Spaces:

debaghtk
/

patent-ai

Runtime error

App Files Files Community

patent-ai / data /4000034.html

debaghtk

download 1000 patents

98c6817 over 2 years ago

raw

history blame contribute delete

72.3 kB

	<!DOCTYPE HTML>
	<html lang="en">
	<head>
	<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
	<title>US Patent for Kraft mill recovery system Patent (Patent # 4,000,034 issued December 28, 1976) - Justia Patents Search</title>
	<meta name="description" content="An improved process for the treatment, separation, and utilization of precipitator catch wherein treated precipitation catch is separated by countercurrent washing in a column.">
	<meta name="keywords" content="Kraft mill recovery system, Chlorine-containing Liquid Regeneration, Perforated Baffles, Patent">

	<meta name="robots" content="index, follow">

	<link rel="canonical" href="https://patents.justia.com/patent/4000034" />

	<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/css/core.css">

	<link href="https://plus.google.com/113923255404381000955" rel="publisher" />

	<link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_144.svg" />
	<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="144x144" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_144.png" />
	<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="128x128" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_128.png" />
	<link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="16x16 24x24 32x32 48x48 64x64 96x96 128x128" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/justia.ico" />
	<link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="57x57" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_57.png" />
	<link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="72x72" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_72.png" />
	<link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="114x114" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_114.png" />
	<link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="144x144" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_144.png" />
	<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="57x57" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_57.png" />
	<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="72x72" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_72.png" />
	<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="114x114" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_114.png" />
	<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="144x144" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_144.png" />
	<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" sizes="16x16 24x24 32x32 48x48 64x64 96x96 128x128" href="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/justia/justia.ico" />
	<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">


	<meta name="trigger-ga" content="1" />

	<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
	<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]\|\|[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
	new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
	j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
	'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
	})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-P2QTGCR');</script>
	<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
	</head>



	<body class="patents sticky-footer content-right-sidebar" data-project="patents" data-directive="j-gdpr" data-privacy-policy-url="https://www.justia.com/privacy-policy/">
	<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
	<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-P2QTGCR"
	height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
	<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->

	<header id="header" data-directive="j-topnav">
	<div id="sticky-nav">
	<div class="burger-wrapper">
	<div id="hamburger" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header" data-gtm-label="Hamburger" class="hamburger">
	<div class="inner-ham" style="pointer-events:none">
	<span class="lns ln2-1" style="pointer-events:none"></span>
	<span class="lns ln2-2" style="pointer-events:none"></span>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div id="header-nav">
	<div class="inner-wrapper">
	<div class="logo-wrapper">
	<a href="/" title="Justia" class="logo">
	<img data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header" data-gtm-label="Logo" src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152//shared/images/logos/justia.svg" alt="Justia" onerror="this.onerror=null; this.src='https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152//shared/images/logos/justia.png">
	<img data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header" data-gtm-label="Logo - Subdomain" class="sub-domain" src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152//shared/images/logos/justia-patents.svg" alt="Dockets" onerror="this.onerror=null; this.src='https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152//shared/images/logos/justia-patents.png'">
	</a>
	</div>
	<div class="buttons-wrapper">
	<div class="topnav-button search-icon" id="search-icon-button">
	<img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/white/search.svg" alt="search" width="22" height="22"/>
	</div>
	<div class="topnav-button sign-in-icon" id="sign-in-icon-button">
	<img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/white/profile.svg" alt="My Account" width="20" height="20">
	</div>
	<div id="search-form-wrapper">
	<form action="/search" method="get" class="search-form jform" id="search-form">
	<div class="input-wrapper">
	<input type="text" name="q" value="" id="querybox" title="Search" placeholder="Search">
	</div>
	<button type="submit">
	<img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/search.svg" alt="search" width="22" height="22"/>
	</button>
	</form>
	</div>
	<div id="accounts-buttons-wrapper" data-directive="j-sign-in-accounts">
	<span class="topnav-button accounts-buttons login-buttons" id="login-buttons-wrapper">
	<span class="login-buttons-wrapper">
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Account" data-gtm-label="Log In" data-directive="j-login" href="https://accounts.justia.com/signin?destination=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.justia.com%2Fpatent%2F4000034" class="login">Log In</a>
	<a href="https://accounts.justia.com/" class="sign-up">Sign Up</a>
	</span>
	</span>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div id="subnavigation">
	<div class="subnavigation-wrapper">
	<ul>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">Find a Lawyer</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Ask a Lawyer" href="https://answers.justia.com/">Ask a Lawyer</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Research the Law" href="https://www.justia.com/">Research the Law</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Law Schools" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/">Law Schools</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Laws & Regs" href="https://law.justia.com/">Laws & Regs</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Newsletters" href="https://connect.justia.com/case-law-summary-newsletters">Newsletters</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">Marketing Solutions</a>
	<div class="sublist">
	<div class="sublist-section">
	<ul>
	<li class="sublist-section-title"><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Connect" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/">Justia Connect</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Pro Membership" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/#pro-membership">Pro Membership</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Basic Membership" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/#basic-membership">Basic Membership</a></li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	<div class="sublist-section">
	<ul>
	<li class="sublist-section-title"><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Lawyer Directory" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/">Justia Lawyer Directory</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Platinum Placements" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/platinum/">Platinum Placements</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Gold Placements" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/gold/">Gold Placements</a></li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	<div class="sublist-section">
	<ul>
	<li class="sublist-section-title"><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Elevate" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/">Justia Elevate</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="SEO" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/search-engine-optimization/">SEO</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Websites & LSA Management" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/law-firm-websites/">Websites</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Blogs" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/law-blogs/">Blogs</a></li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	<div class="sublist-section">
	<ul>
	<li class="sublist-section-title"><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Amplify" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/">Justia Amplify</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="PPC Management" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/cpc-ppc/">PPC Management</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Google Business Profile" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/google-business-profile/">Google Business Profile</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Social Media" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/social-media-networking/">Social Media</a></li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	<div class="sublist-section">
	<ul>
	<li class="sublist-section-title"><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Onward Blog" href="https://onward.justia.com/">Justia Onward Blog</a></li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	</header>
	<div class="has-topnav-padding font-opensans" data-directive="j-announcement" data-project="patents"></div>
	<div id="main-content" class="main-content font-opensans">
	<nav class="breadcrumbs font-helvetica small-font">
	<a href="https://www.justia.com">Justia</a>
	<span class="breadcrumb-separator"></span>
	<a href="/">Patents</a> <span class="breadcrumb-separator"></span>
	US Patent for Kraft mill recovery system Patent (Patent # 4,000,034)
	</nav>
	<div class="primary-content-wrapper">
	<div class="primary-content">
	<ins class="adsbygoogle"
	style="display:block"
	data-ad-client="ca-pub-4319265774032289"
	data-ad-slot="2491452856"
	data-ad-format="auto"></ins>
	<div class="wrapper jcard has-padding-30 blocks">
	<div class="wrapper">
	<div class="title-wrapper">
	<h1 class="heading-1"> Kraft mill recovery system </h1>
	</div>
	<div class="wrap">
	<div id="byline" class="small-font">
	<time datetime="1975-08-15" class="color-dove-gray">Aug 15, 1975</time>

