{ "level": "Category", "name": "EARTH SCIENCE", "children": [ { "level": "Topic", "name": "AGRICULTURE", "children": [ { "level": "Term", "name": "AGRICULTURAL AQUATIC SCIENCES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AQUACULTURE", "UUID": "8916dafb-5ad5-45c6-ab64-3500ea1e9577", "definition": "A use of land and water category under Agricultural Production that includes fish farming, fish hatcheries, and aquaculture in rotation with cropland." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FISHERIES", "UUID": "c7112a64-be39-414a-9125-f63ab44ecb5b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE STUPA", "UUID": "8495b76a-16ba-418c-bbb9-3c6bcfb12aba", "definition": "Ice Stupa is a form of glacier grafting technique that creates artificial glaciers, used for storing winter water (which otherwise would go unused) in the form of conical shaped ice heaps. During summer, when water is scarce, the Ice Stupa melts to increase water supply for crops." } ], "UUID": "ca227ff0-4742-4e51-a763-4582fa28291c" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FERTILIZERS", "UUID": "18a8197e-3a3f-408c-9c51-e9fe89dd6b45", "definition": "Any natural or manufactured material added to the soil in order to supplyone or more plant nutrients. The term is generally applied to inorganicmaterials other than lime or gypsum sold in the trade." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PESTICIDES", "UUID": "59a203f9-f818-42a6-8d00-4301385cafc3", "definition": "Any measure of or about insecticides, fungicides, or herbicides; may include non-chemical/manufactured agents, and/or natural defensemechanisms." } ], "UUID": "afd084b9-1f4c-4eb5-a58e-689a360e7abf" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT", "UUID": "f2f37978-d942-43d2-9c51-79e9f5bdfe24" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FARM STRUCTURES", "UUID": "d53e1951-fb68-4ad8-8725-d19c10751da5" } ], "UUID": "b8018326-a186-4847-961d-8bd0727bbd5e" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "AGRICULTURAL PLANT SCIENCE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COVER CROPS", "UUID": "e2dcb23a-e358-472c-90b3-18b8d5475923" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CROP AREA", "UUID": "02b3a632-15af-4d18-9611-e2423428ec59", "definition": "Refers to actual cropland area whether the cropland is cropped or left fallow. It does not account for cropping intensity. However, it does include permanent crops (e.g., plantations)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CROP EMERGENCE", "UUID": "c31e6af1-d4fd-408c-9fca-bd0697a45891" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CROP HEALTH", "UUID": "39e47a75-12f1-483c-b239-111329f74384", "definition": "Crop health encompasses the effects of plant pathogens, animal pests, and abiotic environmental factors on plant physiology, growth, or reproduction. " }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CROP STRESS", "UUID": "257633ec-8f9f-4482-be86-3570426410a0", "definition": "Crop/Plant stress is defined as any external condition that may adversely affect a plant\u2019s growth and productivity. These stressors are generally divided into two main types: abiotic, resulting from environmental or physical causes, and biotic, resulting from living organisms." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CROP TYPE", "UUID": "e210bb78-19b6-453c-8dcb-81e389601329" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CROP WATER PRODUCTIVITY", "UUID": "92ae093d-cd20-46c2-ba0a-7a4e90e05757" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CROP/PLANT YIELDS", "UUID": "f12d8026-f24a-4413-91d0-4704c243c9e7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CROPPING SYSTEMS", "UUID": "2dda92a8-6c26-4506-9881-43b6d9a83b18", "definition": "Any method of crop/plant management and/or strategy of production,including, but not limited to: no-till, residue management, organic,rotations, rest-rotation grazing, etc...." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HARVESTED AREA", "UUID": "8b8d4116-3ce6-499d-ba34-3ecf52ea499a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "IRRIGATION", "UUID": "a756fd6b-6208-4af0-ac56-6ee914fc4597" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS", "UUID": "dcd7a439-6021-4fc3-b3d8-a8936ef171f6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PLANT DISEASES/DISORDERS/PESTS", "UUID": "213cefd8-806f-40f5-b3ca-05022cde9498", "definition": "Measurements related to any deviation from a normal state of health inplants which temporarily or permanently impairs vital functions. It maybe caused by insect pests, viruses, pathogenic bacteria, parasites, poornutrition, congenital or inherent deficiencies, unfavorable environment,or any combonation of these, and related pests." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", "UUID": "c7570528-f2d5-42b0-b8e9-d12a2432e87e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WEEDS, NOXIOUS PLANTS OR INVASIVE PLANTS", "UUID": "b376a9f9-585e-4567-ba1f-55ef45cfa8df" } ], "UUID": "25be3b9a-9d4c-4b5b-8d24-b1f519913d90", "definition": "The branch of Agriculture that focuses on plants(includesagronomy, horticulture, etc... but NOT Forestry, which is a seperateterm)." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ANIMAL COMMODITIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DAIRY PRODUCTS", "UUID": "a368da76-b191-4859-bd55-8643f4fab812" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS", "UUID": "1e2557c5-d232-48e4-8276-369a22ae6aae", "definition": "Any measurement related to livestock commodities (does not include DAIRYor Poultry) including, but not limited to: meat, wool, leather, glue,chemicals (e.g. insulin), and any other edible or none edible productsfrom beef cattle, swine, sheep, horses, and goats." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POULTRY PRODUCTS", "UUID": "d3ce1677-f3a8-452e-91c8-0ff80e6a3f09" } ], "UUID": "c9f1a861-2173-4124-962c-759f71b6f131" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ANIMAL SCIENCE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS", "UUID": "26089a3e-469d-44b3-a9aa-231d0a072ef9", "definition": "Any measure related to gene mapping, animal species breeding for hybridor higher value species, breeding for increased production, diseaseresistance, pest resistance, or related genetic measures." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ANIMAL DISEASES/DISORDERS/PESTS", "UUID": "e749bafe-9a0a-42cc-bed8-9b42e3e088c8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ANIMAL ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR", "UUID": "5d1b53b2-7d69-4b7c-903f-d8cf29430f93", "definition": "Any measurment related to the totality or pattern of the interrelationshipof animals, and animals with their environment." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ANIMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS", "UUID": "e5b724af-b661-406a-ae1f-7cd2730c0576" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ANIMAL MANURE AND WASTE", "UUID": "3c1c65c3-e1ef-4163-9695-c39ff7fb48da", "definition": "Any measure related to waste from animals including, but not limitedto: manure, methane gas, by-products, nitrates, waste water, andothers." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ANIMAL NUTRITION", "UUID": "ca551e61-4b8c-46d5-8590-80cada40ebbd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY", "UUID": "f9cdf3ae-fe8b-4a19-a946-a8c8780d7894" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ANIMAL YIELDS", "UUID": "3c0bbd0f-6d4d-4036-afa9-03f9b4f8fba0", "definition": "The quantity of animals. Includes all comercial species. Does notinclude PRODUCT yield (e.g. number of chicks vs. egg production)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "APICULTURE", "UUID": "2c31fc22-747a-476f-b76d-fec61220b5b1", "definition": "Any measure related to the science and art of studying and using honey beesfor human benefit. Includes management systems, products, diseases ofbees, and others." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SERICULTURE", "UUID": "06053150-d796-477b-b305-292442d658ed", "definition": "Any measurement related to the growing of silkworms, including products." } ], "UUID": "b41894fa-2e3e-475b-b8f0-b6ffdd2d6e9c" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "FEED PRODUCTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FEED COMPOSITION", "UUID": "cf9ef34d-ed39-4c8d-bf00-ca1b0bb11363" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FEED CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY", "UUID": "b9957bbc-3c12-481d-86a0-0f6cf2bb8219" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FEED PROCESSING", "UUID": "fec2eb53-bc69-4d35-849c-c2bedf5dc6cf" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FEED STORAGE", "UUID": "9244fe19-b86f-4a8d-82bf-c52f804a77e3" } ], "UUID": "c1f9f5fa-245c-4055-81cf-5230c076c0ce" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "FOOD SCIENCE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOOD ADDITIVES", "UUID": "eb9b8c19-3b39-4865-bcfc-d2a12689094a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOOD CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY", "UUID": "e86ea427-f735-4998-af16-9bd619df4974" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOOD PACKAGING", "UUID": "85d7c19a-6d05-446f-a490-382e7c199e09", "definition": "Any measure related to the packaging of food stuffs. Technical aspectsof canning, bottling, hermetic sealing, vacuum packing, wrapping,coating, packeting, etc." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOOD PROCESSING", "UUID": "b153bcea-3114-4809-8e6f-f22cf9a3be87" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOOD QUALITY", "UUID": "3ec3b00e-52e1-4df9-99cd-c93120d97645", "definition": "Any measure related to the quality of food stuffs. Constituentsand composition of foods and beverages; Food composition tables; Nutrients: proteins, amino acids, nitrogen, carbohydrates, lipids,minerals, vitamins; nutritive value, caloric value, sensory evaluation;Protein quality: protein efficiency ratio, net protein utilization,nitrogen balance index, chemical score, microbiological assays, etc." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOOD STORAGE", "UUID": "b3b14df8-5197-4a26-ae61-882fdba706f3" } ], "UUID": "b98f3a77-397d-41d7-9507-e7a3e47210b1" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "FOREST SCIENCE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AFFORESTATION/REFORESTATION", "UUID": "b3a1e091-0bc2-4c9b-a89c-bd003fdd5889" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DEFOLIANTS", "UUID": "b3fcccdd-745f-4299-94b3-e72e37f551be" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOREST CONSERVATION", "UUID": "7ee9d286-0742-4844-b7eb-b7550d3f782b", "definition": "Management of the human use of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest\nsustainable benefit to present generations while maintaining its potential to\nmeet the needs and aspirations of future generations. It includes the\npreservation, maintenance, sustainable utilisation, restoration and enhancementof the environment." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOREST FIRE SCIENCE", "UUID": "e5a8c6ed-5b59-40fe-a83b-18b39fb7c31b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOREST HARVESTING AND ENGINEERING", "UUID": "23336b57-1ba3-42a6-9ec7-152285c55689", "definition": "Process and methods related to removal of trees from the forest for purposesof forest improvements, manufacturing forest products, and lumber,or conservation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOREST MANAGEMENT", "UUID": "d2056285-8249-4c11-810b-783600030525" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOREST MENSURATION", "UUID": "31d01087-d5b8-4474-820c-d84d523dfb39", "definition": "In forestry, the measurement of both standing and harvested timber;Forest measurements." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOREST PRODUCTS/COMMODITIES", "UUID": "3676ebab-9aa0-43c2-94e5-5d59a34317d2", "definition": "Any measure related to or about the production of lumber, compositeand reconstituted wood, pulp and paper, chemicals from trees, andother miscellaneous forest products." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOREST PROTECTION", "UUID": "adeb4c27-a115-4ced-9827-5f022883f606" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOREST YIELDS", "UUID": "49804617-d59b-4e97-8030-2c4ab79a3057", "definition": "Amount of product output recovered from a quantity of raw material inputin forest product industries. - Estimate in forest mensuration of theamount of wood that may be harvested from a particular type of foreststand by species, site, stocking, and management regime at variousages." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "REFORESTATION", "UUID": "be7f6de0-f51e-42bc-9a66-fff30d809a67" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SILVICULTURE", "UUID": "8e115d45-acd4-4116-a0e1-3de8a5db23c2" } ], "UUID": "22ec2f9b-1f1a-469b-bc09-851d58637ff4", "definition": "The branch of Agriculture that deals with forestry, trees, forests, Treeand forest management." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "PLANT COMMODITIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FIELD CROP PRODUCTS", "UUID": "63317fb1-01d9-4658-93e8-9800c5359454", "definition": "Measurements related to any field crop (plants grown primarily for theirseed, e.g. corn, wheat, oats, soybeans) products which are articles ofcommerce." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FRUIT PRODUCTS", "UUID": "41b30b1b-5dbb-4ef8-849c-e1949ad04227", "definition": "Measurements related to any fruit product which is an article of commerce." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS", "UUID": "d23b37cd-5e05-4356-b8b4-df6d7af236d6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VEGETABLE PRODUCTS", "UUID": "eb1627c2-0061-466c-9935-399e53a06024" } ], "UUID": "d6560f20-3bef-41c6-8eec-9f913329b9ac" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SOILS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CALCIUM", "UUID": "7367c08c-304f-4ce7-b716-975f835ba711", "definition": "Any measurement of Calcium in any form in the soil, such as CaCO3." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CARBON", "UUID": "9315c474-b65f-400d-beba-611c9a6a62cb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY", "UUID": "5c05e69f-f6db-4296-abd3-3b07e6093579", "definition": "The sum of exchangeable bases plus total soil acidity at a specific pHvalue, usually 7.0 or 8.0. When acidity is expressed as salt extractableacidity, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) is called the effectivecation exchange capacity (ECEC) because this is considered to be the CEC of theexchanger at the native pH value. It is usually expressed in centimoles ofcharge per kilogram of exchanger or millimoles of charge per kilogram ofexchanger" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CROP RESIDUE", "UUID": "3b4b4ffa-895f-4e79-a45d-cccaf2479da8", "definition": "The plant residue left in the field after harvest." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DENITRIFICATION RATE", "UUID": "cac79930-334e-49c5-836b-4f2ee8e0b098" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY", "UUID": "7241d799-4f5c-4ae3-a4ec-2e9cdbf656aa", "definition": "A measure of ease with which a conduction current can be caused to flowthrough soil under the influence of an applied electric field.\tIt is thereciprocal of resistivity and is measured in mhos per meter." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HEAVY METALS", "UUID": "8b3939b6-1c11-4a79-878e-0be1b231c528" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY", "UUID": "7112e739-cb5d-427e-95bd-5419360e91d8", "definition": "A measure of the readiness with which a liquid, such as water, flows through a solid, such as soil, in response to a given potential gradient." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "IRON", "UUID": "60992683-3183-4510-9fce-e4611115315c", "definition": "Chemical element with the symbol Fe" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MACROFAUNA", "UUID": "83da5ac6-5981-4929-9e19-f46522c1babe", "definition": "'Macrobiota' is a general term for the larger soil organisms. Macrofauna, inparticular, refers to burrowing vertebrate animals, but may include largerinsects and earhworms." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MAGNESIUM", "UUID": "79f18259-bd76-4c7b-bd18-cbd2edafd24f", "definition": "Measurement of any form of magnesium in the soil; one macronutrient in the soil." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MICROFAUNA", "UUID": "53231d78-471d-4afe-a435-b577b7d53b17", "definition": "Microfauna (or simply microbiota) refers to the smallest soil organisms,including bacteria and protozoa." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MICROFLORA", "UUID": "b3063d3a-af53-44f9-a532-4cea2880c198" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MICRONUTRIENTS/TRACE ELEMENTS", "UUID": "2473e776-4449-4351-9835-1507532ae60e", "definition": "A plant nutrient usually found in relatively small amounts(<100 mgkg-1) in plants. These are usually B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Co, andZn. In environmental applications it is those elements exclusive of the eightabundant rock-forming elements: oxygen, aluminum, silicon, iron, calcium,sodium, potassium, and magnesium." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NITROGEN", "UUID": "5ed7811a-2ba1-4985-9f1c-a78c802fa27f", "definition": "Measure of any form of Nitrogen, a macronutrient, in the soil, such as biomass nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, etc..." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ORGANIC MATTER", "UUID": "83cf51f6-8c03-4f6d-b605-fde9818c7805", "definition": "Soil constituents consisting of a wide range of organic(carbonaceous) substances, including living organisms, carbonaceousremains of organisms which once occupied the soil, and organic compoundsproduced by current and past metabolism in the soil." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PERMAFROST", "UUID": "fb3ce3be-d830-407f-bd7c-58d66c24b6be" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PHOSPHORUS", "UUID": "4962dabc-b426-4c84-8147-12e15645baff", "definition": "Measure of any form of Phosphorus (such as Phosphate), a macronutrient, in the soil." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POTASSIUM", "UUID": "c07fe67b-234e-4293-9f09-abaf9612c0e9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL ABSORPTION", "UUID": "d0da93ff-af45-4e26-8b94-8b90d0e06438" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL BIOGEOCHEMISTRY", "UUID": "b69052b9-69ab-4294-aa04-5ad639d1b31d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL BULK DENSITY", "UUID": "62d5fb39-e9ee-47db-a426-1991537f8a4d", "definition": "The mass of dry soil per unit of bulk volume, including the air space." