Practice Questions Sure! Here's a quick A, B, C, D format for each question with the correct answer and a brief explanation: 1. As you near an intersection, the traffic light changes from green to yellow. Your best action would be to: A) Speed up to beat the red light B) Apply the brakes sharply to stop C) Be prepared to stop in the center of the intersection D) Be prepared to stop before the intersection Answer: D Explanation: A yellow light means slow down and prepare to stop before the intersection. 2. Which of the following must you obey over the other three? A) A steady red light B) A police officer C) A stop sign D) A flashing red light Answer: B Explanation: A police officer’s signals always override traffic signals and signs. 3. You may cross a double solid yellow line: A) To pass a slow moving truck B) To turn into a driveway C) To pass a car if traffic permits D) Under no conditions Answer: B Explanation: You may cross double yellow lines only to turn into a driveway or side road. 4. A traffic light which has a green arrow and a red light means that: A) You may only drive straight ahead B) You may drive only in the direction of the green arrow C) You must wait for a green light D) Vehicles moving in any direction must stop Answer: B Explanation: Green arrow means you may proceed only in the arrow’s direction. 5. What does a red stop sign on the road mean? A) Slow down and prepare to stop only if cars are approaching you B) Come to a full stop, then go when it is safe to do so C) Proceed carefully through the intersection, not always stopping D) Stop only for traffic on an intersecting road Answer: B Explanation: A red stop sign means full stop, then proceed when safe. 6. A red and white triangular sign at an intersection means: A) Slow down if an emergency vehicle is approaching B) Slow down and be prepared to stop if necessary C) Always come to a full stop at the intersection D) Look both ways as you cross the intersection Answer: B Explanation: The triangular sign is a yield sign. 7. You come to an intersection which has a flashing red light. You should: A) Come to a full stop, then go when safe to do so B) Stop only if cars are approaching the intersection C) Stop only if cars are already in the intersection D) Slow down and be prepared to stop if necessary Answer: A Explanation: Flashing red means stop fully, then proceed when safe. 8. You may not cross a single broken white (or yellow) line: A) When to do so would interfere with traffic B) When turning left into a driveway C) When the car in front is disabled D) When passing to the right on a one-way street Answer: A Explanation: You cannot cross if it interferes with traffic flow. 9. What are the colors of a sign which tells you the distance to the next exit of a highway? A) Yellow with black letters B) Black with white letters C) Red with white letters D) Green with white letters Answer: D Explanation: Distance and direction highway signs are green with white letters. 10. What are the colors of the warning signs that indicate hazards ahead, such as curves in the road or narrow bridges? A) Black letters or symbols on a white background B) Black letters or symbols on a yellow background C) White letters or symbols on a blue background D) White letters or symbols on a green background Answer: B Explanation: Warning signs are black on yellow. 11. A diamond-shaped sign is a: A) Road hazard sign B) Interstate route sign C) School crossing sign D) Speed limit sign Answer: A Explanation: Diamond shape indicates warnings or hazards. 12. Which of the following is used on some highways to direct drivers into the proper lanes for turning? A) Flashing red lights B) Flashing yellow lights C) White lines on the side of the road D) White arrows in the middle of the lanes Answer: D Explanation: White arrows on lanes show where to turn. 13. What does a flashing yellow light mean? A) Merging traffic B) Proceed with caution C) Pedestrian crossing D) Come to a full stop Answer: B Explanation: Flashing yellow means slow down and proceed carefully. 14. A solid white line on the right edge of the highway slants in toward your left. This shows that: A) There is an intersection just ahead B) You are approaching a construction area C) You will be required to turn left just ahead D) The road will get narrower Answer: D Explanation: Slanting white lines show the road is narrowing. 15. When the road is marked with a solid yellow line and a broken yellow line on your side you may pass: A) Only in an emergency B) If you are on an expressway C) If traffic is clear D) Only at an intersection Answer: C Explanation: Passing is allowed if your side has the broken line and traffic is clear. 16. An intersection has a stop sign and a crosswalk, but no stop line. You must stop: A) Before the crosswalk B) 50 feet before the intersection C) Where you think the stop line would be D) With your front wheels in the crosswalk Answer: A Explanation: Stop before the crosswalk. 17. A rectangular-shaped sign is a: A) Speed limit sign B) Railroad crossing sign C) Stop sign D) School crossing sign Answer: A Explanation: Rectangular signs usually show regulations like speed limits. 18. You may cross a single solid white line in the highway: A) Whenever you want to B) If traffic conditions require C) Only to turn into a driveway D) Only to make a u-turn Answer: C Explanation: Solid white lines discourage lane changes except for turning. 19. You must yield the right-of-way to an approaching vehicle when you are: A) Already in a traffic circle B) Already in an intersection C) Going straight ahead D) Turning left Answer: D Explanation: Yield to oncoming traffic when turning left. 20. What should you do when you are going to enter a roadway from a private road? A) Blow your horn to warn cars you are entering the roadway B) Stop with part of the car on the roadway to warn other drivers C) Drive out fast to merge smoothly with the traffic D) Yield the right-of-way to pedestrians and roadway traffic Answer: D Explanation: Yield to all traffic and pedestrians. 21. You come to an intersection which is blocked by other traffic. You should: A) Go slowly until the traffic ahead moves B) Get as close as possible to the other car C) Stay out of the intersection until you can pass through D) Sound your horn to make the cars move up Answer: C Explanation: Do not block the intersection. 22. You must pull over and stop for: A) Vehicles that display blue, green or amber lights B) Authorized emergency vehicles responding to emergencies C) A hazard vehicle that is parked, stopped or standing on any part of the highway D) Stopped or standing school buses Answer: B Explanation: Pull over for emergency vehicles responding to emergencies. 23. You want to turn right at the next intersection. You should begin to use your turn signal: A) At least 50 feet before the turn B) When you reach the intersection C) At least 100 feet before you turn D) As soon as you see cars behind you Answer: C Explanation: Signal at least 100 feet before turning. 24. The law that requires every driver to exercise care to avoid colliding with an authorized emergency or hazard vehicle is called: A) Brianna’s Law B) The Green Light Law C) Move Over Law D) Right of Way Answer: C Explanation: The Move Over Law requires drivers to move over or slow down. 25. When you want to make a right turn, your car must be: A) Near the center of the street B) Close to the left side of the street C) Close to the right side of the street D) Past the center of the intersection when you begin to turn Answer: C Explanation: Keep close to the right side when turning right. 26. You are waiting in the intersection to complete a left turn. You should: A) Signal and keep your wheels turned to the left B) Signal and keep your wheels straight C) Flash your headlights so the driver will let you through D) Drive around the rear of a car if it blocks you Answer: B Explanation: Keep wheels straight to avoid being pushed into oncoming traffic. 27. The driver's left arm and hand are extended downward. This hand signal means that the driver plans to: A) Turn left B) Turn right C) Stop D) Start up Answer: C Explanation: Left arm down means stop or slow down. 28. You have the right of way when you are: A) Entering a traffic circle B) Backing out of a driveway C) Leaving a parking space D) Already in a traffic circle Answer: D Explanation: Vehicles inside the circle have the right of way. 29. You are making a left turn away from a two-way street into a one-way street. When you have completed the turn your car should be: A) In the right lane of the street B) In the center of the street C) In the left lane of the street D) In the lane with the least traffic Answer: A Explanation: When turning left into a one-way street, keep to the right lane. 30. The driver's left hand and arm are extended upward. This hand signal means that the driver plans to: A) Turn left B) Turn right C) Come to a stop D) Go straight ahead Answer: B Explanation: Left arm up means turn right. 31. When you see an emergency vehicle parked, stopped, or standing with its emergency or hazard lights activated on a highway or parkway, you should: A) Move out of the lane closest to the emergency vehicle, if possible to do so safely B) Make a U-turn to avoid the vehicle C) Maintain your speed and lane position if possible D) Stop behind the vehicle and activate your hazard lights Answer: A Explanation: Safely move over a lane away from emergency/hazard vehicles. 32. You want to turn left at an intersection. The light is green but oncoming traffic is heavy. You should: A) Use the next intersection B) Wait at the crosswalk for traffic to clear C) Wait in the center of the intersection for traffic to clear D) Take the right-of-way since you have the light Answer: A Explanation: If you can't clear the intersection, wait for the next. 33. You drive along a street and hear a siren. You cannot immediately see the emergency vehicle. You should: A) Keep driving until you see the vehicle B) Pull to the curb and look to see if it is on your street C) Slow down but don't stop until you see it D) Speed up and turn at the next intersection Answer: B Explanation: Pull over and look carefully for the emergency vehicle. 34. When two vehicles enter an intersection from different highways at the same time, which vehicle must yield the right-of-way? A) Either one B) Vehicle on the left C) Vehicle on the right D) Neither one Answer: B Explanation: Vehicle on the left yields to the vehicle on the right. Rules of the Road Even for the most confident drivers, New York City's traffic-packed streets and fearless pedestrians can be intimidating. And because of the nature of the city's perpetual business, road rules for turning and parking are likely very different than what you're used to at home. Road signs: There are many major avenues where you can't make a left turn during certain hours, so keep an eye out for signs. These rules are designed to limit congestion at busy intersections, and the police will ticket you if you get caught making an illegal turn. Don't block the box: If you see the traffic light is about to change, stay where you are so you don't get caught in the middle of the intersection. You will see signs saying, "Don't block the box," and doing so may come with a heavy fine. Tolls: Tolls in New York City are ubiquitous and expensive, especially when crossing between New Jersey and New York. Some bridges, like the Brooklyn, Williamsburg, and Manhattan, are toll-free. Some tolls are cashless, which means if you don't have E-ZPass, your license plate will be photographed, and a bill for the toll will be mailed to your registered address. Cell phones: The use of a hand-held device, whether talking or texting, while driving is illegal, and you could be fined if caught. There are exceptions if you are using a device's hands-free features or making an emergency phone call. Alcohol: The blood alcohol content (BAC) limit for driving under the influence in New York City is .08 percent BAC. Smoking: Smoking in the car is not allowed when driving with a child under 18 and you can be fined on your first offense. Honking: "Unnecessary honking" is technically illegal in New York City, with a fine of $800 or more. However, it won't take you much time to notice that this law is rarely enforced. Although horn honking is a cathartic expression for many New York drivers, you should avoid doing so and adding to the noise pollution. Pedestrians: Pedestrians in New York City are daring and frequently jaywalking, so keep your eyes out for people wherever you are driving, whether you're near a crosswalk or not. Fire hydrants and crosswalks: When looking for street parking, stay 15 feet away from fire hydrants when you park on the street, or else your car will likely be towed. If you park near a crosswalk, make sure your tires are located entirely outside of the crosswalk markings, or you run the risk of getting a ticket. Parking When you see an empty block, there is often a good reason that people aren't parked there. Whether it's street cleaning or a loading zone, street parking in New York City is at a premium, so it's rare to see many spots available. There are even meters where you can't park for several hours a day—usually during rush hour—so even paying the meter doesn't give you a free all-day pass. Watch for signs announcing certain hours or certain days of the week when parking is not allowed in certain spots or on one side of a block. Street parking in New York City is a rarity, but you might get lucky. Most of the time, your surest bet for finding parking is a parking garage, but finding a good price at a garage in New York City is like a cross between hunting for treasure and solving a jigsaw puzzle. At many parking garages, they'll have a sign that says something like "$8 All Day" but in tiny print, it says "up to half an hour." Depending on where you are, you'll find that rates top out after just a few hours, so parking somewhere for two hours costs the same as parking there for 12 hours. Ask the parking lot attendants about rates before you park and whether or not they accept cash because some lots are cash only. You can use a website like NYC Best Parking or ParkWhiz to research your parking options before you leave and find the most affordable garage close to where you need to go. Enter your arrival and departure date and times, as well as the location, and the site gives lots of great options for parking with prices. Be sure to write down the street address of the lot you pick because there are often lots right next to each other, and the prices can differ wildly. If you park illegally or if your parking meter runs out, there's also a strong likelihood that you'll get a ticket, and your car could even be towed. If You Get Towed It's way cheaper to pay for parking in a lot, even if it's overpriced than to risk getting your car towed to a secure lot. Not only are these lots inconveniently located—sometimes they'll tow your car to Brooklyn even though it's parked in Manhattan—but they charge more to "store" your car on top of the cost of whatever the ticket. Also, tow lots are often not open on weekends and in the evening, so it can really mess up your plans if you have to spend another night in New York City just to get your car back. Bridges, Tunnels, and Highways When driving into, out of, and around Manhattan, you will have many options from the bridges and tunnels that lead to New Jersey and the other boroughs to the stretches of highway that can take you from Central Park to the World Trade Center in the most efficient way possible. Bridges and tunnels in New York City have undergone many name changes, so be wary of old and out-of-date signs. George Washington Bridge: This bridge will connect from Fort Lee, New Jersey, to uptown above Central Park, where you can get off in Washington Heights or connect to the Cross-Bronx Expressway, the Major Deegan Expressway, the Henry Hudson Parkway, or Riverside Drive. Lincoln Tunnel: This tunnel will connect you from Weehawken, New Jersey, to midtown near the Port Authority on 42nd Street. Holland Tunnel: From the Jersey City area, this tunnel will connect you to Lower Manhattan in between Soho and Tribeca. West Side Highway: A continuation of the Henry Hudson Parkway, this scenic road runs north to south from West 72nd Street to the southern tip of Manhattan. Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel: Officially known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel, this tunnel connects Battery Park in downtown Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn. Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge: This bridge, which also marks the starting line of the New York Marathon, connects Brooklyn to Staten Island. Brooklyn Bridge: Tourists love to cross this bridge on foot, but cars can also take it to get from the downtown Seaport to Downtown Brooklyn. Manhattan Bridge: This bridge connects Chinatown to the Dumbo neighborhood of Brooklyn. Williamsburg Bridge: Connecting Manhattan to the northern parts of Brooklyn, this bridge spans from the Bowery in Manhattan to Williamsburg in Brooklyn. FDR Drive: On the east side of Manhattan, this parkway starts at 125th Street and ends at the Battery Park Underpass. Brooklyn Queens Expressway: Referred to as the BQE and technically the beginning of Interstate 278 (I-278), this highway passes through Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island, connecting Interstate 95 (I-95) to New Jersey. Queens Midtown Tunnel: Crossing the East River, this tunnel connects midtown Manhattan near 37th Street to Long Island City in Queens. Queensboro Bridge: The Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge, or 59th Street Bridge, connects the Upper East Side of Manhattan to Long Island City. Although it passes over Roosevelt Island, you cannot get off here. Roosevelt Island Bridge: This bridge, which goes from Roosevelt Island to Astoria, Queens, is the only way to get to Roosevelt Island by car. Robert F. Kennedy Bridge: Locally referred to as the Triborough Bridge, the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge is actually a complex collection of bridges and expressways that connect Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx, as well as the Bruckner Expressway (I-278), the Major Deegan Expressway (I-87), Harlem River Drive, FDR Drive, and Astoria Boulevard. Harlem River Drive: This highway runs along the Harlem River, from 10th Avenue in the Inwood Neighborhood to the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge in East Harlem. Cross Bronx Expressway: A part of I-95, this expressway begins at the Alexander Hamilton Bridge, crosses over the Harlem River, and continues west to the George Washington Bridge. Basic Requirements To drive a car or motorcycle in New York State, you must be at least 16 years old and have a valid New York State driver license or learner permit, or a valid driver license or permit issued by another state or country If you have a New York State learner permit or one issued in another state, you must follow New York State permit restrictions. If you are under the age of 18, you must obey New York's Graduated License Law. Residents of New York If you become a New York State resident, you must get a New York State driver license within 30 days. If you have a valid driver license issued by another U.S. state or territory, federal district, or Canadian province, you may be eligible to exchange it for a New York driver license (see Exchange an out-of-state license), or see other information about moving to New York. If your license was issued outside the U.S. or Canada, you must apply for a new original New York State driver license at a DMV office (see Get your learner permit and driver license). When you pass your road test, you must give your foreign driver license to the DMV road test examiner. Definition of "Resident" Section 250 (5) of the NY State Vehicle and Traffic Law says: As used in this section, the term "resident" shall mean domiciliary, that is, one who lives in this state with the intention of making it a fixed and permanent abode. It shall be presumptive evidence that a person who maintains a place of abode in this state for a period of at least ninety days is a resident of this state. To live in a house, a home, an apartment, a room, or another similar place in New York State for 90 days is considered "presumptive evidence" that you are a resident of New York State. A police officer can use this as evidence to issue a traffic ticket if you drive in New York State without a New York State driver license or vehicle registration. A judge considers the law and the evidence of your intent and decides if you are a resident of New York State. If you pay taxes or your children attend school in another state, a judge considers these facts to decide if your intent is to make New York a "fixed and permanent" residence. According to this law, students from other states or from other nations who attend school in New York State are usually not considered residents of New York. DMV does not decide if you are a resident of New York State, if you must get a New York State driver license, or if you must register your vehicle in New York State. Non-Residents Out-of-State and Foreign Driver Licenses You can drive in New York State with a valid driver license from another state or country. You don’t need to apply for a New York State driver license unless you become a New York State resident. If you have a driver license from another country you do not need to have an International Driving Permit, but it is helpful. The permit verifies in several languages that you have a valid driver license. Police officers who can’t read the language on your foreign driver license will be able to read the permit. Contact the authorities in your home country to get an International Driving Permit. Visitors From Other Countries If you have a driver license from any nation, you do not need a New York State license to drive here. You should only apply for a New York State driver license if you become a resident of New York State. If you do not have a license in your home country and want to get a New York State driver license, you must pass a written test, complete a 5-hour pre-licensing course and pass a road test. See Get your learner permit and driver license. Students Students from other states or from other nations who attend school in New York State are normally not considered New York State residents. Out-of-State Learner Permits You may drive in New York State with a learner permit issued in another state if you are age 16 or older your out-of-state learner permit is valid outside the issuing state you obey all restrictions of the state that issued the learner permit and the general restrictions for learner permit holders in New York State if you are under age 18, the additional restrictions explained in the Graduated Driver License (GDL) Law and drivers under age 18 You cannot exchange an out-of-state permit for a New York State permit. You must apply for a New York permit at a DMV office if your out-of-state learner permit does not allow you to drive in New York State. A PASSING SCORE ON THE PERMIT TEST IS 70% Sixt Magazine / Guides & Tips / Driving in New York State Driving in New York State Driving in New York State isn’t just about navigating the iconic metropolis of the same name. In upstate New York and beyond you can find spectacular landscapes that include some of America’s most beautiful natural sights. And you can enjoy your trip even more if you avoid fines and offenses during your car rental vacation by knowing some of the rules of the road. We also share some sightseeing tips and general speed limits so you can sit back and enjoy driving through New York. General Rules and Regulations In New York drivers must yield to other motorists or pedestrians in order to avoid an accident. In addition, drivers must yield to pedestrians in both marked and unmarked crosswalks. You must stop for school buses that have flashing lights or are loading and unloading. In New York, this rule even applies if you are on the other side of a divided highway. Drivers are required not to stop in an intersection when they can not clear the green light due to backed up traffic. All front-seat drivers and passengers must wear seat belts. Children under 4 years old must be placed in a safety seat. Children between 40 and 100 pounds up to 6 years of age must be in a booster seat while those over 100 pounds must use a seat belt with a shoulder and lap belt. Drivers must follow the 2-second rule when behind another vehicle and this must be increased to a safe level in adverse weather conditionsThe speed limit throughout New York is lower than many other U.S states at a 55 mile-per-hour maximum unless otherwise signposted. On some Interstate Highways such as I-787 and I-495, the speed limit can drop to 40 mph. Like some neighboring states, New York also has the “reasonable and prudent” limit law that means you must adjust your speed to avoid accidents depending on the weather and road conditions. Within city limits 30-45 mph (48-72 km/h) Highways outside cities 55 mph (89 km/h) Interstates 55-65 mph (89-105 km/h) Passing, Turning, and Parking When using multi-lane roads in New York, slower-moving drivers that are passed frequently are required to move to the right lane so that vehicles can pass safely on the left. When turning in New York drivers are required to signal 100 feet before the turn; hand signals must be used in the absence of functioning turn lights. There are three different ways to park in New York and it is crucial to understand the difference between “parking”, “standing” and “stopping” if you want to avoid fines. When the sign reads “No Parking” you are not allowed to stop and leave your vehicle, but you can stop temporarily to load and unload people or goods. “No Standing” means you can only to stop briefly to load or unload people. “No Stopping” means that you can only stop if instructed to do so by a police officer, traffic signal, or sign. In addition, you cannot park or allow your vehicle to stand in front of driveways. You also cannot park, stop, or stand your vehicle within the following distances: Within 15 feet of a fire hydrant Within 50 feet of a railroad crossing Within 30 feet of a traffic signal, flashing beacon or yield sign. Within 20 feet of a crosswalk at an intersection. Within 20 feet of a fire station on the same side of the road or 75 feet when parking on the opposite side. Chapter 7 – Parallel Parking (Cleaned Data) Q1: A "no stopping" sign means that, unless directed to do so by a policeman, you may stop only: A. Long enough to unload packages B. To avoid conflict with other traffic C. To discharge passengers D. For less than 5 minutes Q2: Before you leave a parking space which is parallel to the curb, you should: A. Sound your horn B. Turn on your four-way flasher C. Look for traffic by turning your head D. Look for traffic by using your inside rear-view mirror Q3: If you are parked parallel to the curb, you may get out of the car on the traffic side: A. During the daytime when other drivers can see you B. When the traffic light at the closest intersection turns red C. When you won't interfere with oncoming vehicles D. If you use your four-way flasher first Q4: A "no parking" sign at a certain location means: A. You may never stop your vehicle there B. You may stop temporarily to load or unload passengers C. You may park there if the driver remains in the vehicle D. You may leave your vehicle unattended for less than 5 minutes Q5: A driver may park in a space reserved for people with disabilities if the vehicle displays license plates for the disabled: A. Regardless of who is in the vehicle B. Only if the driver is disabled C. And is carrying a disabled person named on the registration D. If someone in the driver's immediate family is disabled Q6: A "no standing" sign at a certain location means: A. You may never stop your vehicle there B. You may park there if the driver remains in the vehicle C. You may stop temporarily to pick up or discharge passengers D. You may stop to load or unload merchandise Q7: You may never park: A. On a one-way street B. At the entrance of a building C. In a crosswalk D. Within 50 feet of a fire hydrant Q8: Assuming that the street is level, what should you do after you have finished parallel parking in a space between two other cars? A. Leave your front wheels turned toward the curb B. Make sure your car almost touches the car behind you C. Move as far forward in the space as possible D. Straighten your front wheels and leave room between cars Q9: In a parking space reserved for people with disabilities, a non-disabled driver: A. May park in an emergency B. May not park, but stop in an emergency C. May not park or stop, but may stand in an emergency D. May neither park, stop, nor stand Chapter 8 – Defensive Driving (Cleaned Data) Q1: Aggressive driving can become road rage. What should you do when confronted by an aggressive driver? A. Speed up to pass the driver as quickly as possible B. Be prepared to yield the right of way C. Drink alcohol to calm yourself down D. Make eye contact with the driver Q2: Driving in a state of rage can: A. Affect your ability to reason and make decisions B. Increase the chance of being involved in a traffic accident C. Lead to a revoked or suspended license D. All of these choices Q3: Seat belts can be most effective as injury preventive devices when they are worn by: A. The person driving the car B. Passengers when they are on a long drive C. All occupants of a car being driven on an expressway D. Passengers and the driver whenever they are in the car Q4: Which of the following is always true about road rage? A. There is nothing a driver can do to prevent road rage B. You must hold your position in your travel lane C. Only violent people experience road rage D. You should remain polite to aggressive drivers Q5: What is true of work zones? A. They are always stationary and therefore easily avoided B. They are only dangerous at night C. Speeding fines are tripled when workers are present D. Rear-end collisions are the most common type of crash in work zones Q6: Minimum speed signs are designed to: A. Keep traffic flowing smoothly B. Show current local road conditions C. Test future traffic signal needs D. Assure pedestrian safety Q7: On a New York State highway where there is no posted speed limit, the fastest you may legally drive is: A. 50 mph B. 55 mph C. 60 mph D. 65 mph Q8: Which of the following may describe a work zone sign? A. A white rectangle with black letters B. An orange diamond with black letters C. A green rectangle with white letters D. A yellow circle with black letters Q9: Signs that warn "lane closed ahead" may indicate a work zone ahead. You should: A. Merge your vehicle into the correct lane when it is safe B. Drive to the end of the closed lane before attempting to merge C. Understand that this sign is merely a suggestion and continue in the lane D. Speed up to merge as quickly as possible Q10: A safe speed to drive your car: A. Is the posted speed limit B. Is less than the posted speed limit C. Depends on the weather and road conditions D. Depends on the mechanical skill of the driver Q11: One of the rules of defensive driving is: A. Look straight ahead as you drive B. Stay alert and keep your eyes moving C. Expect that other drivers will make up for your errors D. Be confident that you can avoid danger at the last minute Q12: On long trips you can prevent drowsiness by: A. Turning on your car radio B. Slowing down so you can react better C. Stopping at regular intervals for a rest D. Moving your eyes from side to side as you drive Chapter 9 – Alcohol and Other Drugs (Cleaned Data) Q1: What is the only effective way to reduce your blood alcohol content (BAC)? A. Drinking coffee B. Exercising C. Allow your body time to get rid of alcohol D. Taking a cold shower Q2: What does alcohol do to your driving skills and judgment? A. It helps driving skills but harms your judgment B. It harms both driving skills and judgment C. It has no effect on either driving skills or judgment D. It has no effect on judgment but it harms driving skills Q3: Which of the following influence the effects of alcohol? A. The amount of food in the stomach B. The body weight of an individual C. How much time passes between drinks D. All three choices Q4: What effect might alcohol and another drug have when combined in your blood? A. Increase the effects of both B. Have no effect on driving ability C. Reduce the effects of the drug or medicine D. Reduce the effects of the alcohol Q5: What are the consequences that can result from driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs? A. Possible imprisonment B. A mandatory fine C. Driver license revocation D. All of these choices Q6: Blood alcohol content (BAC) depends on each of the following except: A. Your body weight B. How much you drink C. How much time passes between drinks D. How physically fit you are Q7: In this state, what BAC (blood alcohol content) is evidence of intoxication? A. 0.05% B. 0.03% C. 0.10% D. 0.08% Q8: Which of the following does not happen after drinking? A. Your reflexes and reaction time slow down B. Your judgment of speed and distance is distorted C. You are less alert D. You calm down so you can concentrate Q9: Drinking coffee after drinking alcohol: A. Decreases blood alcohol content B. Cancels the effect of the alcohol C. Has no effect on blood alcohol content D. Increases blood alcohol content Q10: What effect does drinking alcohol and taking a prescription drug or over-the-counter medicine have? A. The medicine reduces the effect of the alcohol B. The alcohol will help the medicine cure the cold C. The combination could multiply the effects of the alcohol D. No effect, they are different substances Q11: What kinds of drugs, other than alcohol, can affect your driving ability? A. An allergy medicine B. Marijuana C. A cold remedy D. All of these choices Q12: If you drink alcohol socially, what helps ensure safe driving? A. Drink coffee before driving B. Ride home with a friend who has not been drinking C. Take a cold shower before driving D. Stop drinking one half hour before driving Q13: On average, the human body can dispose of the alcohol in 12 ounces of beer in about: A. One hour B. One day C. Five minutes D. Five hours Q14: Which of the following is true? People driving under the influence of alcohol are: A. Not a problem in New York State B. Every driver's problem whether they drink or not C. A police enforcement problem only D. Only a problem to those who drink Q15: A driver who is taking a non-prescription drug should: A. Read the labels on the drug before driving B. Drink alcohol instead C. Continue to drive D. Drive only during daylight hours Q16: Which of the following statements is true about BAC (blood alcohol content)? A. The "breathalyzer" is a test of a person's BAC B. A chemical test for BAC is needed for an alcohol conviction C. BAC levels are reduced by a person's physical fitness D. After drinking, coffee or a cold shower will lower your BAC Q17: What happens to your driver license if you refuse to take a chemical test (breath or blood)? A. There is no evidence to find you guilty of drunk driving B. You cannot be arrested for drunk driving C. Your driver license will be taken away D. None of these choices Q18: A chemical test is used to measure: A. Reaction time B. Blood alcohol content C. Vision D. Driving ability Q19: Drinking alcohol and driving is: A. A minor traffic safety problem B. A serious traffic safety problem C. Safe if you only have a few drinks D. Only dangerous to the driver who drinks Q20: Which of the following does alcohol affect? A. Recovery from headlight glare B. Reaction time C. Judgment of distances D. All of these choices Chapter 10 – Special Driving Conditions (Cleaned Data) Q1: Your car starts to skid on a slippery road. You should: A. Brake quickly and keep the wheel straight B. Lock your brakes until you have come to a complete stop C. Steer in the direction you want the front wheels to go D. Steer toward the side of the road to get off the wet pavement Q2: When your right wheels run onto a soft shoulder, what is the best way to get back on the highway? A. Apply the brakes firmly and steer gently to the left B. Ease your foot off the gas and brake gently C. Steer hard to the left and then gently to the right D. Apply the brakes firmly and stop completely Q3: When you drive in heavy fog during daylight hours you should drive with your: A. Headlights off B. Parking lights on C. Headlights on low beam D. Headlights on high beam Q4: If traffic prevents you from crossing all the way across a set of railroad tracks, you may proceed only when: A. An approaching train is not moving fast enough to be a danger B. There is room for your vehicle on the other side C. At least one half of your vehicle can cross the tracks D. No trains are in sight Q5: When attempting to stop on a slippery road, the best action to take is: A. Apply the brakes quickly and firmly B. Apply the brakes in slow, steady strokes C. Shift to a lower gear, do not use the brakes D. Shift into neutral, do not use the brakes Q6: Why is driving on an expressway different from driving on an ordinary street? A. You must think faster and handle your vehicle more effectively B. Trucks have to go slower on the expressways C. There is more of a tendency to exceed the speed limit D. There is more of a tendency to "tailgate" Q7: This sign is a warning that you are approaching: A. An intersection B. A crosswalk C. A railroad crossing D. A blasting zone Q8: Expressways have "expressway entrance lanes" (acceleration lanes) so that drivers can: A. Test their brakes before driving at expressway speeds B. Stop at the end to wait for a traffic opening C. Reach the proper speed before blending with traffic D. Test the pickup of their cars Q9: When driving at night, it is most important for you to: A. Use your high beams at all times B. Drive within range of your headlights C. Be ready to brake more quickly D. Watch for cars at intersections Q10: You may drive around or under a gate that is being lowered or raised at a railroad crossing: A. As long as an approaching train is not too close B. If your vehicle can do so without damaging the gate C. If you first look carefully in both directions D. Under no circumstances Q11: Night driving is dangerous because: A. Some traffic signs are less visible at night B. More vehicles are on the road at night C. The distance we can see ahead is reduced D. Street lights tend to blur our vision Q12: What vehicles must stop at all railroad crossings? A. Pickup trucks B. School buses and passenger buses carrying passengers C. Motorcycles D. Vehicles towing a trailer Q13: When you get ready to leave an expressway, you should begin to use your turn signal: A. Just as you get to the exit ramp B. 50 feet before the exit ramp C. 100 feet before the exit ramp D. When you see cars behind you in the exit lane Q14: You are getting on a highway which has a very short entrance lane. The safest way for you to enter the flow of traffic would be to: A. Use as much ramp as possible to get up to cruising speed B. Use the left lane of the highway to get up to cruising speed C. Wait for a large gap in traffic then speed up quickly D. Get up to cruising speed gradually so other cars will see you Q15: If a tire blows out, the proper thing to do is: A. Speed up to gain traction and then pull to the right B. Hold the steering wheel firmly, and ease up on the gas C. Apply the brakes, then shift into neutral D. Shift into neutral, then apply the brakes Q16: If an approaching train is near enough or going fast enough to be a danger, you must: A. Slow down and proceed with caution B. Not cross the tracks until the train has completely passed C. Cross the tracks at your own risk D. Find an alternative route across tracks Q17: Which of the following statements applies to all driving emergency situations? A. Always slow down gradually B. Your first reaction is the best reaction C. Think before you act D. Apply your brakes immediately Q18: You have just left an expressway and are starting to drive on an ordinary highway. You should: A. Check your tires for correct pressure B. Check your speedometer to keep at the lower speed limit C. Stay twice as far behind other cars D. Change gradually to the lower speed limit Q19: When you drive at night, you can reduce the problem of glare from the headlights of an approaching car by: A. Looking to the lower right side of your lane B. Having the inside lights on to make the amount of light equal C. Looking at the spot on the lower edge of the steering wheel D. Wearing glasses with lightly tinted lenses Q20: If you drive past your exit on an expressway, you should: A. Pull onto the shoulder, then back up to the exit B. Drive to the next exit and leave the expressway C. Make a U-turn at the nearest emergency turn area D. Make a U-turn at the next service area Q21: What is the appropriate action to take when approaching a railroad crossing that does not have signals (such as lights or crossing gates)? A. Always bring the car to a complete stop B. Slow down and be prepared to stop C. Do nothing; all railroad crossings have signals D. Increase speed to get across the tracks quickly Q22: If your brake pedal suddenly sinks to the floor, you should first: A. Try to pump it to build up the pressure B. Shift into neutral and shut the engine off C. Try to raise it by hooking your toe under it D. Apply the parking brake hard to stop the car Chapter 11 - Sharing the Road Quiz with Answers Q1: A motorist approaching a bicyclist should: Speed up to pass him Proceed as usual Swerve into the opposite lane Exercise extreme caution Answer: Exercise extreme caution Explanation: Motorists should be very careful around bicyclists to ensure their safety, allowing enough space and reducing speed if necessary. Q2: A blind person legally has the right-of-way when crossing the street when: Wearing light-colored clothing Led by a guide dog, or using a white or metallic cane Helped by another person Wearing dark-colored glasses Answer: Led by a guide dog, or using a white or metallic cane Explanation: Blind pedestrians using a guide dog or cane have the legal right-of-way at crossings. Q3: On a road which has no sidewalks a pedestrian should walk on the: Side of the road which has the lightest traffic Same side of the road in which traffic is moving Side of the road facing oncoming traffic Side of the road which has the heaviest traffic Answer: Side of the road facing oncoming traffic Explanation: Pedestrians should walk facing traffic to see approaching vehicles and react accordingly. Q4: What does a "slow moving vehicle" emblem look like? A square red sign A round green sign A diamond-shaped yellow sign A triangular orange sign Answer: A triangular orange sign Explanation: Slow moving vehicles display a bright orange triangle with a red border to warn other drivers. Q5: You want to back out of your driveway. You see children playing nearby. Before you start to move your car you should: Race your motor to warn the children that you are moving Sound your horn so the children will hear you Walk to the back of the car to be sure the way is clear Tell the children to stay away from the driveway Answer: Walk to the back of the car to be sure the way is clear Explanation: Always check behind your vehicle for children or obstacles before backing up. Q6: Motorists should be aware that all bicycles used after dark must have: Reflective handlebar grips A front headlight and red taillight White reflectors on the front and rear fenders Brake lights Answer: A front headlight and red taillight Explanation: Bicycles operated at night must have a white front light and red rear light for visibility. Q7: A motorist should know that a bicyclist operating on a roadway must: Ride on the right side of the road Ride on the side of the road facing traffic Ride on either side of the road Ride on the side of the road with the least traffic Answer: Ride on the right side of the road Explanation: Bicyclists must ride in the same direction as motor vehicle traffic, on the right side. Q8: A bicyclist differs from a motorist in that a bicyclist isn't required to: Obey the same traffic laws Signal all turns Report accidents resulting in serious injury Insure the bicycle Answer: Insure the bicycle Explanation: Bicyclists must follow traffic laws but are not required to have insurance on their bikes. Road Signs You Need To Know Quiz with Answers Q1: traffic light ahead This sign means: Continue at your current speed You must stop ahead Speeding is not allowed There is a traffic signal ahead Answer: There is a traffic signal ahead Explanation: This warning sign alerts drivers to prepare for a traffic light coming up. Q2: do not enter This sign is used to prevent: Entrance to full parking lots Entrance to road construction areas Entrance to dead-end streets Wrong-way entrance on one-way streets and expressway ramps Answer: Wrong-way entrance on one-way streets and expressway ramps Explanation: “Do Not Enter” signs prevent drivers from entering one-way streets or ramps going in the opposite direction. Q3: yield sign This sign means: Slow down if an emergency vehicle is approaching Look both ways as you cross the intersection Always come to a full stop at the intersection Slow down and be prepared to stop if necessary Answer: Slow down and be prepared to stop if necessary Explanation: A yield sign means you must slow down and yield the right-of-way to traffic if necessary, stopping if needed. Q4: merging traffic from right This sign means: One-way traffic Intersection ahead Merging traffic from the right Highway curves ahead Answer: Merging traffic from the right Explanation: This warns drivers that another lane or road merges from the right. Q5: slippery when wet This sign means: Don't drink if you are going to drive Slippery when wet Road curves ahead You are approaching a hill Answer: Slippery when wet Explanation: This sign warns drivers that the road surface may be slippery when wet. Q6: hill ahead This sign means: Trucks under 18,000 lbs. allowed Hill ahead Truck stop ahead No trucks allowed Answer: Hill ahead Explanation: This warns drivers of a steep hill or downgrade ahead. Q7: no u turn This sign means: No left turn No stopping No U-turn Detour ahead Answer: No U-turn Explanation: This sign prohibits making a U-turn at the intersection or stretch of road. Q8: right lane ends keep left This sign means: Merging traffic is approaching from the right Winding road ahead Right lane ends, stay to the left Divided highway ahead Answer: Right lane ends, stay to the left Explanation: This sign instructs drivers to merge left as the right lane ends. Q9: school crossing This sign means: Pedestrians only Intersection ahead Hiking trails ahead School crossing ahead Answer: School crossing ahead Explanation: This warns drivers that children may be crossing and to be cautious. Q10: stop sign This sign means: Slow down and prepare to stop only if cars are approaching you Come to a full stop, then go when it is safe to do so Proceed carefully through the intersection, not always stopping Stop only for traffic on an intersecting road Answer: Come to a full stop, then go when it is safe to do so Explanation: A stop sign requires a complete stop before proceeding. Q11: hospital to right This sign means: Highway changes ahead to the right Hiking trails ahead to the right Hotel ahead to the right Hospital ahead to the right Answer: Hospital ahead to the right Explanation: This sign indicates a hospital is located to the right. Q12: railroad crossing This sign is a warning that you are approaching: An intersection A crosswalk A railroad crossing A blasting zone Answer: A railroad crossing Explanation: This warns drivers to be alert for trains crossing ahead. Q13: keep right This sign means: Divided highway ends One-way traffic ahead Two-way traffic ahead Keep to the right Answer: Keep to the right Explanation: This instructs drivers to stay to the right side of the road or median. Q14: two way traffic This sign means: Four-lane traffic ahead Divided highway ahead Two-way traffic ahead Intersection ahead Answer: Two-way traffic ahead Explanation: This warns that the road carries traffic in both directions. Q15: no left turn This sign means: All traffic turn left No left turn No U-turn Truck route to the left Answer: No left turn Explanation: This sign prohibits making left turns. Q16: divided highway ends This sign means: Divided highway ahead One-way traffic ahead Four-lane highway ahead Divided highway ends Answer: Divided highway ends Explanation: This warns drivers that the divided highway will end and traffic will merge. Absolutely! Here's the full quiz in your requested format, with each question labeled and followed by answer choices, correct answer, and explanation. Driver Manual - All Chapters Quiz (With Answers & Explanations) Q1: Left Turn in Intersection You are waiting in the intersection to complete a left turn. You should: Signal and keep your wheels turned to the left Signal and keep your wheels straight Flash your headlights so the driver will let you through Drive around the rear of a car if it blocks you Answer: Signal and keep your wheels straight Explanation: Keeping your wheels straight prevents your car from being pushed into oncoming traffic if you're rear-ended. Q2: Drinking Alcohol and Driving Drinking alcohol and driving is: A minor traffic safety problem A serious traffic safety problem Safe if you only have a few drinks Only dangerous to the driver who drinks Answer: A serious traffic safety problem Explanation: Alcohol severely impairs your ability to drive and is a leading cause of accidents and fatalities. Q3: Downward Arm Signal The driver's left arm and hand are extended downward. This hand signal means that the driver plans to: Turn left Turn right Stop Start up Answer: Stop Explanation: A downward-pointing arm indicates that the driver is slowing down or stopping. Q4: No Stopping Sign A "no stopping" sign means that, unless directed to do so by a policeman, you may stop only: Long enough to unload packages To avoid conflict with other traffic To discharge passengers For less than 5 minutes Answer: To avoid conflict with other traffic Explanation: "No stopping" means no stopping for any reason unless it’s to avoid danger or obey a traffic control device. Q5: Diamond-Shaped Sign A diamond-shaped sign is a: Road hazard sign Interstate route sign School crossing sign Speed limit sign Answer: Road hazard sign Explanation: Diamond-shaped signs are used to warn drivers of upcoming hazards or road conditions. Q6: Right Lane Ends Sign This sign means: Merging traffic is approaching from the right Winding road ahead Right lane ends, stay to the left Divided highway ahead Answer: Right lane ends, stay to the left Explanation: The sign warns that the right lane will end ahead, and drivers should merge left. Q7: Social Drinking and Driving If you drink alcohol socially, what helps ensure safe driving? Drink coffee before driving Ride home with a friend who has not been drinking Take a cold shower before driving Stop drinking one half hour before driving Answer: Ride home with a friend who has not been drinking Explanation: Only driving completely sober or riding with a sober driver ensures safe travel. Q8: Alcohol and Drugs Combined What effect might alcohol and another drug have when combined in your blood? Increase the effects of both Have no effect on driving ability Reduce the effects of the drug or medicine Reduce the effects of the alcohol Answer: Increase the effects of both Explanation: Alcohol and drugs can amplify each other’s effects and dangerously impair your driving ability. Q9: Children Near Driveway You want to back out of your driveway. You see children playing nearby. Before you start to move your car you should: Race your motor to warn the children that you are moving Sound your horn so the children will hear you Walk to the back of the car to be sure the way is clear Tell the children to stay away from the driveway Answer: Walk to the back of the car to be sure the way is clear Explanation: Physically checking behind your vehicle is the only way to ensure it’s safe to back up. Q10: Passing on the Right You are driving in the