	- <a href="/assignee/hooker-chemicals-plastics-corporation">Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corporation</a>
	</div> <div id="abstract" class="to-xlarge-font">
	<p>An improved process for the treatment, separation, and utilization of precipitator catch wherein treated precipitation catch is separated by countercurrent washing in a column.</p>
	</div>
	<div id="company-latest" class="wrapper">
	<div class="title-wrapper">
	<h2 class="heading-2">Latest Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corporation Patents:</h2>
	</div>
	<div class="wrap indented">
	<ul class="list-gutter--tiny">
	<li>
	<a href="/patent/4458306">High amplitude, pulsed current plating system</a>
	</li>
	<li>
	<a href="/patent/4246466">Electric heat storage apparatus</a>
	</li>
	<li>
	<a href="/patent/4213407">Flash drying sludge derived fuel process</a>
	</li>
	<li>
	<a href="/patent/4107023">Filter press halate cell</a>
	</li>
	<li>
	<a href="/patent/4107373">Flame retardant cellulosic materials</a>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div id="content-navigation">
	<span class="right-10">Skip to:</span>
	<span>
	<a href="#description">Description</a>
	</span>
	<span> · </span><span>
	<a href="#claims">Claims</a>
	</span>
	<span> · </span><span>
	<a href="#citations">References Cited</a>
	</span>
	<span> · </span><span><a href="#history">Patent History</a></span>
	<span> · </span><span>
	<a href="#history">Patent History</a>
	</span>
	</div>
	<div id="description" class="wrapper">
	<div class="title-wrapper">
	<strong class="heading-2">Description</strong>
	</div>
	<div class="wrap">
	<p>The present invention relates to kraft pulping processes. More particularly, the present invention relates to reduction of losses in kraft pulping processes.</p>
	<p>In the conventional kraft pulping processes currently used for the production of cellulosic fibrous pulp materials, lignocellulosic material is pulped with what is termed as "white liquor" containing sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide which serve to degrade lignin, hemicelluloses and other non-cellulosic materials to soluble components. The cellulosic fiber which remains is separated from the "black liquor" resulting from the treatment, which black liquor is subsequently processed for the recovery and recycling and/or discard of the constituents.</p>
	<p>In the recovery system, the black liquor is concentrated by evaporation and then reacted in a "recovery boiler" to yield a smelt, primarily sodium carbonate and sodium sulfide, the smelt then dissolved in water to produce "green liquor" which, on the addition of lime becomes white liquor, with the sodium carbonate converted to sodium hydroxide. The calcium carbonate precipitate is removed from the white liquor and calcined to regenerate lime. The white liquor is then recycled to pulp additional lignocellulosic material.</p>
	<p>The problem associated with the presence of sodium chloride in kraft liquor, introduced into the pulp mill by logs that have absorbed salt water during transport, are well-known to coastal pulp mills. Generally, in the past, sodium chloride has been primarily viewed in relationship to corrosion; however, more recently improvements in and demands upon emission controls have resulted in substantial increases in the level of sodium chloride in the liquors. During pulping operations, sodium chloride is dissolved in the pulping liquor and tends to remain in the chemical recovery cycle. Such sodium chloride represents a dead load since it is inactive in the kraft pulping process, and also reduces the capacity of the recovery boiler due to limits generally established on the solids content and the rate of feed of the black liquor into the recovery boiler.</p>
	<p>Mills located in the interior or those supplied with logs which have not been salt water transported do not generally face this problem now; however, in the future, reuse of water to limit discharge of pollutants from a kraft mill may result in a significant buildup of sodium chloride in the recovery system, as for example, the recycling of bleach plant effluent. In such systems, chlorine and chlorine dioxide are pulp bleaching agents which are ultimately reduced to the chloride ion during the bleaching process, with the bleach plant effluent normally sewered. However, the effluent can also be used to effect washing of the pulp prior to bleaching and, in this manner, the bleach plant effluent would eventually add to the recovery boiler, adding sodium chloride to the chemical recovery load.</p>
