{
  "crops": {
    "rice": {
      "scientific_name": "Oryza sativa",
      "family": "Poaceae",
      "season": "Kharif (June-November)",
      "climate": "Warm and humid climate with temperature 20-35°C",
      "soil": {
        "type": "Clay or loamy soil with good water retention",
        "ph": "5.5-7.0",
        "drainage": "Poor drainage preferred, flooded conditions"
      },
      "water_requirement": "1500-2000mm annually, flooded fields",
      "fertilizer": {
        "npk": "120:60:40 kg/ha",
        "organic": "10-15 tonnes FYM per hectare",
        "micronutrients": "Zinc, Iron"
      },
      "planting": {
        "method": "Transplanting or direct seeding",
        "spacing": "20cm x 15cm",
        "depth": "2-3cm",
        "seed_rate": "25-30kg/ha"
      },
      "diseases": [
        {"name": "Blast", "cause": "Pyricularia oryzae", "symptoms": "Leaf spots, neck blast", "control": "Tricyclazole spray"},
        {"name": "Brown spot", "cause": "Helminthosporium oryzae", "symptoms": "Brown spots on leaves", "control": "Mancozeb application"},
        {"name": "Bacterial blight", "cause": "Xanthomonas oryzae", "symptoms": "Water-soaked lesions", "control": "Copper oxychloride"}
      ],
      "pests": [
        {"name": "Stem borer", "scientific": "Scirpophaga incertulas", "damage": "Dead hearts, white ears", "control": "Pheromone traps, Bt spray"},
        {"name": "Brown planthopper", "scientific": "Nilaparvata lugens", "damage": "Yellowing, hopper burn", "control": "Imidacloprid seed treatment"},
        {"name": "Leaf folder", "scientific": "Cnaphalocrocis medinalis", "damage": "Folded leaves", "control": "Chlorpyrifos spray"}
      ],
      "harvesting": {
        "time": "110-140 days after planting",
        "indicators": "Golden yellow grains, 80% maturity",
        "method": "Manual or mechanical harvesting"
      },
      "yield": "4-6 tonnes per hectare",
      "storage": "Dry to 14% moisture, store in cool dry place",
      "nutritional_value": {
        "carbohydrates": "78g per 100g",
        "protein": "7g per 100g",
        "calories": "365 per 100g"
      },
      "market_uses": ["Staple food", "Rice flour", "Rice bran oil", "Animal feed", "Rice wine"]
    },
    "wheat": {
      "scientific_name": "Triticum aestivum",
      "family": "Poaceae",
      "season": "Rabi (November-April)",
      "climate": "Cool and dry climate, temperature 15-25°C",
      "soil": {
        "type": "Well-drained loamy soil",
        "ph": "6.0-7.5",
        "drainage": "Good drainage essential"
      },
      "water_requirement": "450-650mm during growing season",
      "fertilizer": {
        "npk": "120:60:40 kg/ha",
        "organic": "8-10 tonnes FYM per hectare",
        "micronutrients": "Zinc, Boron"
      },
      "planting": {
        "method": "Broadcasting or line sowing",
        "spacing": "22.5cm between rows",
        "depth": "3-5cm",
        "seed_rate": "100-125kg/ha"
      },
      "diseases": [
        {"name": "Rust", "cause": "Puccinia species", "symptoms": "Orange pustules on leaves", "control": "Propiconazole spray"},
        {"name": "Smut", "cause": "Ustilago tritici", "symptoms": "Black powdery spores", "control": "Seed treatment with vitavax"},
        {"name": "Bunt", "cause": "Tilletia species", "symptoms": "Fishy smell, black spores", "control": "Seed treatment"}
      ],
      "pests": [
        {"name": "Aphids", "scientific": "Rhopalosiphum species", "damage": "Yellowing, stunted growth", "control": "Imidacloprid spray"},
        {"name": "Termites", "scientific": "Odontotermes species", "damage": "Root damage, plant death", "control": "Chlorpyrifos soil treatment"},
        {"name": "Cutworms", "scientific": "Agrotis species", "damage": "Cut seedlings at soil level", "control": "Quinalphos dust"}
      ],
      "harvesting": {
