The area around the foot is black and the sole is tan to grey.
Commercial harvesting is prohibited during January, February and August.
A groove often parallels the outer edge of the line of pores.
edges are elevated above the shell surface.
Citations correspond to representative studies and reports; many additional papers exist on each topic.
A comparative genomic study that generated an annotated genome for red abalone examined heterozygosity across several abalone species.
Estimated genome-wide heterozygosity ranged from roughly 0.43%
marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies recommend careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release.
Commercial sizes of 6.25 inches for pinks
Limited growth information is available for abalones.
Experiments using macroalgae blades enriched with benthic diatom films or biofilms from settlement
Juvenile red abalone growth is sensitive to diet quality and structure of the rearing environment.
disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated fishing effort can substantially increase effective mortality rates.
individuals over 7 inches long are now rare
recoveries. [Peters 2024; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]
a large free-diving recreational fishery, recruitment data are now used alongside environmental indicators to guide management and assess recovery potential.
In June, 1994, the California Department of Fish and Game proposed and the Fish and Game Commission adopted
unlikely that stocks of black abalone will recover enough for the fishery to reopen.
Flat and threaded abalones have limited distributions and neither is common.
The western Atlantic abalone is rare and is not fished commercially.
commercial harvests have declined dramatically to about 461,376 pounds in 1993
increased dramatically during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, increased product demand, and
Tentacles are yellowish brown, or occasionally green, and thin.
Juvenile abalones feed on rock-encrusting coralline algae and on diatom and bacterial films.
The shell is usually brown, and its surface marked.
They are found in the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 120 feet, commonly in
restrictive season, and local area closures for conservation and food fisheries.
Pinto abalone are commercially harvested in Alaska and British Columbia.
The tentacles are yellowish brown, short and thin.
Growth rates in culture can exceed those in the wild under optimal temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes.
onto plates or artificial substrates, and juvenile rearing on macroalgae diets.
(3.5%), and white (>1%) abalones have all been harvested in California.
New laws pending in the 1997 Legislature would establish a multi-year moratorium on the
(Fishery history, closures, recruitment).
CDFW – California Department of Fish and Wildlife.
Various abalone status reports, culture chapters, and recruitment monitoring documents.
Species such as white abalone and several localized endemics in South Africa and Australia are considered at very high risk of extinction.
disease, and climate-driven habitat change.
In general, natural mortality in adult size classes tends to be relatively
removals by legal harvest and non-harvest losses indicate that mortality is strongly size-dependent and can vary by site.
In the late 1950's, "hooka" gear, which supplied air from the surface to divers using light
fishery accelerated rapidly during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, reduced access to herring
red abalone have been taken commercially
the Fish and Game Commission closed all red abalone harvest south
Peters, H. et al. 2024. Abalones at Risk: A Global Red List Assessment of Haliotis. (Global conservation status of abalones). [Red List assessment]
Pinto abalone (H. kamtschatkana) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium, with a pebbly
Bertalanffy modeling for Mexican populations of related species (yellow and blue abalones) yield growth parameters with L∞ values around 150–165 mm and relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈
In central and southern California, cumulative effects of serial overfishing, disease (e.g., withering syndrome in black abalone), pollution, and predator recovery led to the closure of commercial
Western Atlantic abalone (H. pourtalesii) have a yellowish epipodium with large and small sensory
They are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones down to at least 70 feet.
Standardized recruitment modules built from cinder blocks or plates have been deployed at multiple California sites
Standardized recruitment modules have been deployed at multiple California sites to quantify settlement and early survival
abalone fishery is managed through guideline harvest ranges, a minimum legal size of 3.75 inches
Jiao, Y. et al. 2010. Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone. (Time-varying growth modeling). [Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]
curves because they directly affect estimates of yield per recruit and sustainable harvest rates.
In California, abalone divers must use underwater diving gear consisting of an above-surface air pump
Diver must be fully submerged while taking abalone.
Diver used at least 100 feet of air hose.
the surface is marked with prominent ribs interspersed with narrow ones
Pinto abalone is the only invertebrate species in some Canadian jurisdictions for which all fishing is completely banned.
showing that post-release survival can still be a limiting factor.
Flat abalone are commonly under 5 inches
found in the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 70 feet
After settling, abalones change their diet and feed on macroalgae.
Except for black abalone, hybridization for abalone species is not uncommon in areas where several
Pinto abalone are also known regionally as northern abalone.
abalone reach 6.49 inches in length, but are commonly 4 inches long.
Black abalone range from Mendocino County, California to southern Baja California.
Green abalone (H. fulgens) have a mottled cream and brown epipodium, with tubercles scattered on the
Effect of environmental variability on yellow and blue abalone; Cicala et al. 2023; Mexican growth parameter studies
California may be eliminated if the sea otter range is not contained.
Red abalone is the largest abalone species globally, reaching shell lengths over 300 mm in some regions, and historically supported the most important abalone fisheries on the US West Coast.
and pink abalone have been used as models for diet and temperature experiments; these studies typically show faster growth under moderate temperatures and diversified macroalgal diets.
Its range spans from British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico, with historically dense populations around central and northern California kelp
Analyses that separate removals by legal harvest and non-harvest losses
Tag–recapture studies in northern California have been used to estimate both natural and fishing mortality for red abalone.
Abalones (genus Haliotis) are large marine gastropods in the family Haliotidae.
They are shallow-water herbivores distributed on rocky coasts in temperate and subtropical regions.
They are commonly found in open, exposed areas.
White abalone are found in the subtidal zone down to at least 200 feet.
abalone are found in the Channel Islands in California.
Analyses comparing model fits to tag–recapture data suggest that more
Red abalone growth has been described with several curves, including von Bertalanffy, Richards, Gaussian, and Ricker models.
They reach 10 inches in length, but are generally smaller.
crevices where surfgrass and algal cover is dense.
growth. [Wulffson 2020; Ulva / diatom settlement studies on H. rufescens]
Other predators include large fishes (e.g., California sheephead and cabezon), bat rays, octopus, and crabs, especially for juveniles and subadults.
with declines in exposed, large abalone.
Size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature of red abalone Haliotis rufescens.
Numerical values (e.g., growth rates, asymptotic sizes, heterozygosity) are approximate and context-dependent; original articles should be consulted for precise estimates and methods.
commercial harvesting of black abalone began in July, 1993, and extends through January 1, 1997. It is
There are 12 recognized hybrids in southern California and northern Baja California.
Sexes are separate and fertilization is external.
The eggs and sperm broadcast into the water through the
Aquaculture of red, pink, and green abalones occurs in California.
abalone is rare and is not fished commercially.
Maximum observed shell growth for mid-size juveniles in one experiment was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with
whereas larger individuals display lower specific growth rates and shifted optima.
Abalone eggs and larvae are consumed by filter-feeding fish and shellfish.
Red abalone (H. rufescens) usually have a black epipodium
Micheli, F. et al. 2008. Persistence of depleted abalones in marine reserves of central California. (High mortality and limited recovery). [Biological Conservation]
masks, fins and wet suits, began replacing hard-hat gear.
multi-hose hooka gear and specialized, high-speed, seaworthy boats have become common in the fishery.
manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery reports.
However, current densities in the wild are so low that natural recovery is unlikely without active restoration, including captive breeding and out-planting.
Abalone shells are rounded or oval with a large dome towards one end.
In northern California, where red abalone supported a large free-diving recreational fishery,
many years following ecosystem shifts, such as severe kelp loss or changes in predator abundance.
The commercial abalone fishery in California is managed through size limits
Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178 mm in California regulations) can vary from roughly 8 to 20 years depending on local conditions and growth model choice.
Later, hard-hat divers harvested abalones from
divers working from barrel floats harvested abalones.
Currently, most abalones are exported to Japan, either fresh or frozen whole.
Abalones are members of a large class (Gastropoda) of molluscs having one-piece shells
initially harvested intertidal green and black abalones with skiffs using long, hooked poles.
Long-term monitoring has shown that recruitment is highly variable and can remain depressed for many years following ecosystem shifts
to quantify settlement and early survival over time
This is the combined result of commercial harvest efficiency, increased market demand, sport fishery expansion, an expanding
abalone species in central and southern California are over utilized.
In decreasing order of total catch between 1950 and 1995, red (46.6%), pink (41.2%), black (8.7%), green
Carson, H. S. et al. 2019. Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State. (Haliotis kamtschatkana restoration and decline). [Aquatic Conservation article]
A 1.5 inch abalone may spawn 10,000 eggs or more at a time
was eliminated in California in 1900 by closure of shallow waters to commercial harvest
Hines, A. H. 1982. Abalones, shells, and sea otters: dynamics of predator–prey interactions in central California. (Sea otter predation on abalone). [Smithsonian report]
Models and status reports emphasize that recruitment failure and
open longer, but was eventually closed after unprecedented kelp forest collapse and associated ecosystem changes around 2014–2018.
need to preserve genetic variation in both wild and hatchery programs, particularly for highly depleted species. [Masonbrink et al. 2019]
but localized environmental disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated
in adult size classes tends to be relatively low (on the order of a few tenths per year in many marine invertebrates)
Pink abalone (H. corrugata) have a mottled black and white epipodium with many tubercles on the
Red abalone in some locations spawn throughout the year.
fits to tag–recapture data suggest that more flexible curves (e.g., Richards or Gaussian) can capture variable early growth, whereas von Bertalanffy tends to slightly overestimate early growth
the family Haliotidae and the genus Haliotis, which means sea ear, referring to the flattened shape of the shell.
