation Assessments" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.19", "Height: 0.188", "Length: 0.26", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.64", "Height: 0.04", "Length: 0.74", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.403", "Height: 0.094", "Length: 0.457", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.469", "Height: 0.062", "Length: 0.604", "Whole_weight: 1.375" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Models and status reports emphasize that recruitment failure and", "open longer, but was eventually closed after unprecedented kelp forest collapse and associated ecosystem changes around 2014–2018." . ns1:confidence "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "need to preserve genetic variation in both wild and hatchery programs, particularly for highly depleted species. [Masonbrink et al. 2019]" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "but localized environmental disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated", "in adult size classes tends to be relatively low (on the order of a few tenths per year in many marine invertebrates)" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.251", "Height: 0.04", "Length: 0.293", "Rings: 23" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.587", "Height: 0.222", "Length: 0.745", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Pink abalone (H. corrugata) have a mottled black and white epipodium with many tubercles on the" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Red abalone in some locations spawn throughout the year.", "The fertilized eggs hatch into" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "fits to tag–recapture data suggest that more flexible curves (e.g., Richards or Gaussian) can capture variable early growth, whereas von Bertalanffy tends to slightly overestimate early growth" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.383", "Height: 0.102", "Length: 0.53", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.304", "Height: 0.055", "Length: 0.362", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.464", "Height: 0.205", "Length: 0.556", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.394", "Height: 0.236", "Length: 0.481", "Shell_weight: 0.402" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "the family Haliotidae and the genus Haliotis, which means sea ear, referring to the flattened shape of the shell." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.409", "Height: 0.092", "Length: 0.551", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.288", "Height: 0.15", "Length: 0.392", "Whole_weight: 0.4" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.085", "Height: 0.118", "Length: 0.103", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "The muscular foot has strong suction power permitting the abalone to clamp tightly to rocky" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "abalone sinks to the bottom where it clings to rocks and crevices with its single powerful foot." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.329", "Height: 0.195", "Length: 0.4", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Red abalone range from Sunset Bay, Oregon", "pores are moderately elevated above the shell surface." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "algae such as giant kelp, bull kelp, feather boa kelp and elk kelp are preferred", "other species of algae may be eaten at various times" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.566", "Height: 0.028", "Length: 0.735", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "There are 3 to 6 open pores", "shell is irregularly mottled and narrow", "the pore edges are elevated" . ns1:confidence "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Threaded abalone reach 6 inches in length" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "(H. sorenseni) abalone.", "Black abalone (H. cracherodii) have black and smooth epipodium and tentacles." . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Flat abalone range from British Columbia, Canada to San Diego, California." . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Yellow (H. corrugata in Mexican literature) and blue abalone (H. fulgens) in some growth studies" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.48", "Height: 0.084", "Length: 0.627", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.277", "Height: 0.131", "Length: 0.347", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "During the early years of the abalone fishery, abalones were dried and smoked, or canned for export" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "commercial size limits in California are: 7-3/4 inches for red abalone, 7 inches for green abalone, 6-1/4" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "status now ranges from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with many local collapses due to overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.447", "Height: 0.077", "Length: 0.591", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "abalones feed primarily on loose pieces of marine algae drifting with the surge or current." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Cultured green and pink abalone have been used as models for", "relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈ 0.3–0.36 yr⁻¹), reflecting faster growth than large red abalone in colder, northern waters." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "There are 2 to 4 open pores,", "and pore edges are strongly", "its surface is marked with wavy corrugations." . ns1:confidence "0.6", "0.75", "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Abalones at", "life-history traits (slow growth, late maturity, and broadcast spawning) make recovery inherently slow even after fishing stops.", "to prevent further losses, and that life-history traits (slow growth, late maturity, and broadcast spawning) make recovery inherently slow even after fishing stops." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "around central and northern California kelp forests.", "around central and northern California kelp forests. [CDFW; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Jiao et al. 2010]" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Growth studies suggest that white abalone can grow roughly 1.0–2.9 cm per year depending on size", "Islands, followed by decades of extremely low recruitment, drove the species to very low densities." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.472", "Height: 0.051", "Length: 0.547", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.27", "Height: 0.095", "Length: 0.349", "Whole_weight: 2.692" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "modern recoveries of otters have coincided with declines in exposed, large abalone", "the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early 20th centuries likely contributed to abalone booms" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.139", "Height: 0.179", "Length: 0.194", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Prices to fishermen for red abalone were around $500 to $600 per dozen in 1993-94.", "effective January 1, 1995 a two-year closure on sport and commercial harvesting of pink, green and white abalone." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.492", "Height: 0.1", "Length: 0.694", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Recruitment monitoring can improve diversity in hiring", "Recruitment monitoring helps in ensuring compliance", "Recruitment monitoring involves tracking applicants", "Recruitment monitoring is related to the hiring process" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Persistent kelp scarcity, even in protected areas, suggests that environmental forcing can be as important as fishing in controlling abalone population" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.271", "Height: 0.206", "Length: 0.314", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Masonbrink, R. E. et al. 2019. An annotated genome for Haliotis rufescens (red abalone). (Genome, heterozygosity of multiple abalone species). [PMC article]" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.617", "Height: 0.236", "Length: 0.709", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.517", "Height: 0.137", "Length: 0.684", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.483", "Height: 0.184", "Length: 0.663", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Reseeding experiments have not been successful." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.095", "Height: 0.142", "Length: 0.113", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "have shown that even protected populations cannot support a fishery within the sea otter range in central" . ns1:confidence "0.6", "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "The assessment highlights that precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.506", "Height: 0.135", "Length: 0.706", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "High prices increased the incentive for illegal harvesting in closed areas." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Pinto abalone populations in Washington State and British Columbia have experienced declines exceeding 90% in many monitored areas, despite complete fishery closures.", "Surveys indicate that densities" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Surveys indicate that densities have fallen below thresholds where successful fertilization is likely", "a phenomenon often described as Allee effects in broadcast spawners" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.491", "Height: 0.238", "Length: 0.672", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.501", "Height: 0.229", "Length: 0.67", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.279", "Height: 0.059", "Length: 0.353", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.38", "Height: 0.052", "Length: 0.485", "Rings: 17" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.134", "Height: 0.046", "Length: 0.169", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.46", "Height: 0.164", "Length: 0.538", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Historical records indicate that the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early", "otters can maintain abalone populations at low densities, with most surviving individuals confined to deep crevices." . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Size-specific mortality" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.213", "Height: 0.167", "Length: 0.284", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.511", "Height: 0.073", "Length: 0.7", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "a new management plan is in effect", "commercial and recreational harvest of all species of abalone south of the entrance to San Francisco Bay", "until stocks have demonstrated some level of recovery" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "recurring challenge is low post-release survival caused by predation, limited shelter, and physiological stress, similar to problems seen in other marine gastropod restoration efforts." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.24", "Height: 0.034", "Length: 0.316", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "reports emphasize that recruitment failure and elevated mortality can prevent recovery even in areas without direct fishing pressure." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Temperature and size-dependent growth" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.646", "Height: 0.043", "Length: 0.724", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "This text is a synthesized summary built from multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources, rewritten in plain language for use in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.584", "Height: 0.248", "Length: 0.797", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.466", "Height: 0.18", "Length: 0.631", "Shell_weight: 0.456" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.112", "Height: 0.203", "Length: 0.128", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.508", "Height: 0.038", "Length: 0.717", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.362", "Height: 0.097", "Length: 0.475", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.08", "Height: 0.076", "Length: 0.093", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "British Columbia. Prior to 1971, the British Columbia commercial pinto abalone fishery was sporadic", "productive areas were closed after 6 days and a catch of 37,000 pounds." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.106", "Height: 0.151", "Length: 0.147", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Red Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) – Biology and Growth" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.429", "Height: 0.203", "Length: 0.55", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.093", "Height: 0.103", "Length: 0.109", "Rings: 14" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Obispo County, California to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California.", "They are found in the subtidal zone from 20" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.41", "Height: 0.227", "Length: 0.531", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.553", "Height: 0.155", "Length: 0.705", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "However, current densities in the wild", "roughly 1.0–2.9 cm per year depending on size, indicating that individuals could rebuild size structure over a few decades if recruitment and survival improved." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.611", "Height: 0.202", "Length: 0.788", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Chinese Americans", "The commercial fishery for abalones in California began in the 1850's.", "and H. diversicolor supertexta abalones in Hawaii." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.288", "Height: 0.024", "Length: 0.327", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "North Carolina through the Gulf of Mexico to Brazil.", "The largest recorded shell had a length of about 1.2 inches.", "They are found from 187 feet down to at least 1,200 feet on hard substrates." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.107", "Height: 0.107", "Length: 0.147", "Whole_weight: 1.623" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Abalone growth and survival depend heavily on kelp forests and drift macroalgae.", "Events such as marine heatwaves, disease outbreaks in sea urchin predators, and prolonged urchin barrens have caused" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Guideline harvests prior to 1988-89 varied 33,000 to 57,000 pounds per year.", "October to remain outside spawning and settling periods.", "The season was shortened each year, and in 1993-94 the most" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.416", "Height: 0.234", "Length: 0.59", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.541", "Height: 0.186", "Length: 0.678", "Whole_weight: 1.4" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "These findings highlight that both body size and local temperature regime strongly influence growth", "was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with growth declining away from the optimal temperature range." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.292", "Height: 0.144", "Length: 0.36", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "A recurring challenge is low post-release survival", "Multiple programs aim to release hatchery-origin juveniles of pinto, white, and other abalone species to supplement depleted wild populations." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.391", "Height: 0.126", "Length: 0.439", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.353", "Height: 0.169", "Length: 0.497", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Hatchery protocols typically involve controlled spawning, larval settlement onto plates or artificial substrates, and", "Red, green, and pink abalones are cultured in California and other regions." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Shore picking was the main harvest method", "after 1960 some scuba gear was used" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.476", "Height: 0.046", "Length: 0.666", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.478", "Height: 0.111", "Length: 0.58", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.316", "Height: 0.142", "Length: 0.439", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Green and pink abalone were historically important components of mixed-species fisheries in California and Mexico." . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Red abalone reach 12.3 inches in length, but are commonly 7 to 9 inches long.", "South of Point Conception, they are found in the subtidal zone down to at least 60 feet.", "South of Point Conception, they are found in the subtidal zone down to over 100 feet." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Laboratory experiments that reared multiple size classes of red abalone at temperatures between about 11 and 22 °C showed strong size-dependent variation in both growth rate and thermal optimum." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.245", "Height: 0.19", "Length: 0.282", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "salmon fisheries, acceptance of the pinto abalone in the Japanese market, increased product demand" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.483", "Height: 0.055", "Length: 0.623", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.203", "Height: 0.154", "Length: 0.284", "Whole_weight: 1.934" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "There are 3 to 5 open pores, and the edges of the pores are elevated above the" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Pinto abalone reach about 2.5 inches in a minimum of 6 years.", "inches for greens and 7.75 inches for reds are reached after a minimum of 10 to 15 years in southern California." . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Sea otters are a dominant predator of abalone within their current California range.", "Studies in central California marine reserves show that sea otters can maintain abalone populations at low." . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Green abalone (H. fulgens)", "Pink abalone (H. corrugata)", "White abalone (Haliotis sorenseni)" . ns1:confidence "0.6", "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.355", "Length: 0.461", "Rings: 23", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.361", "Height: 0.084", "Length: 0.477", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Threaded abalone range from San Luis", "and the pores are moderately elevated above the shell surface." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.522", "Height: 0.204", "Length: 0.587", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Conservation status now ranges from Least Concern to", "Several species have supported major fisheries, particularly in California, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, and Japan." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.616", "Height: 0.11", "Length: 0.708", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.482", "Height: 0.062", "Length: 0.562", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.6", "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "36\" long and not less than 1/16 inch thick, with rounded smooth edges and a curve with a radius of less" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.59", "Height: 0.079", "Length: 0.663", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.117", "Height: 0.067", "Length: 0.15", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Mortality, Recruitment, and Population Dynamics" . ns1:confidence "0.6", "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Hart, L. C. et al. 2020. Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California. (Red abalone recruitment and fishery collapse). [NOAA Technical Memo]" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "American divers followed the Chinese Americans as the fishery moved to the subtidal zone." . ns1:confidence "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "elevated above the surface. Pink abalone range from Point Conception, California to Santa Maria Bay" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "General biology" . ns1:confidence "0.65", "0.75", "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "The California commercial abalone harvest reached a record 5.4 million pounds in 1957." . ns1:confidence "0.6", "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "An epipodium, a sensory structure and extension of the foot that bears tentacles, circles the foot" . ns1:confidence "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Green abalone range from Point Conception, California to Bahia Magdalena, Baja California." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "[Hines 1982; Braje et al. 2009; CDFW abalone status reports]", "especially for juveniles and subadults." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.352", "Height: 0.157", "Length: 0.392", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.595", "Height: 0.028", "Length: 0.772", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.92", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Additional references include regional growth and fishery studies on green, pink, yellow, and blue abalones, as well as recruitment and culture manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.194", "Height: 0.099", "Length: 0.22", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.128", "Height: 0.18", "Length: 0.162", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Black abalone reach 7.75 inches in length, but are commonly 5 to 6 inches long.", "found in intertidal and shallow subtidal zones down to a depth of about 20 feet." