electron_speed.py

"""

Calculate electron drift speed and relate it to transistor switching (tick) rate for a modern GPU.

Assume: We want to simulate 900 quintillion (9e20) transistor switches per second (B200 scale).

"""

# Physical constants
ELEM_CHARGE = 1.602e-19  # Coulombs
ELECTRON_MASS = 9.109e-31  # kg
VACUUM_PERMITTIVITY = 8.854e-12  # F/m
SILICON_MOBILITY = 0.14  # m^2/(V·s) (typical for electrons in Si at room temp)

# Example parameters (can be tuned for realism)
VOLTAGE = 0.7  # V (typical for advanced nodes)
CHANNEL_LENGTH = 5e-9  # 5 nm process
ELECTRIC_FIELD = VOLTAGE / CHANNEL_LENGTH  # V/m

# Calculate drift velocity (v = μE)
drift_velocity = SILICON_MOBILITY * ELECTRIC_FIELD  # m/s

# Calculate time for electron to cross channel (t = L / v)
transit_time = CHANNEL_LENGTH / drift_velocity  # seconds

# Calculate max theoretical switching frequency (f = 1 / t)
max_switch_freq = 1 / transit_time  # Hz


# For 900 quintillion switches/sec, but with 600 billion transistors
TARGET_SWITCHES_PER_SEC = 9e20
TRANSISTORS_ON_CHIP = 6e11  # 600 billion
transistors_needed = TARGET_SWITCHES_PER_SEC / max_switch_freq
required_switch_freq_per_transistor = TARGET_SWITCHES_PER_SEC / TRANSISTORS_ON_CHIP

# Speed of light in silicon (approx 2/3 c)
SPEED_OF_LIGHT_VACUUM = 3e8  # m/s
SILICON_REFRACTIVE_INDEX = 3.5
speed_of_light_silicon = SPEED_OF_LIGHT_VACUUM / SILICON_REFRACTIVE_INDEX


if __name__ == "__main__":
    print(f"Electron drift velocity: {drift_velocity:.2e} m/s")
    print(f"Channel transit time: {transit_time:.2e} s")
    print(f"Max transistor switching frequency: {max_switch_freq:.2e} Hz")
    print(f"To achieve {TARGET_SWITCHES_PER_SEC:.1e} switches/sec:")
    print(f"- You'd need {transistors_needed:.2e} transistors switching at max speed in parallel.")
    print(f"- For a chip with 600B transistors, each must switch at {required_switch_freq_per_transistor:.2e} Hz.")
    print(f"- Electron drift speed: {drift_velocity:.2e} m/s vs. speed of light in silicon: {speed_of_light_silicon:.2e} m/s")
    print(f"- Electron drift is ~{(drift_velocity/speed_of_light_silicon)*100:.2f}% the speed of light in silicon (photon speed).")


# --- SR, D, JK, T Flip-Flop Physics/Timing Summary ---
print("\n--- Flip-Flop Types and Switching Physics ---")
print("SR Flip-Flop: Set-Reset, basic memory, built from NAND/NOR gates.")
print("D Flip-Flop: Data/Delay, synchronizes input to clock, used in registers.")
print("JK Flip-Flop: Universal, toggles or sets/resets based on inputs.")
print("T Flip-Flop: Toggle, divides clock, used in counters.")
print("All flip-flops are built from logic gates, so their switching speed is limited by the gate delay (set by electron drift and channel length).\n")

# Example: Calculate flip-flop switching time (assuming 4 gate delays per flip-flop)
GATE_DELAY = transit_time  # seconds, from above
FF_GATE_COUNT = 4  # typical for basic flip-flop
flip_flop_delay = FF_GATE_COUNT * GATE_DELAY
flip_flop_max_freq = 1 / flip_flop_delay

print(f"Estimated flip-flop delay: {flip_flop_delay:.2e} s (for {FF_GATE_COUNT} gates)")
print(f"Max flip-flop switching frequency: {flip_flop_max_freq:.2e} Hz")