        "time": "110-130 days after sowing",
        "indicators": "Golden yellow color, hard grains",
        "method": "Combine harvester or manual"
      },
      "yield": "3-5 tonnes per hectare",
      "storage": "Dry to 12% moisture, store in bins",
      "nutritional_value": {
        "carbohydrates": "71g per 100g",
        "protein": "12g per 100g",
        "calories": "339 per 100g"
      },
      "market_uses": ["Flour production", "Bread making", "Pasta", "Animal feed", "Straw for construction"]
    },
    "corn": {
      "scientific_name": "Zea mays",
      "family": "Poaceae",
      "season": "Kharif (June-September)",
      "climate": "Warm climate, temperature 21-27°C",
      "soil": {
        "type": "Well-drained fertile soil",
        "ph": "5.8-7.0",
        "drainage": "Good drainage required"
      },
      "water_requirement": "500-800mm during growing season",
      "fertilizer": {
        "npk": "150:75:75 kg/ha",
        "organic": "12-15 tonnes FYM per hectare",
        "micronutrients": "Zinc, Manganese"
      },
      "planting": {
        "method": "Line sowing",
        "spacing": "60cm x 20cm",
        "depth": "3-4cm",
        "seed_rate": "18-25kg/ha"
      },
      "diseases": [
        {"name": "Leaf blight", "cause": "Helminthosporium species", "symptoms": "Brown lesions on leaves", "control": "Mancozeb spray"},
        {"name": "Stalk rot", "cause": "Fusarium species", "symptoms": "Rotting of stem", "control": "Crop rotation, resistant varieties"},
        {"name": "Ear rot", "cause": "Fusarium species", "symptoms": "Moldy ears", "control": "Proper drying, storage"}
      ],
      "pests": [
        {"name": "Corn borer", "scientific": "Ostrinia nubilalis", "damage": "Holes in stem, broken stalks", "control": "Bt corn, pheromone traps"},
        {"name": "Fall armyworm", "scientific": "Spodoptera frugiperda", "damage": "Feeding on leaves and ears", "control": "Spinosad spray, Bt application"},
        {"name": "Cutworms", "scientific": "Agrotis species", "damage": "Cut seedlings", "control": "Collar barriers, beneficial nematodes"}
      ],
      "harvesting": {
        "time": "90-120 days after planting",
        "indicators": "Brown silks, hard kernels",
        "method": "Hand picking or mechanical harvester"
      },
      "yield": "5-8 tonnes per hectare",
      "storage": "Dry to 14% moisture, store in ventilated bins",
      "nutritional_value": {
        "carbohydrates": "74g per 100g",
        "protein": "9g per 100g",
        "calories": "365 per 100g"
      },
      "market_uses": ["Fresh consumption", "Animal feed", "Corn flour", "Corn oil", "Biofuel", "High fructose corn syrup"]
    },
    "tomato": {
      "scientific_name": "Solanum lycopersicum",
      "family": "Solanaceae",
      "season": "Year-round with proper care",
      "climate": "Warm climate, temperature 20-30°C",
      "soil": {
        "type": "Well-drained sandy loam soil",
        "ph": "6.0-6.8",
        "drainage": "Good drainage essential"
      },
      "water_requirement": "400-600mm, regular watering needed",
      "fertilizer": {
        "npk": "100:50:50 kg/ha",
        "organic": "20-25 tonnes FYM per hectare",
        "micronutrients": "Calcium, Magnesium, Boron"
      },
      "planting": {
        "method": "Transplanting seedlings",
        "spacing": "60cm x 45cm",
        "depth": "1cm for seeds",
        "seed_rate": "200-250g/ha"
      },
      "diseases": [
        {"name": "Late blight", "cause": "Phytophthora infestans", "symptoms": "Brown patches on leaves", "control": "Metalaxyl + Mancozeb"},
        {"name": "Early blight", "cause": "Alternaria solani", "symptoms": "Concentric rings on leaves", "control": "Chlorothalonil spray"},
        {"name": "Bacterial wilt", "cause": "Ralstonia solanacearum", "symptoms": "Wilting, yellowing", "control": "Resistant varieties, soil solarization"}