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "growth model choice. [Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Wulffson 2020; Jiao et al. 2010]" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.083", "Height: 0.128", "Length: 0.094", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Management efforts through size limits and limits on commercial harvesting permits have been", "condition known as \"withering syndrome,\" and loss of kelp populations associated with El Niño events." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "[Steinarsson and co-authors; Pérez et al. 2010; size-dependent temperature study on H. rufescens]", "temperature regime strongly influence growth performance." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.401", "Height: 0.246", "Length: 0.446", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.389", "Height: 0.049", "Length: 0.487", "Rings: 16" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.254", "Height: 0.063", "Length: 0.341", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.091", "Height: 0.145", "Length: 0.109", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "The U.S. market is primarily in California for live abalone for the sashimi market, and for some fresh and frozen steaks for restaurants." . ns1:confidence "0.92", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Field and modeling studies show substantial spatial and temporal variation in growth.", "Tag–recapture work along the north coast of California indicates asymptotic shell lengths (L∞) on the order of" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "potential." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited", "White abalone showed the lowest (~0.43%), consistent with severe bottlenecks and the use of closely related cultured individuals in that dataset." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.305", "Height: 0.073", "Length: 0.37", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Nine species of abalone occur in North America:", "and projects beyond the shell edge in the living abalone." . ns1:confidence "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Behrens and Lafferty 2005", "CDFW", "Peters 2024" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Collapse and closures" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Western Atlantic (H. pourtalesii) abalone.", "kamtschatkana abalone.", "red (H. rufescens) abalone.", "white (H. sorenseni) abalone." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.168", "Height: 0.154", "Length: 0.235", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.111", "Height: 0.052", "Length: 0.127", "Whole_weight: 1.184" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Growth modeling can be applied in various fields", "Growth modeling involves analyzing data", "Growth modeling is a technique", "Growth modeling is used for predicting future trends" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.656", "Height: 0.226", "Length: 0.771", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Small juveniles typically grow fastest at intermediate temperatures in the mid-teens to high-teens °C", "larger individuals display lower specific" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.148", "Height: 0.107", "Length: 0.206", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "8 inch abalone may spawn 11 million or more eggs.", "The spawning season varies among species with black, green and pink abalone spawning between spring and fall, and pinto abalone spawning during the" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.398", "Height: 0.203", "Length: 0.528", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "[Culture of Abalone, Haliotis spp., CDFW 2008; SeaChoice aquaculture review]", "wild populations." . ns1:confidence "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "This supports hatchery practice of using prepared plates or substrates colonized by diatoms or green algae (e.g., Ulva) for settlement and early growth." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.193", "Height: 0.162", "Length: 0.271", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.198", "Height: 0.232", "Length: 0.251", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Threaded abalone (H. assimilis) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium with a pebbly" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "A recent global Red List assessment of abalones emphasizes that many Haliotis species have undergone rapid declines driven by overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change." . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "The surface of the epipodium is smooth and broadly scalloped", "and cream pattern on their epipodium." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.679", "Height: 0.152", "Length: 0.782", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "then fell to about 36,000 pounds in 1992-93 when a minimum size limit was instituted." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.298", "Height: 0.151", "Length: 0.42", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited intermediate values (approximately 0.68%, 0.76%, and 0.95% respectively).", "These results underline the need to preserve genetic variation in both wild" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.394", "Height: 0.108", "Length: 0.545", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Tortugas, Baja California. North of Point Conception, they are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Green abalone are often found in" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Northern California’s recreational red abalone fishery remained open longer, but was eventually closed after", "recovery led to the closure of commercial abalone fisheries in the late 1990s." . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "number of permits for commercial abalone divers", "restrictions on harvesting areas" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "as fishing in controlling abalone population trajectories." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.124", "Height: 0.131", "Length: 0.138", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.093", "Height: 0.222", "Length: 0.105", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Threaded abalone are commonly smaller.", "Threaded abalone are considered a subspecies of the pinto abalone by some scientists." . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "There are 5 to 6 open pores", "the pore edges are moderately elevated above" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "This supports hatchery practice of using prepared", "benthic diatom films or biofilms from settlement plates show higher growth and survival relative to macroalgae alone in early post-settlement stages" . ns1:confidence "0.8" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "[Peters et al. 2024; Abalones at Risk global assessment]" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Abalones may be taken only by hand or with abalone irons.", "An abalone iron is a flat device not more than" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "all fishing is completely banned." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.255", "Height: 0.197", "Length: 0.287", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.531", "Height: 0.243", "Length: 0.594", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.513", "Height: 0.123", "Length: 0.61", "Whole_weight: 1.185" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "The bat ray in southern California and the sea otter in central California prey selectively on larger abalones." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.152", "Height: 0.159", "Length: 0.179", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "floating larvae that feed on plankton until their shells begin to form." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Abalone steaks are produced by removing the foot, trimming, slicing, and tenderizing.", "Shells are used for mother-of-pearl, souvenirs, and jewelry.", "Yield from a live abalone is roughly 15 percent." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.627", "Height: 0.126", "Length: 0.795", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.232", "Height: 0.177", "Length: 0.275", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Abalone landings peaked in 1977 at 474.8 metric tons and then declined rapidly.", "The fishery was later closed to rebuild stocks." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.598", "Height: 0.192", "Length: 0.703", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "There are 5 to 7 open pores, and the pore", "with many low, flat-topped ribs that run parallel to the pores." . ns1:confidence "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Black (H. cracherodii) and pinto abalone had the highest heterozygosity values (about 1.0%)", "heterozygosity ranged from roughly 0.43% to just over 1%", "whereas white abalone showed the lowest" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "inches for pink or white abalone, 5-3/4 inches for black abalone, and 4 inches for pinto, threaded, and flat" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Green and pink abalone (Haliotis fulgens and H. corrugata)" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.283", "Height: 0.228", "Length: 0.352", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "There are 5 to 9 open pores", "the pores are flush with the shell" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Effective management relies on realistic growth curves because they directly affect estimates" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.465", "Height: 0.082", "Length: 0.553", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.92", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "White abalone range from Point Conception to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.12", "Height: 0.174", "Length: 0.145", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.512", "Height: 0.062", "Length: 0.619", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth and mortality models)." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Predators and ecosystem context" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.359", "Height: 0.047", "Length: 0.447", "Whole_weight: 1.689" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.07", "Height: 0.136", "Length: 0.079", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.539", "Height: 0.085", "Length: 0.768", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Other Species: Pinto, White, Green, and Pink Abalone" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Most quantitative information summarized here comes from: - California (especially northern California and Channel Islands)", "Most quantitative information summarized here comes from: - The Mexican Pacific" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Pinto / Northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana)" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.413", "Height: 0.138", "Length: 0.502", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.448", "Height: 0.232", "Length: 0.633", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "White abalone (Haliotis sorenseni)" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "A groove often parallels the line of pores.", "Pinto abalone range from Sitka, Alaska" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Abalones reach sexual maturity at a small size, and fertility is high and increases exponentially with size.", "inches in length, but are commonly 5 to 8 inches long." . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178", "asymptotic shell lengths (L∞) on the order of ~184–232 mm for many sites", "some individuals ultimately exceeding fishery legal size by a large margin" . ns1:confidence "0.6", "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "Wulffson, Q. C. 2020. Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions. (Juvenile growth and diet). [Humboldt State University thesis]" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "(White abalone growth and status).", "Behrens, M. D., and K. D. Lafferty. 2005. Size frequency measures of white abalone in the California Channel Islands." . ns1:confidence "0.7", "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "After 1960 some scuba gear was used.", "Shore picking was the primary harvesting method.", "The fishery", "The southeast Alaska commercial abalone fishery was sporadic and local prior to 1971." . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Historical fishing pressure concentrated on dense aggregations at offshore banks and Channel Islands, followed by decades of extremely low.", "Historical fishing pressure concentrated on dense aggregations at offshore banks and Channel Islands.", "White abalone is listed as Critically Endangered." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.365", "Height: 0.114", "Length: 0.453", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "There are 3 to 4 open pores", "shell surface is generally brick red", "the inside edge is often red" . ns1:confidence "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Abalone Research Summary – Derived from Peer-Reviewed Literature" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "These changes dramatically reduced food availability for abalone and contributed to fishery closure decisions.", "These changes dramatically reduced food availability for abalone.", "and prolonged urchin barrens have caused large-scale kelp loss in northern California." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.451", "Height: 0.112", "Length: 0.556", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.527", "Height: 0.086", "Length: 0.645", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.277", "Height: 0.054", "Length: 0.311", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.175", "Height: 0.242", "Length: 0.203", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.4", "Height: 0.048", "Length: 0.524", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.447", "Height: 0.208", "Length: 0.596", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Kelp forests and climate impacts" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.45", "Height: 0.063", "Length: 0.512", "Sex: F" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.52", "Height: 0.057", "Length: 0.595", "Sex: I" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "The Alaska abalone harvest reached a record 315,000 pounds in 1978-79", "The use of larger vessels" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.295", "Height: 0.151", "Length: 0.361", "Whole_weight: 1.009" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , ; ns1:sentence "Contemporary management focuses on translocations, hatchery production, and out-planting, with studies showing that post-release survival can still" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.074", "Height: 0.048", "Length: 0.086", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "A major shift in U.S. marketing occurred after the black abalone moratorium in 1993.", "frozen steaks for restaurants." . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.468", "Height: 0.104", "Length: 0.59", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.85", "0.95" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Flat abalone (H. walallensis) have a mottled yellowish and brown epipodium, with a pebbly appearing surface and lacy edge.", "The shell is flattened, narrow.", "The tentacles are greenish and slender." . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.396", "Height: 0.059", "Length: 0.55", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "1.0" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.075", "Height: 0.215", "Length: 0.088", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "Diameter: 0.381", "Height: 0.226", "Length: 0.447", "Sex: M" . ns1:confidence "0.78", "0.82", "0.85" ; ns1:mentions , , ; ns1:sentence "pollution of mainland habitat is affecting", "population of sea otters is decreasing", "unexplained mortalities of black abalone are increasing" . ns1:confidence "0.75", "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions , , , ; ns1:sentence "Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz. 2007. Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth" . ns1:confidence "0.8", "0.85", "0.9" ; ns1:mentions ; ns1:sentence "White abalone (H. sorenseni) have a tan and pebbly epipodium." . rdfs:label "0.024" . rdfs:label "0.025" . rdfs:label "0.029" . rdfs:label "0.032" . rdfs:label "0.034" . rdfs:label "0.038" . rdfs:label "0.039" . rdfs:label "0.043" . rdfs:label "0.046" . rdfs:label "0.047" . rdfs:label "0.048" . rdfs:label "0.051" . rdfs:label "0.052" . rdfs:label "0.054" . rdfs:label "0.056" . rdfs:label "0.057" . rdfs:label "0.06" . rdfs:label "0.061" . rdfs:label "0.066" . rdfs:label "0.067" . rdfs:label "0.068" . rdfs:label "0.07" . rdfs:label "0.072" . rdfs:label "0.074" . rdfs:label "0.076" . rdfs:label "0.08" . rdfs:label "0.081" . rdfs:label "0.083" . rdfs:label "0.088" . rdfs:label "0.089" . rdfs:label "0.09" . rdfs:label "0.091" . rdfs:label "0.098" . rdfs:label "0.099" . rdfs:label "0.1" . rdfs:label "0.106" . rdfs:label "0.108" . rdfs:label "0.11" . rdfs:label "0.114" . rdfs:label "0.115" . rdfs:label "0.117" . 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"1.375" . rdfs:label "1.4" . rdfs:label "1.405" . rdfs:label "1.5 inch" . rdfs:label "1.623" . rdfs:label "1.689" . rdfs:label "1.934" . rdfs:label "1/16 inch" . rdfs:label "10" . rdfs:label "10,000 eggs" . rdfs:label "11 million or more eggs" . rdfs:label "12.3 inches in length" . rdfs:label "14" . rdfs:label "16" . rdfs:label "17" . rdfs:label "178 mm" . rdfs:label "1960" . rdfs:label "1970's" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': \"fishery accelerated rapidly during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, reduced access to herring\", 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:due_to , . rdfs:label "1977 at 474.8 metric tons" . rdfs:label "1978" . rdfs:label "1978-79" . rdfs:label "1993" . rdfs:label "1997 Legislature" . rdfs:label "2.143" . rdfs:label "2.517" . rdfs:label "2.5 inches" . rdfs:label "2.65" . rdfs:label "2.692" . rdfs:label "26" . rdfs:label "2 to 4 open" . rdfs:label "3.75 inches" . rdfs:label "315,000 pounds" . rdfs:label "33,000 to 57,000 pounds per year" . rdfs:label "36,000 pounds" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'then fell to about 36,000 pounds in 1992-93 when a minimum size limit was instituted.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:fell_to . rdfs:label "36 inches" . rdfs:label "3 to 4 open pores" . rdfs:label "3 to 6 open pores" . rdfs:label "4 inches" . rdfs:label "4 inches long" . rdfs:label "4 to 6 open pores" . rdfs:label "5.4 million pounds" . rdfs:label "5 to 7 open" . rdfs:label "5 to 8 inches long" . rdfs:label "5 to 9 open" . rdfs:label "6.25 inches" . rdfs:label "6.49 inches in length" . rdfs:label "6 days and a catch of 37,000 pounds" . rdfs:label "6 inches in length" . rdfs:label "7.75 inches in length" . rdfs:label "719–727" . rdfs:label "7 inches" . rdfs:label "7 inches in length" . rdfs:label "8 inch abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': '8 inch abalone may spawn 11 million or more eggs.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:may_spawn . rdfs:label "90%" . rdfs:label "a concept" . rdfs:label "a large class (Gastropoda) of molluscs having one-piece shells" . rdfs:label "a large free-diving recreational fishery" . rdfs:label "a minimum size limit" . rdfs:label "a row of respiratory" . rdfs:label "a species" . rdfs:label "a subspecies of the pinto abalone" . rdfs:label "a technique" . rdfs:label "abalone booms" . rdfs:label "abalone divers" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'In California, abalone divers must use underwater diving gear consisting of an above-surface air pump', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:must_use . rdfs:label "abalone fisheries" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'abalone fisheries on the US West Coast.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:located_on . rdfs:label "abalone iron" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'An abalone iron is a flat device not more than', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "abalone irons" . rdfs:label "Abalone landings" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Abalone landings peaked in 1977 at 474.8 metric tons and then declined rapidly.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Abalone landings peaked in 1977 at 474.8 metric tons and then declined rapidly.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:declined_to ; ns2:peaked_in . rdfs:label "abalone population" . rdfs:label "abalone populations at low densities" . rdfs:label "Abalone recruitment" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Hart, L. C. et al. 2020. Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California. (Red abalone recruitment and fishery collapse). [NOAA Technical Memo]', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:occurs_in . rdfs:label "Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California" . rdfs:label "Abalone recruitment study by Hart, L. C. et al. 2020" . rdfs:label "Abalone Research Summary" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Abalone Research Summary – Derived from Peer-Reviewed Literature', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:derived_from . rdfs:label "Abalone shells" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Abalone shells are rounded or oval with a large dome towards one end.', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:are . rdfs:label "abalone species" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'abalone species in central and southern California are over utilized.', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:are_over_utilized . rdfs:label "Abalone steaks" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Abalone steaks are produced by removing the foot, trimming, slicing, and tenderizing.