| <!DOCTYPE HTML> |
| <html lang="en"> |
| <head> |
| <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> |
| <title>US Patent for Process for suspending particulate additives in molten TNT Patent (Patent # 4,000,021 issued December 28, 1976) - Justia Patents Search</title> |
| <meta name="description" content="Composite explosive slurries of good stability and flow properties are obned by dispersing particulate solid components, e.g. RDX, NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3 and Al, in molten TNT in the presence of a small amount of arabinogalactan or gum arabic to inhibit segregation of the suspended solids."> |
| <meta name="keywords" content="Process for suspending particulate additives in molten TNT, Solid Particles Dispersed In Solid Solution Or Matrix, Dispersed Solid Contains Inorganic Explosive Or Inorganic Thermic Component, Nitrated Aromatic Compound, One A Nitrotoluene, Patent"> |
|
|
| <meta name="robots" content="index, follow"> |
| |
| <link rel="canonical" href="https://patents.justia.com/patent/4000021" /> |
| |
| <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/css/core.css"> |
|
|
| <link href="https://plus.google.com/113923255404381000955" rel="publisher" /> |
|
|
| <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_144.svg" /> |
| <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="144x144" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_144.png" /> |
| <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="128x128" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_128.png" /> |
| <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="16x16 24x24 32x32 48x48 64x64 96x96 128x128" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/justia.ico" /> |
| <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="57x57" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_57.png" /> |
| <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="72x72" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_72.png" /> |
| <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="114x114" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_114.png" /> |
| <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="144x144" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_144.png" /> |
| <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="57x57" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_57.png" /> |
| <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="72x72" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_72.png" /> |
| <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="114x114" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_114.png" /> |
| <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="144x144" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_144.png" /> |
| <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" sizes="16x16 24x24 32x32 48x48 64x64 96x96 128x128" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/justia.ico" /> |
| <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> |
|
|
| |
| <meta name="trigger-ga" content="1" /> |
|
|
| |
| <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': |
| new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], |
| j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= |
| 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); |
| })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-P2QTGCR');</script> |
| |
| </head> |
|
|
| |
| |
| <body class="patents sticky-footer content-right-sidebar" data-project="patents" data-directive="j-gdpr" data-privacy-policy-url="https://www.justia.com/privacy-policy/"> |
| |
| <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-P2QTGCR" |
| height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> |
| |
|
|
| <header id="header" data-directive="j-topnav"> |
| <div id="sticky-nav"> |
| <div class="burger-wrapper"> |
| <div id="hamburger" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header" data-gtm-label="Hamburger" class="hamburger"> |
| <div class="inner-ham" style="pointer-events:none"> |
| <span class="lns ln2-1" style="pointer-events:none"></span> |
| <span class="lns ln2-2" style="pointer-events:none"></span> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="header-nav"> |
| <div class="inner-wrapper"> |
| <div class="logo-wrapper"> |
| <a href="/" title="Justia" class="logo"> |
| <img data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header" data-gtm-label="Logo" src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152//shared/images/logos/justia.svg" alt="Justia" onerror="this.onerror=null; this.src='https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152//shared/images/logos/justia.png"> |
| <img data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header" data-gtm-label="Logo - Subdomain" class="sub-domain" src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152//shared/images/logos/justia-patents.svg" alt="Dockets" onerror="this.onerror=null; this.src='https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152//shared/images/logos/justia-patents.png'"> |
| </a> |
| </div> |
| <div class="buttons-wrapper"> |
| <div class="topnav-button search-icon" id="search-icon-button"> |
| <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/white/search.svg" alt="search" width="22" height="22"/> |
| </div> |
| <div class="topnav-button sign-in-icon" id="sign-in-icon-button"> |
| <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/white/profile.svg" alt="My Account" width="20" height="20"> |
| </div> |
| <div id="search-form-wrapper"> |
| <form action="/search" method="get" class="search-form jform" id="search-form"> |
| <div class="input-wrapper"> |
| <input type="text" name="q" value="" id="querybox" title="Search" placeholder="Search"> |
| </div> |
| <button type="submit"> |
| <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/search.svg" alt="search" width="22" height="22"/> |
| </button> |
| </form> |
| </div> |
| <div id="accounts-buttons-wrapper" data-directive="j-sign-in-accounts"> |
| <span class="topnav-button accounts-buttons login-buttons" id="login-buttons-wrapper"> |
| <span class="login-buttons-wrapper"> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Account" data-gtm-label="Log In" data-directive="j-login" href="https://accounts.justia.com/signin?destination=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.justia.com%2Fpatent%2F4000021" class="login">Log In</a> |
| <a href="https://accounts.justia.com/" class="sign-up">Sign Up</a> |
| </span> |
| </span> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="subnavigation"> |
