We also observed a strong, negative correlation between trait aggression and conscientiousness in both studies and null effects for extraversion and openness.

Trait aggression: how aggressive some people are across time and different situations (Chester & DeWall, 2013).


The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal relation of arousal and perceived rejection in the daily lives of patients with borderline personality disorder and depressive disorders (DD).

patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and depressive disorders (DD)

temporal dynamic investigation using high-frequency sampling


Goal dimensions like commitment, expectancy, enjoyment, progress, and demand may have been more relevant to goal achievement and well-being than goal dimensions that, to a larger extent, also capture external conditions, for example, goal external motivation, support, and facilitation (Little, 2007).


Furthermore, we also measured their personality traits with Big Five Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992), a 44-statement rated on a 5-point Likert scale (from 1 “not at all’ to 5 “extremely”) assessing five distinctive personality traits, namely, Openness (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.77), Conscientiousness (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.46), Extroversion (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.63), Agreeableness (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.48), and Neuroticism (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.58).


Namely, variation in reasoning ability was significantly and positively associated with: (1) moral judgments of equitable and effective prosociality on the MJV task among EAs and controls; (2) the prioritization of expansiveness (equity) and effectiveness in altruism on the EAIS among EAs.

Expansive Altruism (Altruism): Moral judgments of equitable and effective prosociality on the Moral Judgment Vignettes (MJV) task and prioritization of expansiveness (equity) and effectiveness on the Expansive Altruism Identification Scale (EAIS).

Exceptional altruists (EAs) and ordinary adults (controls)


Thus, with respect to the numeracy and perception tests, Studies 1-4 provide consistent evidence for an association between conspiracy belief and dispositional overconfidence (see the Discussion for more on why overestimated performance on the CRT may not reliably measure dispositional overconfidence).

Conspiracy belief: Belief in conspiracy theories, measured via a conspiracy belief inventory.

Dispositional overconfidence: A stable tendency to overestimate one's performance, measured via estimated performance after accounting for actual performance in regression analyses (Overconfidence 2).

Stronger test used for numeracy and perception tests (removes performance-related confounds)

Consistent evidence across Studies 1-4 for numeracy and perception tests


These findings, presented in Figure 2, show evidence for mediation, confirming that anger, but not fear/anxiety, contributed to increased support for liberal health-care attitudes.

liberal health-care attitudes: increased support for liberal health-care attitudes as measured by the outcome measure (Y) in the mediation analysis.

experimental condition (health-care threat vs. control)


Ideologies are defined as 'sets of beliefs' (Silverstein 1979:193).

Ideologies: Evaluative reactions to language, defined as 'sets of beliefs' (Silverstein 1979:193).

Anthropological/applied linguistic perspective, emic approach, qualitative data focus.


Regarding predictive validity, we expected that transgression-related co-reflection would predict more favorable post-transgression outcomes, such as lower psychological distress, greater forgiveness in victims, greater self-forgiveness in offenders, and greater relationship commitment.

Co-reflection: a component of transgression-related co-rumination involving deep, co-reflective processing of a transgression.

Forgiveness: genuine intrapsychic benevolence towards the offender, as opposed to pseudo-forgiveness.

Context: transgression-related co-rumination scale predictive validity


Now, among the symptoms that characterize depression, we find behavioral passivity ("Psychomotor retardation", "Fatigue", and "Loss of energy", as stated in the DSM-V, 5th Edition; American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

Psychomotor retardation: a specific symptom of depression involving slowed physical movements and mental processes.

DSM-V, 5th Edition (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)


In accord with previous findings our results revealed that individuals suffering from chronic pain exhibited impaired differential fear learning (Duits et al., 2015; Meulders et al., 2014, 2015; Schneider et al., 2004).

Impaired differential fear learning: the failure to acquire a discrimination between cues of threat (CS+) and safety (CS-), indicated by absent differential autonomic arousal (pupil dilation, skin conductance) to CS+ vs. CS-.

Sympathetic autonomic arousal indexed by pupil dilation and skin conductance

Corresponds to prolonged and free-floating threat anticipation in chronic pain


Although not listed as an official symptom, emotional dysregulation or mood lability is generally understood to be a common symptom of ADHD.

wiki/Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Emotional dysregulation: difficulties in managing and controlling emotional responses, often leading to mood lability.

not an official diagnostic symptom but generally understood as common


According to the outer model analysis, the affective factors were well presented by three sub-variables: Personal and Social Responsibility, Perceived Value and Environmental Awareness.

Affective factors: a construct presented by three sub-variables (Personal and Social Responsibility, Perceived Value, Environmental Awareness) crucial to mediate extrinsic factors (social learning, facilities) and behavioral factors (Intention, Waste Management Behavior).