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:are_produced_by . rdfs:label "Abalones, shells, and sea otters: dynamics of predator–prey interactions in central California" . rdfs:label "Abalones at Risk: A Global Red List Assessment of Haliotis" . rdfs:label "about 1.2 inches" . rdfs:label "above-surface air pump" . rdfs:label "acceptance of the pinto abalone in the Japanese market" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'salmon fisheries, acceptance of the pinto abalone in the Japanese market, increased product demand', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:increased . rdfs:label "acclimation protocols" . rdfs:label "Additional references" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Additional references include regional growth and fishery studies on green, pink, yellow, and blue abalones, as well as recruitment and culture manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery', 'confidence': 0.92}", "{'sentence': 'Additional references include regional growth and fishery studies on green, pink, yellow, and blue abalones, as well as recruitment and culture manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:include , . rdfs:label "adult size classes" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'in adult size classes tends to be relatively low (on the order of a few tenths per year in many marine invertebrates)', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:tends_to_be . rdfs:label "affecting" . rdfs:label "air from the surface to divers" . rdfs:label "air hose" . rdfs:label "Alaska" . rdfs:label "Alaska abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The Alaska abalone harvest reached a record 315,000 pounds in 1978-79', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'The Alaska abalone harvest reached a record 315,000 pounds in 1978-79', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'The Alaska abalone harvest reached a record 315,000 pounds in 1978-79', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:harvested ; ns2:harvested_in , . rdfs:label "Alaska pinto" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'then fell to about 36,000 pounds in 1992-93 when a minimum size limit was instituted.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:was_instituted . rdfs:label "all red abalone harvest south" . rdfs:label "all species of abalone" . rdfs:label "Allee effects" . rdfs:label "American divers" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'American divers followed the Chinese Americans as the fishery moved to the subtidal zone.', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:followed . rdfs:label "An annotated genome for Haliotis rufescens (red abalone)" . rdfs:label "analyzing data" . rdfs:label "approximate and context-dependent" . rdfs:label "aquaculture and restoration activities" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Culture of Abalone, Haliotis', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:support . rdfs:label "aquaculture and restoration activities support wild populations" . rdfs:label "area" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The area around the foot is black and the sole is tan to grey.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "areas" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'reports emphasize that recruitment failure and elevated mortality can prevent recovery even in areas without direct fishing pressure.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:without . rdfs:label "assessment" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The assessment highlights that precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'The assessment highlights that precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:highlights , . rdfs:label "associated" . rdfs:label "asymptotic shell lengths" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'asymptotic shell lengths (L∞) on the order of ~184–232 mm for many sites', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:have . rdfs:label "asymptotic shell lengths (L∞) on the order of" . rdfs:label "asymptotic size" . rdfs:label "at various times" . rdfs:label "at very high risk of extinction" . rdfs:label "August" . rdfs:label "Bahia Tortugas, Baja California" . rdfs:label "Baja California" . rdfs:label "barred black" . rdfs:label "barrel floats" . rdfs:label "bat ray" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The bat ray in southern California and the sea otter in central California prey selectively on larger abalones.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:prey_on . rdfs:label "Behrens, M. D." ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Behrens, M. D., and K. D. Lafferty. 2005. Size frequency measures of white abalone in the California Channel Islands.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Behrens, M. D., and K. D. Lafferty. 2005. Size frequency measures of white abalone in the California Channel Islands.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:co-authored ; ns2:published . rdfs:label "Behrens and Lafferty" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Behrens and Lafferty 2005', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:published . rdfs:label "benthic diatom films" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'This supports hatchery practice of using prepared', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'benthic diatom films or biofilms from settlement plates show higher growth and survival relative to macroalgae alone in early post-settlement stages', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:show ; ns2:support . rdfs:label "Bertalanffy modeling" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Bertalanffy modeling for Mexican populations of related species (yellow and blue abalones) yield growth parameters with L∞ values around 150–165 mm and relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Bertalanffy modeling for Mexican populations of related species (yellow and blue abalones) yield growth parameters with L∞ values around 150–165 mm and relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Bertalanffy modeling for Mexican populations of related species (yellow and blue abalones) yield growth parameters with L∞ values around 150–165 mm and relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:yield , , . rdfs:label "biofilms from settlement" . rdfs:label "biology" . rdfs:label "Biology and Growth" . rdfs:label "biosecurity concerns" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:include . rdfs:label "black, green and pink abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The spawning season varies among species with black, green and pink abalone spawning between spring and fall, and pinto abalone spawning during the', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:spawn_between . rdfs:label "black abalone moratorium" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'A major shift in U.S. marketing occurred after the black abalone moratorium in 1993.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:occurred_in . rdfs:label "black and smooth epipodium and tentacles" . rdfs:label "black epipodium" . rdfs:label "blue abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Yellow (H. corrugata in Mexican literature) and blue abalone (H. fulgens) in some growth studies', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'Yellow (H. corrugata in Mexican literature) and blue abalone (H. fulgens) in some growth studies', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:associated_with ; ns2:mentioned_in . rdfs:label "boat" . rdfs:label "bottom" . rdfs:label "Braje et al. 2009" . rdfs:label "brick red" . rdfs:label "British Columbia" . rdfs:label "British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico" . rdfs:label "British Columbia, Canada to San Diego, California" . rdfs:label "British Columbia and Washington State" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'British Columbia and Washington State', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:are_located_in . rdfs:label "British Columbia commercial pinto abalone fishery" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'British Columbia. Prior to 1971, the British Columbia commercial pinto abalone fishery was sporadic', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:was . rdfs:label "California commercial abalone harvest" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The California commercial abalone harvest reached a record 5.4 million pounds in 1957.', 'confidence': 0.65}", "{'sentence': 'The California commercial abalone harvest reached a record 5.4 million pounds in 1957.', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'The California commercial abalone harvest reached a record 5.4 million pounds in 1957.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'The California commercial abalone harvest reached a record 5.4 million pounds in 1957.', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:reached , . rdfs:label "California Department of Fish and Game" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'In June, 1994, the California Department of Fish and Game proposed and the Fish and Game Commission adopted', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:proposed . rdfs:label "California Department of Fish and Wildlife" . rdfs:label "California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)" . rdfs:label "California fishery reports" . rdfs:label "California fishery reserve" . rdfs:label "California kelp forests" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'around central and northern California kelp forests.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:located_around . rdfs:label "Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences" . rdfs:label "captive breeding and out-planting" . rdfs:label "careful site selection" . rdfs:label "careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release" . rdfs:label "Carson, H. S. et al." ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Carson, H. S. et al. 2019. Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State. (Haliotis kamtschatkana restoration and decline). [Aquatic Conservation article]', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:authored . rdfs:label "Carson et al. 2019" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'release.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:reviewed . rdfs:label "CDFW abalone status reports" . rdfs:label "CDFW PDFs" . rdfs:label "central" . rdfs:label "central and northern California" . rdfs:label "central and northern California kelp" . rdfs:label "challenge" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'A recurring challenge is low post-release survival', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "changes" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'These changes dramatically reduced food availability for abalone and contributed to fishery closure decisions.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'These changes dramatically reduced food availability for abalone.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:contributed_to ; ns2:reduced . rdfs:label "changes in predator abundance" . rdfs:label "Channel Islands in California" . rdfs:label "cinder blocks or plates" . rdfs:label "Citations" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Citations correspond to representative studies and reports; many additional papers exist on each topic.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:correspond_to . rdfs:label "climate" . rdfs:label "climate-driven habitat change" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'disease, and climate-driven habitat change.', 'confidence': 0.7}" ; ns2:affects . rdfs:label "closed" . rdfs:label "closure of commercial abalone fisheries" . rdfs:label "closures" . rdfs:label "Collapse" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Collapse and closures', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is_related_to . rdfs:label "combined" . rdfs:label "commercial abalone divers" . rdfs:label "commercial abalone fishery" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The commercial abalone fishery in California is managed through size limits', 'confidence': 0.92}", "{'sentence': 'The commercial abalone fishery in California is managed through size limits', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:managed_through , . rdfs:label "commercial harvest efficiency" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'This is the combined result of commercial harvest efficiency, increased market demand, sport fishery expansion, an expanding', 'confidence': 0.75}" ; ns2:contributes_to . rdfs:label "commercial harvesting" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'commercial harvesting of black abalone began in July, 1993, and extends through January 1, 1997. It is', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'commercial harvesting of black abalone began in July, 1993, and extends through January 1, 1997. It is', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:began_in ; ns2:extends_through . rdfs:label "commercial harvests" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'commercial harvests have declined dramatically to about 461,376 pounds in 1993', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:have_declined . rdfs:label "commercially" . rdfs:label "common" . rdfs:label "commonly 5 to 6 inches long" . rdfs:label "commonly 7 to 9 inches long" . rdfs:label "commonly under 5 inches" . rdfs:label "comparative genomic study" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'A comparative genomic study that generated an annotated genome for red abalone examined heterozygosity across several abalone species.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:generated . rdfs:label "completely" . rdfs:label "concentrated" . rdfs:label "condition" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'condition known as \"withering syndrome,\" and loss of kelp populations associated with El Niño events.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:known_as . rdfs:label "conservation and food fisheries" . rdfs:label "Conservation Assessments" . rdfs:label "conservation status" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Conservation status now ranges from Least Concern to', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:ranges_from . rdfs:label "controlled spawning, larval settlement onto plates or artificial substrates" . rdfs:label "cream pattern" . rdfs:label "crevices" . rdfs:label "Critically Endangered" . rdfs:label "culture" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Growth rates in culture can exceed those in the wild under optimal temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'juvenile rearing on macroalgae diets.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'onto plates or artificial substrates, and juvenile rearing on macroalgae diets.', 'confidence': 0.7}" ; ns2:exceed ; ns2:rearing , . rdfs:label "Culture of Abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': '[Culture of Abalone, Haliotis spp., CDFW 2008; SeaChoice aquaculture review]', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'wild populations.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is ; ns2:was_reviewed_by . rdfs:label "cultured green and pink abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Cultured green and pink abalone have been used as models for', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:have_been_used_as . rdfs:label "cumulative effects" . rdfs:label "Current stocks" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Current stocks of most', 'confidence': 0.7}" ; ns2:of . rdfs:label "curves" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'curves because they directly affect estimates of yield per recruit and sustainable harvest rates.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:affect , . rdfs:label "D. W. Rogers" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz. 2007. Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:is_author_of . rdfs:label "decades of extremely low" . rdfs:label "declines" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'A recent global Red List assessment of abalones emphasizes that many Haliotis species have undergone rapid declines driven by overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:driven_by . rdfs:label "declines in exposed, large abalone" . rdfs:label "decreasing" . rdfs:label "demonstrate some level of recovery" . rdfs:label "dense aggregations at offshore banks and Channel Islands" . rdfs:label "depleted abalones" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Micheli, F. et al. 2008. Persistence of depleted abalones in marine reserves of central California. (High mortality and limited recovery). [Biological Conservation]', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:persisted_in . rdfs:label "depressed for many years" . rdfs:label "diatom" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'growth. [Wulffson 2020; Ulva / diatom settlement studies on H. rufescens]', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:settlement_studies_on . rdfs:label "diatom and bacterial films" . rdfs:label "diatoms or green algae" . rdfs:label "diet and temperature experiments" . rdfs:label "diet quality" . rdfs:label "direct fishing pressure" . rdfs:label "disease outbreaks in sea urchin predators" . rdfs:label "distributed on rocky coasts" . rdfs:label "disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated fishing effort" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated fishing effort can substantially increase effective mortality rates.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated fishing effort can substantially increase effective mortality rates.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:can_increase ; ns2:can_substantially_increase . rdfs:label "diversified" . rdfs:label "diversity in hiring" . rdfs:label "dominant predator of abalone within their current California range" . rdfs:label "dramatically" . rdfs:label "dramatically to about 461,376 pounds in 1993" . rdfs:label "each topic" . rdfs:label "each year" . rdfs:label "early years" . rdfs:label "ecosystem" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'open longer, but was eventually closed after unprecedented kelp forest collapse and associated ecosystem changes around 2014–2018.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:changes . rdfs:label "ecosystem context" . rdfs:label "eggs and sperm" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The eggs and sperm broadcast into the water through the', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:broadcast_into . rdfs:label "El Niño events" . rdfs:label "elevated" . rdfs:label "elevated above" . rdfs:label "elevated mortality" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'reports emphasize that recruitment failure and elevated mortality can prevent recovery even in areas without direct fishing pressure.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:can_prevent . rdfs:label "emphasize" . rdfs:label "endemics" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Species such as white abalone and several localized endemics in South Africa and Australia are considered at very high risk of extinction.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:are_considered_at . rdfs:label "ensuring compliance" . rdfs:label "environmental disturbances" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'but localized environmental disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:localized . rdfs:label "environmental factors" . rdfs:label "environmental forcing" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Persistent kelp scarcity, even in protected areas, suggests that environmental forcing can be as important as fishing in controlling abalone population', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:can_be_as_important_as . rdfs:label "environmental indicators" . rdfs:label "environmental variability" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Effect of environmental variability on yellow and blue abalone; Cicala et al. 2023; Mexican growth parameter studies', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:affects . rdfs:label "estimates of yield per recruit" . rdfs:label "Events" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Events such as marine heatwaves, disease outbreaks in sea urchin predators, and prolonged urchin barrens have caused', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:cause , , . rdfs:label "Experiments" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Experiments using macroalgae blades enriched with benthic diatom films or biofilms from settlement', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:using , . rdfs:label "export" . rdfs:label "exported" . rdfs:label "exposure" . rdfs:label "external" . rdfs:label "family Haliotidae" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'the family Haliotidae and the genus Haliotis, which means sea ear, referring to the flattened shape of the shell.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:means . rdfs:label "faster growth than large red abalone in colder, northern waters" . rdfs:label "faster growth under moderate temperatures and diversified macroalgal diets" . rdfs:label "February" . rdfs:label "fertility exponentially with size" . rdfs:label "fertilization" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Sexes are separate and fertilization is external.