middle lane on a three-lane expressway. A car begins to pass you on the right. The actions of that driver are: Wrong because "pass on the left" is a firm rule Wrong because he's passing you in your "blind spot" OK as long as he does it on a limited access highway OK if no signs forbid passing on the right Answer: OK if no signs forbid passing on the right Explanation: On multi-lane roads, passing on the right is legal when safe and not prohibited by signage. Q11: No Parking Sign A "no parking" sign at a certain location means: You may never stop your vehicle there You may stop temporarily to load or unload passengers You may park there if the driver remains in the vehicle You may leave your vehicle unattended for less than 5 minutes Answer: You may stop temporarily to load or unload passengers Explanation: “No parking” allows temporary stopping for quick pick-up/drop-off only, not for waiting or leaving the vehicle. Q12: Work Zone Sign Shape Which of the following may describe a work zone sign? A white rectangle with black letters An orange diamond with black letters A green rectangle with white letters A yellow circle with black letters Answer: An orange diamond with black letters Explanation: Work zone signs are orange diamonds to alert drivers to construction or maintenance areas. Q13: No Left Turn Sign This sign means: All traffic turn left No left turn No U-turn Truck route to the left Answer: No left turn Explanation: A left arrow with a slash through it prohibits left turns at the intersection. Q14: Two-Way Traffic This sign means: Four-lane traffic ahead Divided highway ahead Two-way traffic ahead Intersection ahead Answer: Two-way traffic ahead Explanation: This warns that the road carries traffic in both directions. Q15: Fog Driving When you drive in heavy fog during daylight hours you should drive with your: Headlights off Parking lights on Headlights on low beam Headlights on high beam Answer: Headlights on low beam Explanation: Low beams reduce glare and provide better visibility in fog. Q16: Safe Speed to Drive A safe speed to drive your car: Is the posted speed limit Is less than the posted speed limit Depends on the weather and road conditions Depends on the mechanical skill of the driver Answer: Depends on the weather and road conditions Explanation: Speed must be adjusted for current driving conditions, even if it means driving below the speed limit. Q17: Where You May Never Park You may never park: On a one-way street At the entrance of a building In a crosswalk Within 50 feet of a fire hydrant Answer: In a crosswalk Explanation: Parking in a crosswalk is always illegal and blocks pedestrian paths. Q18: Approaching a Bicyclist A motorist approaching a bicyclist should: Speed up to pass him Proceed as usual Swerve into the opposite lane Exercise extreme caution Answer: Exercise extreme caution Explanation: Bicyclists are more vulnerable; extra care is necessary when sharing the road. Q19: Green Arrow with Red Light A traffic light which has a green arrow and a red light means that: You may only drive straight ahead You may drive only in the direction of the green arrow You must wait for a green light Vehicles moving in any direction must stop Answer: You may drive only in the direction of the green arrow Explanation: The green arrow provides a protected turn despite the red light for other directions. Q20: Green Changes to Yellow As you near an intersection, the traffic light changes from green to yellow. Your best action would be to: Speed up to beat the red light Apply the brakes sharply to stop Be prepared to stop in the center of the intersection Be prepared to stop before the intersection Answer: Be prepared to stop before the intersection Explanation: A yellow light warns that the signal is about to turn red. Stop if it is safe to do so. Q21: Getting Out on Traffic Side If you are parked parallel to the curb, you may get out of the car on the traffic side: During the daytime when other drivers can see you When the traffic light at the closest intersection turns red When you won't interfere with oncoming vehicles If you use your four-way flasher first Answer: When you won't interfere with oncoming vehicles Explanation: Exiting on the traffic side is only safe and legal if it does not endanger other road users. Q22: Traffic Signal Ahead Sign This sign means: Continue at your current speed You must stop ahead Speeding is not allowed There is a traffic signal ahead Answer: There is a traffic signal ahead Explanation: The sign warns of an upcoming traffic signal that may require stopping or slowing. Q23: Flashing Red Light You come to an intersection which has a flashing red light. You should: Come to a full stop, then go when safe to do so Stop only if cars are approaching the intersection Stop only if cars are already in the intersection Slow down and be prepared to stop if necessary Answer: Come to a full stop, then go when safe to do so Explanation: A flashing red light means stop completely, then proceed when the way is clear. Q24: Slow Moving Vehicle Emblem What does a "slow moving vehicle" emblem look like? A square red sign A round green sign A diamond-shaped yellow sign A triangular orange sign Answer: A triangular orange sign Explanation: A reflective orange triangle on the rear of a vehicle means it moves slower than normal traffic. Q25: Brake Pedal Sinks If your brake pedal suddenly sinks to the floor, you should first: Try to pump it to build up the pressure Shift into neutral and shut the engine off Try to raise it by hooking your toe under it Apply the parking brake hard to stop the car Answer: Try to pump it to build up the pressure Explanation: Pumping the brake may restore hydraulic pressure and allow limited braking. Q26: Most Important Instruction to Obey Which of the following must you obey over the other three? A steady red light A police officer A stop sign A flashing red light Answer: A police officer Explanation: A police officer’s directions override all traffic signals and signs. Q27: Rectangular Sign A rectangular-shaped sign is a: Railroad crossing sign Stop sign School crossing sign Speed limit sign Answer: Speed limit sign Explanation: Regulatory signs, including speed limits, are rectangular. Q28: Work Zone Fact What is true of work zones? They are always stationary and therefore easily avoided They are only dangerous at night Speeding fines are tripled when workers are present Rear-end collisions are the most common type of crash in work zones Answer: Rear-end collisions are the most common type of crash in work zones Explanation: Sudden stops and slower speeds make rear-end crashes common in work zones. Q29: Flashing Yellow Light What does a flashing yellow light mean? Merging traffic Proceed with caution Pedestrian crossing Come to a full stop Answer: Proceed with caution Explanation: A flashing yellow light warns drivers to slow down and watch for hazards but not stop. Q30: Heavy Oncoming Traffic at Green Light You want to turn left at an intersection. The light is green but oncoming traffic is heavy. You should: Use the next intersection Wait at the crosswalk for traffic to clear Wait in the center of the intersection for traffic to clear Take the right-of-way since you have the light Answer: Wait in the center of the intersection for traffic to clear Explanation: Entering the intersection allows you to complete your turn when it's safe. Q31: After Parallel Parking After you have finished parallel parking in a space between two other cars, you should: Leave your front wheels turned toward the curb Make sure your car almost touches the car behind you Move as far forward in the space as possible Straighten your front wheels and leave room between cars Answer: Straighten your front wheels and leave room between cars Explanation: This positioning helps prevent accidents and allows easier exit for other vehicles. Q32: Railroad Tracks Blocked Ahead If traffic prevents you from crossing all the way across a set of railroad tracks, you may proceed only when: An approaching train is not moving fast enough to be a danger There is room for your vehicle on the other side At least one half of your vehicle can cross the tracks No trains are in sight Answer: There is room for your vehicle on the other side Explanation: Never enter a railroad crossing unless your entire vehicle can clear the tracks. Q33: Being Passed The car behind you begins to pass you. You should: Maintain your speed so traffic will flow smoothly Pull to the right and stop so he can pass Slow down slightly and stay in your lane Blow your horn to allow him to pass Answer: Slow down slightly and stay in your lane Explanation: Giving space ensures a safer and easier pass for the other vehicle. Q34: Leaving a Parallel Parking Space Before you leave a parking space which is parallel to the curb, you should: Sound your horn Turn on your four-way flasher Look for traffic by turning your head Look for traffic by using your inside rear-view mirror Answer: Look for traffic by turning your head Explanation: Always check blind spots with a head turn before pulling out into traffic. Q35: Right Wheels Off Road When your right wheels run onto a soft shoulder, what is the best way to get back on the highway? Apply the brakes firmly and steer gently to the left Ease your foot off the gas and brake gently Steer hard to the left and then gently to the right Apply the brakes firmly and stop completely Answer: Ease your foot off the gas and brake gently Explanation: This prevents skidding and allows a smooth return to the roadway. Q36: Curve Ahead Sign This sign is a warning that you are approaching: A crosswalk A railroad crossing An intersection A curve in the road Answer: A curve in the road Explanation: This sign warns drivers to slow down and prepare for a curve ahead. Q37: No Standing Sign A "no standing" sign at a certain location means: You may never stop your vehicle for any reason You may stop temporarily to load or unload passengers You may park there if the driver remains in the vehicle You may leave your vehicle unattended if you return quickly Answer: You may stop temporarily to load or unload passengers Explanation: “No standing” permits temporary stops to pick up or drop off passengers only — no loading of goods or parking. Q38: Passing Near Railroad Crossing When may you pass on the right? When a vehicle ahead is turning left and you can safely pass on the shoulder When the vehicle ahead is turning left and there’s enough room to safely pass on the right without leaving the road When a vehicle is stopped at a railroad crossing When approaching an intersection controlled by a traffic signal Answer: When the vehicle ahead is turning left and there’s enough room to safely pass on the right without leaving the road Explanation: Passing on the right is only legal when there’s a clear lane on the right, and it can be done safely without leaving the paved portion of the road. Q39: Red and White Triangle Sign This sign means: Stop Yield No passing zone Road narrows Answer: Yield Explanation: A red and white downward triangle indicates a yield sign. It means slow down and give the right of way if necessary. Q40: Pedestrian Crossing Sign This sign is a warning that you are approaching: An intersection A crosswalk A school zone A flag person Answer: A crosswalk Explanation: This sign alerts you to the possibility of pedestrians crossing ahead. Q41: Alcohol in the Body Which of the following does alcohol affect? Your reflexes Your judgment of distance Your ability to see clearly All of the above Answer: All of the above Explanation: Alcohol impairs nearly every ability needed for safe driving — vision, reaction time, coordination, and decision-making. Q42: Slippery When Wet Sign This sign means: Winding road ahead Sharp curve ahead Slippery when wet Roadwork ahead Answer: Slippery when wet Explanation: The squiggly lines indicate that traction may be reduced when the road is wet — drive carefully. Q43: Driver's Left Arm Out and Up The driver's left arm and hand are extended upward. This hand signal means that the driver plans to: Turn left Turn right Go straight ahead Slow down or stop Answer: Turn right Explanation: Left arm extended upward signals a right turn when turn signals are not working. Q44: Entering Highway from Ramp You are entering a road from a driveway, private road, or parking lot. You must: Stop and yield to all approaching vehicles Flash your headlights before entering Drive onto the road quickly to avoid slowing traffic Sound your horn and proceed carefully Answer: Stop and yield to all approaching vehicles Explanation: Vehicles already on the road have the right-of-way; you must yield when entering from a private drive or lot. Q45: Steady Yellow Light A steady yellow light means: Be prepared to go Go if the way is clear Stop if it is safe to do so Stop immediately Answer: Stop if it is safe to do so Explanation: A yellow light is a warning that the signal will soon turn red. If you can safely stop, you must do so. Q46: BAC as a Measure What is the most common measurement of intoxication? Your weight Your reaction time Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) Breath temperature Answer: Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) Explanation: BAC measures the percentage of alcohol in your blood and determines legal impairment levels. Q47: Black and White Rectangle Sign A rectangular black and white sign is: A speed limit sign A warning sign A railroad crossing sign A destination sign Answer: A speed limit sign Explanation: Regulatory signs, such as speed limits, are usually black and white rectangles. Q48: Approaching Green Light As you approach a green traffic light: Be prepared to stop Speed up to cross before the light turns yellow Continue driving regardless of cross traffic Begin turning your wheels Answer: Be prepared to stop Explanation: The light could change at any moment; stay alert and be ready to stop if necessary. Q49: Best Way to Avoid Alcohol-Related Crashes The best way to keep from becoming involved in alcohol-related accidents is to: Only drive during daylight Never drive after drinking Drink coffee before driving Have a designated driver during daylight hours Answer: Never drive after drinking Explanation: The only safe choice is to not drive at all if you’ve consumed any alcohol. Traffic lights and signals in New York are one of the first rules you need to understand for the permit test and safe driving. A steady red light means you must come to a full stop before the crosswalk, stop line, or intersection. In most of New York State, you may turn right on red after a complete stop unless a sign clearly says “No Turn on Red.” In New York City, right on red is not allowed unless a sign specifically allows it. A flashing red light should be treated exactly like a stop sign: stop, check traffic, then proceed when it is safe. A steady yellow light warns that the signal is about to turn red — stop if you can do so safely, otherwise clear the intersection quickly. A flashing yellow light means you should slow down and proceed carefully, being alert for hazards or cross traffic. A green light means you can go, but you must still yield to pedestrians and vehicles already in the intersection. Green arrows allow protected turns, meaning you may turn in the direction of the arrow while oncoming traffic is stopped. Red arrows mean no turn is permitted in that direction until the signal changes. Right of way rules are a major part of the New York permit test and real-world driving. You must yield to pedestrians at all times, even if they are crossing illegally (jaywalking). You must stop for school buses that have flashing red lights from both directions of travel — even on divided highways, unless there is a physical barrier between you and the bus. For emergency vehicles like police, fire trucks, or ambulances with lights and sirens activated, you must immediately pull over to the right edge of the road and stop until the vehicle passes. When turning left, always yield to oncoming traffic going straight. Drivers already inside traffic circles and rotaries always have the right of way; vehicles entering must wait. At stop signs, the first car to stop is the first to go. If two vehicles arrive at the same time, the driver on the left yields to the driver on the right. When merging onto highways, you must yield to traffic already on the highway and adjust your speed to merge smoothly. Signs are another key part of the New York permit test. Regulatory signs (such as stop, yield, speed limit, and no-turn signs) tell you what you must do. Warning signs, which are diamond-shaped and yellow or orange, alert you to conditions ahead like curves, merging traffic, or road work. Guide signs, which are green, blue, or brown, provide information about routes, services, and attractions. Understanding shapes is critical: octagons mean stop, triangles mean yield, diamonds are warnings, rectangles are regulations or information, and circles (rare) indicate railroad crossings. Parking rules in New York State are strict, and many are included on the permit test. You cannot park within 15 feet of a fire hydrant unless a licensed driver remains in the vehicle and can immediately move it. You cannot park on sidewalks, crosswalks, or in front of driveways. You cannot park or stop within an intersection, on the highway shoulder (unless it is an emergency), or on bridges or tunnels unless posted signs allow it. Parallel parking requires you to park with your wheels within 12 inches of the curb. Speed limits are another major test topic. In most parts of New York State, the default speed limit is 55 mph unless otherwise posted. Some city streets, like in New York City, are 25 mph by default. School zones have reduced speed limits during school hours, and work zones always require you to slow down, with doubled fines for speeding. Special driving situations are frequently tested. When driving in rain, snow, or fog, you must use low beam headlights; high beams reflect off moisture and make it harder to see. If your windshield wipers are on due to weather, New York law requires headlights to be on as well. Hydroplaning — losing traction on a wet road — happens at speeds as low as 35 mph, so you must slow down in heavy rain. If your brakes fail, you should pump the brake pedal, shift to a lower gear, and gently use the parking brake to slow down, rather than turning off the car or panicking. Alcohol and drug laws are critical. The legal Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) limit for drivers 21 and older is 0.08%. For drivers under 21, New York has a “zero tolerance” law — any BAC from 0.02% to 0.07% can result in penalties. Penalties for DWI (Driving While Intoxicated) include license suspension or revocation, fines, possible jail time, and mandatory alcohol education programs. The Move Over Law in New York requires you to move over to another lane or slow down when approaching stopped emergency vehicles, tow trucks, or hazard vehicles with flashing lights. This protects first responders and roadside workers from being struck. School buses are a major safety topic. You must stop when a bus has red lights flashing, no matter which direction you are coming from. Remain stopped until the lights stop flashing and the bus starts moving. Passing a stopped school bus carries heavy fines and potential license suspension. Driving in New York City has its own additional rules. Right on red is not allowed unless posted, horn use is restricted, and there are more pedestrian-heavy areas and bike lanes you must watch for. Hand signals are another commonly tested topic in case your turn signals fail. Left arm straight out means left turn. Left arm up means right turn. Left arm down means slowing or stopping. Understanding intersections is critical. When turning left at a green light with heavy traffic, you may move into the intersection and wait with your wheels straight until oncoming traffic clears. Wheels should stay straight so that if you are hit from behind, your car won’t be pushed into oncoming traffic. New York driving law also requires you to carry valid proof of insurance and registration at all times. You must also wear a seat belt; drivers and front seat passengers must buckle up, and all passengers under 16 must be secured by either a seat belt or an appropriate child safety seat. Finally, the permit test will also ask about sharing the road with others. Bicyclists have the same rights and responsibilities as drivers. Motorcycles are entitled to a full lane. Large trucks make wide turns and have large blind spots (“no-zones”) — you should never cut in front of them or linger beside them. Pedestrians always have the right of way in crosswalks, marked or unmarked, and you should always slow down near crosswalks. NYC’s Teen Driving Laws: Essential Information NYC has a number of laws and policies that both teen drivers and their parents must be familiar with. The 17 year-old driving restrictions NY, include the following: Learner’s Permit Laws Can you drive with a permit over 21? A teenager may apply for a learner’s permit when they reach 16 years of age. A parent or guardian must sign the application and provide proof of residency, a valid ID, and a social security card. A teen must then pass a vision exam and a test that measures their knowledge of traffic laws. They may be exempt from these tests if they already passed them as part of a certified driver’s education course. With a learner’s permit, a teenager can drive between the hours of 5:00 AM and 9:00 PM. They must be supervised by an adult over the age of 21. In NYC, that adult must be a parent, guardian, or driver’s ed instructor. Unless supervised by a parent, guardian, or driver’s ed instructor, a teen with a learner’s permit may not drive with more than one non-family passenger under the age of 21. Junior License Laws What age can you get your license in NY? A 16-year-old in New York can apply for a junior license if they’ve had a learner’s permit for at least six months without a suspension. Again, a parent or guardian must sign the application. With it they must include a signed driving log confirming they’ve had at least 50 hours of driving experience. Fifteen of those hours must have involved nighttime driving. Teens must also take certified pre-licensing courses before taking the road test. They must submit certificates of completion with their applications. A teen who passes a road test may be issued a junior license. However, applying for a junior license in NYC may be pointless unless a teen has reason to drive outside of the city. It’s unlawful for a junior license holder to drive under any circumstances in NYC. If a teen with a junior license does drive outside of NYC, they can’t have more than one non-family passenger under the age of 21 without proper supervision from a parent, guardian, or driver’s ed instructor. They also may only drive between 5:00 AM and 9:00 PM. That said, they can drive after hours under proper supervision or if they are driving for documented school or work purposes. Full License Laws If a teen has completed a certified driver’s education course, they can apply for full driving privileges in New York once they reach the age of 17. If they haven’t completed such a course, they must be 18 to apply for a full license. Many recommend that teens wait until they are 18 before applying for driver’s licenses of any type in NYC. They could apply for a full license at age 17 with a junior license, but they would have had to have taken a driver’s ed course outside of the city to do so. How many questions are on the New York permit test? The New York permit test consists of 20 questions, and you must answer at least 14 questions correctly to get a passing score (70%). What is tested on the permit test? The New York permit test tests your knowledge of highway signs, traffic laws, and safe driving practices. Topics include right-of-way rules, DUI laws, speed limits, sharing the road, and responding to emergency vehicles. What is a New York learner's permit? A learner's permit allows new drivers to practice driving under the supervision of a licensed adult. Individuals as young as 16 can apply for a permit. Are there any restrictions with a junior license? Junior license holders can drive unsupervised from 5 AM to 9 PM with some restrictions, such as having only one passenger under 21 (unless immediate family members). Rules vary by region. Upstate drivers can drive unsupervised for work or school, NYC drivers cannot drive unsupervised, and Long Island drivers have similar restrictions, with supervised driving required after 9 PM. 1. What does a flashing red traffic light mean? A) Slow down and proceed with caution B) Stop, then proceed when safe C) Yield to all traffic without stopping D) Speed up to clear the intersection Answer: B – Stop, then proceed when safe Explanation: A flashing red light acts like a stop sign — you must stop fully first. 2. When driving in fog, you should use: A) High beam headlights B) Parking lights only C) Low beam headlights D) Hazard lights Answer: C – Low beam headlights Explanation: High beams reflect off fog and make it harder to see. 3. A solid yellow line on your side of the road means: A) Passing is not allowed B) Passing is allowed C) You can pass if no one is coming D) Only trucks can pass Answer: A – Passing is not allowed Explanation: Solid yellow lines mean no passing from your lane. 4. You come to a stop sign with no markings or crosswalk. Where do you stop? A) At least 10 feet before the stop sign B) At the stop sign C) Before entering the intersection D) After the stop sign Answer: C – Before entering the intersection Explanation: Always stop before the intersection or where you can see traffic. 5. When parallel parking, your wheels must be how close to the curb? A) 6 inches B) 12 inches C) 18 inches D) 24 inches Answer: B – 12 inches Explanation: New York law requires your wheels to be within one foot of the curb. 6. A diamond-shaped traffic sign means: A) Warning B) Stop C) Yield D) Speed limit Answer: A – Warning Explanation: Diamond signs warn of hazards like curves or merging traffic. 7. If another driver flashes their headlights at you, it usually means: A) Your lights are off or there’s danger ahead B) They want you to speed up C) They are saying hello D) They are letting you go first Answer: A – Your lights are off or there’s danger ahead Explanation: Headlight flashes are used to warn of a hazard or remind you to turn on your lights. 8. The “Move Over Law” means you must: A) Only stop for police B) Move to another lane or slow down for emergency or hazard vehicles C) Speed past emergency vehicles quickly D) Honk to alert workers of your approach Answer: B – Move to another lane or slow down for emergency or hazard vehicles Explanation: Protects workers and emergency responders on the road. 9. When are you allowed to turn right on red in New York? A) Never B) Always C) Only when no sign says “No Turn on Red” and after a full stop D) Only during the day Answer: C – Only when no sign says “No Turn on Red” and after a full stop Explanation: You must fully stop and yield before turning right on red unless prohibited. 10. When a school bus has flashing red lights, you must: A) Slow down and pass carefully B) Stop, even if on the opposite side of the road C) Stop only if children are crossing D) Honk to alert the driver you’re passing Answer: B – Stop, even if on the opposite side of the road Explanation: You must stop for a stopped school bus with flashing red lights in both directions. 11. What should you do if your brakes fail? A) Pump the brake pedal, shift to a lower gear, and use the parking brake carefully B) Turn the car off immediately C) Honk your horn and hope traffic clears D) Jump out of the car Answer: A – Pump the brake pedal, shift to a lower gear, and use the parking brake carefully Explanation: These steps help you slow down safely in a brake failure. 12. What’s the legal BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) limit for drivers 21 and over in NY? A) 0.02% B) 0.05% C) 0.08% D) 0.10% Answer: C – 0.08% Explanation: At 0.08% BAC or higher, you are legally intoxicated. 13. If you miss your exit on a highway, you should: A) Stop and back up carefully B) Make a U-turn in the median C) Go to the next exit D) Pull over and wait for traffic to clear Answer: C – Go to the next exit Explanation: Never back up on a highway — it’s extremely dangerous. 14. When parking downhill with a curb, you should turn your wheels: A) Away from the curb B) Toward the curb C) Straight D) Doesn’t matter Answer: B – Toward the curb Explanation: This keeps the car from rolling into traffic if brakes fail. 15. What does a flashing yellow light mean? A) Stop completely B) Speed up C) Proceed with caution D) Police checkpoint ahead Answer: C – Proceed with caution Explanation: A flashing yellow warns of potential hazards — slow down and be alert. Traffic signals are one of the first and most important things every New York driver must understand. A steady red light always means stop. You must come to a complete stop before the crosswalk, stop line, or intersection. In most of New York State, you can turn right on red after stopping completely, unless there’s a sign that says “No Turn on Red.” New York City is stricter: in NYC, you may NOT turn right on red unless there is a sign saying you may. A flashing red light is the same as a stop sign: stop fully, check for traffic and pedestrians, then proceed when clear. A steady yellow light means the light will soon turn red; stop if you can safely, but if you are too close to stop safely, clear the intersection. A flashing yellow light means caution — slow down and proceed carefully. A steady green light means you can go, but you must still yield to pedestrians and vehicles already in the intersection. A green arrow means you have a protected turn, so you may turn in that direction while oncoming traffic is stopped. A red arrow means you cannot turn in that direction until it changes. Right-of-way rules in New York are critical and tested heavily. When turning left, you must yield to oncoming traffic going straight. Pedestrians have the right-of-way in all crosswalks, marked or unmarked. If a pedestrian steps into the road, even if not at a crosswalk, you must stop. When entering a traffic circle or rotary, you must yield to vehicles already inside the circle. At intersections with no signs or signals, the driver on the left must yield to the driver on the right if both arrive at the same time. At four-way stops, the first car to stop goes first; if two stop at the same time, the driver on the left yields. Always yield to emergency vehicles with flashing lights or sirens — pull over to the right and stop until they pass. When merging onto highways, adjust your speed and yield to traffic already on the highway. School bus laws are some of the strictest in New York. If a school bus has flashing red lights, you must stop, no matter which direction you are traveling. You must stop on all types of roads — two-lane roads, multi-lane roads, and even most divided highways. The only exception is if there is a physical barrier (like a concrete divider) between you and the bus. Remain stopped until the red lights stop flashing and the bus moves again. Violating this law carries heavy fines and can result in license suspension. Signs are crucial to the test and safe driving. Regulatory signs (stop, yield, speed limit, no left turn, etc.) tell you what you must or must not do. Warning signs are diamond-shaped and yellow or orange; they warn of things like sharp curves, merging traffic, pedestrian crossings, or road work ahead. Guide signs are green (directions and exits), blue (services like rest areas and gas), or brown (parks and recreation). Shape matters: octagons are only used for stop signs, triangles always mean yield, diamonds mean warning, rectangles give regulations or information, and circles mark railroad crossings. Parking rules in New York State and NYC have many details. You cannot park within 15 feet of a fire hydrant unless a licensed driver remains in the car and can immediately move it. You cannot park on sidewalks, in crosswalks, in front of driveways, or blocking fire lanes. Do not park or even stop temporarily in intersections, on the shoulder of a highway (unless it’s an emergency), or on bridges and tunnels unless posted signs permit it. When parallel parking, your wheels must be within 12 inches of the curb. In NYC, parking is even stricter — there are often “No Standing,” “No Parking,” and “No Stopping” zones with different meanings: “No Parking” means you can stop temporarily to load or unload passengers, “No Standing” means you can only stop temporarily to pick up or drop off people (not packages), and “No Stopping” means exactly that — no stopping at all, even briefly. Speed limits are important to know. The default speed limit on most of New York’s highways and roads is 55 mph unless signs say otherwise. In New York City, the default speed limit is 25 mph on most streets unless otherwise posted. School zones and work zones always have reduced speed limits — and in work zones, fines for speeding are doubled. Special driving situations often appear on the permit test. If you are driving in rain, snow, or fog, you must use low beam headlights. High beams will reflect off precipitation and make it harder to see. If your windshield wipers are on, New York law requires your headlights to also be on. When using high beams at night, you must dim them when you are within 500 feet of an oncoming vehicle or 200 feet of a vehicle you’re following. On icy roads, drive slowly and avoid sudden turns or stops. Hydroplaning — when your tires lose contact with the road on water — can happen at speeds as low as 35 mph, so slow down in heavy rain. If your brakes fail, pump the brake pedal to build pressure, shift to a lower gear, and gently pull the parking brake. Do not turn the car off or panic stop. Alcohol and drug laws are strict. For drivers 21 and over, the legal Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) limit is 0.08%. For commercial drivers, it is 0.04%. For drivers under 21, New York has a zero tolerance law — any BAC between 0.02% and 0.07% can lead to penalties. Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) or Driving While Ability Impaired (DWAI) can result in license suspension or revocation, fines, jail time, and mandatory alcohol programs. The Move Over Law requires drivers to change lanes or slow down when passing any stopped emergency vehicle, tow truck, or hazard vehicle with flashing lights. If it’s not safe to change lanes, you must reduce speed significantly and pass carefully. New York City has unique rules you need to know. Right on red is NOT allowed unless a sign says you can. Honking is prohibited except for emergencies. There are more bike lanes and pedestrian-heavy areas, and drivers must yield to bikes just like other vehicles. Speed cameras and red light cameras are widely used in NYC, and violations lead to automatic fines mailed to the registered owner. Double parking — parking beside another parked car — is illegal, but in NYC it’s a frequent cause of blocked lanes, so know it’s not legal even if “everyone does it.” Intersections are a big focus on the permit test. If you want to turn left at a green light but there’s heavy oncoming traffic, you should pull into the intersection and wait with your wheels straight until traffic clears. Keeping the wheels straight is important: if you get rear-ended, you won’t be pushed into oncoming traffic. When turning right, stay close to the right edge of the road. When turning left, pull into the lane closest to the center. If you are turning from a two-way street onto a one-way street, turn into the left lane of the one-way street. If you are turning from a one-way street to another one-way, you may turn into any lane that is safely open. Hand signals are on the test too, in case your turn signals fail. A left arm straight out means left turn. A left arm bent up at the elbow means right turn. A left arm bent down at the elbow means stop or slowing down. Sharing the road with others is critical. Bicyclists have the same rights and responsibilities as drivers — you must yield to them and give at least 3 feet when passing. Motorcycles also have the same rights, including full use of a lane. Large trucks and buses make wide turns and have huge blind spots (“no-zones”) on all four sides. You should never cut off a truck, and you should avoid lingering next to one. Pedestrians always have the right of way, even if they’re crossing illegally, but they are especially protected in marked crosswalks. New York also enforces strong seat belt laws. The driver and all passengers must wear a seat belt. All children under 8 must be in an appropriate child safety seat or booster seat. The permit test also covers scenarios like skids and emergencies. If your car starts to skid, take your foot off the gas, don’t brake hard, and steer gently in the direction you want the car to go. If a tire blows out, hold the steering wheel firmly, ease off the gas, and let the car slow down — don’t brake hard. Here is an even larger, detailed section you can paste straight into your chatbot’s knowledge file — packed with everything a New York permit applicant should know with lots of scenarios explained clearly. TRAFFIC SIGNALS AND SIGNS A steady red light means STOP. You must come to a full stop before the crosswalk, stop line, or intersection. In most of New York State, you can turn right on red after a complete stop unless there’s a sign that says “No Turn on Red.” In New York City, the rule is the opposite: you cannot turn right on red unless a sign says you may. A flashing red light is treated just like a stop sign: stop, check for traffic and pedestrians, then continue when safe. A steady yellow light warns you the light is about to turn red. Stop if you can safely do so; if not, proceed cautiously through the intersection. A flashing yellow light means caution — slow down and be alert for potential hazards. A green light means you can go, but you must yield to pedestrians and vehicles already in the intersection. A green arrow gives you a protected turn; oncoming traffic is stopped. A red arrow means you cannot turn in that direction until the arrow turns green. Traffic signs are just as important. Octagons are always stop signs. Triangles always mean yield. Diamond-shaped signs warn of things like curves, merging traffic, or deer crossings. White rectangular signs are regulatory signs that state laws or rules (like speed limits or “No Turn on Red”). Round signs mean a railroad crossing is coming. RIGHT OF WAY RULES Right-of-way rules prevent crashes. Pedestrians have the right of way at all crosswalks, marked or unmarked. Always yield to people crossing the street. When turning left, you must yield to oncoming cars going straight. When entering a traffic circle, you must yield to drivers already in the circle. At a four-way stop, the first car to stop is the first to go. If two cars stop at the same time, the driver on the left yields to the driver on the right. When merging onto a highway, traffic already on the highway has the right of way — you must adjust your speed and merge safely. SCHOOL BUS LAWS If you see a school bus with its red lights flashing, you must stop, whether you are behind it, in front of it, or on an adjacent lane. You stop even on multi-lane roads and most divided highways (the only exception is if there’s a physical barrier between you and the bus). Stay stopped until the red lights stop flashing and the bus starts moving again. Violating this law is one of the most serious offenses — it carries high fines and can cause a license suspension. PARKING RULES Parking rules are tested heavily. You must park within 12 inches of the curb when parallel parking. You cannot park within 15 feet of a fire hydrant unless a licensed driver remains behind the wheel and can immediately move the vehicle. You cannot park on sidewalks, in crosswalks, in intersections, or blocking driveways. In New York City, there are “No Standing,” “No Parking,” and “No Stopping” zones. “No Stopping” means you can’t even pause to pick up or drop off a passenger. “No Standing” means you can pick up or drop off people but not packages. “No Parking” means you can stop briefly to load or unload passengers or packages. SPEED LIMITS The default speed limit in most of New York State is 55 mph unless posted otherwise. In New York City, the default speed limit is 25 mph unless a sign says otherwise. School zones and work zones always require slower speeds. In work zones, fines for speeding are doubled. SPECIAL SITUATIONS Turning left at a green light with heavy oncoming traffic: Pull into the intersection and wait. Keep your wheels straight. When traffic clears, complete your turn. Keeping wheels straight prevents you from being pushed into oncoming traffic if hit from behind. Turning right: Stay close to the right curb. Signal at least 100 feet before turning. Parking on a hill: If you park downhill, turn your wheels toward the curb. If you park uphill with a curb, turn your wheels away from the curb. If there’s no curb, turn wheels toward the shoulder no matter which way you face. Driving in rain, snow, or fog: Always use low beam headlights. High beams will reflect off precipitation and blind you. In heavy rain, reduce speed to avoid hydroplaning — when your tires lose contact with the road and ride on water. Brakes fail: Pump the brake pedal, shift into a lower gear, and gently use the parking brake. Do not turn the ignition off while moving. Car skids: Take your foot off the gas and steer gently in the direction you want the car to go. Do not slam on the brakes — it makes the skid worse. Blown tire: Grip the wheel firmly, ease off the gas, and let the car slow down. Do not brake hard. Missing an exit: Keep going to the next exit. Never stop or back up on a highway. ALCOHOL AND DRUG LAWS The legal BAC (blood alcohol concentration) for drivers 21 and over is 0.08%. For commercial drivers, it is 0.04%. For drivers under 21, New York has a “zero tolerance” law: BAC between 0.02% and 0.07% can lead to penalties. Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) or Driving While Ability Impaired (DWAI) can cause license suspension, fines, jail time, and mandatory alcohol programs. MOVE OVER LAW When you see an emergency vehicle, tow truck, or hazard vehicle with flashing lights stopped on the side of the road, you must move over to another lane if it’s safe. If you can’t, slow down significantly and pass with caution. NYC-SPECIFIC RULES New York City has extra rules. Right on red is NOT allowed unless a sign says you may. Horn use is restricted — you should only honk in an emergency. There are many bike lanes; you must yield to cyclists and never drive or park in a bike lane. Double parking is illegal, even if “everyone does it.” NYC also has red light cameras and speed cameras that mail tickets to the registered owner. HAND SIGNALS Hand signals must be known in case your lights fail. Left arm straight out = left turn. Left arm bent up = right turn. Left arm bent down = stop or slow down. SHARING THE ROAD Bicycles and motorcycles have the same rights as cars. Give bicycles at least three feet when passing. Trucks and buses need more space and make wide turns. Stay out of their blind spots (“no zones”) and never cut them off. COMMON SCENARIOS THAT APPEAR ON THE TEST An emergency vehicle is behind you with lights flashing: Pull over to the right and stop. You’re in an intersection and an emergency vehicle approaches: Don’t block it. Clear the intersection and then pull over. You approach a railroad crossing and the gates are down: Stop at least 15 feet away and wait until the gates go up and lights stop flashing. Driving at night: Use high beams only on open, dark roads with no traffic. Dim them when within 500 feet of oncoming cars or 200 feet of a car ahead. Driving in fog: Never use high beams — they reflect off fog and blind you. Use low beams and slow down. Entering a highway from an on-ramp: Use the acceleration lane to match the speed of highway traffic, signal, and merge safely. You are stopped at a red light and an officer directs you to go: You must obey the officer — traffic officer directions override signals. Another driver doesn’t obey right-of-way rules: You should still yield to avoid a crash — the law says you must do everything possible to avoid an accident, even if you technically have the right of way. DM in Txt Go the extra mile, be an ORGAN DONOR New York State's need for organ and tissue donation is tremendous. Each year, thousands of New Yorkers wait for a life-saving transplant. Just one person who donates their organs can save up to eight lives. What can you do to help? Enroll in the NYS Donate Life Registry Online: If you are 16 years of age or older, simply go to dmv.ny.gov and sign up to be an organ donor through MyDMV, or go to donatelife.ny.gov. Enroll By Mail: If you prefer, enroll by signing the organ donation box on your driver license or non-driver identification card application or on your renewal form. If it's not time for you to renew your license or non-driver ID, simply go to donatelife.ny.gov to print and mail in your enrollment application or enroll online; it's just that easy! What You Should Know if You Enroll in the NYS Registry: • Tell your family you have enrolled in the Registry and have given your legal consent for donation to occur upon your death; • Your decision to donate will not a ect your medical treatment; • The organs and tissues you donate will go to the patients in the greatest need; • There is no cost to the donor's family; • You can have your name removed from the Registry at any time; • After you enroll, you will receive a confirmation email or letter to confirm your enrollment and provide you with additional information. For more information call 1-866-NYDONOR (693-6667) visit donatelife.ny.gov or contact one of these organizations: Donate Life NYS: 518-326-3237 www.donatelifenys.org Center for Donation & Transplant: 1-800-256-7811 www.cdtny.org (Capital District) Finger Lakes Donor Recovery Network: 1-800-810-5494 www.donorrecovery.org (Finger Lakes Region) LiveOnNY, Inc.: 1-800-443-8469 www.liveonny.org (Metro NYC and Long Island Area) ConnectLife: 1-800-227-4771 www.connectlife.org (Western NY/Bu alo) 4 | Driver’s Manual 6 6 8 11 15 17 17 18 Chapter 1 – Driver Licenses Types of Licenses When You Apply for Your First License The Learner Permit and Road Test Junior Operator Restrictions Change of Address License Renewal Non-Resident and New Resident Drivers 19 19 19 19 20 20 21 22 22 23 23 Chapter 2 – How to Keep Your License Special Rules for Drivers with Junior Permits & Licenses Probation Period for All Other Newly Licensed Drivers If You Receive a Traffic Ticket Traffic Tickets Received Out of State Mandatory Suspension or Revocation The Point System Traffic Crashes Fees and Civil Penalties Driver Responsibility Assessments Driving While Suspended or Revoked 24 24 26 27 27 28 Chapter 3 – Owning a Vehicle Registration and Title Registration Renewal Resident and Non-Resident Responsibility Inspection Complaints Against Businesses TAB LE O F CO N T EN TS PART ONE – Information for Drivers and Vehicle Owners PART TWO – Rules of the Road 29 29 30 31 33 Chapter 4 – Traffic Control Signs Traffic Signals Pavement Markings Traffic Officers 34 34 35 35 35 37 Chapter 5 – Intersections and Turns Right-of-Way Emergency Vehicles Blue, Green and Amber Lights Turns U-Turns 39 39 39 40 40 Chapter 6 – How to Pass How to Pass on the Left How to Pass on the Right Being Passed School Buses 42 42 42 42 43 44 Chapter 7 – Parallel Parking How to Park How to Park on a Hill How to Pull Out from Parallel Parking Parking Regulations Reserved Parking for People with Disabilities Driver’s Manual | 5 PART THREE – Safe Driving Tips Chapter 9 – Alcohol and Other Drugs What Alcohol Does Other Drugs Alcohol, Other Drugs, and the Law Your BAC Chemical Tests The Consequences A Few Important Reminders How to Avoid Trouble 59 57 61 61 62 62 63 64 Chapter 10 – Special Driving Conditions Railroad Crossings Expressway Driving Night Driving Driving in Rain, Fog, or Snow How to Drive in Winter How to Avoid Collisions With Deer Driving Emergencies 66 66 67 69 69 72 73 75 75 75 Chapter 11 – Sharing the Road Pedestrians and Skateboarders Bicyclists In-line Skaters, Skate Boarders and Non-Motorized Scooters Motorcyclists Moped Operators Large Vehicles Slow-Moving Vehicles All-Terrain Vehicles and Snowmobiles Horse Riders 76 76 76 76 Chapter 12 – If You Are in a Traffic Crash At the Scene Emergency First-Aid Reports to DMV 77 77 78 80 80 DMV Consumer Directory State DMV Offices County DMV Offices DMV Call Centers Important DMV Addresses and Telephone Numbers CO N T E N TS 53 53 53 54 54 55 55 58 58 O F Chapter 8 – Defensive Driving Be Prepared and Look Ahead Driver Distractions Aggressive Drivers Road Rage Speed Allow Yourself Space Seat Belts, Child Safety Seats, and Air Bags How to Drive Safely in Work Zones How to Drive Through a Roundabout Drowsy and Fatigued Driving Using a Cellular or Mobile Telephone Vehicle Condition TAB L E 45 45 45 45 46 47 47 48 49 50 50 51 52 PART 6 | Driver’s Manual 1 INFORMATION FOR DRIVERS & VEHICLE OWNERS CHAPTER 1 / DRIVER LICENSES You must have a valid driver license to drive legally in New York State. If you reside in and hold a valid license from another state or nation, you can drive legally in New York State. However, even if you are licensed somewhere else, people under age 16 cannot drive in New York State. Drivers who have moved here must turn in their out-of-state driver license and get a New York license within 30 days of becoming a permanent resident. In most cases, it is illegal to hold a New York driver license and a driver license from another state at the same time. It is also a violation of Federal and state law to hold more than one commercial driver license (CDL). • ?Is made or used to carry 15 or more persons, in addition to the driver; or, • ?Regardless of seating capacity, is defined as a bus by Article 19-A of the Vehicle and Traffic Law (including vehicles that carry school children or disabled people); or, • ?Carries hazardous materials required by federal law to contain a placard. The non-commercial driver licenses in this manual are: TYPES OF LICENSES Operator, Class D - Minimum age is 18, or age 17 with a driver education Certificate of Completion (see Driver Education later in this chapter). Allows you to drive a vehicle with a manufacturer’s gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 26,000 pounds (11,794 kg) or less; to tow a vehicle with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds (4,536 kg) or less; or tow a vehicle of more than 10,000 pounds if the gross combination weight rating (GCWR) of the two vehicles together is no more than 26,000 pounds (11,794 kg). You can also operate Class B and C mopeds with this driver license. New York State recognizes six types of non-commercial driver licenses. The information in this chapter applies to passenger car and motorcycle licenses. Information about commercial driver licenses (CDL’s) can be found in the Commercial Driver’s Manual (CDL-10). This is available from the DMV website (search under Forms) or at any motor vehicle office. You must have a CDL if you drive any vehicle that: Junior Operator, Class DJ - Minimum age is 16. Allows you to drive a vehicle with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds (4,536 kg) or less, and tow a vehicle of 3,000 pounds (1,361 kg) or less. You can also operate Class B and C mopeds with this driver license. Please note you are limited with where, when, and with whom you can drive – please refer to the section of this manual labelled “Junior Operator Restrictions” found later in this chapter. • ?Has a manufacturer’s gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of more than 26,000 pounds (11,794 kg); or Non-CDL Class C - Minimum age is 18. Allows you to drive some vehicles with a GVWR of 26,000 pounds or less, or to tow a vehicle with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less providing the GCWR is not more than 26,000 pounds (11,794 kg) where no CDL endorsement is required. It is a crime to alter or forge any motor vehicle document, including a driver license. This may cause suspension or revocation of the driver license and criminal prosecution resulting in a fine or imprisonment. • ?Has a gross combination weight rating (GCWR) of more than 26,000 pounds (11,794 kg), including any towed unit with a GVWR of more than 10,000 pounds (4,536 kg); or, Taxi/Livery, Class E - Minimum age is 18. Allows you to drive the same vehicles as a Class Driver’s Manual | 7 D license, and transport passengers for hire in a vehicle designed or used to carry 14 or fewer passengers. If the vehicle is defined as a bus under Article 19-A of the Vehicle and Traffic Law (e.g., a school car or a van that transports physically or mentally disabled persons), regardless of seating capacity, you must have a CDL. Motorcycle, Class M - Minimum age is 18, or age 17 with a driver education Certificate of Completion (see Driver Education later in this chapter). Allows you to drive motorcycles and mopeds. Junior Motorcycle, Class MJ - Minimum age is 16. Allows you to drive motorcycles and mopeds. You are also limited with where, when, and with whom you can drive – please refer to the section of this manual labelled “Junior Operator Restrictions” found later in this chapter. Note: If you have a motorcycle license and another type of driver license, both classes will be listed on one document (e.g., “Class DM”). Enhanced Driver License - Can be used for land and sea border crossings to and from the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Bermuda and the Caribbean. This license can be used instead of a passport as an identity and Citizenship document at these crossings and for air travel within the U.S. This is an option for NYS residents who are U.S. citizens. Commercial driver licenses and motorcycle licenses can also be issued as an EDL. REAL ID License – The REAL ID Act is a federal law passed by Congress resulting from the 9/11 Commission’s recommendation that establishes specific federal requirements for state-issued driver licenses, permits and ID cards to be acceptable for certain federal purposes. Soon, every air traveler flying within the United States will need to present a REAL ID or an Enhanced Driver License, or bring another acceptable form of identification, determined by the federal government, to get through security at U.S. airports. To get a REAL ID, you will need to go to a DMV Office. For more information, visit dmv.ny.gov. Personal Use Vehicle (Rental, Recreational Vehicle) or “R” endorsement - The Personal Use Vehicle “R” endorsement is required for operation of recreational and/or rental vehicles used to transport personal household goods when the vehicle is over 26,000 pounds (11,794 kg.) GVWR and/or forty (40) feet in length. This endorsement is available to Class D and E license drivers. To get an “R” endorsement: Submit a completed Application for Driver License or ID Card (MV44) to a state or county motor vehicle office; pay a permit fee, which is valid for a maximum of two road tests; and pass a road test in the size and type of vehicle you will drive. No written test is required. For the road test, a driver who is at least 21 years old, with a license valid for the vehicle you will drive during the test, must accompany you. (e.g., a driver license with an “R” endorsement or the correct Commercial Driver License). The road test will take approximately 15 minutes and will include turns, intersections and backing the vehicle to the curb. When you pass the road test, you must go to a motor vehicle office and pay the required fee to complete the license amendment process. 