| <div class="subnavigation-wrapper"> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">Find a Lawyer</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Ask a Lawyer" href="https://answers.justia.com/">Ask a Lawyer</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Research the Law" href="https://www.justia.com/">Research the Law</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Law Schools" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/">Law Schools</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Laws & Regs" href="https://law.justia.com/">Laws & Regs</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Newsletters" href="https://connect.justia.com/case-law-summary-newsletters">Newsletters</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">Marketing Solutions</a> |
| <div class="sublist"> |
| <div class="sublist-section"> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="sublist-section-title"><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Connect" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/">Justia Connect</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Pro Membership" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/#pro-membership">Pro Membership</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Basic Membership" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/#basic-membership">Basic Membership</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sublist-section"> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="sublist-section-title"><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Lawyer Directory" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/">Justia Lawyer Directory</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Platinum Placements" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/platinum/">Platinum Placements</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Gold Placements" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/gold/">Gold Placements</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sublist-section"> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="sublist-section-title"><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Elevate" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/">Justia Elevate</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="SEO" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/search-engine-optimization/">SEO</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Websites & LSA Management" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/law-firm-websites/">Websites</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Blogs" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/law-blogs/">Blogs</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sublist-section"> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="sublist-section-title"><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Amplify" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/">Justia Amplify</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="PPC Management" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/cpc-ppc/">PPC Management</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Google Business Profile" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/google-business-profile/">Google Business Profile</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Social Media" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/social-media-networking/">Social Media</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sublist-section"> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="sublist-section-title"><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Onward Blog" href="https://onward.justia.com/">Justia Onward Blog</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </header> |
| <div class="has-topnav-padding font-opensans" data-directive="j-announcement" data-project="patents"></div> |
| <div id="main-content" class="main-content font-opensans"> |
| <nav class="breadcrumbs font-helvetica small-font"> |
| <a href="https://www.justia.com">Justia</a> |
| <span class="breadcrumb-separator"></span> |
| <a href="/">Patents</a> <span class="breadcrumb-separator"></span> |
| <a href="/patents-by-us-classification/149/17">Solid Particles Dispersed In Solid Solution Or Matrix</a><span class="breadcrumb-separator"></span>US Patent for Process for suspending particulate additives in molten TNT Patent (Patent # 4,000,021) |
| </nav> |
| <div class="primary-content-wrapper"> |
| <div class="primary-content"> |
| <ins class="adsbygoogle" |
| style="display:block" |
| data-ad-client="ca-pub-4319265774032289" |
| data-ad-slot="2491452856" |
| data-ad-format="auto"></ins> |
| <div class="wrapper jcard has-padding-30 blocks"> |
| <div class="wrapper"> |
| <div class="title-wrapper"> |
| <h1 class="heading-1"> Process for suspending particulate additives in molten TNT </h1> |
| </div> |
| <div class="wrap"> |
| <div id="byline" class="small-font"> |
| <time datetime="1975-08-22" class="color-dove-gray">Aug 22, 1975</time> |
| |
| - <a href="/assignee/the-united-states-of-america-as-represented-by-the-secretary-of-the-army">The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army</a> |
| </div> <div id="abstract" class="to-xlarge-font"> |
| <p>Composite explosive slurries of good stability and flow properties are obned by dispersing particulate solid components, e.g. RDX, NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3 and Al, in molten TNT in the presence of a small amount of arabinogalactan or gum arabic to inhibit segregation of the suspended solids.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div id="company-latest" class="wrapper"> |
| <div class="title-wrapper"> |
| <h2 class="heading-2">Latest The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army Patents:</h2> |
| </div> |
| <div class="wrap indented"> |
| <ul class="list-gutter--tiny"> |
| <li> |
| <a href="/patent/20230286964">Liquid Bio-based Benzoxazine Resin Systems with Improved Processability and High Performance</a> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <a href="/patent/20230278942">Preparation and Characterization of Cardanol Based Vinyl Ester Resins as Cross-linker Units</a> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <a href="/patent/11684921">Pocket detection pouch</a> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <a href="/patent/11690295">Sublimation protection coating for thermoelectric materials and devices</a> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <a href="/patent/11675684">System for modeling intelligent sensor selection and placement</a> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="content-navigation"> |