The muscular foot has strong suction power permitting the abalone to clamp tightly to rocky
abalone sinks to the bottom where it clings to rocks and crevices with its single powerful foot.
Red abalone range from Sunset Bay, Oregon
pores are moderately elevated above the shell surface.
algae such as giant kelp, bull kelp, feather boa kelp and elk kelp are preferred
other species of algae may be eaten at various times
Threaded abalone reach 6 inches in length
Black abalone (H. cracherodii) have black and smooth epipodium and tentacles.
Flat abalone range from British Columbia, Canada to San Diego, California.
Yellow (H. corrugata in Mexican literature) and blue abalone (H. fulgens) in some growth studies
During the early years of the abalone fishery, abalones were dried and smoked, or canned for export
commercial size limits in California are: 7-3/4 inches for red abalone, 7 inches for green abalone, 6-1/4
status now ranges from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with many local collapses due to overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries.
abalones feed primarily on loose pieces of marine algae drifting with the surge or current.
Cultured green and pink abalone have been used as models for
relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈ 0.3–0.36 yr⁻¹), reflecting faster growth than large red abalone in colder, northern waters.
its surface is marked with wavy corrugations.
life-history traits (slow growth, late maturity, and broadcast spawning) make recovery inherently slow even after fishing stops.
to prevent further losses, and that life-history traits (slow growth, late maturity, and broadcast spawning) make recovery inherently slow even after fishing stops.
around central and northern California kelp forests.
around central and northern California kelp forests. [CDFW; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Jiao et al. 2010]
Growth studies suggest that white abalone can grow roughly 1.0–2.9 cm per year depending on size
Islands, followed by decades of extremely low recruitment, drove the species to very low densities.
modern recoveries of otters have coincided with declines in exposed, large abalone
the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early 20th centuries likely contributed to abalone booms
Prices to fishermen for red abalone were around $500 to $600 per dozen in 1993-94.
effective January 1, 1995 a two-year closure on sport and commercial harvesting of pink, green and white abalone.
Recruitment monitoring can improve diversity in hiring
Recruitment monitoring helps in ensuring compliance
Recruitment monitoring involves tracking applicants
Recruitment monitoring is related to the hiring process
Persistent kelp scarcity, even in protected areas, suggests that environmental forcing can be as important as fishing in controlling abalone population
Masonbrink, R. E. et al. 2019. An annotated genome for Haliotis rufescens (red abalone). (Genome, heterozygosity of multiple abalone species). [PMC article]
Reseeding experiments have not been successful.
have shown that even protected populations cannot support a fishery within the sea otter range in central
The assessment highlights that precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses
High prices increased the incentive for illegal harvesting in closed areas.
Pinto abalone populations in Washington State and British Columbia have experienced declines exceeding 90% in many monitored areas, despite complete fishery closures.
Surveys indicate that densities have fallen below thresholds where successful fertilization is likely
a phenomenon often described as Allee effects in broadcast spawners
Historical records indicate that the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early
otters can maintain abalone populations at low densities, with most surviving individuals confined to deep crevices.
commercial and recreational harvest of all species of abalone south of the entrance to San Francisco Bay
until stocks have demonstrated some level of recovery
recurring challenge is low post-release survival caused by predation, limited shelter, and physiological stress, similar to problems seen in other marine gastropod restoration efforts.
reports emphasize that recruitment failure and elevated mortality can prevent recovery even in areas without direct fishing pressure.
This text is a synthesized summary built from multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources, rewritten in plain language for use in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems.
British Columbia. Prior to 1971, the British Columbia commercial pinto abalone fishery was sporadic
productive areas were closed after 6 days and a catch of 37,000 pounds.
Red Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) – Biology and Growth
Obispo County, California to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California.
They are found in the subtidal zone from 20
roughly 1.0–2.9 cm per year depending on size, indicating that individuals could rebuild size structure over a few decades if recruitment and survival improved.
The commercial fishery for abalones in California began in the 1850's.
and H. diversicolor supertexta abalones in Hawaii.
North Carolina through the Gulf of Mexico to Brazil.
The largest recorded shell had a length of about 1.2 inches.
They are found from 187 feet down to at least 1,200 feet on hard substrates.
Abalone growth and survival depend heavily on kelp forests and drift macroalgae.
Events such as marine heatwaves, disease outbreaks in sea urchin predators, and prolonged urchin barrens have caused
Guideline harvests prior to 1988-89 varied 33,000 to 57,000 pounds per year.
October to remain outside spawning and settling periods.
The season was shortened each year, and in 1993-94 the most
These findings highlight that both body size and local temperature regime strongly influence growth
was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with growth declining away from the optimal temperature range.
A recurring challenge is low post-release survival
Multiple programs aim to release hatchery-origin juveniles of pinto, white, and other abalone species to supplement depleted wild populations.
Hatchery protocols typically involve controlled spawning, larval settlement onto plates or artificial substrates, and
Red, green, and pink abalones are cultured in California and other regions.
Shore picking was the main harvest method
Green and pink abalone were historically important components of mixed-species fisheries in California and Mexico.
Red abalone reach 12.3 inches in length, but are commonly 7 to 9 inches long.
South of Point Conception, they are found in the subtidal zone down to at least 60 feet.
South of Point Conception, they are found in the subtidal zone down to over 100 feet.
Laboratory experiments that reared multiple size classes of red abalone at temperatures between about 11 and 22 °C showed strong size-dependent variation in both growth rate and thermal optimum.
salmon fisheries, acceptance of the pinto abalone in the Japanese market, increased product demand
There are 3 to 5 open pores, and the edges of the pores are elevated above the
Pinto abalone reach about 2.5 inches in a minimum of 6 years.
inches for greens and 7.75 inches for reds are reached after a minimum of 10 to 15 years in southern California.
Sea otters are a dominant predator of abalone within their current California range.
Studies in central California marine reserves show that sea otters can maintain abalone populations at low.
and the pores are moderately elevated above the shell surface.
Conservation status now ranges from Least Concern to
Several species have supported major fisheries, particularly in California, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, and Japan.
36" long and not less than 1/16 inch thick, with rounded smooth edges and a curve with a radius of less
Mortality, Recruitment, and Population Dynamics
Hart, L. C. et al. 2020. Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California. (Red abalone recruitment and fishery collapse). [NOAA Technical Memo]
American divers followed the Chinese Americans as the fishery moved to the subtidal zone.
elevated above the surface. Pink abalone range from Point Conception, California to Santa Maria Bay
The California commercial abalone harvest reached a record 5.4 million pounds in 1957.
An epipodium, a sensory structure and extension of the foot that bears tentacles, circles the foot
Green abalone range from Point Conception, California to Bahia Magdalena, Baja California.
[Hines 1982; Braje et al. 2009; CDFW abalone status reports]
Additional references include regional growth and fishery studies on green, pink, yellow, and blue abalones, as well as recruitment and culture manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery
temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes.
Black abalone reach 7.75 inches in length, but are commonly 5 to 6 inches long.
found in intertidal and shallow subtidal zones down to a depth of about 20 feet.
growth model choice. [Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Wulffson 2020; Jiao et al. 2010]
Management efforts through size limits and limits on commercial harvesting permits have been
condition known as "withering syndrome," and loss of kelp populations associated with El Niño events.
[Steinarsson and co-authors; Pérez et al. 2010; size-dependent temperature study on H. rufescens]
temperature regime strongly influence growth performance.
The U.S. market is primarily in California for live abalone for the sashimi market, and for some fresh and frozen steaks for restaurants.
Field and modeling studies show substantial spatial and temporal variation in growth.
Tag–recapture work along the north coast of California indicates asymptotic shell lengths (L∞) on the order of
White abalone showed the lowest (~0.43%), consistent with severe bottlenecks and the use of closely related cultured individuals in that dataset.
Nine species of abalone occur in North America:
and projects beyond the shell edge in the living abalone.
Western Atlantic (H. pourtalesii) abalone.
Growth modeling can be applied in various fields
Growth modeling is used for predicting future trends
Small juveniles typically grow fastest at intermediate temperatures in the mid-teens to high-teens °C
larger individuals display lower specific
8 inch abalone may spawn 11 million or more eggs.
The spawning season varies among species with black, green and pink abalone spawning between spring and fall, and pinto abalone spawning during the
[Culture of Abalone, Haliotis spp., CDFW 2008; SeaChoice aquaculture review]
This supports hatchery practice of using prepared plates or substrates colonized by diatoms or green algae (e.g., Ulva) for settlement and early growth.
