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app.py
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| 1 |
+
# =========================
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| 2 |
+
# Column Buckling Calculator — Euler Elastic (Rectangular Section)
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| 3 |
+
# =========================
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| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
import math
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| 6 |
+
import gradio as gr
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| 7 |
+
import pandas as pd
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| 8 |
+
|
| 9 |
+
SCOPE_MD = """
|
| 10 |
+
### Scope & Assumptions
|
| 11 |
+
- **Problem:** Axially compressed **prismatic column** (rectangular cross-section), **Euler elastic buckling**.
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| 12 |
+
- **Outputs:** Governing critical load \(P_{cr}\), governing axis, slenderness \(λ\), factor of safety vs. applied load \(P\), verdict.
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| 13 |
+
- **Method:** Euler buckling (linear-elastic, small deflection), **no inelastic (Johnson)**, **no eccentricity**, **no imperfections**.
|
| 14 |
+
- **Section:** Rectangle (width \(b\), height \(h\)); checks both axes and picks the **weaker axis** (smaller \(P_{cr}\)).
|
| 15 |
+
- **End conditions:** Choose \(K\): Fixed–Fixed (0.5), Fixed–Pinned (0.7), Pinned–Pinned (1.0), Fixed–Free (2.0).
|
| 16 |
+
- **Units:** SI (m, N, GPa, MPa). Input \(P\) in kN. Results show \(P_{cr}\) in **kN**.
|
| 17 |
+
|
| 18 |
+
### Valid Ranges (hard checks)
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| 19 |
+
- 0.1 < L ≤ 20 m
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| 20 |
+
- 0 < P ≤ 5*10^6 N
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| 21 |
+
- 1 ≤ E ≤ 400 GPa
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| 22 |
+
- 10 ≤ Sy ≤ 3000 MPa (for context only; not used in Euler (P_{cr}\)
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| 23 |
+
- 0.005 < b ≤ 2 m
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| 24 |
+
- 0.005 < h ≤ 2 m
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| 25 |
+
"""
|
| 26 |
+
|
| 27 |
+
# ----- Validation -----
|
| 28 |
+
def _validate_inputs(L_m, P_kN, E_GPa, Sy_MPa, b_m, h_m):
|
| 29 |
+
errs = []
|
| 30 |
+
def in_range(name, val, lo, hi):
|
| 31 |
+
if not (lo < val <= hi):
|
| 32 |
+
errs.append(f"{name} must be in ({lo}, {hi}] (got {val}).")
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| 33 |
+
in_range("Length L [m]", L_m, 0.1, 20.0)
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| 34 |
+
in_range("Load P [kN]", P_kN, 0.0, 5000.0) # 5e6 N
|
| 35 |
+
in_range("Elastic modulus E [GPa]", E_GPa, 1.0, 400.0)
|
| 36 |
+
in_range("Yield strength Sy [MPa]", Sy_MPa, 10.0, 3000.0)
|
| 37 |
+
in_range("Width b [m]", b_m, 0.005, 2.0)
|
| 38 |
+
in_range("Height h [m]", h_m, 0.005, 2.0)
|
| 39 |
+
if errs:
|
| 40 |
+
raise ValueError("\n".join(errs))
|
| 41 |
+
|
| 42 |
+
# ----- Core Math -----
|
| 43 |
+
def euler_buckling_rect(L_m, P_kN, E_GPa, Sy_MPa, b_m, h_m, K):
|
| 44 |
+
"""
|
| 45 |
+
Euler elastic buckling for a rectangular column.
|
| 46 |
+
Checks both principal axes and selects the governing (smaller Pcr).