Personal and Social Responsibility: Personal responsibility refers to the personal conscience or belief of responsibility about waste issues due to one's own actions. Social responsibility is someone's belief in society's role in waste issues.

Structural equation modeling (outer model analysis)

Reflective measurement model indicated by 'well presented by three sub-variables'


Recent illness, religiosity, germ aversion, and pathogen disgust sensitivity were the most consistent predictors of COVID-19 concern and preventative health behaviors.

preventative health behaviors were defined as engagement in behaviors suggested to reduce the transmission of COVID-19, specifically social distancing, handwashing, cleaning/disinfecting, avoiding touching face, and wearing facemasks.


Greater openness was associated with more COVID-19 concern, wearing an antiviral facemask less, and greater handwashing.

Openness: a personality trait from the Big Five model, characterized by imagination, aesthetic sensitivity, attentiveness to inner feelings, preference for variety, and intellectual curiosity.

COVID-19 concern: the degree of worry or apprehension about the COVID-19 pandemic.

Association is part of a pattern linking Big Five personality traits to pandemic-related concerns and behaviors.


High levels of work engagement were significantly correlated with high levels of PsyCap.

Psychological Capital (PsyCap): a positive psychological state of development characterized by self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience

cross-sectional study using quantitative questionnaires

Nurses at band 5 level had lower PsyCap scores compared to band 6 and band 7 level nurses


The BDI-II is a 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adults and adolescents.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): a mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest in activities.


i generally trust information from [source-name]

Trust was measured with the item ‘I generally trust information from [source-name]’, on a 7-point Likert scale.


These results indicate that children of liberal (versus conservative) parents exhibited greater preventive COVID-19 responses because they perceived their parents as: (1) prompting them to follow these measures, (2) engaging in more preventive measures themselves, and (3) more concerned and worried about COVID-19.

Children’s COVID-19 responses: greater preventive responses (physical distancing and mask-wearing). Higher values indicate greater preventive responses.

children’s perception of their parents’ COVID-19 responses (collapsed across direct guidance, direct modeling, and general concern)


Chronic use of substances causes long-lasting changes in brain function and structure leading to PTSD onset (susceptibility).


System justification and social dominance orientation were also both positively related to support for partisan violence.

Social dominance orientation (SDO): a perspective where one supports social hierarchy and group-based dominance.

Support for the use of violence against out-partisans, measured with both abstract items (e.g., general support for partisan violence) and support for more specific acts (e.g., support for a partisan motivated shooting).

two nationally representative samples included

seven unique operationalizations of support for partisan violence were tracked


However, patients with major depression differ dramatically in their symptom presentation and comorbidities, e.g. with anxiety disorders.


The online supplement on the OSF (https://osf.io/x8j7r/) provides between- and within-person correlations between general satisfaction with life and all domain satisfaction items using the decomposition procedure implemented in the psych package (Revelle, 2017).

General satisfaction with life was measured using an adapted version of the Satisfaction with Life Scale. All five items were rephrased to refer to the last three days (e.g., 'Over the course of the last three days, I was satisfied with my life') and participants answered on a seven-point scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Items were averaged to arrive at a measure of general satisfaction.

Domain satisfaction refers to participants' satisfaction with each of the applicable life domains (e.g., work, school, family). Participants reported their satisfaction with each domain over the last three days on a seven-point scale ranging from very dissatisfied to very satisfied.

Diary study, assessments referred to the last three days


In subsequent analyses, the correlation between child-experienced home chaos at ages 9 – 12 and school performance at age 12 was examined (Hanscombe et al., 2011).

home chaos: Child-experienced home chaos, measured at ages 9–12.

9-12 for home chaos, 12 for school performance

twin pairs (implied by behavioral genetic study)

correlation between child-experienced home chaos at ages 9–12 and school performance at age 12

findings reflect only the correlative link and cannot make an assertion about the longitudinal relationship


Perceived collective ownership threat and perceived symbolic threat were significantly correlated (r = .603, p < .01).

Collective Ownership Threat (COT): The perceived threat to a group's sense of collective ownership over a territory or resource.

Symbolic Threat (ST): The perceived threat to one's culture, values, or way of life.


Completed challenges predicted growth in conscientiousness (b = 0.02, 95% CI [0.01, 0.03]).

participants' personality traits at Time 1


Specifically, we now assume that nodes can reach a maximum strength of 1, and that each repetition strengthens the node as a proportion δ (learning rate) of the maximum strength minus its current base-level strength, $B$: s = ΔB = δ ( 1 - B )

Base-level strength: the long-term strength of a memory node, determined by its history of exposure, which increases with each activation and decays over time.

Learning rate (δ): a parameter representing the proportion of the remaining possible strength increase that is added to a node's base-level strength upon each repetition.