      ],
      "pests": [
        {"name": "Whitefly", "scientific": "Bemisia tabaci", "damage": "Yellowing, virus transmission", "control": "Yellow sticky traps, neem oil"},
        {"name": "Aphids", "scientific": "Aphis gossypii", "damage": "Curling leaves, honeydew", "control": "Ladybugs, insecticidal soap"},
        {"name": "Fruit borer", "scientific": "Helicoverpa armigera", "damage": "Holes in fruits", "control": "Bt spray, NPV application"}
      ],
      "harvesting": {
        "time": "70-90 days after transplanting",
        "indicators": "Color change, slight softness",
        "method": "Hand picking when mature"
      },
      "yield": "25-40 tonnes per hectare",
      "storage": "Cool storage at 12-15°C, 85-90% humidity",
      "nutritional_value": {
        "carbohydrates": "4g per 100g",
        "protein": "1g per 100g",
        "calories": "18 per 100g",
        "vitamin_c": "23mg per 100g"
      },
      "market_uses": ["Fresh consumption", "Tomato sauce", "Paste", "Juice", "Soup", "Canning", "Ketchup"]
    },
    "potato": {
      "scientific_name": "Solanum tuberosum",
      "family": "Solanaceae",
      "season": "Rabi (October-February)",
      "climate": "Cool climate, temperature 15-25°C",
      "soil": {
        "type": "Well-drained sandy loam soil",
        "ph": "5.0-6.5",
        "drainage": "Excellent drainage required"
      },
      "water_requirement": "400-500mm during growing season",
      "fertilizer": {
        "npk": "180:80:100 kg/ha",
        "organic": "25-30 tonnes FYM per hectare",
        "micronutrients": "Potassium, Magnesium"
      },
      "planting": {
        "method": "Planting tubers",
        "spacing": "60cm x 20cm",
        "depth": "5-7cm",
        "seed_rate": "2-2.5 tonnes/ha"
      },
      "diseases": [
        {"name": "Late blight", "cause": "Phytophthora infestans", "symptoms": "Brown patches, tuber rot", "control": "Ridomil Gold spray"},
        {"name": "Early blight", "cause": "Alternaria solani", "symptoms": "Dark spots with rings", "control": "Mancozeb application"},
        {"name": "Black scurf", "cause": "Rhizoctonia solani", "symptoms": "Black sclerotia on tubers", "control": "Seed treatment, crop rotation"}
      ],
      "pests": [
        {"name": "Colorado beetle", "scientific": "Leptinotarsa decemlineata", "damage": "Defoliation", "control": "Spinosad spray, hand picking"},
        {"name": "Aphids", "scientific": "Myzus persicae", "damage": "Virus transmission", "control": "Reflective mulch, predatory insects"},
        {"name": "Cutworms", "scientific": "Agrotis species", "damage": "Cut plants at soil level", "control": "Soil treatment, collar protection"}
      ],
      "harvesting": {
        "time": "90-120 days after planting",
        "indicators": "Yellowing of foliage",
        "method": "Mechanical or manual digging"
      },
      "yield": "20-35 tonnes per hectare",
      "storage": "Dark, cool (2-4°C), well-ventilated storage",
      "nutritional_value": {
        "carbohydrates": "17g per 100g",
        "protein": "2g per 100g",
        "calories": "77 per 100g",
        "vitamin_c": "20mg per 100g"
      },
      "market_uses": ["Fresh consumption", "French fries", "Chips", "Starch production", "Alcohol production", "Animal feed"]
    }
  },
  "farming_techniques": {
    "organic_farming": {
      "definition": "Farming without synthetic chemicals",
      "principles": ["Soil health", "Biodiversity", "Natural pest control", "Crop rotation"],
      "benefits": ["Environmental safety", "Better soil health", "Higher prices", "Sustainable"],
      "challenges": ["Lower initial yields", "Certification costs", "Labor intensive"],
      "practices": [
        "Composting", "Green manuring", "Biological pest control", "Crop diversification"
      ]
    },