Threaded abalone (H. assimilis) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium with a pebbly
A recent global Red List assessment of abalones emphasizes that many Haliotis species have undergone rapid declines driven by overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change.
The surface of the epipodium is smooth and broadly scalloped
then fell to about 36,000 pounds in 1992-93 when a minimum size limit was instituted.
Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited intermediate values (approximately 0.68%, 0.76%, and 0.95% respectively).
These results underline the need to preserve genetic variation in both wild
Tortugas, Baja California. North of Point Conception, they are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones
Northern California’s recreational red abalone fishery remained open longer, but was eventually closed after
recovery led to the closure of commercial abalone fisheries in the late 1990s.
number of permits for commercial abalone divers
as fishing in controlling abalone population trajectories.
Threaded abalone are considered a subspecies of the pinto abalone by some scientists.
the pore edges are moderately elevated above
This supports hatchery practice of using prepared
benthic diatom films or biofilms from settlement plates show higher growth and survival relative to macroalgae alone in early post-settlement stages
[Peters et al. 2024; Abalones at Risk global assessment]
Abalones may be taken only by hand or with abalone irons.
An abalone iron is a flat device not more than
The bat ray in southern California and the sea otter in central California prey selectively on larger abalones.
floating larvae that feed on plankton until their shells begin to form.
Abalone steaks are produced by removing the foot, trimming, slicing, and tenderizing.
Shells are used for mother-of-pearl, souvenirs, and jewelry.
Yield from a live abalone is roughly 15 percent.
Abalone landings peaked in 1977 at 474.8 metric tons and then declined rapidly.
The fishery was later closed to rebuild stocks.
There are 5 to 7 open pores, and the pore
with many low, flat-topped ribs that run parallel to the pores.
Black (H. cracherodii) and pinto abalone had the highest heterozygosity values (about 1.0%)
heterozygosity ranged from roughly 0.43% to just over 1%
inches for pink or white abalone, 5-3/4 inches for black abalone, and 4 inches for pinto, threaded, and flat
Green and pink abalone (Haliotis fulgens and H. corrugata)
Effective management relies on realistic growth curves because they directly affect estimates
White abalone range from Point Conception to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California.
Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth and mortality models).
Other Species: Pinto, White, Green, and Pink Abalone
Most quantitative information summarized here comes from: - California (especially northern California and Channel Islands)
Most quantitative information summarized here comes from: - The Mexican Pacific
Pinto / Northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana)
A groove often parallels the line of pores.
Abalones reach sexual maturity at a small size, and fertility is high and increases exponentially with size.
inches in length, but are commonly 5 to 8 inches long.
Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178
asymptotic shell lengths (L∞) on the order of ~184–232 mm for many sites
some individuals ultimately exceeding fishery legal size by a large margin
Wulffson, Q. C. 2020. Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions. (Juvenile growth and diet). [Humboldt State University thesis]
Behrens, M. D., and K. D. Lafferty. 2005. Size frequency measures of white abalone in the California Channel Islands.
Shore picking was the primary harvesting method.
The southeast Alaska commercial abalone fishery was sporadic and local prior to 1971.
Historical fishing pressure concentrated on dense aggregations at offshore banks and Channel Islands, followed by decades of extremely low.
Historical fishing pressure concentrated on dense aggregations at offshore banks and Channel Islands.
White abalone is listed as Critically Endangered.
Abalone Research Summary – Derived from Peer-Reviewed Literature
These changes dramatically reduced food availability for abalone and contributed to fishery closure decisions.
These changes dramatically reduced food availability for abalone.
and prolonged urchin barrens have caused large-scale kelp loss in northern California.
The Alaska abalone harvest reached a record 315,000 pounds in 1978-79
Contemporary management focuses on translocations, hatchery production, and out-planting, with studies showing that post-release survival can still
A major shift in U.S. marketing occurred after the black abalone moratorium in 1993.
Flat abalone (H. walallensis) have a mottled yellowish and brown epipodium, with a pebbly appearing surface and lacy edge.
pollution of mainland habitat is affecting
unexplained mortalities of black abalone are increasing
Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz. 2007. Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth
White abalone (H. sorenseni) have a tan and pebbly epipodium.
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Abalones at Risk: A Global Red List Assessment of Haliotis
acceptance of the pinto abalone in the Japanese market
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An annotated genome for Haliotis rufescens (red abalone)
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{'sentence': 'Bertalanffy modeling for Mexican populations of related species (yellow and blue abalones) yield growth parameters with L∞ values around 150–165 mm and relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'The spawning season varies among species with black, green and pink abalone spawning between spring and fall, and pinto abalone spawning during the', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'A major shift in U.S. marketing occurred after the black abalone moratorium in 1993.', 'confidence': 0.8}
black and smooth epipodium and tentacles
{'sentence': 'Yellow (H. corrugata in Mexican literature) and blue abalone (H. fulgens) in some growth studies', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'Yellow (H. corrugata in Mexican literature) and blue abalone (H. fulgens) in some growth studies', 'confidence': 0.85}
British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico
British Columbia, Canada to San Diego, California
{'sentence': 'British Columbia and Washington State', 'confidence': 0.85}
British Columbia commercial pinto abalone fishery
{'sentence': 'British Columbia. Prior to 1971, the British Columbia commercial pinto abalone fishery was sporadic', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'The California commercial abalone harvest reached a record 5.4 million pounds in 1957.', 'confidence': 0.65}
{'sentence': 'The California commercial abalone harvest reached a record 5.4 million pounds in 1957.', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'The California commercial abalone harvest reached a record 5.4 million pounds in 1957.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'The California commercial abalone harvest reached a record 5.4 million pounds in 1957.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'In June, 1994, the California Department of Fish and Game proposed and the Fish and Game Commission adopted', 'confidence': 0.8}
California Department of Fish and Wildlife
California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)
{'sentence': 'around central and northern California kelp forests.', 'confidence': 0.9}
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release
{'sentence': 'Carson, H. S. et al. 2019. Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State. (Haliotis kamtschatkana restoration and decline). [Aquatic Conservation article]', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'release.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'A recurring challenge is low post-release survival', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'These changes dramatically reduced food availability for abalone and contributed to fishery closure decisions.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'These changes dramatically reduced food availability for abalone.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Citations correspond to representative studies and reports; many additional papers exist on each topic.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'disease, and climate-driven habitat change.', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'Collapse and closures', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'The commercial abalone fishery in California is managed through size limits', 'confidence': 0.92}
{'sentence': 'The commercial abalone fishery in California is managed through size limits', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'This is the combined result of commercial harvest efficiency, increased market demand, sport fishery expansion, an expanding', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'commercial harvesting of black abalone began in July, 1993, and extends through January 1, 1997. It is', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'commercial harvesting of black abalone began in July, 1993, and extends through January 1, 1997. It is', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'commercial harvests have declined dramatically to about 461,376 pounds in 1993', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'A comparative genomic study that generated an annotated genome for red abalone examined heterozygosity across several abalone species.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'condition known as "withering syndrome," and loss of kelp populations associated with El Niño events.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Conservation status now ranges from Least Concern to', 'confidence': 0.85}
controlled spawning, larval settlement onto plates or artificial substrates
{'sentence': 'Growth rates in culture can exceed those in the wild under optimal temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'juvenile rearing on macroalgae diets.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'onto plates or artificial substrates, and juvenile rearing on macroalgae diets.', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': '[Culture of Abalone, Haliotis spp., CDFW 2008; SeaChoice aquaculture review]', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'wild populations.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Cultured green and pink abalone have been used as models for', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Current stocks of most', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'curves because they directly affect estimates of yield per recruit and sustainable harvest rates.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz. 2007. Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'A recent global Red List assessment of abalones emphasizes that many Haliotis species have undergone rapid declines driven by overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change.', 'confidence': 0.8}
dense aggregations at offshore banks and Channel Islands
{'sentence': 'Micheli, F. et al. 2008. Persistence of depleted abalones in marine reserves of central California. (High mortality and limited recovery). [Biological Conservation]', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'growth. [Wulffson 2020; Ulva / diatom settlement studies on H. rufescens]', 'confidence': 0.8}
disease outbreaks in sea urchin predators
disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated fishing effort
{'sentence': 'disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated fishing effort can substantially increase effective mortality rates.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated fishing effort can substantially increase effective mortality rates.', 'confidence': 0.9}
dominant predator of abalone within their current California range
dramatically to about 461,376 pounds in 1993
{'sentence': 'open longer, but was eventually closed after unprecedented kelp forest collapse and associated ecosystem changes around 2014–2018.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'The eggs and sperm broadcast into the water through the', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'reports emphasize that recruitment failure and elevated mortality can prevent recovery even in areas without direct fishing pressure.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Species such as white abalone and several localized endemics in South Africa and Australia are considered at very high risk of extinction.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'but localized environmental disturbances, disease outbreaks, and concentrated', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Persistent kelp scarcity, even in protected areas, suggests that environmental forcing can be as important as fishing in controlling abalone population', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Effect of environmental variability on yellow and blue abalone; Cicala et al. 2023; Mexican growth parameter studies', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Events such as marine heatwaves, disease outbreaks in sea urchin predators, and prolonged urchin barrens have caused', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Experiments using macroalgae blades enriched with benthic diatom films or biofilms from settlement', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'the family Haliotidae and the genus Haliotis, which means sea ear, referring to the flattened shape of the shell.', 'confidence': 0.9}
faster growth than large red abalone in colder, northern waters
faster growth under moderate temperatures and diversified macroalgal diets
{'sentence': 'Sexes are separate and fertilization is external.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'The fertilized eggs hatch into', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Field and modeling studies show substantial spatial and temporal variation in growth.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'These findings highlight that both body size and local temperature regime strongly influence growth', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'the Fish and Game Commission closed all red abalone harvest south', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Historical fishing pressure concentrated on dense aggregations at offshore banks and Channel Islands, followed by decades of extremely low.', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'Historical fishing pressure concentrated on dense aggregations at offshore banks and Channel Islands.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'fits to tag–recapture data suggest that more flexible curves (e.g., Richards or Gaussian) can capture variable early growth, whereas von Bertalanffy tends to slightly overestimate early growth', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'flat (H. walallensis)', 'confidence': 0.8}
found in temperate and subtropical regions
{'sentence': 'frozen steaks for restaurants.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'General biology', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Genetic diversity across species', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'temperature, stocking density, and diet regimes.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'need to preserve genetic variation in both wild and hatchery programs, particularly for highly depleted species. [Masonbrink et al. 2019]', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Genetics and Conservation Assessments', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Masonbrink, R. E. et al. 2019. An annotated genome for Haliotis rufescens (red abalone). (Genome, heterozygosity of multiple abalone species). [PMC article]', 'confidence': 0.7}
giant kelp, bull kelp, feather boa kelp and elk kelp
{'sentence': 'Global genetic and Red List assessments', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'A recent global Red List assessment of abalones emphasizes that many Haliotis species have undergone rapid declines driven by overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'inches for greens and 7.75 inches for reds are reached after a minimum of 10 to 15 years in southern California.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'growth model choice. [Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Wulffson 2020; Jiao et al. 2010]', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Growth modeling can be applied in various fields', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Growth modeling involves analyzing data', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'Growth modeling is a technique', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Growth modeling is used for predicting future trends', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Wulffson, Q. C. 2020. Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions. (Juvenile growth and diet). [Humboldt State University thesis]', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'Wulffson, Q. C. 2020. Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions. (Juvenile growth and diet). [Humboldt State University thesis]', 'confidence': 0.8}
Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions
{'sentence': 'Laboratory experiments that reared multiple size classes of red abalone at temperatures between about 11 and 22 °C showed strong size-dependent variation in both growth rate and thermal optimum.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Growth studies suggest that white abalone can grow roughly 1.0–2.9 cm per year depending on size', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Guideline harvests prior to 1988-89 varied 33,000 to 57,000 pounds per year.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'and H. diversicolor supertexta abalones in Hawaii.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': '(H. sorenseni) abalone.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'A recent global Red List assessment of abalones emphasizes that many Haliotis species have undergone rapid declines driven by overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change.', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'A recent global Red List assessment of abalones emphasizes that many Haliotis species have undergone rapid declines driven by overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Later, hard-hat divers harvested abalones from', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Hart, L. C. et al. 2020. Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California. (Red abalone recruitment and fishery collapse). [NOAA Technical Memo]', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'potential.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'commercial and recreational harvest of all species of abalone south of the entrance to San Francisco Bay', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'initially harvested intertidal green and black abalones with skiffs using long, hooked poles.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'initially harvested intertidal green and black abalones with skiffs using long, hooked poles.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'After 1960 some scuba gear was used.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Shore picking was the primary harvesting method.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'This supports hatchery practice of using prepared plates or substrates colonized by diatoms or green algae (e.g., Ulva) for settlement and early growth.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Hatchery protocols typically involve controlled spawning, larval settlement onto plates or artificial substrates, and', 'confidence': 0.8}
heterozygosity of multiple abalone species
higher growth and survival relative to macroalgae alone in early post-settlement stages
{'sentence': 'Hines, A. H. 1982. Abalones, shells, and sea otters: dynamics of predator–prey interactions in central California. (Sea otter predation on abalone). [Smithsonian report]', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Historical records indicate that the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'In the late 1950\'s, "hooka" gear, which supplied air from the surface to divers using light', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Except for black abalone, hybridization for abalone species is not uncommon in areas where several', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'There are 12 recognized hybrids in southern California and northern Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'inches in length, but are commonly 5 to 8 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'Jiao, Y. et al. 2010. Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone. (Time-varying growth modeling). [Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]', 'confidence': 0.8}
Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone
{'sentence': 'the inside edge is often red', 'confidence': 0.85}
intermediate temperatures in the mid-teens to high-teens °C
intertidal and shallow subtidal zones down to a depth of about 20 feet
intertidal and subtidal zones down to at least 30 feet
{'sentence': 'Islands, followed by decades of extremely low recruitment, drove the species to very low densities.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Jiao, Y. et al. 2010. Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone. (Time-varying growth modeling). [Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth and mortality models).', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth and mortality models).', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth and mortality models).', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Juvenile growth and diet', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Juvenile red abalone growth is sensitive to diet quality and structure of the rearing environment.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': '[Hines 1982; Braje et al. 2009; CDFW abalone status reports]', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'especially for juveniles and subadults.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'open longer, but was eventually closed after unprecedented kelp forest collapse and associated ecosystem changes around 2014–2018.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Kelp forests and climate impacts', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Persistent kelp scarcity, even in protected areas, suggests that environmental forcing can be as important as fishing in controlling abalone population', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Laboratory experiments that reared multiple size classes of red abalone at temperatures between about 11 and 22 °C showed strong size-dependent variation in both growth rate and thermal optimum.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Laboratory experiments that reared multiple size classes of red abalone at temperatures between about 11 and 22 °C showed strong size-dependent variation in both growth rate and thermal optimum.', 'confidence': 0.9}
large-scale kelp loss in northern California
{'sentence': 'Other predators include large fishes (e.g., California sheephead and cabezon), bat rays, octopus, and crabs, especially for juveniles and subadults.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'with declines in exposed, large abalone.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'The use of larger vessels', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'The largest recorded shell had a length of about 1.2 inches.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'floating larvae that feed on plankton until their shells begin to form.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'floating larvae that feed on plankton until their shells begin to form.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'life-history traits (slow growth, late maturity, and broadcast spawning) make recovery inherently slow even after fishing stops.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'There is limited aquaculture of green', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'status now ranges from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with many local collapses due to overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries.', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'status now ranges from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with many local collapses due to overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'status now ranges from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with many local collapses due to overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries.', 'confidence': 0.8}
local conditions and growth model choice
{'sentence': 'condition known as "withering syndrome," and loss of kelp populations associated with El Niño events.', 'confidence': 0.85}
low-density and aggregated populations in central California
macroalgae blades enriched with benthic diatom films
{'sentence': 'Effect of environmental variability on yellow and blue abalone; Cicala et al. 2023; Mexican growth parameter studies', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Management efforts through size limits and limits on commercial harvesting permits have been', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'Management efforts through size limits and limits on commercial harvesting permits have been', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'a new management plan is in effect', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery reports.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery reports.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Citations correspond to representative studies and reports; many additional papers exist on each topic.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'This is the combined result of commercial harvest efficiency, increased market demand, sport fishery expansion, an expanding', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'masks, fins and wet suits, began replacing hard-hat gear.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Masonbrink, R. E. et al. 2019. An annotated genome for Haliotis rufescens (red abalone). (Genome, heterozygosity of multiple abalone species). [PMC article]', 'confidence': 0.9}
Mendocino County, California to southern Baja California
{'sentence': 'Micheli, F. et al. 2008. Persistence of depleted abalones in marine reserves of central California. (High mortality and limited recovery). [Biological Conservation]', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Maximum observed shell growth for mid-size juveniles in one experiment was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'modern recoveries of otters have coincided with declines in exposed, large abalone', 'confidence': 0.85}
monitoring of both survival and growth after release
more flexible curves (e.g., Richards or Gaussian) can capture variable early growth
most important abalone fisheries on the US West Coast
mottled black and white epipodium with many tubercles
{'sentence': 'multi-hose hooka gear and specialized, high-speed, seaworthy boats have become common in the fishery.', 'confidence': 0.85}
multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources
{'sentence': 'The muscular foot has strong suction power permitting the abalone to clamp tightly to rocky', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'The muscular foot has strong suction power permitting the abalone to clamp tightly to rocky', 'confidence': 0.85}
natural and fishing mortality for red abalone
{'sentence': 'However, current densities in the wild are so low that natural recovery is unlikely without active restoration, including captive breeding and out-planting.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'New laws pending in the 1997 Legislature would establish a multi-year moratorium on the', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'New laws pending in the 1997 Legislature would establish a multi-year moratorium on the', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Nine species of abalone occur in North America:', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Hart, L. C. et al. 2020. Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California. (Red abalone recruitment and fishery collapse). [NOAA Technical Memo]', 'confidence': 0.6}
{'sentence': 'North Carolina through the Gulf of Mexico to Brazil.', 'confidence': 0.9}
Northern California’s recreational red abalone fishery
{'sentence': 'Northern California’s recreational red abalone fishery remained open longer, but was eventually closed after', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'number of permits for commercial abalone divers', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Numerical values (e.g., growth rates, asymptotic sizes, heterozygosity) are approximate and context-dependent; original articles should be consulted for precise estimates and methods.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Obispo County, California to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'October to remain outside spawning and settling periods.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Numerical values (e.g., growth rates, asymptotic sizes, heterozygosity) are approximate and context-dependent; original articles should be consulted for precise estimates and methods.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Other Species: Pinto, White, Green, and Pink Abalone', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'otters can maintain abalone populations at low densities, with most surviving individuals confined to deep crevices.', 'confidence': 0.9}
overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries
Persistence of depleted abalones in marine reserves of central California
{'sentence': 'Peters 2024', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'Peters, H. et al. 2024. Abalones at Risk: A Global Red List Assessment of Haliotis. (Global conservation status of abalones). [Red List assessment]', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'a phenomenon often described as Allee effects in broadcast spawners', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Commercial sizes of 6.25 inches for pinks', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Commercial sizes of 7 inches for pinks', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Pinto abalone populations in Washington State and British Columbia have experienced declines exceeding 90% in many monitored areas, despite complete fishery closures.', 'confidence': 0.9}
Point Conception, California to Bahia Magdalena, Baja California
Point Conception, California to Santa Maria Bay
{'sentence': 'In central and southern California, cumulative effects of serial overfishing, disease (e.g., withering syndrome in black abalone), pollution, and predator recovery led to the closure of commercial', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'pollution of mainland habitat is affecting', 'confidence': 0.78}
{'sentence': 'population of sea otters is decreasing', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'showing that post-release survival can still be a limiting factor.', 'confidence': 0.9}
precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration
precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses
{'sentence': 'In central and southern California, cumulative effects of serial overfishing, disease (e.g., withering syndrome in black abalone), pollution, and predator recovery led to the closure of commercial', 'confidence': 0.6}
{'sentence': 'This supports hatchery practice of using prepared plates or substrates colonized by diatoms or green algae (e.g., Ulva) for settlement and early growth.', 'confidence': 0.8}
prepared plates or substrates colonized by diatoms or green algae
problems seen in other marine gastropod restoration efforts
{'sentence': 'In decreasing order of total catch between 1950 and 1995, red (46.6%), pink (41.2%), black (8.7%), green', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'productive areas were closed after 6 days and a catch of 37,000 pounds.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'and projects beyond the shell edge in the living abalone.', 'confidence': 0.9}
prominent ribs interspersed with narrow ones
{'sentence': 'Most quantitative information summarized here comes from: - California (especially northern California and Channel Islands)', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Most quantitative information summarized here comes from: - The Mexican Pacific', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Its range spans from British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico, with historically dense populations around central and northern California kelp', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'rates appear to be variable.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Reseeding experiments have not been successful.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'recoveries. [Peters 2024; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'recoveries. [Peters 2024; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'recoveries. [Peters 2024; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)]', 'confidence': 0.9}