8 | Driver’s Manual WHEN YOU APPLY FOR YOUR FIRST LICENSE The information and required application forms you need to apply for a learner permit or driver license are available at any motor vehicle office. You can also download them from the DMV website. To apply for a learner permit or driver license you must complete an Application for Driver License (MV-44). You must pass a vision and knowledge test and pay the application and license fees. Most drivers must also complete an approved 5-hour Pre-Licensing Course and pass a road test. For more information about how to apply for and receive a license to drive a motorcycle or a commercial vehicle that requires a CDL, refer to the Motorcycle Operator’s Manual (MV-21MC) or the Commercial Driver’s Manual (CDL-10). You must bring your completed application to any motor vehicle office, show the required proof of name and date of birth, provide your Social Security card and pay the correct fee. Your first New York driver license will be issued for a period not to exceed 5 years, on your month and day of birth. Your fee for a learner permit and license in Class D, DJ, M or MJ will be based on your age and date of birth. Examples of common proofs and their point values are listed below. Each document below has a value of 6 points: • ?New York Photo Driver License/Permit/ Non-Driver ID Card (Must be current or not expired for more than 2 years.) Each document below has a value of 4 points: • ?DMV Statement of Identity and/or Residence by Parent/Guardian (MV-45) ( If under 21. See special instructions and requirements on the DMV form). Proof of date of birth and an original Social Security card are required for the applicant. • ?DMV Statement of Identity and/or Residence (MV-45A) (For applicants represented by Government or Government Approved Facilities.) • ?DMV Statement of Identity (MV-45B) (For applicants who can be considered a disenfranchised, homeless youth; not usable for an Enhanced or REAL ID Document.*) • ?U.S. Passport or Passport Card (Must be valid.) Proof of Identity and Age For your protection, DMV must be sure who you are. As part of the application, you must provide your Social Security card. You must present documents that prove your name and age. All proofs must be in English or accompanied by a certified English translation. The list of acceptable documents and assigned point values, described below, are on form How to apply for a New York Learner Permit, Driver License, or Non-Driver ID Card (ID-44) available from the DMV website (search under Forms) or at any motor vehicle office. Proof of Name Documents that prove your name are assigned a point value. You must present proofs that total six points or more. At least one of the proofs must have your signature. • ?Foreign passport - in English and with a U.S. Visa and valid I-94 or unexpired I-551 stamp or statement on visa. If the document is not in English, a certified translation by the embassy or consulate of the issuing country is required. See the publication Proofs of Identity (ID-44). • Consular ID Document • ?Foreign Driver License with Photo. Must be current or expired no longer than 2 years. • ?Photo Driver License/Permit/Non-Driver ID Card issued by another U.S. state, jurisdiction, territory or possession, or, a Canadian province or territory (must be current or expired no longer than 2 years.) Driver’s Manual | 9 Each document below has a value of 3 points: • Valid U.S. Re-entry Permit (I-327) • ?Foreign Marriage or Divorce Record issued by a government entity OR Court-Issued Name Change Decree* • ?Valid U.S. Refugee Travel Document (I-571) • NYS Benefit/Medicaid Card WITHOUT Photo • ?Certificate of Citizenship or Certificate of Naturalization (N-550, N-560, N-561, N-570) • ?Foreign School Report Card/Record with Photo* • ?Unexpired Permanent Resident Identification Card (INS I-551) • ?Expired Permanent Resident Card (expired no longer than 2 years) • ?Valid U.S. Employment Authorization Card (INS I-688B or I-766, with photo) • ?Expired U.S. Employment Authorization Card (INS I-688B or I-766, with photo) (expired no longer than 2 years) • ?U.S. Military Photo Identification Card (issued to active, reserve, and retired military personnel only) Each document below has a value of 1 point: • Valid U.S. Major Credit Card, or • NYS /Benefit/ Medicaid Card, with photo • Border Crossing Card Each document below has a value of 2 points: • ?U.S. Cash (ATM) Card (with pre-printed name and signature), or • ?U.S. Canceled Check (with your pre-printed name), or • U.S. Military Dependent ID card • ?NYS DMV Non-Photo Interim License or Computer Generated Learner Permit • ?U.S. Bank/Financial Institution Statement/ Record • U.S. Employee Identification Card • NYS Vehicle Certificate of Title • NYS Vehicle or Boat Registration Document • U.S. Social Security Card • ?U.S. High School Photo ID with Report Card or Official Transcript • ?U.S. College Photo ID with Official Transcript • ?U.S. Marriage or Divorce Record issued by a state or local government OR Court-Issued Name Change Decree • ?U.S. Computerized Pay Stub (must include your name) • ?U.S. Supermarket Check Cashing Card (must have your pre-printed name and signature) • ?U.S. Life Insurance Policy (in effect at least two years) • ?U.S. Health Insurance Card/Prescription Card to show current proof of health insurance coverage • ?U.S. Utility Bill (must have your name and address) • NYS Professional License • NYS or New York City Pistol Permit • St. Regis Mohawk Tribal Photo ID Card • ?U.S. High School Diploma or General Equivalency Diploma (GED) • ?Federal or New York State W-2 Form (must include Social Security Number) 10 | Driver’s Manual • U.S. Union Card • Veteran Universal Access Photo ID Card • ?U.S. Court Document with the applicant named as a party* • ?Foreign School Report Card/Record WITHOUT Photo* license examines knowledge of the rules of the road, safe driving techniques, road signs and the laws about alcohol and drug use while driving. To pass the written test, you must correctly answer at least 14 of the 20 questions asked, but you must correctly answer two of the four questions about road signs. You can practice for the written test with the questions included in this Driver’s Manual and you can take practice quizzes online at the DMV website. (dmv.ny.gov) • U.S. Municipal ID Card with Photo • ?IRS Tax Transcript or Individual Taxpayer Identification Number Issuance Letter* • Annual Social Security Statement (SSA-1099) Proof of Age You must prove your date of birth. The DMV will accept the original or certified copy of ANY ONE of these documents from the issuing agency: • ?Birth Certificate issued and certified by the U.S. Department of State or a Board of Health or Bureau of Vital Statistics in the U.S., its territories or possessions If you require a motorcycle license, also study the Motorcycle Operator’s Manual (MV-21MC). There is a separate commercial driver license written test for a CDL Class A, B, or C. If you want to apply for a commercial driver license, also study the Commercial Driver Manual (CDL-10). Automated Knowledge Test Class D knowledge tests are offered in multiple languages and can be taken via touch screen test stations or on paper. For practice tests, please visit our website by scanning the QR code below. The QR code can be scanned with your smartphone once you’ve downloaded a free QR Code Reader to your phone. • ?Certificate of Birth Registration issued by the Department of Health of New York State or New York City • U.S. Military Photo Identification Card • U.S. Passport • ?Foreign Passport (with INS documentation) or Immigration Documents - See the publication Proofs of Identity (ID-44) for details • ?Certification of Citizenship or Certificate of Naturalization Vision and Knowledge Tests To pass the vision test, you must have 20/40 vision in at least one eye with or without corrective lenses. If you cannot pass this test or if you wear special lenses, contact a DMV Call Center for additional instruction. The written test for a Class D, M, DJ, MJ or E Online Knowledge Test Application Before you apply for a learner permit, students who are at least age 15 and 11 months can take the written test through the DMV Online Knowledge Test Application (OKTA) program. The test is given at participating high schools across New York State. The test is given in an easy-to-use format and is offered in English and Spanish. It is not necessary for schools that participate to have a driver education program. They must provide a personal computer with Internet access, a printer and at least one staff person to monitor the tests. The OKTA program automatically scores each test and displays the results for the student on the computer screen. Students who pass the test online will receive Driver’s Manual | 11 a receipt, instructions and all required forms to apply for a learner permit. Students who are at least age 16 can bring their receipt and completed forms to any state or county motor vehicle office to apply for a learner permit. Students who fail the test can take it again online as many times as the school allows. THE LEARNER PERMIT AND ROAD TEST The Learner Permit When you pass the vision and written tests and pay your fees, your learner permit will be issued and you can start to learn to drive. When you practice, you must be supervised by a licensed driver who is at least 21 years old, has a license valid for the type of vehicle you are driving, and is seated in the front seat with you when you are driving. New York State also has additional restrictions that apply to drivers under the age of 18. Based on the Graduated Driver Licensing laws, if you have a DJ Learner Permit you are restricted by where and when you drive, and who can be in the car with you when you drive. These restrictions are based on where you are driving and are best explained by the chart on the next page: The restrictions for drivers with learner permits are also available at state or county motor vehicle offices or online, “Important Information About Learners’ Permits” (MV-500H), at the DMV website, dmv.ny.gov/forms/mv500h.pdf. Driver’s Manual | 12 REGIONAL RESTRICTIONS FOR A JUNIOR PERMIT New York City (5 Boroughs) Long Island (Nassau & Suffolk) Upstate (All Other Counties) 5AM – 9PM 5AM – 9PM 5AM – 9PM You must drive only under the immediate supervision of your: You must drive only under the immediate supervision of your: 1. Parent 2. Guardian 3. Person “in loco parentis” 4. Driver Education Teacher 5. Driving School Instructor; or 6. ?Anyone who has been designated in writing by the parent, guardian, or person “in loco parentis”. You must drive only under the immediate supervision of: A person who is age 21 or older and has a license valid for the vehicle being driven. 1. Parent 2. Guardian 3. Person “in loco parentis” 4. Driver Education Teacher 5. Driving School Instructor Those listed above must be age 21 or older and have a license valid for the vehicle being driven. Vehicle must have dual controls (dual brakes) Those listed above must be age 21 or older and have a license valid for the vehicle being driven. 9PM – 5AM 9PM – 5AM You must NOT drive. You must NOT drive 9PM – 5AM You must drive only under the immediate supervision of your: 1. Parent 2. Guardian 3. Person “in loco parentis” 4. Driver Education Teacher 5. Driving School Instructor Those listed above must be age 21 or older and have a license valid for the vehicle being driven. Definitions (For the purpose of this section of the manual) “Properly Licensed” means has a license valid in this state to drive the type of vehicle being driven by the new or junior driver. “Guardian” means a person who has, on a regular and extended basis, assumed the character of a parent and discharges parental duties as the result of a court appointment. “In Loco Parentis” means a person who assumes the role of a parent for the purpose of performing parental duties with the implied or actual consent of a parent (e.g. as a result of the death, incapacity, or in the absence, of a parent). “School Course” means instruction that is licensed or approved by a state agency or department, or training conducted by the U.S. Armed Forces. The term “school course” does NOT include activities or events for which no scholastic credits are given. 13 | Driver’s Manual “Employment” means a place of business at which you are paid to work on a scheduled basis. You cannot drive during work or as part of your work duties. “Work Study Program” means a state-approved work-study program. For example, a Board of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES) course for which academic credit is granted for work experience. “Medical Appointment” means medical treatment that is necessary for you or a member of your household. “Daycare” applies to travel to and from child care if the attendance of the child is necessary for a family member to maintain employment or attend a school course. General Rules for All Drivers with Learner Permits If you hold a learner permit, you cannot drive: • ?Unless you are accompanied by a supervising driver who is at least age 21 and has a license to operate the vehicle you are driving. In Long Island and New York City, this person must be a parent, guardian or driving instructor. For example, a person with a motorcycle license can supervise a motorcycle learner. • In a DMV road test area. • ?On any street within a park in New York City or any bridge or tunnel under the jurisdiction of the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority. • ?On the Cross County, Hutchinson River, Saw Mill River, or Taconic State parkways in Westchester County. Driving with a Junior Learner Permit • ?You cannot drive with more than one passenger under the age of 21 unless they are members of your immediate family or if your supervising driver is your parent, guardian, person “in loco parentis,” driver education teacher or driving school instructor. • ?You and each passenger must wear a seat belt: one per person. Every child passenger must use a correct child restraint. (See: Chapter 8, “Seat Belts, Child Safety Seats, and Air Bags”) • ?If you hold a junior permit, the only passenger allowed in the front seat is your supervising driver. • ?Also see “Special Rules for Drivers with Junior Permits and Licenses,” Chapter 2. Preparing for the Road Test Safe drivers often find their amount of practice before the road test makes a positive difference. Before you take the test, it is important that you have had at least 50 hours of practice, with at least 15 hours after sunset. It is recommended that at least 10 hours of the supervised practice be in moderate to heavy traffic. Road tests are given on city streets, but you should practice on expressways and other types of highways as well. DMV suggests you take a high school or college driver education course or lessons from a DMV-licensed driving school. If you cannot take a course or lessons, have the person who teaches you read Parts 2 and 3 of this manual. You cannot practice in a DMV road test area or on any restricted roads. In New York City, these areas include any street within a park and all bridges and tunnels under the jurisdiction of the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority. In Westchester County, the streets and roadways you cannot practice on include these parkways: Cross County, Hutchinson River, Saw Mill River and Taconic State. Safe Driving Course Requirement Before you can make a road test appointment, you must first complete an approved safe driver course. This requirement is automatically fulfilled as part of every high school or college driver education course. Or you can complete this requirement when you take a special Pre-Licensing course available at most licensed driving schools. For motorists 18 years of age or older a pilot Online Pre-Licensing Course is now available. Driver’s Manual | 14 (See https://dmv.ny.gov/driver-license/prepareyour-road-test) When you complete the safe driving course in person, you will receive a certificate to show when you make your road test appointment. The certificate is valid for one year. Note: ??The DMV-certified Point & Insurance Reduction Program (a.k.a. Accident Prevention Course or Defensive Driving Course) does NOT meet the Safe Driving course requirement. Driver Education If you are 17, you are eligible for a senior driver license (Class D or M) if you have a junior driver license and have completed a state-approved high school or college driver education course. To change your junior license to a senior license, bring your junior license and the Student Certificate of Completion (MV-285) that you received from your instructor to any motor vehicle office. You must return your certificate and junior license to receive the senior license. If you do not change your junior license to a senior license, you are subject to the restrictions for junior drivers until you are age 18, even if you carry the completion certificate with you. You can also give your certificate with your junior permit to the license examiner at your road test. You will automatically receive a senior license when you become eligible. ny.gov and at any motor vehicle office. With this statement, your parent or guardian certifies that you completed at least 50 hours of practice driving, including at least 15 hours after sunset, with an appropriate supervising driver (See chart “Regional Restrictions for a Junior Permit” later in this chapter). You must bring a vehicle to drive during the road test. The vehicle must be correctly registered, inspected, insured and equipped, and in good working order. This includes doors and seat belts. The passenger side seat belt must be available and clean for use by the examiner. If you drive to the road test site, you must also bring a supervising driver who is at least 21 and holds a license valid for the vehicle you will drive during the road test. Motorcycle applicants must bring a car or truck and a licensed driver to transport the license examiner during the test. For All Other Drivers with Permits When you take your road test, you must give the license examiner your photo learner permit, your 5-hour pre-licensing course completion certificate (MV-278) or your Student Certificate of Completion (MV-285). As described for “Junior Drivers with Permits,” you must also provide a vehicle to drive during the road test and a correctly licensed driver. For Junior Drivers with Permits The Road Test Your permit must be held, in valid status for a minimum of six months in order to take the road test. When you pass the road test, you will be issued a Junior License (Class DJ or MJ). See “Regional Restrictions for a Junior License.” After you have completed the Safe Driving Course Requirement, and you feel you are ready for your road test, you can schedule your road test appointment using the Road Test Scheduling System online or by telephone at 1-518-4022100. If you took your Pre-Licensing Course in person, you must have your Pre-Licensing Course Completion Certificate (MV-278) or driver education course Student Certificate of Completion (MV-285) before you schedule your appointment. When scheduling your appointment, you will need to have your Learner Permit and Safe Driving Course certificate (MV-278 or MV-285) with you. A DMV motor vehicle license examiner will conduct the road test. You must give the license examiner your photo learner permit, your 5-hour pre-licensing course completion certificate (MV-278) or your Student Certificate of Completion (MV-285) and a completed Certification of Supervised Driving (MV-262). All junior drivers with permits are required to present a completed MV-262 at the time of the road test. The Certification of Supervised Driving (MV262) is available from the DMV website dmv. 15 | Driver’s Manual The DMV can cancel road tests because of bad weather. Check the website for any cancellation information. After the Road Test At the conclusion of the road test, the Examiner will give you instructions on how to receive your test results. An interim license that allows you to drive will be available to you online. Keep your interim license with your photo learner permit until you receive your photo driver license. You will receive your photo driver license in the mail, in about 2 weeks. When you qualify for a license, you must continue to be careful and obey the traffic laws to gain experience as a capable driver. Many motorists enroll in a DMV-certified Accident Prevention Course to help them gain knowledge of safe driving practices and important highway safety issues. This course, commonly known as the Point and Insurance Reduction Program (PIRP), is available through private companies or corporations in New York State. The course is available as a classroom course or online (called I-PIRP) and reviews time-tested safe driving tips and provides a summary of the vehicle and traffic laws. If you are eligible for point reduction, as many as four (4) points can be reduced from your driving record. (For more information on the point system, see The Point System in Chapter 2.) You can complete this course every 18 months for the purpose of point reduction. You can also qualify for a minimum 10% reduction in the base rate of liability and collision insurance premiums for three years. More information regarding the Point and Insurance Reduction Program, including lists of sponsors approved to provide this course, is available on DMV’s website at https://dmv.ny.gov/learn-more-about/pirp. JUNIOR OPERATOR RESTRICTIONS Driving with a Junior License • ?You cannot drive with more than one passenger under the age of 21 unless they are members of your immediate family. • ?You and each passenger must wear a seat belt: one per person. Every child passenger must use a correct child restraint. (See: Chapter 8, “Seat Belts, Child Safety Seats, and Air Bags”) • ?Also see “Special Rules for Drivers with Junior Permits and Licenses,” Chapter 2. New York State also has additional restrictions that apply to drivers under the age of 18. Based on the Graduated Driver Licensing laws, if you have a Class DJ Driver License (also known as a Junior Operator License) you are restricted to where and when and who can be in the car with you when you drive. These restrictions are based on where you are driving and are best explained by the chart on the next page: Driver’s Manual | 16 REGIONAL RESTRICTIONS FOR A JUNIOR LICENSE New York City (5 Boroughs) Long Island (Nassau & Suffolk) Upstate (All Other Counties) 5AM – 9PM 5AM – 9PM 5AM – 9PM You must NOT drive. You may drive alone only directly between your home and employment, a work-study program, a course at a college, university, or registered evening high school, a driver education course, or while engaged in farm employment. You may drive without being accompanied. You may drive when accompanied by your licensed parent, guardian, person “in loco parentis”, driver education teacher, or driving school instructor. 9PM – 5AM You must NOT drive. 9PM – 5AM 9PM – 5AM You may drive alone only directly between your home and a workstudy program, a course at a college, university, or registered evening high school, a driver education course, or while engaged in farm employment. You may drive alone only directly between your home and employment or a school course. Driving Alone with a Junior License All other driving must be accompanied by your licensed parent, guardian, or person “in loco parentis”. If you hold a Junior License and drive in the counties of Nassau or Suffolk: It also must list your name, date of birth, driver license number, job description, and days, hours and location of employment. The address and telephone number at which the employer can be contacted must be included for verification by a magistrate or police officer. You can drive by yourself between home and your employment, which can include farm work, if you carry the correct proof of employment. Your employer can complete a Certificate of Employment (MV-58A), available from the DMV website (search under Forms) or at local motor vehicle offices. In the upstate counties only, instead of an employment certificate, you can carry a letter from your employer. The letter must be marked with a date and signed by your employer, and must show the business name, address and telephone number where you work. When you drive by yourself between your home and a qualified school course or approved work-study program, you must carry proof of enrollment. This must be a letter, marked with a date and signed by an appropriate school or program official, on the school or program letterhead. It must include the address and telephone number of the official for verification by a magistrate or police officer. The letter also must include the date(s), hour(s) and location(s) of the school course or program activity, your name, date of birth, and driver license number. Please see this important information: 17 | Driver’s Manual Motorcyclists and Moped Operators The restrictions in this manual also apply to operating a motorcycle or moped. Your learner permit or junior license (Class M or MJ) does not allow you to carry any passenger except your supervising driver. Your supervising driver must have a driver license valid to operate the same class motorcycle or moped you are driving, and must exercise general supervision and control by remaining within one-quarter mile. It is strongly recommended that your supervising driver be able to see you at all times. or non-driver ID or valid U.S. Passport or other identification acceptable to the federal government. To get a REAL ID, you will need to go to a DMV Office. To get a Real ID you MUST bring to the office the following original or certified proof documents: • Proof of identity. • ?Proof of Social Security Number or Social Security Number ineligibility. • Proof of your date of birth. NYS Drivers Visiting Other States You can drive outside New York State with your learner permit, junior learner permit or junior license if it is allowed by the laws of the other state. You must obey that state’s permit, junior permit and driver license restrictions that may apply. Ask the police or motor vehicle authorities in the state you are visiting. CHANGE OF ADDRESS If you change your address you must notify DMV within 10 days by mail, on a Change-of-Address Form (MV-232), or online at the DMV website dmv.ny.gov. You must write the new address in the space provided on the back of your driver license. LICENSE RENEWAL You are responsible to know when your driver license expires and to renew it on time. If the DMV has your current address, you should receive a renewal notice and instructions in the mail approximately 45 days before your license expires. If you do not receive the notice, you can apply for renewal at a motor vehicle office. You can renew your license up to one year before its printed expiration date. Soon the federal government will require your driver license, permit or ID card to be REAL ID compliant if you wish to use it as identification to board a domestic flight (within the U.S.), or enter military bases and certain federal facilities. You may also use an Enhanced driver license, permit, • ?Proof of U.S. citizenship, lawful permanent residency or temporary lawful status in the U.S. • ?Two proofs of New York State residence such as utility bill or mortgage statement (P.O. Box not acceptable). This address will be displayed on your card. • ?The application process also requires the DMV to take a new photo. If you decide you do not want a REAL ID or Enhanced document, your license most likely can be renewed through the mail or through the DMV website, but be advised that any license, permit or ID card issued after October 30, 2017 will be marked “Not for Federal Purposes”. If you renew by mail or through the DMV website you must prove you have passed an eye test within the past six months or within one year as determined by a licensed health care professional before the date you renew your license. To renew by mail, you must return to the DMV your renewal application and a completed Eye Test Report (MV-619) which documents that you passed the vision test. If you renew through the DMV website dmv.ny.gov, you will need information from a completed Eye Test Report by your health care professional. An Eye Test Report form is available from the DMV website dmv.ny.gov (search under Forms) or at any motor vehicle office. Make sure to renew early if your license will expire while you are out of state. If you cannot renew early or a serious illness Driver’s Manual | 18 prevents you from doing so, contact a DMV Call Center. license will be returned at your request, but only after you return your New York license. If you enter military service, your license can be automatically extended throughout your active service and for six months after discharge. You must notify the department within 60 days of the entry date into service. You must submit the form, Notification of Military Service (MV-75), available from the DMV website (search under Forms) or at any motor vehicle office. Drivers from Outside New York State NON-RESIDENT AND NEW RESIDENT DRIVERS If you are a resident of another state or country and hold a valid driver license there, you can legally drive in New York State. You should not apply for a New York driver license unless you become a resident of this state. Then, to remain legally licensed, you must apply for a New York driver license within 30 days after you establish you are a New York State resident. If you are a new resident with a valid driver license issued by a U.S. state, territory or possession, or a Canadian province or territory, you must turn in your out-of-state license to get a New York driver license. You must show additional proof of name and date of birth (see “Applying for your First License”), and provide your Social Security card. You must pass the vision test. If your outof-state license has been valid for less than six months or had expired more than one year ago, you must also pass the written and road tests and complete the safe driving course. If you are a new resident licensed in a country other than Canada, you must pass the vision test, complete the safe driving course, turn in your foreign license, and you must pass a written and road test. When you pass the road test, you must give your foreign license to the DMV motor vehicle license examiner who conducted the test. Your foreign driver license will be destroyed unless you provide the examiner a written request to hold your foreign license on file at a New York State Department of Motor Vehicles office. The license examiner will tell you which DMV District Office will hold your foreign license. Your foreign If you are under age 18 and hold a learner permit, junior permit or junior driver license from outside New York State, you must obey the restrictions described in this publication as well as the restrictions from your home state. Make sure your permit or license is valid to drive outside your home state before you operate a vehicle in New York. If you are less than 16 years of age, you cannot drive in New York State even if you have an out-of-state license. 19 | Driver’s Manual CHAPTER 2 / HOW TO KEEP YOUR LICENSE If you commit a serious traffic violation or several violations that are less serious, you can lose your driving privilege through suspension or revocation of your license. “Suspension” means your license (or privilege to drive) is taken away for a period of time before it is returned. You may be required to pay a suspension termination fee. “Revocation” means your license (or privilege to drive) is cancelled. To get a new license, you must re-apply to the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) once the revocation period is over. You may be required to pay a license re-application fee. Your application may be denied if you have a poor driving record or refuse to meet DMV requirements. Revocation periods may be longer than the minimum periods listed in this publication. “Driving privilege” means the courtesy extended to out-of-state-drivers that allows them to drive a motor vehicle in New York State. It also refers to permission from New York State for a person without a license to get a New York driver license. A driving privilege can be suspended or revoked for the same reasons as are New York driver licenses. Driving with a suspended or revoked privilege carries the same penalties as driving with a suspended or revoked license. SPECIAL RULES FOR DRIVERS WITH JUNIOR PERMITS AND LICENSES Every driver with a junior permit or driver license could face sanctions and other penalties. For example, your permit, license or privileges will be suspended for 60 days if you are convicted of a serious traffic violation (three points or more) or two other violations. Your junior permit, license or privileges will be revoked for 60 days if you are convicted of a serious violation (three points or more), or two other violations within the first six months after you receive your license or privileges back following suspension or revocation. In addition, your junior permit, license or privileges will be suspended for 120 days when you are convicted of a texting or cell phone violation. A junior permit must be held for a minimum of six months, excluding any time the permit is suspended or revoked, before a road test can be scheduled. PROBATION PERIOD FOR ALL OTHER NEWLY LICENSED DRIVERS If you are 18 or older when you pass your road test for a driver license, or obtain a license following revocation, you will be on probation for six months. If you are convicted of DWAI (alcohol), speeding, reckless driving, following too closely, participating in a speed contest, or any two traffic violations while on probation, your license will be suspended for 60 days. Following the end of the 60-day suspension, a new six month probationary period will begin. If you are found guilty of one of the above violations or any two traffic violations during this second probationary period, your license will be revoked for at least six months. If your license is restored following the revocation, you will be on probation for another six months. If you are convicted of a texting or cell phone violation, your probationary license will be suspended for 120 days. IF YOU RECEIVE A TRAFFIC TICKET If you receive a traffic ticket, do not delay – follow the instructions on the ticket for the plea you want to make. Your driver license will be suspended indefinitely. If you do not respond that you have received the ticket, you could be found guilty by default conviction. The DMV Traffic Violations Bureau (TVB) processes the tickets for non-criminal moving traffic violations issued in the five boroughs of New York City. The TVB system allows the other courts in these areas to concentrate on criminal cases. This includes driving offenses like Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) and driving while suspended or re- Driver’s Manual | 20 voked. In other areas of the state, traffic violations are processed in the criminal and traffic court of the city, county, town or village where the alleged offense occurred. No matter what court system is involved, every motorist who receives a traffic ticket can present a defense and be represented by a lawyer. If you are under 21 years old and convicted of any alcohol or drug-related violation that occurred out of state, your New York driver license will be revoked for at least one year. If you have any alcohol conviction your license will be revoked for at least one year or until the age of 21, whichever is longer. TRAFFIC TICKETS RECEIVED OUT OF STATE The New York State Department of Motor Vehicles records the conviction of any New York driver for criminal negligence, homicide, or assault that arises from the operation of a motor vehicle and which results in death. The driver license or privilege to drive will be revoked and vehicle registrations may also be revoked. It does not matter if the conviction occurred in this state or another state. The New York State Department of Motor Vehicles does not record convictions of moving traffic violations by NYS non-commercial licensed drivers in other jurisdictions, except traffic offenses committed in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada. Out-of-state traffic convictions, except for Ontario and Quebec, are not added to your New York State “violation point” driving record. However, your New York driver license will be suspended if you fail to answer a ticket for a moving traffic violation in any state except Alaska, California, Michigan, Montana, Oregon, Virginia or Wisconsin. Your license will remain suspended until you answer the ticket. For clearance of your NYS driver license or permit you must submit proof to the NYS Department of Motor Vehicles that the ticket has been satisfied. If you are a driver from any state, except one of the six states listed above, you will have your driver license suspended in your own state if you fail to answer a moving traffic violation summons in New York State. If you are over 21 years old and are convicted of an alcohol- or drug-related driving violation (e.g., DUI) in another state or the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada, your New York driver license will be revoked for at least 90 days. Out-of-state drivers who get tickets in New York State can contact the motor vehicle department of their own state or province about how a conviction affects them. MANDATORY SUSPENSION OR REVOCATION Your driver license or driving privilege can be suspended or revoked for many reasons. NOTE: Motorboat and snowmobile operators less than 21 years old who drink alcohol face similar penalties and sanctions against their privileges to operate a motorboat or snowmobile. Examples of revocations and suspensions that are required by law: Alcohol and Drug Violations (Also see Chapter 9: Alcohol and Other Drugs) • ?Aggravated driving while intoxicated (AggDWI), with .18 of one percent blood alcohol content (.18 BAC): minimum one-year revocation. • ?Driving while intoxicated (DWI), with .08 of one percent blood alcohol content (.08 BAC): minimum six-month revocation • ?Driving while ability impaired by alcohol (DWAI): 90-day suspension. • ?Driving while ability impaired by drugs (DWAI-drug): minimum six-month revocation • ?Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs out-of-state (DUI): minimum 90-day to six-month revocation, depending on conviction. 21 | Driver’s Manual Chemical Test Refusals (Also see Chapter 9: Alcohol and Other Drugs) • ?Chemical test refusal, drivers over age 21: minimum one-year revocation • ?Chemical test refusal, drivers over age 21, within five years of a prior refusal revocation or any alcohol or drug-related violation: minimum 18-month revocation • ?Chemical test refusal, drivers under age 21, first time: minimum one-year revocation • ?Chemical test refusal, drivers under age 21, second time: Minimum revocation until age 21 or one year, whichever is longer • ?Zero Tolerance test refusal: Minimum one-year revocation • ?One violation of “leaving the scene of a personal injury or fatal accident.” • ?One “participating in a speed contest” violation. Conviction of a second speed contest violation within 12 months results in a revocation of at least one year. No Insurance Your driver license will be revoked for at least one year if you operate or allow another person to operate your uninsured vehicle, or if the DMV receives evidence that you were involved in a traffic crash without being insured. If the insurance coverage for your vehicle has expired, you must turn in the license plates and registration to a motor vehicle office. If the vehicle is removed from the road and not being driven, you must return the plates or you can face civil penalties or registration suspension and/or license suspension. Drivers Under Age 21 Indefinite Suspensions/Revocations If you are under age 21 when arrested, conviction for any of the alcohol or drug-related violations listed above will result in a minimum one-year revocation. A second violation while under age 21 requires a revocation for one year or until you reach age 21, whichever is longer. These penalties apply to youthful offenders, or if you were arrested or convicted out of state (see Traffic Tickets Received Out-Of-State). Under the state’s “Zero Tolerance Law,” a driver under age 21 will have their license suspended for six months if found to have a BAC from .02 to .07. A .02 BAC could occur from only one drink. For a second Zero Tolerance violation, the driver license will be revoked for one year or until the driver turns age 21, whichever is longer. Speeding and Other Violations Your driver license will be revoked for at least six months if you are found guilty of: • ?Three speeding and/or misdemeanor traffic violations within 18 months (based on date of violation, not date of conviction). • ?Three “passing a stopped school bus” violations within three years. Your driver license will also be suspended indefinitely if you fail to file an accident report, fail to pay child support, fail to pay taxes or fail to fulfill a court judgment that results from a traffic accident. This suspension will be in effect until you correct the condition that led to the suspension. THE POINT SYSTEM The DMV point system identifies “persistent violators”, that is, drivers who commit a series of violations in a short time period. The table in this chapter lists the point values assigned to various moving traffic violations.* Note that traffic laws which must be obeyed on public highways, roads and streets also apply to parking lots open to the public. While each violation listed alone is not serious enough to require license suspension or revocation, the accumulation of several violations on your driving record can indicate that action must be taken. *All V&T Law violations result in fines to the driver in addition to license sanctions. Driver’s Manual | 22 Violation Speeding MPH not specified Speeding MPH over posted limit: Points Violation Points 3 I?mproper passing, unsafe lane change, drove left of center, or drove wrong direction 3 1 to 10 3 11 to 20 ?Use of mobile telephone or portable electronic device while operating a motor vehicle 5 Any other moving violation Note: Insurance companies can have their own point systems. These have no relationship to and should not be confused with the DMV point system. The point values charged against your record are from the date you commit the violation, not the date you are convicted. If you get 11 or more points within 18 months, you will be notified by mail that your driver license will be suspended. You can request a DMV hearing only to show that the convictions in question were not yours. You cannot re-argue the convictions or request the suspension be waived based on special circumstances. FEES AND CIVIL PENALTIES You can reduce your point total by up to four points and save up to 10 percent on your auto liability and collision insurance premiums by taking a DMV-approved “Motor Vehicle Accident Prevention Course.” Completion of a point reduction course cannot prevent a mandatory suspension or revocation or be applied as a “credit” against future points, or prevent or reduce a Driver Responsibility Assessment by the DMV. In most cases, if your driver license has been revoked, you cannot apply for a new license until you pay a non-refundable $100 fee to reapply for the license. This fee is not required if your license was revoked for operating without insurance or if you were issued a license with conditions or restricted uses. TRAFFIC CRASHES At this time, except where required by law, the term “accident” is frequently replaced by “crash.” This is because a “crash” can normally be prevented. If you are involved in a traffic crash in which another person is killed, your license can be suspended or revoked after a DMV hearing even if you were not charged with a violation when the incident occurred. In most cases, if your driver license has been suspended for an exact period, like 30 days or 90 days, your license will not be returned until you pay a non-refundable $50 suspension termination fee. If your license was suspended as a result of the Zero Tolerance Law, you will be required to pay a $125 civil penalty and a $100 suspension termination fee. Vehicle Owners - A law was passed in 2019 that authorizes school districts and municipalities to use stop-arm cameras on school buses to impose penalties on the owners of vehicles which pass a school bus while the school bus is stopped for the purpose of dropping off or picking up passengers and red lights on the school bus are flashing. • First violation - penalty of $250 • ?Second violation within 18 months - penalty of $275 23 | Driver’s Manual • ?Third violation (or more) within 18 months penalty of $300 After the following revocations, you must pay a civil penalty to DMV before your application for a new license can be accepted: • ?Operating without insurance or accident without insurance: $750 civil penalty. • ?Chemical test refusal: $500 civil penalty ($550 if while driving a commercial motor vehicle). • ?Chemical test refusal within five years of an earlier alcohol, drug or refusal-related revocation: $750 civil penalty. DRIVER RESPONSIBILITY ASSESSMENTS In addition to any fines, fees, penalties and surcharges authorized by law, you may have to pay a “Driver Responsibility Assessment” for some violations that result in a conviction or administrative finding. Your learner permit, driver license or driving privileges will be suspended if you do not make these payments. If you are convicted of Aggravated Driving While Intoxicated (Agg-DWI), Driving While Intoxicated (DWI), Driving While Ability Impaired (DWAI), Driving While Ability Impaired by Drugs, DWAI-alcohol combined with drugs, or if you refused to submit to a chemical test, you will be required to pay a driver responsibility assessment of $250 each year for the next three years. If you are convicted of one or more traffic violations resulting in six points in any 18-month period, you will be required to pay $100 each year for the next three years. For each additional point you receive during that period, you will be required to pay another $25 per point every year for three years. For information about how points are assessed, see “The Point System” in this chapter. This assessment applies to motorists convicted of violations while driving motor vehicles, and in some cases, motorboats and snowmobiles. Completion of a DMV-approved “Motor Vehicle Accident Prevention Course” will not prevent or reduce the calculation of points that affect the Driver Responsibility Assessment. DRIVING WHILE SUSPENDED OR REVOKED It is a criminal offense to drive while your license is suspended or revoked, and there are mandatory fines from $200 to $5,000. You can face mandatory imprisonment or probation. The vehicle being driven could be seized and forfeited. More severe penalties apply to drivers who drive while intoxicated or impaired by alcohol or drugs while their license or privilege are already under suspension or revocation for a previous alcohol or drug-related incident. Drivers with 10 or more suspensions for failure to answer traffic tickets are also subject to severe penalties. Drivers with 20 or more suspensions for failure to answer tickets face a criminal charge, even if you were not driving when arrested. Driver’s Manual | 24 CHAPTER 3 / OWNING A VEHICLE Whether you are a vehicle owner or registrant, or a driver of a vehicle owned or registered by someone else, it is your responsibility to make sure it is registered, insured and inspected before the vehicle operates on a public roadway. REGISTRATION AND TITLE A registration allows a vehicle to be driven on public roads and highways. A title certificate proves who owns the vehicle. You must be at least 16 to register a vehicle. You can title a vehicle at any age. A new resident of the state must get a New York registration within 30 days of establishing residence. To Register a Vehicle To register a vehicle, you must prove you own the vehicle or that the owner authorizes you to register it, that the vehicle is insured, that the state and county sales taxes have been paid and provide any required odometer reading and/or damage disclosure statement. If the ownership proofs listed below are not available from the seller, contact any motor vehicle office or a DMV Call Center before you purchase the vehicle. To apply for registration, you must complete a Vehicle Registration/Title Application (MV-82). You must also present proof of name (6 points) and proof of date of birth. For additional information see Registering a Vehicle in New York State (MV-82.1), available from the DMV website (search under Forms) or at any motor vehicle office. When your vehicle is registered, you will get vehicle plates, a registration document and a registration sticker for the windshield or vehicle plates. If you purchased the vehicle from someone other than a New York State registered dealership, you will also receive a 10-day inspection extension sticker on request when you register the vehicle. You must then have the vehicle inspected within 10 days from the date of registration. It should have a valid inspection sticker if you purchased the vehicle from a New York State registered dealer. The dealer must have the vehicle inspected within 30 days before they sell the vehicle to you. When you purchase a new or used vehicle from a dealer registered with the DMV, the dealer can register the vehicle for you and give you a temporary registration and, if you need them, new vehicle plates. The dealer can charge a processing fee for this service. It can also charge registration, vehicle plate and title fees. Your title certificate will be mailed to you several weeks after the vehicle is registered. Proof of Ownership If you purchase your vehicle from a New York State registered dealer, the proof of ownership for a new vehicle will be a Manufacturer’s Certificate of Origin (MCO) and a dealer’s Certificate of Sale (MV-50). For a used vehicle, proof of ownership is the previous owner’s Certificate of Title (MV-999), the correct odometer and salvage disclosure statement and the dealer’s Certificate of Sale (MV-50). If the dealership does not register the vehicle for you, make sure it gives you the ownership documents listed above and a completed Application for Registration/Title (MV-82) signed by the dealer’s representative. Examine the ownership documents carefully before closing the sale. If you purchase a used vehicle from a dealer registered outside New York State – the proof of ownership is the title certificate or transferable registration signed over to the dealer by the previous owner, plus the bill of sale and/or invoice from the dealer and other proofs from the dealer. For a used vehicle purchased from a private seller – the proof of ownership is the “Certificate of Title” (MV-999), or a transferable registration for 1972 or older models, signed over to you. The seller must complete and you must acknowledge with your signature, the correct odometer and damage disclosure statements. Before you accept the title certificate from any seller, check the front of the title for the names and addresses of “lien” holders. A lien indicates the current owner owes money on a loan for the vehicle. If a lien is listed on the title, ask the seller to give you proof the lien has been paid – in most cases, it is an official lien release from the lender. 