|
| 47 |
+
"""
|
| 48 |
+
_validate_inputs(L_m, P_kN, E_GPa, Sy_MPa, b_m, h_m)
|
| 49 |
+
|
| 50 |
+
# SI conversions
|
| 51 |
+
P_applied_N = float(P_kN) * 1e3
|
| 52 |
+
E_Pa = float(E_GPa) * 1e9
|
| 53 |
+
|
| 54 |
+
# Section properties
|
| 55 |
+
A = b_m * h_m
|
| 56 |
+
Ix = b_m * (h_m**3) / 12.0
|
| 57 |
+
Iy = h_m * (b_m**3) / 12.0
|
| 58 |
+
rx = (Ix / A) ** 0.5
|
| 59 |
+
ry = (Iy / A) ** 0.5
|
| 60 |
+
|
| 61 |
+
KL = K * L_m
|
| 62 |
+
Pcr_x = (math.pi**2) * E_Pa * Ix / (KL**2)
|
| 63 |
+
Pcr_y = (math.pi**2) * E_Pa * Iy / (KL**2)
|
| 64 |
+
|
| 65 |
+
# Governing axis (smaller Pcr)
|
| 66 |
+
if Pcr_x <= Pcr_y:
|
| 67 |
+
axis = "x (buckles about the weak direction of Ix → bending about h)"
|
| 68 |
+
Pcr = Pcr_x
|
| 69 |
+
r_govern = rx
|
| 70 |
+
I_govern = Ix
|
| 71 |
+
else:
|
| 72 |
+
axis = "y (buckles about the weak direction of Iy → bending about b)"
|
| 73 |
+
Pcr = Pcr_y
|
| 74 |
+
r_govern = ry
|
| 75 |
+
I_govern = Iy
|
| 76 |
+
|
| 77 |
+
slenderness = KL / r_govern if r_govern > 0 else math.inf
|
| 78 |
+
fos = Pcr / P_applied_N if P_applied_N > 0 else math.inf
|
| 79 |
+
ok = P_applied_N <= Pcr
|
| 80 |
+
|
| 81 |
+
# Pretty print helpers
|
| 82 |
+
def _fmt(x, d=6):
|
| 83 |
+
try:
|
| 84 |
+
return f"{x:.{d}g}"
|
| 85 |
+
except Exception:
|
| 86 |
+
return str(x)
|
| 87 |
+
|
| 88 |
+
steps_md = "\n".join([
|
| 89 |
+
"## Show the math (Euler elastic buckling)",
|
| 90 |
+
f"L = {_fmt(L_m)} m, K = {_fmt(K)}, KL = {K} * {L_m} = {KL:.6g} m",
|
| 91 |
+
f"E = {_fmt(E_GPa)} GPa, P = {_fmt(P_kN)} kN (= {P_applied_N:.6g} N)",
|
| 92 |
+
f"b = {_fmt(b_m)} m, h = {_fmt(h_m)} m",
|
| 93 |
+
"",
|
| 94 |
+
"Area and moments of inertia:",
|
| 95 |
+
f"A = b * h = {b_m} * {h_m} = {A:.6e} m^2",
|
| 96 |
+
f"Ix = b * h^3 / 12 = {b_m} * {h_m}^3 / 12 = {Ix:.6e} m^4",
|
| 97 |
+
f"Iy = h * b^3 / 12 = {h_m} * {b_m}^3 / 12 = {Iy:.6e} m^4",
|
| 98 |
+
f"rx = sqrt(Ix / A) = sqrt({Ix:.6e} / {A:.6e}) = {rx:.6e} m",
|
| 99 |
+
f"ry = sqrt(Iy / A) = sqrt({Iy:.6e} / {A:.6e}) = {ry:.6e} m",
|
| 100 |
+
"",
|
| 101 |
+
"Euler critical loads:",
|
| 102 |
+
"Pcr = π^2 * E * I / (K*L)^2",
|
| 103 |
+
f"Pcr_x = (π^2) * ({E_GPa} * 10^9) * ({Ix:.6e}) / ({K} * {L_m})^2 = {Pcr_x:.6e} N",
|
| 104 |
+
f"Pcr_y = (π^2) * ({E_GPa} * 10^9) * ({Iy:.6e}) / ({K} * {L_m})^2 = {Pcr_y:.6e} N",
|
| 105 |
+
f"Governing axis: {axis}",
|
| 106 |
+
f"Pcr(governing) = {Pcr:.6e} N = {Pcr/1e3:.3f} kN",
|
| 107 |
+
"",
|
| 108 |
+
"Slenderness (governing axis):",
|
| 109 |
+
f"λ = (K*L) / r_governing = {KL:.6g} / {r_govern:.6e} = {slenderness:.2f}",
|
| 110 |
+
"",
|
| 111 |
+
"Check vs applied load:",
|
| 112 |
+
f"FoS_buckling = Pcr / P = {Pcr:.6e} / {P_applied_N:.6e} = {fos:.3f}",
|
| 113 |
+
f"Verdict: {'OK (no buckling at P)' if ok else 'NOT OK (buckles at P)'}"
|
| 114 |
+
])
|
| 115 |
+
|
| 116 |
+
results = {
|
| 117 |
+
"A_m2": A,
|
| 118 |
+
"Ix_m4": Ix,
|
| 119 |
+
"Iy_m4": Iy,
|
| 120 |
+
"rx_m": rx,
|
| 121 |
+
"ry_m": ry,
|
| 122 |
+
"Pcr_x_N": Pcr_x,
|
| 123 |
+
"Pcr_y_N": Pcr_y,
|
| 124 |
+
"Pcr_governing_N": Pcr,
|
| 125 |
+
"P_applied_N": P_applied_N,
|
| 126 |
+
"FoS_buckling": fos,
|
| 127 |
+
"governing_axis": axis,
|
| 128 |
+
"slenderness_governing": slenderness,
|
| 129 |
+
"ok": bool(ok),
|
| 130 |
+
}
|
| 131 |
+
verdict = {
|
| 132 |
+
"message": "OK: no Euler buckling at the applied load" if ok else "NOT OK: Euler buckling likely at the applied load",
|
| 133 |
+