recruitment and culture manuals cited in California and Mexican fishery
{'sentence': 'a large free-diving recreational fishery, recruitment data are now used alongside environmental indicators to guide management and assess recovery potential.', 'confidence': 0.91}
{'sentence': 'a large free-diving recreational fishery, recruitment data are now used alongside environmental indicators to guide management and assess recovery potential.', 'confidence': 0.92}
{'sentence': 'a large free-diving recreational fishery, recruitment data are now used alongside environmental indicators to guide management and assess recovery potential.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Standardized recruitment modules built from cinder blocks or plates have been deployed at multiple California sites', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Standardized recruitment modules have been deployed at multiple California sites to quantify settlement and early survival', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Standardized recruitment modules have been deployed at multiple California sites to quantify settlement and early survival', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Recruitment monitoring can improve diversity in hiring', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'Recruitment monitoring helps in ensuring compliance', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Recruitment monitoring involves tracking applicants', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Recruitment monitoring is related to the hiring process', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'recurring challenge is low post-release survival caused by predation, limited shelter, and physiological stress, similar to problems seen in other marine gastropod restoration efforts.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'recurring challenge is low post-release survival caused by predation, limited shelter, and physiological stress, similar to problems seen in other marine gastropod restoration efforts.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz. 2007. Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'Red abalone growth has been described with several curves, including von Bertalanffy, Richards, Gaussian, and Ricker models.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature of red abalone Haliotis rufescens.', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'Size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature of red abalone Haliotis rufescens.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature of red abalone Haliotis rufescens.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Hart, L. C. et al. 2020. Abalone recruitment in low-density and aggregated populations in central California. (Red abalone recruitment and fishery collapse). [NOAA Technical Memo]', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'Red List and global status', 'confidence': 0.9}
regional growth and fishery studies on green, pink, yellow, and blue abalones
{'sentence': 'the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early 20th centuries likely contributed to abalone booms', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'removals by legal harvest and non-harvest losses indicate that mortality is strongly size-dependent and can vary by site.', 'confidence': 0.9}
removals by legal harvest and non-harvest losses
removing the foot, trimming, slicing, and tenderizing
{'sentence': 'Restocking and out-planting', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'However, current densities in the wild are so low that natural recovery is unlikely without active restoration, including captive breeding and out-planting.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'restrictions on harvesting areas', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'restrictive season, and local area closures for conservation and food fisheries.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'This is the combined result of commercial harvest efficiency, increased market demand, sport fishery expansion, an expanding', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'These results underline the need to preserve genetic variation in both wild', 'confidence': 0.8}
retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems
{'sentence': 'with many low, flat-topped ribs that run parallel to the pores.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz. 2007. Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth', 'confidence': 0.9}
Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz
rounded or oval with a large dome towards one end
{'sentence': '36" long and not less than 1/16 inch thick, with rounded smooth edges and a curve with a radius of less', 'confidence': 0.6}
{'sentence': '36" long and not less than 1/16 inch thick, with rounded smooth edges and a curve with a radius of less', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': '36" long and not less than 1/16 inch thick, with rounded smooth edges and a curve with a radius of less', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': '36" long and not less than 1/16 inch thick, with rounded smooth edges and a curve with a radius of less', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, and S. A. Schultz. 2007. Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:719–727. (Growth', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'salmon fisheries, acceptance of the pinto abalone in the Japanese market, increased product demand', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'have shown that even protected populations cannot support a fishery within the sea otter range in central', 'confidence': 0.8}
sea otters can maintain abalone populations at low
{'sentence': 'The season was shortened each year, and in 1993-94 the most', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'The season was shortened each year, and in 1993-94 the most', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'to quantify settlement and early survival over time', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'Several species have supported major fisheries, particularly in California, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, and Japan.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Sexes are separate and fertilization is external.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'was eliminated in California in 1900 by closure of shallow waters to commercial harvest', 'confidence': 0.85}
shell lengths over 300 mm in some regions
{'sentence': 'Temperature and size-dependent growth', 'confidence': 0.8}
size-dependent temperature study on H. rufescens
size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature
{'sentence': 'Size-specific mortality', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'Size-specific mortality', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Size-specific mortality', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Size-specific mortality', 'confidence': 0.9}
Size frequency measures of white abalone in the California Channel Islands
{'sentence': 'Small juveniles typically grow fastest at intermediate temperatures in the mid-teens to high-teens °C', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'The area around the foot is black and the sole is tan to grey.', 'confidence': 0.85}
some fresh and frozen steaks for restaurants
{'sentence': 'some specimens have a barred black', 'confidence': 0.85}
southeast Alaska commercial abalone fishery
{'sentence': 'The southeast Alaska commercial abalone fishery was sporadic and local prior to 1971.', 'confidence': 0.9}
southern California and northern Baja California
{'sentence': 'The spawning season varies among species with black, green and pink abalone spawning between spring and fall, and pinto abalone spawning during the', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'other species of algae may be eaten at various times', 'confidence': 0.8}
sport and commercial harvesting of pink, green and white abalone
{'sentence': 'Size-dependent variation in optimum growth temperature of red abalone Haliotis rufescens.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': '[Steinarsson and co-authors; Pérez et al. 2010; size-dependent temperature study on H. rufescens]', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'until stocks have demonstrated some level of recovery', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'unlikely that stocks of black abalone will recover enough for the fishery to reopen.', 'confidence': 0.9}
substantial spatial and temporal variation in growth
{'sentence': 'Key species treated in this summary', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Key species treated in this summary', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'They reach 10 inches in length, but are generally smaller.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'crevices where surfgrass and algal cover is dense.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Surveys indicate that densities', 'confidence': 0.8}
Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State
{'sentence': 'Tag–recapture studies in northern California have been used to estimate both natural and fishing mortality for red abalone.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Tag–recapture work along the north coast of California indicates asymptotic shell lengths (L∞) on the order of', 'confidence': 0.92}
{'sentence': 'Temperature and size-dependent growth', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'temperature regime strongly influence growth performance.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'This text is a synthesized summary built from multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources, rewritten in plain language for use in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems.', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'This text is a synthesized summary built from multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources, rewritten in plain language for use in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'This text is a synthesized summary built from multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources, rewritten in plain language for use in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'This text is a synthesized summary built from multiple peer-reviewed and agency sources, rewritten in plain language for use in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems.', 'confidence': 0.9}
that both body size and local temperature regime strongly influence growth
the intertidal and subtidal zones down to at least 70 feet
{'sentence': 'The Mexican Pacific', 'confidence': 0.9}
the need to preserve genetic variation in both wild
the only invertebrate species in some Canadian jurisdictions
the removal of sea otters in the 19th and early
the subtidal zone down to at least 60 feet
the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 120 feet
{'sentence': 'There are 3 to 6 open pores', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Tortugas, Baja California. North of Point Conception, they are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Tortugas, Baja California. North of Point Conception, they are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones', 'confidence': 0.9}
translocations, hatchery production, and out-planting
{'sentence': 'effective January 1, 1995 a two-year closure on sport and commercial harvesting of pink, green and white abalone.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'The U.S. market is primarily in California for live abalone for the sashimi market, and for some fresh and frozen steaks for restaurants.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'The U.S. market is primarily in California for live abalone for the sashimi market, and for some fresh and frozen steaks for restaurants.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'A major shift in U.S. marketing occurred after the black abalone moratorium in 1993.', 'confidence': 0.85}
unexplained mortalities of black abalone
{'sentence': 'unexplained mortalities of black abalone are increasing', 'confidence': 0.82}
Various abalone status reports, culture chapters, and recruitment monitoring documents
{'sentence': 'fits to tag–recapture data suggest that more flexible curves (e.g., Richards or Gaussian) can capture variable early growth, whereas von Bertalanffy tends to slightly overestimate early growth', 'confidence': 0.8}
white abalone can grow roughly 1.0–2.9 cm per year depending on size
{'sentence': '(3.5%), and white (>1%) abalones have all been harvested in California.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Wulffson, Q. C. 2020. Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions. (Juvenile growth and diet). [Humboldt State University thesis]', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Yellow (H. corrugata in Mexican literature) and blue abalone (H. fulgens) in some growth studies', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Yellow (H. corrugata in Mexican literature) and blue abalone (H. fulgens) in some growth studies', 'confidence': 0.9}
yellowish epipodium with large and small sensory
{'sentence': 'Yield from a live abalone is roughly 15 percent.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Abalone eggs and larvae are consumed by filter-feeding fish and shellfish.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'During the early years of the abalone fishery, abalones were dried and smoked, or canned for export', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'abalone fishery is managed through guideline harvest ranges, a minimum legal size of 3.75 inches', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'abalone fishery is managed through guideline harvest ranges, a minimum legal size of 3.75 inches', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Analyses comparing model fits to tag–recapture data suggest that more', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Analyses that separate removals by legal harvest and non-harvest losses', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'A comparative genomic study that generated an annotated genome for red abalone examined heterozygosity across several abalone species.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Aquaculture of red, pink, and green abalones occurs in California.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈ 0.3–0.36 yr⁻¹), reflecting faster growth than large red abalone in colder, northern waters.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'relatively high Brody growth coefficients (K ≈ 0.3–0.36 yr⁻¹), reflecting faster growth than large red abalone in colder, northern waters.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Chinese Americans', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': "The commercial fishery for abalones in California began in the 1850's.", 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'was eliminated in California in 1900 by closure of shallow waters to commercial harvest', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'However, current densities in the wild are so low that natural recovery is unlikely without active restoration, including captive breeding and out-planting.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'However, current densities in the wild', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Surveys indicate that densities have fallen below thresholds where successful fertilization is likely', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diver operated from a boat.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diver used at least 100 feet of air hose.', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'In the late 1950\'s, "hooka" gear, which supplied air from the surface to divers using light', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'divers working from barrel floats harvested abalones.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'divers working from barrel floats harvested abalones.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'many years following ecosystem shifts, such as severe kelp loss or changes in predator abundance.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'many years following ecosystem shifts, such as severe kelp loss or changes in predator abundance.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'edges are elevated above the shell surface.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'An epipodium, a sensory structure and extension of the foot that bears tentacles, circles the foot', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'An epipodium, a sensory structure and extension of the foot that bears tentacles, circles the foot', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'An epipodium, a sensory structure and extension of the foot that bears tentacles, circles the foot', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'The surface of the epipodium is smooth and broadly scalloped', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'and cream pattern on their epipodium.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Abalone eggs and larvae are consumed by filter-feeding fish and shellfish.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Flat abalone (H. walallensis) have a mottled yellowish and brown epipodium, with a pebbly appearing surface and lacy edge.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Flat abalone are commonly under 5 inches', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Flat abalone reach 7 inches in length', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'The shell is flattened, narrow.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'The tentacles are greenish and slender.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'A groove often parallels the line of pores.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'A groove often parallels the outer edge of the line of pores.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Jiao, Y. et al. 2010. Incorporating temporal variation in the growth of red abalone. (Time-varying growth modeling). [Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Carson, H. S. et al. 2019. Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State. (Haliotis kamtschatkana restoration and decline). [Aquatic Conservation article]', 'confidence': 0.6}