	<p>During the regeneration of pulping chemicals in the recovery boiler of conventional chemical recovery systems some solid material is contained in the water vapor and carbon dioxide gaseous emission from the recovery furnace or boiler, with the solid material normally recovered by the use of an electrostatic precipitator ("precipitator catch"), and contains sodium sulfate and sodium carbonate which can be recycled to the recovery boiler.</p>
	<p>As set forth hereinbefore, the problems associated with sodium chloride buildup presently in pulping mills is generally caused by the use of logs towed or stored in salt water. A number of reports have been written on sodium chloride buildup in kraft pulping mills, with possible solutions offered for its removal. One such proposal would utilize the preferential solubility of sodium chloride as a means for leaching the sodium chloride from the precipitator catch or dust in a salt enriched liquor. However, such a system results in the dissolution and loss of sodium sulfate values and may result in a buildup of greater than about 40 percent by weight of solids in the slurry, which concentration generally is too high for conventional handling equipment. Additionally, any sodium carbonate contained in the precipitator catch may be dissolved during the leaching operation.</p>
	<p>It has recently been proposed to convert the sodium carbonate to sodium sulfate by adding to the leached precipitator catch sufficient sulfuric acid to render the medium acidic, and filtering the leached slurry to provide a solid cake phase of anhydrous sodium sulfate and a liquid phase enriched in sodium chloride, and separating the solid and liquid phases by conventional filtrate procedures. While such system represents an improvement in the handling and removal of dead load sodium chloride, certain disadvantages are inherent in such recovery technique, e.g. increased costs and maintenance problems with filter operation, and more importantly, less efficient separation of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate values by commercial filtration devices and techniques.</p>
	<p>It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved process for the separation of dead load sodium chloride and sodium sulfate values obtained as precipitator catch in pulp mill operations.</p>
	<p>In accordance with the present invention, precipitator catch containing sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride and organic materials, leached with aqueous, dilute sulfuric acid to convert the sodium carbonate to sodium sulfate and to produce a slurry containing undissolved solids and an acidic pH, generally about 3-6, is fed to the top of a separatory column, described in detail hereinafter, hot water at a temperature of from about 30.degree. to about 70.degree. C. is added continuously via an inlet located near or at the bottom of the separatory column in countercurrent flow to the downward flow of slurry, with the crystals contained in the downward flowing slurry continuously washed by the hot water, sodium chloride removed via an outlet located near the top of the separatory column, and sodium sulfate and organic materials removed as a slurry via an outlet near the bottom of the column.</p>
	<p>Such process permits of simple, efficient and economic removal of dead load sodium chloride while maximizing the recovery of useful sodium sulfate values.</p>
	<p>The sodium chloride-containing slurry removed from the top of the separatory column may be sewered, fed to a single vessel chlorine dioxide generator system or the like.</p>
	<p>The sodium sulfate slurry removed from the bottom portion of the separatory column may be recycled to the recovery system, to the recovery furnace where the sodium sulfide and sodium carbonate produced are removed to a green liquor system, with the organics burned in the recovery furnace.</p>
	<p>In operation, the temperature of the admixture in the column is maintained, as stated, at from about 30.degree. to about 70.degree. C., preferably from about 30.degree. to about 40.degree. C.</p>
	<p>The rates of continuous flow of hot water and catch slurry are adjusted so as to provide maximum washing and separatory efficiency without producing substantial losses of sulfate values in the sodium chloride slurry removed from the top of the column, generally from about 0.2 to about 4 pounds and preferably about 0.2 to about 2.0 pounds of water per each pound of sodium sulfate are introduced into the separatory column.</p>