Source of Activation Confusion (SAC) model

The increment in base-level strength depends on the node's current strength at study.


Supporting our hypotheses, pathogen disgust was positively associated with endorsement of binding moral foundations, b = 0.28, SE = 0.06, t(312) = 4.49, p < .001, 95% CI [0.16, 0.41], semi-partial r = .24.

Binding moral foundations: a superordinate factor comprising ingroup loyalty, obedience to authority, and sanctity moral foundations.

endorsement of individualizing moral foundations


At the momentary level, within-person fluctuations in reports of morning stress significantly predicted depressed and anxious affect in the afternoon, while controlling for between-person differences in perceived stress and morning levels of depressed and anxious affect.

Stress: within-person fluctuations in reports of morning stress (momentary level) or within-person fluctuations in SLEs (monthly level).

Depressed affect: a state of negative mood and affect, measured at the momentary (afternoon) or monthly level.

morning stress predicts afternoon depressed affect (momentary); SLEs predict depression symptoms the following month (monthly)


The first direct effect model included a path from T1 GAD symptom severity predicting T3 MDD symptom severity.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): a mental health disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday things.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): a mental health disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest.

age
gender
education
income
baseline symptom severity

structural equation modeling, bootstrapping with 10000 resamples

full information maximum likelihood (FIML)


Our findings suggested a feedback loop wherein body dissatisfaction and gender incongruence reinforced one another, amplifying psychological distress and further challenging well-being.

Gender incongruence: A state of misalignment or distress arising from a discrepancy between one's experienced gender identity and assigned sex/gender or bodily characteristics.

participants in a study on body image and psychological distress

Described as a 'feedback loop' where body dissatisfaction and gender incongruence reinforce each other, amplifying psychological distress.


Building on an analogy of personality traits, we argue that conspiracy mentality is a relatively stable readiness to interpret world events as being caused by plots hatched in secret, whereas specific conspiracy beliefs are then manifest indicators (partially contaminated by other dispositions).

Conspiracy Mentality: a relatively stable readiness to interpret world events as being caused by plots hatched in secret

Specific Conspiracy Beliefs: beliefs about the existence of a certain conspiracy; manifest indicators (partially contaminated by other dispositions) of the underlying conspiracy mentality

manifest indicators are partially contaminated by other dispositions


Regarding Hypothesis 2, results indicated a significant multivariate effect of the type of tactic on the perceptions of the perpetrator’s behaviour, Wilks lambda = .97, F(2, 421) = 5.55, p = .004, eta_p^2 = .03, with differences between positive and negative VSC on both perceptions of acceptable behaviour, F(1, 422) = 8.23, p = .004, eta_p^2 = .02, and excusable behaviour, F(1, 422) = 9.92, p = .002, eta_p^2 = .02.

Excusable Behaviour: The perception of the perpetrator's behaviour as excusable.

type of tactic (positive VSC vs negative VSC)

Women in the positive VSC condition perceived the behaviour as more excusable.


Ethnic Conception of National Identity predicts higher levels of both Resource Policy Opposition, b = .018, se = .007, z = 2.35, p = .019, 95% CI [.003, .032], and Symbolic Policy Opposition, b = .034, se = .007, z = 4.94, p < .001, 95% CI [.020, .047].

Ethnic Conception of National Identity: a conception of national identity based on shared ancestry, culture, or ethnicity.

Resource Policy Opposition: opposition to policies that address systemic group-based inequities, particularly those redistributing resources to redress inequalities.


To sum up, the present research yields substantial empirical support for the association of everyday sadism and victim blaming due to sadistic pleasure and little empathic concern.

everyday sadism: a stable trait implying the stable proclivity to experience pleasure in the face of others' suffering.

victim blaming: blaming innocent victims for their suffering.

diverse societal contexts, various cultural and professional backgrounds

Context: The association holds across diverse societal contexts, different forms of victimization, and various cultural/professional backgrounds. It plays a role in everyday life, regardless of closeness to the victim or source of information about suffering.


Thus, both anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder manifest significant disturbances in body image but are different and highly comorbid.

Anorexia Nervosa (AN): a psychiatric condition characterized by body image disturbance as a symptom (criterion C in the DSM-5), altering the perception of weight and shapes of the whole body; patients believe they are overweight, perceive their body as being 'fat' and misperceive their body's shape.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): an obsessive-compulsive disorder characterized by disproportionate concern for minimal or absent individual bodily flaws, which cause personal distress and social impairment; patients are concerned about physical details, mainly the face, skin, and nose.

Two studies reported rates: Grant et al. (39%) and Cerea et al. (26%) for AN patients with comorbid BDD diagnosis with non-weight-related body concerns.