inbreeding or maladaptation of hatchery stocks
{'sentence': 'Culture of Abalone, Haliotis', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'around central and northern California kelp forests. [CDFW; Rogers-Bennett et al. 2007; Jiao et al. 2010]', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Juvenile abalones feed on rock-encrusting coralline algae and on diatom and bacterial films.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Juvenile abalones feed on rock-encrusting coralline algae and on diatom and bacterial films.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Wulffson, Q. C. 2020. Growth of juvenile red abalone in hatchery conditions. (Juvenile growth and diet). [Humboldt State University thesis]', 'confidence': 0.6}
{'sentence': 'larger individuals display lower specific', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'whereas larger individuals display lower specific growth rates and shifted optima.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'whereas larger individuals display lower specific growth rates and shifted optima.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Maximum observed shell growth for mid-size juveniles in one experiment was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with', 'confidence': 0.85}
Measuring Abalone Recruitment in California 2004
{'sentence': 'potential.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'potential.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'In general, natural mortality in adult size classes tends to be relatively', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Mortality, Recruitment, and Population Dynamics', 'confidence': 0.9}
mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium
overfishing, illegal harvest, disease, and climate-driven habitat change
{'sentence': 'pink (H. corrugata)', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Pinto / Northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana)', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'inches for pink or white abalone, 5-3/4 inches for black abalone, and 4 inches for pinto, threaded, and flat', 'confidence': 0.8}
Point Conception to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California
{'sentence': 'Its range spans from British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico, with historically dense populations around central and northern California kelp', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'have shown that even protected populations cannot support a fishery within the sea otter range in central', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'have shown that even protected populations cannot support a fishery within the sea otter range in central', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Predators and ecosystem context', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Predators of juvenile abalones', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'High prices increased the incentive for illegal harvesting in closed areas.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Prices to fishermen for red abalone were around $500 to $600 per dozen in 1993-94.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': "increased dramatically during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, increased product demand, and", 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': "increased dramatically during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, increased product demand, and", 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Multiple programs aim to release hatchery-origin juveniles of pinto, white, and other abalone species to supplement depleted wild populations.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'The assessment highlights that precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses', 'confidence': 0.6}
{'sentence': 'and prolonged urchin barrens have caused large-scale kelp loss in northern California.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178 mm in California regulations) can vary from roughly 8 to 20 years depending on local conditions and growth model choice.', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178 mm in California regulations) can vary from roughly 8 to 20 years depending on local conditions and growth model choice.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Hines, A. H. 1982. Abalones, shells, and sea otters: dynamics of predator–prey interactions in central California. (Sea otter predation on abalone). [Smithsonian report]', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Sea otters are a dominant predator of abalone within their current California range.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Shells are used for mother-of-pearl, souvenirs, and jewelry.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Shore picking was the main harvest method', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'status now ranges from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with many local collapses due to overfishing, disease, habitat loss, and key predator recoveries.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'found in the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 70 feet', 'confidence': 0.8}
the highest heterozygosity values (about 1.0%)
{'sentence': 'Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178 mm in California regulations) can vary from roughly 8 to 20 years depending on local conditions and growth model choice.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178 mm in California regulations) can vary from roughly 8 to 20 years depending on local conditions and growth model choice.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Time to reach recreational legal size (≈178', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'This supports hatchery practice of using prepared plates or substrates colonized by diatoms or green algae (e.g., Ulva) for settlement and early growth.', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'growth. [Wulffson 2020; Ulva / diatom settlement studies on H. rufescens]', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'In California, abalone divers must use underwater diving gear consisting of an above-surface air pump', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'algae may be eaten at various times.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'algae such as giant kelp, bull kelp, feather boa kelp and elk kelp are preferred', 'confidence': 0.9}
around central and northern California kelp forests
{'sentence': 'In central and southern California, cumulative effects of serial overfishing, disease (e.g., withering syndrome in black abalone), pollution, and predator recovery led to the closure of commercial', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'to prevent further losses, and that life-history traits (slow growth, late maturity, and broadcast spawning) make recovery inherently slow even after fishing stops.', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'green (H. fulgens)', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Masonbrink, R. E. et al. 2019. An annotated genome for Haliotis rufescens (red abalone). (Genome, heterozygosity of multiple abalone species). [PMC article]', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Estimated genome-wide heterozygosity ranged from roughly 0.43%', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'heterozygosity ranged from roughly 0.43% to just over 1%', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'individuals over 7 inches long are now rare', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'roughly 1.0–2.9 cm per year depending on size, indicating that individuals could rebuild size structure over a few decades if recruitment and survival improved.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'some individuals ultimately exceeding fishery legal size by a large margin', 'confidence': 0.85}
Modeling growth and mortality of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) in northern California
{'sentence': 'Pinto / Northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana)', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'and pore edges are strongly', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'the pore edges are elevated', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'the pore edges are moderately elevated above', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Long-term monitoring has shown that recruitment is highly variable and can remain depressed for many years following ecosystem shifts', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Long-term monitoring has shown that recruitment is highly variable and can remain depressed for many years following ecosystem shifts', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Long-term monitoring has shown that recruitment is highly variable and can remain depressed for many years following ecosystem shifts', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Models and status reports emphasize that recruitment failure and', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Mortality, Recruitment, and Population Dynamics', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': "increased dramatically during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, increased product demand, and", 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'after 1960 some scuba gear was used', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'The western Atlantic abalone is rare and is not fished commercially.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'The western Atlantic abalone is rare and is not fished commercially.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Western Atlantic abalone (H. pourtalesii) have a yellowish epipodium with large and small sensory', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Western Atlantic abalone (H. pourtalesii) have a yellowish epipodium with large and small sensory', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Western Atlantic abalone range from', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'black (H. cracherodii)', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': '(Fishery history, closures, recruitment).', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'CDFW – California Department of Fish and Wildlife.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Various abalone status reports, culture chapters, and recruitment monitoring documents.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': '[CDFW PDFs]', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'An epipodium, a sensory structure and extension of the foot that bears tentacles, circles the foot', 'confidence': 0.6}
{'sentence': 'The foot is yellow to light orange.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'The sole of the foot is tan.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Contemporary management focuses on translocations, hatchery production, and out-planting, with studies showing that post-release survival can still', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Effective management relies on realistic growth curves because they directly affect estimates', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'Effective management relies on realistic growth curves because they directly affect estimates', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Effective management relies on realistic growth curves because they directly affect estimates', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Effective management relies on realistic growth curves because they directly affect estimates', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'The assessment highlights that precautionary management, strong enforcement, and restoration programs are required to prevent further losses', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'There are 3 to 4 open pores', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'shell surface is generally brick red', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'There are 4 to 6 open pores', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'its surface is marked with wavy corrugations.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'the surface is marked with prominent ribs interspersed with narrow ones', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'They are found from 187 feet down to at least 1,200 feet on hard substrates.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'They are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones down to at least 70 feet.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'They are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones down to at least 70 feet.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'They are found in the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 120 feet, commonly in', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'They are found in the subtidal zone from 20 feet down to at least 120 feet, commonly in', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'They are found in the subtidal zone from 20', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Threaded abalone (H. assimilis) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium with a pebbly', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Threaded abalone (H. assimilis) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium with a pebbly', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Threaded abalone are commonly smaller.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Threaded abalone are considered a subspecies of the pinto abalone by some scientists.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Threaded abalone range from San Luis', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Threaded abalone reach 6 inches in length', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': "fishery accelerated rapidly during the 1970's due to improved scuba gear, reduced access to herring", 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'American divers followed the Chinese Americans as the fishery moved to the subtidal zone.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'The fishery was later closed to rebuild stocks.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'The fishery', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'Persistent kelp scarcity, even in protected areas, suggests that environmental forcing can be as important as fishing in controlling abalone population', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'all fishing is completely banned.', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'as fishing in controlling abalone population trajectories.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'as fishing in controlling abalone population trajectories.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'life-history traits (slow growth, late maturity, and broadcast spawning) make recovery inherently slow even after fishing stops.