| <span class="right-10">Skip to:</span> |
| <span> |
| <a href="#description">Description</a> |
| </span> |
| <span> · </span><span> |
| <a href="#claims">Claims</a> |
| </span> |
| <span> · </span><span> |
| <a href="#citations">References Cited</a> |
| </span> |
| <span> · </span><span><a href="#history">Patent History</a></span> |
| <span> · </span><span> |
| <a href="#history">Patent History</a> |
| </span> |
| </div> |
| <div id="description" class="wrapper"> |
| <div class="title-wrapper"> |
| <strong class="heading-2">Description</strong> |
| </div> |
| <div class="wrap"> |
| <strong class="heading-4">BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION</strong> |
| <p>Composite fusible explosive compositions based on TNT constitute an important class of military explosives. Examples of such composite explosive include Composition B (RDX - cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine and TNT - 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), Cyclotols (RDX and TNT in ratios of 75/25, 70/30, 65/35, and 60/40 resp.), Amatol (NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3 and TNT), Amatex (NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3, RDX and TNT), Kalatol (KNO.sub.3 and TNT), Baratol (BA(NO.sub.3).sub.2 and TNT), Pentolite (pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and TNT) and Baronal (Ba(NO.sub.3).sub.2, aluminum and TNT). Such compositions are generally prepared by stirring the powdered solid components, which include such materials as RDX, HMX (cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine), PETN, NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3, KNO.sub.3, Ba(NO.sub.3).sub.2, Pb(NO.sub.3).sub.2, KClO.sub. 4, NH.sub.4 ClO.sub.4 and aluminum metal and mixtures thereof which are essentially insoluble in TNT, with the molten TNT until a homogeneous dispersion or slurry is obtained. The molten slurry is loaded into shells or other ordnance items by pouring into the cavity and allowing the melt to cool and solidify. Such slurries, which in concentrated cases are very viscous and difficult to pour, exhibit undesirable segregation or settling of the solids during the period required for cooling and solidification, thereby producing casts of non-uniform composition, which adversely affects the explosive and ballistic characteristics of the item. The rate of settling or segregation increases as the difference in density between the solid components and the molten TNT increases.</p> |
| <p>In the past various methods have been employed to overcome the aforesaid solids segregation problem, but such methods have not been entirely satisfactory or are of only limited suitability. The problem has been acceptably overcome by using small items and melting the composite TNT explosive to just above the melting point of the TNT and stirring the mass during the cooling of the melt, or by solidifying the small items rapidly. In the case of large items, the problem has been met in less satisfactory manner by introducing solidified chunks of the composite explosive into the partially loaded melt in the warhead to reduce the time required for the melt to solidify completely. It has also been proposed to incorporate small amounts of additives, such as finely divided silica, silicone resins, nitrocellulose and other cellulosic resins, to improve the suspension of the solid components in the TNT slurry. However, such additives are either not sufficiently effective or affect other properties of the slurry of cast explosive undesirably.</p> |
| <strong class="heading-4">SUMMARY AND DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION</strong> |
| <p>An object of the present invention is to provide a process for dispersing particulate solid components in molten TNT to produce composite explosive slurries of good stability and flow properties.</p> |
| <p>Another object is to provide a process for dispersing particulate solids, such as RDX, HMX and aluminum, in molten TNT to produce slurries, which possess good stability and flow properties and on solidification produce composite cast explosives of uniform composition, which can be remelted and resolidified without loss of such uniformity.</p> |
| <p>Other objects will become apparent as the invention is further described.</p> |
| <p>In accordance with the present invention it has been found that composite explosive slurries of good stability and flow properties can be obtained by dispersing particulate solid components, such as RDX and other solid components employed in the production of composite TNT based explosives, as illustrated above, in molten TNT in the presence of a water-soluble gum selected from the group consisting of arabinogalactan and gum arabic, in an effective amount to inhibit segregation or settling of the solids from said dispersion. The explosive slurries obtainable thereby can be melt-loaded into shells to provide solid casts, wherein the particulate solids are uniformly distributed throughout the entire cast, including the riser scrap portion. The resulting casts and scrap portions can be remelted and reused without loss of uniformity of the composite explosive composition, thereby providing an important economic advantage.</p> |
| <p>It was not obvious that the gum arabic and arabinogalactan, which are water-soluble gums, would be soluble and stable in molten TNT and particularly effective and desirable for preparing composite TNT based explosive slurries of good stability and flow properties. Besides effectively stabilizing the suspension of the particulate solid components in the molten TNT and thus achieving uniformity of composition throughout the resultant cast, the gum employed according to the present invention improves pourability of the melt and reduces clinging of the melt to walls and orifices. Also, it has been found that the gum additive induces a relatively rapid crystallization of the TNT matrix, which produces the desired fine, random crystals of TNT and avoids the formation of large crystals and associated voids and fissures in the cast. The presence of the gum ordinarily has no significant adverse effect on other physical properties of the cast explosive, e.g. exudation and heat stability, or on explosive characteristics, e.g. detonation rate, output and pressure.</p> |