25 | Driver’s Manual If proof is not provided and the loan has not been paid, the lien holder could repossess the vehicle. A motor vehicle office will not accept a title certificate if the correct odometer or damage disclosure statement is not completed, or if information on the title is adjusted, erased or canceled. This includes any name or signature. Disclosure Statements • ?If you purchase a vehicle eight model years old or newer, the DMV will NOT register your vehicle or issue you a new title certificate unless the seller has completed, and you have signed, both the odometer and the damage disclosure statements on the Certificate of Title (MV-999). These statements indicate whether the new title certificate should be described as “Rebuilt Salvage.” • ?If you purchase a vehicle 10 model years old or newer, make sure the private seller has completed the odometer statement on the back of the Certificate of Title (MV-999). The damage disclosure statement is not required for vehicles nine model years old or older. As the buyer, you must confirm the odometer statement as shown on the title certificate by writing your initials next to the odometer box on the title certificate. Compare the odometer statement on the title certificate with the odometer reading in the vehicle. IMPORTANT: The DMV must examine every vehicle described as “Rebuilt Salvage”, OR SIMILAR WORDS, for stolen parts before the vehicle can be registered or titled. If you are to purchase a vehicle that is registered or titled out-of-state, contact a DMV Call Center for more information. Proof of Sales Tax Payment When you purchase a vehicle from a New York State registered dealer, the dealer collects the sales tax. If you purchase a vehicle from someone other than a NYS registered dealer, you need to fill out a Statement of Transaction/Sale or Gift of Motor Vehicle (DTF-802), which is available at any motor vehicle office and from the DMV website dmv. ny.gov. This form certifies the purchase price and determines the sales tax you must pay when you register the vehicle. One side of the form must be completed and signed by the buyer. The other side must be signed by the seller if the selling price is below fair market value or if the vehicle is being given as a gift from someone who is not a family member. If the form is not completed by the seller, you will be charged sales tax based on the current fair market value of the vehicle. Bring the completed form to a state or county motor vehicle office when you register your vehicle. Proof of Insurance When you purchase vehicle liability insurance, the insurance agent or broker gives you two insurance identification cards. The name(s) and vehicle identification number (VIN) on these cards must exactly match the information on the registration application. You must present one card when you register your vehicle. Keep the second card with the vehicle. Fees Registrations for most vehicles with a maximum gross weight of not more than 18,000 pounds (8,165 kg) are valid for two years, and fees are based on vehicle weight. There are also vehicle plate and title fees. By law, registration fees cannot be refunded if you use the vehicle plates or registration sticker on your vehicle even for one day. However, if your vehicle plates and registration sticker are returned unused within 60 days after you register your vehicle, you can receive a full refund, minus a processing fee. You may receive a refund of the fee for the second year of a two-year registration, minus a processing fee, if you use the plates & registration only during the first year. Make sure to get a DMV Universal Receipt (FS-6T) to turn in your plates. If you transfer a registration from one vehicle to a replacement vehicle, you will receive credit for the remaining part of your current registration. This credit cannot be applied to other vehicles registered to you. Driver’s Manual | 26 Trading In or Selling Your Old Car Before you trade in or sell your old vehicle, make sure to remove the vehicle plates and the windshield registration sticker, which shows your plate number. This can prevent you from being charged with parking tickets that are not yours. REGISTRATION RENEWAL Most registrations are renewed every two years. Approximately 45 to 60 days before your registration will expire, you should receive a renewal reminder in the mail. If you changed your address and did not notify the DMV, you will not receive the reminder. If you did not answer three or more parking tickets, or if your registration is suspended or revoked, you will not receive the reminder. Allow two weeks to process and deliver the registration. You are responsible to know when your registration expires and to renew it on time. This is true even if you do not get a reminder in the mail. If the expiration date falls on a weekend or legal state holiday, your registration is automatically extended to midnight of the next business day. Make sure you maintain liability insurance on your vehicle during the extension period. If you have not received a renewal notice, you may be able to renew your registration – By mail: Complete a Vehicle Registration/Title Application (MV-82), available at any motor vehicle office and from the DMV website dmv.ny.gov (search under Forms). If your registration must be sent to an address that is not the mailing address you entered on the application form (MV-82), enclose a separate note that requests the DMV to mail your registration to the other address. Do not put this mailing address on form MV-82 unless you want it to appear on the registration and your DMV registration record. Reminder – if you indicate a change of address on your registration, it will affect ONLY that registration. Use a Change of Address Form (MV-232) to change all your DMV records. This form is available at any motor vehicle office and from the DMV website (search under Forms). Enclose a check or money order for the correct fee, payable to the “Commissioner of Motor Vehicles.” If you do not know the exact fee you must pay, you can determine the fee using the Schedules of Registration Fees (MV-204A) available at any motor vehicle office or through a work page at the DMV website. Make sure to include your insurance card with your renewal application if your insurance company has changed and you have not responded to a DMV Insurance Inquiry Letter. Mail your completed Vehicle Registration/Title Application and other documents to: NYS DMV Utica Processing Center, P.O. Box 359, Utica, NY 13503. Allow two weeks to receive your registration renewal. If you do not receive it after two weeks, contact a DMV Call Center or visit any state or county motor vehicle office. Allow more time for overseas mail. If your name has changed and you have not notified the DMV, you must visit a DMV office and show proofs of your identity. For more information, contact a DMV Call Center. Online at the DMV website dmv.ny.gov: Online registration renewal requires that you have not changed your address or insurance company, and that the registration is for a passenger car, small commercial truck or a motorcycle that is not used exclusively off road. Your registration fee, and any related fees, will be displayed on the computer screen. In three quick steps, you can renew your registration online and use your credit card for payment. Your renewal will be automatically processed and mailed to you. Allow two weeks for delivery. In person at a state or county motor vehicle office: You must complete and submit a Vehicle Registration/Title Application (MV-82). Note: An application brought into an office by a second party (someone who is not the registrant) must be accompanied by the original New York license/ permit/non-driver identification card for the second party and either the original or a photocopy for the registrant. This includes spouses (husbands and wives). The application must be signed by the registrant, not the person who brings the form into the office. 27 | Driver’s Manual Insurance INSPECTION Your vehicle must be covered by liability insurance as long as it is registered, even if you do not drive it. Most vehicles sold in New York State must be inspected within 30 days of the date of transfer or sale and must have a certificate of inspection before delivery. If you purchase a vehicle from someone who is not a NYS dealer, you must have the vehicle inspected within 10 days after you register it. Make sure to request a “Ten-Day Time Extension for Motor Vehicle Inspection” (VS-1077). If a person moves to NYS, an inspection certificate that was issued before is valid until it expires or one year from the date it was issued, whichever occurs first. Minimum liability coverage is required of $50,000 against the death of one person and $100,000 against the death of two or more persons, $25,000 against injury to one person and $50,000 against injury to two or more persons and $10,000 against property damage. Insurance coverage limits refer to death, injury or damage related to any one incident. Before your liability insurance expires or is discontinued, return vehicle plates at any state or county motor vehicle office. Be sure to obtain a DMV Universal Receipt (FS-6T) to turn in your vehicle plates. If you do not do this, you may have to pay a civil penalty for each day the vehicle was not insured or your vehicle registration can be suspended. If your vehicle is not insured for 90 days, unless you have turned in your vehicle plates, your driver license will also be suspended. If you receive a letter from DMV that asks about your vehicle insurance, read it carefully and respond as directed in the letter. Motorcycles must be insured, but you are not required to turn in the vehicle plate when your motorcycle insurance is discontinued or expires. RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT RESPONSIBILITY Anyone who drives or permits a vehicle to be driven in New York State, this includes people who are not New York residents, must be able to prove the vehicle has acceptable liability insurance, (see “Insurance,” above, for minimum insurance coverage required). If you are convicted of driving an uninsured vehicle or if you allow another person to drive your uninsured vehicle, your license or privilege to drive in New York State will be revoked for at least one year. The same penalty applies if the DMV receives evidence that you were involved in a traffic crash without insurance. Under some conditions, vehicles sold at retail are exempt from the inspection requirement. These conditions are: transfer to a “welfare to work” program; transfer of a chassis; transfer of a vehicle through factory direct delivery; transfer of a vehicle for registration in another state or country; transfer of a scrap vehicle; and transfer of a vehicle to a long-term lessee (lease buyout). After the first inspection of your vehicle, it must be inspected at an official state-licensed inspection station before the expiration date on the current inspection certificate. An inspection is also required on change of registrant. Inspection stations have yellow and black “Official Motor Vehicle Inspection Station” signs. Heavy trucks, buses, tractors and semi-trailers must be inspected at special “Heavy Vehicle” Inspection Stations and motorcycles at special Motorcycle Inspection Stations. Putting your signature on a registration renewal form certifies that the vehicle was inspected as required by law. Keep track of when your annual inspection is. Schedule a new inspection early, so you will have time to repair your vehicle if it does not pass. After inspection, the vehicle inspector will issue a sticker for the vehicle to prove it has passed inspection. If your vehicle did not pass, the inspector will give you a rejection notice. In most cases, your vehicle must be repaired to meet standards and must be inspected again. A vehicle that is Driver’s Manual | 28 subject to a high enhanced or OBD II emissions inspection that fails a first inspection can qualify for a waiver. An attempt must be made to repair the malfunction and the cost for repairs must be at least $450. Many gasoline-powered vehicles (except motorcycles) must be inspected for exhaust emissions during the safety inspection. Exceptions are gasoline-powered vehicles that are 26 or more model years old, or less than two model years old, or registered as historic. Those vehicles are subject to a safety inspection only. Diesel-powered vehicles that operate in NYS, even if registered elsewhere, are subject to random roadside safety tests by the NYS Police and the NYS Department of Transportation. Vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) more than 8,500 pounds are subject to a Diesel fuel emissions inspection. COMPLAINTS AGAINST BUSINESSES The DMV regulates motor vehicle dealers, inspection stations and auto repair shops. These businesses should be identified by registration or license certificates and outside signs. Make sure you are dealing with a registered or licensed business. If you have a complaint against one of these businesses, first try to resolve it with the management. If that fails, call (518) 474-8943 between 8:30 a.m. and 4:15 p.m. weekdays. You can also write to Vehicle Safety Services, DMV, Bureau of Consumer and Facility Services, Box 2700-ESP, Albany, N.Y., 12220-0700. By regulation, the DMV can receive a repair shop complaint only within 90 days or 3,000 miles (4,828 km) of the vehicle repairs, whichever comes first. PART 29 | Driver’s Manual 2 RULES OF THE ROAD CHAPTER 4 / TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNS Traffic signs tell you about traffic rules, special hazards, where you are, how to get where you are going and where services are available. The shape and color of traffic signs give indications to the type of information they provide: REGULATION SIGNS normally are white rectangles with black letters or symbols, but some are different shapes, and some can use red letters or symbols. WARNING SIGNS normally are yellow and diamond-shaped, with black letters or symbols. DESTINATION SIGNS are green with white letters and symbols. SERVICE SIGNS are blue with white letters and symbols. Know the signs shown below and what they indicate. You will be asked about them on your written test. Here are descriptions of common traffic signs and what they indicate. REGULATION SIGNS Stop Sign COLOR: Red, with white letters MEANING: Come to a full stop, yield the right-of-way to vehicles and pedestrians in or heading toward the intersection. Go when it is safe. You must come to a stop before the stop line, if there is one. If not, you must stop before you enter the crosswalk. (See “Stop Crosswalk Lines” under the “Pavement Markings” section of this chapter.) If there is no stop line or crosswalk, you must stop before you enter the intersection, at the point nearest the intersection that gives you a view of traffic on the intersecting roadway. Yield Sign COLOR: Red and white, with red letters. MEANING: Decrease speed as you reach the intersection. Prepare to stop and yield the right-of-way to vehicles and pedestrians in or heading toward the intersection. You must come to a full stop at a YIELD sign if traffic conditions require it. When you approach a YIELD sign, check carefully for traffic, and be prepared to stop. Other Regulation Signs COLOR: White, with black and/ or red letters or symbols MEANING: These signs give information about rules for traffic direction, lane use, turns, speed, parking and other special requirements. Some regulation signs have a red circle with a slash over a symbol. This indicates that an action, like a right turn, is not allowed or that some vehicles are restricted from the road. Rectangular white signs with black or red letters or symbols are indications to be alert for special rules. Driver’s Manual | 30 WARNING SIGNS: DESTINATION SIGNS: COLOR: Yellow, with black letters or symbols COLOR: Green, with white letters MEANING: You are approaching a hazardous location or a location where there is a special rule, as shown in the sample signs. Sometimes a warning sign is joined with a yellow and black “recommended speed” sign. This indicates reduced speed is advised in that area. Work Area Signs COLOR: Orange, with black letters or symbols MEANING: Show the direction and distance to locations. Route Signs COLOR: Varied. MEANING: Indicate interstate, U.S., state or county routes. The shape tells you the type of route you are on. The sample signs, left to right, are for state, U.S., and interstate routes. When you plan a trip, use a highway map to decide which routes to take. During the trip, watch for destination signs so you will not get lost, or have to turn or stop suddenly. SERVICE SIGNS: MEANING: People are at work on or near the roadway and traffic can be controlled by a flag person. A work area speed limit as low as 25 MPH (40 km/h) can be posted. Even if no speed limit is provided, you must drive at a reduced speed through the work zone and you must always obey the flag persons. These illustrations show some signals a flag person will use. Know and obey them. COLOR: Blue, with white letters or symbols MEANING: Show the location of services, like rest areas, gas stations, camping or medical facilities. TRAFFIC SIGNALS Traffic Lights STOP PROCEED SLOW Traffic lights are normally red, yellow and green from the top to bottom or left to right. At some intersections, there are lone red, yellow or green lights. Some traffic lights are steady, others flash. Some are round, and some are arrows. State law requires that if the traffic lights or controls are out of service or do not operate correctly when you approach an intersection, you must come to a stop as you would for a stop sign. You must then continue according to the rules of right-of-way, unless you are told to continue by a traffic officer. 31 | Driver’s Manual Here is what different traffic lights indicate: STEADY RED: Stop. Do not go until the light is green. If a green arrow is shown with the red light, you can go only toward the arrow and only if the intersection is clear. You can make a right turn at a steady red light after you come to a full stop and yield the right-ofway to oncoming traffic and pedestrians. You can make a left turn at a steady red light when you turn from a one-way road into another one-way road after you come to a full stop and yield the right-of-way to oncoming traffic and pedestrians. Lane Use Control Lights Special above the pavement lights are sometimes used to indicate which lanes of a highway can be used at certain times: STEADY RED “X”: Do not drive in this lane. STEADY YELLOW “X”: Move from this lane. FLASHING YELLOW “X”: This lane can only be used for a left turn. GREEN ARROW: You can use this lane. PAVEMENT MARKINGS You cannot make a turn at a red light if there is a NO TURN ON RED sign posted or another sign, signal or pavement marking prevents the turn. You are not allowed to turn on a red light in New York City unless a sign that permits it is posted. The driver of a school bus containing students cannot turn right on any red light. FLASHING RED: Means the same as a STOP sign: Stop, yield the right-of-way, and go when it is safe. RED ARROW: Do not go in the direction of the arrow until the red arrow light is off and a green light or arrow light goes on. A right or left turn on red is not permitted at a red arrow. STEADY YELLOW: Be prepared to stop. A steady yellow light means the traffic signal is about to turn red. FLASHING YELLOW: Drive with caution. YELLOW ARROW: The protection of a green arrow will end. If you intend to turn in the direction of the arrow, be prepared to stop. STEADY GREEN: Go, but yield the right-of-way to other traffic at the intersection as required by law (see Chapter 5). GREEN ARROW: You can go in the direction of the arrow, but you must yield the right-of-way to other traffic at the intersection as required by law (see Chapter 5). Lines and symbols on the roadway divide lanes and tell you when you can pass other vehicles or change lanes. They also tell you which lanes to use for turns and where you must stop for signs or traffic signals. The arrows on these illustrations show the direction of traffic. Edge and Lane Lines Solid lines along the side of the road tell you where its edge is – where the travel lane ends and the shoulder begins. It is illegal to drive across the edge line, except when told to by a police officer or other authorized official or when allowed by an official sign. An edge line that angles towards the center of the road shows that the road is narrower ahead. Driver’s Manual | 32 Lines that separate lanes of traffic that move in the same direction are white. Lines that separate traffic that moves in opposite directions are yellow. There may be two lines between lanes and lines can be solid or broken. Read Chapter 6 for the Rules on how to pass other vehicles. What some lane lines indicate: One broken line: You can pass other vehicles or change lanes if you can do so safely without interfering with traffic. Solid line with broken line: If you are on the side with the solid line, you cannot pass other vehicles or go across the line except to make a left turn into a driveway. If you are on the side with the broken line, you can pass if it is safe to and you will not interfere with traffic. Double solid lines: You cannot pass or change lanes. You cannot go across the lines except to turn left to enter or leave the highway (e.g. to or from a driveway or to do a U-turn, see Chapter 5). One solid line: You can pass other vehicles or change lanes, but you can only do so when obstructions in the road or traffic conditions make it necessary. Stop and Crosswalk Lines: At an intersection controlled by a STOP sign, YIELD sign or traffic light, there can be a white stop line painted across the lane, (called a Stop Line) and/or two parallel lines painted across the road (called a Crosswalk). When required to stop because of a sign or light, you must stop before you reach the stop line, if there is one, or the crosswalk. You need only stop at a stop line or crosswalk if required to by a light, sign or traffic officer, or to yield to a pedestrian, in-line skater or scooter at a marked or unmarked crosswalk. A single stop line may be placed at intersections to allow room for larger vehicles (such as tractor-trailers, buses, and trucks) to turn without forcing other traffic to back up. It’s important that you stop before you reach this stop line (See “Pedestrians” in Chapter 11). Arrows: Arrows show which lanes you must use. In this illustration, for example, you can turn right only from the right lane. To go straight, you must use the left lane. You must be in the correct lane before you reach the solid line that separates the lanes. 33 | Driver’s Manual Diamond Symbol: This symbol indicates the lane is reserved lanes for buses, HOV (High-Occupancy Vehicles) like car-pools and van-pools, bicycles or other special vehicles. You cannot enter and use these lanes unless your vehicle complies with the occupancy or other requirements indicated by signs for the times the special conditions are in effect. When used to designate reserved lanes on city streets, sections of the solid white line that separates the diamond lanes from the normal lanes can be replaced by broken white lines. In these locations, non-HOV can enter the HOV lane if they make a right turn at the next intersection. Bus lanes and HOV lanes are to promote the most efficient use of limited street and highway capacity. They assure that vehicles with the highest importance move the fastest. • What must you do at a STOP sign? • ?What must you do when you encounter each of the following: a flashing red light, flashing yellow light, steady yellow light, a red light with a green arrow? • ?What does it indicate if an edge line angles in toward the center of the road? • ?What do each of these lines indicate: one broken, one solid, double solid, solid and broken together? • ?If an intersection has crosswalk lines but no STOP line, where must you stop for a red light at that intersection? • ?What type of pavement marking shows you which lane you must use for a turn? • ?Which of the following must you obey over the other three: red light, flashing red light, STOP sign, police officer? TRAFFIC OFFICERS Directions given by traffic officers take precedence over signs, signals or pavement markings. If a traffic officer signals you to stop at a green light, for example, you must stop. If an officer signals you to drive through a red light or stop sign, you must do it. Among the persons authorized to direct traffic are police officers, fire police, highway work area flag persons and school crossing persons, and school bus drivers. QUESTIONS Before you move on to Chapter 5, make sure you can identify the signs in this chapter and know what they mean. Also, make sure you can answer these questions: • A regulation sign is normally what shape? • ?What is the normal color and shape of a warning sign? • What color and shape is a destination sign? Driver’s Manual | 34 CHAPTER 5 / INTERSECTIONS AND TURNS Most traffic crashes occur at intersections when a driver makes a turn. Many occur in large parking lots like at shopping centers. To prevent this type of crash, you must understand the right-of-way rules and how to make correct turns. RIGHT-OF-WAY Traffic signs, signals and pavement markings do not always resolve traffic conflicts. A green light, for example, does not resolve the conflict of when a car turns left at an intersection while an approaching car goes straight through the intersection. The right-of-way rules help resolve these conflicts. They tell you who goes first and who must wait in different conditions. Here are examples of right-of-way rules: • ?A driver who approaches an intersection must yield the right-of-way to traffic that is in the intersection. Example: You approach an intersection. The traffic light is green and you want to drive straight through. Another vehicle, is already in the intersection making a left turn. You must let that vehicle complete its turn before you enter the intersection. • ?If drivers approaching from opposite directions reach an intersection at about the same time, a driver that turns left must yield to traffic that moves straight or turns right. Example: You want to turn left at an intersection ahead. A vehicle reaches the intersection from the opposite direction and moves straight ahead. You must wait for approaching traffic to go through before you turn. You may enter the intersection to prepare for your left turn if the light is green and no other vehicle ahead of you plans to make a left turn (see “Turns” later in this chapter). When you enter the intersection, keep to the right of the center line. Keep your wheels straight to prevent being pushed into oncoming traffic if your vehicle is hit from behind. When traffic headed toward you clears or stops for a red light, complete your turn when you can do so safely. You must also yield to traffic headed toward you when you turn left into a driveway, parking lot or other area, even if there are no signs or signals that control the turn. For any left turn, the law requires you to yield to any traffic headed toward you that is close enough to be a hazard. The decision about when traffic is too close takes experience and judgment. If you have any concern, wait for traffic to pass before you turn left. • ?At intersections not controlled by signs or signals, or where two or more drivers stop at STOP signs at the same time and they are at right angles, the driver on the left must yield the right-of-way to the driver on the right. Example: You are stopped at a stop sign and you are going to go straight through the intersection. A driver on the cross road has stopped at a stop sign on your right and is also going to go straight. You must yield the right-of-way to the other driver. • ?A vehicle that enters a roadway from a driveway, private road or another place that is not a roadway, must stop and yield the right-of-way to traffic on the roadway and to pedestrians. Example: You intend to leave a parking lot and turn right when you enter a street. You are driving out of a parking lot and turn right as you enter a street. A vehicle approaches from your left. You must stop and wait for the vehicle to pass before you enter the street. If you were to turn left, you would have to yield to vehicles that approach from both directions. If a pedestrian walked across the parking lot exit, you would have to wait for that person to go across. • ?Drivers must yield to pedestrians who legally use marked or unmarked crosswalks. This means you must slow down or stop if necessary. In all situations, drivers must take care to avoid colliding with pedestrians and bicyclists. Example: You are stopped at a red light. A pedestrian steps into the crosswalk, and then the light turns green. You must wait for the pedestrian to go across. You must also yield to pedestrians in 35 | Driver’s Manual crosswalks on your left or right before you turn. • ?You cannot enter an intersection if traffic is backed up on the other side and you cannot get completely through the intersection. Wait until traffic ahead clears, so you do not block the intersection. • ?Be alert to cross-streets or offset intersections, so that you don’t cause gridlock by blocking another street. • ?A driver who approaches a traffic circle or rotary must yield the right-of-way to drivers already in the circle. (For more information on how to drive in a rotary see “How to Drive Through a Roundabout” in Chapter 8 of this manual.) EMERGENCY VEHICLES You must yield the right-of-way to fire, ambulance, police and other authorized emergency vehicles when they respond to emergencies. They will display lights that are flashing red, red and blue or red and white and/or may sound a siren or air-horn. (Vehicles responding to emergencies for a Police Department, Sheriff Department or the New York State Troopers are not always required to use an audible siren or horn.) When you hear or see an emergency vehicle heading toward your vehicle from any direction, safely pull over immediately to the right edge of the road and stop. Wait until the emergency vehicle passes before you drive on. If you are in an intersection, drive out of it before you pull over. You must pull over and stop for an emergency vehicle even if it is headed toward you in the opposite lane of a two-way roadway. If you hear a siren or air-horn close by but do not know exactly where the emergency vehicle is, you must safely pull over to the right-side edge of the road and stop until you are sure it is not headed toward you. An emergency vehicle that uses lights and a siren or air-horn can be unpredictable. The driver can legally exceed the speed limit, pass red lights and STOP or YIELD signs, go the wrong way on one-way streets and turn in directions not normally allowed. Although emergency vehicle drivers are required to be careful, you must be cautious when an emergency vehicle heads toward you. Move Over Law This law requires every driver to exercise care to avoid colliding with an authorized emergency or hazard vehicle that is parked, stopped or standing on the shoulder or any portion of the highway with its emergency lights activated or one or more amber hazard lights activated or combination of one or more amber hazard lights and one or more blue lights activated. Drivers must reduce speed on all roads when encountering such vehicles, but on parkways, interstates and other controlled access roads with multiple lanes, drivers are further required to move from the lane adjacent to the emergency or hazard vehicle unless traffic or other hazards prevent doing so safely. Drivers are also required to move over for vehicles with blue and green lights which are described in the next section. Violations of this law are punishable as a moving violation. BLUE, GREEN AND AMBER LIGHTS Personal vehicles driven by volunteer fire fighters responding to alarms are allowed to display blue lights and those driven by volunteer ambulance or rescue squad members can display green lights. Amber lights on hazard vehicles such as snow plows and tow trucks or the combination of amber lights and rear projected blue lights on hazard vehicles designed for towing or pushing disabled vehicles, warn other drivers of possible dangers. Flashing amber lights are also used on rural mail delivery vehicles and school buses to warn traffic of their presence. The vehicles that display blue, green or amber lights are not authorized emergency vehicles. Their drivers must obey all traffic laws. While you are not required to yield the right-of-way, you should yield as a courtesy if you can safely do so. TURNS Always signal before you turn or change lanes. It is important that other highway users know your intentions. The law requires you to Driver’s Manual | 36 signal a turn or lane change with your turn lights or hand signals at least 100 feet (30 m) ahead. A good safety tip is, when possible, to signal your intention to turn before you begin to brake or make the turn. The proper hand signals are shown below. Remember these other tips when you prepare to turn: • Reduce your speed. • ?Be alert for traffic on all sides. Take special caution to check for motorcycles. Most crashes that involve motorcycles and other vehicles are caused because the driver of the other vehicle has failed to see the motorcycle. RIGHT TURN: As you prepare to turn, get as far to the right as possible. Do not make wide, sweeping turns. Unless signs direct you to do otherwise, turn into the right lane of the road you enter. LEFT TURN FROM ONE-WAY ROAD INTO ONEWAY ROAD: Move into the left lane when you prepare to turn. If the road you enter has two lanes, you must turn into its left lane. • ?Keep your wheels straight until you actually begin to make your turn. If your wheels are turned, and you are hit from behind, your vehicle could be pushed into the oncoming lane of traffic. • ?Remember that your rear wheels will travel inside the path of the front wheels, nearer to the curb (right turn) or to traffic headed toward you (left turn). • ?Watch for pedestrians, bicyclists and moped riders, especially on right turns. They are often difficult to see in traffic. • ?Be especially alert to individuals in wheel chairs, people pushing strollers, or someone pulling a wheeled suitcase behind them. They may be closer to the ground and hidden behind a car. The following illustrations show the correct position of your vehicle for turns. These positions are from requirements in the law and are not just good advice. LEFT TURN FROM ONE-WAY ROAD INTO TWO-WAY ROAD: Approach the turn in the left lane. As you proceed through the intersection, enter the two-way road to the right of its center line, but as close as possible to the center line. Be alert for traffic that approaches from the road to the left. Motorcycles are hard to see, and it is hard to judge their speed and distance away. 37 | Driver’s Manual LEFT TURN FROM TWO-WAY ROAD INTO TWO-WAY ROAD: Approach the turn from the right half of the roadway closest to the center. Try to use the left side of the intersection to help make sure that you do not interfere with traffic headed toward you that wants to turn left. Keep to the right of the centerline of the road you enter, but as close as possible to the center line. Be alert for traffic heading toward you from the left and from the lane you are about to go across. Motorcycles headed toward you are hard to see and it is difficult to judge their speed and distance away. Drivers often fail to see a motorcycle headed toward them and hit it while they turn across a traffic lane. LEFT TURN FROM TWO-WAY ROAD INTO ONEWAY ROAD: Approach the turn from the right half of the roadway closest to the center. Make the turn before you reach the center of the intersection and turn into the left lane of the road you enter. LEFT TURN FROM TWO-WAY ROAD INTO FOUR-LANE HIGHWAY: Approach the turn from the right half of the roadway closest to the center. Enter the left lane, to the right of the center line. When traffic permits, you can move out of the left lane. U-TURNS A “U-turn” is any turn you make so you can proceed in the opposite direction. Do not try a U-turn on a highway unless absolutely necessary. If you must turn around, use a parking lot, driveway or other area, and, if possible, enter the roadway as you move forward, not backing up. You can make a U-turn only from the left portion of the lane nearest to the centerline of the roadway, never from the right lane. Unless signs tell you otherwise, you can make a U-turn when you get permission to proceed by a green arrow left turn traffic signal, provided it is allowed and you yield to other traffic. You cannot make a U-turn near the top of a hill, a curve or any other location where other drivers cannot see your vehicle from 500 feet (150 m) away in either direction. U-turns are also illegal in business districts of New York City and where NO U-TURN signs are provided. You can never make a U-turn on a limited access expressway, even if paths connect your side of the expressway with the other side. In addition, it is prohibited for a vehicle to make a U-turn in a school zone. Unless prohibited, a three-point turn can be used to turn around on a narrow, two-way street. You may be required to make a three-point turn on your road test. Driver’s Manual | 38 To make a three-point turn: 1. Signal with your right turn signal, then pull over to the right and stop. Signal with your left turn signal, then check carefully for traffic from all directions. 2. Turn left, go across the road so you come to a stop while you face the left curb or edge of the road. 3. Look again for traffic. Turn your steering wheel as far to the right as possible, then look behind you as you back up. Stop before you reach the right curb or any obstacle to the right curb or edge of the road. 4. Stop, check again for other traffic, then turn your steering wheel all the way to the left and pull forward to complete your turn when it is safe. right, and both of you prepare to go straight, who has the right-of-way? • ?What must you do if you enter a road from a driveway? • ?You face a green light, but traffic on the other side of the intersection does not allow you to travel all the way through the intersection. May you enter the intersection? • ?Does a vehicle prepared to enter a traffic circle or rotary have right-of-way over vehicles in the circle? • ?What will you do if you hear a siren nearby but cannot see where the emergency vehicle is? • How far before a turn must you signal? • ?When you prepare for a right turn, should you remain as near the center of the lane as possible? • ?Where must you position your vehicle when you prepare to make a left turn from a twoway roadway into a one-way roadway? QUESTIONS Before you go on to Chapter 6, make sure you can answer these questions: • ?What is the hand signal for a stop? • A right turn? • ?If two drivers enter an intersection from opposite directions at the same time, and one travels straight, the other prepares to turn left, which must yield the right-of-way? • ?If you enter an intersection to make a left turn, but oncoming traffic prevents the turn immediately, what should you do? • ?If you reach an intersection that is not controlled at the same time as a driver on your 39 | Driver’s Manual CHAPTER 6 / HOW TO PASS The law requires that we drive on the right side of the road. When we are allowed to pass other vehicles, we usually pass on the left. You are permitted to pass on the right only in certain circumstances and it must be done only when necessary and safe. When you pass other vehicles or change lanes to keep away from hazards, do so with caution and only when necessary. You must not exceed the speed limit to pass another vehicle. When you pass a motorcycle, remember to give the motorcycle the same full-lane width as other vehicles are allowed. Never move into the same lane space as a motorcycle, even if the lane is wide and the motorcycle is to one side. When you pass a bicycle, be sure to give the cyclist sufficient space to ride. When overtaking a bicyclist from behind, the law requires you to pass on the left at a safe distance until the bicycle has been cleared. The law requires you to use turn signal lamps or hand and arm signals to indicate your intention to change lanes at least 100 feet (30 m) before you make a lane change. You must never pass a vehicle that has stopped at a crosswalk to allow a pedestrian to go across. HOW TO PASS ON THE LEFT The left lane is normally used to pass other vehicles. You cannot pass a vehicle on the left if: • Your lane has a solid yellow center line. • ?You cannot safely return to the right lane before you reach a solid yellow center line for the right lane. • ?You cannot safely return to the right lane before any oncoming vehicle comes within 200 feet (60 m) of you. • ?You approach a curve or the top of a hill on a two-way road and cannot see around or over it. • ?You are within 100 feet (30 m) of a railroad crossing on a two-way roadway. • ?You are within 100 feet (30 m) of a bridge, tunnel or viaduct on a two-way road and your view is obstructed. • ?If you try to pass, you will interfere with oncoming traffic. If conditions are correct to pass, check in your mirrors and signal your lane change. Before you pull into the left lane, look quickly over your left shoulder, through the back side window, to make sure there is no vehicle close behind you in the left lane. Never depend on your mirrors when you prepare to change lanes. Even correctly adjusted mirrors will leave “blind spots” behind both sides of your vehicle. If a vehicle is in the blind spot, you may not see it in your mirrors. Always quickly look over your shoulder before you change lanes or pass. When you pass, move completely into the left lane. Before you return to the right lane, signal and look at your interior rear-view mirror and make sure you can see the front bumper of the vehicle you passed. Look quickly over your right shoulder to make sure that you can see at least several feet of pavement between your vehicle and the one you passed. Then return to the right lane. HOW TO PASS ON THE RIGHT You can normally pass other vehicles on the left, some situations allow you to pass on the right. You can pass a vehicle on the right only in the conditions listed below and only if you can pass safely. You cannot drive on or across the shoulder or edge line of the road unless a sign allows it or when indicated by a traffic officer (see Chapter 4). You can pass on the right: • When a vehicle ahead makes a left turn. • ?When you are on a two-way road that is marked for two or more lanes or is wide enough for two or more lanes in each direction and passing is not prohibited by signs or restricted by parked cars or other obstructions. • ?When you drive on a one-way road that is marked for two or more lanes or is wide Driver’s Manual | 40 enough for two or more lanes, and to pass is not prohibited by signs or restricted by parked cars or other obstructions. If you prepare to pass on the right at an intersection, check the traffic ahead carefully. Make sure a vehicle that is approaching is not prepared to turn left into your path, and watch at the right side of the road for pedestrians, bicyclists, in-line skaters and moped riders. Before a school bus stops to load or discharge passengers, the driver will usually flash yellow warning lights, which are located on the front and back of the bus near the roof. When you see them, decrease speed and be prepared to stop. BEING PASSED If another vehicle passes you on the left, decrease your speed slightly and stay centered in your lane. When the vehicle has safely passed and is ahead of you, continue at your normal speed. If you find that you are being passed on the right by many vehicles, you should move into the right lane and allow them to pass you on the left. SCHOOL BUSES When a stopped school bus flashes its red light(s), traffic that approaches from either direction, even in front of the school and in school parking lots, must stop before it reaches the bus. You should stop at least 20 feet (6 m) away from the bus. You can identify this bus by a “SCHOOL BUS” sign, the red lights on the top and its unique yellow-orange color. Before a school bus stops to load or discharge passengers, the driver will usually yellow flash warning lights, which are located on the front and back of the bus near the roof. When you see them, decrease speed and be prepared to stop. When you stop for a school bus, you cannot drive again until the bus starts moving again or when the bus driver or a traffic officer signals that you can proceed. This law applies on all roadways in New York State. You must stop for a school bus even if it is on the opposite side of a divided highway. After you stop for a school bus, look for children along the side of the road. Drive slowly until you have passed them. Safety Tip: Most school bus-related deaths and injuries occur while children cross the street after being discharged from the bus, not in collisions that involve school buses. Remember that vehicles that transport people with disabilities can be equipped as school buses and you must stop for them as you would for other school buses. The fine when you pass a stopped school bus ranges from a minimum of $250 for a first violation to a maximum of $1,000 for three violations in three years. If you are convicted of three of these violations in three years, your driver license will be revoked for a minimum of six months. Vehicle Owners - A law was passed in 2019 that authorizes school districts and municipalities to use stop-arm cameras on school buses to impose penalties on the owners of vehicles which pass a school bus while the school bus is stopped for the purpose of dropping off or picking up passengers and red lights on the school bus are flashing. • First violation - penalty of $250 • ? Second ? violation within 18 months - penalty of $275 • ? Third ? violation (or more) within 18 months penalty of $300 41 | Driver’s Manual 42 | Driver’s Manual CHAPTER 7 / PARALLEL PARKING Parallel parking takes skill and is part of every road test. You must know where parking is illegal and what NO PARKING, NO STANDING and NO STOPPING signs indicate. to turn your steering wheel completely toward the near curb. Look through the rear window, not the mirrors, when you back up. Look to the side and front occasionally to make sure you will not touch the vehicle ahead. HOW TO PARK Many motorists consider parallel parking the most difficult part of driving. But practice will teach you how to back up correctly and to judge distances and angles. Some vehicles have additional safety equipment (such as back up cameras and range-detecting sensors) to help the driver back up safely. Some vehicles can even park themselves (in certain conditions). Although these can be useful features, you need to be alert and check the area behind your vehicle before you back up. YOU – as the driver – are ultimately responsible for the safe operation of your vehicle. The following instructions are general. You must adjust parallel-parking procedures to the particular situation. Practice is the only method to learn correctly. 3. 3. When your front wheels are opposite the back bumper of the vehicle ahead, turn the steering wheel the other way while you continue to back up. Make sure you clear the vehicle ahead. Look back and stop to ensure that you do not bump the vehicle behind you. 4. 4. Bring your wheels straight and pull forward. Allow room for the vehicles ahead and behind you. In your final parking position, your wheels must be no more than one foot (30 cm) from the curb. To get nearer to the curb, alternately pull forward and back up, and turn the steering wheel first toward the curb and then quickly straight again. 1. 1. Select a space that is large enough for your vehicle on your side of the road. Check your mirrors before you stop and signal to warn other drivers. Stop next to the vehicle in front of the space and leave about two feet between the other vehicle and your vehicle. 2. 