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "fertilized eggs" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The fertilized eggs hatch into', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:hatch_into . rdfs:label "Field and modeling studies" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Field and modeling studies show substantial spatial and temporal variation in growth.', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:show . rdfs:label "findings" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'These findings highlight that both body size and local temperature regime strongly influence growth', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:highlight . rdfs:label "Fish and Game Commission" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'the Fish and Game Commission closed all red abalone harvest south', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:closed . rdfs:label "fished commercially" . rdfs:label "fishery closure decisions" . rdfs:label "fishery collapse" . rdfs:label "Fishery history, closures, recruitment" . rdfs:label "fishery legal size" . rdfs:label "fishing pressure" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Historical fishing pressure concentrated on dense aggregations at offshore banks and Channel Islands, followed by decades of extremely low.', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'Historical fishing pressure concentrated on dense aggregations at offshore banks and Channel Islands.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:concentrated_on ; ns2:followed_by . rdfs:label "fits" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'fits to tag–recapture data suggest that more flexible curves (e.g., Richards or Gaussian) can capture variable early growth, whereas von Bertalanffy tends to slightly overestimate early growth', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:suggest . rdfs:label "flat" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'flat (H. walallensis)', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:is_a_color_of . rdfs:label "flat device" . rdfs:label "flat shell surface" . rdfs:label "flush with the shell" . rdfs:label "food availability for abalone" . rdfs:label "found in temperate and subtropical regions" . rdfs:label "from" . rdfs:label "from 20 feet down to at least 70 feet" . rdfs:label "from roughly 8 to 20 years" . rdfs:label "frozen steaks" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'frozen steaks for restaurants.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:used_for . rdfs:label "Gastropoda" . rdfs:label "General biology" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'General biology', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is_a_branch_of . rdfs:label "Genetic diversity" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Genetic diversity across species', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is_across . rdfs:label "genetic issues" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:include . rdfs:label "genetic variation" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'need to preserve genetic variation in both wild and hatchery programs, particularly for highly depleted species. [Masonbrink et al. 2019]', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:preserve . rdfs:label "Genetics" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Genetics and Conservation Assessments', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:related_to . rdfs:label "Genome" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Masonbrink, R. E. et al. 2019. An annotated genome for Haliotis rufescens (red abalone). (Genome, heterozygosity of multiple abalone species). [PMC article]', 'confidence': 0.7}" ; ns2:mentions . rdfs:label "genus Haliotis" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'the family Haliotidae and the genus Haliotis, which means sea ear, referring to the flattened shape of the shell.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:means . rdfs:label "giant kelp, bull kelp, feather boa kelp and elk kelp" . rdfs:label "global assessment" . rdfs:label "Global conservation status" . rdfs:label "Global genetic and Red List assessments" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Global genetic and Red List assessments', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:provide_information_about . rdfs:label "global Red List assessment" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'A recent global Red List assessment of abalones emphasizes that many Haliotis species have undergone rapid declines driven by overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:emphasizes . rdfs:label "global status" . rdfs:label "greens" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'inches for greens and 7.75 inches for reds are reached after a minimum of 10 to 15 years in southern California.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:reach . rdfs:label "Growth and mortality models" . rdfs:label "growth model choice" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'growth model choice. [Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Wulffson 2020; Jiao et al. 2010]', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:mentioned_in , , . rdfs:label "Growth modeling" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Growth modeling can be applied in various fields', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Growth modeling involves analyzing data', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'Growth modeling is a technique', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Growth modeling is used for predicting future trends', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:can_be_applied_in ; ns2:involves ; ns2:is ; ns2:is_used_for . rdfs:label "Growth of juvenile red abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Wulffson, Q. C. 2020. Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions. (Juvenile growth and diet). [Humboldt State University thesis]', 'confidence': 0.7}", "{'sentence': 'Wulffson, Q. C. 2020. Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions. (Juvenile growth and diet). [Humboldt State University thesis]', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:occurred_in ; ns2:related_to . rdfs:label "Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions" . rdfs:label "growth parameters" . rdfs:label "growth performance" . rdfs:label "growth rate" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Laboratory experiments that reared multiple size classes of red abalone at temperatures between about 11 and 22 °C showed strong size-dependent variation in both growth rate and thermal optimum.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:varied_in . rdfs:label "growth rates in the wild" . rdfs:label "growth studies" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Growth studies suggest that white abalone can grow roughly 1.0–2.9 cm per year depending on size', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:suggest . rdfs:label "guideline harvest ranges" . rdfs:label "Guideline harvests" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Guideline harvests prior to 1988-89 varied 33,000 to 57,000 pounds per year.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:varied . rdfs:label "Gulf of Mexico to Brazil" . rdfs:label "H. assimilis" . rdfs:label "H. cracherodii" . rdfs:label "H. diversicolor supertexta" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'and H. diversicolor supertexta abalones in Hawaii.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:are_found_in . rdfs:label "H. kamtschatkana" . rdfs:label "H. pourtalesii" . rdfs:label "H. sorenseni" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': '(H. sorenseni) abalone.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is_a_type_of . rdfs:label "H. walallensis" . rdfs:label "Haliotis corrugata" . rdfs:label "Haliotis fulgens" . rdfs:label "Haliotis sorenseni" . rdfs:label "Haliotis species" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'A recent global Red List assessment of abalones emphasizes that many Haliotis species have undergone rapid declines driven by overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change.', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'A recent global Red List assessment of abalones emphasizes that many Haliotis species have undergone rapid declines driven by overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:driven_by ; ns2:have_undergone . rdfs:label "Haliotis spp." . rdfs:label "hand" . rdfs:label "hard-hat divers" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Later, hard-hat divers harvested abalones from', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:harvested . rdfs:label "hard-hat gear" . rdfs:label "hard substrates" . rdfs:label "Hart, L. C. et al. 2020" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Hart, L. C. et al. 2020. Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California. (Red abalone recruitment and fishery collapse). [NOAA Technical Memo]', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:authored . rdfs:label "Hart et al. 2020" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'potential.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:published . rdfs:label "harvest" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'commercial and recreational harvest of all species of abalone south of the entrance to San Francisco Bay', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:includes . rdfs:label "harvested" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'initially harvested intertidal green and black abalones with skiffs using long, hooked poles.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'initially harvested intertidal green and black abalones with skiffs using long, hooked poles.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:using , . rdfs:label "harvesting" . rdfs:label "harvesting areas" . rdfs:label "harvesting method" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'After 1960 some scuba gear was used.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Shore picking was the primary harvesting method.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:was , . rdfs:label "hatchery" . rdfs:label "hatchery-origin juveniles" . rdfs:label "hatchery conditions" . rdfs:label "hatchery practice" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'This supports hatchery practice of using prepared plates or substrates colonized by diatoms or green algae (e.g., Ulva) for settlement and early growth.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:supports . rdfs:label "hatchery practice of using prepared" . rdfs:label "Hatchery protocols" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Hatchery protocols typically involve controlled spawning, larval settlement onto plates or artificial substrates, and', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:involve . rdfs:label "Hawaii" . rdfs:label "heterozygosity of multiple abalone species" . rdfs:label "high fertility" . rdfs:label "higher growth and survival relative to macroalgae alone in early post-settlement stages" . rdfs:label "highly variable" . rdfs:label "Hines, A. H. 1982" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Hines, A. H. 1982. Abalones, shells, and sea otters: dynamics of predator–prey interactions in central California. (Sea otter predation on abalone). [Smithsonian report]', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:authored . rdfs:label "Hines 1982" . rdfs:label "hiring process" . rdfs:label "historical records" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Historical records indicate that the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:indicate . rdfs:label "hooka gear" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'In the late 1950\\'s, \"hooka\" gear, which supplied air from the surface to divers using light', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:supplied . rdfs:label "Humboldt State University thesis" . rdfs:label "hybridization" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Except for black abalone, hybridization for abalone species is not uncommon in areas where several', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "hybrids" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'There are 12 recognized hybrids in southern California and northern Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:recognized_in . rdfs:label "improved scuba gear" . rdfs:label "in 1992-93" . rdfs:label "in 1993-94" . rdfs:label "in both wild and hatchery programs" . rdfs:label "in central and southern California" . rdfs:label "in the wild" . rdfs:label "incentive" . rdfs:label "inches" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'inches in length, but are commonly 5 to 8 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.75}" ; ns2:are . rdfs:label "Incorporating temporal variation" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Jiao, Y. et al. 2010. Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone. (Time-varying growth modeling). [Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:is_about . rdfs:label "Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone" . rdfs:label "increasing" . rdfs:label "inside edge" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'the inside edge is often red', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "intermediate temperatures in the mid-teens to high-teens °C" . rdfs:label "intertidal and shallow subtidal zones down to a depth of about 20 feet" . rdfs:label "intertidal and subtidal zones" . rdfs:label "intertidal and subtidal zones down to at least 30 feet" . rdfs:label "irregularly mottled and narrow" . rdfs:label "Islands" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Islands, followed by decades of extremely low recruitment, drove the species to very low densities.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:drove . rdfs:label "January" . rdfs:label "January 1, 1997" . rdfs:label "Japan" . rdfs:label "Jiao, Y. et al." ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Jiao, Y. et al. 2010. Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone. (Time-varying growth modeling). [Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:published . rdfs:label "Journal of Shellfish Research" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth and mortality models).', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth and mortality models).', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth and mortality models).', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:has_page_range ; ns2:has_publication_volume ; ns2:is_related_to . rdfs:label "July, 1993" . rdfs:label "juvenile" . rdfs:label "Juvenile growth" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Juvenile growth and diet', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is_related_to . rdfs:label "Juvenile red abalone growth" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Juvenile red abalone growth is sensitive to diet quality and structure of the rearing environment.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is_sensitive_to , . rdfs:label "juveniles" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': '[Hines 1982; Braje et al. 2009; CDFW abalone status reports]', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'especially for juveniles and subadults.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:are_mentioned_in , , ; ns2:are_suitable_for . rdfs:label "K. D. Lafferty" . rdfs:label "kamtschatkana" . rdfs:label "kelp forest" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'open longer, but was eventually closed after unprecedented kelp forest collapse and associated ecosystem changes around 2014–2018.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:collapse . rdfs:label "Kelp forests" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Kelp forests and climate impacts', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:are_impacted_by . rdfs:label "kelp forests and drift macroalgae" . rdfs:label "kelp scarcity" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Persistent kelp scarcity, even in protected areas, suggests that environmental forcing can be as important as fishing in controlling abalone population', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:is_persistent_in . rdfs:label "Laboratory experiments" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Laboratory experiments that reared multiple size classes of red abalone at temperatures between about 11 and 22 °C showed strong size-dependent variation in both growth rate and thermal optimum.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Laboratory experiments that reared multiple size classes of red abalone at temperatures between about 11 and 22 °C showed strong size-dependent variation in both growth rate and thermal optimum.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:reared ; ns2:showed . rdfs:label "lacy edge" . rdfs:label "large-scale kelp loss in northern California" . rdfs:label "large abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Other predators include large fishes (e.g., California sheephead and cabezon), bat rays, octopus, and crabs, especially for juveniles and subadults.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'with declines in exposed, large abalone.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:are_preyed_on_by ; ns2:experience_declines_in . rdfs:label "large marine gastropods" . rdfs:label "larger vessels" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The use of larger vessels', 'confidence': 0.75}" ; ns2:used_for . rdfs:label "largest abalone species globally" . rdfs:label "largest recorded shell" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The largest recorded shell had a length of about 1.2 inches.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:had_length_of . rdfs:label "larvae" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'floating larvae that feed on plankton until their shells begin to form.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'floating larvae that feed on plankton until their shells begin to form.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:feed_on ; ns2:form . rdfs:label "Least Concern" . rdfs:label "Least Concern to Critically Endangered" . rdfs:label "less than a full circle" . rdfs:label "life-history traits" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'life-history traits (slow growth, late maturity, and broadcast spawning) make recovery inherently slow even after fishing stops.', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:make . rdfs:label "light" . rdfs:label "limited aquaculture" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'There is limited aquaculture of green', 'confidence': 0.75}" ; ns2:of . rdfs:label "limited distributions" . rdfs:label "limited growth information available" . rdfs:label "limiting factor" . rdfs:label "limits on" . rdfs:label "limits on commercial harvesting permits" . rdfs:label "line of pores" . rdfs:label "live abalone for the sashimi market" . rdfs:label "local collapses" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'status now ranges from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with many local collapses due to overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries.', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'status now ranges from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with many local collapses due to overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'status now ranges from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with many local collapses due to overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:due_to , , . rdfs:label "local conditions and growth model choice" . rdfs:label "long, hooked poles" . rdfs:label "loss of kelp populations" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'condition known as \"withering syndrome,\" and loss of kelp populations associated with El Niño events.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:associated_with . rdfs:label "low" . rdfs:label "low-density and aggregated populations in central California" . rdfs:label "lower specific" . rdfs:label "lower specific growth rates" . rdfs:label "L∞ values" . rdfs:label "macroalgae blades enriched with benthic diatom films" . rdfs:label "macroalgal diets" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Effect of environmental variability on yellow and blue abalone; Cicala et al. 2023; Mexican growth parameter studies', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:are . rdfs:label "main harvest method" . rdfs:label "major fisheries" . rdfs:label "major shift" . rdfs:label "male" . rdfs:label "Management efforts" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Management efforts through size limits and limits on commercial harvesting permits have been', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'Management efforts through size limits and limits on commercial harvesting permits have been', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:through , . rdfs:label "management plan" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'a new management plan is in effect', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "manuals" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery reports.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery reports.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:cited_in , . rdfs:label "many additional papers" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Citations correspond to representative studies and reports; many additional papers exist on each topic.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:exist_on . rdfs:label "many years" . rdfs:label "marine algae" . rdfs:label "marine heatwaves" . rdfs:label "marine reserves of central California" . rdfs:label "market demand" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'This is the combined result of commercial harvest efficiency, increased market demand, sport fishery expansion, an expanding', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:increases . rdfs:label "masks, fins and wet suits" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'masks, fins and wet suits, began replacing hard-hat gear.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:replacing . rdfs:label "Masonbrink, R. E." ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Masonbrink, R. E. et al. 2019. An annotated genome for Haliotis rufescens (red abalone). (Genome, heterozygosity of multiple abalone species). [PMC article]', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:authored . rdfs:label "Mendocino County, California to southern Baja California" . rdfs:label "Mexican fishery reports" . rdfs:label "Mexican literature" . rdfs:label "Mexican Pacific" . rdfs:label "Mexico" . rdfs:label "Micheli, F. et al. 2008" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Micheli, F. et al. 2008. Persistence of depleted abalones in marine reserves of central California. (High mortality and limited recovery). [Biological Conservation]', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:published . rdfs:label "mid-size juveniles" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Maximum observed shell growth for mid-size juveniles in one experiment was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with', 'confidence': 0.75}" ; ns2:had . rdfs:label "models for" . rdfs:label "modern recoveries of otters" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'modern recoveries of otters have coincided with declines in exposed, large abalone', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:have_coincided_with . rdfs:label "monitoring of both survival and growth after release" . rdfs:label "Monterey, California" . rdfs:label "moratorium" . rdfs:label "more" . rdfs:label "more flexible curves (e.g., Richards or Gaussian) can capture variable early growth" . rdfs:label "mortality is strongly size-dependent" . rdfs:label "most" . rdfs:label "most important abalone fisheries on the US West Coast" . rdfs:label "mother-of-pearl, souvenirs, and jewelry" . rdfs:label "mottled black and white epipodium with many tubercles" . rdfs:label "mottled cream and brown epipodium" . rdfs:label "mottled yellowish and brown epipodium" . rdfs:label "multi-hose hooka gear" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'multi-hose hooka gear and specialized, high-speed, seaworthy boats have become common in the fishery.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:became . rdfs:label "multi-year moratorium" . rdfs:label "multiple California sites" . rdfs:label "multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources" . rdfs:label "multiple size classes of red abalone" . rdfs:label "muscular foot" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The muscular foot has strong suction power permitting the abalone to clamp tightly to rocky', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'The muscular foot has strong suction power permitting the abalone to clamp tightly to rocky', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:has ; ns2:permits . rdfs:label "natural and fishing mortality for red abalone" . rdfs:label "natural recovery" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'However, current densities in the wild are so low that natural recovery is unlikely without active restoration, including captive breeding and out-planting.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "new" . rdfs:label "New laws" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'New laws pending in the 1997 Legislature would establish a multi-year moratorium on the', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'New laws pending in the 1997 Legislature would establish a multi-year moratorium on the', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:pending_in ; ns2:would_establish . rdfs:label "Nine species" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Nine species of abalone occur in North America:', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:occur_in . rdfs:label "NOAA Technical Memo" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Hart, L. C. et al. 2020. Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California. (Red abalone recruitment and fishery collapse). [NOAA Technical Memo]', 'confidence': 0.6}" ; ns2:related_to . rdfs:label "North Carolina" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'North Carolina through the Gulf of Mexico to Brazil.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:located_through . rdfs:label "Northern California’s recreational red abalone fishery" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Northern California’s recreational red abalone fishery remained open longer, but was eventually closed after', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:was . rdfs:label "not common" . rdfs:label "not uncommon" . rdfs:label "number of permits" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'number of permits for commercial abalone divers', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:for . rdfs:label "Numerical values" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Numerical values (e.g., growth rates, asymptotic sizes, heterozygosity) are approximate and context-dependent; original articles should be consulted for precise estimates and methods.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:are . rdfs:label "Obispo County, California" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Obispo County, California to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:located_in . rdfs:label "occasionally green" . rdfs:label "October" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'October to remain outside spawning and settling periods.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:to_remain_outside . rdfs:label "often red" . rdfs:label "olive green" . rdfs:label "onto plates or artificial substrates" . rdfs:label "open" . rdfs:label "open, exposed areas" . rdfs:label "optima" . rdfs:label "optimum growth temperature" . rdfs:label "orange sole of the foot" . rdfs:label "original articles" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Numerical values (e.g., growth rates, asymptotic sizes, heterozygosity) are approximate and context-dependent; original articles should be consulted for precise estimates and methods.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:should_be_consulted_for . rdfs:label "other predators" . rdfs:label "other regions" . rdfs:label "Other Species" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Other Species: Pinto, White, Green, and Pink Abalone', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:include , , , . rdfs:label "otters" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'otters can maintain abalone populations at low densities, with most surviving individuals confined to deep crevices.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:can_maintain . rdfs:label "outer edge of the line of pores" . rdfs:label "oval" . rdfs:label "overfishing" . rdfs:label "overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries" . rdfs:label "Overton et al. 2025" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'release.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:reviewed . rdfs:label "Peer-Reviewed Literature" . rdfs:label "Persistence of depleted abalones in marine reserves of central California" . rdfs:label "Peters" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Peters 2024', 'confidence': 0.7}" ; ns2:will_publish . rdfs:label "Peters, H. et al." ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Peters, H. et al. 2024. Abalones at Risk: A Global Red List Assessment of Haliotis. (Global conservation status of abalones). [Red List assessment]', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:authored . rdfs:label "Peters 2024" . rdfs:label "Peters et al. 2024" . rdfs:label "phenomenon" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'a phenomenon often described as Allee effects in broadcast spawners', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:often_described_as . rdfs:label "pieces of marine algae" . rdfs:label "pinks" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Commercial sizes of 6.25 inches for pinks', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Commercial sizes of 7 inches for pinks', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:have_commercial_sizes_of , . rdfs:label "Pinto / Northern abalone" . rdfs:label "Pinto abalone populations" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Pinto abalone populations in Washington State and British Columbia have experienced declines exceeding 90% in many monitored areas, despite complete fishery closures.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:experienced_declines_exceeding . rdfs:label "plain language" . rdfs:label "plankton" . rdfs:label "Point Conception" . rdfs:label "Point Conception, California to Bahia Magdalena, Baja California" . rdfs:label "Point Conception, California to Santa Maria Bay" . rdfs:label "pollution" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'In central and southern California, cumulative effects of serial overfishing, disease (e.g., withering syndrome in black abalone), pollution, and predator recovery led to the closure of commercial', 'confidence': 0.7}" ; ns2:contributed_to . rdfs:label "pollution of mainland habitat" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'pollution of mainland habitat is affecting', 'confidence': 0.78}" ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "population of sea otters" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'population of sea otters is decreasing', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "post-release survival" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'showing that post-release survival can still be a limiting factor.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:can_be . rdfs:label "post-release survival can still" . rdfs:label "precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration" . rdfs:label "precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses" . rdfs:label "precise estimates and methods" . rdfs:label "predator recovery" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'In central and southern California, cumulative effects of serial overfishing, disease (e.g., withering syndrome in black abalone), pollution, and predator recovery led to the closure of commercial', 'confidence': 0.6}" ; ns2:played_a_role_in . rdfs:label "predicting future trends" . rdfs:label "prepared plates or substrates" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'This supports hatchery practice of using prepared plates or substrates colonized by diatoms or green algae (e.g., Ulva) for settlement and early growth.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:colonized_by . rdfs:label "prepared plates or substrates colonized by diatoms or green algae" . rdfs:label "problems seen in other marine gastropod restoration efforts" . rdfs:label "Production" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'In decreasing order of total catch between 1950 and 1995, red (46.6%), pink (41.2%), black (8.7%), green', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:total_catch_between_1950_and_1995 , , , . rdfs:label "productive areas" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'productive areas were closed after 6 days and a catch of 37,000 pounds.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:were_closed_after . rdfs:label "projects" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'and projects beyond the shell edge in the living abalone.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:beyond . rdfs:label "prominent ribs interspersed with narrow ones" . rdfs:label "protected areas" . rdfs:label "quantitative information" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Most quantitative information summarized here comes from: - California (especially northern California and Channel Islands)', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Most quantitative information summarized here comes from: - The Mexican Pacific', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:comes_from , . rdfs:label "range" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Its range spans from British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico, with historically dense populations around central and northern California kelp', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:spans_from . rdfs:label "rapid declines" . rdfs:label "rates" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'rates appear to be variable.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:appear_to_be . rdfs:label "Re seeding experiments" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Reseeding experiments have not been successful.', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:have_not_been . rdfs:label "rebuild stocks" . rdfs:label "record" . rdfs:label "recoveries" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'recoveries. [Peters 2024; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]', 'confidence': 0.7}", "{'sentence': 'recoveries. [Peters 2024; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'recoveries. [Peters 2024; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:mentioned_in , , . rdfs:label "recovery inherently slow" . rdfs:label "recovery potential" . rdfs:label "recruitment and culture manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery" . rdfs:label "recruitment data" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'a large free-diving recreational fishery, recruitment data are now used alongside environmental indicators to guide management and assess recovery potential.', 'confidence': 0.91}", "{'sentence': 'a large free-diving recreational fishery, recruitment data are now used alongside environmental indicators to guide management and assess recovery potential.', 'confidence': 0.92}", "{'sentence': 'a large free-diving recreational fishery, recruitment data are now used alongside environmental indicators to guide management and assess recovery potential.', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:are_used_alongside ; ns2:are_used_to_assess ; ns2:are_used_to_guide . rdfs:label "recruitment failure" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'reports emphasize that recruitment failure and elevated mortality can prevent recovery even in areas without direct fishing pressure.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:can_prevent . rdfs:label "recruitment modules" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Standardized recruitment modules built from cinder blocks or plates have been deployed at multiple California sites', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Standardized recruitment modules have been deployed at multiple California sites to quantify settlement and early survival', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Standardized recruitment modules have been deployed at multiple California sites to quantify settlement and early survival', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:built_from ; ns2:have_been_deployed_at ; ns2:used_to_quantify . rdfs:label "Recruitment monitoring" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Recruitment monitoring can improve diversity in hiring', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'Recruitment monitoring helps in ensuring compliance', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Recruitment monitoring involves tracking applicants', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Recruitment monitoring is related to the hiring process', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:can_improve ; ns2:helps_in ; ns2:involves ; ns2:is_related_to . rdfs:label "recurring challenge" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'recurring challenge is low post-release survival caused by predation, limited shelter, and physiological stress, similar to problems seen in other marine gastropod restoration efforts.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'recurring challenge is low post-release survival caused by predation, limited shelter, and physiological stress, similar to problems seen in other marine gastropod restoration efforts.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is_caused_by ; ns2:is_similar_to . rdfs:label "red abalone (Haliotis rufescens)" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz. 2007. Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth', 'confidence': 0.75}" ; ns2:has_growth_modelled_by . rdfs:label "Red abalone growth" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Red abalone growth has been described with several curves, including von Bertalanffy, Richards, Gaussian, and Ricker models.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:described_with . rdfs:label "red abalone Haliotis rufescens" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature of red abalone Haliotis rufescens.', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'Size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature of red abalone Haliotis rufescens.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature of red abalone Haliotis rufescens.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:belongs_to ; ns2:has ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "Red abalone recruitment" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Hart, L. C. et al. 2020. Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California. (Red abalone recruitment and fishery collapse). [NOAA Technical Memo]', 'confidence': 0.7}" ; ns2:linked_to . rdfs:label "Red List" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Red List and global status', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:has . rdfs:label "reddish-orange" . rdfs:label "reds" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'inches for greens and 7.75 inches for reds are reached after a minimum of 10 to 15 years in southern California.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:reach . rdfs:label "reduced access to herring" . rdfs:label "regional growth and fishery studies on green, pink, yellow, and blue abalones" . rdfs:label "regulations" . rdfs:label "relatively" . rdfs:label "relatively high" . rdfs:label "relatively low" . rdfs:label "removal of sea otters" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early 20th centuries likely contributed to abalone booms', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:contributed_to . rdfs:label "removals" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'removals by legal harvest and non-harvest losses indicate that mortality is strongly size-dependent and can vary by site.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:indicate . rdfs:label "removals by legal harvest and non-harvest losses" . rdfs:label "removing the foot, trimming, slicing, and tenderizing" . rdfs:label "representative studies and reports" . rdfs:label "restaurants" . rdfs:label "Restocking" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Restocking and out-planting', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:involves . rdfs:label "restoration" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'However, current densities in the wild are so low that natural recovery is unlikely without active restoration, including captive breeding and out-planting.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:including . rdfs:label "restoration and decline" . rdfs:label "restrictions" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'restrictions on harvesting areas', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:on . rdfs:label "restrictive season" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'restrictive season, and local area closures for conservation and food fisheries.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is_for . rdfs:label "result" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'This is the combined result of commercial harvest efficiency, increased market demand, sport fishery expansion, an expanding', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "results" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'These results underline the need to preserve genetic variation in both wild', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:underline . rdfs:label "retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems" . rdfs:label "ribs" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'with many low, flat-topped ribs that run parallel to the pores.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:run_parallel_to . rdfs:label "rock-encrusting coralline algae" . rdfs:label "rocks and crevices" . rdfs:label "Rogers-Bennett, L." ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz. 2007. Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is_author_of . rdfs:label "Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz" . rdfs:label "roughly 0.43% to just over 1%" . rdfs:label "roughly 15 percent" . rdfs:label "rounded or oval with a large dome towards one end" . rdfs:label "rounded smooth" . rdfs:label "ruler" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': '36\" long and not less than 1/16 inch thick, with rounded smooth edges and a curve with a radius of less', 'confidence': 0.6}", "{'sentence': '36\" long and not less than 1/16 inch thick, with rounded smooth edges and a curve with a radius of less', 'confidence': 0.7}", "{'sentence': '36\" long and not less than 1/16 inch thick, with rounded smooth edges and a curve with a radius of less', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': '36\" long and not less than 1/16 inch thick, with rounded smooth edges and a curve with a radius of less', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:has_curve_radius ; ns2:has_edge_type ; ns2:has_length ; ns2:has_thickness . rdfs:label "S. A. Schultz" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz. 2007. Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:is_author_of . rdfs:label "salmon fisheries" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'salmon fisheries, acceptance of the pinto abalone in the Japanese market, increased product demand', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:acceptance_of . rdfs:label "San Luis" . rdfs:label "sea otter" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The bat ray in southern California and the sea otter in central California prey selectively on larger abalones.