| <p>Arabinogalactan and gum arabic are water-soluble gums, which possess similar properties. Chemically they are largely composed of complex polysaccharides. Gum arabic (also know as gum acacia) is mainly a mixture of Ca, K and Mg salts of arabic acid in a complex of the saccharides arabinose, galactose and rhamnose, and glucuronic acid. Arabinogalactan, which can be obtained from the northwestern U.S. larch tree, is said to be a complex, highly branched copolymer of arabinose and galactose in a molar ratio of about one to six, resp.</p> |
| <p>The manner in which the ingredients are mixed together is not critical. A convenient method comprises adding the water-soluble gum to the molten TNT containing the particulate solid additive and stirring the resulting mixture until a homogeneous slurry is obtained. Other methods can be employed. For example, the gum may be mixed with the particulate solid additive before incorporation with the molten TNT, or it may be mixed with the molten TNT prior to incorporation of the particulate solid additive. The explosive slurry containing the gum suspending agent is preferably maintained at a temperature not greatly exceeding the melting point of the TNT, e.g. between about 80.degree. and 100.degree. C., especially 85.degree.-95.degree. C., although higher temperatures can be employed.</p> |
| <p>Very small amounts of the water-soluble gum are effective for inhibiting or retarding the settling of suspended solids from the explosive slurries of the present invention. The amount of the gum suspending agent employed in the process of the present invention depends on the degree of stabilization of the slurry desired and to some extent on the surface area of the solid particles and the ratio of such solids to the TNT. Generally, with slurries containing about from 20% to 95% TNT and about from 5% to 80% total solid components, adequate stability and flow characteristics for casting into small or large solid charges can be obtained by employing the gum in an amount ranging about from 0.05% to 5%, preferably about from 0.1% to 2.0%, by weight of the TNT content of the slurry. The use of more than the preferred concentrations of gum up to about 5% of the TNT content of the slurry is effective but is less economical and hence less preferred as it ordinarily provides no further advantage; however, the incorporation of the gum in an amount substantially greater than 5 weight percent of the TNT is generally undesirable, since it introduces an excessive amount of an inert diluent into the composite explosive composition. The amount of gum suspending agent employed can be reduced if the slurry contains small amounts of substances, e.g. nitrocellulose and other cellulosic resins, which are sometimes added to prevent exudation of oil from cast TNT explosives, since such resins also tend to promote suspension of the solids in molten TNT.</p> |
|
|
| <p>The following examples illustrate specific embodiments of the method of carrying out the process of the present invention. In the examples the percentages stated are by weight.</p> |
| <strong class="heading-4">EXAMPLE 1.</strong> |
| <p>A mixture of 25 grams RDX (average particle size 40 microns) and 50 grams TNT was heated to about 85.degree. C. until the TNT was completely melted. The RDX particles settled noticeably from the molten TNT matrix. To the agitated molten slurry thus obtained was added 0.15 gram of STRactan-2 powder, a product marketed by the St. Regis Paper Co., New York, consisting of 98% arabinogalactan, which is a complex, highly branched polymer of arabinose and galactose in the ratio of about 1:6 resp. The RDX particles were thereby maintained suspended in the melt. 50 grams of crushed ammonium nitrate prills (particle size between 150 and 1000 microns) preheated to about 85.degree. C. were then added with agitation. The slurry thus obtained possessed excellent uniformity and good flow properties (Brookfield viscosity was 300 cps.) and did not cling to the container walls unlike the corresponding slurry containing no STRactan-2. It was poured into a metal container with heated riser and allowed to cool to a solid. The cast (including riser) possessed excellent uniformity, fine crystallinity and a Shore Durometer hardness of D55. The vacuum stability at 100.degree. C./ 40 hours and exudation were unchanged versus the cast similarly obtained without STRactan-2.</p> |
| <strong class="heading-4">EXAMPLE 2.</strong> |
| <p>0.2 gram of STRactan-2 powder was stirred into 100 grams of a premelted mixture consisting of 60% RDX (average particle size 40 microns) and 40% TNT at a temperature of about 85.degree. C. The resulting mixture was agitated at that temperature until a uniform suspension was obtained, then poured into a metal container with a heated riser and allowed to solidify. The resulting cast (including riser) possessed excellent uniformity and a Shore Durometer hardness of D55. The control cast similarly obtained without addition of STRactan-2 possessed a much less uniform composition and a Shore Durometer hardness of D45- 50.</p> |
| <strong class="heading-4">EXAMPLE 3.</strong> |
| <p>0.36 gram of gum arabic powder was stirred into 100 grams of a premelted mixture of 60% RDX (average particle size 40 microns) and 40% TNT at about 85.degree. C. The resulting mixture was agitated at that temperature until a homogeneous suspension was obtained and then solidified at 65.degree.-70.degree. C. The hard, tough cast thus produced possessed excellent uniformity, fine crystallinity and uniform Shore Durometer hardness of D50.</p> |
| <p>When 0.12 gram of nitrocellulose (12% nitrogen content and 1220 RS sec. viscosity) was initially incorporated in the RDX-TNT mixture to reduce oily exudation of the solid cast, only 0.2 gram of gum arabic was required to produce a stable suspension and cast of uniform composition in the above manner.</p> |
| <strong class="heading-4">EXAMPLE 4.</strong> |
| <p>0.4 gram of gum arabic powder was stirred into 100 grams of a premelted mixture of 40% crushed ammonium nitrate prills of particle size ranging from 150 to 1000 microns, 20% RDX (average particle size 40 microns) and 40% TNT at about 85.degree. C. The mixture thus obtained was agitated at about 85.degree. C. until a homogeneous suspension was produced and then allowed to cool and solidify. The cast thus obtained possessed excellent uniformity of composition and hardness as well as fine crystallinity.</p> |
| <p>When 0.15 gram of nitrocellulose (12% nitrogen, 1220 RS sec. viscosity) was added to the molten slurry to reduce oily exudation of the solid cast, only 0.2 gram of gum arabic powder was required to produce a stable suspension and similarly uniform cast.</p> |