Although some disagreement remains over the labels of the Big Five, for the purpose of the present research, the five factors will be known as: Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Openness.


OP (controlling for HP) positively predicted dampening, r = .477, p < .001.

Obsessive Passion (OP): a passion characterized by an uncontrollable urge to engage in an activity, where the activity becomes overly important and conflicts with other aspects of life, leading to rigid persistence and contingent self-esteem.

Dampening: the tendency to down-regulate or suppress positive emotions following positive events.

The relationship was moderated by whether the positive event was described as a completed goal attainment versus an in-progress milestone.


College Men’s Sexual Coercion Perpetration and Proclivity toward Sexual Assault demonstrated that more use of physical force by the perpetrator in the sexual assault simulated situation was associated with more negative emotional affect reported.

Negative emotional affect reported in response to a sexual assault simulated situation.

non-detected college male offenders (not incarcerated or convicted)

relationship examined in a simulated situation involving the use of physical force by the perpetrator.


Life satisfaction shared the greatest overlap with self-acceptance, although correlations were relatively large for most other well-being scales, with the exception of autonomy and personal growth.


Here, we use RI-CLPM to examine whether the association between contact and outgroup political solidarity observed in recent research arises from (a) stable individual differences in contact correlating with stable individual differences in solidarity in the population (between-person stability), (b) people with higher-than-expected contact at one timepoint expressing higher-than-expected solidarity at a later timepoint (within-person change), or (c) both.

Outgroup political solidarity: Support for collective action, policies, and resource distribution that benefits an outgroup.

random sample of adults from the New Zealand electoral roll

Random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM)

distinguishing between-person stability from within-person change


The concept of D encapsulates all of the main "dark traits", with the addition of Spitefulness, Egoism, Moral Disengagement, Entitlement, and Self-interest.

Dark Factor of Personality (D): A general dispositional tendency where individuals prioritize their own utility (self-interest) at the expense of others, often justifying their actions through certain beliefs. It represents the common core underlying various dark personality traits.

Context: The Dark Factor of Personality (D) is described as encapsulating main dark traits, with Self-interest listed as one of its components. The factor itself is defined as prioritizing one's own utility (self-interest).


However, collective action also poses health risks such as burnout syndrome (Chen & Gorski, 2015), which manifests in feelings of exhaustion, increased mental distance, and a sense of ineffectiveness (Maslach & Jackson, 1981; WHO, 2023).

Burnout syndrome: a state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged stress, recognized as a health risk in collective action.

Exhaustion: a feeling of being emotionally and physically drained, as a core symptom of burnout.

One of the three core manifestations of burnout syndrome, alongside increased mental distance and a sense of ineffectiveness.


The list of available dissociative disorders listed in the DSM-5 changed from the DSM-IV-TR, as the authors removed the diagnosis of dissociative fugue, classifying it instead as a subtype of dissociative amnesia.

Dissociative Amnesia: A dissociative disorder characterized by an inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting.

Dissociative Fugue: A subtype of dissociative amnesia characterized by purposeful travel or bewildered wandering, usually associated with amnesia for identity or other important autobiographical information.

Describes a diagnostic reclassification from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5.

Dissociative fugue was reclassified from a separate diagnosis to a subtype of dissociative amnesia.


Historical trauma can result in a variety of psychological effects. However, it is most commonly seen through high rates of substance abuse, alcoholism, mental health issues, domestic violence, and abuse within afflicted communities.

Historical trauma: psychological injury or harm from ancestral experiences with colonial violence and oppression, carried across generations

most commonly seen through high rates in afflicted communities


Similarly, Hill and Curran's (2015) (65) meta-analysis of the relationship between perfectionism and burnout found that the positive facet of perfectionism (perfectionistic strivings) was weakly and negatively related to burnout (bold r = - 0 . 14).

perfectionistic strivings: the positive facet of perfectionism

Result from a cited meta-analysis (Hill & Curran, 2015, reference 65).


Depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), which is a 2-item initial screening tool that assesses the degree to which an individual has experienced depressed mood and anhedonia over the past two weeks36.

the degree to which an individual has experienced anhedonia over the past two weeks


I propose that—for borderline personality disorder—the object that makes life worth living manifests as interpersonal relationships.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity. The context suggests a focus on a 'stricter definition' where interpersonal difficulties are salient, and it may involve a deficiency in finding beauty in ordinary experiences, leading to an amplified proneness to suicide.

An extreme, intense focus on interpersonal relations, described as a behavior where the object that makes life worth living manifests as interpersonal relationships. It is presented as a potential outcome of a proneness to suicide in BPD.

Referenced theories by Soper (2017-2021) and Humphrey (2011, 2018) on the perception of ordinary beauty as a motivator for life.