2. Look behind you over both shoulders to make sure you will not interfere with pedestrians or oncoming traffic. Back the vehicle slowly and begin After parking, remember that you must not open the door on the road side if it will interfere with bicyclists and other traffic. HOW TO PARK ON A HILL After you park on a hill, make sure to set your parking brake. Put the transmission in “Park” (or, if your vehicle has a manual transmission, put the transmission into 1st gear). Turn the wheels toward the curb or side of the road, so they will keep your vehicle from heading into traffic. HOW TO PULL OUT FROM PARALLEL PARKING To pull away from a parallel parking space, make sure your wheels are straight, back up to the Driver’s Manual | 43 vehicle behind you and turn your wheels away from the curb. obey a traffic sign, signal or officer or to prevent conflicts with other vehicles. Six steps to enter safely into traffic: Besides parking, standing and stopping rules, there are statewide rules not always indicated by signs: 1) ?Turn your head to look over your right shoulder and check through the rear-window for pedestrians, bicyclists, motorcyclists and other vehicles that can become a hazard; 2) ?Use your interior rear-view mirror to help keep an eye on hazards behind your vehicle; 3 ?Signal your intentions to move from your parking space into traffic; 4) ?Check your side mirrors for oncoming vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists, in-line skaters, motorcyclists and other highway users; 5) ?Turn your head to look over your left shoulder out through the rear-window and begin to slowly drive forward. Make sure you can avoid the vehicle parked ahead when you enter traffic; 6) ?Turn your head and look over your left shoulder to look through the rear-window, drive into the traffic lane when it is safe to do so. You cannot park, stop or stand: •W ? ithin 15 feet (5 m) of a fire hydrant, unless a licensed driver remains in the vehicle to move it in an emergency. •O ? n the road side of a parked vehicle (“double parking”). • On a sidewalk or in a crosswalk. • I?n an intersection, unless permitted by signs or parking meters. • On railroad tracks. •N ? ext to or opposite road work, construction or other obstructions if your vehicle blocks traffic. •W ? ithin 30 feet (10 m) of a pedestrian safety area, unless another distance is marked. • On a bridge or in a tunnel. Parking or standing is not allowed: PARKING REGULATIONS • In front of a driveway. What people understand as “parking” is legally divided into three categories: parking, standing and stopping. Parking is when a vehicle is stopped, occupied or not, other than temporarily for the purpose of loading or unloading merchandise or passengers. Standing is similar to Parking, except that it only relates to receiving or discharging passengers. Stopping is literally that, bringing the vehicle to a stop (even temporarily). •W ? ithin 20 feet (6 m) of a crosswalk at an intersection. A NO PARKING sign means you can make a temporary stop to load or discharge merchandise or passengers. A NO STANDING sign means you can only make a temporary stop to load or discharge passengers. The driver cannot exit the vehicle. A NO STOPPING sign means you can stop only to •W ? ithin 30 feet (10 m) of a traffic light, STOP sign or YIELD sign. •W ? ithin 20 feet (6 m) of a fire station driveway or within 75 feet (23 m) on the opposite side of the road. •A ? long a curb that is cut, lowered or made for access to the sidewalk. You cannot park your vehicle within 50 feet (15 m) of a railroad crossing. 44 | Driver’s Manual RESERVED PARKING FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES Parking reserved for persons with disabilities is a legal requirement. These special parking spaces for motorists with disabilities ensure safe and equal access to goods and services, access which is taken for granted by many persons. You can park in reserved spaces only if you have a permit or vehicle plates for persons with disabilities and only when the person who received the permit or vehicle plates is in the vehicle. It is illegal for any vehicle to park, stop or stand in a space reserved for the disabled unless it has vehicle plates for the disabled issued by the DMV, a New York State Parking Permit for the Disabled issued by a city, town, county or village or a similar vehicle plate or permit issued by another state. The vehicle must be in operation to transport the disabled person described in the registration or permit. This law applies to spaces reserved and provided by local ordinance on streets and highways and those held for special use by state law in shopping centers that have five or more stores and 20 or more off-street public parking spaces. It is a misdemeanor to make a false statement or give false information on an application for vehicle plates, and you would be subject to a mandatory license revocation and could face a fine, incarceration, or both, plus a mandatory surcharge. Additionally, if you make a false statement or provide false information to get a parking permit for a person with a disability, you face possible civil penalties from $250 to $1,000 and a mandatory surcharge. These penalties apply to the applicant and to a doctor who provides certification. To apply for vehicle plates for the disabled or for a NYS Parking Permit for the Disabled use the MV-664.1 Instructions and Application for a Parking Permit or License Plates for People with Severe Disabilities. Reserved spaces must be marked with signs like the one shown above, and also can be designated with pavement markings. Do not park in the spaces with diagonal stripes next to reserved parking areas. These spaces are needed to give access to those with wheelchairs and vehicles with special equipment. The fines for parking violations on a street are set by municipalities. Unless a municipality sets higher penalties, the fine for a shopping center violation is $50 to $75 for a first offense and $75 to $150 for a second offense within two years in the same municipality. A mandatory surcharge of $30 will be added to each penalty. QUESTIONS Before you go on to Chapter 8, make sure you can answer these questions: • ?After you have parallel parked, how near to the curb must your vehicle be? • ?May you open a door on the road side of your vehicle if there is no oncoming traffic? • ?Before you leave a parking space, what should you do? • What does a NO STOPPING sign mean? • ?Can you stop to load or drop off passengers at a NO STANDING or NO PARKING sign? • ?May you park on a crosswalk in the middle of a block? PART Driver’s Manual | 45 3 SAFE DRIVING TIPS CHAPTER 8 / DEFENSIVE DRIVING Most drivers are good drivers. But even the best drivers make errors now and then. Equipment fails, weather conditions can be bad, and some drivers ignore traffic laws or drive in an erratic manner. To prevent making errors or being involved in a crash because of someone else’s error, learn to drive in a defensive manner: Anticipate errors by other drivers, bicyclists and pedestrians and think about what you will do if an error occurs. Do not assume that a driver who approaches a STOP or YIELD sign on a side road is actually going to stop or yield. It is better to assume the other driver will not stop. DRIVER DISTRACTIONS • Allow space. A distraction is anything that takes your attention away from driving. Distracted driving can cause crashes, resulting in injury, death, or property damage. Taking your eyes off the road or hands off the steering wheel presents obvious driving risks. Mental activities that take your mind away from driving are just as dangerous. • Wear your seat belt. When driving: • Be prepared and look ahead. • Maintain the correct speed. • Signal before you turn or change lanes. • ?Do not drive if you are very weary, are on medication or have been drinking beverages that contain alcohol. • Keep your vehicle in good condition. • ?Do not use hand held mobile devices while driving. BE PREPARED AND LOOK AHEAD You should sit in a comfortable but vertical position and keep both hands on the steering wheel. Slouching in the driver’s seat or using only one hand on the wheel makes it more difficult or even dangerous to control your vehicle. Traffic conditions change continuously. Always scan the road ahead. Do not use the road or even the vehicle ahead as your only points of focus. Look ahead so you can prevent, or decrease, possible problems. Keep your eyes moving, notice what is happening at the sides of the road, and check behind you through your mirrors every few seconds. • Do not use cell phones or text. • ?Avoid arguments and stressful or emotional conversations with passengers. • Avoid eating while driving. • ?Be sure children are properly and safely restrained. • ?Properly secure pets in a pet carrier or portable kennel. You must pay attention to the driving task. You are responsible for operating your vehicle in a safe manner. AGGRESSIVE DRIVERS Aggressive driving includes speeding, which often leads to following too closely, frequent or quick lane changes without a signal, passing on the shoulder or parts of the roadway that are not paved or being a nuisance to motorists, bicyclists or pedestrians, who don’t get out of the way. Aggressive drivers sometimes run stop signs and 46 | Driver’s Manual red lights, pass stopped school buses, fail to keep right, drive while impaired by alcohol or drugs and drive in a reckless manner. Some aggressive drivers try to cause harm to another driver, and that is how aggressive driving becomes road rage. To prevent road rage, it is sometimes better not to make eye contact with another driver. The other driver can take this as being challenged. When an aggressive driver confronts you: • Do not make eye contact. • Remain calm and relaxed. • ?Do not drive when you are angry, upset or very tired. • ?Make your vehicle comfortable. Listen to relaxing music and prevent conditions that make you anxious. • ?When you drive, relax and be aware of how you sit. Sit back in your seat, loosen your hold on the steering wheel and do not grind your teeth. • ?Be polite, courteous and forgiving to other drivers. • ?You can control how you react. If another person drives aggressively, do not do the same. • Try to move away safely. • ?Do not challenge an aggressive driver with increased speed or try to hold your position in your travel lane. • ?Wear a seat belt and encourage your passengers to do the same. • ?Ignore gestures and shouts and do not return them. • ?Report aggressive drivers to law enforcement authorities and give a vehicle description, location, vehicle plate number and direction of travel. • ?If an aggressive driver is following you, do not stop or get out of your vehicle. Drive to the nearest police station. • ?If an aggressive driver is involved in a crash, stop a safe distance from the crash scene. When the police arrive, report the driving behavior you saw. To avoid becoming an aggressive driver: • ?Allow enough travel time to reach your destination on schedule. • ?Adjust your schedule to prevent driving during times with the most highway traffic. • If you are late, call ahead so you can relax. If you have the right-of-way, do not think of it as a complete right. Be prepared to yield the right-of-way to other highway users. To wait a few seconds for another driver is far better than to risk a crash. ROAD RAGE What is “road rage”? Road rage is an angry, hostile state, which can increase into violent criminal actions or attempts of violent action that result from the operation of a motor vehicle. Road rage can include behavior to provoke others or to make them fearful. Aggressive driving is not road rage. However, aggressive driving can become road rage. Aggressive driving generally involves the violation of a traffic safety law, while road rage involves the breaking of a criminal law. Who can become road raged? It could happen to anyone when our irritation or anger with others leads us to behavior that is a threat to ourselves and to the safety and lives of others on and near the road or highways. To endanger, threaten or assault another person is illegal. These behaviors can result in severe penalties that include fines, imprisonment and court-ordered probation. They can also result in revocation or suspension of a driver license. Driver’s Manual | 47 Road rage can include many behaviors, such as: • ?Shouts, excessive use of a horn or obscene gestures and threats. • ?Driving actions like when you cut off another vehicle, drive too closely, block another vehicle so it cannot use a traffic lane, chase another vehicle or run it off the road, or deliberately slam into a vehicle. • ?When you stop a vehicle at the side of the road, get out to threaten, attack, fight or injure another motorist or passenger or a pedestrian, bicyclist or other person. Research indicates that being in a state of rage can affect your blood pressure and your ability to reason and make decisions. As a driver, you will make more errors. The chance of being involved in a traffic crash will increase. Aggressive driving and road rage can lead to revoked or suspended driver licenses, problems between family members and friends, loss of employment and legal problems. Many drivers do not recognize when their own aggressive driving or road rage is affecting their ability to drive safely. State law requires every DMV-approved accident prevention course to address the hazards and dangers of road rage. For information about DMV-approved accident prevention courses, go to the DMV website at https://dmv.ny.gov/learn-more-about/pirp. You can also contact one of the program sponsors. Information is available at any state or county motor vehicle office. SPEED You must obey the speed limit. If no limit is posted, drive no more than 55 mph (88 km/h). Often, it is common sense to keep your actual speed below the posted limit. For example, the legal limit on a slippery or fogged-in expressway might be 55 mph (88 km/h), or even 65 mph (100 km/h), but the safe speed to drive would be much lower. Even if you were to drive at 50 mph (80 km/h) on that hazardous highway, a police officer could ticket you for a speed “not reasonable” for the conditions. To keep a smooth traffic flow, some highways also have minimum speed limits. If you drive slower than the minimum speed you can interfere with the traffic flow and create a dangerous condition. Even if there is no minimum speed limit, those driving too slow can be as dangerous as those who drive too fast. Know that some cities have speed limits less than 55 mph (88 km/h) that are not always posted. For example, the speed limit is 25 mph (48 km/h) in New York City unless another limit is posted. ALLOW YOURSELF SPACE Four of every 10 crashes involve rear-end collisions, normally because a person is following too closely (tailgating). Leave enough room between your vehicle and the one ahead so you can stop safely if the other vehicle stops suddenly. Brake early and gently when you prepare to stop or turn. It gives drivers behind you plenty of warning that you plan to decrease your speed. For a good “space cushion,” use the two-second rule: Select an object near or above the road ahead like a sign, tree or overpass. As the vehicle ahead passes it, count slowly, “one thousand one, one thousand two.” If you reach the same object before you finish the count, you are following too closely. In bad weather and when following large trucks, increase the count to at least three or four seconds for additional space. If a driver follows you too closely (tailgates), move to another lane if possible or reduce speed and pull off the road to let the driver go by. Make sure to signal when you drive off the road and when you return to it. Do not press your brakes suddenly or unnecessarily as this may startle the motorist behind you and could escalate into road rage. In case you must change lanes quickly or pull over to avoid a hazard, leave some “escape” room to your left and right. 48 | Driver’s Manual SEAT BELTS, CHILD SAFETY SEATS AND AIR BAGS they outgrow the highest weight or height limit allowed by the manufacturer for the rear facing position. Seat belts save lives and can prevent serious injuries in traffic crashes. This is why New York State requires seat belt use by adults in motor vehicles and seat belts, booster seats or child safety seats for children. • ?A child between the age of four (4) and seven (7) must be restrained in an appropriate federally approved child restraint system (commonly referred to as a booster seat) used with lap and shoulder belt. An appropriate child safety restraint system means the child meets the size and weight recommendations of the manufacturer. A vehicle’s seat belts are not defined as appropriate child restraint systems under the law as they are not designed for use by children. New York is a “primary enforcement” state, which means a police officer can pull you over just because you or one of your passengers isn’t wearing their seatbelt. A law enforcement officer can issue a traffic ticket for failure to wear a seat belt. This law also applies to visitors from outside New York State. Highlights of the New York State occupant restraint law: • ?The driver must be properly restrained by a seat belt. The driver can face a fine of up to $50 if they fail to buckle up. •A ? passenger age sixteen (16) years of age or older must be properly restrained by a seat belt, one person per belt. A passenger age sixteen (16) years of age or older can face a fine of up to $50 if they fail to buckle up. •T ? he driver must make sure that each passenger under the age of sixteen (16) is properly restrained by a seat belt or appropriate child restraint system. The driver can face a fine of $25 to $100 and receive three points on their driver license for each violation. •A ? child under the age of four (4) must be restrained in a federally approved child safety seat (examples include infant only, convertible, combination, all-in-one car seat) that is attached to a vehicle by a safety belt or universal anchorage (LATCH) system. A child must be restrained in the rear-facing position until they are two (2) years old or reach the highest weight or height limit allowed by the car seat manufacturer. For babies that outgrow their infant-only car seat, it is recommended that a convertible or all-in-one seat be used in the rear facing position until • ?All other passengers between the ages of eight (8) and fifteen (15) must be properly restrained by a seat belt, one person per belt. If a child is eight (8) years old or older and is under 4’9” tall or weighs less than 100 pounds, continued use of an appropriate child restraint system is recommended. If the child is four (4) years of age or older, but under the age of eight (8) and is over 4’9” tall and/or weighs more than 100 pounds, the child may be restrained by a seat belt. If the seat belt does not fit correctly, it is recommended that the child continue to use an appropriate child restraint system. • ?Exemptions: Seat belt use is not required in certain emergency vehicles, 1964 or older vehicles, by passengers in buses (except school buses; but seat belt use in a school bus can be required by a school district), rural letter carriers while discharging the duties of such employment, passengers in taxi and livery vehicles under the age of eight (8), and passengers or operators with a physically disabling condition that prevents them from being restrained, provided that such condition is duly certified by a physician. When you drive, you must make sure each person in your vehicle is properly restrained by a seat belt, child restraint system, or car seat. During a crash, a person not properly restrained becomes a flying object and a danger to each person in the vehicle. Driver’s Manual | 49 • ?For added protection, adjust your vehicle head rest, lock the doors and do not keep loose, heavy objects in the passenger area. Put them in the trunk. • ?Air bags are meant to work WITH seat belts, not to replace them. An air bag protects a front-seat occupant in a head-on crash by inflating on impact and providing a cushion so the occupant does not collide with the steering wheel, dashboard or windshield. The combination of a seat belt and an air bag offers maximum protection, partly because they help the driver maintain control of the vehicle and help prevent secondary collisions. • ?Air bags engage (expand quickly) from the steering wheel and/or dashboard. Most adults who are correctly fastened are safer in a vehicle with air bags, but the pressure of an air bag as it opens could injure those who sit too close to it. You should sit with at least 10 inches between the center of your chest and the cover of the air bag. Place your hands on opposite sides of the steering wheel, at the 3 and 9 clock positions, to keep them away if the air bag engages. IMPORTANT: NEVER PUT AN INFANT IN A REAR-FACING CHILD SAFETY SEAT IN THE FRONT SEAT OF A VEHICLE THAT HAS A PASSENGER AIR BAG. HOW TO DRIVE SAFELY IN WORK ZONES Areas where road work takes place are dangerous to drive in -- and to work in. That is why when you speed in work zones, ticket fines double, even when the workers or work vehicles are not there. Expect to find a work zone wherever you drive – you may have to decrease speed quickly or even stop. Traffic lanes can shift or be completely closed. Workers and work vehicles can be on or near your driving lane. When you drive in a work zone, make it safer because you know what to do. Orange signs in the shape of diamonds -“work zone” warning signs – are often placed before road construction projects and other work areas that can change traffic flow. One sign can read: “flagger ahead.” A flagger is a worker who motions for you to stop, continue with caution or change lanes. A flagger has the same authority as a sign, which indicates you can receive a ticket for disobeying their directions. Decrease speed! Be Alert! Obey the signs! Work Zone Tips: •S ? ome signs can indicate a detour that allows you to avoid the work zone. If you know where a work zone is ahead, you should try to use a different route. | •A ? s you enter a work zone, flashing signs or signs with arrows or signs that warn “lane closed ahead” mean you should merge your vehicle into the correct lane when it is safe. Do not speed to the end of the closed lane and try to get into the other lane. If you move to the correct lane at first notice, you will drive in a calmer, more efficient, and safe manner. •D ? ecrease your speed when a sign indicates: “Road Work 1,500 feet,” that means your car, with a speed of 60 miles per hour, will get there in 17 seconds. •T ? he rear-end collision is the most common crash in a work zone. To avoid being involved in one, it helps to keep a braking distance of two seconds or more between you and the vehicle in front of you. (See “Allowing Yourself Space,” earlier in this chapter) Keep a safe distance between your vehicle and traffic barriers, trucks, construction equipment and workers. •S ? ome work zones are not stationary, like when workers paint lines, patch roads or mow. In these cases the size and/or location of the work zones may change. As work progresses, the work zone size may increase, decrease, or move to different sections of the roadway. Workers can be close even if you do not see them immediately after the warning signs. Obey the signs until you pass the one that states the work zone has ended. 50 | Driver’s Manual HOW TO DRIVE THROUGH A ROUNDABOUT A “roundabout” is a round intersection with a small diameter that makes drivers decrease speed, normally to 30 mph or less. Studies show a roundabout can reduce the number and severity of accidents at an intersection, compared to intersections controlled by stop signs or traffic signals. Roundabouts, or rotaries, are now more common in New York State and other states. When using roundabouts or traffic circles: the “blind spots” you cannot see in your mirrors. (For more about blind spots see, Large Vehicles, Chapter 11.) DROWSY AND FATIGUED DRIVING Driving and sleep do not mix. When you are behind the wheel of a car or truck, fatigue is dangerous. If you are tired when driving you are slower to react, and not as aware as you should be and your judgment will be impaired. As with drugs and alcohol, drowsiness can contribute to a traffic crash. Symptoms of Fatigue Researchers have found the following symptoms to be associated with drowsy driving: • ?Your eyes close or go out of focus by themselves. • You find it difficult to keep your head up. • ?As you get near the roundabout, look for the street and direction signs you need. This will help you know which exit to take. These signs will be provided along the roadside before you reach the entrance to the roundabout. Slow down when you enter the roundabout. A sign, like the one on the left above, warns of a roundabout. • ?When you arrive at the roundabout, yield the right-of-way to any pedestrians and bicyclists. You must also yield to any drivers who were in the roundabout before you. Sometimes a stop sign or traffic signal will control your point of entry. When the traffic level allows enough space and time, you can enter the roundabout in a counterclockwise direction. • ?While inside the roundabout, remain in your lane until you are ready to exit. Use your right turn signal to let the other users know your intention to move from the “inside path” to the “outside path”, or if you are in position to exit now. Start to signal at the exit BEFORE the one you want to take. Do not change lanes or take an exit before you check for vehicles that may be continuing through the roundabout in the lane next to you or behind you. Expect vehicles to be in • You continue to yawn. • ?Your thoughts wander and are disconnected. • ?You do not remember driving the last few miles. • ?You drift between lanes, tailgate or miss traffic signs. • You must jerk the car back into the lane. • ?You have drifted off the road and hit the rumble strips, which produce a loud noise and vibrations. Who is Most at Risk? All Drivers who are: • Deprived of sleep or fatigued. • Driving long distances without rest breaks. • ?Driving through the night or at times when you are normally asleep. • ?Taking medication that increases sleepiness or drinking alcohol. • Driving alone. • Driving on long, rural, or boring roads. Driver’s Manual | 51 • ?Frequent travelers, e.g., business travelers and long-distance commuters. • ?Find a safe place to stop for a break in response to symptoms of fatigue. • ?Young People – Drowsy driving crashes are most common for young people, who tend to stay up late, sleep too little and drive at night. • ?Pull off into a safe area away from traffic and take a brief nap (15 to 45 minutes). • ?Shift Workers – Drivers who have non-traditional work schedules have a greater risk of being involved in a fatigue-related traffic crash. • ?People With Undiagnosed Sleep Disorders – The presence of a sleep disorder increases the risk of crashes. If you find you are regularly tired in the daytime or experience any of these symptoms on a regular basis, you may have a sleep disorder and should seek medical help. Effective Countermeasures Prevention – Before you embark on a trip, you should: • Get enough sleep. • Plan to drive long trips with a companion. • ?Schedule regular stops for every 100 miles or two hours. • ?Avoid alcohol and medications (over-thecounter and prescribed) that may impair performance. Check with your doctor or pharmacist about any medication you are taking. Alcohol interacts with fatigue, increasing its effects. • ?You are not at your best if you are ill or very tired. Do not drive for at least 15 minutes after waking from sleep. Actions for the Drowsy Driver If you suspect that you are drowsy when driving, you must: • ?Recognize that you are close to sleep and cannot calculate when sleep may occur. • ?Not depend on the radio, open window or other “tricks” to keep you awake. • ?Drink coffee or another source of caffeine to promote short-term alertness if needed. (It takes about 30 minutes for caffeine to enter the bloodstream.) NOTE: See Chapter 9 for more information about the dangers of driving under the influence of alcohol and other drugs. USING A CELLULAR OR MOBILE TELEPHONE A driver can become distracted from safe driving by use of a mobile telephone (like a cellular telephone). In New York State, it is a traffic infraction to speak into or listen to a hand-held mobile telephone while driving. For a first offense, you could be required to pay a fine up to $200 and receive five license points. The phone may be hand-held to activate, begin, or end a call. Exemptions are provided for calls for emergency situations, for police and other law enforcement officers and for fire department personnel and operators of authorized emergency vehicles in the performance of official duties. In New York State, a hands-free mobile telephone allows the user to communicate without the use of either hand. A driver can use a hands-free telephone at any time. Penalties for texting, electronic device use In New York State, it is illegal to use portable electronic devices, such as cell phones and smart phones, to send or receive text messages or e-mails while driving. The penalty for a first offense is a fine of up to $200. A second offense (both committed within 18 months) is a fine up to $250. A third or subsequent offense (all committed within 18 months) is a fine up to $450. Also, drivers with probationary and junior licenses who use a hand-held phone or text while driving will receive a 120-day suspension for a first conviction and a revocation of at least one year for subsequent convictions within six months of the time a license is restored after suspension. 52 | Driver’s Manual VEHICLE CONDITION No person shall operate or park a vehicle on public highways unless it has been inspected at least once a year, but that does not mean it is the only time you should have safety equipment checked. Follow your owner’s manual for routine maintenance. Have problems corrected by a qualified mechanic as soon as possible. Do not wait until mechanical problems cause breakdowns or crashes. Pay special attention to the maintenance and repair of the brakes, steering mechanism, lights, tires and horn. Depend on your owner manual and an experienced mechanic as keys to a safe vehicle. It is the operator’s responsibility to ensure that the vehicle being driven is safe. Here are some common problems, and some equipment checks you can do: BRAKES - Brakes that pull to one side may be wet or may need to be adjusted or repaired. If wet, you can dry them riding the pedal lightly. If this does not help, have your brakes checked by a mechanic. If you notice any change in the brake performance, have them checked immediately. STEERING - There should not be much free movement in the steering wheel. If your vehicle has power steering, check the fluid level periodically. A noise like a whine when you make a sharp turn can indicate a problem. LIGHTS - Keep your lights clean and free of dirt, snow and ice. Broken lenses can cause dangerous glare for other drivers, so replace them as soon as you can. Make sure headlights are adjusted correctly to give you the best view of the road. TIRES - The law requires that your tires have at least 2⁄32nds of an inch (.16 cm) of tread. Most tires for passenger cars and light trucks have indicators called “wear bars” that show across the tire grooves when the minimum tread depth is reached. You can check your tread depth with a penny. Hold a penny with Abraham Lincoln’s body between your thumb and forefinger. Place Lincoln’s head first into the deepest looking groove. Can you see all of his head? If yes, your tires are too worn – don’t drive on them, and make sure to get them replaced. It is also illegal to drive with tires that have cuts down to the cords, bumps or bulges. Refer to your owner manual or a tire store about correct tire pressure, and check it often with a reliable gauge. GLASS - Keep your windows clean and clear. Replace worn wiper blades. Keep your defroster and rear window defogger in good condition and make sure there is enough windshield fluid in the reservoir. HORN - Your horn is important safety equipment that could become your only means of warning other drivers or pedestrians of possible problems. If the horn does not work, get it repaired as soon as possible. It should be used properly, not to express anger at other drivers or pedestrians. QUESTIONS Before you move on to Chapter 9, make sure you can answer these questions: • ?Should you always look straight ahead when you drive? • ?If there is no posted speed limit, what is the fastest you can legally drive in New York City? • ?Is it always safe to drive at the assigned speed limit? • ?What is the purpose of minimum speed limits? • ?Who must wear seat belts? Who should wear them? • How can you prevent fatigue on a long trip? • ?What is road rage? How can you prevent becoming involved in road rage? • ?How should you drive safely through a work zone? A roundabout? Driver’s Manual | 53 CHAPTER 9 / ALCOHOL & OTHER DRUGS You have probably heard the facts before driving while impaired or intoxicated is a serious traffic safety problem in the United States. In New York State, more than 40 percent of all motor vehicle fatalities involve impaired driving. But the facts and statistics do not tell the whole story. Behind the numbers are thousands of lives cut short, permanent or disabling injuries, and families devastated because someone drove while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. When you drink alcohol or take other drugs, safe driving is not possible. Not every impaired or intoxicated driver causes a traffic crash, but each one is dangerous, putting their lives and those they share the road with at risk. Young people, who have less experience with alcohol or drugs and less experience with driving, are at high risk. Drivers under age 21 are approximately 4 percent of the driving population, but 7 percent of the impaired drivers involved in fatal crashes. This is one reason the driver license revocation penalties are more severe for young drivers who drive under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. Because driving “under the influence” is so dangerous, the penalties for alcohol or drugrelated violations are tough and enforcement is important. The chance of apprehension and conviction are high and New York State law strictly limits your ability to plea bargain when charged with an offense related to alcohol or drugs. . WHAT ALCOHOL DOES Alcohol delays your reaction time, reduces your ability to see clearly, changes your judgment of speed and distances, often makes you less inhibited and makes you more prone to take chances. The important skills you need to drive safely are made weaker. Because your vision is normally restricted at night, it is especially dangerous to drink and drive after dark. Alcohol also reduces your ability to recover from the glare of headlights. When another vehicle moves toward you, you can be blinded by its headlights for a long period of time. You do not have to look or feel intoxicated for these things to occur. The effects of alcohol consumption can begin long before you become intoxicated or even legally impaired and begin with the first drink. As alcohol physically limits your ability to drive, it also makes you less aware of what is happening to your safe driving abilities. It becomes difficult for you to judge your condition. You can gain confidence about driving, when you should not be driving at all. During each mile you drive, you make hundreds of decisions. Your decisions turn into actions that keep your vehicle controlled and ensure you avoid crashes. Alcohol makes it difficult to make correct decisions and to take the safest actions. For example: You have just stopped at a STOP sign. You see another vehicle approaching the intersection. You must quickly make a decision whether it is safe to go through the intersection. Under the influence of alcohol, you are more likely to make a wrong decision and “take a chance.” Your slower reaction time, and the bad decision, could cause a crash. OTHER DRUGS Drugs, which include many prescription and over-the-counter medications, as well as illegal substances, can affect your ability to drive. They can have effects similar to alcohol or even worse. If you take medication, even a remedy for colds or allergies that is not prescribed, check the label for warnings about its effects. If you are unsure, ask your doctor or pharmacist about driving while on the medication. Never drink alcohol while you are taking other drugs. It could be dangerous, often enhancing the effects of the alcohol and the other drug. For example, taking one drink while you are also using a cold remedy could affect you as much as several drinks. 54 | Driver’s Manual It can be a criminal offense to drive while impaired by the effect of drugs, alcohol or the combination of alcohol and drugs, including marijuana/cannabis, and illegal drugs such as, cocaine, LSD, heroin, opium and by some prescription drugs. Drugs can detrimentally affect your reflexes, judgment, vision and alertness and they may have other dangerous effects as well. A combination of alcohol and other drugs severely reduces your ability to drive and can cause serious health problems, which can include death. A combination of alcohol and other drugs severely reduces your ability to drive and can cause serious health problems, which can include death. ALCOHOL, OTHER DRUGS AND THE LAW In New York State, you can be arrested for any of these offenses: aggravated driving while intoxicated (Agg-DWI), driving while intoxicated (DWI), driving with a blood alcohol content of .08 percent or more (.08 BAC), driving while ability impaired by a drug (DWAI-drug), driving while ability impaired by alcohol (DWAI), or driving under the combined influence of alcohol and drugs. Blood alcohol content (BAC) is the percentage of alcohol in your blood and is normally determined by a chemical test of breath, blood, urine or saliva. A BAC of more than .05 percent is legal evidence that you are impaired, a BAC of .08 percent or higher is evidence of intoxication, and a BAC of .18 percent or more is evidence of aggravated driving while intoxicated. Many people think chemical test evidence is required to prove you were intoxicated or impaired. However, the testimony of a police officer about the way you drive, However, the testimony of a police officer about the way you drive, and your appearance and behavior while interacting with and, behavior while interacting with the officer can provide enough evidence to convict you, even without a chemical test. If you are found guilty of any alcohol or drug-related violation, the court must revoke or suspend your driver license when you are sentenced. Even if the court allows you to continue driving for 20 days, your driver license will be taken immediately. The BAC standards and penalties for commercial drivers are even tougher than those indicated in this chapter. For complete information, see Section 1 of the Commercial Driver’s Manual (CDL-10). YOUR BAC Your (BAC) depends on: • How much alcohol you drink. • How much time passes between drinks. .02 BAC = OR 5 oz. glass of wine 12% alcohol OR 1 1⁄2 oz. liquor 80 proof OR 12 oz. (360 ml) can of beer 5% alcohol 12 oz. wine cooler 5% alcohol Driver’s Manual | 55 • Your weight. Your BAC does not depend on the type of beverage you drink, how fit you are, or how you can “hold your liquor.” Different types of drinks do not affect you differently. It is the amount of alcohol you consume, not whether it is in beer, wine or liquor that raises your BAC and reduces your driving ability. These drinks contain about the same amount of alcohol – 1-1⁄2 ounces of liquor, 5 ounces of wine, 12 ounces of beer, and 12 ounces of wine cooler. None is “safer to drink” than the others. For a 150-pound male, each one of these drinks contains enough alcohol to increase his BAC by about .02 percent. On average, it takes the body approximately one hour to remove that much alcohol. Studies indicate that a woman will take longer to process and remove alcohol from the blood. This can cause a higher BAC over a longer period of time. Compared to the 150-pound male described above, your body weight can make some difference in the BAC and the effects of alcohol. No one has immunity to the effects of alcohol. It is a simple fact: the more you drink in a given period of time, the higher your BAC will be and the less safely you will drive. It takes only a few drinks to increase your BAC to levels at which it is illegal to drive. And remember, the effects of alcohol on your ability to drive begin at even lower BAC levels after just one drink. Eating before or while you drink helps slow the absorption of alcohol somewhat, but it cannot prevent intoxication or impairment if you have too much to drink. The only method to effectively reduce your BAC is not to drink over a period of time. Coffee, exercise and cold showers cannot reduce your BAC and the effects of alcohol. They can help you remain awake, but it cannot change your BAC or make you sober. CHEMICAL TESTS Chemical tests use blood, breath, urine or saliva to measure the BAC of a person. If you are arrested for an alcohol or drug related violation, the police officer will likely request that you submit to a chemical test (breath test analyzer). Under New York’s “Implied Consent” law, when you drive a car in this state you are considered to have given your consent to take this type of test. Chemical test refusal is a separate issue from whether you were guilty of an alcohol or drug-related violation. If you refuse to take the test after being arrested, your driver license will be suspended when you are arraigned in court on the alcohol or other drug-related charge. In addition, the fact that you refused a chemical test can be brought up in court when you are tried on the alcohol or drug-related charge. If a DMV hearing later confirms you refused the test, your driver license will be revoked even if you are found not guilty of the alcohol or other drug-related violation. For information about driver license revocations and civil penalties for chemical test refusals, see Chapter 2. THE CONSEQUENCES The table “Penalties for Alcohol/Drug Related Violations” describes fines, surcharges, license penalties and possible imprisonment if you are convicted of an alcohol or drug-related violation. Impaired or intoxicated driving can also have other serious results. Repeat Offenders Drivers with repeat dangerous driving convictions in New York State face one of the toughest licensing policies in the nation. These regulations call for: •? Lifetime Record Review by DMV: DMV will review the lifetime record of all drivers who apply to have a license reinstated after a revocation. • ?Permanent License Denial for Persistently Drunk & Dangerous Drivers: After conducting a lifetime record review, DMV will 56 | Driver’s Manual deny any application for reinstatement of a license after revocation if the applicant has: • ?Five or more alcohol or drug related driving convictions in his or her lifetime, or • ?Three or four alcohol or drug related driving convictions in the 25 year look back period plus at least one other serious driving offense during that period. A serious driving offense includes: a fatal crash, a driving-related penal law conviction, an accumulation of 20 or more points assessed for driving violations within the 25 year look back period or having two or more driving convictions during the 25 year look back period each worth five points or more. •D ?elayed Re-Licensing, Driving Restrictions, & Interlocks for Other Drivers with Repeated Alcohol- or Drug-Related Driving Convictions: For those drivers seeking reinstatement of a license after revocation who have three or four alcohol- or drug-related driving convictions but no serious driving offense in the 25 year look back period, DMV will: revoked or suspended twice within a 25-year period could get their full driving privileges back in as little as seven weeks by completing DMV’s Impaired Driver Program. DMV’s new regulations will ensure that those drivers cannot obtain their driving privileges until their full term of suspension or revocation has ended. Zero Tolerance for Drivers Under Age 21 The legal purchase and possession age for beverages containing alcohol in New York State is 21. Under the state’s “zero tolerance” law, it is a violation for a person under 21 to drive with any BAC that can be measured (.02 to .07). After a finding of violation is determined at a DMV hearing, the driver license will be suspended for six months. The driver then must pay a $100 suspension termination fee and a $125 civil penalty to be re-licensed. For a second Zero Tolerance violation, the driver license will be revoked for at least one year or until the driver reaches 21, whichever is longer. Illegal Purchase of Beverages Containing Alcohol • ?Deny their applications for five years beyond their statutory revocation period if the applicant’s license was revoked for an alcohol- or drug-related offense; or two additional years if the applicant’s license was revoked for a reason other than an alcohol or drug related offense; When you use a driver license or Non-Driver ID card as proof of age to illegally purchase beverages that contain alcohol, state law requires the suspension of your driver license or privilege to apply for a license. • ?Restore the applicant’s license after that additional period as a “restricted” license limiting the applicant’s driving to, for example, travel to and from work or medical visits; and It is a traffic infraction for a driver or passenger in a motor vehicle on a public highway, street or road to drink a beverage containing alcohol or to possess an open container containing an alcoholic beverage. It is also a traffic infraction for a driver or passenger in a motor vehicle on a public highway, street or road to consume marijuana/ cannabis. The penalty for a first conviction is a fine up to $150, a mandatory surcharge, a crime victim assistance fee, and possible imprisonment of 15 days. Additional offenses within 18 months bring higher penalties. The law exempts passengers in vehicles like stretch limousines and other vehicles that display a commerce certificate or permit issued by the U.S. Department of Transportation or the NYS Department of Transportation. •R ?equire an interlock device on the vehicle driven by the applicant for five years from the date of issuance of the licensing document. The interlock requirement applies to those motorists who were approved after the five-year waiting period. •E ?nd the Reduction of Mandatory Suspension or Revocation Periods: Previously, drunk drivers whose licenses have been Open Container Law Driver’s Manual | 57 PENALTIES FOR ALCOHOL/DRUG RELATED VIOLATIONS AGGRAVATED DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED AGG-DWI (0.18 and higher Blood Alcohol Content [BAC]) CONVICTION FINE ONLY* JAIL SENTENCE REQUIRED LICENSE ACTION** 1st Offense (Misdemeanor) Minimum $1000 Maximum $2500 Up to 1 year Minimum 1-Year Revocation 2nd Offense (Class E Felony) Within 10 Years Minimum $1000 Maximum $5000 Up to 4 years Minimum 18-Month Revocation DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED OR DRIVING WHILE ABILITY IMPAIRED BY A DRUG DWI (0.08 and higher Blood Alcohol Content [BAC]) or DWAI-Drug CONVICTION FINE ONLY* JAIL SENTENCE REQUIRED LICENSE ACTION** 1st Offense (Misdemeanor) Minimum $500 Maximum $1000 Up to 1 year Minimum 6-Month Revocation DWI; Minimum 6-Month Suspension (DWAI-D) 2nd Offense (Class E Felony) Within 10 Years Minimum $1000 Maximum $5000 Up to 4 years (DWI & DWAI-D): minimum 5 days jail or 30 days of community service (for DWI within prior 5 years) Minimum 1-Year Revocation DRIVING WHILE IMPAIRED BY COMBINED ALCOHOL & DRUGS DWAI-Combination CONVICTION FINE ONLY* JAIL SENTENCE REQUIRED LICENSE ACTION** 1st Offense (Misdemeanor) Minimum $500 Maximum $1000 Up to 1 year Minimum 6-Month Revocation 2nd Offense (Class E Felony) Within 10 Years Minimum $1000 Maximum $5000 Up to 4 years Minimum 1-Year Revocation DRIVING WHILE ABILITY IMPAIRED DWAI (more than 0.05 up to 0.07 Blood Alcohol Content [BAC]) CONVICTION FINE ONLY* JAIL SENTENCE REQUIRED LICENSE ACTION** 1st Offense (Traffic Infraction) Minimum $300 Maximum $500 Up to 15 Days 90 Day Suspension 2nd Offense (Traffic Infraction) Within 5 Years Minimum $500 Maximum $750 Up to 30 Days Minimum 6-Month Revocation 3rd Offense (Misdemeanor) Within 10 Years Minimum $750 Maximum $1500 Up to 180 Days Minimum 6-Month Revocation NOTE: Higher fines, longer jail sentences, and increased license penalties (including lifetime revocation) may result from a third or subsequent conviction within 10 years. • *Conviction fine only, does not include mandatory surcharge or crime victims’ assistance fee. **?The Department of Motor Vehicle determines when your license can be returned. Its return or reinstatement, based on state law or regulation, is not automatic. You must reapply for your license and may have to pass a test. NOTE: License actions for those under age 21 are different. 58 | Driver’s Manual The Ignition Interlock Program and Leandra’s Law Courts must order all persons convicted of driving while intoxicated or aggravated driving while intoxicated, or of a penal law offense for which an alcohol related violation of any provision of section 1192 of the Vehicle & Traffic Law is an essential element to install and maintain an ignition interlock on any vehicle owned or operated by such driver for at least 12 months. (This device, purchased and installed at the expense of the motorist, is connected to a motor vehicle ignition system and measures the alcohol content of the breath of the driver. The vehicle cannot be started until the driver provides an acceptable sample breath.) The 12-month requirement may be waived by the court if the defendant demonstrates that the interlock device was installed for at least six months, unless the court orders the interlock device to be installed for a longer period of time. The judge also must order an alcohol assessment for a repeat offender. If the assessment indicates alcohol treatment is necessary, the judge may be required to order the completion of treatment as a condition of probation. Drivers who commit these alcohol-related offenses with a child under 16 years old in the vehicle may be charged with a class E felony, punishable by up to four years in prison. (This is known as Leandra’s Law.) The law also makes it a felony to drive drunk with a conditional license, which is a license that may be issued by the DMV when someone is convicted of an alcohol-related offense. Such a license may be used only for driving to and from essential destinations such as school, work and medical appointments. The conditional driver license will be revoked if the motorist does not comply with the court terms or for a conviction for any traffic offense except parking, stopping or standing. A FEW IMPORTANT REMINDERS •? If you kill or cause an injury to another person because of an alcohol or other drug-related violation, you can be convicted of criminally negligent homicide, aggravated vehicular homicide, vehicular manslaughter or vehicular assault. These carry a fine of thousands of dollars and can carry a maximum jail term of 25 years. • ?If you drive while your license is suspended or revoked, you face a mandatory fine of $200 to $1000 and a mandatory jail term or probation. If impaired or intoxicated when you are arrested, the maximum mandatory fine is $5,000 and the vehicle can be seized. • ?Liability insurance may not cover the cost of injuries and damage from a traffic crash. You could be sued for thousands of dollars and you would find it difficult and expensive to buy liability insurance for several years. • ?Besides fines and surcharges, you could also face costly legal fees. • ?You could have a criminal record, which makes it harder to get a job or move forward in your job. HOW TO AVOID TROUBLE You are not likely to worry about the results of your actions while you are impaired or intoxicated. The time to consider them, and how to prevent them, is before you become impaired or intoxicated. • ?If you go to events with the same group of friends, rotate drivers. Each friend takes a turn being the “designated driver” who does not drink any alcohol. • ?Arrange to remain overnight or ride home with a friend who does not drink. • ?Before you drink, give your car keys to a friend who does not drink and who will not let you drive after you drink. •? Call a cab, or contact a Ride Share operator or use public transportation. • ?Drink slowly. Alternate between drinks with alcohol and drinks without any alcohol. • ?Do not consume (e.g. smoke, vape, eat, etc.) marijuana/cannabis-based products before driving. Driver’s Manual | 59 • ?Do not make alcohol the focus of your event • ?If you have had too much alcohol, stop drinking several hours before you intend to leave so your body can begin to lower your BAC QUESTIONS Before you move on to Chapter 10, make sure you can answer these questions: • ?How does impaired driving rank as a highway safety problem? • ?What are the effects of alcohol on the skills you need to drive? • ?Which of these drugs could affect your ability to drive: marijuana, a cold remedy, a tranquilizer? • ?If you take a non-prescription drug, what must you do before you drive? • ?What is a likely effect when you take another drug while you drink beverages containing alcohol? • ?On what three conditions does your blood alcohol content (BAC) depend? • ?Which of these contains more alcohol than the other three: 1-1⁄2 ounces (30 ml) of liquor, five ounces (120 ml) wine, 12 ounces (360 ml) of beer, 12 ounces (360 ml) of wine cooler? • ?On average, how long does it take your body to remove the alcohol contained in 12 ounces of beer? • ?What is the only effective method to reduce your BAC? • ?What happens to your driver license if you refuse a chemical test? • ?Other than fines, action against your driver license and a possible jail term, what are some of the results when you drive under the influence of alcohol or other drugs? CHAPTER 10 /SPECIAL DRIVING CONDITIONS Even under the best conditions, driving requires your full attention and your best judgment. When special conditions or hazards occur, attention and judgment become even more important. To be a good and safe driver, you must learn how to drive on expressways, at night, in bad weather and when an emergency occurs. RAILROAD CROSSINGS GRADE CROSSINGS A grade crossing is the point at which train tracks intersect with a roadway and is considered an intersection. As you approach a crossing, always expect a train. Trains can run on any track, at any time, from either direction. Never race a train to a crossing, never drive around lowered gates, and do not stop on tracks. (You will learn later in the section what to do if your vehicle stalls or gets stuck on a track.) When crossing tracks, always stay in your lane and in the same gear. Some grade crossings have flashing red lights or lowering gates when a train approaches (“active” grade crossings). When approaching marked, or active, grade crossings, do not proceed until the gates are completely raised and the lights are off. It is illegal and dangerous to go around lowered gates or to cross while the lights are still flashing. Some grade crossings do not have gates or flashing lights. When approaching unmarked, or passive, grade crossings, slow down and be prepared to stop. Before you cross, be sure that a train is not coming. If you see a train coming, wait until it passes, and then cross the tracks when it is safe to do so. If there are multiple tracks, wait until you can clearly see down all sets of tracks in both directions for another approaching train before crossing. Remember that the train you see is closer and faster-moving than you think, and be aware that trains cannot stop quickly. 