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Growth and asymptotic size', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'was on the order of 0.1 mm per day, with growth declining away from the optimal temperature range.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'However, current densities in the wild are so low that natural recovery is unlikely without active restoration, including captive breeding and out-planting.', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'recovery led to the closure of commercial abalone fisheries in the late 1990s.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Species such as white abalone and several localized endemics in South Africa and Australia are considered at very high risk of extinction.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Contemporary management focuses on translocations, hatchery production, and out-planting, with studies showing that post-release survival can still', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Studies in a California fishery reserve', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Studies in central California marine reserves show that sea otters can maintain abalone populations at low.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'and pink abalone have been used as models for diet and temperature experiments; these studies typically show faster growth under moderate temperatures and diversified macroalgal diets.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies recommend careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release.', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies recommend careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies recommend careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'marine gastropod restoration efforts. Studies recommend careful site selection, acclimation protocols, and monitoring of both survival and growth after release.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'A major shift in U.S. marketing occurred after the black abalone moratorium in 1993.', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'Black (H. cracherodii) and pinto abalone had the highest heterozygosity values (about 1.0%)', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Black abalone (H. cracherodii) have black and smooth epipodium and tentacles.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Black abalone (H. cracherodii) have black and smooth epipodium and tentacles.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Black abalone range from Mendocino County, California to southern Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Black abalone reach 7.75 inches in length, but are commonly 5 to 6 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Black abalone reach 7.75 inches in length, but are commonly 5 to 6 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'They are surface.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'found in intertidal and shallow subtidal zones down to a depth of about 20 feet.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'inches for pink or white abalone, 5-3/4 inches for black abalone, and 4 inches for pinto, threaded, and flat', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'There are 2 to 4 open pores,', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'There are 3 to 5 open pores, and the edges of the pores are elevated above the', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'There are 3 to 5 open pores, and the edges of the pores are elevated above the', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'There are 5 to 6 open pores', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'There are 5 to 7 open pores, and the pore', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'There are 5 to 9 open pores', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'and the pores are moderately elevated above the shell surface.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'pores are moderately elevated above the shell surface.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'the pores are flush with the shell', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'The shell has a row of respiratory.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'The shell is oval', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'The shell is reddish-orange.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'The shell is thick.', 'confidence': 0.91}
{'sentence': 'The shell is usually brown, and its surface marked.', 'confidence': 0.88}
{'sentence': 'The shell is usually brown.', 'confidence': 0.92}
{'sentence': 'shell is irregularly mottled and narrow', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Tentacles are yellowish brown, or occasionally green, and thin.', 'confidence': 0.88}
{'sentence': 'Tentacles are yellowish brown, or occasionally green, and thin.', 'confidence': 0.91}
{'sentence': 'Tentacles are yellowish brown, or occasionally green, and thin.', 'confidence': 0.92}
{'sentence': 'Tentacles are yellowish brown, or occasionally green, and thin.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'The tentacles are black.', 'confidence': 0.92}
{'sentence': 'The tentacles are black.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'The tentacles are olive green.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'The tentacles are yellowish brown, short and thin.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Green abalone (H. fulgens) have a mottled cream and brown epipodium, with tubercles scattered on the', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'Green abalone (H. fulgens) have a mottled cream and brown epipodium, with tubercles scattered on the', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Green abalone (H. fulgens) have a mottled cream and brown epipodium, with tubercles scattered on the', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Green abalone (H. fulgens) have a mottled cream and brown epipodium, with tubercles scattered on the', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Green abalone (H. fulgens)', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Green abalone are often found in', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Green abalone are often found in', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Green abalone range from Point Conception, California to Bahia Magdalena, Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone (Haliotis fulgens and H. corrugata)', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone were historically important components of mixed-species fisheries in California and Mexico.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone were historically important components of mixed-species fisheries in California and Mexico.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited intermediate values (approximately 0.68%, 0.76%, and 0.95% respectively).', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Green, pink, and red abalone exhibited', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Carson, H. S. et al. 2019. Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State. (Haliotis kamtschatkana restoration and decline). [Aquatic Conservation article]', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'Carson, H. S. et al. 2019. Survival and status of hatchery-origin pinto abalone in Washington State. (Haliotis kamtschatkana restoration and decline). [Aquatic Conservation article]', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Pinto abalone (H. kamtschatkana) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium, with a pebbly', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Pinto abalone (H. kamtschatkana) have a mottled pale yellow to dark brown epipodium, with a pebbly', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Pinto abalone are also known regionally as northern abalone.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Pinto abalone are commercially harvested in Alaska and British Columbia.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Pinto abalone is the only invertebrate species in some Canadian jurisdictions for which all fishing is completely banned.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Pinto abalone range from Sitka, Alaska', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Pinto abalone reach about 2.5 inches in a minimum of 6 years.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone (Haliotis fulgens and H. corrugata)', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Green and pink abalone were historically important components of mixed-species fisheries in California and Mexico.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Pink abalone (H. corrugata) have a mottled black and white epipodium with many tubercles on the', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Pink abalone (H. corrugata) have a mottled black and white epipodium with many tubercles on the', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Pink abalone (H. corrugata)', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Pink abalone reach 10 inches in length', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'and pink abalone have been used as models for diet and temperature experiments; these studies typically show faster growth under moderate temperatures and diversified macroalgal diets.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'elevated above the surface. Pink abalone range from Point Conception, California to Santa Maria Bay', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'inches for pink or white abalone, 5-3/4 inches for black abalone, and 4 inches for pinto, threaded, and flat', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': '(White abalone growth and status).', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'Species such as white abalone and several localized endemics in South Africa and Australia are considered at very high risk of extinction.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'They are commonly found in open, exposed areas.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'White abalone (H. sorenseni) have a tan and pebbly epipodium.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'White abalone (H. sorenseni) have a tan and pebbly epipodium.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'White abalone (H. sorenseni) have a tan and pebbly epipodium.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'White abalone (Haliotis sorenseni)', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'White abalone are found in the subtidal zone down to at least 200 feet.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'White abalone is listed as Critically Endangered.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'White abalone range from Point Conception to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.92}
{'sentence': 'White abalone range from Point Conception to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'White abalone reach 10', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'White abalone showed the lowest (~0.43%), consistent with severe bottlenecks and the use of closely related cultured individuals in that dataset.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'whereas white abalone showed the lowest', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'California may be eliminated if the sea otter range is not contained.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'California.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'In central and southern California, cumulative effects of serial overfishing, disease (e.g., withering syndrome in black abalone), pollution, and predator recovery led to the closure of commercial', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'commercial size limits in California are: 7-3/4 inches for red abalone, 7 inches for green abalone, 6-1/4', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'In northern California, where red abalone supported a large free-diving recreational fishery,', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Red Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) – Biology and Growth', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Red Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) – Biology and Growth', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Red abalone (H. rufescens) usually have a black epipodium', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Red abalone in some locations spawn throughout the year.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Red abalone is the largest abalone species globally, reaching shell lengths over 300 mm in some regions, and historically supported the most important abalone fisheries on the US West Coast.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Red abalone is the largest abalone species globally, reaching shell lengths over 300 mm in some regions, and historically supported the most important abalone fisheries on the US West Coast.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Red abalone is the largest abalone species globally, reaching shell lengths over 300 mm in some regions, and historically supported the most important abalone fisheries on the US West Coast.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Red abalone range from Sunset Bay, Oregon', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Red abalone reach 12.3 inches in length, but are commonly 7 to 9 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Red abalone reach 12.3 inches in length, but are commonly 7 to 9 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Since 1993, only red abalone', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'South of Point Conception, they are found in the subtidal zone down to at least 60 feet.', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'South of Point Conception, they are found in the subtidal zone down to over 100 feet.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'red abalone have been taken commercially', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Abalones (genus Haliotis) are large marine gastropods in the family Haliotidae.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Abalones are members of a large class (Gastropoda) of molluscs having one-piece shells', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Abalones are members of a large class (Gastropoda) of molluscs having one-piece shells', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Abalones at', 'confidence': 0.6}