The author proposes this manifestation specifically 'for BPD' and notes it may only apply to a stricter definition where interpersonal difficulties are salient.


Researchers have long been interested in self-control— decision-making that favors the pursuit of long-term global goals over short-term local temptations.

self-control: decision-making that favors the pursuit of long-term global goals over short-term local temptations


In conclusion, we assessed how intelligence analysts see their own professional ethics and found that social dominance orientation can predict the tendency to endorse a utilitarian resolution to the ethics-of-intelligence dilemmas.

Social Dominance Orientation (SDO): the general desire to establish and maintain hierarchically structured intergroup relations regardless of the position of one’s own group(s) within this hierarchy.

Utilitarian judgment: the tendency to endorse a utilitarian resolution to the ethics-of-intelligence dilemmas (dilemmatic scenarios depicting intelligence agents deciding whether to violate a deontological rule of their profession to benefit their work or national security).

intelligence analysts and a control group of non-professionals

evaluations of ethics-of-intelligence dilemmas

moral decision-making (deontological vs. utilitarian)


Higher levels of (a) perceived severity of the spread of the COVID-19 virus and (b) perceived susceptibility to the COVID-19 virus threat are related to more physical distancing behavior.

Perceived severity: an individual's belief about the seriousness of the threat, conceptualized as the extent to which young people believe the spread of the coronavirus is a problem.

Physical distancing behavior: adhering to the recommended preventive behaviors to maintain distance from others to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

Health Belief Model, Protection Motivation Theory, Social Cognitive Theory

positive association (higher perceived severity related to more physical distancing)


We found that agentic narcissism... negatively predicted actual SECA.

Socioemotional Cognition Ability (SECA): The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions effectively in social contexts.

pooled data from Study 1 and Study 2

structural equation modeling (1-facet model)

In the 2-facet model controlling for antagonistic narcissism, the prediction became non-significant (b = .001, p = .995).


Mussel et al. (2016) examined the relation between need for cognition, i.e. a main component of cognitive effort investment, and FMθ in an n-back task.

Need for cognition (NFC): a main component of cognitive effort investment

Frontal midline theta power (FMθ): a reliable marker of cognitive control reflecting active processing in response to high cognitive demand, with frequency in EEG power ranging between approximately 4-7 Hz


Co-occurrence is most commonly explained by the self-medication hypothesis, which proposes that PTEs lead to SU (Khantzian, 1997).

Potentially Traumatic Event (PTE): exposure to potentially traumatic events, including physical abuse, domestic violence, community violence, emotional neglect, poverty, and institutionalization/deprivation

Substance use (SU): pooling alcohol, cannabis, or nicotine

Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study

McLaughlin & Sheridan's (2016) model and self-medication hypothesis


As predicted, men’s sociosexuality prospectively predicted drinking quantity, frequency, and binge drinking.

Sociosexuality (SOI): one's attitudes, behaviors, and desires related to casual sex.

prospective, baseline measures predicting follow-up

Context: prediction occurs in part because drinking is thought to facilitate interactions that lead to casual sex


As reported in Table 3, the relationship between momentary NA and trait disinhibition remained significant and moderate in size after controlling for trait antagonism in all three samples.

Negative affect (NA): a momentary emotional state characterized by subjective distress and unpleasant engagement.


We propose that the Asperger individual suffers from a particular form of autism.

Asperger Syndrome: a developmental disorder characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication, alongside restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests, without significant delays in language or cognitive development.

Autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder): a developmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.

Asperger syndrome is proposed as a subcategory or particular form of autism.


Yet, one might be aware that boldness-related traits co-occur with affective-meanness traits.

Boldness-related traits: traits associated with the boldness dimension of psychopathy, such as social dominance, emotional resilience, and venturesomeness.

Affective-meanness traits: traits characterized by callousness, lack of empathy, and emotional detachment.


That study also found an interaction with time, such that increases in IU predicted increases in fear of COVID-19 over time.

Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU): a dispositional characteristic involving a tendency to react negatively on an emotional, cognitive, and behavioral level to uncertain situations and events.

predictive of increases over time (interaction with time)


Low Openness and Agreeableness are consistently and robustly associated with target-specific prejudice (i.e., racism, sexism, anti-immigrant or antiforeigner attitudes; e.g., Flynn, 2005; van Hiel & Mervielde, 2004) and generalized prejudice across several target groups (e.g., Ekehammar & Akrami, 2003; Ekehammar, Akrami, Gylje, & Zakrisson, 2004), with meta-analytic effect size estimates of -.30 and -.22, respectively (Sibley & Duckitt, 2008).

Relationship reflects preferences for normativity and conformity among those low in Openness.


Finally, the WISC-V digit span raw score was used as the measure of PSTM.