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:prey_on . rdfs:label "sea otter range" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'have shown that even protected populations cannot support a fishery within the sea otter range in central', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:located_in . rdfs:label "sea otter range is not contained" . rdfs:label "sea otters can maintain abalone populations at low" . rdfs:label "SeaChoice" . rdfs:label "season" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The season was shortened each year, and in 1993-94 the most', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'The season was shortened each year, and in 1993-94 the most', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:was_shortened , . rdfs:label "sensory structure" . rdfs:label "separate" . rdfs:label "settlement" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'to quantify settlement and early survival over time', 'confidence': 0.75}" ; ns2:to_quantify . rdfs:label "settlement and early growth" . rdfs:label "settlement and early survival" . rdfs:label "settlement and early survival over time" . rdfs:label "several curves" . rdfs:label "several species" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Several species have supported major fisheries, particularly in California, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, and Japan.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:have_supported . rdfs:label "severe kelp loss" . rdfs:label "Sexes" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Sexes are separate and fertilization is external.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:are . rdfs:label "sexual maturity" . rdfs:label "shallow-water herbivores" . rdfs:label "shallow waters" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'was eliminated in California in 1900 by closure of shallow waters to commercial harvest', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:closed_to . rdfs:label "shell edge" . rdfs:label "shell lengths over 300 mm in some regions" . rdfs:label "short" . rdfs:label "single powerful foot" . rdfs:label "Sitka, Alaska" . rdfs:label "Size" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Temperature and size-dependent growth', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:affects . rdfs:label "size-dependent temperature study on H. rufescens" . rdfs:label "size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature" . rdfs:label "Size-specific mortality" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Size-specific mortality', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'Size-specific mortality', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Size-specific mortality', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Size-specific mortality', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:can_affect ; ns2:is ; ns2:is_influenced_by ; ns2:is_related_to . rdfs:label "Size frequency measures of white abalone in the California Channel Islands" . rdfs:label "size structure" . rdfs:label "skiffs" . rdfs:label "slightly overestimate early growth" . rdfs:label "small juveniles" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Small juveniles typically grow fastest at intermediate temperatures in the mid-teens to high-teens °C', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:grow_fastest_at . rdfs:label "smaller" . rdfs:label "smooth surface" . rdfs:label "sole" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The area around the foot is black and the sole is tan to grey.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "some fresh and frozen steaks for restaurants" . rdfs:label "some growth studies" . rdfs:label "some specimens" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'some specimens have a barred black', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:have . rdfs:label "southeast Alaska commercial abalone fishery" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The southeast Alaska commercial abalone fishery was sporadic and local prior to 1971.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:was . rdfs:label "southern California and northern Baja California" . rdfs:label "spawning and settling periods" . rdfs:label "spawning season" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The spawning season varies among species with black, green and pink abalone spawning between spring and fall, and pinto abalone spawning during the', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:varies_among . rdfs:label "species of algae" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'other species of algae may be eaten at various times', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:may_be_eaten . rdfs:label "species to very low densities" . rdfs:label "sporadic" . rdfs:label "sporadic and local" . rdfs:label "sporadic and local prior to 1971" . rdfs:label "sport and commercial harvesting of pink, green and white abalone" . rdfs:label "spring and fall" . rdfs:label "Steinarsson, A. and co-authors" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature of red abalone Haliotis rufescens.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:studied . rdfs:label "Steinarsson and co-authors" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': '[Steinarsson and co-authors; Pérez et al. 2010; size-dependent temperature study on H. rufescens]', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:conducted . rdfs:label "stocks" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'until stocks have demonstrated some level of recovery', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:need . rdfs:label "stocks of black abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'unlikely that stocks of black abalone will recover enough for the fishery to reopen.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:will_recover_enough_for . rdfs:label "strong size-dependent variation" . rdfs:label "strong suction power" . rdfs:label "strongly" . rdfs:label "structure of the rearing environment" . rdfs:label "subadults" . rdfs:label "substantial spatial and temporal variation in growth" . rdfs:label "subtidal zone down to at least 200 feet" . rdfs:label "subtidal zones down to at least 30 feet" . rdfs:label "successful" . rdfs:label "summary" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Key species treated in this summary', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Key species treated in this summary', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:treats , , , . rdfs:label "Sunset Bay, Oregon" . rdfs:label "surfgrass" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'They reach 10 inches in length, but are generally smaller.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'crevices where surfgrass and algal cover is dense.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is_dense_in ; ns2:reaches . rdfs:label "Surveys" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Surveys indicate that densities', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:indicate . rdfs:label "Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State" . rdfs:label "sustainable harvest rates" . rdfs:label "synthesized summary" . rdfs:label "Tag-recapture studies" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Tag–recapture studies in northern California have been used to estimate both natural and fishing mortality for red abalone.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:have_been_used_to_estimate . rdfs:label "Tag–recapture work" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Tag–recapture work along the north coast of California indicates asymptotic shell lengths (L∞) on the order of', 'confidence': 0.92}" ; ns2:indicates . rdfs:label "tan" . rdfs:label "tan and pebbly epipodium" . rdfs:label "tan to grey" . rdfs:label "Temperature" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Temperature and size-dependent growth', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:affects . rdfs:label "temperature regime" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'temperature regime strongly influence growth performance.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:influence . rdfs:label "text" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'This text is a synthesized summary built from multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources, rewritten in plain language for use in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems.', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'This text is a synthesized summary built from multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources, rewritten in plain language for use in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'This text is a synthesized summary built from multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources, rewritten in plain language for use in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'This text is a synthesized summary built from multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources, rewritten in plain language for use in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is ; ns2:is_built_from ; ns2:is_rewritten_in ; ns2:is_used_for . rdfs:label "that both body size and local temperature regime strongly influence growth" . rdfs:label "the Fish and Game Commission adopted" . rdfs:label "the fishery to reopen" . rdfs:label "the intertidal and subtidal zones down to at least 70 feet" . rdfs:label "the lowest (~0.43%)" . rdfs:label "the lowest heterozygosity" . rdfs:label "The Mexican Pacific" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The Mexican Pacific', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is_located_in . rdfs:label "the need to preserve genetic variation in both wild" . rdfs:label "the only invertebrate species in some Canadian jurisdictions" . rdfs:label "the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early" . rdfs:label "the size of an organism" . rdfs:label "the subtidal zone" . rdfs:label "the subtidal zone down to at least 60 feet" . rdfs:label "the subtidal zone down to over 100 feet" . rdfs:label "the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 120 feet" . rdfs:label "the water" . rdfs:label "There" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'There are 3 to 6 open pores', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:are . rdfs:label "thermal optimum" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Laboratory experiments that reared multiple size classes of red abalone at temperatures between about 11 and 22 °C showed strong size-dependent variation in both growth rate and thermal optimum.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:varied_in . rdfs:label "thick" . rdfs:label "thin" . rdfs:label "thresholds" . rdfs:label "throughout the year" . rdfs:label "tightly to rocky" . rdfs:label "Tortugas" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Tortugas, Baja California. North of Point Conception, they are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Tortugas, Baja California. North of Point Conception, they are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:are_found_in ; ns2:are_found_north_of . rdfs:label "tracking applicants" . rdfs:label "translocations, hatchery production, and out-planting" . rdfs:label "transmission of withering syndrome" . rdfs:label "tubercles scattered on" . rdfs:label "two-year closure" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'effective January 1, 1995 a two-year closure on sport and commercial harvesting of pink, green and white abalone.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:on . rdfs:label "U.S. market" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The U.S. market is primarily in California for live abalone for the sashimi market, and for some fresh and frozen steaks for restaurants.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'The U.S. market is primarily in California for live abalone for the sashimi market, and for some fresh and frozen steaks for restaurants.', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:is_primarily_for , ; ns2:is_primarily_in . rdfs:label "U.S. marketing" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'A major shift in U.S. marketing occurred after the black abalone moratorium in 1993.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:experienced . rdfs:label "unexplained mortalities of black abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'unexplained mortalities of black abalone are increasing', 'confidence': 0.82}" ; ns2:are . rdfs:label "United States" . rdfs:label "unprecedented" . rdfs:label "US West Coast" . rdfs:label "usually brown" . rdfs:label "variable" . rdfs:label "Various abalone status reports, culture chapters, and recruitment monitoring documents" . rdfs:label "various fields" . rdfs:label "various times" . rdfs:label "von Bertalanffy" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'fits to tag–recapture data suggest that more flexible curves (e.g., Richards or Gaussian) can capture variable early growth, whereas von Bertalanffy tends to slightly overestimate early growth', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:tends_to . rdfs:label "Washington State" . rdfs:label "wavy corrugations" . rdfs:label "Western Atlantic" . rdfs:label "white" . rdfs:label "white abalone can grow roughly 1.0–2.9 cm per year depending on size" . rdfs:label "white abalones" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': '(3.5%), and white (>1%) abalones have all been harvested in California.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:have_been_harvested_in . rdfs:label "wild populations" . rdfs:label "withering syndrome" . rdfs:label "withering syndrome in black abalone" . rdfs:label "Wulffson" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Wulffson, Q. C. 2020. Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions. (Juvenile growth and diet). [Humboldt State University thesis]', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:authored . rdfs:label "Wulffson 2020" . rdfs:label "Yellow" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Yellow (H. corrugata in Mexican literature) and blue abalone (H. fulgens) in some growth studies', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Yellow (H. corrugata in Mexican literature) and blue abalone (H. fulgens) in some growth studies', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:associated_with ; ns2:mentioned_in . rdfs:label "yellow and blue abalone" . rdfs:label "yellow to light orange" . rdfs:label "yellowish brown" . rdfs:label "yellowish epipodium with large and small sensory" . rdfs:label "Yield" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Yield from a live abalone is roughly 15 percent.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "~184–232 mm" . rdfs:label "≈178 mm in California regulations" . rdfs:label "0.028" . rdfs:label "0.035" . rdfs:label "0.04" . rdfs:label "0.045" . rdfs:label "0.049" . rdfs:label "0.055" . rdfs:label "0.058" . rdfs:label "0.059" . rdfs:label "0.063" . rdfs:label "0.069" . rdfs:label "0.073" . rdfs:label "0.075" . rdfs:label "0.077" . rdfs:label "0.079" . rdfs:label "0.082" . rdfs:label "0.084" . rdfs:label "0.085" . rdfs:label "0.092" . rdfs:label "0.097" . rdfs:label "0.102" . rdfs:label "0.109" . rdfs:label "0.111" . rdfs:label "0.113" . rdfs:label "0.121" . rdfs:label "0.131" . rdfs:label "0.136" . rdfs:label "0.137" . rdfs:label "0.138" . rdfs:label "0.143" . rdfs:label "0.147" . rdfs:label "0.148" . rdfs:label "0.152" . rdfs:label "0.154" . rdfs:label "0.155" . rdfs:label "0.157" . rdfs:label "0.159" . rdfs:label "0.161" . rdfs:label "0.162" . rdfs:label "0.169" . rdfs:label "0.179" . rdfs:label "0.18" . rdfs:label "0.186" . rdfs:label "0.19" . rdfs:label "0.194" . rdfs:label "0.196" . rdfs:label "0.202" . rdfs:label "0.206" . rdfs:label "0.207" . rdfs:label "0.208" . rdfs:label "0.219" . rdfs:label "0.222" . rdfs:label "0.225" . rdfs:label "0.234" . rdfs:label "0.236" . rdfs:label "0.251" . rdfs:label "0.258" . rdfs:label "0.271" . rdfs:label "0.273" . rdfs:label "0.275" . rdfs:label "0.283" . rdfs:label "0.284" . rdfs:label "0.288" . rdfs:label "0.293" . rdfs:label "0.316" . rdfs:label "0.337" . rdfs:label "0.349" . rdfs:label "0.352" . rdfs:label "0.353" . rdfs:label "0.359" . rdfs:label "0.361" . rdfs:label "0.362" . rdfs:label "0.367" . rdfs:label "0.378" . rdfs:label "0.38" . rdfs:label "0.394" . rdfs:label "0.396" . rdfs:label "0.413" . rdfs:label "0.426" . rdfs:label "0.439" . rdfs:label "0.457" . rdfs:label "0.468" . rdfs:label "0.48" . rdfs:label "0.481" . rdfs:label "0.496" . rdfs:label "0.497" . rdfs:label "0.501" . rdfs:label "0.508" . rdfs:label "0.53" . rdfs:label "0.531" . rdfs:label "0.556" . rdfs:label "0.562" . rdfs:label "0.566" . rdfs:label "0.587" . rdfs:label "0.59" . rdfs:label "0.591" . rdfs:label "0.595" . rdfs:label "0.612" . rdfs:label "0.627" . rdfs:label "0.672" . rdfs:label "0.674" . rdfs:label "0.678" . rdfs:label "0.724" . rdfs:label "0.808" . rdfs:label "10 inches in length" . rdfs:label "23" . rdfs:label "5-3/4 inches" . rdfs:label "7.75 inches" . rdfs:label "Abalone eggs and larvae" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Abalone eggs and larvae are consumed by filter-feeding fish and shellfish.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:are_consumed_by . rdfs:label "abalone fishery" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'During the early years of the abalone fishery, abalones were dried and smoked, or canned for export', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'abalone fishery is managed through guideline harvest ranges, a minimum legal size of 3.75 inches', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'abalone fishery is managed through guideline harvest ranges, a minimum legal size of 3.75 inches', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:has_a_minimum_legal_size_of ; ns2:is_managed_through ; ns2:occurred_during . rdfs:label "abalone population trajectories" . rdfs:label "Analyses" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Analyses comparing model fits to tag–recapture data suggest that more', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Analyses that separate removals by legal harvest and non-harvest losses', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:separate ; ns2:suggest . rdfs:label "annotated genome" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'A comparative genomic study that generated an annotated genome for red abalone examined heterozygosity across several abalone species.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:examined . rdfs:label "Aquaculture", "aquaculture" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Aquaculture of red, pink, and green abalones occurs in California.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:occurs_in . rdfs:label "Brody growth coefficients" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈ 0.3–0.36 yr⁻¹), reflecting faster growth than large red abalone in colder, northern waters.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈ 0.3–0.36 yr⁻¹), reflecting faster growth than large red abalone in colder, northern waters.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:are ; ns2:reflect . rdfs:label "Chinese Americans" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Chinese Americans', 'confidence': 0.7}" ; ns2:were_involved_in . rdfs:label "closure of commercial" . rdfs:label "commercial fishery" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': \"The commercial fishery for abalones in California began in the 1850's.\", 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:began_in . rdfs:label "commercial harvest" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'was eliminated in California in 1900 by closure of shallow waters to commercial harvest', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:eliminated_in . rdfs:label "current densities" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'However, current densities in the wild are so low that natural recovery is unlikely without active restoration, including captive breeding and out-planting.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'However, current densities in the wild', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:are , . rdfs:label "densities" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Surveys indicate that densities have fallen below thresholds where successful fertilization is likely', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:have_fallen_below . rdfs:label "diet" . rdfs:label "diver" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Diver operated from a boat.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Diver used at least 100 feet of air hose.', 'confidence': 0.7}" ; ns2:operate_with ; ns2:use . rdfs:label "divers" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'In the late 1950\\'s, \"hooka\" gear, which supplied air from the surface to divers using light', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'divers working from barrel floats harvested abalones.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'divers working from barrel floats harvested abalones.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:harvested ; ns2:using ; ns2:working_from . rdfs:label "due to" . rdfs:label "ecosystem shifts" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'many years following ecosystem shifts, such as severe kelp loss or changes in predator abundance.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'many years following ecosystem shifts, such as severe kelp loss or changes in predator abundance.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:following ; ns2:result_in , . rdfs:label "edges" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'edges are elevated above the shell surface.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:are_elevated_above . rdfs:label "effective mortality rates" . rdfs:label "epipodium" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'An epipodium, a sensory structure and extension of the foot that bears tentacles, circles the foot', 'confidence': 0.7}", "{'sentence': 'An epipodium, a sensory structure and extension of the foot that bears tentacles, circles the foot', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'An epipodium, a sensory structure and extension of the foot that bears tentacles, circles the foot', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'The surface of the epipodium is smooth and broadly scalloped', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'and cream pattern on their epipodium.