{'sentence': 'Abalones may be taken only by hand or with abalone irons.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Abalones reach sexual maturity at a small size, and fertility is high and increases exponentially with size.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Abalones reach sexual maturity at a small size, and fertility is high and increases exponentially with size.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Abalones reach sexual maturity at a small size, and fertility is high and increases exponentially with size.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'After settling, abalones change their diet and feed on macroalgae.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Currently, most abalones are exported to Japan, either fresh or frozen whole.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Currently, most abalones are exported to Japan, either fresh or frozen whole.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'During the early years of the abalone fishery, abalones were dried and smoked, or canned for export', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Flat and threaded abalones have limited distributions and neither is common.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Flat and threaded abalones have limited distributions and neither is common.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Limited growth information is available for abalones.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Peters, H. et al. 2024. Abalones at Risk: A Global Red List Assessment of Haliotis. (Global conservation status of abalones). [Red List assessment]', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Red, green, and pink abalones are cultured in California and other regions.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Red, green, and pink abalones are cultured in California and other regions.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'They are shallow-water herbivores distributed on rocky coasts in temperate and subtropical regions.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'They are shallow-water herbivores distributed on rocky coasts in temperate and subtropical regions.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': '[Peters et al. 2024; Abalones at Risk global assessment]', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'abalones feed primarily on loose pieces of marine algae drifting with the surge or current.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'abalones feed primarily on loose pieces of marine algae drifting with the surge or current.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'abalones feed primarily on loose pieces of marine algae drifting with the surge or current.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.093', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.107', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.111', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.157', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.171', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.203', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.251', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.261', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.27', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.273', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.288', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.295', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.315', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.359', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.38', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.389', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.394', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.397', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.431', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.466', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.469', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.496', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.512', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.513', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.541', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.035', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.04', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.045', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.047', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.049', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.052', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.062', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.078', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.086', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.095', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.103', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.104', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.107', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.123', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.15', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.151', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.154', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.155', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.164', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.18', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.186', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.191', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.236', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.109', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.127', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.147', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.191', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.219', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.284', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.292', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.293', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.31', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.349', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.361', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.38', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.392', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.447', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.481', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.485', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.487', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.54', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.557', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.566', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.604', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.61', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.612', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.631', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.678', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Rings: 14', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Rings: 16', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Rings: 17', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Rings: 23', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Sex: I', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Shell_weight: 0.402', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Shell_weight: 0.456', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Whole_weight: 0.367', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Whole_weight: 0.4', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Whole_weight: 1.009', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Whole_weight: 1.184', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Whole_weight: 1.185', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Whole_weight: 1.192', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Whole_weight: 1.375', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Whole_weight: 1.4', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Whole_weight: 1.405', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Whole_weight: 1.623', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Whole_weight: 1.689', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Whole_weight: 1.934', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Whole_weight: 2.143', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Whole_weight: 2.517', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Whole_weight: 2.65', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Whole_weight: 2.692', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'A 1.5 inch abalone may spawn 10,000 eggs or more at a time', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'A 1.5 inch abalone may spawn 10,000 eggs or more at a time', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Abalone aquaculture', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Abalone growth and survival depend heavily on kelp forests and drift macroalgae.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Commercial harvesting is prohibited during January, February and August.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.085', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.113', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.207', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.271', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.329', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.337', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.355', 'confidence': 0.6}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.381', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.447', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.457', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.473', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.5', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.501', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.566', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.592', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.672', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diver must be fully submerged while taking abalone.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Flat abalone range from British Columbia, Canada to San Diego, California.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Flat abalone range from British Columbia, Canada to San Diego, California.', 'confidence': 0.95}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.028', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.06', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.105', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.118', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.126', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.161', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.176', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.191', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.195', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.206', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.208', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.226', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.229', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Height: 0.234', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.103', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.145', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.256', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.314', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.4', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.461', 'confidence': 0.7}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.479', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.596', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.63', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.65', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.67', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.674', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.71', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.735', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Length: 0.79', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Rings: 23', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Sex: F', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Sex: M', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'The muscular foot has strong suction power permitting the abalone to clamp tightly to rocky', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Western Atlantic (H. pourtalesii) abalone.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'abalone are found in the Channel Islands in California.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'abalone is rare and is not fished commercially.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'abalone reach 6.49 inches in length, but are commonly 4 inches long.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'abalone sinks to the bottom where it clings to rocks and crevices with its single powerful foot.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'abalone sinks to the bottom where it clings to rocks and crevices with its single powerful foot.', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'abalone sinks to the bottom where it clings to rocks and crevices with its single powerful foot.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'kamtschatkana abalone.', 'confidence': 0.75}
{'sentence': 'red (H. rufescens) abalone.', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'white (H. sorenseni) abalone.', 'confidence': 0.85}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.069', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.07', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.072', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.074', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.075', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.077', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.078', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.08', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.081', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.083', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.09', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.091', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.093', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.095', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.097', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.103', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.104', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.106', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.112', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.117', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.12', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.121', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.124', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.128', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.131', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.134', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.139', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.144', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.148', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.15', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.151', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.152', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.156', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.159', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.168', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.175', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.19', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.193', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.194', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.196', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.198', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.202', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.213', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.225', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.232', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.24', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.245', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.252', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.254', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.255', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.258', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.275', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.277', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.279', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.283', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.288', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.292', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.292', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.293', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.298', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.301', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.304', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.305', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.316', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.321', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.33', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.337', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.349', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.352', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.353', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.359', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.361', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.362', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.365', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.367', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.375', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.378', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.383', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.391', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.392', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.394', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.396', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.398', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.4', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.401', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.403', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.409', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.41', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.411', 'confidence': 0.8}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.413', 'confidence': 0.9}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.413', 'confidence': 1.0}
{'sentence': 'Diameter: 0.416', 'confidence': 0.9}
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