Phonological Short-Term Memory (PSTM): A cognitive ability involving the temporary storage of auditory or phonological information.


The development of two SPS tasks i.e. trait vs state was conceptualised based the trait and state anxiety concepts (Spielberger et al., 1983) in which trait anxiety is a general tendency of how one responds to threats, while state anxiety is situation-specific and is described as a transitory emotional state with heightened physiological arousal and negative feelings of dread and tension (Endler & Kocovski, 2001).

visual attention: measured via Posner endogenous cueing task; operationalized as a visual attention ability index (RT_Invalid - RT_Valid)

spontaneous sensations: measured via SPSState scores for hands, feet, and whole body


BFI-2 is a revised version of the original Big Five Inventory, contains 60 questions, which are designed to measure the five major domains of personality: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, negative emotionality (formerly neuroticism), and open-mindedness (formerly openness to experience).


A meta-analytic aggregation of the four studies (across responses and events) shows that conspiracy mentality has the strongest association with the starting bias (r = .16), a made-up mind into the direction of intentionality and secrecy.

Conspiracy Mentality: a general predisposition to believe in conspiracy theories, characterized by a readiness to suspect intention and secrecy behind events.

Starting bias: an a priori tendency to give one response over another before the actual stimulus is seen (in drift diffusion modeling).

drift diffusion modeling applied to binary decisions about event intentionality


These experiences may include, for example, experiences of sacredness of life, or experiences of oneness with nature and other people (temporary dissolution of 'ego structures', or self-transcendence).

Self-transcendence: The temporary dissolution of 'ego structures' or experiences of oneness with nature and other people.

Mystical experiences: Experiences that may include sacredness of life or oneness with nature and other people, often occasioned by psilocybin.


Wellbeing in adolescence predicts a range of salient outcomes in later life, including adult wellbeing, mental health, and physical health.

Wellbeing (subjective wellbeing): The state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy.


Two of the symptoms of hubris refer to such language use: 1) when one uses the 'royal we' and 2) when own interests or desires are identified with a nation’s (or organization’s) needs (Owen, 2008; Owen & Davidson, 2009).

The use of the plural pronoun 'we' where the singular form 'I' would be suitable, often to imply a broader, more authoritative mandate.

Politicians, specifically authoritarian leaders (case study of Viktor Orbán, PM of Hungary)

Hubris Syndrome (HS) symptoms as defined by Owen (2008) and Owen & Davidson (2009)

Linguistic analysis of semi-spontaneous parliamentary speeches


The association between spiritual experiences and gratitude was slightly weaker among those high in gratitude to God, interaction b = -0.10 [-0.14, -0.06], p < .001.

Spiritual experiences: powerful self-transcendent emotions and experiences elicited by nature, indicating an appreciation of sacredness in nature.

Gratitude to God for nature: feelings of thankfulness and appreciation directed to God for the natural environment.

moderation effect: association between spiritual experiences and gratitude to nature is weaker among those high in gratitude to God


For this purpose alone, benevolence was treated as if it comprised two values: one associated more with tradition and conformity, the other with universalism and self-direction.

Benevolence: a value from Schwartz's theory, treated in this analysis as comprising two aspects—one associated more with tradition and conformity (conservation), the other with universalism and self-direction (openness).

Tradition: a value from Schwartz's theory, associated with conservation and the higher-order motivational type 'Shepherd'.

west Europeans from 12 western European nations

For allocating individuals to hierarchical motivational types, benevolence was split; tradition association leads to 'Shepherd' type allocation.

Standard scores calculated per Schwartz (2004) instructions, referenced to norm group, converted to 0-100% scale.


We examine whether employment status and emotional stability can still predict the prevalence and intensity of drug use four years later after accounting for the original baseline.

Drug use was measured as: (1) whether taking drugs last month [=1 if never; otherwise (sometimes and regularly)=0], and (2) the intensity of taking all drugs (adding times of all substance use).


In partial support of our hypotheses, we found that the first component, “Imagery Ability” (comprised of internal visual MI ability, kinesthetic MI ability, and frequency of general MI use) was associated with action prediction performance but only when performed from the 3rd-person perspective, and when participants were viewing videos with less visual information (i.e., during the shorter Occlusion Time Points) shown by our addition of supplementary quantitative variables.

The frequency with which Motor Imagery (MI) is used in general contexts.


Other-oriented perfectionism is a distinct dimension of perfectionism because it manifests in interpersonal behaviors.

Other-oriented perfectionism: a dimension of perfectionism characterized by having unrealistic standards for significant others, holding them to demanding criteria, and stringently evaluating their performance.

Interpersonal behaviors: actions and conduct occurring between people, exemplified in the text by blaming, criticizing, treating with hostility and disdain, as well as lower altruism, compliance, and trust.