    "precision_agriculture": {
      "definition": "Technology-driven farming approach",
      "technologies": ["GPS", "Sensors", "Drones", "Satellite imagery", "Variable rate application"],
      "benefits": ["Increased efficiency", "Reduced input costs", "Better yields", "Environmental protection"],
      "applications": ["Soil mapping", "Yield monitoring", "Pest detection", "Irrigation management"]
    },
    "crop_rotation": {
      "definition": "Growing different crops in succession",
      "benefits": ["Soil fertility", "Pest control", "Disease prevention", "Yield improvement"],
      "common_rotations": [
        "Rice-Wheat", "Corn-Soybean", "Potato-Cabbage", "Tomato-Onion"
      ],
      "principles": ["Different nutrient requirements", "Breaking pest cycles", "Nitrogen fixation"]
    }
  },
  "soil_management": {
    "soil_types": {
      "clay": {
        "characteristics": "Heavy, poor drainage, high water retention",
        "suitable_crops": ["Rice", "Sugarcane", "Cotton"],
        "management": ["Add organic matter", "Improve drainage", "Avoid compaction"]
      },
      "sandy": {
        "characteristics": "Light, good drainage, low water retention",
        "suitable_crops": ["Groundnut", "Watermelon", "Carrots"],
        "management": ["Add organic matter", "Frequent irrigation", "Mulching"]
      },
      "loamy": {
        "characteristics": "Balanced texture, good drainage and retention",
        "suitable_crops": ["Most crops", "Wheat", "Corn", "Vegetables"],
        "management": ["Maintain organic matter", "Regular testing", "Crop rotation"]
      }
    },
    "ph_management": {
      "acidic_soils": {
        "ph_range": "Below 6.0",
        "problems": ["Aluminum toxicity", "Poor nutrient availability"],
        "correction": ["Lime application", "Organic matter addition"],
        "suitable_crops": ["Blueberries", "Azaleas", "Potatoes"]
      },
      "alkaline_soils": {
        "ph_range": "Above 8.0",
        "problems": ["Iron deficiency", "Poor phosphorus availability"],
        "correction": ["Sulfur application", "Organic matter", "Gypsum"],
        "suitable_crops": ["Asparagus", "Spinach", "Beets"]
      }
    }
  },
  "pest_management": {
    "integrated_pest_management": {
      "definition": "Holistic approach to pest control",
      "components": ["Prevention", "Monitoring", "Biological control", "Chemical control"],
      "benefits": ["Reduced pesticide use", "Cost effective", "Environmental safety", "Sustainable"]
    },
    "biological_control": {
      "predators": [
        {"name": "Ladybugs", "target": "Aphids, scales", "usage": "Release in infested areas"},
        {"name": "Parasitic wasps", "target": "Caterpillars, aphids", "usage": "Natural occurrence, habitat provision"},
        {"name": "Predatory mites", "target": "Spider mites, thrips", "usage": "Release on affected plants"}
      ],
      "pathogens": [
        {"name": "Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)", "target": "Caterpillars", "usage": "Spray application"},
        {"name": "NPV (Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus)", "target": "Bollworm", "usage": "Spray during evening"},
        {"name": "Trichoderma", "target": "Soil-borne diseases", "usage": "Soil application"}
      ]
    }
  },
  "weather_farming": {
    "monsoon_farming": {
      "crops": ["Rice", "Cotton", "Sugarcane", "Pulses"],
      "practices": ["Water harvesting", "Drainage management", "Disease monitoring"],
      "challenges": ["Flooding", "Pest outbreaks", "Nutrient leaching"]
    },
    "drought_management": {
      "strategies": ["Drought-resistant varieties", "Mulching", "Drip irrigation", "Rainwater harvesting"],
      "crops": ["Millets", "Sorghum", "Chickpea", "Sunflower"],
      "practices": ["Deep plowing", "Organic matter addition", "Crop insurance"]
    }
  }
}