| <p>The foregoing disclosure is merely illustrative of the principles of this invention and is not to be interpreted in a limiting sense. I wish it to be understood that I do not desire to be limited to the exact details of construction shown and described, because obvious modifications will occur to a person skilled in the art.</p> |
|
|
|
|
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="claims" class="wrapper"> |
| <div class="title-wrapper"> |
| <h2 class="heading-2">Claims</h2> |
| </div> |
| <div class="wrap"> |
| <div class="claim"> |
| <p> 1. An improved process for producing composite explosive slurries of good stability and flow properties, which comprises dispersing a particulate solid component in molten 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, the improvement wherein the molten 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is in mixture with a water-soluble gum selected from the group consisting of arabinogalactan and gum arabic in an effective amount to inhibit segregation of said particulate solid component. </p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="claim"> |
| <p> 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the slurry contains about from 20 to 95 weight percent of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and about from 5 to 80 weight percent of particulate solid component. </p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="claim"> |
| <p> 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the solid component is selected from the group consisting of cyclotrimethylene-trinitramine, cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3, KNO.sub.3, Ba(NO.sub.3).sub.2, Pb(NO.sub.3).sub.2, NH.sub.4 ClO.sub.4, KClO.sub.4 and aluminum metal, and mixtures thereof. </p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="claim"> |
| <p> 4. The process of claim 2, wherein the amount of the gum is about from 0.05 to 5.0 weight percent based on the 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene content of the slurry. </p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="claim"> |
| <p> 5. The process of claim 2, wherein the amount of the gum is about from 0.1 to 2 weight percent based on the 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene content of the slurry. </p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="claim"> |
| <p> 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the slurry consists essentially of about 60 weight percent cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine and about 40 weight percent 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. </p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="citations" class="wrapper"> |
| <div class="title-wrapper"> |
| <strong class="heading-2">Referenced Cited</strong> |
| </div> |
| <div class="wrap"> |
| <strong class="heading-4">U.S. Patent Documents</strong> |
| <div class="wrap block"> |
| <table id="us-citations" class="zebra -zb table-full-width"> |
| <tbody class="table-bordered"> |
| <tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full"> |
| <td class="number"> |
| 3403061 |
| </td> |
| <td class="date"> |
| September 1968 |
| </td> |
| <td class="inventor"> |
| Mc Donald |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full"> |
| <td class="number"> |
| 3447980 |
| </td> |
| <td class="date"> |
| June 1969 |
| </td> |
| <td class="inventor"> |
| Voigt |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full"> |
| <td class="number"> |
| 3472713 |
| </td> |
| <td class="date"> |
| October 1969 |
| </td> |
| <td class="inventor"> |
| Berthmann |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full"> |
| <td class="number"> |
| 3536544 |
| </td> |
| <td class="date"> |
| October 1970 |
| </td> |
| <td class="inventor"> |
| Pennington |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full"> |
| <td class="number"> |
| 3676235 |
| </td> |
| <td class="date"> |
| July 1972 |
| </td> |
| <td class="inventor"> |
| Nuscher |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full"> |
| <td class="number"> |
| 3706609 |
| </td> |
| <td class="date"> |
| December 1972 |
| </td> |
| <td class="inventor"> |
| Voigt |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full"> |
| <td class="number"> |
| 3741833 |
| </td> |
| <td class="date"> |
| June 1973 |
| </td> |
| <td class="inventor"> |
| Falconer |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full"> |
| <td class="number"> |
| 3748201 |
| </td> |
| <td class="date"> |
| July 1973 |
| </td> |
| <td class="inventor"> |
| Jordan |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| </div> |
| <strong class="heading-4">Foreign Patent Documents</strong> |
| <div class="block"> |
| <table id="foreign-citations" class="zebra -zb table-full-width"> |
| <tbody class="table-bordered"> |
| <tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full block"> |
| <td class="number"> |
| 483,222 |
| </td> |
| <td class="date"> |
| May 1952 |
| </td> |
| <td class="country"> |
| |
| CA
|
|
|
| |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| </div> |
| <strong class="heading-4">Other references</strong> |
| <ul> |
| <li>Rose, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 7th Ed. (1966) p. 80.</li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="history" class="wrapper"> |
| <div class="title-wrapper"> |
| <strong class="heading-2">Patent History</strong> |
| </div> |
| <div class="wrap"> |
| <strong>Patent number</strong>: 4000021<br> |
| |
| <strong>Type: </strong> |
| Grant |
| |
| <br> |
|
|
| <strong>Filed</strong>: Aug 22, 1975<br> |
| |
| <strong>Date of Patent</strong>: Dec 28, 1976<br> |
| |
| |
| <strong>Assignee</strong>: |
| |
| <a href="/assignee/the-united-states-of-america-as-represented-by-the-secretary-of-the-army">The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army</a> |
| |
| (Washington, DC) |
| <br> |
| |
|
|
| <strong>Inventor</strong>: |
| <a href="/inventor/h-william-voigt-jr">H. William Voigt, Jr.</a> |
| |
| (Stanhope, NJ) |
| <br> |
| |
| <strong>Primary Examiner</strong>: <a href="/examiner/stephen-c-bentley">Stephen C. Bentley</a> |
| <br> |
| |
| |
| <strong>Assistant Examiner</strong>: <a href="/examiner/donald-p-walsh">Donald P. Walsh</a> |
| <br> |
| |
| <strong>Attorneys</strong>: |
| <a href="/agent/nathan-edelberg">Nathan Edelberg</a>, <a href="/agent/a-victor-erkkila">A. Victor Erkkila</a><br> |
| |
|
|
| <strong>Application Number</strong>: 5/606,821<br> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="classifications" class="wrapper"> |
| <div class="title-wrapper"> |