Hewitt and Flett's multidimensional model of perfectionism

Hostility, vindictiveness, blame, lower altruism/trust/compliance, relationship conflict, lower sexual satisfaction, narcissistic desire for admiration.


Specifically, Agency was represented by an equal number of items representing competence and assertiveness, and Communion was represented by an equal number of items representing morality and sociability.


In Steps 1 and 2, covariates and main effects of PB and TB explained 18.8% of the total variance in suicidal ideation (R^2 = .19, Adj. R^2 = .17, F(4, 209) = 12.12, p < .001), with PB significantly predicting suicidal ideation (B = .11, SE = .02, beta = .40, t = 5.87, p < .001) but not TB.

Perceived Burdensomeness (PB): a construct from the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (ITS) reflecting the belief that one is a burden on others.


Suicidal ideation, thought or desire to end one’s own life, is associated with suicide attempts (Sarkisian et al. 2019).

Suicidal ideation: thought or desire to end one's own life

Suicide attempt: a non-fatal, self-directed, potentially injurious behavior with an intent to die as a result of the behavior, but that may or may not result in injury


Identity conflict was negatively correlated with sense of belonging.

Underlined: p < .01 (2-tailed) for r = -0.38 in Study 3


Executive functions comprise key cognitive processes such as working memory and executive attention.

Executive functions: higher-order cognitive processes responsible for goal-directed behavior, including planning, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility.

Executive attention: the cognitive process involved in monitoring and resolving conflicts among thoughts, feelings, and responses.


Another study found that difficulty, health, purchasing power, and a focus on the present corresponded more to happiness than meaning, while thinking about the past or the future, struggle, stress, worry, argument, anxiety, generosity, and viewing daily activities such as raising children as reflective of oneself corresponded more with finding life meaningful.


One mechanism was grandiosity and independence as a defense: ’I can do anything, I don’t need anything, I am all-powerful, I am strong, I can do everything myself’. This would often lead to perfectionism, overachieving, and hyperactivity.

Grandiosity: A defensive belief characterized by 'I can do anything, I don’t need anything, I am all-powerful, I am strong, I can do everything myself'.

Overachieving: A behavioral manifestation, likely characterized by striving for exceptionally high performance or standards.

Context: Presented as a psychological defense mechanism leading to specific behavioral manifestations.


Techniques like MindfulnessOriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE) have been shown to restore dopaminergic function in patients with chronic pain and depression.

Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE) shown to restore dopaminergic function


To assess psychological abstraction, we adapted the Behavioral Identification Form (BIF; Vallacher & Wegner, 1989) to measure how participants conceptualize several behaviors related to collective action.

Psychological abstraction: how participants conceptualize several behaviors related to collective action, measured by indicating how they would best describe those actions on a scale anchored by two options varying in abstraction (e.g., more concrete vs. more abstract representation).


Enacted, internalized, and anticipated stigma domains were all positively correlated with self-coldness, while only internalized and anticipated stigma were negatively and moderately correlated with self-compassion.


These results suggest that (1) perceptions of the environment as zero-sum cause people to be suspicious.

Zero-sum beliefs: the idea that there is only a finite amount of resources, so one person's gains are another person's loss.

Suspicion: the expectation that others (e.g., coworkers) may have hidden, harmful intentions such as sabotage.

causal relationship demonstrated via experimental manipulation

Participants imagined working on an important project in the office when a coworker offers help.


When combined with evidence of the high incidence of mimicry in misophonia, it is suggestive of the possibility that 'hypermirroring' may underlie the presence of the condition, as proposed by Kumar et al. (2021).

Misophonia: a condition characterized by distress in response to specific trigger sounds (e.g., orofacial sounds like eating and chewing), often associated with a high incidence of mimicry.

Mimicry: the execution of movements that are congruent to perceived actions of others, often providing relief from distress in individuals with misophonia.

tendency to mimic increased with increasing misophonia severity

hypermirroring may underlie the presence of the condition

increased connectivity between auditory system and motor regions in misophonia subjects


Exaggerated in hypomania, such a person can display excessive optimism, grandiosity, and poor decision-making, often with little regard to the consequences.

Hypomania (Hy): A lowered state of mania ('less than mania') that does not always impair function or decrease quality of life.


The analysis of previous studies revealed that on a theoretical level the group entitativity can be described through various components and properties: “essence” (similarity of individuals in the group), “agency” (goals and group members' interaction) and “unity” (cohesion of the group and the degree of group importance).

Entitativity: The perceived 'groupness' or coherence of a social group, characterized as a collection of diverse attributes (essence, agency, unity).

Essence: A component of group entitativity defined as the similarity of individuals in the group.

Theoretical component of the construct 'entitativity'.