"governing_axis": axis
|
| 134 |
+
}
|
| 135 |
+
return results, verdict, steps_md
|
| 136 |
+
|
| 137 |
+
# ----- Gradio glue -----
|
| 138 |
+
END_CONDITIONS = {
|
| 139 |
+
"Fixed–Fixed (K=0.5)": 0.5,
|
| 140 |
+
"Fixed–Pinned (K=0.7)": 0.7,
|
| 141 |
+
"Pinned–Pinned (K=1.0)": 1.0,
|
| 142 |
+
"Fixed–Free / Cantilever (K=2.0)": 2.0,
|
| 143 |
+
}
|
| 144 |
+
|
| 145 |
+
def run_once(L_m, P_kN, E_GPa, Sy_MPa, b_m, h_m, end_condition):
|
| 146 |
+
try:
|
| 147 |
+
K = END_CONDITIONS[end_condition]
|
| 148 |
+
res, ver, steps = euler_buckling_rect(
|
| 149 |
+
float(L_m), float(P_kN), float(E_GPa), float(Sy_MPa),
|
| 150 |
+
float(b_m), float(h_m), float(K)
|
| 151 |
+
)
|
| 152 |
+
df = pd.DataFrame([{
|
| 153 |
+
"Pcr_x [kN]": round(res["Pcr_x_N"]/1e3, 3),
|
| 154 |
+
"Pcr_y [kN]": round(res["Pcr_y_N"]/1e3, 3),
|
| 155 |
+
"Pcr (governing) [kN]": round(res["Pcr_governing_N"]/1e3, 3),
|
| 156 |
+
"Applied P [kN]": round(res["P_applied_N"]/1e3, 3),
|
| 157 |
+
"FoS_buckling [-]": round(res["FoS_buckling"], 3),
|
| 158 |
+
"Slenderness (λ)": round(res["slenderness_governing"], 2),
|
| 159 |
+
"Governing axis": res["governing_axis"],
|
| 160 |
+
"Verdict": ver["message"],
|
| 161 |
+
}])
|
| 162 |
+
explain = (
|
| 163 |
+
f"Column buckles about {res['governing_axis']}: "
|
| 164 |
+
f"Pcr={res['Pcr_governing_N']/1e3:.2f} kN vs P={res['P_applied_N']/1e3:.2f} kN "
|
| 165 |
+
f"(FoS={res['FoS_buckling']:.2f}) → {ver['message']}."
|
| 166 |
+
)
|
| 167 |
+
return df, explain, steps, ""
|
| 168 |
+
except Exception as e:
|
| 169 |
+
return pd.DataFrame(), "", "", f"Input error:\n{e}"
|
| 170 |
+
|
| 171 |
+
with gr.Blocks(title="Column Buckling — Euler Elastic") as demo:
|
| 172 |
+
gr.Markdown("# Column Buckling Calculator — Euler Elastic (Rectangular Section)")
|
| 173 |
+
gr.Markdown(SCOPE_MD)
|
| 174 |
+
|
| 175 |
+
with gr.Row():
|
| 176 |
+
with gr.Column():
|
| 177 |
+
gr.Markdown("### Geometry & Material")
|
| 178 |
+
L_m = gr.Number(value=3.0, label="Length L [m]")
|
| 179 |
+
b_m = gr.Number(value=0.06, label="Width b [m]")
|
| 180 |
+
h_m = gr.Number(value=0.10, label="Height h [m]")
|
| 181 |
+
E_GPa = gr.Number(value=200., label="Elastic modulus E [GPa]")
|
| 182 |
+
Sy_MPa= gr.Number(value=250., label="Yield strength Sy [MPa] (context)")
|
| 183 |
+
with gr.Column():
|
| 184 |
+
gr.Markdown("### Load & End Condition")
|
| 185 |
+
P_kN = gr.Number(value=200.0, label="Applied load P [kN]")
|
| 186 |
+
end_condition = gr.Radio(
|
| 187 |
+
list(END_CONDITIONS.keys()),
|
| 188 |
+
value="Pinned–Pinned (K=1.0)",
|
| 189 |
+
label="End conditions (effective-length factor K)"
|
| 190 |
+
)
|
| 191 |
+
|
| 192 |
+
run_btn = gr.Button("Compute")
|
| 193 |
+
|
| 194 |
+
gr.Markdown("### Results")
|
| 195 |
+
results_df = gr.Dataframe(label="Numerical results", interactive=False)
|
| 196 |
+
|
| 197 |
+
gr.Markdown("### Explain the result")
|
| 198 |
+
explain_md = gr.Markdown()
|
| 199 |
+
|
| 200 |
+
gr.Markdown("### Show the math")
|
| 201 |
+
steps_md = gr.Markdown()
|
| 202 |
+
|
| 203 |
+
err_box = gr.Textbox(label="Errors", interactive=False)
|
| 204 |
+
|
| 205 |
+
run_btn.click(
|
| 206 |
+
fn=run_once,
|
| 207 |
+
inputs=[L_m, P_kN, E_GPa, Sy_MPa, b_m, h_m, end_condition],
|
| 208 |
+
outputs=[results_df, explain_md, steps_md, err_box]
|
| 209 |
+
)
|
| 210 |
+
|
| 211 |
+
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
| 212 |
+
demo.launch(debug=False)
|