60 | Driver’s Manual Railroad Crossing Warning Sign COLOR: Yellow with black letters “RR” and “X” symbol. MEANING: There is a railroad crossing ahead. Use caution, and be prepared to stop. If you are following a bus or truck approaching a railroad crossing, be careful. Most buses and some trucks must stop at railroad crossings. Do not under any circumstances, attempt to cross any railroad tracks unless you are certain your entire vehicle will clear all of the tracks at the crossing. You cannot go across any railroad tracks unless there is room for your vehicle on the other side. If other traffic prevents you from going fully across, wait and go across only when there is room. (See “Railroad Crossing Signals”.) School buses with or without passengers, other buses with passengers on board and vehicles with explosives or flammable cargo must stop at all railroad crossings. Remember those rules if you are following one of these vehicles. Railroad Crossing Signals Pavement Markings Flashing red lights, lowered crossing gates and/or a bell at a railroad crossing indicate that you must stop, at least 15 feet (5 m) from the tracks. Do not go across the tracks until the lights and bell have stopped and the crossing gates are completely up. Do not drive around or under a gate that is moving up or down. Sometimes, grade crossings do not have flashing red light signals or gates. Pavement markings will often show you that a grade crossing is ahead. Stay behind the stop line while waiting for a train to pass. Yield when you see a crossbuck sign, which is a sign shaped like an “X” with “RAILROAD CROSSING” printed on it (like the sign above but without flashing lights). If there are multiple train tracks, the sign will show the number of tracks. Look and listen for trains before crossing any railroad tracks. If an approaching train is near enough or going fast enough to be a danger, you cannot go across the tracks, even if they have no signals or the signals are not working. Stalling on Railroad Tracks What should you do if you stall on the tracks, for any reason? 1. G ? ET OUT! (That includes EVERYONE in the car, children, babies, an elderly passenger, etc.) 2. ?Get away from the tracks, even if you do not see a train. 3. ?Locate the Emergency Notification System sign and call the number provided, telling them about the stalled vehicle. Run toward the general direction the train is coming from. If a train is approaching, run toward the train but away from the tracks at a 45-degree angle. If you run “down the track,” in the same direction as the train, you can be hit with debris when the train hits your vehicle. Driver’s Manual | 61 EXPRESSWAY DRIVING “Expressway” means any divided highway where traffic moves in one direction on two or more lanes. You normally enter or exit the expressway on ramps (controlled-access). The speed limit is normally 55 mph (88 km/h), but can be posted at 65 mph (100 km/h) in some rural areas. Examples of expressways are the New York State Thruway, major interstate routes and parkways. Remain alert for traffic that enters ahead. If possible, move from the right lane when you approach the entrances to allow more room for traffic entering the expressway from the ramp. To prevent a last-minute lane change, check the destination and exit signs and get into the correct lane for your exit ahead of time. Make sure to signal your exit at least 100 feet (30 m) before you reach the exit ramp. When you are on the exit ramp, decrease your speed. There is often a lower speed limit for the ramp. After you leave an expressway, look for speed limit signs and check your speedometer to be sure you are within the posted limit. You are not likely to be on a 55 mph (88 km/h) road. Before you travel on an expressway, identify your entrance and exit points on a road map. Know where to get on and off the expressway and be prepared to get into the correct lanes for your entrance and exit. If you enter an expressway going a different direction than you intended, or at the wrong exit, stay on the expressway until the next exit. After you exit the expressway, you can figure out where you need to go and (if necessary) get back on the expressway. IT IS DANGEROUS to back up on an entrance or exit ramp, or to try to cross a median. Unless there is a STOP or YIELD sign or traffic light on the entrance ramp, use the ramp to accelerate to expressway speed and blend with traffic. Signal, then look over your shoulder for traffic already on the expressway. If necessary, slow down to safely merge into traffic. If the entrance lane is too short to allow acceleration to expressway speed, the safest method to enter is to stop and wait for a large space in traffic. Then enter the expressway and accelerate quickly. To avoid conflicts with other entrance lane traffic, stop when necessary and merge into expressway traffic as soon as possible. As you drive on the expressway, make sure to signal all lane changes and check over your shoulder to make sure you will not cut off any vehicles behind you. Make sure your directional signal goes off after you change lanes. Expressway driving normally combines higher speeds with heavy traffic. The higher speed and amount of traffic require you to think faster and handle your vehicle in a more efficient manner than in most other conditions. On long trips, plan frequent rest stops. On a bright day, sunglasses can reduce glare and eye fatigue. NIGHT DRIVING About 90% of your decisions are based on what you see. At night, you must use extra caution to make up for reduced visibility. You should also know that the ability to see well at night decreases with age. Night driving is more dangerous because the distance you can see ahead or to the side is reduced. You should drive slower than you would in daylight, especially in areas that are not known or on narrow roads with many curves. Your headlights cover about 350 feet ahead. It is important that you drive at a speed that allows you to stop safely within that distance. This is called “driving within the range” of your headlights. 62 | Driver’s Manual The law requires you to use your headlights from one-half hour after the sun sets to one-half hour before the sun rises, when visibility is less than 1,000 feet (300 m) and when you use your windshield wipers to clear rain, snow or sleet. Turn your headlights on at dawn, dusk and in fog. Even when headlights do not help you see in low-light periods, they make it easier for other drivers and pedestrians to see your vehicle. Do not use parking lights or daytime running lights as a replacement. Headlights do a better job. If an oncoming driver flashes headlights at you during a period of low visibility, it means your vehicle was difficult to see and you should turn on your headlights. Be considerate when you use your high beams. Your headlights must be on low beam when you are within 500 feet (150 m) of an oncoming vehicle or within 200 feet (60 m) of a vehicle ahead of you, even if the vehicle ahead is in a different lane. You should also dim your lights for pedestrians who approach you. Any fog or driving lights your vehicle has must be arranged, adjusted or operated to avoid dangerous glare to other drivers. If an approaching driver does not dim the headlights, flash your headlights to high beam for a second, then return to low beam. To help avoid the glare of approaching high beams, move your eyes to the right. Use the road edge as a guide until the approaching vehicle passes by. To reduce glare from the lights of following vehicles, switch your inside rear view mirror to the “night” position. Light from inside your vehicle or from street lights makes it harder for you to see the road ahead. Keep the interior roof light off and dim the dashboard lights. Adjust your visors to reduce glare from lights from above. A dirty windshield increases glare from approaching headlights. Make sure your lights and windshield glass are clean for night driving. DRIVING IN RAIN, FOG OR SNOW A bit of rain, snow or ice makes roads slippery. Wet leaves can be slippery and hazardous. Reduced speed and increased following distance improve your safety under these conditions (see Chapter 8). Take additional care on curves, turns and expressway ramps. In heavy rain, your tires can begin to ride on the water that is on top of the road pavement. This is called “hydroplaning” and can cause complete loss of traction and control of steering. Hydroplaning normally occurs at higher speeds, but it also can occur if your tires are tread worn or not inflated properly. When there is heavy rain, it always makes sense to drive more slowly. If your vehicle begins to lose traction, decrease your speed even more. Good tires with deep tread help to prevent hydroplaning. Rain, fog or snow make it harder to see through your windshield, and difficult for other drivers to see you. New York State law requires you to turn on your headlights when the weather conditions require the use of windshield wipers to clear rain, snow, sleet or fog. “Daytime running lights” do not qualify as headlights. Headlights on high beams reflect rain, fog and snow as it falls. This makes it even harder for you to see. For better visibility during these weather conditions, keep your headlights on low beam. Reduce your speed. Signal your turns further ahead of time to give other drivers and roadway users more warning. Brake early when you decrease speed behind another vehicle or come to an intersection stop. Some vehicles have front fog lights or front and back fog lights, for use when heavy fog or similar hazardous weather conditions restrict visibility. In New York State, all fog lights must be correctly installed and of a type approved by the Commissioner of DMV. Front fog lights can be amber or white in color. Back fog lights must be red and can be larger than the normal back lights - they will give advance warning of the presence of your vehicle to the drivers behind you. When visibility improves, you can switch off your fog lights to reduce the glare that can bother other drivers. HOW TO DRIVE IN WINTER Winter is the most difficult season in which to Driver’s Manual | 63 there are fewer hours of daylight. Before winter weather arrives, make sure your vehicle is in good condition. Make sure your vehicle has good snow tires. Put them on the vehicle before the first storm. Never combine radial and non-radial tires on the same vehicle. Tires with metal studs can be used in New York State only from October 16 through April 30. During ice or snow storms, do not drive unless you must. If you must drive, first clear the ice and snow from your vehicle. This includes the headlights and back lights, the windshield wipers, the hood and roof of your vehicle, and all of the windows. Make sure the windshield washer reservoir is filled with a cleaning solution that resists freezing. Drive slowly. Even if your vehicle has good traction in ice and snow, other drivers will travel with caution. Do not break the flow of traffic by driving faster than other vehicles. In a rear-wheel drive vehicle, you can normally feel a loss of traction or the start of a slide. With a front-wheel drive vehicle, there might not be a warning. Although front-wheel drive and fourwheel drive vehicles normally handle better in ice and snow, they do not have flawless traction; skids can occur without a warning. Do not let the ability to better handle a front-wheel or four-wheel vehicle make you drive faster than the conditions dictate. keep your foot with even pressure on the brake pedal. If your vehicle does not have ABS, pump the pedal carefully. Pump more rapidly only as your car slows down. If you brake hard with regular brakes, it will make the situation worse. If your front wheels skid: • ?Take your foot off the gas and shift to neutral or push in the clutch, but do not try to immediately steer. • ?As the wheels skid sideways, they will slow the vehicle and traction will return. As traction returns, turn the wheel in the direction you want to go. Then put the transmission in “drive” or release the clutch and accelerate carefully. To prevent skids on snow and ice, brake early, carefully and gently. “Press” your brakes in slow, steady strokes. Allow the wheels to keep turning. If they begin to lock, decrease pressure on the brake pedal. As your vehicle decreases speed, you can also shift into a lower gear. When sleet, freezing rain or snow begin to fall, remember that bridges, ramps and overpasses will freeze first. Also know that slippery spots may remain after road workers have removed the snow. The best method to recover from a skid is the same for all vehicles. If your rear wheels start to skid: • ?Turn the steering wheel in the direction the vehicle is trying to go. If your rear wheels slide left, steer left. If they slide right, steer right. • ?If your rear wheels start to slide in the other direction as you recover, turn the steering wheel toward that side. You might have to turn the wheel left and right several times to get your vehicle completely controlled. • ?If your vehicle has anti-lock brakes (ABS), HOW TO AVOID COLLISIONS WITH DEER Two-thirds of all deer-vehicle collisions occur during the months of October, November and December. This is also the time when deer breed and when they travel the most. Daily deer activity is highest at dawn and dusk, which often is the highest time of travel for motor-vehicle commuters. Deer travel in groups – if you see one, expect more. Areas where there have been many deer-vehicle collisions often are marked with 64 | Driver’s Manual deer crossing signs. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation recommends these precautions motorists can take to reduce the chance of a deer hit: LOSS OF A WHEEL - Handle this as you would a blowout. A thump or noise in the wheel can be a warning sound. Leave the roadway and stop. Then check your vehicle or have it checked. • ?Be careful when you drive at dawn and dusk; this is when driver visibility is bad and the deer are most active. STEERING FAILURE - If your vehicle suddenly will not respond when you steer, slowly take your foot off the gas pedal, turn on your emergency lights and keep your foot off the brake pedal while it is safe to do so. The balance of the vehicle will allow it to continue going straight, but a sudden change in speed could send it out of control. As the vehicle decreases speed, you can brake very carefully to bring it to a stop. • ?The risk of deer-vehicle collisions increases when deer movements increase during breeding season in October, November and December. • ?Decrease speed when you approach deer near roadsides. Deer can “bolt” or change direction at the last minute. • ?If you see a deer go across the road, decrease speed and be careful. Deer travel in groups, expect other deer to follow. • ?Use emergency lights or flash your headlights to warn other drivers when deer are seen on or near the road. • ?Use caution on roadways marked with deer crossing signs. These signs are put in areas that have had a large number of deervehicle collisions. DRIVING EMERGENCIES The most important rule in any emergency is do not panic. You have a better chance in an emergency if you do not let fear take over. In most emergencies, you will have a second or two to think before you act. Here is what to do in different emergency situations: TIRE BLOWOUT - A thumping sound can be a warning that a blowout is about to occur. If you hear it, get safely off the road and check your tires. If a tire blows out, hold the steering wheel tightly and slowly take your foot off the gas pedal. If your vehicle skids, handle it as you would on ice or snow. Do not use your brake until your vehicle is controlled. Leave the road when it is safe to do so. BRAKE FAILURE - If your brake pedal suddenly goes to the floor, try pumping it to increase pressure. If that does not help, use your emergency if you can apply it gradually- but use it gently. If you shift to a lower gear, it will help your vehicle decrease speed. HEADLIGHT FAILURE - If your headlights suddenly go out, try your emergency lights, parking lights and directional signals. These may continue to work and can give you enough light to leave the roadway safely. If your headlights begin to dim, drive to a service station or pull off the road and go for help. STUCK GAS PEDAL - Hook your shoe under the pedal and see if you can free it. If not, shift into neutral and use the brake to slow your vehicle and get off the road. Do not turn of the ignition as you could loose your steering control or or lock your steering wheel. RUNNING OFF THE PAVEMENT - If your wheels move off the pavement, do not suddenly steer or swerve back onto the pavement. Ease your foot off the gas pedal and brake gently. When your vehicle has decreased speed, check for traffic behind you, then turn carefully back onto the pavement. VEHICLE APPROACHING HEAD-ON IN YOUR LANE – Decrease speed, pull over to the right and sound your horn to warn the other driver. Do not turn into the left lane. If you do, the other driver may suddenly recover and pull back into that lane, causing a head-on collision. Driver’s Manual | 65 STALLING ON RAILROAD TRACKS - If a train approaches, release your seat belt, leave the vehicle and get as far away as you can from the tracks. Run toward the general direction the train is coming from. If you run “down the track” in the same direction as the train, you can be hit with debris when the train hits your vehicle. When you are completely sure no trains are coming, open your window to listen for a train and try to start the engine. If that fails, shift your vehicle into neutral and push it from the tracks. • ?What are expressway entrance ramps used for? GOING INTO WATER - A vehicle will normally float for a while, and you should have time to remove yourself before it starts to sink. Release your seat belt and escape through a window. An open door would cause water to rush in and the car could turn over on top of you. • ?Why is expressway driving different from normal driving? If the vehicle sinks before you can remove yourself, get into the back seat. An air pocket can form there as the weight of the engine pulls the vehicle down front first. When the vehicle settles, take a breath and escape through a window. When you rise air pressure will build in your lungs. Let it out in small breaths through your nose or lips as you surface. Do not hold your breath tight or try to blow air out; just allow the air to escape in a natural way. FIRE - If you see smoke come from under the hood, pull off the road and park your vehicle. Turn off the ignition. Get away from the car and call the fire department. It is dangerous to try to fight the fire yourself. BLOCKED VISION - If your hood opens suddenly or your vision through the windshield becomes blocked by some other object or wipers that have failed, you can open the side window so you can see. Turn on your emergency lights and carefully pull your vehicle off the road and park it. QUESTIONS Before you go on to Chapter 11, make sure you can answer these questions: • ?What should you do if you miss an expressway exit? • ?What should you do if an entrance ramp is short? • ?When should you signal that you are exiting an expressway? • ?What should you check for when you leave an expressway? • ?What is the main reason night driving is more difficult than daytime driving? • ?Driving within the range of your headlights indicates you can stop your vehicle within about how many feet? • ?What should you do if you are blinded by the headlights on an approaching vehicle? • ?Is it best to keep your headlights on high beam or low beam when there is fog, rain or falling snow? • ?Which direction should you turn your steering wheel to get out of a skid? • ?How should you use your brake pedal on a slippery road? • ?What is the most important rule to remember in any emergency? • ?What should you do if one of your tires blows out? • ?What is the first thing you should do if your brakes fail? • ?What should you do if your wheels move off the pavement? 66 | Driver’s Manual CHAPTER 11 /SHARING THE ROAD As a driver, you must learn to safely share the road with a variety of other users. These include, but are not limited to: large vehicles, motorcycles, mopeds, pedestrians, bicyclists, in-line skaters, roller skaters, skateboarders, slow moving vehicles, non-motorized scooters and horseback riders. You should know how to safely manage the problems they can present and understand the special rules they must obey. PEDESTRIANS Pedestrians are at high risk in traffic. The law requires you to be extra careful to avoid a collision with them. Look out for children, near schools, bus stops, playgrounds, parks and ice cream trucks. When you back up your car or truck, look through your back window for pedestrians. Do not rely only on mirrors when children are near. Before you back into a driveway, or out of it, get out of the vehicle and check behind your vehicle. Pedestrians are supposed to walk on the side of the road and face the traffic in the lane nearest them. When you make a right turn, watch for those pedestrians on your right. When you make a left turn, watch for pedestrians on the other side of the road on your left. Pedestrians are supposed to walk on the side of the road and face the traffic in the lane nearest them. When you make a right turn watch for pedestrians on your right. When you make a left turn, watch for pedestrians on the other side of the road on your left. A special right-of-way law allows blind pedestrians to go across the road with a guide dog or a white or metal cane. You must always give them the right-of-way when they are trying to cross at a marked or unmarked crosswalk even if the traffic signals or other right-of-way rules are not in their favor. Remember to move your eyes as you drive. Look to either side every few seconds to help you spot pedestrians near or approaching the roadway. The law requires pedestrians to: • ?Obey traffic and pedestrian signals, traffic officers and official signs. • ?Use the sidewalk when available or face traffic as they walk, as far from the near traffic lane as possible. • ?Never stand in the road to hitchhike or conduct business with motorists. Tips for Drivers: • Be alert: Always watch for pedestrians. • Make sure the pedestrian sees you! • ?Scan the road and the sides of the road ahead for pedestrians. • ?Do not expect a pedestrian to always follow the rules of the road and expect that a pedestrian may be entering the roadway at anytime, anywhere, including outside of crosswalks. Expect the unexpected. • ?Before making a turn, look in all directions for pedestrians crossing. Then look again. Particularly, left turns can be a very dangerous maneuver for a motor vehicle driver. • ?For example, > 35% of the NYC pedestrian injury crashes occur when a driver is attempting to make a left turn. • ?Don’t drive after consuming alcohol or other drugs, or when you are fatigued. • ?Do not use your cell phone or text while driving. • ?Do not use portable electronic devices, headphones or do any other activity that will distract you. Driver’s Manual | 67 • ?Look carefully behind your vehicle for approaching pedestrians, especially small children, before backing up. • ?For maximum visibility, keep your windshield clean and headlights on. • ?Be responsible: Pedestrians have the right of way at all crosswalks. Yield to pedestrians at all crosswalks and intersections, whether marked or unmarked. • ?When there is no traffic control signal, drivers must yield the right-of-way to pedestrians, particularly if a pedestrian is in a crosswalk, or there is potential danger to the pedestrian. • ?Every driver approaching an intersection or crosswalk must yield the right-of-way to a pedestrian. • ?Drivers may be issued a tickets if they are involved in a crash with a pedestrian, injure a pedestrian/bicyclist or fail to exercise due care. • ?Stop well back from the crossing to give other vehicles an opportunity to see the crossing pedestrians so they can stop too. • ?Yield to pedestrians when making right or left turns at intersections. • ?Expect that someone may be entering the roadway or crossing the street that may not see or hear you – expect that there may be persons with disabilities who may have hearing, sight or mobility challenges in and around crossings. • ?Pay particular attention to pedestrians accompanied by a guide dog, using a white cane or other mobility assistive devices. • ?Use extra caution when driving near children playing along the street or older pedestrians. • Do not block or park in crosswalks. •A ? lways stop for a school bus with flashing red lights. Never pass or overtake a vehicle that is stopped for pedestrians. There may be people crossing where you can’t see. •O ? bey speed limits and come to a complete stop at STOP signs. •U ? se extra caution when driving in hard-tosee conditions, such as nighttime or bad weather. •S ? low down and be prepared to stop when turning or otherwise entering a crosswalk. •B ? e extra cautious when backing-up and look for pedestrians. •B ? e aware of your vehicle’s a-pillars (vertical supports on the vehicle that are located around all glass) as these may interfere with seeing clearly (they can create blind spots!) •N ? ever pass vehicles stopped at a crosswalk. There may be people crossing where you can’t see. •F ? ollow the speed limit, especially around people on the street, in school zones, in neighborhoods where children are present and as you approach an intersection. BICYCLISTS Bicyclists have the right to share the road and travel in the same direction as motor vehicles. They are often hard to see in traffic and have no protection from a traffic crash. Check your “blind spots” before you make a turn, parallel park, open a door or leave a curb. Do not depend only on your mirrors – turn your head to look for bicyclists, skaters and scooter operators that may be next to you or approaching. Give bicyclists room when you drive. Reduce speed as you pass them. Air pressure from a vehicle that passes them quickly can send them off balance. 68 | Driver’s Manual Be aware that the bicyclist near or in front of you can react to road hazards like a motorcyclist would with sudden changes of speed, direction or lane position. Bicyclists must: • ?Ride in a bicycle lane, if available. Where there is none, they must remain near the right curb or edge of the road or on a right shoulder of the road, to prevent interference with other traffic. When they prepare for a left turn or must move left to avoid hazards, cyclists do not have to remain to the right. • ?Come to a full stop before they enter a roadway from a driveway, an alley or over a curb. A bicycle driven on public highways must have adequate brakes and a horn or bell that can be heard at least 100 feet (30 m) away. A bicycle used at night must have a headlight visible from at least 500 feet (150 m) ahead and a red taillight visible from at least 300 feet (90 m) behind. One of these lights must be visible from at least 200 feet (60 m) away on each side. A bicycle sold by a dealer must have wide-angle, spoke-mounted reflectors or reflective tires, a wide-angle rear reflector and pedal reflectors. The rules of the road and right-of-way apply to and protect these and other highway users. You must yield the right-of-way to them just as you would to another vehicle. And they must obey the rules of the road just as motor vehicle drivers do. • ?Never travel with more than two side-byside in a single lane. • ?Never ride on a sidewalk if it is prohibited by local laws. Bicyclists and their passengers ages 1 - 13, must wear an approved helmet. Adults must obey any local laws or regulations about helmet use. Tips for Drivers: Bicyclists also must: • ?Signal turns, lane changes and stops through the use of the hand signals shown. A bicyclist can signal a right turn when they extend the right arm straight out to the right. • ?Never carry an infant under a year old as a passenger. It is against the law. Child passengers ages 1 - 4 must ride in attached bicycle safety seats. • ?Never carry a passenger unless the bicycle has a passenger seat. • ?Keep at least one hand on the handlebars at all times and do not carry any item which prevents correct control of the bicycle. • ?People on bicycles have the same rights and responsibilities as people behind the wheel of a motor vehicle. • ?Drivers must be alert to the presence of bicyclists and drive responsibly to avoid colliding with them or encroaching on their rightful path of travel. • ?Yield to bicyclists as you would other drivers and do not underestimate their speed. This will help avoid turning in front of a bicyclist traveling on the road or sidewalk, often at an intersection or driveway. • Give bicyclists extra space. • Make sure bicyclists see you. • ?Any bicycle crash that causes death or serious injury must be reported to DMV within 10 days of the incident. Bicycle accident report forms (MV-104C) are available at any motor vehicle office. • ?In parking lots, at stop signs, when backing up, when parking, and before opening your door, search your surroundings for people, bicycles and other vehicles. Driver’s Manual | 69 • ?Learn to recognize common hand signals used by bicyclists to indicate right and left turns and stopping. •G ? reen painted bike lanes are used to increase visibility to cyclists in some high traffic areas. • ?Drivers turning right on red should look to the right and behind to avoid hitting a bicyclist approaching from the right rear. Stop completely and look left-right-left and behind before turning right on red. The rules of the road and right-of-way apply to and protect bicyclists and other roadway users. You must yield the right-of-way to them just as you would to another vehicle. Bicyclists must also obey the rules of the road the same as a motor vehicle driver but as a driver you must anticipate that they will not follow the rules of the road. • ?Obey the speed limit, reduce speed for road conditions and drive defensively to avoid a crash with a cyclist. • ?Give cyclists room. Do not pass too closely. Pass bicyclists as you would any other vehicle—when it’s safe to move over into an adjacent lane. Look before getting out of your parked vehicle; avoid opening your door into the path of an oncoming bicyclist. • ?When passing, reduce speed. Air pressure from your vehicle can send them off balance. • ?Be aware that the bicyclist near or in front of you can react to road hazards like a motorcyclist would with sudden changes of speed, direction, or lane position. • ?Learn to recognize designated bicycle lanes, bike boxes, 2-way cycle tracks, green painted cycle lanes and other roadway modifications designed for bicyclists to operate safely and efficiently. Drivers are prohibited from operating in these dedicated spaces and must be aware of how bicyclists operate in and around these spaces. • ?Bicycle lane – a marked lane dedicated for use by bicycles. • ?2-way cycle track – a marked bicycle lane that allows travel in both directions, similar to a sidewalk for pedestrians. • ?Bike Box – a marked area at an intersection, ahead of where traffic is required to stop. This area provides extra space for bicyclists. Some bike boxes extend across the entire intersection and function similar to a crosswalk for pedestrians. IN-LINE SKATERS, SKATE BOARDERS AND NON-MOTORIZED SCOOTERS As with pedestrians and bicyclists, other road users such as in-line skaters, skateboarders and non-motorized scooters are vulnerable to the careless actions of motor vehicle drivers. Motor vehicle operators are responsible for safe and lawful operation of the vehicles they drive. It is important for you, as a driver, to do everything possible to respect the safety of all road users, including in-line skaters, skateboarders and non-motorized scooters. You as the driver are responsible to exercise due care by being aware, alert, and driving defensively. Just as you would when keeping an eye out for pedestrians and bicyclists, pay attention to the presence of other road users and exercise due care. Pay particular attention when you observe in-line skaters, skateboarders and non-motorized scooters operating along the roadside, in a designated bike lane, when approaching intersections and at crosswalks. MOTORCYCLISTS As a driver, you share the road with a lot of other motorists – not all of which are driving cars or trucks. Motorcycles are common on New York roads. As a driver, you are responsible to be aware of motorcycles and understand how to safely share the road with them. Motorcyclists have the same rights and responsibilities as drivers of other vehicles, and must follow the same traffic laws as pedestrians, bicyclists and skaters. Though you may often see 70 | Driver’s Manual motorcycles on the roads in the spring, summer, or fall – you can encounter motorcycles anytime and anywhere. Because we don’t see them all year, we may not actively think about them. Motorcyclists have the same rights and responsibilities as drivers of other vehicles, and must follow the same traffic laws. However, motorcyclists, like pedestrians, bicyclists and skaters, are less visible to drivers. Though you may often see motorcycles on the roads in the spring, summer, or fall – you can encounter motorcycles anytime and anywhere. Because we don’t see them all year, we may not actively think about them. When there is a crash involving a motorcycle and another vehicle, the rider (and passenger) have a much higher chance of being seriously hurt or killed than the driver (and passengers) of the other vehicle. Though motorcyclists are required to wear approved helmets and goggles or a face shield, motorcycles themselves do not offer the rider the protections that you have with other types of vehicles. For example, motorcycles don’t protect the rider with a frame around the rider. Many drivers who are involved in a crash with a motorcyclist report that they did not see the motorcycle. The question is “why not?” There are several factors that make motorcyclists less visible. •M ? otorcycles, when compared to other highway users, are smaller. No matter from which direction you view a motorcycle (front, back, or side), you’ll find they are smaller than most other highway users. • ?Motorcycles may appear to move faster than other vehicles. A motorcycle’s smaller size makes it seem much farther away, and makes it difficult to judge how far away they are or how fast they are going. •M ? otorcycles may not take up the entire lane because they are not as wide as other vehicles, but an experienced rider may move around within a lane to avoid obstacles, or to help them see better. In addition to using the full lane, two motorcyclists are allowed to ride side-by-side in a single lane, but a motorcyclist cannot pass or share a lane with another motor vehicle that is not a motorcycle. If you are overtaking a car/SUV/ truck, you might not have seen the motorcycle in front of that vehicle until you’re already in the passing lane. The same holds true if you are entering an expressway. You may not see a motorcycle that is driving in the left portion of the lane you intend to merge into. • ?Motorcycle lighting is different, and often less obvious, than other vehicles: • ?Headlights and taillights on motorcycles must be illuminated when driving. But, with so many vehicles equipped with daytime running lights (i.e. headlights that are always on – even in daylight), motorcycle headlights don’t stand out. • ?It’s harder to see the brake lights. Tail lights on a motorcycle are generally smaller in size than those on other vehicles, and because motorcycle tail lights are always on, the brake lights don’t always stand out. • ?Motorcycles don’t have a tail light at eye level. Most cars and trucks are equipped with a “Center High Mount Stop Light” (CHMSL) which is designed to be at, or close to, eye level. Most motorcycle brake lights are mounted lower than eye level, which makes them less obvious to many motorists. • ?Turn signals on motorcycles are often close to the headlight or taillights, which can make them more difficult to see. Additionally, on most motorcycles, the directional signal does not turn off automatically after a turn, so their turn signal may be on inadvertently when the motorcyclist has no intention of turning. Intersections can be especially dangerous for motorcycles. It’s human nature to notice large vehicles first. Motorcycles are smaller than other vehicles, and they may seem to “blend in.” Numbers help tell the story: Driver’s Manual | 71 • ?The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reports that, in 2015, 41 percent of fatal motorcycle crashes in the US occurred with “the other vehicle turning left while the motorcycles were going straight, passing, or overtaking other vehicles.” • ?In 2014, there were 4,750 reported motorcycle crashes in New York State. 2,546 of these crashes involved another vehicle. That’s 53.6% of the reported crashes. Another factor is that drivers may not see motorcycles simply because they don’t look for motorcycles. It’s human nature to look for something specific. A new driver may be told to look for cars (and trucks) before going through an intersection – and that is precisely what the driver will look for. All drivers need to train themselves to look for a multitude of hazards (including – BUT NOT LIMITED TO - trucks, buses, bicyclists, pedestrians, and motorcycles). 72 | Driver’s Manual Because motorcyclists must take additional precautions when they come upon special highway surfaces, you should know what a motorcyclist may do: • ?Don’t tailgate. Motorcycles can stop in a shorter distance than cars – under the right conditions. Also, it may be more difficult to notice they are slowing or stopping. • ?The motorcyclist may quickly change speed or lane position to avoid loose gravel, debris, seams or grooves in the pavement, sewer or access covers or small animals. • ?If it’s raining, or dark, give motorcycles even more space. • ?When approaching a railroad crossing, a motorcyclist may decrease speed and rise off the seat to cushion the rough crossing and change direction to go across the tracks at a right angle. • ?On steel deck bridges the motorcyclist may move to the center of the lane to adjust for the surface that is not even. Stay a good distance behind a motorcyclist in this situation. Drivers need to adjust how they drive around motorcycles. • ?Be careful when you pass a motorcyclist. Like bicycles, the air pressure created by vehicles as they quickly pass by can affect motorcycles. MOPED OPERATORS Limited use motorcycles, often called mopeds, are low speed, two- or three-wheeled vehicles for limited use on public highways. There are three different classes of mopeds based on maximum performance speed. The chart below describes the requirements for moped operation. GUIDE TO LIMITED USE MOTORCYCLE (MOPED) OPERATION Class A B C Top speed range mph (km/hr) 31 to 40 (over 48 to 64) 21 to 30 (32 to 48) 20 or less (32 or less) M ANY CLASS 4 ANY CLASS 4 Registration required YES (A Plate) YES (B Plate) YES (C Plate) Headlight to be on when operating YES YES YES Helmet & eye protection required when operating 5 YES YES Recommended Where operation is permitted Any Traffic Lane & Shoulder Mandatory insurance required YES YES Recommended 2 Safety responsibility applies YES YES YES Annual inspection required YES Recommended Recommended Title required NO NO NO Type of license or learner permit required 4 3 1 Except when making a left hand turn 2 If a Class C limited use motorcycle is used in a rental business, insurance is mandatory. 3 ?Safety responsibility is the requirement to pay for or post security for damage or personal injury you may cause in a traffic crash. 4 Usual learner permit and junior license restrictions apply. Right Hand Lane or Shoulder 1 Right Hand Lane or Shoulder 1 5 ?least four square inches of reflective material on both sides. Motorcyclists must also wear approved eye protection, even if the motorcycle is equipped with a windshield. Prescription or made-to-order safety glasses may be used if the user can present written certification that they meet DMV standards. The eye protection must be manufactured in conformity with the regulations issued by the Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission (VESC-8). Driver’s Manual | 73 Class B and C mopeds can be driven only in the right lane of traffic, as far to the right as possible. Class A mopeds are allowed to drive in any lane and any section of a lane. Mopeds are not permitted on expressways or other controlled access highways unless posted signs permit it. When you approach a moped, use the same precautions you would when you approach a bicyclist. LARGE VEHICLES In more than 60 percent of all fatal crashes that involve cars and big trucks, the car driver, not the truck driver, contributes to the cause of the traffic crash. Four out of five times, it is the car driver who is killed. Many of these crashes could be prevented if motorists know about truck (and bus) limitations and how to steer free from situations that are unsafe and involve large vehicles. Large trucks, recreational vehicles and buses are not big cars. The bigger they are: • The bigger their blind spots. • The longer it takes them to stop. • The more room they need to maneuver. • ?The longer it takes for an automobile to pass them. Different from cars, large vehicles have deep blind spots behind them. They also have larger blind spots on both sides than cars do. Tractors with long hoods can have a blind spot of 20 feet in front of the vehicle. You should avoid these “no zones.” Side Blind Spots Large vehicles have large blind spots on both sides. If you drive in these blind spots, you cannot be seen by the driver. Even if the driver knows you are there, if you remain next to the vehicle, it can make it difficult for the driver to avoid a dangerous situation. Blind Spots in Back If you remain in the back blind spot of a large vehicle, you increase the chance of a crash. The other driver cannot see your car and your view of other traffic will be blocked. Distance to Stop Large vehicles take much longer to stop than smaller vehicles that travel at the same speed. For tractor trailers, the difference comes from brake delay. Air brakes transmit brake power from the tractor to the trailer and this can add many feet to the distance it takes to stop. Leave plenty of space between your car and the truck. If you are in front of a truck, indicate your intention to turn or change lanes early. Do not make sudden moves. Ability to Maneuver Large vehicles are not as maneuverable as cars. They take longer to stop and to accelerate and they often need to move wide to make their turns. You can reduce the chance of a collision with a large vehicle if you: • ?Do not cut abruptly in front of the large vehicle; when you exit, take a few additional seconds to decrease speed and exit behind it; when you pass, do not pull in front of it unless you can see the whole front of the vehicle in your mirror. • ?Pay close attention to the turn signals. Because trucks make wide right turns, they move to the left before they turn right. Look at the turn signals. 74 | Driver’s Manual • ?Do not delay near a large vehicle. You may not be visible to the driver in the wide area the truck needs for making a turn. When you pass When you pass a large vehicle, it takes a longer time and requires more space than when you pass a car. On a two-way road, leave more time and space when you pass a large vehicle. Make sure you can see the whole front of the vehicle before you return to your lane after you pass. A large vehicle normally loses speed on a grade or a hill. Look far ahead when you drive. If you need to pass a large vehicle, be prepared and know when you are near a grade that can cause the other vehicle to decrease speed. Also, as your own vehicle begins a downward grade, the speed of the other vehicle can increase significantly. This will increase the time it takes you to pass it. completed its backup maneuver than to try to pass. If you try to pass in this situation, it is likely that you will enter one of the blind spots. This could make your vehicle invisible to the driver and increase the risk of a traffic crash. When you approach a truck Do not underestimate the size and speed of an approaching tractor-trailer or other large vehicle. Its larger size will often make it appear to move at a slower speed than it really is. Also, from a distance it may not appear to be as large as it really is. The other vehicle will often reach you before you expect! When you drive on a two-way highway, it is often better to move as far to the right as possible to make sure your vehicle will not be hit by an approaching tractor-trailer or other large vehicle. When you stop behind a truck When a truck is backing up Never pass close behind a large vehicle that is backing up. Often a truck driver has to block a road to back into an area to load or unload goods. Be patient! It is far better to wait until the large vehicle has Always leave space when you stop in back of a truck or bus at a traffic light or stop sign, especially when you face up a hill. The truck or bus could move backward slightly when it starts. If you leave enough room between your vehicle and the vehicle ahead, you usually can pull away from behind and go around it. Average Total Stopping Distance at 55 MPH* Passenger Car Tractor-Trailer With Cool Brakes Tractor-Trailer With Hot Brakes Tractor - Trailer, Empty Tractor Unit Only *Distance based on a study of average braking distances by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety + reaction distance recommended by the National Safety Council Driver’s Manual | 75 SLOW-MOVING VEHICLES The “slow-moving vehicle” symbol, a reflective orange triangle, must be displayed on the back of vehicles drawn by animals, most farm vehicles, and construction equipment. The United States Postal Service also requires these orange safety-triangles to be displayed on all rural mail delivery vehicles. Use caution when you approach a slow-moving vehicle and make sure it is safe before you pass. ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLES AND SNOWMOBILES State law allows all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and snowmobiles to legally go across many state highways and local roadways. Before they cross, they must come to a stop and yield to traffic. They must go across at a 90-degree angle to the road surface. HORSE RIDERS Horse riders are subject to, and protected by, the rules of the road. They also must ride single file near the right curb or road edge or on a right shoulder, lane or path that can be used. The law requires you to be careful when you approach a horse being ridden or walked along a road. You must drive at an acceptable speed and at an acceptable distance away from the horse. It is illegal to sound your horn when you approach or pass a horse. QUESTIONS Before you go on to Chapter 12, make sure you can answer these questions: • ?How do the blind spots around a large commercial vehicle differ from the blind spots around a car? • ?How does the stopping distance of a large vehicle with air brakes compare with the stopping distance of a car? ?After you pass a large vehicle, what should you make sure of before you return to the lane of the large vehicle? ?What is the best method to follow when you approach a large vehicle that is in reverse as it moves toward a loading area? ?When children are close, what should you do before you back out of a driveway? ?How can you identify a blind pedestrian to whom you must yield the right-of-way? ?Where must a pedestrian walk when there are no sidewalks? How must you approach a bicyclist? Must a bicyclist obey traffic laws and signs? ?Where there is no bicycle lane, where on the road must a bicyclist ride? • ?What equipment must a bicycle have when used at night? • ?What can a driver do to be more aware of motorcyclists? • ?What factors contribute to drivers not being aware of motorcycles? • Why are motorcycles harder to see? • ?Why is it important for a motorist to be aware of motorcycles? • ?May three motorcyclists ride side-by-side in a single lane? • What is the slow moving vehicle symbol? • ?Where are you likely to find an ATV, snowmobile or horse rider? 