	<p>FIG. 1 is illustrative of the separatory column which is advantageously employed in the process of the present invention. The apparatus is a separatory column or tower 1 made of any suitable construction materials, such as for example, titanium, plastics, ceramics, or the like. The column is preferably, although not necessarily, substantially cylindrical having an inlet means 2 at the upper portion thereof for the introduction of the acid treated precipitator catch from a slurry tank (not shown). The lower portion of the colunn is provided with a hot water inlet 3 and a sodium sulfate slurry takeoff means 4. The upper portion of the column is provided with a sodium chloride slurry takeoff means 5. Column 1 is divided into multiple treatment zones 6, 8, 10, etc. by plates incorporating multiple downwardly tapering funnel-shaped configurations 7 having openings 9 at the apex for discharging treated catch slurry downward into turbulent washing zones 6, 8, 10 etc. the flow of solids-containing slurry directed downwardly from plate to plate, and succeeding turbulent washing zones.</p>
	<p>Each plate is provided with multiple aperatures 11 located at or near the junction of the uppermost portion of the plate and the column wall. As the treated catch slurry moves downward onto the plate and through the opening 9, the upcoming flow of hot water is diverted in part through openings 11, setting up a circulatory flow around and in the funnel shaped configuration, creating turbulence in the zones immediately below the openings 9, continuously washing the catch, washing sodium chloride upward for removal via outlet 5 and continuously permitting the downward passage of sodium sulfate for removal via outlet 4. Control of the downward flow of the catch and the extent of the turbulence is conveniently effected by adjusting the relative sizes of the openings 9 and 11.</p>
	<p>Zone 12 of the apparatus is a relatively non-turbulent zone wherein the solids of the catch slurry settle by gravity and are not carried by rising liquid to the washing zone above.</p>
	<p>The column may be located immediately below the slurry tank in which instance the acid treated catch slurry moves by gravity flow from the slurry tank (not shown) into the column via inlet 2. In those instances where space and other factors dictate the placement of the column at a site adjacent to or remote from the slurry tank, the catch slurry is pumped by suitable pumping means (not shown) to the column via inlet 2.</p>
	<p>The total number of plates situated in the column may be varied, depending generally upon the size of the precipitator, amounts of catch to be handled in a given time period, space considerations. Generally, in operations where standard pulping precipitator units are used, columns of about 10-15 feet in length, 2-3 feet in diameter having 8-12 plates situated approximately 1 foot apart are suitable.</p>
	<p>As stated, the sodium sulfate recovered can be recycled to the recovery furnace. Alternately, the recovered sodium sulfate can be fed into a separate recovery boiler and reduced to sodium sulfide, which can then be re-used in the pulping process, removed for use in other applications, or converted to hydrogen sulfide by carbonation with a source of carbon dioxide, e.g., lime kiln gas, with the hydrogen sulfide oxidized to sulfuric acid which can be utilized in chlorine dioxide generation.</p>
	<p>The sulfuric acid used in treating the precipitator catch may be fresh sulfuric acid, although spent sulfuric acid from a chlorine dioxide generator may be used.</p>
	<p>The composition of a typical precipitator catch obtained in coastal kraft mills contains from about 45 to 75 percent sodium sulfate, 15 to 40 percent sodium chloride, 0.1 to 20 percent sodium carbonate and 1-12 percent organics. The major determining factor for sulfuric acid consumption in the sulfuric acid treatment is the sodium carbonate content, 0.92 pounds of sulfuric acid are required to convert 1 pound of sodium carbonate to sodium sulfate, with the organics consuming about 0.1 to 0.15 pounds of sulfuric acid per pound of organic matter.</p>
	<p>Sufficient aqueous sulfuric acid is added to the precipitator catch to convert the carbonate and to react with the organics present, with the pH on the acid side about 3-6. The slurry is mixed for a time, generally less than about 30 minutes, and at a temperature, generally less than about 65.degree. C., to effect treatment, and the resultant slurry added to the separatory column as hereinbefore described, preferably on a continuous basis.</p>
	<p>Utilizing the sulfuric acid treatment of precipitator catch wherein separation is effected by standard filtration techniques, the sodium sulfate filter cake contains as much as 15 percent unseparated sodium chloride, with a loss of about 1 pound sodium sulfate per 3 - 4.5 pounds sodium chloride in the filtrate.</p>
	<p>Utilizing the separatory technique of the present process essentially all of the sodium chloride is separated from the sodium sulfate, with insignificant amounts of sodium sulfate removed over head with the sodium chloride.</p>