| <strong class="heading-2">Classifications</strong> |
| </div> |
| <div class="wrap"> |
|
|
| <strong>Current U.S. Class</strong>: |
| <strong> |
| <a href="/patents-by-us-classification/149/17">Solid Particles Dispersed In Solid Solution Or Matrix (149/17)</a>; |
| </strong> |
| <a href="/patents-by-us-classification/149/20">Dispersed Solid Contains Inorganic Explosive Or Inorganic Thermic Component (149/20)</a>; |
| <a href="/patents-by-us-classification/149/39">Nitrated Aromatic Compound (149/39)</a>; |
| <a href="/patents-by-us-classification/149/107">One A Nitrotoluene (149/107)</a>; |
| 149/1088 |
| <br> |
| |
| <strong>International Classification</strong>: |
| C06B 4504; |
| C06B 4508; |
| C06B 3310; |
| C06B 2508; |
| <br> |
|
|
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sidebar primary-sidebar"> |
| <aside |
| data-directive="j-lead" |
| data-type="cornell" |
| data-impression="0"> |
| </aside> |
| <aside class="jlead-v2-wrapper jcard -loading" data-directive="j-dynamic-lead" data-lead-id="146"> |
| <div class="jspinner -double-bounce"><div class="-crl -crl1 bg-justia-blue"></div><div class="-crl -crl2 bg-justia-blue"></div></div> |
| </aside> |
| <aside id="ask-a-lawyer-widget" class="jcard has-padding-content-block-30 block"> |
| <p class="heading-4"> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Sidebar" data-gtm-label="All - Ask a Lawyer" href="https://answers.justia.com/">Ask a Lawyer</a> |
| </p> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <div class="block-wrapper small-font" data-directive="j-ask-a-lawyer"> |
| <form data-gtm-type="submission" data-gtm-label="Ask a Lawyer" data-gtm-category="Widgets" name="ask-a-lawyer-form" method="post" action="https://answers.justia.com/ask" id="homepage-ask" accept-charset="utf-8"> |
| <div class="jfld-group"> |
| <strong>Question:</strong> |
| <textarea name="question" class="jfld-block" id="ask-a-lawyer-textarea" rows="5" title="Please ask your question here and get free answers from lawyers." placeholder="Please ask your question here and get free answers from lawyers."></textarea> |
| </div> |
| <span class="block"> |
| <a id="answers-add-details">Add details</a> |
| <div class="pull-right" id="char-court">120</div> |
| </span> |
| <div class="question-details clear-both hidden-content" id="question-details"> |
| <div class="jfld-group"> |
| <strong>Additional Details: </strong> |
| <textarea name="details" id="ask-a-lawyer-details-textarea" rows="5" class="jfld-block" title="If you have additional details about your question fill them here" placeholder="If you have additional details about your question fill them here"></textarea> |
| </div> |
| <span class="block"> |
| <div class="pull-right" id="char-court-details"> |
| 1000 |
| </div> |
| </span> |
| </div> |
| <button type="submit" name="submit" class="pull-right button button-primary uppercase"> |
| Ask Question |
| </button> |
| </form> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </aside> |
| <aside class="jcard jlead-v2-wrapper -loading" data-directive="j-dynamic-lead" data-property="patents"> |
| <div class="jspinner -double-bounce"> |
| <div class="-crl -crl1 bg-justia-blue"></div> |
| <div class="-crl -crl2 bg-justia-blue"></div> |
| </div> |
| </aside> |
| <aside class="jcard has-padding-content-block-30 block"> |
| <p class="heading-4"> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Sidebar" data-gtm-label="All - Find a Lawyer" href="//www.justia.com/lawyers/patents/locate" id="findalawyerlink">Find a Lawyer</a> |
| </p> |
| <div class="block-wrapper"> |
| <form data-gtm-type="submission" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer" data-gtm-category="Widgets" class="jform small-font jform--find-lawyer" name="find-a-lawyer-form" action="//lawyers.justia.com/search" method="get" accept-charset="utf-8"> |
| <div class="jfld-group"> |
| <input type="text" name="query" value="Patents" class="jfld-block" id="lawyer_practice_field" title="Legal Issue or Lawyer Name" placeholder="Legal Issue or Lawyer Name"/> |
| </div> |
| <div class="jfld-group -side-button clearfix"> |
| <input type="text" name="location" id="lawyer-location" title="City, State" placeholder="City, State" /> |
| <input type="submit" value="Search" class="button button-primary search uppercase" /> |
| </div> |
| </form> |
| <div class="text-center clear-both"> |
| <strong class="heading-6 has-no-bottom-margin"> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Sidebar" data-gtm-label="All - Lawyers - Get Listed Now!" href="https://lawyers.justia.com/lawyer-directory-listings" class="button button-red-ghost">Lawyers - Get Listed Now!</a> |
| </strong> |
| <span class="tiny-font">Get a free directory profile listing</span> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </aside> |
| <aside data-directive="j-find-a-lawyer" data-practice="patents" data-level="300"></aside> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="footer" class="-v2 short bg-white color-black"> |
| <div class="wrapper has-no-padding"> |
| <div class="resources font-opensans has-padding-content-block-x2large clearfix"> |
| <div class="section-title">Justia Legal Resources</div> |
| <div class="columns"> |
| <div class="footer-block"> |
| <div class="title"> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">Find a Lawyer</a> |
| <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-01"> |
| <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> |
| </span> |
| </div> |
| <ul id="footer-01" class="footer-list -collapsed"> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Bankruptcy Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/bankruptcy">Bankruptcy Lawyers</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/business-law">Business Lawyers</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Criminal Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/criminal-law">Criminal Lawyers</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/employment-law">Employment Lawyers</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Estate Planning Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/estate-planning">Estate Planning Lawyers</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Family Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/family-law">Family Lawyers</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Personal Injury Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/personal-injury">Personal Injury Lawyers</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer - More" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">More... </a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="footer-block"> |