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:bears ; ns2:circles ; ns2:has , ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "estimates" . rdfs:label "filter-feeding fish and shellfish" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Abalone eggs and larvae are consumed by filter-feeding fish and shellfish.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:consume . rdfs:label "Flat abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Flat abalone (H. walallensis) have a mottled yellowish and brown epipodium, with a pebbly appearing surface and lacy edge.', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'Flat abalone are commonly under 5 inches', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Flat abalone reach 7 inches in length', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'The shell is flattened, narrow.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'The tentacles are greenish and slender.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:are ; ns2:have , , ; ns2:reach . rdfs:label "groove" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'A groove often parallels the line of pores.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'A groove often parallels the outer edge of the line of pores.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:often_parallels ; ns2:parallels . rdfs:label "growth curves" . rdfs:label "growth of red abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Jiao, Y. et al. 2010. Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone. (Time-varying growth modeling). [Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:is_modeled_using . rdfs:label "H. rufescens" . rdfs:label "Haliotis kamtschatkana" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Carson, H. S. et al. 2019. Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State. (Haliotis kamtschatkana restoration and decline). [Aquatic Conservation article]', 'confidence': 0.6}" ; ns2:related_to . rdfs:label "inbreeding or maladaptation of hatchery stocks" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Culture of Abalone, Haliotis', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:must_be_addressed_to_ensure . rdfs:label "Jiao et al. 2010" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'around central and northern California kelp forests. [CDFW; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Jiao et al. 2010]', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:mentioned_in . rdfs:label "Juvenile abalones", "juvenile abalones" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Juvenile abalones feed on rock-encrusting coralline algae and on diatom and bacterial films.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Juvenile abalones feed on rock-encrusting coralline algae and on diatom and bacterial films.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:feed_on , . rdfs:label "Juvenile growth and diet" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Wulffson, Q. C. 2020. Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions. (Juvenile growth and diet). [Humboldt State University thesis]', 'confidence': 0.6}" ; ns2:studied_in . rdfs:label "larger abalones" . rdfs:label "larger individuals" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'larger individuals display lower specific', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'whereas larger individuals display lower specific growth rates and shifted optima.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'whereas larger individuals display lower specific growth rates and shifted optima.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:display , ; ns2:shifted . rdfs:label "low post-release survival" . rdfs:label "marine gastropod" . rdfs:label "Maximum observed shell growth" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Maximum observed shell growth for mid-size juveniles in one experiment was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:was . rdfs:label "Measuring Abalone Recruitment in California 2004" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'potential.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'potential.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:measured_in ; ns2:published_by . rdfs:label "mixed-species fisheries in California" . rdfs:label "mixed-species fisheries in Mexico" . rdfs:label "Mortality", "mortality" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'In general, natural mortality in adult size classes tends to be relatively', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Mortality, Recruitment, and Population Dynamics', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:affects ; ns2:tends_to_be . rdfs:label "mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium" . rdfs:label "North America" . rdfs:label "on the order of 0.1 mm per day" . rdfs:label "over utilization of abalone species" . rdfs:label "overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change" . rdfs:label "pink" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'pink (H. corrugata)', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:is_a_color_of . rdfs:label "Pinto", "pinto" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Pinto / Northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana)', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'inches for pink or white abalone, 5-3/4 inches for black abalone, and 4 inches for pinto, threaded, and flat', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:has_size ; ns2:is_also_known_as . rdfs:label "Point Conception to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California" . rdfs:label "populations" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Its range spans from British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico, with historically dense populations around central and northern California kelp', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'have shown that even protected populations cannot support a fishery within the sea otter range in central', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'have shown that even protected populations cannot support a fishery within the sea otter range in central', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:historically_dense_around ; ns2:protected_by ; ns2:support . rdfs:label "Predators" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Predators and ecosystem context', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Predators of juvenile abalones', 'confidence': 0.7}" ; ns2:are_part_of ; ns2:of . rdfs:label "Prices", "prices" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'High prices increased the incentive for illegal harvesting in closed areas.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Prices to fishermen for red abalone were around $500 to $600 per dozen in 1993-94.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:increased ; ns2:to_fishermen_for . rdfs:label "product demand" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': \"increased dramatically during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, increased product demand, and\", 'confidence': 0.7}", "{'sentence': \"increased dramatically during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, increased product demand, and\", 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:increased , . rdfs:label "programs" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Multiple programs aim to release hatchery-origin juveniles of pinto, white, and other abalone species to supplement depleted wild populations.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'The assessment highlights that precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses', 'confidence': 0.6}" ; ns2:aim_to_release ; ns2:are_required_for . rdfs:label "prolonged urchin barrens" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'and prolonged urchin barrens have caused large-scale kelp loss in northern California.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:have_caused . rdfs:label "rapidly" . rdfs:label "Recreational legal size", "recreational legal size" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178 mm in California regulations) can vary from roughly 8 to 20 years depending on local conditions and growth model choice.', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178 mm in California regulations) can vary from roughly 8 to 20 years depending on local conditions and growth model choice.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:be , . rdfs:label "red" . rdfs:label "sea ear" . rdfs:label "Sea otters" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Hines, A. H. 1982. Abalones, shells, and sea otters: dynamics of predator–prey interactions in central California. (Sea otter predation on abalone). [Smithsonian report]', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Sea otters are a dominant predator of abalone within their current California range.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:are ; ns2:preyed_on . rdfs:label "Shells", "shells" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Shells are used for mother-of-pearl, souvenirs, and jewelry.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:are_used_for . rdfs:label "Shore picking", "shore picking" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Shore picking was the main harvest method', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:was . rdfs:label "size-dependent manner" . rdfs:label "size limits" . rdfs:label "status" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'status now ranges from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with many local collapses due to overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:ranges_from . rdfs:label "subtidal zone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'found in the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 70 feet', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:found_in . rdfs:label "the highest heterozygosity values (about 1.0%)" . rdfs:label "Time" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178 mm in California regulations) can vary from roughly 8 to 20 years depending on local conditions and growth model choice.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178 mm in California regulations) can vary from roughly 8 to 20 years depending on local conditions and growth model choice.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:depend_on ; ns2:reach ; ns2:vary . rdfs:label "Time-varying growth modeling" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Jiao, Y. et al. 2010. Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone. (Time-varying growth modeling). [Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:is_discussed_in . rdfs:label "Ulva" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'This supports hatchery practice of using prepared plates or substrates colonized by diatoms or green algae (e.g., Ulva) for settlement and early growth.', 'confidence': 0.7}", "{'sentence': 'growth. [Wulffson 2020; Ulva / diatom settlement studies on H. rufescens]', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:settlement_studies_on ; ns2:used_for . rdfs:label "underwater diving gear" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'In California, abalone divers must use underwater diving gear consisting of an above-surface air pump', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:consisting_of . rdfs:label "unlikely" . rdfs:label " " . rdfs:label "0.062" . rdfs:label "0.078" . rdfs:label "0.093" . rdfs:label "0.094" . rdfs:label "0.095" . rdfs:label "0.103" . rdfs:label "0.104" . rdfs:label "0.105" . rdfs:label "0.107" . rdfs:label "0.112" . rdfs:label "0.126" . rdfs:label "0.128" . rdfs:label "0.144" . rdfs:label "0.15" . rdfs:label "0.164" . rdfs:label "0.191" . rdfs:label "0.195" . rdfs:label "0.226" . rdfs:label "0.232" . rdfs:label "0.292" . rdfs:label "0.392" . rdfs:label "0.4" . rdfs:label "0.512" . rdfs:label "0.553" . rdfs:label "algae" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'algae may be eaten at various times.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'algae such as giant kelp, bull kelp, feather boa kelp and elk kelp are preferred', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:are_preferred ; ns2:may_be_eaten_at . rdfs:label "around central and northern California kelp forests" . rdfs:label "disease" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'In central and southern California, cumulative effects of serial overfishing, disease (e.g., withering syndrome in black abalone), pollution, and predator recovery led to the closure of commercial', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:caused . rdfs:label "further losses" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'to prevent further losses, and that life-history traits (slow growth, late maturity, and broadcast spawning) make recovery inherently slow even after fishing stops.', 'confidence': 0.75}" ; ns2:prevent . rdfs:label "green" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'green (H. fulgens)', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:is_a_color_of . rdfs:label "Haliotis rufescens" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Masonbrink, R. E. et al. 2019. An annotated genome for Haliotis rufescens (red abalone). (Genome, heterozygosity of multiple abalone species). [PMC article]', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:belongs_to . rdfs:label "heterozygosity" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Estimated genome-wide heterozygosity ranged from roughly 0.43%', 'confidence': 0.7}", "{'sentence': 'heterozygosity ranged from roughly 0.43% to just over 1%', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:ranged_from , . rdfs:label "individuals" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'individuals over 7 inches long are now rare', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'roughly 1.0–2.9 cm per year depending on size, indicating that individuals could rebuild size structure over a few decades if recruitment and survival improved.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'some individuals ultimately exceeding fishery legal size by a large margin', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:are ; ns2:could_rebuild ; ns2:exceed . rdfs:label "Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California" . rdfs:label "Northern abalone", "northern abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Pinto / Northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana)', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:belongs_to . rdfs:label "Population Dynamics", "population dynamics" . rdfs:label "pore edges" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'and pore edges are strongly', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'the pore edges are elevated', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'the pore edges are moderately elevated above', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:are , , . rdfs:label "rare" . rdfs:label "Recruitment", "recruitment" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Long-term monitoring has shown that recruitment is highly variable and can remain depressed for many years following ecosystem shifts', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Long-term monitoring has shown that recruitment is highly variable and can remain depressed for many years following ecosystem shifts', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Long-term monitoring has shown that recruitment is highly variable and can remain depressed for many years following ecosystem shifts', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Models and status reports emphasize that recruitment failure and', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Mortality, Recruitment, and Population Dynamics', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:affects ; ns2:can_remain ; ns2:failure ; ns2:following ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'around central and northern California kelp forests. [CDFW; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Jiao et al. 2010]', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:mentioned_in . rdfs:label "scuba gear" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': \"increased dramatically during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, increased product demand, and\", 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'after 1960 some scuba gear was used', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:improved ; ns2:was_used_after . rdfs:label "very high risk of extinction" . rdfs:label "Western Atlantic abalone", "western Atlantic abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The western Atlantic abalone is rare and is not fished commercially.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'The western Atlantic abalone is rare and is not fished commercially.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Western Atlantic abalone (H. pourtalesii) have a yellowish epipodium with large and small sensory', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Western Atlantic abalone (H. pourtalesii) have a yellowish epipodium with large and small sensory', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Western Atlantic abalone range from', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:belong_to ; ns2:has_range ; ns2:have ; ns2:is ; ns2:is_not . rdfs:label "0.086" . rdfs:label "0.145" . rdfs:label "0.151" . rdfs:label "0.203" . rdfs:label "0.447" . rdfs:label "black" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'black (H. cracherodii)', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is_a_color_of . rdfs:label "CDFW" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': '(Fishery history, closures, recruitment).', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'CDFW – California Department of Fish and Wildlife.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'CDFW', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Various abalone status reports, culture chapters, and recruitment monitoring documents.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': '[CDFW PDFs]', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'around central and northern California kelp forests. [CDFW; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Jiao et al. 2010]', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:includes ; ns2:is ; ns2:mentioned ; ns2:mentioned_in ; ns2:provides ; ns2:publishes . rdfs:label "F" . rdfs:label "foot" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'An epipodium, a sensory structure and extension of the foot that bears tentacles, circles the foot', 'confidence': 0.6}", "{'sentence': 'The foot is yellow to light orange.', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'The sole of the foot is tan.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:has ; ns2:has_color ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "H. corrugata" . rdfs:label "management" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Contemporary management focuses on translocations, hatchery production, and out-planting, with studies showing that post-release survival can still', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Effective management relies on realistic growth curves because they directly affect estimates', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'Effective management relies on realistic growth curves because they directly affect estimates', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Effective management relies on realistic growth curves because they directly affect estimates', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Effective management relies on realistic growth curves because they directly affect estimates', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'The assessment highlights that precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses', 'confidence': 0.7}" ; ns2:affects , ; ns2:directly_affects ; ns2:focuses_on ; ns2:is_required_to_prevent ; ns2:relies_on . rdfs:label "out-planting" . rdfs:label "shell surface" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'There are 3 to 4 open pores', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'shell surface is generally brick red', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:has ; ns2:is . rdfs:label "surface" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'There are 4 to 6 open pores', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'its surface is marked with wavy corrugations.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'the surface is marked with prominent ribs interspersed with narrow ones', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:has ; ns2:is_marked_with ; ns2:marked_with . rdfs:label "They" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'They are found from 187 feet down to at least 1,200 feet on hard substrates.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'They are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones down to at least 70 feet.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'They are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones down to at least 70 feet.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'They are found in the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 120 feet, commonly in', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'They are found in the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 120 feet, commonly in', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'They are found in the subtidal zone from 20', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:are_found_in , , , , ; ns2:found_on . rdfs:label "Threaded abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Threaded abalone (H. assimilis) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium with a pebbly', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Threaded abalone (H. assimilis) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium with a pebbly', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'Threaded abalone are commonly smaller.