	</div>
	</div>
	<div id="claims" class="wrapper">
	<div class="title-wrapper">
	<h2 class="heading-2">Claims</h2>
	</div>
	<div class="wrap">
	<div class="claim">
	<p> 1. In the process for the pulping of lignocellulosic material wherein </p><dl><dd> a. lignocellulosic materials are cooked with pulping liquor; </dd><dd> b. the pulping liquor is evaporated and combusted; </dd><dd> c. inorganic and organic solids mixed with the combustion gases are precipitated as precipitator catch containing sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate and organic material; </dd><dd> d. said sodium carbonate is converted to sodium sulfate with aqueous sulfuric acid at a pH of from about 3 to about 6 to produce a treated precipitator catch slurry containing sodium sulfate, sodium chloride and organic material; </dd><dd> the improvement which comprises </dd><dd> passing said treated precipitator catch slurry into the top of a separatory column, in a downward flow; </dd><dd> countercurrently passing hot water upwardly through said column at a rate sufficient to effect washing of the downwardly flowing slurry; </dd><dd> removing said sodium chloride from the top of said separatory column; and </dd><dd> removing said sodium sulfate and organic material from the bottom of said separatory column. </dd></dl>
	</div>
	<div class="claim">
	<p> 2. The process as defined by claim 1 wherein the process is a continuous process. </p>
	</div>
	<div class="claim">
	<p> 3. The process as defined by claim 1 wherein the temperature of the hot water is maintained at from about 30.degree. to about 70.degree. C. </p>
	</div>
	<div class="claim">
	<p> 4. The process as defined in claim 1 wherein the hot water is fed into the separatory column at a rate sufficient to provide from about 0.2 to about 4 pounds of water per each pound of sodium sulfate. </p>
	</div>
	<div class="claim">
	<p> 5. The process of claim 4 wherein said rate provides from about 0.2 to about 2.0 pounds of water per pound of sodium sulfate. </p>
	</div>
	<div class="claim">
	<p> 6. The process of claim 1 wherein said separatory column contains multiple plates incorporating therein multiple downwardly tapering funnel-shaped configurations for discharging slurry downward into turbulent zones and multiple apertures near the junction of the column wall allowing upward flow of water. </p>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div id="citations" class="wrapper">
	<div class="title-wrapper">
	<strong class="heading-2">Referenced Cited</strong>
	</div>
	<div class="wrap">
	<strong class="heading-4">U.S. Patent Documents</strong>
	<div class="wrap block">
	<table id="us-citations" class="zebra -zb table-full-width">
	<tbody class="table-bordered">
	<tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full">
	<td class="number">
	3130016
	</td>
	<td class="date">
	April 1964
	</td>
	<td class="inventor">
	Grier
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full">
	<td class="number">
	3243318
	</td>
	<td class="date">
	March 1966
	</td>
	<td class="inventor">
	Mihara et al.
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full">
	<td class="number">
	3309177
	</td>
	<td class="date">
	March 1967
	</td>
	<td class="inventor">
	Goerg
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full">
	<td class="number">
	3367735
	</td>
	<td class="date">
	February 1968
	</td>
	<td class="inventor">
	Hanway et al.
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full">
	<td class="number">
	3800026
	</td>
	<td class="date">
	March 1974
	</td>
	<td class="inventor">
	Morgan
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full">
	<td class="number">
	3801370
	</td>
	<td class="date">
	April 1974
	</td>
	<td class="inventor">
	Porter et al.
	</td>
	</tr>
	<tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full">
	<td class="number">
	3833462
	</td>
	<td class="date">
	September 1974
	</td>
	<td class="inventor">
	May et al.
	</td>
	</tr>
	</tbody>
	</table>
	</div>
	<strong class="heading-4">Foreign Patent Documents</strong>
	<div class="block">
	<table id="foreign-citations" class="zebra -zb table-full-width">
	<tbody class="table-bordered">
	<tr class="zebra -zb table-padding-full block">
	<td class="number">
	233,878
	</td>
	<td class="date">
	May 1925
	</td>
	<td class="country">