The Attainability and Measurability components were unique in the post-assessment model. These two components were split from the Clarity component in the baseline model.

Attainability and Measurability components split from the Clarity component in a four-component model across time

four-component model of goal representation

components did not align across baseline and post-assessment


Some believe they are independent of each other, while others embrace the position that they are significantly correlated with each other.

Emotional Quotient (EQ): measured by scales such as the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) or the Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS33/EIS41).

Context: The relationship is described as having conflicting empirical results, with some studies finding a significant correlation and others not.


vaccine intentions

intentions to vaccinate against covid-19

Intentions to vaccinate were also positively correlated with participants’ age.

Age: Participant's age in years (continuous variable).

Intentions to vaccinate against COVID-19: Measured by asking participants about their willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine.

Participants from Germany, Poland, and the UK

Bayesian hierarchical ordinal regression

gender
education
country of residence
vaccine policy


Additionally, low levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) in the brain can result in cerebral folate deficiency (CFD) which has been shown to be associated with autism.

Cerebral Folate Deficiency (CFD): a condition defined by low levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) in the cerebrospinal fluid despite normal folate levels in the blood, affecting neurological function.

Association is stated but no specific statistical parameters (e.g., effect size, p-value) are provided in the evidence.


According to Schaufeli and Bakker[24] there are three dimensions to work engagement: Vigor- a sense of personal energy for work, Dedication- experiencing a sense of pride in one's work and challenge from it, Absorption- The Capacity to be engrossed in work and experiencing a sense of flow.

Work engagement: A conception of motivation whereby individuals are physically immersed in emotionally and intellectually fulfilling work. An interaction of individuals and work, comprising three dimensions.

Absorption: The Capacity to be engrossed in work and experiencing a sense of flow.

Schaufeli and Bakker's three-dimensional model of work engagement


Finally, disinhibition is most strongly associated with decreased conscientiousness and increased neuroticism in the FFM (Collison, Miller, & Lynam, 2021; Drislane et al., 2022; Poy et al., 2014; Sleep et al., 2019; Stanley, Wygent, & Sellbom, 2013), increased aggression, stress reaction, alienation, and decreased control in the MPQ (Drislane, Patrick & Arsal, 2014; Hall et al., 2014), suggesting an increase in aggressiveness, neuroticism, and sensation seeking in the AFFM (Aluja, Garcia, & Garcia, 2002; Aluja, Kuhlman & Zuckerman, 2010; Garcia et al., 2012; Roberti, Fox, & Turick, 2003).


For example, fear may prepare someone to escape a threat.


Conversely, we excluded an additional eight DCD cases with cooccurring aphantasia, i.e., any that scored 32 or under on the VVIQ.

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): A neurodevelopmental condition characterized by motor coordination difficulties.

Aphantasia: A condition characterized by the inability to voluntarily visualize mental images.

Scored 32 or under on the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ)


The comorbidity of the two disorders is quite high, with 60% of those with depression also having some form of anxiety disorder.


In other words, our proposal is that depressed people are more realistic in judging null contingencies because they tend to be more passive, or decide to act less often, than non-depressed people.

Depressive realism: the phenomenon where depressed people are more realistic in judging null contingencies.

Behavioral passivity: a symptom of depression characterized by being less motivated to act, avoiding social interactions and physical activity, and adopting a passive lifestyle.

The depressive realism effect is mediated by the frequency of actions, which is influenced by behavioral passivity.

Behavioral passivity is proposed as a mechanism explaining depressive realism


Sadness predicts subsequent increases in rumination, particularly when individuals engage in repetitive negative thinking about the causes and consequences of their emotional state.


For example, creative imagination (a facet of openness) was faked significantly more in the job versus dating context, perhaps because creativity is particularly valued by employers.

Openness (O): one of the Big Five personality domains, characterized by traits such as intellectual curiosity, creativity, and appreciation for art and adventure.

Creative imagination: a specific facet of the openness domain, referring to the tendency to engage in imaginative and creative thinking.


participation in the Netherlands was related to lower risk of anxiety disorders and comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders.

mainly unemployed Turkish migrants (80%)

analysis of data from a large naturalistic longitudinal cohort study (Monitor Study)

relationship between participation (integration) and mental health outcomes


This assertion derives from the large overlap between what is called “sociability” in the social perception literature (Landy et al., 2016) and the personality dimension known as “extraversion”, and, more specifically, with its “affiliative extraversion” subcomponent (the other subcomponent being “agentic extraversion”, see Depue, 2006; DeYoung, Quilty, & Peterson, 2007).

Extraversion: a personality dimension known in the personality literature.

Affiliative Extraversion: a subcomponent of extraversion (the other being agentic extraversion) that shows large overlap with what is called 'sociability' in social perception literature.