import re
import json
import ast

def _coerce_to_dict_or_list(llm_output:str):
    if isinstance(llm_output, (dict, list)):
        return llm_output

    try:
        result = extract_json(llm_output)
        if result == {} and not (isinstance(llm_output, str) and ('{}' in llm_output or '{' in llm_output and '}' in llm_output)):
            raise ValueError("Cannot convert the LLM output to a dict or list value.")
        if not isinstance(result, (dict, list)):
            raise ValueError("Cannot convert the LLM output to a dict or list value.")
        return result
    except Exception:
        raise ValueError("Cannot convert the LLM output to a dict or list value.")

def extract_json(text: str) -> dict:
    try:
        if isinstance(text, dict) or isinstance(text, list):
            return text

        filtered_text = ""
        filtered_text = re.sub(r'^.*?({|\[)', r'\1', text, flags=re.DOTALL)
        filtered_text  =  re.sub(r'(}|\])(?!.*(\]|\})).*$', r'\1', filtered_text, flags=re.DOTALL)
        filtered_text = re.sub("\\'", "'", filtered_text)
        filtered_text = re.sub("\\,", ",", filtered_text)

        try:
            parsed = json.loads(filtered_text, strict=False)
        except json.JSONDecodeError:
            try:
                parsed = ast.literal_eval(filtered_text)
            except Exception:
                return {}
        return parsed
    except Exception:
        return {}

print("Test 1:", _coerce_to_dict_or_list("""```json\n{"key": "value"}\n```"""))
print("Test 2:", _coerce_to_dict_or_list("""```json\n{"key": "value"}\n"""))
print("Test 3:", _coerce_to_dict_or_list("""{"key": "value"}"""))