	UK


	</td>
	</tr>
	</tbody>
	</table>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div id="history" class="wrapper">
	<div class="title-wrapper">
	<strong class="heading-2">Patent History</strong>
	</div>
	<div class="wrap">
	<strong>Patent number</strong>: 4000034<br>

	<strong>Type: </strong>
	Grant

	<br>

	<strong>Filed</strong>: Aug 15, 1975<br>

	<strong>Date of Patent</strong>: Dec 28, 1976<br>


	<strong>Assignee</strong>:

	<a href="/assignee/hooker-chemicals-plastics-corporation">Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corporation</a>

	(Niagara Falls, NY)
	<br>


	<strong>Inventors</strong>:
	<a href="/inventor/harold-devere-partridge">Harold deVere Partridge</a>

	(Wilson, NY),
	<a href="/inventor/willard-a-fuller">Willard A. Fuller</a>

	(Grand Island, NY)
	<br>

	<strong>Primary Examiner</strong>: <a href="/examiner/s-leon-bashore">S. Leon Bashore</a>
	<br>


	<strong>Assistant Examiner</strong>: <a href="/examiner/peter-f-kratz">Peter F. Kratz</a>
	<br>

	<strong>Attorneys</strong>:
	<a href="/agent/peter-f-casella">Peter F. Casella</a>, <a href="/agent/william-j-crossetta-jr">William J. Crossetta, Jr.</a><br>


	<strong>Application Number</strong>: 5/605,093<br>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div id="classifications" class="wrapper">
	<div class="title-wrapper">
	<strong class="heading-2">Classifications</strong>
	</div>
	<div class="wrap">

	<strong>Current U.S. Class</strong>:
	<strong>
	162/30K;
	</strong>
	<a href="/patents-by-us-classification/162/DIG8">Chlorine-containing Liquid Regeneration (162/DIG8)</a>;
	210/21;
	<a href="/patents-by-us-classification/261/113">Perforated Baffles (261/113)</a>
	<br>