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Threaded abalone are considered a subspecies of the pinto abalone by some scientists.', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'Threaded abalone range from San Luis', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Threaded abalone reach 6 inches in length', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:are ; ns2:are_considered ; ns2:belong_to ; ns2:have ; ns2:range_from ; ns2:reach . rdfs:label "fishery" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': \"fishery accelerated rapidly during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, reduced access to herring\", 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'American divers followed the Chinese Americans as the fishery moved to the subtidal zone.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'The fishery was later closed to rebuild stocks.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'The fishery', 'confidence': 0.7}" ; ns2:accelerated ; ns2:moved_to ; ns2:was ; ns2:was_closed_to . rdfs:label "fishing" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Persistent kelp scarcity, even in protected areas, suggests that environmental forcing can be as important as fishing in controlling abalone population', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'all fishing is completely banned.', 'confidence': 1.0}", "{'sentence': 'as fishing in controlling abalone population trajectories.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'as fishing in controlling abalone population trajectories.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'life-history traits (slow growth, late maturity, and broadcast spawning) make recovery inherently slow even after fishing stops.', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:control ; ns2:impact ; ns2:is_banned ; ns2:is_important_in_controlling ; ns2:stops . rdfs:label "Growth", "growth" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Growth and asymptotic size', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with growth declining away from the optimal temperature range.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is_related_to ; ns2:was . rdfs:label "H. fulgens" . rdfs:label "M" . rdfs:label "recovery" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'However, current densities in the wild are so low that natural recovery is unlikely without active restoration, including captive breeding and out-planting.', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'recovery led to the closure of commercial abalone fisheries in the late 1990s.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:is ; ns2:led_to . rdfs:label "species" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Species such as white abalone and several localized endemics in South Africa and Australia are considered at very high risk of extinction.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:are_considered_at . rdfs:label "Studies", "studies" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Contemporary management focuses on translocations, hatchery production, and out-planting, with studies showing that post-release survival can still', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Studies in a California fishery reserve', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Studies in central California marine reserves show that sea otters can maintain abalone populations at low.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'and pink abalone have been used as models for diet and temperature experiments; these studies typically show faster growth under moderate temperatures and diversified macroalgal diets.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies recommend careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release.', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies recommend careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies recommend careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies recommend careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release.', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:in ; ns2:recommend , , , ; ns2:show , ; ns2:typically_show . rdfs:label "Black abalone", "black abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'A major shift in U.S. marketing occurred after the black abalone moratorium in 1993.', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'Black (H. cracherodii) and pinto abalone had the highest heterozygosity values (about 1.0%)', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Black abalone (H. cracherodii) have black and smooth epipodium and tentacles.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Black abalone (H. cracherodii) have black and smooth epipodium and tentacles.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Black abalone range from Mendocino County, California to southern Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'Black abalone reach 7.75 inches in length, but are commonly 5 to 6 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Black abalone reach 7.75 inches in length, but are commonly 5 to 6 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'They are surface.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'found in intertidal and shallow subtidal zones down to a depth of about 20 feet.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'inches for pink or white abalone, 5-3/4 inches for black abalone, and 4 inches for pinto, threaded, and flat', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:affected_by ; ns2:are , ; ns2:found_in ; ns2:had ; ns2:has_size ; ns2:have , ; ns2:range_from ; ns2:reach . rdfs:label "pores" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'There are 2 to 4 open pores,', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'There are 3 to 5 open pores, and the edges of the pores are elevated above the', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'There are 3 to 5 open pores, and the edges of the pores are elevated above the', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'There are 5 to 6 open pores', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'There are 5 to 7 open pores, and the pore', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'There are 5 to 9 open pores', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'and the pores are moderately elevated above the shell surface.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'pores are moderately elevated above the shell surface.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'the pores are flush with the shell', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:are , , , , ; ns2:are_elevated_above , . rdfs:label "shell" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'The shell has a row of respiratory.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'The shell is oval', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'The shell is reddish-orange.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'The shell is thick.', 'confidence': 0.91}", "{'sentence': 'The shell is usually brown, and its surface marked.', 'confidence': 0.88}", "{'sentence': 'The shell is usually brown.', 'confidence': 0.92}", "{'sentence': 'shell is irregularly mottled and narrow', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:has ; ns2:has_color ; ns2:is , , , ; ns2:marked_with . rdfs:label "Tentacles", "tentacles" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Tentacles are yellowish brown, or occasionally green, and thin.', 'confidence': 0.88}", "{'sentence': 'Tentacles are yellowish brown, or occasionally green, and thin.', 'confidence': 0.91}", "{'sentence': 'Tentacles are yellowish brown, or occasionally green, and thin.', 'confidence': 0.92}", "{'sentence': 'Tentacles are yellowish brown, or occasionally green, and thin.', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'The tentacles are black.', 'confidence': 0.92}", "{'sentence': 'The tentacles are black.', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'The tentacles are olive green.', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'The tentacles are yellowish brown, short and thin.', 'confidence': 0.95}" ; ns2:are , , , , , ; ns2:have . rdfs:label "Green Abalone", "Green abalone", "green abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Green abalone (H. fulgens) have a mottled cream and brown epipodium, with tubercles scattered on the', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'Green abalone (H. fulgens) have a mottled cream and brown epipodium, with tubercles scattered on the', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Green abalone (H. fulgens) have a mottled cream and brown epipodium, with tubercles scattered on the', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Green abalone (H. fulgens) have a mottled cream and brown epipodium, with tubercles scattered on the', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Green abalone (H. fulgens)', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Green abalone are often found in', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Green abalone are often found in', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Green abalone range from Point Conception, California to Bahia Magdalena, Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone (Haliotis fulgens and H. corrugata)', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone were historically important components of mixed-species fisheries in California and Mexico.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone were historically important components of mixed-species fisheries in California and Mexico.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited intermediate values (approximately 0.68%, 0.76%, and 0.95% respectively).', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:belong_to ; ns2:exhibited , ; ns2:found_in , ; ns2:have , ; ns2:is_a_species_of , ; ns2:range_from ; ns2:species ; ns2:were_historically_important_components_of , . rdfs:label "Pinto Abalone", "Pinto abalone", "pinto abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Black (H. cracherodii) and pinto abalone had the highest heterozygosity values (about 1.0%)', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Carson, H. S. et al. 2019. Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State. (Haliotis kamtschatkana restoration and decline). [Aquatic Conservation article]', 'confidence': 0.7}", "{'sentence': 'Carson, H. S. et al. 2019. Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State. (Haliotis kamtschatkana restoration and decline). [Aquatic Conservation article]', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Pinto abalone (H. kamtschatkana) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium, with a pebbly', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Pinto abalone (H. kamtschatkana) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium, with a pebbly', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'Pinto abalone are also known regionally as northern abalone.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Pinto abalone are commercially harvested in Alaska and British Columbia.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Pinto abalone is the only invertebrate species in some Canadian jurisdictions for which all fishing is completely banned.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Pinto abalone range from Sitka, Alaska', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Pinto abalone reach about 2.5 inches in a minimum of 6 years.', 'confidence': 0.8}" ; ns2:are_commercially_harvested_in , ; ns2:are_known_as ; ns2:belong_to ; ns2:found_in ; ns2:had ; ns2:have ; ns2:is ; ns2:originated_from ; ns2:range_from ; ns2:reach . rdfs:label "Pink Abalone", "Pink abalone", "pink abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone (Haliotis fulgens and H. corrugata)', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone were historically important components of mixed-species fisheries in California and Mexico.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone were historically important components of mixed-species fisheries in California and Mexico.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited intermediate values (approximately 0.68%, 0.76%, and 0.95% respectively).', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Pink abalone (H. corrugata) have a mottled black and white epipodium with many tubercles on the', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Pink abalone (H. corrugata) have a mottled black and white epipodium with many tubercles on the', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'Pink abalone (H. corrugata)', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Pink abalone reach 10 inches in length', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'and pink abalone have been used as models for diet and temperature experiments; these studies typically show faster growth under moderate temperatures and diversified macroalgal diets.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'elevated above the surface. Pink abalone range from Point Conception, California to Santa Maria Bay', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'inches for pink or white abalone, 5-3/4 inches for black abalone, and 4 inches for pinto, threaded, and flat', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:belong_to ; ns2:exhibited , ; ns2:has_size ; ns2:have ; ns2:have_been_used_as_models_for ; ns2:is_a_species_of , ; ns2:range_from ; ns2:reach ; ns2:were_historically_important_components_of , . rdfs:label "White Abalone", "White abalone", "white abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': '(White abalone growth and status).', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'Species such as white abalone and several localized endemics in South Africa and Australia are considered at very high risk of extinction.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'They are commonly found in open, exposed areas.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'White abalone (H. sorenseni) have a tan and pebbly epipodium.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'White abalone (H. sorenseni) have a tan and pebbly epipodium.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'White abalone (H. sorenseni) have a tan and pebbly epipodium.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'White abalone (Haliotis sorenseni)', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'White abalone are found in the subtidal zone down to at least 200 feet.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'White abalone is listed as Critically Endangered.', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'White abalone range from Point Conception to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.92}", "{'sentence': 'White abalone range from Point Conception to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'White abalone reach 10', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'White abalone showed the lowest (~0.43%), consistent with severe bottlenecks and the use of closely related cultured individuals in that dataset.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'whereas white abalone showed the lowest', 'confidence': 0.7}" ; ns2:are_commonly_found_in ; ns2:are_considered_at ; ns2:are_found_in , ; ns2:has , ; ns2:have , , ; ns2:is_a_species_of ; ns2:is_listed_as ; ns2:range_from ; ns2:reach ; ns2:showed , . rdfs:label "California" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'California may be eliminated if the sea otter range is not contained.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'California.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'In central and southern California, cumulative effects of serial overfishing, disease (e.g., withering syndrome in black abalone), pollution, and predator recovery led to the closure of commercial', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'commercial size limits in California are: 7-3/4 inches for red abalone, 7 inches for green abalone, 6-1/4', 'confidence': 0.9}" ; ns2:experienced ; ns2:has_commercial_size_limits_for , ; ns2:is_located_in ; ns2:may_be_eliminated_if . rdfs:label "Red Abalone", "Red abalone", "red abalone" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited intermediate values (approximately 0.68%, 0.76%, and 0.95% respectively).', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'In northern California, where red abalone supported a large free-diving recreational fishery,', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Red Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) – Biology and Growth', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Red Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) – Biology and Growth', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Red abalone (H. rufescens) usually have a black epipodium', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Red abalone in some locations spawn throughout the year.', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'Red abalone is the largest abalone species globally, reaching shell lengths over 300 mm in some regions, and historically supported the most important abalone fisheries on the US West Coast.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Red abalone is the largest abalone species globally, reaching shell lengths over 300 mm in some regions, and historically supported the most important abalone fisheries on the US West Coast.', 'confidence': 0.95}", "{'sentence': 'Red abalone is the largest abalone species globally, reaching shell lengths over 300 mm in some regions, and historically supported the most important abalone fisheries on the US West Coast.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Red abalone range from Sunset Bay, Oregon', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Red abalone reach 12.3 inches in length, but are commonly 7 to 9 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Red abalone reach 12.3 inches in length, but are commonly 7 to 9 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Since 1993, only red abalone', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'South of Point Conception, they are found in the subtidal zone down to at least 60 feet.', 'confidence': 0.75}", "{'sentence': 'South of Point Conception, they are found in the subtidal zone down to over 100 feet.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'red abalone have been taken commercially', 'confidence': 0.85}" ; ns2:are ; ns2:exhibited , ; ns2:found_in , ; ns2:harvested ; ns2:has ; ns2:have ; ns2:have_been_harvested_in ; ns2:historically_supported ; ns2:is , ; ns2:range_from ; ns2:reach ; ns2:reaching ; ns2:spawn ; ns2:supported . rdfs:label "Abalones", "abalones" ; ns1:provenance "{'sentence': 'Abalones (genus Haliotis) are large marine gastropods in the family Haliotidae.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Abalones are members of a large class (Gastropoda) of molluscs having one-piece shells', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Abalones are members of a large class (Gastropoda) of molluscs having one-piece shells', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Abalones at', 'confidence': 0.6}", "{'sentence': 'Abalones may be taken only by hand or with abalone irons.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Abalones reach sexual maturity at a small size, and fertility is high and increases exponentially with size.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Abalones reach sexual maturity at a small size, and fertility is high and increases exponentially with size.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Abalones reach sexual maturity at a small size, and fertility is high and increases exponentially with size.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'After settling, abalones change their diet and feed on macroalgae.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Currently, most abalones are exported to Japan, either fresh or frozen whole.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Currently, most abalones are exported to Japan, either fresh or frozen whole.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'During the early years of the abalone fishery, abalones were dried and smoked, or canned for export', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Flat and threaded abalones have limited distributions and neither is common.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Flat and threaded abalones have limited distributions and neither is common.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'Limited growth information is available for abalones.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Peters, H. et al. 2024. Abalones at Risk: A Global Red List Assessment of Haliotis. (Global conservation status of abalones). [Red List assessment]', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'Red, green, and pink abalones are cultured in California and other regions.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'Red, green, and pink abalones are cultured in California and other regions.', 'confidence': 0.9}", "{'sentence': 'They are shallow-water herbivores distributed on rocky coasts in temperate and subtropical regions.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'They are shallow-water herbivores distributed on rocky coasts in temperate and subtropical regions.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': '[Peters et al. 2024; Abalones at Risk global assessment]', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'abalones feed primarily on loose pieces of marine algae drifting with the surge or current.', 'confidence': 0.85}", "{'sentence': 'abalones feed primarily on loose pieces of marine algae drifting with the surge or current.', 'confidence': 0.8}", "{'sentence': 'abalones feed primarily on loose pieces of marine algae drifting with the 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