76 | Driver’s Manual CHAPTER 12 /IF YOU ARE IN A TRAFFIC CRASH There are more than 300,000 traffic crashes in New York State each year. Even If you obey the law and follow the advice in this manual, it is possible you will avoid a crash. Yet even the most careful drivers are involved in crashes caused by events that are not planned or the errors of other drivers. If you are in a traffic crash, you must be ready to act in a responsible manner at the scene and obey the law when you report the incident. You can carry an emergency kit in your vehicle that has flares and first aid supplies. Emergency road-kits are available in department stores or stores that sell automobile goods. AT THE SCENE If you are in a crash, you must stop. The level of damage does not matter. You must stop. It is a traffic violation to leave the scene of an incident, like a traffic crash that involves property damage. It is a criminal violation to leave the scene of an incident that involves a fatality or personal injury. Even if the crash involves only property damage, you must exchange information with other drivers involved. Give your name, address, driver license number and vehicle registration and insurance information. This includes the insurance policy number and effective date. Give the information to the other drivers and police on the scene. You must show your insurance identification card if requested. If a parked vehicle or property different from a vehicle is damaged or if a domestic animal is injured, you must try to find the owner or notify the police. If any person is injured or killed, the police must be notified immediately and you should make sure ambulance or rescue personnel have been called. If possible, move your vehicle off the road. Protect the scene with reflectors or flares, but watch for any fuel that may leak. Make sure to protect yourself and others from oncoming traffic. EMERGENCY FIRST-AID Do not stop at a crash scene unless you are involved or emergency help has not arrived. Focus on driving and the directions given by traffic officers. Follow these first-aid tips if help is not immediately available: • ?Do not move an injured person unless it becomes necessary because of fire or another life threatening danger. If you must move an injured person, keep the back and neck as straight as possible. Put your arms under the back, and carefully support the neck with your upper arms. Hold clothing with your hands and pull the victim head first away from the danger. • ?If there are wires down, do not go near them. If wires touch the vehicle or lay near it, warn the occupants to remain inside until help arrives. REPORTS TO DMV If you are in a traffic crash that involves a fatality or personal injury, you must report it to the DMV. You must also report any traffic incident or crash that involves $1,000 or more in damage to the property of any one person. The form Report of Motor Vehicle Accident (MV-104) is available at any motor vehicle office, from most insurance agents, and from the DMV website dmv.ny.gov (search under Forms). When you report a crash or incident to your insurance company, it does not mean your legal obligation is finished. You must file a report with DMV within 10 days of the event. The failure to report an accident is a criminal offense (misdemeanor) and can mean the suspension or revocation of your driver license and/or registrations and those of the vehicle owner. If the driver is injured and unable to complete the report, a passenger or the vehicle owner may do so. For new drivers in New York, choosing a safe, reliable, and affordable car is crucial. The Honda Civic is an excellent option, known for its reliability, fuel efficiency, and strong safety ratings. Its compact size makes it easier to maneuver and park in busy city streets, while insurance costs tend to be reasonable, making it a practical choice for beginners. The Toyota Corolla is another top pick, offering great value through low maintenance and excellent resale value. It’s equipped with modern safety features and has a reputation for longevity, which is helpful for new drivers looking for a dependable first car. Insurance rates are typically affordable, and the Corolla’s compact sedan size suits urban driving well. For those who want a bit sportier handling without compromising safety, the Mazda3 fits the bill. It has a stylish design, solid safety scores, and is easy to control, which helps new drivers build confidence on the road. Insurance costs are moderate, balancing well with its overall affordability and performance. In New York, where winters can be harsh, the Subaru Impreza stands out because of its all-wheel drive system. This feature offers better traction in snow and rain, adding a layer of safety for new drivers facing unpredictable road conditions. While insurance might be slightly higher due to AWD, the increased safety benefits often outweigh the cost. Budget-conscious new drivers may also consider the Hyundai Elantra. It comes with modern safety technology and a strong warranty, making it a reliable and cost-effective option. Its compact size and lower insurance premiums make it a solid choice for navigating New York’s streets. Lastly, the Kia Soul offers a roomy interior and excellent visibility, which helps new drivers feel more comfortable behind the wheel. Its unique style and high safety ratings also make it appealing. The combination of safety, space, and affordable insurance makes the Kia Soul a practical option for beginners in New York. TRAFFIC SIGNALS AND LIGHTS Traffic signals are the foundation of driving in New York. A steady red light means you must stop before the crosswalk, stop line, or intersection. In most of New York State, you can turn right on red after a complete stop unless there’s a sign saying “No Turn on Red.” But in New York City, it’s the opposite — you cannot turn right on red unless there’s a sign allowing it. A flashing red light is treated the same as a stop sign: come to a complete stop, check for other vehicles and pedestrians, and go only when it’s safe. A steady yellow light means the light will soon turn red — if you can stop safely, you should; if you are too close to stop without braking suddenly, continue through the intersection with caution. A flashing yellow light means proceed carefully; you don’t have to stop but should slow down and watch for hazards or cross traffic. Green lights mean go, but you must always yield to vehicles still in the intersection and to pedestrians in the crosswalk. A green arrow allows a protected turn in the direction of the arrow. A red arrow means you cannot turn in that direction until it turns green. TRAFFIC SIGNS Signs are everywhere, and knowing what each shape and color means is essential. Stop signs are always octagons. Yield signs are always triangles. Yellow or orange diamonds warn of conditions ahead, like sharp turns, merging traffic, or construction. White rectangular signs state laws like speed limits, one‑way directions, and turn restrictions. Circular signs are rare but mean a railroad crossing is coming. In New York, some signs are unique, like “NO STANDING” zones in NYC, which mean you can’t wait or park there unless actively picking up or dropping off passengers. RIGHT‑OF‑WAY RULES The entire road system depends on who yields. Pedestrians always have the right of way at crosswalks, whether marked or unmarked, and drivers must yield even if the pedestrian is crossing against the light (though the pedestrian could still get a ticket). When turning left, you must yield to oncoming traffic going straight or turning right. Drivers already in a roundabout or traffic circle have the right of way; those entering must wait. At four‑way stops, the first car to stop is the first to go. If two stop at the same time, the driver on the left yields to the driver on the right. At T‑intersections, cars on the “ending” road must yield to all traffic on the through road. If an emergency vehicle with flashing lights or sirens is behind you, you must pull over to the right and stop. If you are in an intersection, clear the intersection first and then pull over. PARKING RULES In New York State, you must park within 12 inches of the curb. You cannot park within 15 feet of a fire hydrant unless a licensed driver stays in the car and can move it instantly. Never park on sidewalks, in crosswalks, blocking driveways, or on railroad tracks. On hills, turn your wheels correctly: if facing downhill, turn wheels toward the curb; if facing uphill with a curb, turn wheels away from the curb; if facing uphill without a curb, turn wheels toward the shoulder. In NYC, parking rules are even stricter — “No Parking,” “No Standing,” and “No Stopping” signs all have slightly different meanings, but all three mean you cannot leave your car there, even for a minute, unless it fits the narrow exceptions listed on the sign. Double parking is illegal, even though it happens often in NYC. SPEED LIMITS The general speed limit in most of New York is 55 mph unless posted otherwise. In New York City, the default is 25 mph unless signs say otherwise. School zones and work zones always have reduced speed limits, and in work zones, speeding fines are doubled. SCENARIOS AND WHAT TO DO Turning left at a green light but oncoming traffic won’t stop coming: Pull into the intersection and wait with your wheels straight. Do not turn your wheels until you actually make the turn. If you’re rear‑ended with your wheels turned, your car will be shoved into oncoming traffic. Emergency vehicle approaches when you’re stuck in heavy traffic: You are legally required to make every possible effort to clear a path. If traffic is stopped, you should try to move as far to the right as possible — even if that means creeping slightly onto the shoulder. Do not just sit there because “you can’t move much”; you must do what you can. You miss your highway exit: Never slam on the brakes or back up. Keep driving to the next exit. Reversing or stopping on a highway is one of the most dangerous and illegal things you can do. School bus stops suddenly on the other side of the road: In almost all cases, you must stop — even on multi‑lane roads. The only time you do not have to stop is if there’s a physical barrier (like a concrete divider) separating you from the bus. Painted lines are NOT a barrier; you still have to stop. Driving in fog: Always use low beams. High beams reflect off fog and make it harder to see. Slow down enough that you can stop safely if something appears suddenly. Your brakes fail on a steep hill: Pump the brake pedal to try to restore pressure, shift into a lower gear to let the engine slow the car, and gently use the parking brake to slow down. Do not turn the engine off while driving because it locks the steering. Your accelerator sticks: Keep your eyes on the road, shift into neutral, and try to gently brake. If you can, reach down with your foot and try to unstick the pedal, but only if it’s safe. Pull over when you slow down and shut off the engine. You hydroplane (tires lose contact on water): Take your foot off the gas. Do not brake suddenly. Keep steering straight until you feel your tires make contact with the road again. You skid on ice: Ease off the gas and steer gently in the direction you want to go. Don’t slam the brakes; that makes the skid worse. Another car runs a stop sign: Even if you have the right of way, you must avoid a collision. The law requires you to do everything you reasonably can to prevent a crash, even if you’re not at fault. You’re in the middle of an intersection and the light turns red: Finish your turn or drive out of the intersection. Never stop in the middle; you are blocking traffic and could cause an accident. Train gates come down after you cross the tracks but part of your car is still on the tracks: Keep driving forward and get completely off the tracks. Never reverse. If your car ever stalls on railroad tracks and a train is coming, get out immediately, run at an angle away from the tracks toward the train’s approach path (so you don’t get hit by flying debris). Driving at night in rural areas: Use high beams when no one is around, but switch to low beams within 500 feet of oncoming cars or 200 feet of cars you’re following. Watch for animal eyes reflecting light — deer are common in upstate New York and can cause serious accidents. You see an unmarked police car flashing red lights: You are required to pull over. If you feel unsafe (for example, you’re in a dark area at night), you can slow down, put on your hazard lights, and drive to the nearest well‑lit, populated place before stopping. Car accident scenarios: If you’re in a crash, you must stop — leaving is a crime called “hit and run.” Exchange information (name, address, insurance) with the other driver. If anyone is injured, you must call police and, if you’re able, help them. NYC‑SPECIFIC RULES AND SITUATIONS New York City has rules beyond the rest of the state. Right on red is not allowed unless a sign specifically says it is. Horn use is restricted — you are only supposed to honk to warn of danger, not out of frustration. There are bike lanes everywhere: you cannot park or drive in them, and you must yield to cyclists in them. Gridlock laws make it illegal to enter an intersection unless you can fully clear it; this is called “blocking the box” and it carries heavy fines. There are also speed cameras, bus lane cameras, and red‑light cameras that automatically issue tickets. In NYC, double‑parking is always illegal, even for delivery trucks unless posted otherwise. Pedestrians will cross in the middle of the street constantly — you must expect it and drive slowly. ALCOHOL AND DRUG RULES The legal Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) for drivers 21 and over is 0.08%. For commercial drivers, it’s 0.04%. For drivers under 21, any BAC from 0.02% to 0.07% triggers penalties under the zero tolerance law. Driving under the influence can cause license suspension, huge fines, jail, and even prison if you hurt or kill someone. New York has “implied consent,” meaning if you refuse a chemical test (like a breath test), your license will be automatically suspended and you’ll face additional fines. MOVE OVER LAW New York’s Move Over Law says that if you see any emergency vehicle, tow truck, sanitation truck, or highway maintenance vehicle with flashing lights stopped on the side of the road, you must move to another lane if it’s safe to do so. If you cannot move over, you must slow down significantly and pass with caution. HAND SIGNALS If your turn signals fail, you must know hand signals. Left arm straight out means you are turning left. Left arm bent up means you are turning right. Left arm bent down means you are stopping or slowing. SHARING THE ROAD Bicyclists and motorcyclists have the same rights as cars. Always give bicycles at least three feet when passing. Trucks and buses have large blind spots — don’t hang out next to them, and don’t cut them off. When a truck is making a wide turn, especially right turns, do not squeeze between the truck and the curb; that’s how drivers get crushed. Here’s a detailed overview of the main types of places and road environments you’ll encounter driving in New York State — including New York City, suburbs, rural areas, highways, and special zones — with lots of important info and driving tips for each. This will help your chatbot answer questions about where people drive in New York and what they need to know about each location. NEW YORK CITY (NYC) New York City is the largest city in the state and one of the busiest urban areas in the country. Driving here is very different from other parts of New York State due to heavy traffic, dense population, many pedestrians, and complex road rules. NYC streets are mostly laid out in a grid pattern, especially in Manhattan, Queens, and Brooklyn, which makes navigation easier but also means many intersections and frequent stops. Driving in NYC requires awareness of bike lanes, bus lanes, and pedestrian plazas. Bike lanes are common and legally protected — drivers cannot park or drive in them, and must give space to cyclists. Bus lanes are often restricted during certain hours to buses only, and driving in them illegally can result in fines. There are also many “No Standing,” “No Parking,” and “No Stopping” zones with different meanings, all strictly enforced to keep traffic moving. Double parking is illegal but still common, causing delays and hazards. Congestion pricing zones are planned and being rolled out in parts of Manhattan, which means drivers entering these areas during peak hours will pay a fee. NYC also has many bridges and tunnels (like the George Washington Bridge, Lincoln Tunnel, Brooklyn Bridge, Queensboro Bridge) that connect boroughs and states; tolls apply at many of these crossings. Drivers must be prepared for toll booths or electronic tolling systems like E-ZPass. In NYC, traffic lights and signs are abundant, but sometimes confusing. Many intersections have pedestrian signals, countdown timers, and turn restrictions. Drivers must obey speed limits strictly; 25 mph is standard on most city streets. Police presence is high, and traffic cameras monitor red light and speeding violations. Parking in NYC is extremely limited and expensive. Most residential areas require parking permits. Metered parking is common but requires feeding meters regularly. Street cleaning schedules are strict and ignored meters can lead to tickets or towing. SUBURBAN AREAS Suburbs surround many New York cities like Albany, Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse, and Long Island. These areas have a mix of residential neighborhoods, shopping centers, and local roads that are less congested than NYC but busier than rural areas. Roads tend to be wider and less grid-like than NYC, with more curves and sometimes higher speed limits (30 to 45 mph typical). Suburban driving often means dealing with school zones, shopping plaza entrances, traffic lights at main roads, and turning lanes. Drivers must watch for pedestrians, bicyclists, and children playing near residential streets. Parking tends to be easier than in NYC but still restricted in some zones. RURAL AREAS AND SMALL TOWNS Upstate New York has many rural areas with farmland, forests, small villages, and towns. Roads here can be narrow, winding, and sometimes unpaved or poorly maintained. Speeds tend to be higher on open country roads (often 55 mph), but drivers must watch for animals crossing, slow-moving farm equipment, and occasional sharp curves or hills. Winter weather conditions can make rural roads dangerous due to ice, snowdrifts, and limited snowplowing. Some rural roads may lack streetlights, so night driving requires extra caution. There are fewer intersections and traffic signals, but drivers must still obey stop signs and yield where required. HIGHWAYS AND INTERSTATES New York has an extensive highway system, including major interstates like I-87 (Northway), I-90 (Thruway), I-95, and others. Highways connect cities and regions and often have higher speed limits (usually 55 to 65 mph, sometimes up to 70 mph on some stretches). Drivers should be comfortable with merging, lane changes, and using acceleration and deceleration lanes safely. The New York State Thruway (I-87 and I-90 mainly) is a toll highway running from New York City to Buffalo and beyond. It has service plazas for rest and fuel. Electronic tolling is common via E-ZPass. Some highways have truck restrictions, carpool lanes, or HOV lanes during peak hours. Drivers must watch for construction zones on highways — fines for speeding in these zones are doubled. In winter, highways may be icy or snow-covered, and salt or sand trucks will be active. BRIDGES AND TUNNELS New York features many bridges and tunnels connecting boroughs and states, including the Brooklyn Bridge, Manhattan Bridge, Williamsburg Bridge, Queensboro Bridge, George Washington Bridge, Lincoln Tunnel, Holland Tunnel, and Queens Midtown Tunnel. These crossings often have tolls — either cash or electronic. Drivers should know how to use E-ZPass or pay online. Some bridges and tunnels have height or weight limits restricting trucks or buses. Many have separate lanes for cars, trucks, and buses. Traffic backups are common at bridges and tunnels, especially during rush hours. Drivers should be patient and follow signs carefully. SCHOOL ZONES AND WORK ZONES School zones exist throughout the state, especially near public schools in cities and suburbs. Speed limits are reduced during certain hours, and drivers must be especially alert for children crossing, school buses loading or unloading, and crossing guards directing traffic. Penalties for speeding in school zones are stricter. Work zones are set up during road construction or maintenance. They usually involve reduced speed limits, lane closures, and workers present. Fines for speeding or disobeying rules in work zones are doubled. Drivers should slow down, pay attention to workers and equipment, and be ready for sudden stops. SPECIAL ZONES Pedestrian plazas and shared streets: Especially in NYC, some areas are designated pedestrian plazas where cars are limited or prohibited, or shared streets where pedestrians have priority. Bike lanes: Protected or painted bike lanes are common in cities and suburbs. Drivers must never park, block, or drive in bike lanes and must yield to bicyclists. Congestion pricing zones: NYC is implementing congestion pricing in parts of Manhattan, requiring drivers to pay a fee during certain hours to reduce traffic and pollution. Parkways: Many New York parkways (like the Saw Mill River Parkway or Hutchinson River Parkway) restrict commercial vehicles and trucks. Only passenger vehicles allowed; trucks must use nearby highways. Parkways also often have lower speed limits and narrower lanes. OTHER IMPORTANT DRIVING LOCATIONS State Parks and Recreational Areas: Many state parks have their own roadways with lower speed limits, pedestrian traffic, and scenic views. Drivers should be cautious of parked cars, hikers crossing roads, and bicycles. City Centers and Downtowns: These areas have dense traffic, many traffic lights, one-way streets, and heavy pedestrian presence. Parking is difficult and often metered. Airport Roads: Roads near major airports (JFK, LaGuardia, Albany International) have specific rules, signs for terminals, and often tolls or special lanes for taxis and buses. Ferry Terminals: In some parts of New York, you’ll encounter ferry docks where cars line up to board ferries crossing rivers or lakes. Drivers must wait patiently and follow operator directions. TIPS FOR DRIVING IN VARIOUS NEW YORK LOCATIONS In New York City, expect heavy traffic, lots of pedestrians, aggressive drivers, and complicated intersections. Use GPS and stay alert for lane changes and bike lanes. In suburbs, watch for school buses, pedestrians, and merging traffic from shopping centers. Speed limits are higher but can change quickly. In rural areas, be ready for wildlife, sharp curves, and limited services. Drive slower on poorly maintained roads and watch for farm vehicles. On highways and interstates, keep right except to pass, use turn signals early, and watch for fast traffic. Use E-ZPass to save time at tolls. At bridges and tunnels, prepare for tolls, pay attention to lane restrictions, and expect backups during rush hour. Here’s a deep dive into New York City driving scenarios, loaded with real-life situations you’ll face on NYC streets — perfect for your knowledge file. These cover unique challenges, rules, and tips to handle NYC’s chaotic and fast-paced environment. NYC Driving Scenarios — What Every Driver Must Know 1. Gridlock and Blocking the Box In NYC, intersections often become congested. “Blocking the box” means entering an intersection when you cannot clear it before the light turns red. This is illegal and can result in fines. Imagine you’re stuck in an intersection because the traffic ahead isn’t moving — don’t enter the intersection until you’re sure you can clear it. Blocking the box blocks cross traffic and emergency vehicles, causing accidents and delays. 2. Pedestrians Everywhere Pedestrians in NYC often jaywalk, cross against the light, or appear suddenly between parked cars. You must always yield to pedestrians, even if they are crossing illegally. For example, if a pedestrian steps off the curb mid-block, slow down or stop to avoid hitting them. NYC streets have lots of crowded sidewalks spilling into the street, so stay alert at all times. 3. Bike Lanes and Cyclists NYC has many dedicated bike lanes. Drivers must never drive or park in bike lanes. If you need to make a right turn across a bike lane, check carefully for cyclists. For example, before turning right on a green light, check the bike lane for fast-approaching cyclists to avoid collisions. Always give at least 3 feet when passing a cyclist. 4. Bus Lanes and Bus Stops Bus lanes operate during certain hours and are reserved for buses and authorized vehicles only. Driving or parking in bus lanes can get you a ticket. When a bus stops to pick up or drop off passengers, watch for pedestrians crossing around the bus and never try to pass the bus on the right where passengers may be boarding. 5. Double Parking Double parking — stopping next to a legally parked car — is illegal but common. It blocks a traffic lane, causing backups. Police actively ticket double-parkers. If you see a double-parked vehicle blocking your lane, stay patient, and don’t try to squeeze past unsafely. If you need to double park briefly for unloading, be aware that it’s against the law and could get you fined or towed. 6. Turning on Red Unlike most of New York State, NYC generally prohibits turning right on red unless a sign explicitly permits it. For example, if you approach a red light and want to turn right but see no “Right on Red Allowed” sign, you must wait for the green light. This rule helps protect pedestrians and reduce accidents. 7. Taxi and Delivery Trucks Taxis and delivery trucks often stop suddenly or double park. Be prepared for sudden stops and give plenty of space. If a delivery truck is stopped in your lane, slow down, and wait patiently. Avoid aggressive lane changes in these situations. 8. One-Way Streets Many NYC streets are one-way to help traffic flow. Make sure to obey one-way signs; driving the wrong way can cause crashes and tickets. When turning left or right onto a one-way street, enter the correct lane. For example, turning left onto a one-way street going left requires you to enter the left lane. 9. Pedestrian Plazas and Shared Streets Some areas in Manhattan have pedestrian plazas or shared streets where pedestrians have priority and vehicle access is limited or restricted to certain times. Always obey posted signs and slow down. These areas may have more foot traffic than vehicles, so drive carefully. 10. Emergency Vehicles in Traffic If you hear a siren and see flashing lights in NYC’s heavy traffic, safely move to the right and stop if possible. If you are in the middle of a busy street or can’t pull over immediately, clear the intersection first, then pull over. NYC’s narrow streets make it challenging for emergency vehicles to navigate, so your cooperation is crucial. 11. Parking Meters and Time Limits NYC uses many parking meters with different time limits. Always read meter instructions carefully, including days and hours enforced. Feeding a meter just before enforcement begins or after it ends can save you money. Using a smartphone app to pay meters is common and can help avoid expired meter tickets. 12. School Zones and Crossing Guards Near schools, speed limits drop to 15 or 20 mph during certain hours. Crossing guards manage busy intersections during school arrival and dismissal times. Stop for crossing guards and be extra vigilant for children who may dart into the street unexpectedly. 13. Construction Zones and Temporary Detours NYC has frequent road construction. Pay close attention to temporary signs, lane closures, and flaggers. Fines for speeding or disobeying signs in construction zones are doubled. Construction may force you into narrow lanes or detours, so slow down and stay alert. 14. Staten Island Ferry and Toll Areas If you’re driving to the Staten Island Ferry, expect heavy traffic and lines. Follow signage carefully to avoid missing your turn. For bridges and tunnels with tolls, have E-ZPass ready to avoid delays, or be prepared to pay by mail. 15. Parking Garage Entrances Many NYC buildings have parking garages with tight entrances. Watch for pedestrians and other cars entering or leaving. Yield to cars exiting, and be prepared for narrow lanes and sharp turns inside. Here’s a comprehensive, detailed guide on driving across New York State outside of NYC, covering rural roads, suburbs, highways, small towns, and special situations you’ll face. It’s packed with important rules, scenarios, and tips that anyone getting their New York permit must know. Driving in New York State: Beyond New York City 1. Rural Roads and Small Towns Much of New York State is rural or made up of small towns surrounded by farmland, forests, or mountains. Driving here is very different from the city: roads are often narrower, may have fewer lane markings, and sometimes lack streetlights. Speed limits tend to be higher — usually 55 mph on rural two-lane roads — but these roads can have sharp curves, steep hills, or blind spots. You’ll also encounter slow-moving vehicles like tractors or farm equipment, which you must pass cautiously and only when it’s safe. Animals crossing is a major hazard in rural areas, especially at dawn and dusk. Deer, raccoons, and livestock can suddenly appear on the road, so slow down and stay alert. In winter, rural roads may be icy, snow-packed, or not plowed as quickly as urban streets — always drive slower and leave extra stopping distance. Small towns may have narrow main streets with frequent stop signs, pedestrian crossings, and school zones. Be ready for pedestrians crossing anywhere and drivers who stop suddenly or back out of parking spots. 2. Suburban Driving Suburbs around cities like Albany, Buffalo, Syracuse, Rochester, and Long Island offer a mix of residential streets, shopping centers, and arterial roads. Roads here tend to be wider and better marked than rural areas but less congested than NYC. You’ll find speed limits ranging from 25 mph in neighborhoods up to 45 mph on main roads. Expect lots of traffic lights, turning lanes, and pedestrian crossings near schools and shopping plazas. Watch for children walking to school or bus stops, and obey school zone speed limits strictly. Parking is easier than NYC but still requires attention to signs and meters. Suburban areas sometimes have commuter rail stations and park-and-ride lots, so be aware of increased traffic at rush hours, especially near transit hubs. 3. Highways and Interstates New York State’s highway system includes the New York State Thruway (I-87 and I-90), the Adirondack Northway, and other major interstates connecting cities and regions. These highways have higher speed limits, usually between 55 and 70 mph, and are designed for faster, long-distance travel. When driving on highways, always use the acceleration lane to match traffic speed before merging, signal early, and check blind spots carefully. Stay in the right lane except when passing. Don’t cut off other drivers or brake check. Many highways are tolled — the New York State Thruway has multiple toll plazas, but E-ZPass electronic tolling speeds things up. If you don’t have E-ZPass, be prepared to pay cash or receive a bill in the mail. Winter driving on highways can be dangerous. Snow, ice, and freezing rain reduce traction. Use lower speeds and keep plenty of space from the car ahead. Snowplows operate regularly, but visibility can still be poor. 4. Bridges and Tunnels Outside NYC Besides the famous NYC bridges and tunnels, New York State has many other important crossings. The Tappan Zee Bridge (officially the Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge) over the Hudson River north of NYC has tolls and heavy traffic. Other key bridges include the Rainbow Bridge at Niagara Falls and the Thousand Islands Bridge near the Canadian border. Tolls vary by bridge and payment method. Many bridges accept E-ZPass and also have cashless tolling systems where cameras photograph your license plate and mail a bill. Always check posted speed limits and lane restrictions — some bridges prohibit trucks or have weight limits. 5. Winter Driving Conditions New York winters can be harsh, especially upstate. Snow, ice, freezing rain, and fog can drastically reduce visibility and traction. Always clear your car’s windows, mirrors, and lights completely before driving. Use winter tires or chains where allowed or required. When driving on snow or ice: accelerate and brake gently, avoid sudden steering moves, increase your following distance to 6 or more seconds, and reduce speed significantly on curves and hills. Be especially careful on bridges and overpasses, which freeze first. 6. School Bus and School Zone Laws In New York State, drivers must stop for school buses with flashing red lights, regardless of the direction of travel — even on multi-lane roads without a median or barrier. Stopping distance is at least 20 feet. Passing a stopped school bus illegally carries heavy fines and points on your license. School zones are marked with signs and have reduced speed limits during school hours. Be alert for children crossing or walking along roads near schools and obey crossing guards. 7. Move Over Law When you see emergency vehicles (police, fire, ambulance), tow trucks, or highway maintenance vehicles stopped with flashing lights on the shoulder, you must move over one lane if it’s safe to do so. If you cannot change lanes, slow down significantly and proceed with caution. 8. Sharing the Road Outside NYC, you’ll see more agricultural vehicles, bicyclists, horse-drawn carriages (especially in Amish communities), and slow-moving farm equipment. Always give them plenty of room and pass only when safe. Bicyclists have the same rights as motorists, so give at least 3 feet of space when passing. 9. Unique Driving Challenges in Adirondacks and Catskills In mountainous regions like the Adirondacks and Catskills, roads are often winding, narrow, and steep. Weather can change rapidly. Watch for wildlife, falling rocks, and sudden drops. Use low gears going downhill to avoid brake overheating. Cell phone coverage may be spotty, so plan your route ahead. 10. Ferry Crossings In some parts of New York State, such as the Hudson River Valley or the Thousand Islands region, ferries transport vehicles across rivers or lakes. When approaching a ferry dock, follow lines and instructions carefully. Be prepared to wait during busy times, and secure your vehicle once aboard. Watch for pedestrian traffic around docks. 11. Urban Centers Outside NYC Cities like Buffalo, Rochester, Albany, Syracuse, and Yonkers have their own traffic patterns. Expect a mix of one-way streets, timed traffic signals, bus lanes, and pedestrian zones. Parking can be limited downtown, and parking garages or meters are common. Rush hours can cause heavy congestion, especially near highways and major intersections. 12. Toll Roads and Electronic Tolling Besides the Thruway, other toll roads include the Garden State Parkway extension near the southern border and some bridges. New York is moving toward cashless tolling statewide, where cameras record your license plate and bills are sent by mail. To save money and time, many drivers use E-ZPass. Got it — here’s a clean version of 55 New York State permit practice questions — no emojis, no extra fluff — just A/B/C/D options and quick explanations for each correct answer. New York State Permit Practice Questions (55 Total) 1. When can you legally turn right on red in New York City? A. Anytime after a full stop B. Only if a sign permits it C. Never, it’s always illegal D. Only if the street is clear Answer: B — In NYC, you can only turn right on red if a sign says you may. 2. You see a flashing red light. You must: A. Yield to traffic but keep rolling B. Treat it like a stop sign C. Speed up to clear the intersection D. Stop only if pedestrians are present Answer: B — A flashing red is the same as a stop sign. 3. When you see a school bus with red lights flashing, you must stop: A. Only if you are behind the bus B. Only on two-lane roads C. In all directions unless a physical barrier separates traffic D. Only during school hours Answer: C — You must stop unless there’s a median or divider. 4. What does a steady yellow traffic light mean? A. Stop immediately B. Speed up to beat the red light C. The light will turn red soon, stop if you can safely D. You can turn without stopping Answer: C — Yellow warns that red is next. 5. The speed limit in most of New York City is: A. 20 mph B. 25 mph C. 30 mph D. 35 mph Answer: B — The default NYC limit is 25 mph unless posted otherwise. 6. A diamond-shaped yellow sign means: A. A school zone is ahead B. A warning of hazards ahead C. A law you must obey D. Road closed ahead Answer: B — Diamond = warning. 7. What should you do if your brakes fail? A. Turn off the engine immediately B. Pump the brake pedal, shift to a lower gear, and use parking brake C. Pull the parking brake hard immediately D. Jump out of the car Answer: B — Pump brakes and downshift to slow down. 8. When merging onto a highway you should: A. Stop at the end of the ramp B. Match the speed of traffic before merging C. Merge at a slow, cautious speed D. Enter the highway anywhere Answer: B — Accelerate to traffic speed for a safe merge. 9. Which vehicle must yield at an uncontrolled intersection? A. The vehicle on the left B. The vehicle on the right C. The larger vehicle D. Neither, whoever gets there first Answer: A — Vehicle on the left yields to the one on the right. 10. When driving in fog, you should use: A. High beams B. Low beams C. Hazard flashers only D. No lights Answer: B — High beams reflect off fog, low beams help you see. 11. When are you required to yield to pedestrians? A. Only in marked crosswalks B. Only if they have a walk signal C. Always, even at unmarked crosswalks D. Only during the day Answer: C — Pedestrians have right-of-way at all crosswalks. 12. You approach a railroad crossing with flashing red lights. You should: A. Speed up to cross quickly B. Stop at least 15 feet from the tracks C. Keep driving slowly D. Stop only if you see a train Answer: B — Always stop when lights flash. 13. When parking on a hill facing uphill with a curb, turn your wheels: A. Toward the curb B. Away from the curb C. Straight ahead D. Doesn’t matter Answer: B — Away from the curb to roll back into the curb if brakes fail. 14. If a tire blows out while driving, you should: A. Slam on the brakes B. Grip the wheel, ease off gas, and slow gradually C. Speed up quickly D. Turn sharply Answer: B — Stay calm, slow gently. 15. What should you do if your accelerator sticks? A. Turn the car off B. Shift to neutral and brake gently C. Keep pressing the pedal D. Honk your horn for help Answer: B — Neutral stops engine power while braking slows the car. 16. A broken yellow line on the road means: A. No passing allowed B. You can pass if safe C. Only trucks can pass D. Road closed ahead Answer: B — Broken yellow = passing allowed with caution. 17. How far must you park from a fire hydrant? A. 10 feet B. 15 feet C. 20 feet D. 30 feet Answer: B — Always leave 15 feet of space. 18. When are you allowed to drive in a bus lane in NYC? A. Anytime B. Only to make a turn or access a driveway C. Only if traffic is heavy D. Never Answer: B — Briefly enter to turn or access property only. 19. When two cars stop at the same time at a four-way stop, who goes first? A. The car on the right B. The car on the left C. The larger vehicle D. Whoever flashes lights first Answer: A — Right goes before left. 20. In NY, the legal BAC limit for drivers under 21 is: A. 0.08% B. 0.05% C. 0.02% D. Any alcohol is legal Answer: C — Zero tolerance law starts at 0.02%. 21. What’s the penalty for refusing a chemical test (breathalyzer)? A. Nothing happens B. Warning only C. Automatic license suspension and fines D. Jail time immediately Answer: C — NY’s implied consent law suspends license. 22. What does a flashing yellow light mean? A. Stop and wait B. Proceed with caution C. Stop and yield D. Slow but don’t stop Answer: B — Caution — be alert. 23. When should you use your headlights? A. Only at night B. From sunset to sunrise and in poor visibility C. Only on highways D. When you see police Answer: B — NY law requires lights from sunset to sunrise or bad weather. 24. The Move Over Law requires you to: A. Stop when you see emergency vehicles parked B. Move one lane away if safe or slow down when passing C. Pull over every time you see flashing lights D. Speed up to clear the area quickly Answer: B — Always move over or slow for safety. 25. How far before a turn must you signal? A. 25 feet B. 50 feet C. 100 feet D. 200 feet Answer: C — At least 100 feet. 26. Which of these can be considered distracted driving? A. Eating B. Texting C. Adjusting the radio D. All of the above Answer: D — Anything that takes focus off the road. 27. In a skid, you should: A. Brake hard immediately B. Steer in the direction you want the car to go C. Turn opposite the skid D. Speed up to correct it Answer: B — “Steer into the skid” to regain control. 28. If your car starts hydroplaning, you should: A. Slam on brakes B. Ease off gas and steer straight C. Turn sharply D. Accelerate out of it Answer: B — Let tires regain grip. 29. A “No Standing” sign in NYC means: A. You can park for hours B. You can stop temporarily to pick up or drop off passengers C. You can load and unload goods D. You can wait in your car indefinitely Answer: B — No parking, but passenger pickup/dropoff is okay. 30. When driving at night on an unlit road, you should: A. Use high beams unless another car approaches B. Always use low beams C. Drive with parking lights only D. Turn off lights to avoid glare Answer: A — High beams in dark areas, dim for traffic. 31. The minimum distance to stop from a stopped school bus with flashing red lights is: A. 10 feet B. 15 feet C. 20 feet D. 30 feet Answer: C — 20 feet minimum. 32. You’re in the left lane on a highway and not passing anyone. You should: A. Stay there B. Move right C. Slow down D. Speed up Answer: B — Left lane is for passing only. 33. You must not park within how many feet of a crosswalk? A. 5 feet B. 10 feet C. 15 feet D. 20 feet Answer: D — At least 20 feet. 34. If your car skids on ice, you should avoid: A. Steering gently B. Taking your foot off the gas C. Braking suddenly D. Staying calm Answer: C — Sudden braking worsens the skid. 35. On a multi-lane road, you see an emergency vehicle stopped with flashing lights. You should: A. Speed up and get past quickly B. Stay in your lane C. Move over or slow down D. Honk your horn Answer: C — Always move over or slow. 36. What’s the maximum BAC allowed for drivers 21 and older in NY? A. 0.05% B. 0.07% C. 0.08% D. 0.10% Answer: C — 0.08% is the legal limit. 37. A solid white line between lanes means: A. You may change lanes anytime B. Don’t change lanes unless necessary C. Lane closed D. Passing is encouraged Answer: B — Solid white discourages lane changes. 38. On which roads can bicycles legally ride? A. Highways only B. Any road except where prohibited C. Only bike lanes D. Only rural roads Answer: B — Bikes can use most roads except highways marked “no bikes.” 39. When should you dim high beams for oncoming cars? A. 100 feet away B. 200 feet away C. 300 feet away D. 500 feet away Answer: D — 500 feet from oncoming traffic. 40. When following another car, you should use the: A. 1-second rule B. 2-second rule C. 3-second rule D. 5-second rule Answer: C — 3 seconds minimum following distance. 41. When are you allowed to pass on the right? A. Never B. When the car ahead is turning left and it’s safe C. Always D. Only in school zones Answer: B — Passing on the right is limited to safe situations. 42. In NY, who must wear seatbelts? A. Only the driver B. Only the front-seat passengers C. Everyone in the car D. Only those under 16 Answer: C — All occupants must buckle up. 43. What’s the penalty for using a handheld phone while driving? A. No penalty B. Small fine only C. Fine plus points on your license D. Only a warning Answer: C — It’s illegal and adds points. 44. What’s the first thing to do when your car starts to skid? A. Hit the brakes B. Steer in the skid’s direction C. Accelerate D. Turn off the car Answer: B — Steer in the skid’s direction to recover control. 45. What does a solid double yellow line mean? A. Passing is allowed both ways B. No passing either way C. Passing is allowed one way D. Slow traffic only Answer: B — Never pass on a solid double yellow. 46. When are you required to use your turn signal? A. Only for lane changes B. Only for turns C. For every lane change and turn D. Only when cars are behind you Answer: C — Always signal every change. 47. When can you legally pass a stopped school bus with flashing yellow lights? A. Anytime B. Before it turns red C. Only if children aren’t visible D. Only on divided highways Answer: B — Yellow means it’s about to stop, but red means stop. 48. What’s the default speed limit on most New York State highways? A. 45 mph B. 50 mph C. 55 mph D. 65 mph Answer: C — 55 mph unless otherwise posted. 49. You see a yield sign. You must: A. Stop completely B. Slow down and give right of way if needed C. Keep driving D. Speed up to merge Answer: B — Yield means let others go first if needed. 50. If a driver is aggressive and tailgating you, you should: A. Brake hard to warn them B. Speed up C. Move over and let them pass D. Yell at them Answer: C — Safest option is to move over. 51. At night, when do you turn off high beams for a car you’re following? A. 100 feet B. 200 feet C. 300 feet D. 500 feet Answer: B — Within 200 feet of a car ahead. 52. If you see flashing blue lights on a vehicle, it’s likely: A. A police car B. A volunteer firefighter C. A tow truck D. A garbage truck Answer: B — Blue = volunteer fire or EMS in NY. 53. If you miss your exit on a highway, you should: A. Stop and back up B. Turn around immediately C. Drive to the next exit D. Cut across the grass Answer: C — Never back up; go to the next exit. 54. What should you do if you see an animal on the road? A. Swerve sharply B. Speed up to scare it C. Slow down and try to stop safely D. Honk and keep driving Answer: C — Slow down safely; don’t swerve into traffic. 55. When driving in heavy rain, you should: A. Use cruise control B. Drive the speed limit C. Slow down and increase following distance D. Turn on high beams Answer: C — Slower speeds prevent hydroplaning. Here’s a batch of challenging, DMV-style questions for your chatbot’s knowledge.txt file — focused on rare laws, technical rules, and tricky scenarios that often confuse test-takers. You are approaching a “divided highway ends” sign. What does this mean? A. You are entering a divided highway B. The median or barrier separating traffic ends ahead C. There is an exit for a divided highway D. Passing is now allowed in both directions Answer: B — This sign warns that the divided roadway will merge back into a two-way road. When parallel parking on a two-way street, your car’s right wheels must be: A. At least 6 inches from the curb B. No more than 12 inches from the curb C. At least 18 inches from the curb D. Touching the curb for safety Answer: B — New York requires you to park within 12 inches of the curb. Which of the following statements about sharing the road with motorcycles is true? A. Motorcycles have the same full lane rights as cars B. Motorcycles should stay in the middle of the lane so cars can pass C. You can share a lane with a motorcycle if there’s enough space D. Motorcycles must always use the right side of the lane Answer: A — Motorcycles are entitled to an entire lane just like any other vehicle. When driving on a multilane highway, an approaching emergency vehicle with lights and sirens is behind you in your lane. You should: A. Stop immediately in your lane B. Move right or left to clear a path, then stop if needed C. Speed up to avoid blocking it D. Pull into the median if possible Answer: B — You must clear a path, usually to the right, and stop if necessary. What is the “Implied Consent Law” in New York? A. Drivers automatically agree to take chemical tests for alcohol/drugs if arrested for DWI B. Drivers can refuse a breathalyzer with no penalty C. Drivers must consent to searches of their vehicle if stopped D. Drivers must take a vision test every year Answer: A — Refusing a breath or blood test results in license suspension and fines. Which of these situations requires you to signal? A. Pulling away from a curb B. Entering or leaving a highway C. Changing lanes D. All of the above Answer: D — The law requires signaling for all these actions. When parking on a hill facing downhill with no curb, you should: A. Turn your wheels toward the road B. Turn your wheels toward the edge of the road C. Keep your wheels straight D. Set the emergency brake but leave wheels as they are Answer: B — With no curb, turn wheels toward the road edge so the car won’t roll into traffic. Which of these is true about large trucks’ blind spots? A. They are smaller than car blind spots B. Trucks have large blind spots called “No Zones” C. You can see trucks easily from anywhere D. They only exist on the right side Answer: B — “No Zones” are big blind spots in front, behind, and along the sides of trucks. When passing a stopped emergency vehicle displaying flashing lights on a two-lane road with no room to move over, you must: A. Maintain speed to clear quickly B. Stop completely until waved through C. Slow down significantly and proceed with caution D. Honk to alert them Answer: C — New York’s Move Over Law requires slowing down if you cannot change lanes. A sign with a red circle and a white bar across the middle means: A. Do not stop B. Do not enter C. No passing zone D. Yield to oncoming traffic Answer: B — The sign means “Do Not Enter.” You are approaching a yield sign and traffic is coming from the left and right. You must: A. Stop only if traffic is close enough to hit you B. Slow down and be prepared to stop if needed C. Speed up to merge D. Only stop if there’s a stop sign Answer: B — Yield signs require slowing and stopping if necessary. A round yellow sign with an “X” and two Rs warns you of: A. A roundabout B. A railroad crossing ahead C. A restricted area D. Road repairs Answer: B — This sign warns of a railroad crossing. When two vehicles enter an intersection from opposite directions at the same time, and one is turning left, who must yield? A. The car going straight B. The car turning left C. Both cars stop and decide D. The car that got there first Answer: B — Left turns yield to oncoming traffic going straight. If your car is skidding on a slippery road, the best action is: A. Brake hard B. Steer in the direction you want the car to go C. Steer opposite the skid D. Speed up Answer: B — Steering into the skid helps you regain control. When is it legal to cross a solid double yellow line? A. Never B. Only when turning into a driveway or side road C. Anytime if traffic is light D. Only if no police are around Answer: B — You may cross double yellow only to turn into a driveway or road. What does a sign with an orange background indicate? A. A detour ahead B. A school zone C. General warning D. Road work or construction zone Answer: D — Orange signs mean construction/maintenance zones. How much space must you give when passing a bicyclist? A. 1 foot B. 2 feet C. 3 feet D. No minimum distance is required Answer: C — New York requires at least 3 feet. When driving at night, if an oncoming vehicle does not dim its high beams, you should: A. Flash your high beams quickly B. Keep high beams on C. Stare directly into the lights D. Look toward the right edge of the road Answer: D — Looking toward the right edge prevents glare blindness. Which of these is the best way to handle hydroplaning? A. Brake immediately B. Accelerate to regain traction C. Ease off the gas and steer straight D. Turn sharply Answer: C — Let the tires regain contact by slowing gently. When driving on a highway and your exit is approaching, when should you signal? A. At least 25 feet before the exit B. 50 feet before the exit C. At least 100 feet before leaving the highway D. Only after entering the exit ramp Answer: C — Signal at least 100 feet before exiting. What does a flashing yellow arrow mean for turning traffic? A. Stop and wait for a green arrow B. Yield to oncoming traffic and pedestrians before turning C. You can turn without caution D. The signal is malfunctioning Answer: B — Flashing yellow arrow = turn allowed but yield first. In New York, you may not park within how many feet of a fire station driveway? A. 10 feet B. 15 feet C. 20 feet D. 30 feet Answer: D — 20 feet on the same side, 75 feet on the opposite side of the street. When should you use your horn? A. To alert other drivers of danger B. To tell slow drivers to speed up C. To express frustration D. When stopped at a red light Answer: A — Use only to warn of danger. On a multilane road, if there’s a stopped school bus with flashing red lights in the opposite direction, you must stop unless: A. The bus driver waves you on B. The road is divided by a physical barrier C. There are no children visible D. You are in the farthest lane Answer: B — A median or barrier means traffic in the opposite direction does not stop. Here is a long, fully written guide for your knowledge.txt file explaining how to parallel park and perform all of the major driving maneuvers required for a road test or everyday driving. Everything is in paragraph form for easy reading. Parallel parking is one of the most stressful skills for new drivers, but with the right process, it becomes routine. First, find a space that is at least one and a half times the length of your car. Pull up next to the car in front of the space so that your rear bumpers are even and leave about two feet between the cars. Check mirrors, look over your shoulder, and signal right to indicate you are parking. Put your car in reverse and begin backing up slowly while turning the wheel sharply toward the curb. When your car is at about a 45-degree angle into the space and your front bumper has just cleared the rear bumper of the car