	<strong>International Classification</strong>:
	D21C 1106;
	<br>

	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sidebar primary-sidebar">
	<aside
	data-directive="j-lead"
	data-type="cornell"
	data-impression="0">
	</aside>
	<aside class="jlead-v2-wrapper jcard -loading" data-directive="j-dynamic-lead" data-lead-id="146">
	<div class="jspinner -double-bounce"><div class="-crl -crl1 bg-justia-blue"></div><div class="-crl -crl2 bg-justia-blue"></div></div>
	</aside>
	<aside id="ask-a-lawyer-widget" class="jcard has-padding-content-block-30 block">
	<p class="heading-4">
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Sidebar" data-gtm-label="All - Ask a Lawyer" href="https://answers.justia.com/">Ask a Lawyer</a>
	</p>
	<div class="content">
	<div class="block-wrapper small-font" data-directive="j-ask-a-lawyer">
	<form data-gtm-type="submission" data-gtm-label="Ask a Lawyer" data-gtm-category="Widgets" name="ask-a-lawyer-form" method="post" action="https://answers.justia.com/ask" id="homepage-ask" accept-charset="utf-8">
	<div class="jfld-group">
	<strong>Question:</strong>
	<textarea name="question" class="jfld-block" id="ask-a-lawyer-textarea" rows="5" title="Please ask your question here and get free answers from lawyers." placeholder="Please ask your question here and get free answers from lawyers."></textarea>
	</div>
	<span class="block">
	<a id="answers-add-details">Add details</a>
	<div class="pull-right" id="char-court">120</div>
	</span>
	<div class="question-details clear-both hidden-content" id="question-details">
	<div class="jfld-group">
	<strong>Additional Details: </strong>
	<textarea name="details" id="ask-a-lawyer-details-textarea" rows="5" class="jfld-block" title="If you have additional details about your question fill them here" placeholder="If you have additional details about your question fill them here"></textarea>
	</div>
	<span class="block">
	<div class="pull-right" id="char-court-details">
	1000
	</div>
	</span>
	</div>
	<button type="submit" name="submit" class="pull-right button button-primary uppercase">
	Ask Question
	</button>
	</form>
	</div>
	</div>
	</aside>
	<aside class="jcard jlead-v2-wrapper -loading" data-directive="j-dynamic-lead" data-property="patents">
	<div class="jspinner -double-bounce">
	<div class="-crl -crl1 bg-justia-blue"></div>
	<div class="-crl -crl2 bg-justia-blue"></div>
	</div>
	</aside>
	<aside class="jcard has-padding-content-block-30 block">
	<p class="heading-4">
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Sidebar" data-gtm-label="All - Find a Lawyer" href="//www.justia.com/lawyers/patents/locate" id="findalawyerlink">Find a Lawyer</a>
	</p>
	<div class="block-wrapper">
	<form data-gtm-type="submission" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer" data-gtm-category="Widgets" class="jform small-font jform--find-lawyer" name="find-a-lawyer-form" action="//lawyers.justia.com/search" method="get" accept-charset="utf-8">
	<div class="jfld-group">
	<input type="text" name="query" value="Patents" class="jfld-block" id="lawyer_practice_field" title="Legal Issue or Lawyer Name" placeholder="Legal Issue or Lawyer Name"/>
	</div>
	<div class="jfld-group -side-button clearfix">
	<input type="text" name="location" id="lawyer-location" title="City, State" placeholder="City, State" />
	<input type="submit" value="Search" class="button button-primary search uppercase" />
	</div>
	</form>
	<div class="text-center clear-both">
	<strong class="heading-6 has-no-bottom-margin">
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Sidebar" data-gtm-label="All - Lawyers - Get Listed Now!" href="https://lawyers.justia.com/lawyer-directory-listings" class="button button-red-ghost">Lawyers - Get Listed Now!</a>
	</strong>
	<span class="tiny-font">Get a free directory profile listing</span>
	</div>
	</div>
	</aside>
	<aside data-directive="j-find-a-lawyer" data-practice="patents" data-level="300"></aside>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div id="footer" class="-v2 short bg-white color-black">
	<div class="wrapper has-no-padding">
	<div class="resources font-opensans has-padding-content-block-x2large clearfix">
	<div class="section-title">Justia Legal Resources</div>
	<div class="columns">
	<div class="footer-block">
	<div class="title">
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">Find a Lawyer</a>
	<span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-01">
	<img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow">
	</span>
	</div>
	<ul id="footer-01" class="footer-list -collapsed">
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Bankruptcy Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/bankruptcy">Bankruptcy Lawyers</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/business-law">Business Lawyers</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Criminal Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/criminal-law">Criminal Lawyers</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/employment-law">Employment Lawyers</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Estate Planning Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/estate-planning">Estate Planning Lawyers</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Family Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/family-law">Family Lawyers</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Personal Injury Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/personal-injury">Personal Injury Lawyers</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer - More" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">More... </a></li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	<div class="footer-block">
	<div class="title">
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Individuals" href="https://www.justia.com/individuals/">Individuals</a>
	<span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-02">
	<img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow">
	</span>
	</div>
	<ul id="footer-02" class="footer-list -collapsed">
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Bankruptcy" href="https://www.justia.com/bankruptcy/">Bankruptcy</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Criminal" href="https://www.justia.com/criminal/">Criminal</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Divorce" href="https://www.justia.com/family/divorce/">Divorce</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="DUI" href="https://www.justia.com/criminal/drunk-driving-dui-dwi/">DUI</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Estate Planning" href="https://www.justia.com/estate-planning/">Estate Planning</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Family Law" href="https://www.justia.com/family/">Family Law</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Personal Injury" href="https://www.justia.com/injury/">Personal Injury</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Individuals - More" href="https://www.justia.com/individuals/">More...</a></li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	<div class="footer-block">
	<div class="title">
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business" href="https://www.justia.com/business/">Business</a>
	<span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-03">
	<img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow">
	</span>
	</div>
	<ul id="footer-03" class="footer-list -collapsed">
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Formation" href="https://www.justia.com/business-operations/starting-your-own-business/">Business Formation</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Operations" href="https://www.justia.com/business-operations/">Business Operations</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment" href="https://www.justia.com/employment/">Employment</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Intellectual Property" href="https://www.justia.com/intellectual-property/">Intellectual Property</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="International Trade" href="https://www.justia.com/international-law/international-trade-law/">International Trade</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Real Estate" href="https://www.justia.com/real-estate/">Real Estate</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Tax Law" href="https://www.justia.com/tax/">Tax Law</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business - More" href="https://www.justia.com/business/">More... </a></li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	<div class="footer-block">
	<div class="title">
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Students" href="https://www.justia.com/law-students/">Law Students</a>
	<span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-04">
	<img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow">
	</span>
	</div>
	<ul id="footer-04" class="footer-list -collapsed">