| <div class="title"> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Individuals" href="https://www.justia.com/individuals/">Individuals</a> |
| <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-02"> |
| <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> |
| </span> |
| </div> |
| <ul id="footer-02" class="footer-list -collapsed"> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Bankruptcy" href="https://www.justia.com/bankruptcy/">Bankruptcy</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Criminal" href="https://www.justia.com/criminal/">Criminal</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Divorce" href="https://www.justia.com/family/divorce/">Divorce</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="DUI" href="https://www.justia.com/criminal/drunk-driving-dui-dwi/">DUI</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Estate Planning" href="https://www.justia.com/estate-planning/">Estate Planning</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Family Law" href="https://www.justia.com/family/">Family Law</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Personal Injury" href="https://www.justia.com/injury/">Personal Injury</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Individuals - More" href="https://www.justia.com/individuals/">More...</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="footer-block"> |
| <div class="title"> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business" href="https://www.justia.com/business/">Business</a> |
| <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-03"> |
| <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> |
| </span> |
| </div> |
| <ul id="footer-03" class="footer-list -collapsed"> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Formation" href="https://www.justia.com/business-operations/starting-your-own-business/">Business Formation</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Operations" href="https://www.justia.com/business-operations/">Business Operations</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment" href="https://www.justia.com/employment/">Employment</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Intellectual Property" href="https://www.justia.com/intellectual-property/">Intellectual Property</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="International Trade" href="https://www.justia.com/international-law/international-trade-law/">International Trade</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Real Estate" href="https://www.justia.com/real-estate/">Real Estate</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Tax Law" href="https://www.justia.com/tax/">Tax Law</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business - More" href="https://www.justia.com/business/">More... </a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="footer-block"> |
| <div class="title"> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Students" href="https://www.justia.com/law-students/">Law Students</a> |
| <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-04"> |
| <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> |
| </span> |
| </div> |
| <ul id="footer-04" class="footer-list -collapsed"> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Schools" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/">Law Schools</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Admissions" href="https://www.justia.com/law-students/">Admissions</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Financial Aid" href="https://www.justia.com/law-students/">Financial Aid</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Course Outlines" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/outlines/">Course Outlines</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Journals" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/">Law Journals</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Blogs" href="https://blawgsearch.justia.com/blogs/categories/law-student">Blogs</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment" href="https://www.justia.com/law-students/">Employment</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Students - More" href="https://www.justia.com/law-students/">More...</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="footer-block"> |
| <div class="title"> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Federal Law" href="https://law.justia.com/us/">US Federal Law</a> |
| <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-05"> |
| <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> |
| </span> |
| </div> |
| <ul id="footer-05" class="footer-list -collapsed"> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Constitution" href="https://law.justia.com/constitution/us/">US Constitution</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Code" href="https://law.justia.com/codes/us">US Code</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Regulations" href="https://regulations.justia.com/">Regulations</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Supreme Court" href="https://supreme.justia.com/">Supreme Court</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Circuit Courts" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/">Circuit Courts</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="District Courts" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/">District Courts</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Dockets & Filings" href="https://dockets.justia.com/">Dockets & Filings</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Federal Law - More" href="https://law.justia.com/us/">More...</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="footer-block"> |
| <div class="title"> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US State Law" href="https://law.justia.com/us-states/">US State Law</a> |
| <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-06"> |
| <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> |
| </span> |
| </div> |