ahead, straighten your wheel and continue backing up. Once your front bumper is clear of the car ahead, turn the wheel the opposite direction to swing the front of your car into the space. Move slowly, making small adjustments, and stop with your wheels straight and your car centered in the space, about 6–12 inches from the curb. If you are too far from the curb or crooked, pull forward, straighten out, and correct. Always check for pedestrians or cyclists before you move, and don’t forget to put your car in park and set the brake when done. Changing lanes is one of the most common driving actions, and it’s also one of the easiest to do wrong. Start by checking traffic ahead to make sure you’re not approaching an intersection or stop that makes a lane change unsafe. Turn on your turn signal well in advance — New York law requires you to signal at least 100 feet before changing lanes. After signaling, check your mirrors, then do a quick head check over your shoulder to check your blind spot — mirrors don’t show everything. If the lane is clear, ease the wheel gently into the new lane without jerking or swerving, and don’t drift across multiple lanes at once. Cancel your turn signal once you are fully in the new lane. Never cut someone off, and if another car speeds up to block your merge, wait and try again later rather than forcing your way in. Making right turns correctly starts with the right position. Well before your turn, signal right and move into the right lane or the right side of your lane if there is no lane marking. Slow down as you approach the turn, scanning for pedestrians in crosswalks and on sidewalks. Stop completely if there’s a red light or stop sign. When it’s clear, turn the wheel smoothly and enter the right lane of the new street. Don’t swing wide into the left lane unless the turn is especially sharp, and don’t turn from a lane that isn’t marked for turning. Left turns require even more care because you often have to yield to oncoming traffic. Well before the turn, signal left and move into the left lane or the lane closest to the centerline. Stop behind the crosswalk if there is a red light or stop sign. If the light is green but traffic is coming, pull forward into the intersection and wait with your wheels straight — keeping them straight prevents you from being pushed into oncoming traffic if you’re hit from behind. When there is a safe gap, turn smoothly into the left lane of the new street. If the intersection has a left-turn arrow, you may turn without yielding, but always check for pedestrians crossing. Three-point turns, also called K-turns, are used when you need to turn around on a narrow road. Signal right and pull over to the curb, checking mirrors and blind spots. Signal left, check for traffic both ways, and when it’s clear, turn the wheel fully left and cross the road slowly. Stop just before the curb or edge, shift into reverse, turn the wheel fully right, and back up carefully to the opposite side of the road. Shift into drive, turn the wheel left again, and move forward into the correct lane. Use caution — other cars may approach suddenly — and never attempt a three-point turn near a hill or curve where you can’t see far enough. Backing up straight is another simple but tested skill. Signal and check around your car for pedestrians, bikes, or objects. Put your car in reverse, keep your foot lightly on the brake, and turn your body to look out the rear window — don’t rely only on mirrors. Back slowly, keeping the car straight by making tiny steering corrections. You should go no faster than walking speed. Stop if anyone walks behind you or if you lose track of your surroundings. Parking on hills is tested because it shows you understand how to keep your car from rolling. When parking uphill with a curb, turn your front wheels away from the curb so that if the car rolls, the tires will catch on the curb. When parking downhill with a curb, turn the wheels toward the curb so the car rolls into it. When there’s no curb, turn your wheels toward the road edge no matter which direction you’re facing. Always set the parking brake before you exit the car. Entering and exiting highways is another major skill. When entering, use the ramp to build up speed and match traffic flow. Check mirrors, signal early, and look over your shoulder. Merge smoothly into a gap — don’t stop at the end of the ramp unless traffic is stopped. When exiting, signal well in advance and move into the right lane early. Reduce speed on the exit ramp, not on the highway itself, so you don’t slow traffic. Stopping at stop signs seems simple, but the details matter. You must come to a complete stop before the stop line, crosswalk, or intersection — whichever comes first. Count a full second or two, check for pedestrians and cross traffic, then go when it’s safe. Rolling stops (not fully stopping) are one of the most common road test fails. Obeying traffic signals means knowing what to do with more than just red, yellow, and green. A flashing red means treat it like a stop sign; a flashing yellow means slow down and proceed with caution. A steady yellow means the light will turn red soon — stop if you can safely. At green lights, you may go if the intersection is clear, but you must yield to pedestrians and vehicles still in the intersection. Finally, scanning for hazards and staying aware is the foundation of all driving skills. Constantly check mirrors every few seconds, look far ahead to spot problems early, and keep an eye on the sides of the road for pedestrians, animals, and cars entering traffic. Always leave enough space between you and the car ahead — a minimum of three seconds — and double that in rain or snow. Smooth steering, careful signals, and awareness are what turn every maneuver from something you “just do for the road test” into something you do safely for the rest of your driving life. When parking on the opposite side of the street from a fire station, you must stay at least how far from the driveway? A. 25 feet B. 50 feet C. 65 feet D. 75 feet Answer: D — New York law requires 20 feet on the same side, but 75 feet on the opposite side of the street. A steady yellow X over a lane on an overhead signal means: A. The lane is closing soon; move out safely B. The lane is open for travel C. You must stop immediately in that lane D. You may only use that lane for left turns Answer: A — A yellow X warns that the lane is about to close (usually on reversible lanes). If you refuse to take a chemical test for alcohol a second time within five years, what happens? A. You only pay a fine B. You lose your license for at least 18 months and face heavy fines C. You can request a warning instead of suspension D. Nothing happens because you already refused once Answer: B — Multiple refusals within five years lead to mandatory license revocation for at least 18 months. When approaching a traffic light that has gone dark (no lights working), you must: A. Treat the intersection as if it has a stop sign in all directions B. Continue through at normal speed C. Wait until the lights come back on D. Only stop if cross-traffic is present Answer: A — A dead traffic light is treated as a four-way stop in New York. Which of these vehicles must always stop at railroad crossings, even if no train is coming? A. Buses carrying passengers B. Vehicles carrying hazardous materials C. School buses D. All of the above Answer: D — All of these vehicles must always stop, check for trains, then cross. When a lane is marked with both a solid yellow line and a broken yellow line, who can legally pass? A. Only traffic on the side with the solid line B. Only traffic on the side with the broken line C. Neither side D. Both sides Answer: B — Passing is only allowed from the side with the broken yellow line. In New York, which of these can cause your license to be suspended even if you weren’t driving? A. Failing to pay child support B. Unpaid parking tickets C. Failing to respond to a court summons for a traffic violation D. All of the above Answer: D — All of these situations can result in suspension under state law. When you see a sign with black letters on an orange background reading “END ROAD WORK,” what does it mean? A. You must still drive slowly until the next sign B. You are leaving the construction zone and can return to normal driving C. Road work will resume again ahead D. There are still workers present, so speed limits don’t change Answer: B — The construction zone ends at that sign, and regular rules resume. How far in advance should you signal before turning on a country road with a 55 mph speed limit? A. 50 feet B. 100 feet C. 150 feet D. 200 feet Answer: D — At higher speeds, you should signal at least 200 feet before the turn so other drivers can react. If you accumulate 11 points on your driving record within 18 months in New York, what will happen? A. You get a warning letter B. You must retake the road test C. Your license will be suspended D. You pay a small fine but keep your license Answer: C — 11 points in 18 months triggers a license suspension. Driving in New York State means following an extensive set of traffic laws that govern everything from who has the right-of-way to how you must respond to emergency vehicles. The foundation of all New York driving law is that you must drive carefully and reasonably for conditions. Even if you’re under the posted speed limit, if you’re driving too fast for heavy rain, snow, or fog, you can be ticketed for unsafe driving. The general speed limits are 25 mph in most of New York City, 30 mph in many towns and villages, and 55 mph on most state highways unless otherwise posted. Some rural interstates and the Thruway are posted as high as 65 mph. Exceeding these limits can result in fines, points on your license, and even suspension if you go more than 40 mph over the posted limit. New York has strict rules for right-of-way. Pedestrians always have the right-of-way in both marked and unmarked crosswalks, even if they are crossing against the light. Drivers must stop for all pedestrians crossing the street. At intersections, vehicles turning left must yield to oncoming traffic and to pedestrians. When two drivers stop at a stop sign at the same time, the one on the left must yield to the one on the right. When entering a roadway from a driveway, alley, or parking lot, you must yield to all traffic already on the road, as well as to pedestrians on the sidewalk. If you approach a yield sign, you must slow down and be prepared to stop if traffic or pedestrians are close enough to create a hazard. Emergency vehicles are given special protection under the law. When you see or hear an emergency vehicle approaching with lights and sirens, you must pull over to the right and stop until it has passed. If you are in an intersection, clear the intersection and then pull over. The Move Over Law also requires drivers to move at least one lane away from any stopped emergency or hazard vehicle with flashing lights, such as tow trucks, snowplows, and police cars. If moving over is not safe, you must slow down significantly. Failing to follow this law can result in heavy fines and points on your license. School bus laws in New York are among the strictest in the country. When a school bus flashes red lights, you must stop at least 20 feet away, regardless of whether you’re approaching from the front or behind. This applies on all roads, even multilane roads, unless there’s a physical barrier like a concrete median. Yellow lights on the bus mean it’s preparing to stop, so you should slow down and prepare to stop. Violating school bus laws can lead to heavy fines, five points on your license, and even jail time for repeat offenders. Parking laws in New York are also detailed and easy to get wrong. You must park within 12 inches of the curb. You cannot park within 15 feet of a fire hydrant, 20 feet of a crosswalk, 30 feet of a stop sign, or 50 feet of a railroad crossing. If you’re parking near a fire station, you must stay 20 feet from the driveway on the same side and 75 feet on the opposite side. Double parking — parking alongside another parked car — is illegal anywhere in New York State. There are also laws about who must wear seat belts. In New York, every occupant, front and back seat, must buckle up. The law also requires children under 4 to be in a child safety seat, and children under 8 must be in a booster seat or appropriate restraint. Failing to follow these child restraint rules can lead to heavy fines and license points. Distracted driving is aggressively enforced in New York. It’s illegal to use a handheld phone to talk, text, or email while driving. First offenses carry fines and five license points. You may use a hands-free device, but even then you must not let it take your attention off the road. Eating, adjusting music, or reaching for items can also lead to a ticket for distracted or unsafe driving if it causes you to drive poorly. New York also has strong alcohol and drug laws. The legal blood alcohol limit for drivers 21 and older is 0.08%. For commercial drivers it’s 0.04%, and for drivers under 21, the “zero tolerance” law sets it at 0.02%. Even one drink can push a small person close to this limit. If you refuse a breathalyzer, your license will be revoked for at least one year and you’ll pay a mandatory fine under New York’s “implied consent” law. Multiple refusals within five years carry even harsher penalties. The New York DMV uses a point system. Speeding and other violations add points to your license. If you get 11 points in 18 months, your license can be suspended. Texting while driving is 5 points, failing to stop for a school bus is 5 points, and speeding can be 3 to 11 points depending on how far over the limit you were going. Too many points also means you’ll have to pay a Driver Responsibility Assessment fee for three years. Drivers also need to know how reversible lanes and special signals work. In some areas, overhead lane signals show a green arrow for lanes you may use, a red X for lanes you must not use, and a yellow X warning that the lane is closing. You must obey these signals at all times. Weather changes how you’re expected to drive. New York law requires headlights to be on from a half hour after sunset to a half hour before sunrise, and any time you use your windshield wipers because of rain, snow, or fog. High beams must be dimmed within 500 feet of an oncoming car and within 200 feet of a car you’re following. Finally, every New York driver must understand how to respond to rare but dangerous situations. If your brakes fail, you should pump the brake pedal, shift into a lower gear, and use the parking brake slowly to stop. If your accelerator sticks, shift into neutral and brake gently. If your car skids, take your foot off the gas and steer in the direction you want the car to go — not opposite the skid. New York’s driving laws are strict because the roads are busy, especially in NYC, and safe driving means thinking ahead. Every rule — from stopping 20 feet from a school bus to yielding when you see a pedestrian — is enforced not just for the test, but every time you’re behind the wheel. When you go take your permit test in New York, the day will feel like a mix of school and an official appointment. You’ll need to bring proof of who you are and that you live in New York. This means your birth certificate or passport, your Social Security card, and proof of address like a report card, bank statement, or mail from a government office. The DMV calls this the 6 points of ID system, and you must have the right documents or they won’t even let you start the process. If you’re under 18, you’ll also need a parent or guardian to sign your application, and you’ll probably bring them with you because they’ll need to show their own ID too. When you get to the DMV, you’ll check in at the counter. There might be a line, especially in busy offices like in New York City. They’ll ask you for your forms, your documents, and a fee. After you check in, they’ll take your picture for your permit. That picture is the one that goes on your actual permit card, so make sure you look how you want to — no hats, no sunglasses, no funny faces. Before you take the test, you’ll also take an eye exam right at the DMV. It’s quick — you’ll stand or sit at a machine and read letters out loud, almost like at the doctor’s office. If you wear glasses or contacts, you must wear them for the test. If you don’t pass the eye exam, they won’t let you take the written test until you bring proof from an eye doctor saying your vision is good enough to drive. The written permit test itself is usually on a computer at the DMV. You’ll be assigned a station or kiosk with a touchscreen. The screen will walk you through the questions one by one. You’ll see multiple-choice questions with four possible answers (A, B, C, D). You tap the one you think is correct. The topics cover everything from road signs to right-of-way rules, speed limits, parking, and safety. You’ll see pictures of signs — like stop, yield, no U-turn — and you have to name what they mean. Some questions are easy, like “What does a red light mean?” and others are tricky, like “When can you cross a solid double yellow line?” or “How far from a fire hydrant can you park?” There are 20 questions in most DMV offices, and you need to get at least 14 right to pass. But 2 of those correct answers must be on road signs — if you miss the road sign questions, you automatically fail even if your total score is high enough. You can take your time, but most people finish in 15–20 minutes. There is no penalty for guessing, so if you don’t know an answer, don’t leave it blank. If you pass the permit test, the DMV will print out a paper copy of your learner permit right there. Your real card will come in the mail in a couple of weeks. If you fail, you can retake the test — there’s no waiting period for most offices, but you might have to come back another day if they’re too busy. Once you have your permit, you’re not done — you have rules you must follow. You can only drive with someone who is at least 21 and has a valid license. If you’re under 18, there are curfew rules — no driving between 9 PM and 5 AM without a supervising driver, and no driving with more than one passenger under 21 unless they are immediate family. You also cannot drive alone in Manhattan’s Central Business District until you have your license. The permit test will include a few “gotcha” questions that almost everyone messes up unless they study. For example, you must stop for a school bus even if you’re on the opposite side of a two-lane road — and also on multi-lane roads unless there’s a physical barrier. You must park 15 feet away from a fire hydrant, and you must dim your high beams within 500 feet of oncoming traffic. They may also ask about the Move Over Law, which means slowing down and moving over for any stopped emergency vehicle with flashing lights. The DMV is strict about behavior during the test. You can’t use your phone, you can’t talk to other people taking the test, and you can’t bring notes or papers with answers. If you cheat, they can take away your chance to get a permit for a long time. Overall, the experience is not scary if you’re prepared. It’s quiet, organized, and over quickly. You’ll leave knowing if you passed or failed. If you pass, you’ll hold your permit paper in your hand and officially start learning to drive. If you fail, you’ll know what you missed and can study again. The test is made to check that you know how to be safe on New York roads, not to trick you, but some of the questions are worded in ways that force you to really think. By knowing what documents to bring, how the test works, and what rules they’ll ask about, you’ll walk into the DMV ready. The test isn’t about memorizing answers — it’s about understanding how to drive safely in New York, around school buses, fire trucks, pedestrians, bikers, snowplows, and all the other things you’ll see when you finally get on the road. Driving in New York is not just about knowing how to steer, park, or read signs. The state has an entire web of laws and rules that go far beyond the basics of stopping at red lights and yielding to pedestrians. There are layers of regulations that cover different types of roads, vehicles, and even special seasons like winter. Anyone who’s planning to take their permit test or become a licensed driver in New York should know these because they come up on the test, on the road, and in real life situations you won’t expect. Let’s start with special types of roads. New York has regular roads, state highways, parkways, and expressways. Parkways are unique — they’re scenic, limited-access roads, and many of them strictly prohibit trucks, trailers, and commercial vehicles. The Hutchinson River Parkway, Saw Mill Parkway, and Bronx River Parkway are examples. If you’re in a pickup or van, you might still be okay, but anything with commercial plates or anything towing something is not allowed. This is important for test questions and also in real life: driving a U-Haul onto a parkway is illegal and dangerous because of the low stone bridges. Then there are toll roads like the New York State Thruway. Toll booths are rare now because of cashless tolling, but you need an E-ZPass or you’ll get a bill in the mail. The law says you must slow down through toll gantries, but you don’t have to stop unless there’s an issue. There are also rules for entering and exiting expressways — ramps are meant for accelerating or slowing down. Stopping at the end of an on-ramp is almost always wrong unless traffic is literally stopped. Different regions of New York have different realities for drivers. Upstate, you deal with deer crossing rural highways and icy hills in the Adirondacks. In New York City, you deal with gridlock, bike lanes, and endless pedestrians. On Long Island, there are many highways like the LIE (Long Island Expressway) where speeds are high and exits come quickly. All of these are covered by the same state laws, but the scenarios are wildly different. Now, passing laws are another area many don’t study enough. Passing on the right is generally illegal — but there are exceptions. You may pass on the right if the car ahead is turning left, and there is enough room on the pavement to do so safely. You can also pass on the right if you are on a multi-lane road where each direction has at least two lanes. But you cannot leave the pavement to pass. You can’t use the shoulder to zoom by cars. New York also bans speeding up when someone is trying to pass you — it’s illegal to block them. U-turns also have a bunch of rules. They are completely prohibited in business districts, school zones, on expressways, and anywhere with a “No U-turn” sign. Even when legal, you can only do them if it’s safe and you won’t disrupt traffic. A lot of people fail their permit test because they think U-turns are always legal “if you’re careful.” They aren’t. Let’s talk about stopping and standing rules, which are even trickier. “No standing” means you can stop temporarily only to pick up or drop off passengers, but you cannot load or unload goods or wait there. “No parking” means you can stop temporarily to load or unload people or packages but you can’t leave the car. “No stopping” means exactly what it sounds like — no stopping for any reason except to obey a traffic officer or avoid conflict. Understanding these subtle differences matters for the test and real life. Right turns on red are legal in New York State, but NOT automatically everywhere. In New York City, right on red is illegal unless a sign specifically says you can. Outside NYC, right on red is legal unless there’s a “No Turn on Red” sign, but you must come to a full stop and yield to traffic and pedestrians first. Many test-takers get this wrong by thinking “right on red is always fine.” Roundabouts and traffic circles are popping up all over the state. The rule is simple: drivers already in the circle have the right of way, and you must yield when entering. But New York DMV tests may ask about tricky details like which lane to exit from. Always exit from the same lane you entered unless signs say otherwise. Now we get into special vehicles. School buses are obvious, but there’s more. Snowplows have the right of way when actively plowing — they can cross lanes and even go through red lights if necessary for safety. Garbage trucks are considered hazard vehicles, and you must slow down when passing them. Farm vehicles and horse-drawn buggies (in Amish areas of New York) are also protected — you must reduce speed and pass with extreme care. Another area people don’t think about: funeral processions. In New York, funeral processions with hazard lights on are given courtesy but not automatic right of way by law — but many drivers and police treat them as if they do. It’s smart and respectful to yield. Driving in winter is a whole different world. New York law doesn’t force you to have snow tires, but it strongly recommends them from November to April, and some mountain areas practically expect you to. Studded snow tires are legal from October 16 to April 30. There’s also a law about clearing snow off your vehicle. If snow or ice flies off your car and hits another vehicle or person, you can be ticketed or sued. Seat belt laws got stricter recently. Everyone must wear a seat belt in every seat — front and back. Drivers are responsible for passengers under 16 not wearing them. If a police officer sees anyone without a belt, they can stop you for that reason alone. Bicycles and pedestrians are a huge part of New York driving. Drivers must treat bikes like any other vehicle — they have the right to the whole lane. You must leave at least 3 feet when passing a cyclist. Pedestrian rules are even stricter: you must always stop for someone in a crosswalk. If there’s no crosswalk, you still have to be cautious — if a pedestrian is halfway across a rural road, you must slow or stop to avoid hitting them. Driving with animals can even matter on the test. It’s not illegal to have a dog in your car, but it can’t sit on your lap. That’s considered obstructed driving. Same with hanging objects from your mirror — even an air freshener could be a ticket if it blocks your view. Work zones are heavily enforced. Fines double in work zones, and if you speed twice in a work zone in 18 months, your license can be suspended. Work zones often have lower speed limits, and they might have flaggers. Flaggers are as powerful as police when it comes to giving directions — you must obey them. Let’s expand on driver’s point system because it’s more detailed than most think. Every moving violation has points: – Speeding 1–10 mph over = 3 points. – Speeding 11–20 mph over = 4 points. – Speeding 21–30 mph over = 6 points. – Speeding 31–40 mph over = 8 points. – Speeding over 40 mph = 11 points (automatic suspension). Running a red light is 3 points, improper lane change is 2, tailgating is 4, texting is 5, failing to stop for a school bus is 5. Once you hit 6 points in 18 months, you start paying the Driver Responsibility Assessment — $300 plus $75 for every point above 6. At 11 points, suspension is almost guaranteed. There are rules for new drivers that aren’t obvious. If you’re under 18, you need to hold your learner permit for at least 6 months and complete 50 hours of supervised driving (including 15 at night) before you can take your road test. Your supervising driver must sit in the front passenger seat and be at least 21. You can’t drive on any street in Manhattan alone with a learner permit, and you can’t drive on any “parkways” like the Hutchinson. New York also has graduated licensing laws. If you get your junior license (before 18), there are strict curfews and passenger rules. You can’t drive between 9 PM and 5 AM unless going to work or school, and you can’t have more than one passenger under 21 who isn’t family. Breaking these rules can mean suspension until you’re 18. Traffic signals also have deeper layers. A flashing red means stop completely, then go when safe. A flashing yellow means caution. An arrow signal (green, yellow, red) controls only that direction. If you see a green light but the crosswalk has a WALK sign for pedestrians, you must still yield. Then there’s road markings. Solid lines mean “don’t cross.” Dashed lines mean “you may pass when safe.” A solid and a dashed line together means passing is allowed only on the dashed side. White lines separate lanes of traffic going the same way; yellow lines separate lanes of traffic going opposite directions. Stop lines must be obeyed — your front bumper must stop before them. Special scenarios show up on tests and real life. Imagine you’re at an intersection and the light turns green but a police officer is waving you to stop. The law says the officer’s instructions always override the signal. Or you’re on a country road and you see livestock (cows, horses) being led across — you must stop and wait, even if there are no signs. Vision and hearing rules are also strict. To drive in New York, you must have 20/40 vision in at least one eye, with or without glasses. Hearing-impaired drivers can legally drive but may need extra mirrors. Driving with drugs and alcohol deserves more depth. The penalties for driving while intoxicated (DWI) are severe: – First offense DWI: license revoked for at least six months, up to $1,000 fine, possible jail. – DWAI (Driving While Ability Impaired, .05–.07 BAC): smaller fine, but still 90-day suspension. – Zero Tolerance Law: under 21, any BAC .02–.07 means your license is suspended for six months minimum. New York also has Leandra’s Law, which makes it a felony to drive drunk with a passenger under 16 in the car. You will go to jail and lose your license for at least a year. Insurance is also part of driving law. New York is a “no-fault” state, meaning your insurance covers your injuries in an accident regardless of fault. But you must have insurance to register a car — no exceptions. If your insurance lapses, your plates must be turned in immediately or you’ll face suspension. Another area: vehicle inspections. Every car registered in New York must pass a safety and emissions inspection once a year. You can’t legally drive with an expired inspection sticker — you can get pulled over and fined. Lighting rules trip people up. Headlights must be on anytime wipers are on. Parking lights are not a substitute for headlights — they’re only for parked cars. High beams must be dimmed for oncoming traffic within 500 feet and for cars you’re following within 200 feet. Horn use is tightly restricted. It’s legal to honk to warn another driver or pedestrian of danger, but illegal to honk out of frustration, to say hello, or to hurry someone. Motorcycles have their own rules but also impact car drivers. Motorcycles have the full right to a lane. You cannot crowd them or drive beside them in the same lane. On the test, expect questions like “Can motorcycles ride two abreast?” (Answer: yes, if both riders consent, but cars can’t join them). There are even fines for littering from your car — throwing trash out the window can mean a $250 fine. Finally, what happens if you break the law? Many people don’t realize how fast things escalate. Multiple tickets in a short time can lead to your license being suspended or revoked. If your license is suspended and you drive, you can be arrested. If you cause an injury accident while driving illegally, you can face jail. Driving in New York means knowing all of this: who has the right of way, when you can pass, how close to park to a hydrant, when to dim your lights, when to slow for a plow, and when to completely stop for a bus. The rules aren’t just for passing the permit test — they’re there because New York is one of the busiest, most varied states to drive in. There are mountain roads, city streets, rural highways, icy bridges, and crowded tunnels. Every law you learn will show up one day in real life. By understanding not just the basics but all of these extra scenarios — the no standing zones, the school bus stops on a divided highway, the Move Over Law, the deer at night on a dark country road — you’re not only going to pass your test, you’re going to be the driver who knows exactly what to do no matter what New York throws at you. Driving in New York State comes with unique challenges and rules that new drivers need to understand thoroughly. To start driving legally, new drivers must first get a learner permit by passing a written exam that tests knowledge of road signs, traffic laws, and safe driving practices. For those under 18, there’s a graduated licensing system, which includes holding the learner permit for at least six months, completing at least 50 hours of supervised driving (with 15 hours at night), and passing a road test to get a junior driver’s license. This junior license comes with restrictions like no driving between 9 p.m. and 5 a.m., and limits on passengers younger than 21 unless supervised by a parent or guardian. Drivers who are 18 or older have fewer restrictions but still must pass the written and road tests, and complete a pre-licensing or driver education course. The goal of these rules is to give new drivers the experience they need in lower-risk situations before they gain full driving privileges. Traffic laws in New York are generally consistent with those across the country, but some specifics are important to keep in mind. Speed limits in cities and residential areas are usually 25 mph, but can be lower in school zones or construction zones, where fines for violations are significantly higher. Highways generally have speed limits between 55 and 65 mph, depending on the road. New York enforces seat belt laws strictly — everyone in the car must wear a seat belt, and drivers are responsible for passengers under 16. Texting while driving is illegal, with strict penalties designed to reduce distracted driving accidents. New York also requires headlights to be on from half an hour after sunset to half an hour before sunrise, and during bad weather conditions. Drivers must always yield to pedestrians, especially in crosswalks, and be aware that failure to stop for pedestrians can result in severe fines and points on your license. New York’s road conditions and traffic patterns can be difficult for new drivers, especially in urban areas like New York City where traffic is heavy, roads are often crowded, and parking is limited. Drivers need to be comfortable with parallel parking, navigating one-way streets, and dealing with aggressive or distracted drivers. In suburban and rural parts of the state, drivers must be prepared for different challenges like wildlife crossings, less-lit roads at night, and changing weather conditions — especially in winter. Snow and ice are major factors in upstate New York during winter months, so knowing how to drive safely on slippery roads and having a car equipped for winter conditions (like all-wheel drive or snow tires) is important. Defensive driving is critical everywhere in New York: always anticipate other drivers’ mistakes, maintain safe following distances, and avoid aggressive driving behaviors. When it comes to choosing a car as a new driver in New York, safety features should be the top priority. Cars with advanced airbags, anti-lock brakes (ABS), electronic stability control (ESC), and good crash-test ratings from organizations like the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) or the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) are ideal. Smaller, compact cars like the Honda Civic or Toyota Corolla are popular because they’re easier to maneuver and park, which is a big advantage in cities. They’re also usually more affordable to insure. For drivers who live in areas with harsher winters, vehicles like the Subaru Impreza with all-wheel drive offer better traction and control. Insurance costs for new drivers in New York can be quite high, so it’s worth considering cars that have lower insurance premiums and maintaining a clean driving record to keep costs down. New drivers should also be aware of New York’s Move Over Law, which requires drivers to change lanes or slow down when approaching emergency vehicles or hazard vehicles stopped on the side of the road to help protect responders. In summary, driving in New York State requires understanding and following a strict set of licensing rules designed to keep new drivers safe while gaining experience. Drivers need to be aware of local traffic laws, the demands of different driving environments, and the importance of choosing the right vehicle for their needs. Practicing defensive driving, obeying speed limits, avoiding distractions, and respecting pedestrians are key habits for new drivers to develop. New York’s diverse driving conditions—from busy city streets to snowy rural highways—mean that new drivers must be prepared and cautious, especially during winter. With the right knowledge, practice, and vehicle choice, new drivers can gain confidence and stay safe on New York’s roads. Getting your driver’s license in New York State involves a clear step-by-step process designed to build your driving skills gradually. You begin with a learner permit, which requires passing a written test on traffic laws, road signs, and safe driving practices. With this permit, you must always drive under supervision. For drivers under 18, the state has a Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) system that restricts when and how you can drive as you build experience. You need to hold the permit for at least six months and complete at least 50 hours of supervised driving before you can take the road test for a junior driver’s license. The junior license limits driving hours and passenger numbers to reduce risk while gaining experience. After turning 18 or completing the required time without violations, you get a full license. Driving laws in New York are generally strict, which is good for safety. Speed limits are clearly posted and enforced, with city streets usually at 25 mph and highways up to 65 mph in some areas. There are increased fines and penalties in school zones and construction zones, so you have to be extra cautious in those areas. Seat belt laws require all passengers to buckle up, and failing to do so can result in fines. New York also bans handheld cellphone use while driving, and texting while driving is illegal statewide. This helps reduce distracted driving, a leading cause of accidents. Headlights must be used from sunset to sunrise and in poor visibility conditions like rain or snow. New York’s traffic environment can be very different depending on where you live or drive. In New York City and other urban areas, traffic is dense and often hectic. You will encounter aggressive drivers, lots of pedestrians, buses, bikes, and frequent stops for traffic lights. Parallel parking and navigating one-way streets are essential skills here. Parking spaces are scarce and often metered, so you need to learn to read parking signs carefully to avoid tickets or towing. Meanwhile, outside the city in suburban or rural areas, traffic is lighter but driving challenges come from higher speeds, longer distances between services, and more wildlife crossings. Snow and ice during winter are major concerns in many parts of the state, and driving skills must adjust accordingly to maintain control and avoid accidents. Winter driving in New York State requires special preparation. Roads can get icy and snow-packed, especially upstate. New drivers need to understand how to drive on slick surfaces, maintain longer stopping distances, and avoid sudden movements. Equipping your car with winter tires or all-wheel drive can greatly improve safety in these conditions. It’s also important to clear all snow and ice from your vehicle before driving to ensure visibility and avoid fines. Weather can change quickly, so staying informed about forecasts and road conditions is key. Many areas also have restrictions or requirements on tire chains or snow tires during certain months. Defensive driving is especially important in New York because of the state’s busy roads and mixed driving conditions. Defensive driving means always staying alert, anticipating other drivers’ mistakes, and maintaining a safe following distance. Never assume other drivers will follow the rules, and be prepared to react calmly and safely if someone cuts you off or brakes suddenly. Avoid distractions like phones or eating while driving. Using turn signals early, obeying traffic signs, and yielding the right-of-way appropriately will reduce the risk of collisions. When it comes to choosing the right car as a new driver in New York, safety and ease of handling are top priorities. Compact cars like the Honda Civic and Toyota Corolla are popular because they are easy to park, maneuver, and have excellent safety ratings. They are also typically cheaper to insure. For drivers in snowy or hilly regions, vehicles with all-wheel drive, like the Subaru Impreza, offer better traction and control on slippery roads. New drivers should avoid large, powerful cars that are harder to control and may lead to higher insurance rates. Additionally, newer cars often come equipped with advanced safety features like lane departure warnings, automatic emergency braking, and backup cameras, which can help new drivers avoid accidents. Insurance costs for new drivers in New York can be quite high, mainly because statistically, younger and less experienced drivers have more accidents. Factors like the car’s make and model, the driver’s age, gender, driving history, and where they live all influence premiums. Cars with good safety ratings and lower repair costs usually cost less to insure. Maintaining a clean driving record with no accidents or violations is the best way to reduce insurance over time. Many insurance companies also offer discounts for completing approved driver education courses or for good grades if the driver is a student. Understanding New York’s specific laws is also vital. The Move Over Law requires drivers to slow down and move over a lane when approaching emergency vehicles, tow trucks, or highway maintenance vehicles stopped with flashing lights. Failure to do so can result in fines and points on your license. New York also has strict rules about pedestrian right-of-way — you must always yield to pedestrians at crosswalks and intersections, and failure to stop can carry heavy penalties. School bus laws require drivers to stop in both directions when a bus is loading or unloading children, except on divided highways. Navigating intersections safely is another key skill for new drivers. New York law requires you to stop behind stop lines or crosswalks at intersections and to proceed only when it’s safe. At four-way stops, drivers must yield to the vehicle on their right if they arrive simultaneously. When turning left, you must yield to oncoming traffic and pedestrians. If the light is green but oncoming traffic is heavy, it’s often safest to wait for the next green light to avoid blocking the intersection. Flashing red lights mean a full stop, while flashing yellow lights mean proceed with caution. Finally, new drivers should develop good habits that last a lifetime. This includes always wearing a seat belt, avoiding distractions, driving sober, and adjusting driving to road and weather conditions. Keeping your car well-maintained — including tires, brakes, and lights — is crucial for safety. Practicing driving in a variety of conditions, such as night, rain, and snow, will help you build confidence. Taking a defensive driving course can improve your skills and may even reduce insurance costs. Driving in New York can be challenging but with the right preparation, knowledge, and attitude, new drivers can stay safe and enjoy the freedom that comes with driving. Getting a driver’s license in New York State follows a structured process that helps new drivers gain experience safely. For drivers under 18, the first step is obtaining a learner permit by passing a written test that covers traffic laws, road signs, and safe driving rules. Once you have a learner permit, you must complete at least 50 hours of supervised driving, including 15 hours at night, over a minimum of six months. After that, you can take the road test to get a junior driver’s license. This junior license comes with certain restrictions, such as no driving between 9 p.m. and 5 a.m. and limits on the number of passengers under 21 unless you’re supervised by a parent or guardian. Drivers who are 18 or older have a shorter process: they still need to pass the written and road tests and complete a pre-licensing or driver education course but do not have the same restrictions as younger drivers. New York’s Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) system is designed to protect new drivers by gradually introducing them to driving privileges. The restrictions on junior drivers reduce the risk of accidents by limiting night driving and the number of passengers, which are times when crashes are more likely to happen. The system ensures that new drivers build skills and confidence before gaining full driving privileges. This approach is proven to lower crash rates among young and inexperienced drivers. When it comes to traffic laws, New York has some important rules new drivers should know. Speed limits in cities and residential neighborhoods are generally 25 miles per hour, but in school zones and construction areas, lower limits apply, and fines for speeding are significantly higher. On highways and expressways, speed limits typically range from 55 to 65 miles per hour. Everyone in the car must wear a seat belt, and the driver is responsible for ensuring that passengers under 16 buckle up. New York bans texting while driving and the use of handheld phones while driving, helping reduce distracted driving accidents. Headlights must be turned on from half an hour after sunset to half an hour before sunrise and during bad weather conditions like rain, fog, or snow to improve visibility. Driving conditions in New York vary widely. In urban areas such as New York City, traffic is heavy, streets are crowded, and parking is limited. New drivers must learn how to navigate one-way streets, parallel park, and be cautious of pedestrians, cyclists, and buses. It’s also common to encounter aggressive or distracted drivers, so defensive driving skills are essential. Outside of cities, suburban and rural roads tend to have less traffic but pose other challenges like higher speeds, wildlife crossings, and poorly lit roads at night. Winters can be especially hazardous due to snow and ice, making it important for drivers to adjust their speed, maintain longer following distances, and consider vehicles with features like all-wheel drive or winter tires for better traction. Defensive driving is critical in New York. This means staying alert, anticipating other drivers’ actions, and always being prepared to react safely. New drivers should avoid distractions such as cellphones and eating, always use turn signals well before turns or lane changes, and respect traffic signals and signs. Keeping a safe distance from the vehicle ahead and not following too closely helps avoid rear-end collisions, which are common in busy traffic. Learning to calmly handle unexpected situations, like a driver cutting you off or sudden stops, will improve safety and confidence. Choosing the right car is another important part of driving safely in New York. New drivers should look for cars with strong safety ratings and features such as airbags, anti-lock brakes, electronic stability control, and backup cameras. Compact cars like the Honda Civic and Toyota Corolla are great choices because they’re easier to maneuver and park, especially in city traffic, and tend to have lower insurance premiums. For drivers in snowy areas, vehicles like the Subaru Impreza, which offer all-wheel drive, provide better control on slippery roads. New drivers should avoid cars that are too large or powerful, as these can be harder to control and more expensive to insure. Newer vehicles often have safety technology that helps prevent accidents, which is valuable for those just starting out. Insurance premiums for new drivers in New York tend to be high due to the increased risk of accidents among inexperienced drivers. Insurance rates depend on factors such as the driver’s age, gender, driving record, the type of car, and where they live. Cars with excellent safety features and lower repair costs usually come with lower premiums. Maintaining a clean driving record, completing approved driver education courses, and even good academic performance can help reduce insurance costs. It’s important for new drivers to shop around and compare insurance quotes to find the best rates. New York also has specific laws designed to protect emergency responders and pedestrians. The Move Over Law requires drivers to change lanes or slow down when approaching stopped emergency vehicles, tow trucks, or maintenance vehicles displaying flashing lights. Failure to comply can result in fines and points on your license. Pedestrians always have the right of way at crosswalks, and drivers must stop when pedestrians are crossing. Stopping for school buses with flashing red lights is mandatory in all directions on undivided roads, and failure to stop can lead to hefty penalties. Intersections can be confusing for new drivers, so it’s important to know the rules. At stop signs, you must stop behind the stop line or crosswalk, and if there is no line, stop before the crosswalk. At four-way stops, the vehicle on the left yields to the vehicle on the right when arriving simultaneously. When making left turns, you must yield to oncoming traffic and pedestrians. If the traffic light is green but oncoming traffic is heavy, it’s safer to wait for the next green light to avoid blocking the intersection. A flashing red light means a complete stop before proceeding when safe, while a flashing yellow light means slow down and proceed with caution. Good driving habits start with responsibility. Always wear your seat belt, avoid distractions, never drive under the influence of drugs or alcohol, and adjust your driving based on road and weather conditions. Regular vehicle maintenance, including checking brakes, tires, and lights, keeps your car safe and roadworthy. Practicing driving in different environments—such as at night, during rain, or in snow—builds confidence and skill. Defensive driving courses can further improve your skills and may qualify you for insurance discounts. With patience, practice, and attention to the rules, new drivers in New York can stay safe and enjoy the independence that comes with driving. Here’s a list of cars new drivers in New York should generally avoid, along with reasons why: Large, Powerful Sports Cars — Cars like the Dodge Challenger, Chevrolet Camaro, or Ford Mustang have high horsepower and quick acceleration, which can be hard to control for inexperienced drivers. They also come with higher insurance rates and can encourage risky driving behavior. Luxury Vehicles — Brands like BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Audi, and Lexus often have expensive repair costs, higher insurance premiums, and complex handling that may overwhelm new drivers. They also tend to be more costly to maintain. Large Trucks and SUVs — Big trucks like Ford F-150 or large SUVs such as Chevrolet Tahoe or GMC Yukon can be difficult to maneuver and park, especially in crowded city streets. Their size also increases the risk of accidents for new drivers who aren’t used to handling larger vehicles. Very Old or Poorly Maintained Cars — Older cars without modern safety features (like airbags, ABS, or stability control) increase risk. They may also be less reliable, leading to breakdowns and unsafe situations. Cars with Poor Safety Ratings — Always check safety ratings from organizations like IIHS or NHTSA. Avoid cars that score poorly in crash tests or lack basic safety technology. High Insurance Cost Vehicles — Some models, even if safe, can carry very high insurance premiums for new drivers. It’s smart to check insurance costs before buying. In short, new drivers should avoid cars that are too powerful, too large, too expensive to insure or maintain, or that lack essential safety features. Instead, pick something reliable, easy to handle, and well-rated for safety.