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Schools" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/">Law Schools</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Admissions" href="https://www.justia.com/law-students/">Admissions</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Financial Aid" href="https://www.justia.com/law-students/">Financial Aid</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Course Outlines" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/outlines/">Course Outlines</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Journals" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/">Law Journals</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Blogs" href="https://blawgsearch.justia.com/blogs/categories/law-student">Blogs</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment" href="https://www.justia.com/law-students/">Employment</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Students - More" href="https://www.justia.com/law-students/">More...</a></li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	<div class="footer-block">
	<div class="title">
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Federal Law" href="https://law.justia.com/us/">US Federal Law</a>
	<span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-05">
	<img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow">
	</span>
	</div>
	<ul id="footer-05" class="footer-list -collapsed">
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Constitution" href="https://law.justia.com/constitution/us/">US Constitution</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Code" href="https://law.justia.com/codes/us">US Code</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Regulations" href="https://regulations.justia.com/">Regulations</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Supreme Court" href="https://supreme.justia.com/">Supreme Court</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Circuit Courts" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/">Circuit Courts</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="District Courts" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/">District Courts</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Dockets & Filings" href="https://dockets.justia.com/">Dockets & Filings</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Federal Law - More" href="https://law.justia.com/us/">More...</a></li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	<div class="footer-block">
	<div class="title">
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US State Law" href="https://law.justia.com/us-states/">US State Law</a>
	<span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-06">
	<img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow">
	</span>
	</div>
	<ul id="footer-06" class="footer-list -collapsed">
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="State Constitutions" href="https://law.justia.com/us-states/">State Constitutions</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="State Codes" href="https://law.justia.com/codes/">State Codes</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="State Case Law" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/">State Case Law</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="California" href="https://law.justia.com/california/">California</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Florida" href="https://law.justia.com/florida/">Florida</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="New York" href="https://law.justia.com/new-york/">New York</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Texas" href="https://law.justia.com/texas/">Texas</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US State Law - More" href="https://law.justia.com/us-states/">More... </a></li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	<div class="footer-block">
	<div class="title">
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Other Databases" href="https://www.justia.com/">Other Databases</a>
	<span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-07">
	<img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow">
	</span>
	</div>
	<ul id="footer-07" class="footer-list -collapsed">
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="COVID-19 Resources" href="https://www.justia.com/covid-19/">COVID-19 Resources</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Legal Blogs" href="https://blawgsearch.justia.com/">Legal Blogs</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Forms" href="https://contracts.justia.com/">Business Forms</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Product Recalls" href="https://recalls.justia.com/">Product Recalls</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Patents" href="https://patents.justia.com/">Patents</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Trademarks" href="https://trademarks.justia.com/">Trademarks</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Countries" href="https://www.justia.com/countries/">Countries</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Other Databases - More" href="https://www.justia.com/">More...</a></li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	<div class="footer-block">
	<div class="title">
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">Marketing Solutions</a>
	<span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-08">
	<img src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow">
	</span>
	</div>
	<ul id="footer-08" class="footer-list -collapsed">
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Connect Membership" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/">Justia Connect Membership</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Lawyer Directory" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/">Justia Lawyer Directory</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Premium Placements" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/#premium-placements">Justia Premium Placements</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Elevate" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/">Justia Elevate (SEO, Websites)</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Amplify" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/">Justia Amplify (PPC, GBP)</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Onward Blog" href="https://onward.justia.com/">Justia Onward Blog</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Testimonials" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/testimonials/">Testimonials</a></li>
	<li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions - More" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">More...</a></li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="bg-justia-blue">
	<div class="wrapper">
	<div class="copyright">
	<span class="site">
	<span class="social-media">
	<a href="https://www.facebook.com/justia" title="Facebook" target="_blank" class="fb icon"><img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/facebook.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="Facebook" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - Facebook"></a>
	<a href="https://twitter.com/justiacom" title="Twitter" target="_blank" class="twitter icon"><img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/twitter.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="Twitter" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - Twitter"></a>
	<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/justia" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" class="linkedin icon"><img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/linkedin.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="LinkedIn" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - LinkedIn"></a>
	<a href="https://lawyers.justia.com/organization/justia-inc-16302" title="Justia Lawyer Directory" class="justia icon"><img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/justia.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="Justia" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - Justia Lawyer Directory"></a>
	<a href="https://www.youtube.com/justia" title="Justia Lawyer Directory" target="_blank" class="youtube icon"><img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/youtube.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="YouTube" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - YouTube"></a>
	</span>
	<span class="credits"> © 2023 <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Copyright" href="https://www.justia.com/">Justia</a></span>
	</span>
	<span class="nav">
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Justia Connect" href="https://connect.justia.com/">Justia Connect</a>
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Legal Portal" href="https://www.justia.com/">Legal Portal</a>
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Company" href="https://company.justia.com/">Company</a>
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Help" href="https://support.justia.com/">Help</a>
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Terms of Service" href="https://www.justia.com/terms-of-service/">Terms of Service</a>
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Privacy Policy" href="https://www.justia.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a>
	<a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions" class="nowrap" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">Marketing Solutions</a>
	</span>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<script src="https://justatic.com/v/20231003111152/shared/js/core.js"></script>
	<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
	<script>
	(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle \|\| []).push({});
	</script>
	</body>
	</html>