| <ul id="footer-06" class="footer-list -collapsed"> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="State Constitutions" href="https://law.justia.com/us-states/">State Constitutions</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="State Codes" href="https://law.justia.com/codes/">State Codes</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="State Case Law" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/">State Case Law</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="California" href="https://law.justia.com/california/">California</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Florida" href="https://law.justia.com/florida/">Florida</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="New York" href="https://law.justia.com/new-york/">New York</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Texas" href="https://law.justia.com/texas/">Texas</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US State Law - More" href="https://law.justia.com/us-states/">More... </a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="footer-block"> |
| <div class="title"> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Other Databases" href="https://www.justia.com/">Other Databases</a> |
| <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-07"> |
| <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> |
| </span> |
| </div> |
| <ul id="footer-07" class="footer-list -collapsed"> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="COVID-19 Resources" href="https://www.justia.com/covid-19/">COVID-19 Resources</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Legal Blogs" href="https://blawgsearch.justia.com/">Legal Blogs</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Forms" href="https://contracts.justia.com/">Business Forms</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Product Recalls" href="https://recalls.justia.com/">Product Recalls</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Patents" href="https://patents.justia.com/">Patents</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Trademarks" href="https://trademarks.justia.com/">Trademarks</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Countries" href="https://www.justia.com/countries/">Countries</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Other Databases - More" href="https://www.justia.com/">More...</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="footer-block"> |
| <div class="title"> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">Marketing Solutions</a> |
| <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-08"> |
| <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> |
| </span> |
| </div> |
| <ul id="footer-08" class="footer-list -collapsed"> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Connect Membership" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/">Justia Connect Membership</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Lawyer Directory" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/">Justia Lawyer Directory</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Premium Placements" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/#premium-placements">Justia Premium Placements</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Elevate" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/">Justia Elevate (SEO, Websites)</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Amplify" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/">Justia Amplify (PPC, GBP)</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Onward Blog" href="https://onward.justia.com/">Justia Onward Blog</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Testimonials" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/testimonials/">Testimonials</a></li> |
| <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions - More" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">More...</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="bg-justia-blue"> |
| <div class="wrapper"> |
| <div class="copyright"> |
| <span class="site"> |
| <span class="social-media"> |
| <a href="https://www.facebook.com/justia" title="Facebook" target="_blank" class="fb icon"><img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/facebook.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="Facebook" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - Facebook"></a> |
| <a href="https://twitter.com/justiacom" title="Twitter" target="_blank" class="twitter icon"><img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/twitter.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="Twitter" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - Twitter"></a> |
| <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/justia" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" class="linkedin icon"><img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/linkedin.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="LinkedIn" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - LinkedIn"></a> |
| <a href="https://lawyers.justia.com/organization/justia-inc-16302" title="Justia Lawyer Directory" class="justia icon"><img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/justia.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="Justia" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - Justia Lawyer Directory"></a> |
| <a href="https://www.youtube.com/justia" title="Justia Lawyer Directory" target="_blank" class="youtube icon"><img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/youtube.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="YouTube" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - YouTube"></a> |
| </span> |
| <span class="credits"> © 2023 <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Copyright" href="https://www.justia.com/">Justia</a></span> |
| </span> |
| <span class="nav"> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Justia Connect" href="https://connect.justia.com/">Justia Connect</a> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Legal Portal" href="https://www.justia.com/">Legal Portal</a> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Company" href="https://company.justia.com/">Company</a> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Help" href="https://support.justia.com/">Help</a> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Terms of Service" href="https://www.justia.com/terms-of-service/">Terms of Service</a> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Privacy Policy" href="https://www.justia.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a> |
| <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions" class="nowrap" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">Marketing Solutions</a> |
| </span> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <script src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/js/core.js"></script> |
| <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> |
| <script> |
| (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); |
| </script> |
| </body> |
| </html> |
|
|