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL CHEMISTRY", "UUID": "652349bd-f6f9-4c8d-8573-d71e05ad1208", "definition": "The branch of soil science that deals with the chemical constitution,chemical properties, and chemical reactions of soils." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL CLASSIFICATION", "UUID": "2f57fd58-d8e4-4e6d-b8c3-2a9ef7e64f54", "definition": "The systematic arrangement of soils into groups or categories on the basisof their characteristics." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL COLOR", "UUID": "3985ce6b-e0c3-42a8-b40f-9dd948350c6e", "definition": "The property of a soil that is based upon three components of hue,chroma (intensity or brightness), and value (lightness or darkness)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL COMPACTION", "UUID": "e0c0af2a-1429-4248-8d5b-ccae510da0c9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL CONSISTENCE", "UUID": "25c5c222-c053-4081-ac0f-52e6c774198c", "definition": "The combination of properties of soil material that determine its resistanceto crushing and its ability to be molded or changed in shape." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL DEPTH", "UUID": "b09b4731-f357-4838-829b-f38c0f5075aa" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL EROSION", "UUID": "36c862a7-7117-4fd2-8e33-0dda03097178", "definition": "(i) The wearing away of the land surface by rain or irrigation water, wind,ice, or other natural or anthropogenic agents that abrade, detach and removegeologic parent material or soil from one point on the earth's surface anddeposit it elsewhere, including such processes as gravitational creep andso-called tillage erosion; (ii) The detachment and movement of soil or rock bywater, wind, ice, or gravity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL FERTILITY", "UUID": "e4781de7-a4a4-4157-a549-4ac238d36512" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL GAS/AIR", "UUID": "d302aeaa-3a86-4ddf-9755-60b7bb4404a5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL HEAT BUDGET", "UUID": "68033b72-7f8d-48a4-8f63-638e4e96fd23", "definition": "The relation between the fluxes of heat into and out of a soil and theheat stored by the soil." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL HORIZONS/PROFILE", "UUID": "1fc22c9d-cf29-4bd7-90b1-b0f6f139fd92", "definition": "The soil profile is the vertical section of the soil, from the surfacethrough all its horizons, where a horizon is a layer of soil,approximately parallel to the soil surface, differing in properties andcharacteristics from adjacent layers below and above it." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL IMPEDANCE", "UUID": "6edf1b99-fe00-493e-b0d1-ad6b36b8da75", "definition": "The resistance of the soil to penetration by water and by roots." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL INFILTRATION", "UUID": "0ab5ead8-6037-42b3-b3c0-0746f3645af6", "definition": "The entry of water into soil. Also, the infiltration flux is the volume ofwater entering a specified cross-sectional area of soil per unit time [L t-1]." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL MECHANICS", "UUID": "3b1d75b6-7559-4921-8edb-63f4dff370cf", "definition": "The application of the principles of mechanics and hydraulics toengineering problems dealing with the behavior and nature of soils,sediments, and other unconsolidated accumulations." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL MOISTURE/WATER CONTENT", "UUID": "88e1a654-5cfd-423f-9350-0ef48d85e085", "definition": "Soil Water Content: The water lost from soil upon drying to constantmass at 105 degrees Celcius; expressed either as the mass of water perunit mass of drysoil or as the volume of water per unit bulk volume ofsoil. For GCMD purpose, this also includes all measurements related tosoil water, such as capcity, potential, and pressure, etc..." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL PH", "UUID": "2a9bce94-c391-4834-96bb-a9685d3590b1", "definition": "The negative log of Hydrogen ion concentration" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL PLASTICITY", "UUID": "934bfe13-908b-40d9-b346-a347a8a6855e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL POROSITY", "UUID": "c26693ea-ca5a-44e8-9e8e-32427bc62aa0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL PRODUCTIVITY", "UUID": "5c6df811-bebf-4dae-a70f-f49fece3fa1e", "definition": "The capacity of a soil for producing a specified plant or sequence ofplants under a specified system of management; emphasizing the ability toproduce crops." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL RESPIRATION", "UUID": "db9b56da-e05f-4d58-b9d5-34edc83ca650" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL ROOTING DEPTH", "UUID": "2b91245e-a779-42fa-89c2-303217463b95", "definition": "The distance in inches that plant roots extend into the soil. Knowing theaverage root depth for the plants in each watering zone is important todetermine an efficient watering schedule. Shallow roots require more frequentwatering than deep roots, which can draw water from a larger soil profile. Average root depths vary with plant type. Trees will have root depths of 24inches or more. Xeriscape plants will have root depths around 10 inches. Shrubsand perennials will have roots of 8 inches or more. Grass can have deep roots(greater than 6 inches, depending on region). Annuals and bedding plants havethe shallowest roots at 4-5 inches." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL SALINITY/SOIL SODICITY", "UUID": "3b54403e-25a1-43cc-97ac-7c14e73bda96", "definition": "The term salinity refers to the presence of the major dissolvedinorganic solutes, essentially Na, Mg, Ca, K, Cl, SO4, HCO3, and CO3, inaqueous samples. As applied to soils, it refers to the soluble plusreadily dissolvable salts in the soil or, more usually, in an aqueousextract of a soil sample. Salinity is quantified in terms of the totalconcentration (or, occasionally, the content) of such soluble salts." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL SLOPE", "UUID": "64ea30b2-cc82-42f0-822e-db355858b189", "definition": "Slope refers to the extent that a soil surface has an incline relative to the horizontal. In percentage terms, slope represents the elevation that occurs between two different points." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL STRUCTURE", "UUID": "e4daef1d-e672-41d0-bc6d-80c6b5c0799b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "26f5bb2a-b872-41e8-922f-3a9a0e9f9bcd", "definition": "The degree of hotness or coldness of the soil as measured on somedefinite temperature scale." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL TEXTURE", "UUID": "afd1d3cb-d31d-4069-8cff-b592887aa18c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL WATER HOLDING CAPACITY", "UUID": "223ce1f2-e2f1-4612-8fce-b96b7d34710f", "definition": "The percentage of water remaining in a soil two or three days after itshaving been saturated and after free drainage has practically ceased(field moisture capacity)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SULFUR", "UUID": "e3d3f76d-0ffe-4616-9988-0520e78cf842" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY", "UUID": "5c349776-dd95-483e-a5da-e8d1b1434985", "definition": "A measure of the ability of a soil to transfer heat (through a unitthickness, across a unit area for a unit difference in temperature)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TILLAGE", "UUID": "a2900ef4-8b62-4bca-8814-59ea38b2b0a4" } ], "UUID": "199e3af8-4cf3-48ba-8b28-b9b54756b3db", "definition": "The range of dynamic natural bodies composed of mineral and organicmaterials and living forms in which plants grow." } ], "UUID": "a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e" }, { "level": "Topic", "name": "ATMOSPHERE", "children": [ { "level": "Term", "name": "AEROSOLS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AEROSOL ABSORPTION", "UUID": "2e2b3e40-8775-41a7-a541-e482847289cb", "definition": "Absorbing aerosols refer to those aerosols that absorb light, whereby they both reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the surface (direct effect) and heat their surroundings." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AEROSOL BACKSCATTER", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AEROSOL BACKSCATTERING RATIO", "UUID": "d0dff81f-80a5-40c0-b422-15df9cd03ccf" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AEROSOL FRACTION", "UUID": "101c2cd2-b135-430b-a9c6-b710dee48d78", "definition": "The fraction of liquid phase, 1 - x, which, after flashing to the atmosphere, remains suspended as an aerosol." } ], "UUID": "f795b88f-1aba-4548-97f6-7b587e8ba451" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AEROSOL DEPOLARIZATION", "UUID": "8152b2c9-fe5c-4b4d-a296-af7feeb61581", "definition": "The change in polarization of light that occurs when light is scattered by atmospheric aerosol particles, compared to the polarization of emitted light. Aerosol depolarization can be used to distinguish aerosol particle shape." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AEROSOL EXTINCTION", "UUID": "40633fe2-5b32-4bdc-a17b-b1cfebc01ae7", "definition": "Fractional energy removed from incident beam by scattering plusabsorption; wavelength dependent." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AEROSOL FORWARD SCATTER", "UUID": "449e2e03-8efd-42b6-8152-3602e4bab21d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AEROSOL OPTICAL CENTROID HEIGHT", "UUID": "e83e3455-9b6e-4ece-943e-1ce9e570a1ec" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH/THICKNESS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ABSORBING AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH/THICKNESS", "UUID": "ee84a17d-221f-4798-93f9-7cecc8400662" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ANGSTROM EXPONENT", "UUID": "6e7306a1-79a5-482e-b646-74b75a1eaa48", "definition": "Aerosol Angstrom Coefficient is an exponent that expresses the spectral dependence of aerosol optical thickness (\u03c4) with the wavelength of incident light (\u03bb). The spectral dependence of aerosol optical thickness can be approximated (depending on size distribution) by, \u03c4a = \u03b2 \u03bb\u03b1 where \u03b1 is Angstrom exponent (\u03b2 = aerosol optical thickness at 1 \u03bcm)Angstrom exponent (computed from \u03c4 measurements on two different wavelengths) can be used to find \u03c4 on another wavelength using the relation.The Angstrom exponent provides additional information on the particle size (larger the exponent, the smaller the particle size), aerosol phase function and the relative magnitude of aerosol radiances at different wavelengths." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "UV AEROSOL INDEX", "UUID": "8d7e5d36-4d81-469d-9318-bf20ba3bae5c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "UV AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH", "UUID": "7acd7fd4-a9ed-4af9-a0e6-1f6bccb17a3c", "definition": "The degree to which aerosols prevent ultraviolet radiation from passing through due to scattering or absorption." } ], "UUID": "61c3b720-abc8-4430-866c-f1da35d2cd0b", "definition": "The degree to which Aerosols prevent light from passing through. Opticaldepth/thickness depends upon the physical constitution ,the form, and theconcentration of particles." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AEROSOL PARTICLE PROPERTIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AEROSOL CONCENTRATION", "UUID": "59920ad4-85fb-4cee-ba56-f39bc5857a3d", "definition": "Volume of a colloidal system in which the dispersed phase is composed of either solid or liquid particles, and in which the dispersion medium is some gas, usually air." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "41575931-3cc4-4c9d-97a7-dde82bb0e19e", "definition": "The amounts of different size particles of solids or liquids that are suspended in air as an aerosol." } ], "UUID": "02ea239e-4bca-4fda-ab87-be12c723c30a", "definition": "Properties of aerosol particles including: compositon, size, diameter." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AEROSOL RADIANCE", "UUID": "7db9eab3-4c7a-4471-a826-a306f178ad3e", "definition": "Electromagnetic radiation received (primarily by spacecraft) as scattered\nfrom aerosols. Usually a term used in ocean color remote sensing to\nmeasure radiance from marine aerosols." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AEROSOL SINGLE SCATTERING ALBEDO", "UUID": "86c75a9c-d6ff-4a33-aad2-5c42fbe87daf", "definition": "Ratio of scattering aerosol optical thickness to total aerosol optical thickness, this describes the relative contributions of scattering and absorption to the total light extinction." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AEROSOL VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "3a1aa79b-2897-4ede-8682-3bd66be93a91", "definition": "The distribution of aerosols throughout a vertical column of the atmosphere." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AMMONIUM AEROSOLS", "UUID": "48e0400c-727e-4794-b80c-efdf9f71e3ba", "definition": "Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is an important component of the global nitrogen cycle [Galloway and Cowling, 2002; Galloway et al., 2008; Sutton et al., 2007, 2008; Erisman et al., 2008, 2013; Fowler et al., 2013, 2015]. In the troposphere ammonia reacts rapidly with acids such as sulfuric (H2SO4), nitric (HNO3) to form fine particulate matter (PM2.5) [Malm et al., 2004]. These ammonium (NH4+) containing aerosols affect Earth's radiative balance, both directly by scattering incoming radiation [Adams et al., 2001; Martin et al., 2004; Henze et al., 2012] and indirectly as cloud condensation nuclei [Abbatt et al., 2006]. PM2.5 endangers public health by penetrating the human respiratory systems, depositing in the lungs and alveolar regions [Pope et al., 2002], and causing premature mortality [Lelieveld et al., 2015]. A precursor of these inorganic aerosols, gaseous NH3 is often the limiting species in their formation [Wang et al., 2013; Lelieveld et al., 2015]. Excess reactive nitrogen reduces biodiversity and causes harmful algal blooms and anoxic conditions. Dry deposition of gaseous ammonia may have substantially greater adverse impacts on ecosystem health than deposition of ammonium in aerosols or precipitation [Sheppard et al., 2011]. In contrast, PM2.5 has greater impact on human morbidity and mortality. In this article we quantify recent (~14\u2009year) increases in tropospheric ammonia and suggest likely causes for these trends." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BLACK CARBON", "UUID": "9c0288cc-864d-40f7-93af-6df413b404f5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS", "UUID": "527f637c-aea5-4519-9293-d57e10a76bff", "definition": "Aerosols consisting predominantly of organic substances and various formsof black carbon; may be biogenic or anthropogenic, primary or secondary." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ELEMENTAL CARBON", "UUID": "23cd8555-05a7-4fea-a3c1-765227f0d9d4", "definition": "Elemental carbon occurs in the atmosphere, mostly in the form of soot from incomplete combustion of organic matter. Smoke particles also have a large proportion of carbonaceous material in them. Together, soot and smoke account for a large part of the reduction in visibility occurring over continental and polluted regions, due to light scattering and light absorption." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NON-REFRACTORY AEROSOL ORGANIC MASS", "UUID": "a63f4fe6-51dc-4719-95e3-a09d111774c9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER-SOLUBLE AEROSOL ORGANIC MASS", "UUID": "bc6f9a64-0d00-4f39-9f1c-a4c25b373897" } ], "UUID": "0611b9fd-fd92-4c4d-87bb-bc2f22c548bc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI", "UUID": "27478148-b4b6-4c89-8829-08d2ee7bfe10", "definition": "Known as CCN: particles that will take up water to form cloud droplets ator above a specified supersaturation of water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DEPOSITION", "UUID": "5b775d6e-de6c-4b11-b986-3c3a32cbf66d", "definition": "In aerosol physics, deposition is the process by which aerosol particles collect or deposit themselves on solid surfaces, decreasing the concentration of the particles in the air. It can be divided into two sub-processes: dry and wet deposition. Deposition has large impact on surface aerosol concentration, which is crucial to air pollution, and impact on the ambient concentration which is important to radiation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DUST/ASH/SMOKE", "UUID": "1b6342c6-315b-4f4f-b4e3-d6902aaa3e85", "definition": "Solid materials suspended in the atmosphere in the form of small,irregular particules, many of which are microscopic in size. Dust and Ashare due to biogenic and anthropogenic sources such as volcanic eruptions,salt spray, plant pollen, smoke, industrial processes, etc." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MIE SCATTERING", "UUID": "d6992c16-224b-4107-9f05-35d1257e40fb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NITRATE PARTICLES", "UUID": "768cfa32-003d-47bd-ab3a-3e27e4ec2699", "definition": "Atmospheric aerosol particles derived from biogenic or anthropogenicnitrate emissions; comprised of nitrate compounds (e.g., ammonia,NOx)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ORGANIC PARTICLES", "UUID": "8929113a-ded5-4c39-b20f-7968ed114317", "definition": "Aerosol particles consisting predominantly of organic compounds, mainly C,H, O, and lesser amounts of other elements: may be biogenic oranthropogenic; primary or secondary; some organic compounds in aerosolsmay exhibit substantial light absorption." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PARTICULATE MATTER", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 1.0)", "UUID": "6a340e0c-1f2e-435d-acf2-427ebc0d5e4c", "definition": "A type of air pollution that is made up of particles that are less than 1 micron in size. PM1 is particularly dangerous because of its small size, which allows it to penetrate lung tissue and enter the bloodstream." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 10)", "UUID": "1ffc2101-e4bc-4010-9a4c-b86c858d850f", "definition": "PM10 describes inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 2.5)", "UUID": "6ab81a2f-5e7e-4249-87d2-875c6a4a2a80", "definition": "A type of air pollution that consists of extremely small particles that are 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter. These particles are so small that thousands of them could fit in the period at the end of a sentence. PM2.5 is a mixture of dust, soot, organic chemicals, and metals that can come from a variety of sources, including cars, trucks, factories, and wood burning." } ], "UUID": "548a3f85-bf22-473b-b641-45c32d9c6a0c", "definition": "'Particulate matter,' also known as particle pollution or PM, is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets. Particle pollution is made up of a number of components, including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles.The size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems. EPA is concerned about particles that are 10 micrometers in diameter or smaller because those are the particles that generally pass through the throat and nose and enter the lungs. Once inhaled, these particles can affect the heart and lungs and cause serious health effects. EPA groups particle pollution into two categories:
- 'Inhalable coarse particles,' such as those found near roadways and dusty industries, are larger than 2.5 micrometers and smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter.
- 'Fine particles,' such as those found in smoke and haze, are 2.5 micrometers in diameter and smaller. These particles can be directly emitted from sources such as forest fires, or they can form when gases emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles react in the air." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA SALT", "UUID": "cf040a0f-f934-474f-8def-0623a15db69f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SULFATE PARTICLES", "UUID": "ca71b02b-4446-414c-8697-0950d7382cc4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TOXIC AEROSOLS", "UUID": "4f4db335-d418-43d2-9e72-b8312cba310c", "definition": "The presence of toxic aerosols damaging to human health and the environment, arising from natural sources, such as volcanic gases, and human activities, such as from fossil fuel combustion." } ], "UUID": "2e5a401b-1507-4f57-82b8-36557c13b154", "definition": "Suspension of particles of condensed matter (liquid, solid, or mixed) ina carrier gas (usually air). Aerosols are important in the atmosphere asnuclei for the condensation of water droplets and ice crystals, asparticipants in various chemical cycles, and as absorbers and scatterersof solar radiation, thereby influencing the radiation budget of theearth-atmosphere system, which in turn influences the climate on thesurface of the Earth." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "AIR QUALITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CARBON MONOXIDE", "UUID": "080389c4-68d4-41ee-ab89-070794038c8e", "definition": "A colorless, odorless, and very toxic gas; molecular formula CO. It is foundin trace quantities in the natural atmosphere, but also produced by theincomplete combustion of carbonaceous gasses." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EMISSIONS", "UUID": "2a60df4a-a0d7-4e4b-b02a-372a083f0170", "definition": "With respect to pollution, the discharge of gases or particles from asource such as a smokestack or exhaust pipe into the atmosphere, perhapsresulting in environmental pollution. With respect to radiation, thegeneration and sending out of radiant energy." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LEAD", "UUID": "c79453a3-ed2f-4ec4-9298-bf9fd11d08eb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NITROGEN OXIDES", "UUID": "e5563c99-0fb6-43a9-8e20-6b47b1144394" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 1.0)", "UUID": "a2bdd7e8-145e-4bbf-b10a-ef7a87fcb1ad" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 10)", "UUID": "2cd061e7-f351-46fa-8432-fb36faef3bbe", "definition": "PM10 describes inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 2.5)", "UUID": "686bd6b6-8305-4e33-a334-ef5d4f46a230", "definition": "A type of air pollution that consists of extremely small particles that are 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter. These particles are so small that thousands of them could fit in the period at the end of a sentence. PM2.5 is a mixture of dust, soot, organic chemicals, and metals that can come from a variety of sources, including cars, trucks, factories, and wood burning." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PARTICULATES", "UUID": "f9fe1bc0-88c5-4c26-9b4c-a9867d027685" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SMOG", "UUID": "bad08657-da2b-4e2b-9804-25c5732bc795" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SULFUR OXIDES", "UUID": "c3090318-c845-4242-bf2f-ff1631b88831" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TROPOSPHERIC OZONE", "UUID": "426aee98-764c-4c21-ab65-1e9d4bd6b0d0", "definition": "Ozone (O3) that is measured in the lowest 10-20 km of the Atmosphere.While the maximum concentration of ozone occurs between 20-25 km, ahigh concentration of ozone close to the Earth's surface is considered apublic health threat." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TURBIDITY", "UUID": "227cf2d4-968a-4312-89e6-8c6bcf616e5d", "definition": "The effect of (primarily) aerosols, through their total optical depth, in reducing the transmission of direct solar radiation to the surface below that through a purely molecular atmosphere.Measures of turbidity refer to the total aerosol optical depth, either directly at a specified wavelength (e.g., the Volz turbidity factor or the \u00c4ngstr\u00f6m turbidity coefficient, which is referenced to a wavelength of 1 \u03bcm), or indirectly by the ratio of aerosol to Rayleigh optical depth (e.g., the Linke turbidity factor)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VISIBILITY", "UUID": "9337898d-68dc-43d7-93a9-6afdb4ab1784" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS", "UUID": "1f3c543d-9ca9-4db4-b4a5-d3e2fd71e4a4", "definition": "Organic compounds (e.g. ethylene, propylene, benzene, styrene, acetone)which evaporate readily and contribute to air pollution directly orthrough chemical or photochemical reactions to produce secondary airpollutants." } ], "UUID": "77397026-09c9-44e0-b85f-77b2bc9b1630", "definition": "The study of air pollutants in the atmosphere." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ALTITUDE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BAROMETRIC ALTITUDE", "UUID": "5d703cfe-2f7c-4736-acbc-ec4e4f4f8eef", "definition": "Also called Pressure Altitude. Barometric Altitude is the altitude\nwhich corresponds to a given value of atmospheric pressure according to\nthe ICAO standard atmosphere. It is the indicated altitude of a pressure\naltimeter at an altimeter setting of 29.92 inches of mercury (1013.2\nmb); therefore it is the indicated altitude above the 1013.2 mb\nconstant-pressure surface. RT" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT", "UUID": "d6aec072-daf9-4f96-b667-6c7831cf6bdd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MESOPAUSE", "UUID": "dacbf270-1734-4503-bab8-a32cdaff3012" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER HEIGHT", "UUID": "765e92a7-8c14-47dc-bdd8-d85d132a11ee", "definition": "The height of the atmospheric layer from the Earth's surface up to analtitude of about 1 kilometer in which wind speed and direction areaffected by frictional interaction with objects on the Earth'ssurface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "STATION HEIGHT", "UUID": "2343baae-1c4a-4096-8cac-fea8ed7a984f", "definition": "Also called Station Elevation. Station Height is the vertical distanceabove mean sea level that is adopted as the reference datum level for allcurrent measurements of atmospheric pressure at the station." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "STRATOPAUSE", "UUID": "82191e97-53ba-413d-9a08-acd8b848e0b0", "definition": "The top of the inversion layer in the upper stratosphere at an altitudeof about 50 kilometers (31 miles)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TROPOPAUSE", "UUID": "c3447c90-7490-4f04-89c1-c5274ba8f8f6" } ], "UUID": "16bfcf54-f8e1-4c8e-9bd4-a1ac06ea95a0", "definition": "A measure of height, especially of great height, as a mountain top oraircraft flight level. In meteorology, altitude is used almost exclusivelywith respect to the height of an airborne object above the earth'ssurface, above a constant pressure surface, or above mean sea level." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ATMOSPHERE/SURFACE INTERACTIONS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GREENHOUSE GAS FLUX", "UUID": "1596f1cd-bbd2-4c95-9206-6b64acbbb15a", "definition": "The emissions or uptake (i.e., flux) of green house gases from a given region. GHG fluxes (sources and sinks) are typically classified into two categories, often termed \u201cbottom-up\u201d and \u201ctop-down.\u201d Top-down methods use atmospheric measurements to estimate fluxes, while bottom-up methods focus on using process-level understanding." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SURFACE MOISTURE FLUX", "UUID": "0c18c5bf-1a5b-4633-8e1c-b93be226be77", "definition": "Transfer of moisture across the interface between the atmosphere and the ocean or land surface due to precipitation and evaporation, including interactions with soil water content and surface water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SURFACE MOMENTUM FLUX", "UUID": "fe40d33a-a792-4e06-8b4a-70bd0210b5a0" } ], "UUID": "55b1e1e3-f6c1-439d-864c-f32a9ca8852c", "definition": "Any of a variety of interactions between the atmosphere and Earth surface that may include the exchange of energy, momentum, and trace species." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CARBON AND HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ACETYLENE", "UUID": "04833f72-ac6d-40b0-b1ae-1f55eb25b5dd", "definition": "Acetylene appears as a colorless gas with a faint garlic-like odor. Easily ignited and burns with a sooty flame. Gas is lighter than air. Flame may flash back to the source of a leak very easily. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CARBON DIOXIDE PROFILES", "UUID": "03ddc432-906d-4469-bb00-179c828dbea4", "definition": "A graph showing the variation of a meteorological event with height." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CARBON DIOXIDE SURFACE", "UUID": "194d8a3c-9cdd-45f3-8b4c-ce7830d9df46", "definition": "Measurement of Carbon Dioxide gas at the surface of the earth." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE", "UUID": "a65cfcfa-1028-4cc8-a4d5-9e78f487a612" } ], "UUID": "c3b81888-8a39-4b3f-8033-4c077797bcba" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC CARBON MONOXIDE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CARBON MONOXIDE PROFILES", "UUID": "ab3e5ad3-d2c0-4c63-b321-345307bda59d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CARBON MONOXIDE SURFACE", "UUID": "3965bb3f-fa0e-475e-a48c-5703c9ab9fe5", "definition": "Measurement of Carbon Monoxide gas at the surface of the earth." } ], "UUID": "88a1b416-1589-45a4-9923-452975ec35c7", "definition": "Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a toxic, odorless, colorless gas produced during fossil fuel or biomass burning. It is one of the longest-lived,naturally occurring atmospheric carbon compounds. The recent change in tropospheric CO content may portend a change in the balance between oxidants and reductants in the atmosphere." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS", "UUID": "cdab2cca-6767-427e-b464-09fe26ec59db" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DICARBON MONOXIDE", "UUID": "94863274-c0fc-4386-9bac-5b6f5d1b9d06" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ETHANE", "UUID": "93a95204-8ded-4cde-8937-38e373c41df6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FORMALDEHYDE", "UUID": "bc05d7d2-3c96-4bb6-b759-d45e3c673b86" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FORMIC ACID", "UUID": "eb1bfadc-8aa6-477b-af6a-6c320aa21351" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLYOXAL", "UUID": "890297e4-b53b-4ceb-aeef-02f41e747311", "definition": "Glyoxal is the dialdehyde that is the smallest possible and which consists of ethane having oxo groups on both carbons. It has a role as a pesticide, an agrochemical, an allergen and a plant growth regulator. In the atmosphere, it has a significant role as a intermediary in the oxidation of hydrocarbons." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROGEN CYANIDE", "UUID": "af157837-bdbd-4a9a-b24e-6a79adfef57f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYPOCHLOROUS MONOXIDE", "UUID": "c6b2279c-804f-42bf-aa8a-0c81f9ecf6cd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISOPRENE", "UUID": "9154777e-2e33-49b5-a21e-0a2638c57528" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METHANE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "METHANE CONCENTRATION", "UUID": "e3472035-3f48-4350-adbd-f57e79b29349" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "METHANE EMISSION RATE", "UUID": "9052eb78-103a-47ab-84a4-90c0c6b1da2a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "METHANE FLUX", "UUID": "900f9c46-3b70-4b4e-8131-503b186e2595" } ], "UUID": "7c892333-f4c4-4f81-b825-d6a86e107e9f", "definition": "Methane (CH4) is a colorless, odorless, flammable, greenhouse gas. It\nis released naturally into the air from marshes, swamps, rice\nfields, ruminant animals (such as cattle), and sewage sludge. CH4 is\nalso released from methane-producing bacteria (methanogens) that live\nin anaerobic places. [Solar Energy; v52n6; 467-477; 1994.] [Air, The\nNature of Atmosphere and the Climate; Michael Allaby; pages 39,40;\n1992; Facts on File; New York] [Dictionary of Science;\tR.K. Barnhart;\npage 398; 1986; Houghton Mifflin Company; Boston.]" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METHANOL", "UUID": "228c14d1-e9bf-4c25-a67b-92c99bc2a8b7", "definition": "Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH (often abbreviated MeOH). Methanol acquired the name 'wood alcohol' because it was once produced chiefly as a byproduct of the destructive distillation of wood. Modern methanol is produced in a catalytic industrial process directly from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METHYL CYANIDE", "UUID": "35721fc2-a968-487f-ad85-6307a18e4af6", "definition": "Methyl Cyanide (CH3CN), also known as acetonitrile, is emitted from incomplete\ncombustion of vegetable matter, notably biomass, for example, cigarettes.\nAcetonitrile is relatively unreactive in the troposphere and thus reaches the\nstratosphere, where it participates in ionmolecule reactions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NON-METHANE HYDROCARBONS/VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "AROMATICS", "UUID": "b54f0b2f-139c-4e8a-85cf-762dbe5bff16" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MONOTERPENES", "UUID": "6453b25b-df0b-4643-8fa4-ddc5976b87c9", "definition": "Any class of terpenes that contains two isoprene units per model and have the molecular formula C\u2081\u2080H\u2081\u2086." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TOLUENE", "UUID": "a34924f3-459b-45d4-a5d0-218cf93a379d" } ], "UUID": "06d230f1-08f8-48cc-9bbd-5f2358a84d13", "definition": "Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are hydrocarbons such as ethylene,\nbutane, hexane, propane and, by definition, exclude the first member of\nthat analogous series, CH4. Large quantities of NMHCs are emitted from\nvegetation, the vast majority as isoprene, C5H8. This emission is\nsignificant compared to that of anthropogenic NMHC. [Nature; v329;\n705-707; 1987.] [Nature; v329; 705-707; 1987.]" } ], "UUID": "19ab681c-bdd7-4793-bbdb-1ec498575314", "definition": "Carbon (C) is the 12th element in the periodic table. Carbon is one of the mostversatile elements and combines itself with many other elements to form a hugevariety of organic compounds including hydrocarbons and their derivitives.

\nHydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of carbon and hydrogen, but theterm is often applied to derivitives of hydrocarbons consisting of oxygen,halogens, etc. Hydrocarbons can occur from both natural and anthropogenicemissions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HALOCARBONS AND HALOGENS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BROMINE MONOXIDE", "UUID": "39c478bd-620e-455c-904d-4621965e376c", "definition": "Bromine Monoxide (BrO) is one of many bromine (Br)-containing compounds that\noccur in the atmosphere from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The major\nsource compounds are CH3Br (both natural and anthropogenic in origin), the\nhalons (manufactured for use as fire suppressants), and dibromomethane CH2Br2\n(emitted from the oceans). Destruction of these compounds results in the\nformation of a suite of inorganic Br-containing species, including bromine\natoms (Br), bromine monoxide (BrO), bromine nitrate (BrNO3), hypobromous acid\n(HOBr), and hydrogen bromide (HBr). The chemistry that acts to interconvert\nthese inorganic species results in depletion of ozone in the stratosphere." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CARBON TETRACHLORIDE", "UUID": "1ecb1e7c-50fc-4951-b610-5140475d87ed", "definition": "CCl4, a compound consisting of a carbon and 4 chlorines that is active in ozone depletion when the compound is broken down and releases chlorine atoms (radicals). Chlorine reacts with the ozone creating diatomic oxygen and chlorine monoxide which cycles back to chlorine radicals." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CARBON TETRAFLUORIDE", "UUID": "cf96b289-d316-4abc-8540-b8849e2f6140" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CARBONYL FLUORIDE", "UUID": "cbfabd7a-7032-4f67-acd8-8f6f1e026eff" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHLORINE DIOXIDE", "UUID": "a56d397b-bff5-4a14-b54c-366470e023c7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHLORINE MONOXIDE", "UUID": "6f96d1bd-f6ba-437a-9079-c575c4822248", "definition": "ClO - a radical species which plays an important role in the breakdown\nof stratospheric ozone over Antarctica. Formed by the photolysis of CFCs\nin the stratosphere and the subsequent destruction of an ozone molecule,\nthese radicals can act as a catalyst in the destruction of ozone while not\nbeing destroyed themselves. ClO, reacting with a oxygen atom (present from\nthe Chapman Mechanism), releases a free chlorine radical once again. As a\nresult, one Cl atom can destroy thousands of ozone molecules before being\nsequestered as HCl or another reservoir species (see chlorine nitrate).\n[Earth Island Journal; v 7; page 18; 1992.] [Chronicle of Higher\nEducation; v 38; pages A6-A7; 1992.]" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHLORINE NITRATE", "UUID": "a9104127-6846-4123-8ab0-b65c61a0018d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CFC-11", "UUID": "94472216-6cd7-434b-beec-17067fb69b2e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CFC-12", "UUID": "97efdb7f-b2aa-4a6d-b338-30f3ad849c1f" } ], "UUID": "e78ae4ce-807a-4417-ad6e-a458c6da6638" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HALOCARBONS", "UUID": "13588158-07b6-4294-a00c-fa095b6ad4fd", "definition": "Halocarbons containing chlorine and bromine are among the mostpotent greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. They do not occur naturally butare produced industrially in large quantities. The best known members ofthis group of chemicals are the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) [seedefinition], which are widely used as solvents, refrigerants, spray-canpropellants and foaming agents. Also significant are the halons,bromine-based compounds used as fire-extinguishing agents." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HALONS", "UUID": "33e3c858-25ee-4a5e-a938-93779679ed06", "definition": "Halon: a compound consisting of bromine, fluorine, and carbonHalons are used as fire extinguishing agents, both in built-in systems and in handheld portable fire extinguishers. Halon production in the U.S. ended on December 31, 1993, because they contribute to ozone depletion. They cause ozone depletion because they contain bromine. Bromine is many times more effective at destroying ozone than chlorine. At the time the current U.S. tax code was adopted, the ozone depletion potentials of halon 1301 and halon 1211 were observed to be 10 and 3, respectively. These values are used for tax calculations. Recent scientific studies, however, indicate that the ODPs are at least 12 and 6, respectively. Note: technically, all compounds containing carbon and fluorine and/or chlorine are halons, but in the context of the Clean Air Act, 'halon' means a fire extinguishing agent as described above. A table of class I substances (http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/ods/classone.html) shows their ODPs, GWPs, and CAS numbers. Halons are numbered according to a standard scheme." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBONS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HCFC-22", "UUID": "f2464ebf-811a-43c2-bd50-9e80e03e07b3" } ], "UUID": "f6b97280-74d0-4233-bd17-f9f3d9dd21c2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROFLUOROCARBONS", "UUID": "ed5106fd-a73f-4203-87a3-9c9e7e85dcfc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROGEN CHLORIDE", "UUID": "146a0a0b-1b42-41a6-b1f7-a27615b006a0", "definition": "A toxic, colorless, strongly acidic gas (HCl) that dissolves readily in water\nto form hydrochloric acid. \nIn the troposphere, hydrochloric acid can be produced from the reaction of\nnitric acid or sulfuric acid with sea-salt particles (NaCl). It is also\ninvolved in the formation of ammonium chloride aerosol. HCl is also the most\nabundant form of chlorine in an inorganic compound found in the stratosphere.\nProduced there predominantly from the reaction of Cl atoms with methane and\nmolecular hydrogen, it acts as a temporary, relatively unreactive reservoir\nspecies for chlorine." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROGEN FLUORIDE", "UUID": "ff9f8056-84d6-4fbc-abe0-9b6e82ed3f5e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYPOCHLOROUS ACID", "UUID": "27d63fe6-9970-46fd-9b22-a58e52efc57b", "definition": "Hypochlorous acid (HOCL) is a weak, unstable acid.\nHypochlorous acid is also a minor component of the gas-phase inorganic chlorinebudget in the stratosphere. It is formed there largely from reaction of\nhydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) with chlorine monoxide (ClO) radicals, and from thehydrolysis of chlorine nitrate on stratospheric aerosols. It is subject to\nquite rapid photolysis in the sunlit atmosphere." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METHYL BROMIDE", "UUID": "9b6ca807-7719-48aa-864d-ebb45a519ff8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METHYL CHLORIDE", "UUID": "676248f0-75cd-466d-93f1-351440027c82", "definition": "CH3Cl, this compound supplies chlorine to the stratosphere by occasional volcanic eruptions and by tropospheric to stratospheric transport. Methyl chloride is also produced by seaweed. The natural chlorine content of the stratosphere as a consequence of these sources is about 0.6 ppbv." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METHYL FLUORIDE", "UUID": "50753922-d435-4c1a-a4ad-8caa9a67afcb", "definition": "Methyl fluoride (or fluoromethane) is a colorless flammable gas which is heavier than air. It has an agreeable ether-like odor. It is narcotic in high concentrations. It burns with evolution of hydrogen fluoride. The flame is colorless, similar to alcohol. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket." } ], "UUID": "d46a5046-e1c6-4a09-a2f1-db6a21eda611" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEUTERIUM OXIDE/HEAVY WATER", "UUID": "4904a081-ffb5-430c-b659-08cd55d41818", "definition": "Deuterium oxide (D2O), aka \u201cheavy water\u201d, is the form of water that contains two atoms of the 2H, or D, isotope. The term heavy water is also used for water in which 2H atoms replace only some of the 1H atoms. In this case, rapid exchange between the two isotopes forms twice as many \u201csemiheavy\u201d HDO molecules as D2O." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROGEN OXIDES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HYDROGEN OXIDE PROFILES", "UUID": "4a4379fb-1dbb-40ff-8c74-f2b8edda55ec", "definition": "Used in long-term monitoring of ozone chemistry.Collected by the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network (GGGRN)" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HYDROGEN OXIDE SURFACE", "UUID": "f1550163-0584-4935-80bb-63c3b6ab8cfc" } ], "UUID": "3a79e7ec-4ab3-44c6-84bd-d0a67788453f", "definition": "The simple systematic name for water, H2O." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROGEN-DEUTERIUM OXIDE", "UUID": "f259ddd3-87d3-4a2f-b39d-ed3cce629f3d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROPEROXY", "UUID": "d8494f01-bcec-4232-ad78-fbd92c242e62" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROXYL", "UUID": "5b49fd6d-3759-4b61-8b04-8309f38b2f90", "definition": "Hydroxyl (OH) - an atom consisting of one hydrogen atom and one oxygen\natom which does not normally exist in a stable form; this radical readily\nreacts with methane and carbon monoxide. The source of the hydroxyl\nradical in the atmosphere occurs primarily through the 1) photolysis of\nhydrogen peroxide, heat, and light and 2) the attack on water of an\nexcited oxygen radical (created by the photolysis of ozone). [JAPCA; v39;\n704; 1989] [Journal of Chemical Society; v85; 577; 1989.]" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MOLECULAR HYDROGEN", "UUID": "e073c9d4-5a61-436c-8890-2695c4e825eb" } ], "UUID": "d8dcfd36-f71c-499f-84f5-43da9fee26c5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NITROGEN COMPOUNDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AMMONIA", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "AMMONIA EMISSION FLUX", "UUID": "bf1b3390-3afb-45aa-acae-c6e2bed39d38" } ], "UUID": "6a745a5e-829c-43f5-8d5a-6fb549e7b81b", "definition": "Ammonia (NH3) is a reduced nitrogen gas and is emitted in large quantities fromanimal feedstocks, sewerage plants, etc. Ammonia is very soluble in water andis scavenged from the lower atmosphere by clouds. Ammonia is the most abundantalkaline gas in the atmosphere and plays a large role in neutralizing acidityfrom sulfuric and nitric acids via formation of the ammonium ion." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC NITRIC ACID", "UUID": "b7bbed0f-24a1-44d8-a10d-92541cd2c05b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD-SCREENED TOTAL COLUMN NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2)", "UUID": "6c5a6bbe-a12f-4030-9220-2013db36cf47", "definition": "Refers to a measurement of the total amount of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) present in a vertical column of the atmosphere, where data points affected by clouds have been removed or 'screened out' to provide a more accurate representation of the overall NO2 concentration in a given area; essentially, it is a satellite-based measurement of atmospheric NO2 that only considers clear sky observations, eliminating the influence of clouds on the data." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD-SCREENED TROPOSHERIC COLUMN NO2", "UUID": "d92ae6cc-989b-45b8-92d3-68008356c2b0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DINITROGEN PENTOXIDE", "UUID": "9ca9519d-c62b-42ea-8c91-cad06cfc59cb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MOLECULAR NITROGEN", "UUID": "3c3b37d4-b934-4057-b8e4-438523ae88e3", "definition": "Nitrogen (N2) is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas which makes up 78.1%\nof the atmosphere. Atmospheric nitrogen is converted by nitrogen fixation\nand nitrification into compounds used by plants and animals. In the far\nupper atmosphere, N2 is broken down when large numbers of energetic\nsecondary electrons are produced and available to react with the N2. This\nleads to the eventual production of NO. (Crutzen, Paul J. and T.E.\nGraedel, Atmospheric Change. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 147.)\n(Webster's New World Dictionary. Prentice Hall, New York, 918.)" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NITRIC OXIDE", "UUID": "82a60ed8-5414-4ce0-858c-c50b27b12bc8", "definition": "Nitric oxide (NO) is a colorless gas, the most common form of nitrogen emitted\ninto the atmosphere, either by fuel combustion or due to natural emissions. \nNitric oxide is interconverted with nitrogen dioxide fairly readily in the\natmosphere, resulting in catalytic cycles leading to ozone formation in the\ntroposphere and ozone loss in the stratosphere." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NITROGEN", "UUID": "ef36cb15-ad64-4bdc-9331-42cc5b493671" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NITROGEN DIOXIDE", "UUID": "f8e65155-27c1-483e-a9b8-85399897c3ae" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NITROGEN OXIDES", "UUID": "e82ebd1c-8241-4ca0-95a9-a6e1432519cd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NITROUS OXIDE", "UUID": "cf08917f-4cef-456f-99b0-57dc468da877" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PEROXYACETYL NITRATE", "UUID": "e66fdcc7-3a94-48a0-aa21-5964f9ddaf23" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "Peroxyacyl Nitrate", "UUID": "d44d3115-91d1-4655-9e6e-babfe39e1632" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PEROXYNITRIC ACID", "UUID": "c2b7b126-8737-4933-ba27-fe64226a0363" } ], "UUID": "9e5ec924-2fd3-4cbb-a7eb-ffde114d0cb9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NOBLE GAS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC RADON", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RADON PROFILES", "UUID": "0857df34-93ca-4c8e-a909-3621ea1dcbe7", "definition": "A vertical representation of the measurement of Radon (chemical symbol Rn, an odorless, colorless, radioactive gas). Radon comes from the natural decay of uranium and radium found in nearly all rocks and soils." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RADON SURFACE", "UUID": "7b6f32f2-7123-488b-9c9b-98acdc0c6f5a", "definition": "The measurement of Radon (chemical symbol Rn, an odorless, colorless, radioactive gas) at the surface of the earth. Radon comes from the natural decay of uranium and radium found in nearly all rocks and soils." } ], "UUID": "a81f6b17-2a16-4600-84b6-bcbcc5c29d2f" } ], "UUID": "18d9ddbb-66cc-4b92-aa8d-2395ab3a17ce", "definition": "Noble gases makes up a class of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity. The six naturally occurring noble gases are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the radioactive radon (Rn). Oganesson (Og) is variously predicted to be a noble gas as well or to break the trend due to relativistic effects; its chemistry has not yet been investigated." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OXYGEN COMPOUNDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC OZONE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "OZONE PROFILES", "UUID": "959878c8-b02a-4bb8-ad10-96ae31ebe59f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "OZONE SURFACE", "UUID": "e00bfcb8-8968-400d-af2e-86a288f3443f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TOTAL OZONE", "UUID": "b9107ec3-c777-4e71-9046-55bd7ed57ef0" } ], "UUID": "dd316647-9043-40c3-9329-f22f9215fefa" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROGEN PEROXIDE", "UUID": "75662ed3-35c5-41ee-abba-51ce435d1b31", "definition": "Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O 2. In its pure form, it is a very pale blue[5] liquid, slightly more viscous than water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MOLECULAR OXYGEN", "UUID": "61f4f3d0-7895-4cce-94e3-d249001d5ee8", "definition": "Oxygen (O2) is found on Earth as a gas and constitutes about 20.8% of the\nair we breathe. Elemental molecular oxygen consists of two oxygen atoms\nbonded together. A photochemical reaction of oxygen is (ultimately)\nresponsible for the production of ozone in the stratosphere. Oxygen\nconcentrations found in ice core samples have been used to determine past\natmospheric levels of oxygen and helped in determining past climates.\n[Nature; v351; 217-219; 1991.] [Nature; v365; 143-147; 1993.]" } ], "UUID": "4cc9b4fa-5097-447f-914c-eb90820938c6", "definition": "Oxygen (O) (and molecular oxygen (O2)) is the second most abundant species in the atmosphere. The abundance of O2 remains fairly constant in the atmosphere up to about 80km where it photodissociates to atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen is formed from the photolysis of molecular oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the atmosphere. Below about 40 km, atomic oxygen recombines with O2 to form ozone. Above 40 km, oxygen can participate in other chemical reactions that cause the destruction of ozone." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PHOTOCHEMISTRY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PHOTOLYSIS RATES", "UUID": "0fd2b083-e65c-443b-9794-2c355ebac06b", "definition": "The destruction of a molecule by electromagnetic radiation, which provides\nthe energy required for a constituent atom to break the chemical bonds\nbetween it and the other atoms comprising the molecule. [Environmental\nScience and Technology; v.28; p.1300; 1994.][Review of Scientific\nInstruments; v.59; p.1307; 1988.]" } ], "UUID": "6433e330-3797-4cf9-a8ba-d26d39624459", "definition": "The study of the chemical and physical changes occurring when a molecule or atom absorbs\u00a0light." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SULFUR COMPOUNDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CARBONYL SULFIDE", "UUID": "bde65cfd-faec-4656-bc27-22dfe30912b7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DIMETHYL SULFIDE", "UUID": "5d282de9-162a-4aeb-a48d-4569fbbd5205", "definition": "Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is released by bacteria on the continents and in\nthe oceans. Oxidized in the marine atmosphere to partially form cloud\ncondensation nuclei and this may effect the formation of clouds over the\noceans. [Nature; v326, 655, 1987.] [Nature; v237, 452, 1972.]" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SULFATE", "UUID": "2ab4134d-1ac7-4421-a7a6-659a542aff4c", "definition": "The sulfate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula SO42\u2212 and a molecular mass of 96.06 daltons; it consists of a central sulfur atom surrounded by four equivalent oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. The sulfate ion carries a negative two charge and is the conjugate base of the bisulfate (or hydrogen sulfate) ion, HSO4\u2212, which is the conjugate base of H2SO4, sulfuric acid. Organic sulfates, such as dimethyl sulfate, are covalent compounds and esters of sulfuric acid.Sulfates occur as microscopic particles (aerosols) resulting from fossil fuel and biomass combustion. They increase the acidity of the atmosphere and form acid rain." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SULFUR DIOXIDE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SULFUR DIOXIDE PROFILES", "UUID": "25664d90-f32e-490f-97e4-720e3903d775", "definition": "A vertical representation of the acidic gas, formula SO2, formed in the combustion of many fuels and in the oxidation of naturally occurring sulfur gases measured at the earth's surface. It is the primary sulfur gas emitted from combustion sources and is a precursor to sulfuric acid, which is a major constituent of acid rain." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SULFUR DIOXIDE SURFACE", "UUID": "022f3225-3b23-4e56-a6ea-c21f08f9e179", "definition": "Acidic gas, formula SO2, formed in the combustion of many fuels and in the oxidation of naturally occurring sulfur gases measured at the earth's surface. It is the primary sulfur gas emitted from combustion sources and is a precursor to sulfuric acid, which is a major constituent of acid rain." } ], "UUID": "f5717312-c3ca-4492-a166-9f17c6d9b273" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE PROFILES", "UUID": "958983a1-feee-4139-8a67-b059382e6c06" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE SURFACE", "UUID": "fceaf7e0-c22b-40a1-ba1d-37616031dba6" } ], "UUID": "b4c7dec8-6a9a-4424-8f80-4ad1ed0bc5ec" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SULFUR OXIDES", "UUID": "cc676fb2-cf17-413d-bb00-0b95d231f157" } ], "UUID": "b80a242d-d5f5-4a5f-976c-6f6fe2ab6b2c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TRACE ELEMENTS/TRACE METALS", "UUID": "2d36c283-2fe3-4a08-aeb3-6a8146e79bb3", "definition": "Trace elements are elements that occur in minute quantities. Trace elementscan include copper, silicon, cobalt, iron, zinc, iodine, and manganese." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TRACE GASES/TRACE SPECIES", "UUID": "4dd22dc9-1db4-4187-a2b7-f5b76d666055", "definition": "Trace gases in the atmosphere that do not occur in large quantities but\nare significant to life on Earth or are important constituents of the\nchemical cycles in the atmosphere. [Journal of American Hygienist\nAssociation; v54; 639-46; 1993.] [Atmospheric Environment B; v27B; 275-82;\n1993.]" } ], "UUID": "b9c56939-c624-467d-b196-e56a5b660334" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC CONDUCTIVITY", "UUID": "12b1cc7c-cb81-4851-9163-19c04a8ffd1c", "definition": "A unit measure of electrical conduction; the facility with which asubstance conducts electricity, as represented by the current density perunit electrical- potential gradient in the direction of flow." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ELECTRIC FIELD", "UUID": "41f27172-14f6-4940-9b7b-f3d4db69e0c6", "definition": "The region in which electric forces can be observed, e.g. near an\nelectric charge. As a field, it may also be viewed as a region of space\nmodified by the presence of electric charges." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LIGHTNING", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "THUNDER HOUR", "UUID": "28c0f62a-1579-4781-af4e-6cbd7f2c6c4c", "definition": "Thunder hours represent a historical measure of lightning occurrence and a metric of thunderstorm frequency that is comparatively less sensitive to geographic variations in the detection capabilities of a lightning location system. Thunder hours can be calculated for the entire globe using ground-based detection networks (DiGangi et al. 2022) or satellite-based systems (Cecil et al. 2015). These datasets offer a way to observe long-term trends of lightning across the diurnal cycle. Thunder hours can be developed from multiple lightning observation systems where at the temporal and spatial scale used, the various differences in observational techniques are mitigated. Thunder hour datasets are being produced for the World Meteorological Organization to provide an easy to produce, long-term, global lightning observations.\n\nThe DiGangi et al. (2022) abstract states that thunder hours are an intuitive measure of thunderstorm frequency where the 1-h interval corresponds to the life-span of most thunderstorms, and the hourly temporal resolution of the data also represents long-lived systems well. Flash-density-observing systems are incredibly useful, but they have some drawbacks that limit how they can be used to quantify global thunderstorm activity on a climatological scale: flash density distributions derived from satellite observations must sacrifice a great deal of their spatial resolution in order to capture the diurnal convective cycle, and the detection efficiencies of ground-based lightning detection systems are not uniform in space or constant in time. Examining convective patterns in the context of thunder hours lends insight into thunderstorm activity without being heavily influenced by network performance, making thunder hours particularly useful for studying thunderstorm climatology." } ], "UUID": "637ac172-e624-4ae0-aac4-0d1adcc889a2", "definition": "Generally, any and all of the various forms of visibleelectrical discharge produced by thunderstorms." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT", "UUID": "cac28264-0788-49a9-bb6a-c2251b0b325c" } ], "UUID": "0af72e0e-52a5-4695-9eaf-d6fbb7991039", "definition": "Electrical phenomena, regarded collectively, which occur in theEarth's atmosphere." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AIR MASS/DENSITY", "UUID": "7a4c13fb-3f2d-49d9-9158-ed84743355fc", "definition": "Air mass/density is a fundamental property of atmosphere. Mixture of gases forming Earth's atmosphere, consisting of nitrogen (\u223c78%), oxygen (\u223c21%), water vapor, and other trace gases such as carbon dioxide, helium, argon, ozone, or various pollutants.The concentration of water vapor is very variable, being a strong function of temperature and, hence, altitude in the atmosphere. Dry air is referred to as air from which measurable amounts of water vapor have been physically removed. Pure, dry air has a density of 1.293 kg m\u22123 at a temperature of 273 K and a pressure of 101.325 kPa. Apart from the variability of water vapor, the composition of air is essentially constant to an altitude of at least 50 km." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ANTICYCLONES/CYCLONES", "UUID": "178694aa-5f0a-4de5-a193-74e323dc6aa9", "definition": "An anticyclone is a dome of air that exerts relatively highatmospheric pressure compared with the surrounding air at a given level. Acyclone is a weather system characterised by relatively low surface airpressure at a given level and a closed cyclonic wind circulation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS", "UUID": "9efbc088-ba8c-4c9c-a458-ad6ad63f4188" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE", "UUID": "5d7e487d-0ec4-40ef-9811-401779c31794", "definition": "The difference between static air pressure and the total air pressureproduced by forward motion of an aircraft." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GRAVITY WAVE", "UUID": "7e6f7c15-32e7-4b6e-bd35-7bff4bc03caf", "definition": "A wave disturbance in which buoyancy acts as the restoring force onparcels displaced from hydrostatic equilibrium." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE", "UUID": "a5aa7055-642d-4442-9b4b-76a759e15257" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OSCILLATIONS", "UUID": "c0656cbc-5d94-4945-bbfd-1c8eabb059b2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER HEIGHT", "UUID": "f51a3caf-c5ec-496a-8dd3-854d9bb994e7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PLANETARY/ROSSBY WAVES", "UUID": "6f262b9b-2cb8-4745-ae41-5fff23c72a1e", "definition": "A wave on a uniform current in a two-dimensional nondivergent fluid system,\nrotating with varying angle speed about the local vertical (beta plane)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PRESSURE ANOMALIES", "UUID": "011bed30-f5b6-4b46-a7ce-797851f24f24", "definition": "The deviation of atmospheric pressure in a given region over a specifiedperiod from the long-term average value for the same region." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PRESSURE TENDENCY", "UUID": "fa98caa0-54dc-465e-9bde-cdf4da905994" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PRESSURE THICKNESS", "UUID": "be027470-35ab-4ebb-a213-5f557cca71c8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA LEVEL PRESSURE", "UUID": "07ce145c-9936-4675-b4a7-8710e39aa391", "definition": "The atmospheric pressure at mean sea level, either directly measured, or,most commonly, empirically determined from the observed station pressure." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "STATIC PRESSURE", "UUID": "622c44b4-e307-4c11-af4d-8104de7086e5", "definition": "The component of the force measured perpendicular to the flow per unitarea orientated parallel to the direction of fluid flow." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SURFACE PRESSURE", "UUID": "b54de5cd-4475-4c7b-acbc-4eb529b9396e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TOPOGRAPHIC WAVES", "UUID": "b13a29a1-47a0-4d8b-a017-398b364dc202" } ], "UUID": "08fd82a1-4370-46a2-82ea-94c0f91498a7", "definition": "The pressure exerted by the atmosphere as a consequence of gravitationalattraction exerted upon the 'column' of air lying directly above the pointin question." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ABSORPTION", "UUID": "061f7fd0-67af-42bf-bc9f-5a007c146f65", "definition": "The process by which incident radiant energy is retained by a substance.The absorbed radiation is converted to another form of energy according tothe nature of the absorbing medium." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ACTINIC FLUX", "UUID": "ec839718-ba64-4bc5-8458-fae7390e11c4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AIRGLOW", "UUID": "bf22e55d-fbff-4eaf-8592-68be24e2bc32" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ALBEDO", "UUID": "48c16952-b6e0-40cd-b6dd-7cdbf5a443a1", "definition": "Albedo is the ratio of the radiation (radiant energy or luminousenergy) reflected by a surface to that incident on it. Snow and cloudsurfaces have a high albedo, because most of the energy of the visiblesolar spectrum is reflected. Vegetation and ocean surfaces have lowalbedo, because they absorb a large fraction of the energy. Clouds are thechief cause of variations in the Earth's albedo." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ANISOTROPY", "UUID": "31a14270-6275-4155-961f-b78b60ee05f7", "definition": "Anisotropy is the characteristic of a surface for which a physical\nproperty, such as reflectivity, varies in value with the direction in or\nalong which the measurement is made." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC EMITTED RADIATION", "UUID": "1ed8ac8d-3a66-4b86-be30-a5b79b3806d2", "definition": "The part of the terrestrial radiation which is emitted by the atmosphere." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC HEATING", "UUID": "06a24fd2-38b6-4a4a-a0cf-1abf149283e2", "definition": "Atmospheric heating has been used to refer to the heat transfer or heatbalance of the Earth's atmosphere. Heat transfer is the exchange of heatby radiation, conduction, or convection. Heat balance is the balance ofthe gains and losses of heat at any point in the atmosphere." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EARTH RADIATION BUDGET", "UUID": "7cacbfdf-71a3-4fac-b690-9aa54e4060dd", "definition": "The Earth Radiation Budget is the balance between incoming energy from the sun and the outgoing longwave (thermal) and reflected shortwave energy from the Earth.[Source: Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, https://marine.rutgers.edu/cool/education/class/yuri/erb.html]" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM (EMS)", "UUID": "a05e2b76-0d60-44f2-8fda-9ced8e21d60b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EMISSIVITY", "UUID": "49c8770a-2eb7-40f1-aab0-9c12d3aed031", "definition": "The ratio of the emittance of a given surface at a specified wavelengthand emitting temperature to the emittance of an ideal black body at thesame wavelength and temperature. Emissivity has a value between 0 (least)and one (greatest)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "46a3c823-727d-4c3c-b09d-e3e3fcaa43a5", "definition": "Heat flux is the amount of heat that is transferred across a surface of\nunit area in a unit of time. Also refers to latent and sensible heat\nfluxes in the atmosphere and between the Earth's surface and\natmosphere." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION", "UUID": "6b3be650-6625-40b5-9b40-9e7c8a9fd336", "definition": "In general, solar radiation received at the earth's surface. The amount of\ndirect solar radiation incident upon a unit horizontal surface at a specific\nlevel on or above the surface of the earth. \nIncoming solar radiation is solar radition that has not been scattered or\nabsorbed." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LONGWAVE RADIATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DOWNWELLING LONGWAVE RADIATION", "UUID": "bd6270d3-dd4d-41ed-a6c2-58abe926017c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "UPWELLING LONGWAVE RADIATION", "UUID": "82f5ea3b-63f3-47a8-ad41-24cd5914afd1", "definition": "The infrared energy emitted from the earth at wavelengths between about 5 and 25 micrometers." } ], "UUID": "68323795-3614-462f-8259-bd5293620799", "definition": "Longwave radiation is radiation with wavelengths longer than 4 micros. Also referred to as infrared radiation or terrestrial radiation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NET RADIATION", "UUID": "50ee8910-449b-46c8-a59b-1cd76d632b44", "definition": "Net radiation refers to the difference between the downward and upward(total and terrestrial) radiation. The net flux of all radiations. Canalsorefer to the net solar radiation which is the difference between the sola\\r radiations directed downwards and upwards." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OPTICAL DEPTH/THICKNESS", "UUID": "13723b5d-1945-4e62-8672-4535ffdddb87", "definition": "In radiative transfer, optical thickness or optical depth is the mass ofa given absorbing or emitting material in a vertical column ofunit cross-sectional area and extending between two specifiedlevels." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION", "UUID": "006b1ea6-222d-4740-b220-03886d49cd81", "definition": "The outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) refers specifically to theradiation emitted by the Earth and its atmosphere (the terrestrialradiation). Satellite measurements of the OLR from terrestrial surfacesand clouds show that OLR is low over cold land and high clouds and highover hot land surfaces. Climate variations, such as El Nino SouthernOscillation (ENSO) can be measured from OLR anomalies from longer-termvariations." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POLARIZED REFLECTANCE", "UUID": "a87d6473-3a03-4bc6-aa21-6157fae96b8e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RADIATIVE FLUX", "UUID": "107582ef-a356-4afa-a9a4-4e1d2200c134", "definition": "The amount of radiation incident on a given surface per unit time." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RADIATIVE FORCING", "UUID": "4fad64ce-32fe-413d-8b55-c78000d1980c", "definition": "A change imposed upon the climate system which modifies the radiativebalance of that system. The causes of such a change may include changes inthe sun, clouds, ice, greenhouse gases, volcanic activity, and otheragents. Radiative forcing is often specified as the net change in energyflux at the troposphere (watts per square meter). Radiative forcing maysometimes be referred to as external forcing or perturbations of theclimate." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "REFLECTANCE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TOP OF ATMOSPHERE (TOA) REFLECTANCE", "UUID": "c1cb99a3-67a4-4ad8-855a-e98a1e0b23ac" } ], "UUID": "bdfd401f-7eed-4a48-bd6f-f0c2a890594a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SCATTERING", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RAYLEIGH SCATTERING", "UUID": "cc8c80ae-0c01-4185-9255-b8dc77d18279" } ], "UUID": "ec9e0b6a-1315-4569-93bc-0f1190bb8c08" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SHORTWAVE RADIATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DOWNWELLING SHORTWAVE RADIATION", "UUID": "74de6492-617b-4046-8a4e-1336c3238a7e", "definition": "Downward portion of shortwave radiation. Shortwave radiation is typically solar in origin and has wavelengths shorter than 4 microns." } ], "UUID": "a8f5c969-34e9-4284-afb5-ff2113f5f881" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLAR IRRADIANCE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SHORTWAVE DOWNWARD IRRADIANCE", "UUID": "e1af236f-ee88-4b10-8feb-70d9e09f90be" } ], "UUID": "de7647c9-b129-4cba-afe4-63fa9998206e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLAR RADIATION", "UUID": "a0f3474e-9a54-4a82-97c4-43864b48df4c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE", "UUID": "b7a45c57-b652-469a-a3f2-8d38555bf478" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SUNSHINE", "UUID": "86c95fdb-17b9-4224-a020-b1aacbea00fd", "definition": "Direct radiation from the Sun, as opposed to the shading of a locationby clouds or other obstructions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TRANSMITTANCE", "UUID": "714be1d7-2012-4a98-bdd5-02bbcadf69d8", "definition": "A measure of the amount of radiation propagated through a given medium.defined as the ratio of transmitted radiation to the total radiationincident upon the medium. Also known as transmissivity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "UV SPECTRAL", "UUID": "782b60de-9ac2-4e6c-9dfa-cd52c4cf1ea0", "definition": "Pertaining to electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than visible radiation but longer than x-rays at specific ranges." } ], "UUID": "90e7fd13-2da2-4ba6-9e0c-dbecdf7c2215" } ], "UUID": "4ad0c52d-6449-48ff-8678-adc6b2cebcb7", "definition": "Radiation budget refers to the difference between the absorbed solarradiation and the net infrared radiation. The radiation budget takes intoaccount the sum of all radiation, transferred in all directions, throughthe Earth's atmosphere and to and from space. The radiation budget (orradiation balance) controls the Earth's temperature and rainfall." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY", "UUID": "ff5d5c12-74d9-435d-9164-1c9d69f967d7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE INDICES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COMMON SENSE CLIMATE INDEX", "UUID": "1d527151-57b2-49ed-9937-c1756a704ce9", "definition": "Our climate index is a simple measure of the degree, if any, to which practical climate change is occurring. It also illustrates natural climate variability, thus revealing how difficult it is to reliably perceive a change of quantities that are naturally \u2018\u2018noisy\u2019\u2019 or chaotic. Our aim is to help people judge whether or not climate fluctuations are a significant indication of change and to provide improved understanding of climate variability.More Information: http://data.giss.nasa.gov/csci/" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COOLING DEGREE DAYS", "UUID": "2590519a-c2bb-448a-b2f3-d10aaa7e057c", "definition": "A form of degree-day used to estimate the energy requirements for air conditioning or refrigeration; one cooling degree-day is given for each Fahrenheit degree that the daily mean temperature departs above the base of 24\u00b0C (75\u00b0F)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FREEZING INDEX", "UUID": "2329bf96-d927-4993-95f9-93551d787ad7", "definition": "(Also called 'coldness sun.') As used by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, the number of Fahrenheit degree-days (above and below 32\u00b0F) between the highest and lowest points on the cumulative degree-days time curve for one freezing season." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GROWING DEGREE DAYS", "UUID": "a43f9a02-769d-4343-8790-fa29a0507f44" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HEAT INDEX", "UUID": "289ca013-0526-49e0-8b87-51513702e8f4", "definition": "The heat index (HI) or \u201capparent temperature\u201d is an approximation of how hot it \u201cfeels\u201d for a given combination of air temperature and relative humidity (RH). Generally, higher RH values at the same temperature feel warmer or more stressful because of less evaporative cooling when people perspire. The HI is the result of extensive biometeorological studies over a period of decades by various researchers, most notably Robert G. Steadman." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HEATING DEGREE DAYS", "UUID": "349b4322-26ff-4b3c-90fb-b3b1afd20755", "definition": "Generally, a measure of the departure of the mean daily temperature from a given standard: one degree-day for each degree (\u00b0C or \u00b0F) of departure above (or below) the standard during one day." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RESIDENTIAL ENERGY DEMAND TEMPERATURE INDEX", "UUID": "37ae8d4e-fe97-43d3-b8ee-a597e4ebfe87", "definition": "NOAA\u2019s Residential Energy Demand Temperature Index (REDTI) correlates heating and cooling degree-day datawith population. A hot summer in sparsely populated Wyoming will not have the same impact on energy use as ahot summer in the Mid-Atlantic. June 2010 had the second highest REDTI on record due to especially hottemperatures in the heavily populated South and Southeast regions. The REDTI is measured on a scale of zero to 100, with 100 being the highest population weighted degree day average and zero being the lowest." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION INDEX", "UUID": "1c441454-851f-48e0-abb3-053ae44c0d4e", "definition": "Temperature Concentration Index (TCI) quantifies the distribution of mean monthly temperatures." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "THAWING INDEX", "UUID": "746c49af-3e36-4f0a-b488-e024314d6cfa", "definition": "As used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the number of Fahrenheit degree- days (above and below 32\u00b0F) between the lowest and highest points on the cumulative degree- days time curve for one thawing season.The thawing index determined from air temperatures at 4.5 ft above the ground is commonly designated the air thawing index, while that determined from temperatures immediately below a surface is called the surface thawing index." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WIND CHILL INDEX", "UUID": "d50d0685-f42f-4693-9458-eddb9ccf5704" } ], "UUID": "25d73bcf-c8d4-4c0e-ac98-8f3e98677e73", "definition": "In the atmosphere : 'a number (as a ratio) derived from a series of observations and used as an indicator or measure'" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SURFACE TEMPERATURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AIR TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "f634ab55-de40-4d0b-93bc-691bf5408ccb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BOUNDARY LAYER TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "e9c3b6ca-a534-4f3e-82de-b8b921e8f312" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEICED TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "6e923275-f9e3-4faf-8a7f-2c96f3d5a280", "definition": "Temperature measured by the removal of ice through heating." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEW POINT TEMPERATURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DEWPOINT DEPRESSION", "UUID": "a5e36040-cc5e-46d1-aeee-f49902e943b2" } ], "UUID": "0c28d9e4-c848-4628-9c00-45a540707b59", "definition": "The temperature to which a given air parcel must be cooled at constant pressure and constant water vapor content in order for saturation to occur." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MAXIMUM/MINIMUM TEMPERATURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "24 HOUR MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "ce6a6b3a-df4f-4bd7-a931-7ee874ee9efe" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "24 HOUR MINIMUM TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "5c7f35d5-a3ec-4010-b1c3-6e98ac29dc3f", "definition": "The lowest temperature attained at a specific location during a (24 hour) period." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "6 HOUR MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "e56bcf72-f331-4545-948f-73fe0193b1bd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "6 HOUR MINIMUM TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "c9ab66f1-91c6-497a-b8d6-4688160b0e16" } ], "UUID": "5164162a-60eb-4c94-a0f0-2caaa3bb1754", "definition": "Highest/Lowest air temperature attained during a specific time interval; usually 24 hours." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "7a0bd777-be0d-43c8-80eb-5ac58f4832de", "definition": "The temperature that an unsaturated parcel of dry air would have if brought adiabatically and reversibly from its initial state to a standard pressure, p0, typically 100 kPa." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SKIN TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "25fcdcb7-efd2-4d2f-ba57-92bbcc7ba69a", "definition": "Temperature of the top layer of the ice/ocean surface from which thermal radiation emanates." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STATIC TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "a1588b7d-7307-4543-9908-76d7877c4010" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES", "UUID": "7ca345d4-8e15-49ae-98a7-1c387f61ea85", "definition": "Departure of the temperature from its long-term mean value." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TEMPERATURE TENDENCY", "UUID": "449ad1fb-8010-43c7-b994-178a049d4cff", "definition": "Temperature is defined, in general, as the degree of hotness or coldness measured on some definite temperature scale by means of any of various types of thermometers. Tendency is defined as the local rate ofchange of a vector or scalar quantity with time at a given point in space. Because of the difficulty of measuring instantaneous variations in the atmosphere, variations are usually obtained from the differences in magnitudes over a finite period of time; and the definition of tendency is frequently broadened to include the local time variations so obtained." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VIRTUAL TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "fd19a3f1-8eeb-49ab-bcaf-e7b4b267d415" } ], "UUID": "5a7bb095-4d12-4232-bc75-b8e82197cb92", "definition": "In meteorology, the temperature of the ambient air near the surface of the earth, almost invariably determined by a thermometer in an instrument shelter." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "UPPER AIR TEMPERATURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BOUNDARY LAYER TEMPERATURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "BOUNDARY LAYER TEMPERATURE PROFILES", "UUID": "1aa94028-9c0a-47be-8408-f7537c071530", "definition": "Distribution of temperature as a function of altitude in the atmospheric boundary layer, the bottom layer of the troposphere that is in contact with the surface of the earth." } ], "UUID": "7f94b0e5-edc6-4724-bd84-404896e09afe", "definition": "Air temperature measured within the the bottom layer (atmospheric boundary layer) of the troposphere that is in contact with the surface of the earth." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEICED TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "b3e6afd7-35a6-4cdb-a066-654a17168253" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEW POINT TEMPERATURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DEW POINT DEPRESSION", "UUID": "86fb8a31-35f6-4d0e-b4b4-f9cecf961a47", "definition": "(Also called spread, dewpoint spread, dewpoint deficit.) The difference in degrees between the air temperature and the dewpoint." } ], "UUID": "76103e17-59c2-4458-972d-9ff9801e5d32", "definition": "The temperature to which a given air parcel must be cooled at constant pressure and constant water vapor content in order for saturation to occur." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES", "UUID": "1e76ccc7-2729-4de1-8c01-f295476ebb35", "definition": "The deviation of temperature in a given region over a specified period from the long-term average value for the same region." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VERTICAL PROFILES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE", "UUID": "17ce714a-bd7e-41a2-ab3d-4865832f1f0a", "definition": "The rate at which the temperature of a parcel of dry air decreases as the parcel is lifted in the atmosphere. The dry adiabatic lapse rate (abbreviated DALR) is 5.5\u00c2\u00b0F per 1000 ft or 9.8\u00c2\u00b0C per km." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ENVIRONMENTAL LAPSE RATE", "UUID": "050771bb-27a3-4e47-bd1b-724d1d73e20c", "definition": "The rate of decrease of air temperature with height, usually measured with a radiosonde." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "INVERSION HEIGHT", "UUID": "4fa883a3-e312-4dbe-870e-3272de4ac76a", "definition": "The height of the layer in which air temperature increases withaltitude, representing an 'inversion' of the typical temperature decreasewith height in the troposphere." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SATURATED ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE", "UUID": "65937e73-0cc0-4058-b7dc-12c418ba2ed5", "definition": "The rate at which the temperature of a parcel of saturated air decreases as the parcel is lifted in the atmosphere." } ], "UUID": "72304037-ce59-451a-beeb-4258f3db296a", "definition": "A graph showing the variation of a meteorological event with height." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VIRTUAL TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "3afb06fa-96b7-4bf4-a6b7-b5fa626afc04", "definition": "The virtual temperature is the temperature a parcel which contains no moisture would have to equal the density of a parcel at a specific temperature and humidity." } ], "UUID": "926c1b80-6c11-40eb-ae7f-f5bcfdc43fac" } ], "UUID": "35e1f93b-99b3-4430-b477-0ecafa80d67a", "definition": "A measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth's atmosphere." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER VAPOR INDICATORS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC RIVER", "UUID": "31ca2413-f257-4ceb-849a-68538efecfee", "definition": "Atmospheric Rivers (AR) are relatively narrow regions in the atmosphere and are responsible for most of the horizontal transport of water vapor outside of the tropics. While ARs come in many shapes and sizes, those that contain the largest amounts of water vapor, the strongest winds, and stall over watersheds vulnerable to flooding, can create extreme rainfall and floods." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEW POINT TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "731beb11-9418-40ec-8f2c-c4b320e8231a", "definition": "The temperature to which a given air parcel must be cooled at constant pressure and constant water vapor content in order for saturation to occur." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HUMIDITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY", "UUID": "6b61a904-b92d-45ee-9061-aa5e61c29dd2", "definition": "In a system of moist air, the ratio of the mass of water vapor present to the volume occupied by the mixture; that is, the density of the water vapor component." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HUMIDITY MIXING RATIO", "UUID": "ea308986-ad35-4482-948c-5eb1a01be836" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RELATIVE HUMIDITY", "UUID": "a249c68f-8249-4285-aad2-020b3c5aefc3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SATURATION SPECIFIC HUMIDITY", "UUID": "ba2491a4-2498-4c9f-9adc-123078eef633" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SPECIFIC HUMIDITY", "UUID": "811391d2-4113-4d52-9c88-47d56afda481", "definition": "In a system of moist air, the (dimensionless) ratio of the mass of water vapor to the total mass of the system." } ], "UUID": "427e5121-a142-41cb-a8e9-a70b7f98eb6a", "definition": "Generally, some measure of the water vapor content of air." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAYERED PRECIPITABLE WATER", "UUID": "871f5bee-ea8d-44c0-8740-9b0153fa6ea4", "definition": "The layered water vapor is a profile in broad layers based on pressure." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE", "UUID": "1a2332d9-fd69-4002-89a5-203d748a4e21", "definition": "The vapor pressure of a system, at a given temperature, for which the vapor of a substance is in equilibrium with a plane surface of that substance's pure liquid or solid phase; that is, the vapor pressure of a system that has attained saturation but not supersaturation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STABLE ISOTOPES", "UUID": "df1a03f5-1cb3-4c63-870a-5a09debdf065" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TOTAL PRECIPITABLE WATER", "UUID": "c3a4eb4a-4619-43cd-b890-b567d01324ea" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VAPOR PRESSURE", "UUID": "433ea253-243d-42e4-bc61-f85eb7a73879", "definition": "The pressure exerted by the molecules of a given vapor." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER VAPOR", "UUID": "15029eb0-6342-4066-8ac9-c50f7dbfb392", "definition": "Water substance in vapor form; one of the most important of all constituents of the atmosphere." } ], "UUID": "005d192a-95b9-4fc2-afed-f87da3c3dc33", "definition": "Methods of expressing water vapor." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER VAPOR INDICES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HUMIDITY INDEX", "UUID": "07826fba-f581-4119-803e-14f3bfc2d14c", "definition": "As used by C. W. Thornthwaite in his 1948 climatic classification, an index of the degree of water surplus over water need at any given station." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT INDEX", "UUID": "425486f4-7b04-4b77-af40-563fe6ed4167", "definition": "Represents the magnitude of the two-dimensional transport of water vapor in the upper troposphere." } ], "UUID": "4f58cf68-0d44-424a-88af-65c3edfd0945", "definition": "Indices developed to quantify atmospheric water vapor over a given area and timescale." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER VAPOR PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CONDENSATION", "UUID": "d7fbbafe-fc73-4b63-9837-3d53d2370d9d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EVAPORATION", "UUID": "b68ab978-6db6-49ee-84e2-5f37b461a998" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "EFFECTIVE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", "UUID": "f28060e0-1c51-41df-8451-6c98b3e77e8a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", "UUID": "6045993e-a656-40c1-853c-9db1fbb49171", "definition": "Actual amount of water lost to evapotranspiration from the soil\u2013plant continuum by an actively growing plant or crop." } ], "UUID": "26fc4850-7ba9-44d8-a156-5c623e17b72f", "definition": "The combined processes through which water is transferred to the atmosphere from open water and ice surfaces, bare soil, and vegetation that make up the earth's surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUBLIMATION", "UUID": "d438f0a2-5a88-4d56-8bec-7c5e35249544" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUPERSATURATION", "UUID": "293cdec2-44b7-488c-ae04-0722f0a9e8b9", "definition": "In meteorology, the condition existing in a given portion of the atmosphere (or other space) when the relative humidity is greater than 100%, that is, when it contains more water vapor than is needed to produce saturation with respect to a plane surface of pure water or pure ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER VAPOR CONVERGENCE", "UUID": "5d8b1280-62a6-48f5-a9f6-ed18023e3481", "definition": "Water Vapor convergence/divergence is the derivative of a flux -- which indicates flow into a volume, which has units kg/m^2/s." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER VAPOR DIVERGENCE", "UUID": "957240ee-7ad8-4c62-9fd7-364371d247d7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER VAPOR FLUX", "UUID": "32a88fee-dfa9-4ef8-ab6d-cbc18426da53", "definition": "Flow of Water Vapor across an area per unit time, for 'water vapor flux' units of kg/m^2/s" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER VAPOR TENDENCY", "UUID": "5cd8b242-ac18-4d9f-85d5-eb551792d7e9", "definition": "The local rate of change of water vapor with time at a given point in space." } ], "UUID": "3c4fe00c-6fb1-403e-a053-3a0174a6dfe6", "definition": "Methods of transport of liquid to and from vapor form." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER VAPOR PROFILES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BOUNDARY LAYER WATER VAPOR PROFILES", "UUID": "4f982a1f-63f0-4160-a19b-76e2c48cea4c", "definition": "Distribution of water vapor as a function of altitude in the atmospheric boundary layer, the bottom layer of the troposphere that is in contact with the surface of the earth." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STRATOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR", "UUID": "a088868e-8c40-4cea-bcd2-01e777b0563b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VERTICALLY RESOLVED BACKSCATTER LIGHT", "UUID": "1b9a1873-c02f-4b6c-906e-5da8833354d4", "definition": "Vertically resolved backscattered light at 387nm and 407nm \u2013 Raman shifted from 355 nm by nitrogen and water vapor respectively." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER VAPOR CONCENTRATION PROFILES", "UUID": "04c30b59-88ea-4311-8353-8896d4eba83f", "definition": "Concentration term is based on retrieval of Molecules/cm3 also known as the water vapor number density." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER VAPOR MIXING RATIO PROFILES", "UUID": "9fccc013-4a58-438a-b1e4-cd625aeb8204" } ], "UUID": "acc824e7-8eea-4e7d-aa3d-757cda7e6ec9" } ], "UUID": "286d2ae0-9d86-4ef0-a2b4-014843a98532", "definition": "(Also called aqueous vapor, moisture.) Water substance in vapor form; one of the most important of all constituents of the atmosphere.Air in motion relative to the surface of the earth." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC WINDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LOCAL WINDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DUST DEVILS", "UUID": "72c180e6-b3f3-4f9a-8d04-23f0b10735af", "definition": "A well-developed dust whirl; a small but vigorous whirlwind, usually of short duration, rendered visible by dust, sand, and debris picked up from the ground." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAND BREEZES", "UUID": "31fe9edf-ec85-446f-a476-4bd24ee59ae2", "definition": "A coastal breeze blowing from land to sea, caused by the temperature difference when the sea surface is warmer than the adjacent land." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MICROBURSTS", "UUID": "b73a2e6a-7a8b-443e-98f4-5a77f3a9691c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OROGRAPHIC WINDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ANABATIC WINDS", "UUID": "5f55961d-45b8-4330-8eee-0b9a9eb4f309", "definition": "In mountain meteorology, an upslope wind driven by heating (usually daytime insolation) at the slope surface under fair-weather conditions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "BORA WINDS", "UUID": "2cf573dd-0ed7-4455-a233-5987b5a8b52a", "definition": "A fall wind with a source so cold that, when the air reaches the lowlands or coast, the dynamic warming is insufficient to raise the air temperature to the normal level for the region; hence it appears as a cold wind." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "FOEHN WINDS", "UUID": "c19501d9-bd86-4611-bd30-6a34dc763a35" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "KATABATIC WINDS", "UUID": "d7d48399-62ac-4eca-9c09-14b9094a9444" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MOUNTAIN BREEZES", "UUID": "6520897f-c6b6-432e-b7d5-e99b33e6932e", "definition": "A nocturnal component of the mountain\u2013plains or mountain\u2013valley wind systems encountered during periods of light synoptic flow." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "VALLEY BREEZES", "UUID": "4d005bfc-597b-4a99-971f-21d3d44b7b91", "definition": "(Or valley breeze.) A wind that ascends a mountain valley (upvalley wind) during the day; the daytime component of a mountain\u2013valley wind system." } ], "UUID": "a1df1d50-dd2b-4944-bda5-0cf1127e2f49" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA BREEZES", "UUID": "9cb8f1a4-5d2b-40d1-a7c3-c608bbe20a0b" } ], "UUID": "1488b98d-6497-48b9-88db-6ee82a2e3ed3", "definition": "Winds that, over a small area, differ from those that would be appropriate to the general large-scale pressure distribution, or that possess some other peculiarity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SURFACE WINDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STORM RELATIVE WINDS", "UUID": "185b86e2-af35-42b2-b20d-f9ca6fdab493", "definition": "(Winds) measured relative to a moving thunderstorm, usually referring to winds, wind shear, or helicity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "U/V WIND COMPONENTS", "UUID": "1e9bb112-5dc0-47a5-8c8a-b9cb07ece7c5", "definition": "Zonal (U) and Meridional (V) wind velocity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WIND DIRECTION", "UUID": "e987550e-d443-48eb-93eb-0bc47a62d4b4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WIND DIRECTION TENDENCY", "UUID": "c455fcc4-e27d-44bc-96c6-f7a7b31911ff" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WIND SPEED", "UUID": "a92f49f3-e2ee-4ef4-b064-39311ffb95d3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WIND SPEED TENDENCY", "UUID": "69526601-5607-46e0-954a-251249de80fe", "definition": "The character and amount of atmospheric wind speed change for a three-hour or other specified period ending at the time of observation." } ], "UUID": "10685919-bc01-43e7-901a-b62ac44627f3", "definition": "The wind measured at a surface observing station." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "UPPER LEVEL WINDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BOUNDARY LAYER WINDS", "UUID": "8bb1dca3-9793-4120-b0ea-f27a5b81f259" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FLIGHT LEVEL WINDS", "UUID": "385af5fe-ad73-4e04-9d51-675599fb0576", "definition": "Winds experienced by an aircraft during flight level at any altitude." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STORM RELATIVE WINDS", "UUID": "b30a6184-0d59-41de-92f0-8876582ef045" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "U/V WIND COMPONENTS", "UUID": "baa4b68a-96f9-4ab3-9a9f-3df1ee1d8ff0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WIND DIRECTION", "UUID": "272ffe8a-2949-4b58-bb81-52cb1c879f4a", "definition": "The direction from which the wind is blowing." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WIND DIRECTION TENDENCY", "UUID": "2a43bf40-7f23-4616-be1b-66940b7b7f4f", "definition": "The character and amount of atmospheric wind direction change for a three-hour or other specified period ending at the time of observation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WIND SPEED", "UUID": "661591b3-6685-4de7-a2a4-9ce8ae505044", "definition": "Ratio of the distance covered by the air to the time taken to cover it. The instantaneous speed corresponds to the case of an infinitely small time interval. The mean speed corresponds to the case of a finite time interval. It is one component of wind velocity, the other being wind direction." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WIND SPEED TENDENCY", "UUID": "1fe29b31-b9ff-4a6c-b474-09bd9502b5c5", "definition": "The character and amount of atmospheric wind speed change for a three-hour or other specified period ending at the time of observation." } ], "UUID": "592d49c4-e8ae-4ab4-bf24-ae4a896d0637", "definition": "Generally, the wind speeds and directions at various levels in the atmosphere above the domain of surface weather observations, as determined by any of the methods of winds-aloft observation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WIND DYNAMICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ADVECTION", "UUID": "ce546f0d-d2e1-43ed-b8e0-a9079c690c56" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CONVECTION", "UUID": "ebce0874-7635-4094-8ef4-968851873771" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CONVERGENCE", "UUID": "a2cc8e02-3207-4c40-af41-9656404bac0a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DIVERGENCE", "UUID": "5c58acfc-04ed-4cbf-8674-13c41b3e950d", "definition": "Pressure fluctuations at the Earth's surface are produced by movements of air which produce changes in the mass of air in a vertical column above the ground. A net gain in mass produces an increase in pressure leading to a high pressure system. A net loss of mass gives rise to a low. When there is a horizontal flow of air into a region (convergence) a vertical upward movement of air occurs otherwise there would be a continual increase in density of the air. Divergence occurs when there is a net horizontal outward flow of air from a region. This leads to a vertical downward movement of air." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HORIZONTAL WIND VELOCITY/SPEED", "UUID": "8a12ec59-c8c8-4512-b123-16bca93771b0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OROGRAPHIC LIFTING", "UUID": "84780569-bef5-41fd-901f-828418e390dd", "definition": "Ascending air flow caused by mountains." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STREAMFUNCTIONS", "UUID": "eaeb5cdd-365f-4368-8e20-6defe111b3b4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TURBULENCE", "UUID": "226d05da-dd0b-4314-919a-0b259ce724b5", "definition": "Random and continuously changing air motions that are superposed on the mean motion of the air." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VERTICAL WIND VELOCITY/SPEED", "UUID": "841a7ac7-5981-4e93-895f-1b57c3d892a0", "definition": "The component of wind motion rising perpendicular to the plane of the horizon." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VORTICITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "POTENTIAL VORTICITY", "UUID": "72edbeca-b608-4f2d-8aba-492c8e6615b8", "definition": "(Sometimes called absolute potential vorticity.) The specific volume times the scalar product of the absolute vorticity vector and the gradient of potential temperature." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "VORTICITY ADVECTION", "UUID": "9e2f502b-a2d5-4bc8-8c8f-489aa0c68177" } ], "UUID": "858a80ff-5aa4-4590-b2e2-e88a802a6ee4", "definition": "Random and continuously changing air motions that are superposed on the mean motion of the air." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WIND SHEAR", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HORIZONTAL WIND SHEAR", "UUID": "ef91f2b6-27e9-42ab-b8c6-4410aace0141" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "VERTICAL WIND SHEAR", "UUID": "1b0abf68-b069-4a0b-8081-35a36da9d4a7", "definition": "The condition produced by a change in wind velocity (speed and/or direction) with height." } ], "UUID": "05cf5b56-0f86-4819-b713-1272b97b06c5", "definition": "The local variation of the wind vector or any of its components in a given direction." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WIND STRESS", "UUID": "ef034881-8bf4-403f-a4ee-c68771769c93" } ], "UUID": "492ffe26-8fbe-4d7d-a537-495fb96bdcce", "definition": "Measurement of forces within the Earth's Atmosphere associated with wind." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WIND INDICES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GOES WIND INDEX", "UUID": "8251fedc-3910-4f18-9594-df2fbb9bb1d9", "definition": "A GOES sounder-derived parameter used for estimating the maximum convective wind gusts is the Wind Index (WINDEX). The Wind Index is plotted on regional GOES images (visible, infrared, or water vapor) and made available on the GOES Microburst Products web page." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION (QBO) ZONAL WIND INDEX", "UUID": "17e33fba-625b-40eb-b51d-902a89ca5747", "definition": "The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a quasi-periodic oscillation of the equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the tropical stratosphere with a mean period of 28 to 29 months." } ], "UUID": "25775905-dac3-4834-b709-f38a0a03b258", "definition": "Indices developed to quantify atmospheric wind over a given area and timescale." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WIND PROFILES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LINE OF SIGHT WINDS", "UUID": "cd6f51f9-6ab4-4df4-a4d2-347e38fe80b6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VELOCITY AZIMUTH DISPLAY VERTICAL WIND PROFILES", "UUID": "4478e3ea-ac49-4ea3-bcb8-e6b4e2190266", "definition": "One of the software algorithms within the WSR-88D (weather radar) calculates wind direction and speed at various atmospheric levels. The resulting product is called the Velocity Azimuth Display (VAD) Wind Profile (VWP)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WIND DIRECTION PROFILES", "UUID": "5be35f50-a1ea-40c5-8e0d-579dad1b9143", "definition": "Generally, the wind direction at various levels in the atmosphere above the domain of surface weather observations, as determined by any of the methods of winds-aloft observation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WIND VELOCITY/SPEED PROFILES", "UUID": "1c93710e-cfaa-47c1-ba97-b2deb85620ca", "definition": "Generally, the wind speeds (velocities) at various levels in the atmosphere above the domain of surface weather observations, as determined by any of the methods of winds-aloft observation." } ], "UUID": "dcc6cbbf-23a0-4ae7-bfbd-6207d35c741f" } ], "UUID": "df160e31-ae45-41a4-9093-a80fe5303cea" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "CLOUDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CLOUD DROPLET DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "cbb0d517-462a-46fe-a0e6-32555f7e7f23" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CLOUD DYNAMICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "49fd6f11-5682-4d27-8fc6-66bf3faadf39", "definition": "Flux\u00a0per unit area for heat." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "IN-CLOUD VERTICAL VELOCITIES", "UUID": "d8205171-15fc-4e2c-af05-2d384cb82e1e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MOISTURE FLUX", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DOWNWARD MOISTURE FLUX", "UUID": "1dc6063b-892d-4879-8551-1e346dd3f2e7", "definition": "Downward Flux\u00a0per unit area for moisture." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "UPWARD MOISTURE FLUX", "UUID": "49cad94d-0e93-44cb-a8a2-8e83d603463b", "definition": "Upward Flux\u00a0per unit area for moisture." } ], "UUID": "925f563d-908a-4671-b750-23d0f3e42310" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RADIATIONAL COOLING", "UUID": "5bac3ef6-5e30-4f14-a5dc-8065c7fcba55", "definition": "In meteorology, the result of radiative cooling of the earth's surface and adjacent air.Radiational cooling occurs, as is typical on calm, clear nights, whenever the longwave emission from the surface is not balanced by significant amounts of absorbed shortwave radiation or downwelling longwave from the atmosphere above the surface, and there are no nonradiative sources of sufficient energy to make up the difference." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RADIATIONAL DIVERGENCE", "UUID": "c7259da4-18dd-4196-91ff-a68087978349" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "THETA-E ENTRAINMENT", "UUID": "cfa49843-2d36-4709-8969-b176432adf78" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VORTEX STREET", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "KARMAN VORTEX STREET", "UUID": "2d00d3c4-2ef3-49f6-9261-6184f6517b4f", "definition": "(Also called K\u00e1rm\u00e1n vortex street, vortex trail, vortex train.) Two parallel rows of alternately placed vortices along the wake of an obstacle in a fluid of moderate Reynolds number.Fluid drag can be calculated from the motion of these vortices, which are stable only for a certain ratio of the width of the street to the distance between vortices along the street." } ], "UUID": "ba4a9964-8323-45df-a372-b4e2f3eef9e5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT", "UUID": "a997c21b-ca61-4e78-8828-aa3e144976c3" } ], "UUID": "62019831-aaba-4d63-a5cd-73138ccfa5d0", "definition": "Dynamics and physics that underlie clouds." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CLOUD MICROPHYSICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI", "UUID": "ebbf8642-3da1-4401-a779-3e56550a029d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD DROPLET CONCENTRATION/SIZE", "UUID": "47812ef8-b64b-4988-9ae4-31f3581ae9a5", "definition": "The physical size of water droplets and the number of water dropletsrecorded in a given area or volume within a cloud." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD DROPLET EFFECTIVE RADIUS", "UUID": "482200cc-e335-4dd8-8d5b-21d246045085", "definition": "An area weighted mean radius of cloud droplets. " }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD LIQUID WATER/ICE", "UUID": "05ac9d3e-bc44-41fa-ace0-c41bf3ebee97", "definition": "Cloud Liquid Water - The amount of liquid water per unit volume of air.Usually expressed in grams per cubic meter. Cloud Ice - Ice crystalsthat are observed within a cloud." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD MASS FLUX", "UUID": "804fb334-1c74-4070-bd5f-848014a6e220", "definition": "The transport of mass by vertical motion within clouds. Mass in thiscontext is defined as the mass of dry air plus the mass of water vapor,excluding the mass of any liquid water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD OPTICAL DEPTH/THICKNESS", "UUID": "4bc483b1-dd64-4e97-bfd3-c0e755df6308", "definition": "The degree to which a cloud prevents light from passing through it.Optical thickness depends upon the physical constitution (crystals, drop,droplets), the form, the concentration of particles, and the verticalextent of the cloud." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD PRECIPITABLE WATER", "UUID": "b709d6fc-f0cf-47de-bdbb-1cd875b5f3ab" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COLLISION RATE", "UUID": "76bcb8e0-1c07-4783-9d15-3a22203f7849", "definition": "Rate of droplet collisions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DROPLET GROWTH", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ACCRETION", "UUID": "889253e1-e189-4f75-bdc7-7e612b19e3ae", "Detailed_Variable": "RIMING", "definition": "The process where ice forms when the water droplets in fog freeze to the outer surfaces of objects" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "AGGREGATION", "UUID": "8e484ec4-50fd-4c08-9c96-6ad483e170ad" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COALESCENCE", "UUID": "d5d64790-db29-451d-b022-a461dac06228" } ], "UUID": "63effad4-4323-486d-a81b-e0bf3264e5c9", "definition": "Rate of droplet growth." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ICE NUCLEI", "UUID": "60bb6ddf-29b1-4dad-9c9f-27f040a43bba", "definition": "Any particle that serves as a nucleus leading to the formation of ice crystals without regard to the particular physical processes involved in the nucleation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "00d6fb2f-16d5-4949-afec-a1adbd600a58", "definition": "The frequency distribution of drop sizes (diameters, volumes) that is characteristic of a given cloud or of a given fall of rain.Most natural clouds have unimodal (single maximum) distributions, but occasionally bimodal distributions are observed. In convective clouds, the drop-size distribution is found to change with time and to vary systematically with height, the modal size increasing and the number decreasing with height. For many purposes a useful single parameter representing a given distribution is the volume median diameter, that is, that diameter for which the total volume of all drops having greater diameters is just equal to the total volume of all drops having smaller diameters. The drop- size distribution is one of the primary factors involved in determining the radar reflectivity of any fall of precipitation, or of a cloud mass." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENTATION RATE", "UUID": "bee9f657-c115-4d73-a10c-7e05e00db574" } ], "UUID": "8d66dbbe-886e-449d-bfd2-93fc8d357ccd" } ], "UUID": "0cfcbaa7-727b-4199-8cca-93824b427e9b", "definition": "Cloud processes (growth, evaporation, etc.) taking place on the scale of the individual aerosol or precipitation particle as opposed to the scale of the visual cloud." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CLOUD PROPERTIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD AMOUNT", "UUID": "70f5b8a3-3f52-467c-957c-7ca98e1c6184", "definition": "The amount of sky estimated to be covered by a specified cloud type or level (partial cloud amount) or by all cloud types and levels (total cloud amount)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD ASYMMETRY", "UUID": "4c737490-1486-418f-81f4-c50c47da117d", "definition": "The difference in scattering due to cloud hydrometeors between theforward and backward directions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD BASE HEIGHT", "UUID": "1f0765e3-4ea3-42be-8ed5-3e26bdebb219", "definition": "For a given cloud or cloud layer, the lowest level in the atmosphere at whichthe air contains a perceptible quantity of cloud particles.See also the definitions for cloud height and cloud ceiling." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD BASE PRESSURE", "UUID": "17f212af-e782-4196-b467-060699ecf4ca", "definition": "Atmospheric pressure observed at the base of a cloud." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD BASE TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "5f5f4f7a-ea5f-40fe-ba73-8d5f7241e5fa", "definition": "Cloud temperature observed at the cloud base. See definition for cloud base." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD BOUNDARIES", "UUID": "5a9ddd92-6db6-4dc4-87d5-1748705a3efa", "definition": "Transition zones between clouds and the surrounding air, primarily marked by sharp changes in moisture, temperature, and turbulence." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD CEILING", "UUID": "88dc0be1-7427-4a82-9fee-3b2bf84d002a", "definition": "The height ascribed to the lowest layer of clouds or obscurring phenomenawhen\u00a0it is reported as broken (5/8 to 7/8 coverage), overcast, or obscurationand not classified 'thin'\u00a0or 'partial'. \u00a0Expressed in above ground level (AGL)heights. See also the definitions for cloud height and cloud base." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD FRACTION", "UUID": "b296b688-0ff0-4212-9b30-30e9fe413709" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD FREQUENCY", "UUID": "acb52274-6c0d-4241-a979-3fa3efca6702" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD HEIGHT", "UUID": "57292a97-19be-4fae-b2f7-9fa0a3629b53", "definition": "In weather observations, the height of the cloud base above localterrain.\u00a0 In satellite remote sensing, cloud height is often referred to as theheight of the cloud top above local terrain or above mean sea level. Also canbe defined as the vertical distance from the cloud base to the cloud top; morecommonly\u00a0referred to as the 'thickness' or 'depth' of the cloud.\u00a0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD MIDLAYER TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "2ca13dfa-c2b3-47de-8175-f0723151ef28", "definition": "Atmospheric temperature observed at the middle of a cloud layer." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD TOP HEIGHT", "UUID": "0893cf38-fe6e-4ebc-95f4-db7d24c874db", "definition": "For a given cloud or cloud layer, the highest level in the atmosphere at which the air contains a perceptible quantity of cloud particles." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD TOP PHASE", "UUID": "deddd6c7-b840-484f-aeca-253feefb8d7d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD TOP PRESSURE", "UUID": "1a217e7e-74fa-438e-b4bd-5ad574d92e9d", "definition": "Atmospheric pressure observed at the top of a cloud." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD TOP TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "4dc3fcab-a947-47b9-b9a1-acb2a23ee478", "definition": "Atmospheric temperature observed at the top of a cloud." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "f2902c27-0872-4ea4-98b9-706855bcd7a3" } ], "UUID": "c9e429cb-eff0-4dd3-9eca-527e0081f65c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CLOUD RADIATIVE TRANSFER", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ABSORPTION", "UUID": "d2e93932-0231-4b23-af2f-217c6315a95e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD EMISSIVITY", "UUID": "576b5025-dc0e-4021-b8ff-6a7699a79b0c", "definition": "The (dimensionless) ratio of the radiant energy emittance of asubstance (clouds) to the ideal emittance of an ideal (blackbody) radiatorat that same temperature." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING", "UUID": "345ab082-59ac-4649-9a2a-a3bef0d26a06", "definition": "The effect that clouds have on the global radiation budget." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD REFLECTANCE", "UUID": "8a6572c3-676a-41dd-851f-836ac9f1f1d9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DROPLET GROWTH", "UUID": "4d5273ad-febb-47f6-bdb7-ededf9f9eb1e", "definition": "Rate of droplet growth." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EMISSION", "UUID": "4b12439a-45fc-42fa-ae19-535826f6247b", "definition": "When a cloud absorbs longwave radiation emitted by the Earth's surface, the cloud reemits a portion of the energy to outer space (emission) and a portion back toward the surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SCATTERING", "UUID": "c830ad5e-ac31-41cf-b8e2-277fe457d76d" } ], "UUID": "3487d350-a5a5-43d9-a60d-c1407dd2f0ce", "definition": "The physics and mathematics of how\u00a0radiation\u00a0passes through a medium that may contain any combination of scatterers, absorbers, and emitters." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CLOUD TYPES", "UUID": "29b61359-ebec-42c2-be05-2d7be2275954", "definition": "(Also known as cloud genus) The main characteristic form of a cloud used inits indentification." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CONVECTIVE CLOUDS/SYSTEMS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD CLUSTERS", "UUID": "4074eb32-a3de-494f-a722-2deeaab76b33", "definition": "Groupings of similar cloud types." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CUMULONIMBUS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CUMULONIMBUS CALVUS", "UUID": "e1035388-6993-4143-966b-30ced627c2da" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CUMULONIMBUS CAPILLATUS", "UUID": "52f4dfb0-4583-4d82-8cb7-813ffaadd783", "Detailed_Variable": "CUMULONIMBUS INCUS", "definition": "The anvil-shaped cloud that comprises the upper portion of mature cumulonimbus clouds; the popular name given to a cumulonimbus capillatus cloud, particularly if it embodies the supplementary feature incus (from the Latin for anvil)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PYROCUMULONIMBUS", "UUID": "772d8044-f11b-4b01-bc72-d7dd45cfe1b3", "definition": "Pyrocumulonimbus is the fire-breathing dragon of clouds. A cumulonimbus without the ''pyre'' part is imposing enough -- a massive, anvil-shaped tower of power reaching five miles (8 km) high, hurling thunderbolts, wind and rain.Add smoke and fire to the mix and you have pyrocumulonimbus, an explosive storm cloud actually created by the smoke and heat from fire, and which can ravage tens of thousands of acres. And in the process, ''pyroCb'' storms funnel their smoke like a chimney into Earth's stratosphere, with lingering ill effects." } ], "UUID": "7c4d5f8f-4809-4859-b379-3b8c379bc83c", "definition": "A principal cloud type, with bases forming in the low levels of the troposphere, characterised by a large vertical extent, and often capped by an anvil-shaped cirrus cloud. It is often accompanied by rain showers, turbulence, icing and gusty surface winds; and sometimes also by lightning, thunder, hail, microbursts and/or tornadoes. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as CB." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CUMULUS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CUMULUS CASTELLANUS", "UUID": "29d6cd82-4762-4316-9fdd-29430dae7ad9", "definition": "(Previously called castellatus.) A cloud species of which at least a fraction of its upper part presents some vertically developed cumuliform protuberances (some of which are taller than they are wide) that give the cloud a crenellated or turreted appearance.This castellanus character is especially evident when the cloud is seen from the side. The cumuliform cloud elements generally have a common base and usually seem to be arranged in lines. The species is found only in the genera cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus. Cirrus castellanus differs from cirrocumulus castellanus in that its vertical protuberances subtend an angle of more than 1\u00b0 when observed at an angle of more than 30\u00b0 above the horizon. When altocumulus castellanus and stratocumulus castellanus attain a considerable vertical development, they become cumulus congestus and often develop into cumulonimbus. Stratocumulus castellanus should not be confused with stratocumulus pierced by cumulus." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CUMULUS CONGESTUS", "UUID": "79668331-c50d-49da-aea6-83c94545f9e3", "Detailed_Variable": "TOWERING CUMULUS", "definition": "A vertically developed cumulus cloud, often a precursor to cumulonimbus. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as TCU." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CUMULUS HUMILIS", "UUID": "ef4de9ce-01ee-4bf0-8814-abefd1bad4b9", "Detailed_Variable": "FAIR WEATHER CUMULUS" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CUMULUS MEDIOCRIS", "UUID": "ba9a8dac-abb7-4580-938d-762b53bab71b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PYROCUMULUS", "UUID": "801846d5-622b-4937-83cf-9d387be73ac4", "definition": "A cumulus cloud formed by a rising thermal from a fire, or enhanced by buoyant plume emissions from an industrial combustion process." } ], "UUID": "e1dff4d5-2e5b-46e7-9804-9de29fdb36d9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEEP CONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEMS", "UUID": "879cccd4-d375-40f6-8bee-6f58efd2dd61", "definition": "(Also called Mesoscale Convective System) A cloud system that occurs in connection with an ensemble of thunderstorms and produces a contiguous precipitation area on the order of 100 km or more in horizontal scale in at least one direction." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE COMPLEX", "UUID": "d13661da-d022-439a-bb27-dc2273f9dc88" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PERCENT CONVECTIVE CLOUDS", "UUID": "c3ee0a52-266b-45e4-adad-d0675699676b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PRECIPITATING CONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEMS", "UUID": "ca7f5dbd-199e-4cc8-bc7b-550753ecbc93" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SQUALL LINE", "UUID": "c6024258-d344-4cd2-932b-31e5c81a9c4b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL OCEANIC CLOUD SYSTEMS", "UUID": "fe2e0b6f-3d7d-489a-b093-86ed0d233385" } ], "UUID": "9a802ef3-680d-4bc6-a42e-aa84d5eb9908" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MESOSPHERIC CLOUDS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NOCTILUCENT CLOUDS", "UUID": "939c0a66-0340-425b-999a-44a09046ec93" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POLAR MESOSPHERIC CLOUDS", "UUID": "0a7f50ce-4968-46c8-86a6-23ea13c1830c", "definition": "are a diffuse scattering layer of water ice crystals near the summer polar mesopause." } ], "UUID": "04bc6942-12e0-413f-94d2-1ba7f5edf595", "definition": "Also known as noctilucent or \u201cnight shining\u201d clouds, form between 76 to 85 kilometers (47 to 53 miles) above the Earth\u2019s surface, near the boundary of the mesosphere and thermosphere, a region known as the mesopause. At these altitudes, water vapor can freeze into clouds of ice crystals. When the Sun is below the horizon and the ground is in darkness, these high clouds may still be illuminated, lending them their ethereal, \u201cnight shining\u201d qualities." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS/NACREOUS", "UUID": "9d3d400c-ded2-4b3c-8d0c-5a76e25be033" } ], "UUID": "d6ab88c0-5a97-4f5e-8e4c-1c6fc6ed368f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TROPOSPHERIC/HIGH-LEVEL CLOUDS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CIRROCUMULUS", "UUID": "e59c154f-cdc9-4400-a0d2-af60df9e1b56" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CIRROSTRATUS", "UUID": "bf271f69-3294-44d6-bfa8-a8f54468ca30" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CIRRUS/SYSTEMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CIRRUS CLOUD SYSTEMS", "UUID": "e4f5faaa-36d9-4529-b667-7d4e39d3c67b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CIRRUS KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ COLOMBIAH", "UUID": "d6ba91a1-a5f4-47e3-9485-89348235acb9" } ], "UUID": "8ce319a5-9b49-49e3-8981-3ce512c7efb0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CONTRAILS", "UUID": "cf75769c-2430-4280-b9c2-ba384849a548" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PILEUS", "UUID": "31c8b1d1-1e46-4c40-a23f-0db327121eb7", "definition": "'Appearance: Resembles the top of a mushroom or a smooth cap.Occurrence: Occasional. Found above rapidly growing cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds as a result of warm updrafts formed during a thunderstorm.Conditions: Caused by rapid, relatively strong, upward movements of warm moist air, which acts as a barrier. Air approaching the top of the cloud is forced to move up and around it. The air forced upward, cools and forms the cloud cap.Location: Pileus clouds form in conjunction with strong convective clouds and are associated with the cumulus cloud that lies beneath. These occur in areas with strong heating and lots of moisture close to the ground. This means that they commonly occur over land in areas like the eastern United States and Australia (more likely over the Great Dividing Range and in the northern parts during monsoon season) during spring and summer. Australian Geographic" } ], "UUID": "705cd3a0-ea07-40c8-bfa1-9c26f22d13ba", "definition": "High-level clouds that form in the troposphere, the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, and are made up of ice crystals or supercooled water droplets." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TROPOSPHERIC/LOW LEVEL CLOUDS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FOG", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ADVECTION FOG", "UUID": "30c9e32c-7dfe-430f-bd06-4cfa844076e2", "definition": "A type of fog caused by the advection of moist air over a cold surface, and the consequent cooling of that air to below its dewpoint.A very common advection fog is that caused by moist air over a cold body of water (sea fog).Sometimes applied to steam fog." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "FRONTAL FOG", "UUID": "09a1b23e-bd8b-4bb9-966b-2388328973d4", "definition": "Fog associated with frontal zones and frontal passages.It is usually divided into three types: warm-front prefrontal fog; cold-front post-frontal fog; and frontal-passage fog. The first two types are a result of rain falling into cold stable air and raising the dewpoint temperature. Frontal-passage fog can result from the 'mixing of warm and cold air masses in the frontal zone' or by 'sudden cooling of air over moist ground.'" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ICE FOG", "UUID": "cd4f6e31-14b5-468a-a15c-5ac0ce97bf35" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RADIATION FOG", "UUID": "99a0a2d2-5d77-4cf2-8fc0-90d12840b12d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STEAM FOG", "UUID": "50604404-fef4-4e17-a6a6-a88c0bd88c4f", "definition": "(Or sea smoke; also called arctic sea smoke, antarctic sea smoke, frost smoke, water smoke, sea mist, steam mist.) Fog formed when water vapor is added to air that is much colder than the vapor's source; most commonly, when very cold air drifts across relatively warm water.No matter what the nature of the vapor source (warm water, industrial combustion exhaust, exhaled breath), its equilibrium vapor pressure is greater than that corresponding to the colder air; thus, the water vapor, upon becoming mixed with and cooled by the cold air, rapidly condenses. It should be noted that this mechanism never allows the fog to actually reach the vapor source. Also, upon further mixing in sufficiently turbulent or convective flow (only a slight degree is needed), the fog particles evaporate at a more or less well defined upper limit of the fog. Note, also, that although advection of air is necessary to produce steam fog, it differs greatly from an advection fog in the usual sense, which is caused by warm, moist air moving over a cold surface. Steam fog is commonly observed over lakes and streams on cold autumn mornings as well as in polar regions. It is sometimes confused with ice fog, but its particles are entirely liquid. At temperatures below -29\u00b0C (-20\u00b0F), these may freeze into droxtals and create a type of ice fog that may be known as frost smoke." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "UPSLOPE FOG", "UUID": "3eefb892-0453-48b6-b619-b8fa3e7bbfc8", "definition": "A type of fog formed when air flows upward over rising terrain and is, consequently, adiabatically cooled to or below its dewpoint." } ], "UUID": "94668478-3b79-4819-847e-b154bf241aa3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NIMBOSTRATUS", "UUID": "a3d37438-644d-448e-95ea-991d79b3a0f3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STRATOCUMULUS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MARINE STRATOCUMULUS", "UUID": "b1d51b72-97d0-484c-b251-220f219965c2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STRATOCUMULUS CUMILIFORMIS", "UUID": "8fc75200-666d-4b59-a493-99e08e55e57d", "Detailed_Variable": "STRATOCUMULUS VESPERALIS" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STRATOCUMULUS UNDULATAS", "UUID": "b962de0e-f115-4452-95be-7a4af6687bc3", "Detailed_Variable": "STRATOCUMULUS TRANSLUCIDUS" } ], "UUID": "3375096a-7782-42e8-97d2-0febf63893e0", "definition": "Low-level clumps or patches of cloud varying in color from bright white to dark grey. They are the most common clouds on earth recognized by their well-defined bases, with some parts often darker than others. They usually have gaps between them, but they can also be joined together." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STRATUS", "UUID": "8945d3c7-1c39-4a8b-b954-2a84da8ecc88", "definition": "A principal cloud type, forming in the low levels of the troposphere and normally existing as a flat layer that does not exhibit individual elements. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as ST." } ], "UUID": "20365b0a-f8df-437a-8b31-25557f7b4d82", "definition": "Low-level clouds that form in the troposphere, the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, below 6,500 feet and normally consist of liquid water droplets or even supercooled droplets, except during cold winter storms when ice crystals (and snow) comprise much of the clouds." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TROPOSPHERIC/MID-LEVEL CLOUDS (OBSERVED/ANALYZED)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ALTOCUMULUS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ALTOCUMULUS CASTELLANUS", "UUID": "44415a90-bfe0-447a-93c9-6e4badc6871c", "definition": "(Previously called castellatus.) A cloud species of which at least a fraction of its upper part presents some vertically developed cumuliform protuberances (some of which are taller than they are wide) that give the cloud a crenellated or turreted appearance.This castellanus character is especially evident when the cloud is seen from the side. The cumuliform cloud elements generally have a common base and usually seem to be arranged in lines. The species is found only in the genera cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus. Cirrus castellanus differs from cirrocumulus castellanus in that its vertical protuberances subtend an angle of more than 1\u00b0 when observed at an angle of more than 30\u00b0 above the horizon. When altocumulus castellanus and stratocumulus castellanus attain a considerable vertical development, they become cumulus congestus and often develop into cumulonimbus. Stratocumulus castellanus should not be confused with stratocumulus pierced by cumulus." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ALTOCUMULUS LENTICULARIS", "UUID": "d5e72d73-22f6-4f4c-b937-b71d84960a1e", "Detailed_Variable": "LENTICULAR CLOUDS" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ALTOCUMULUS UNDULATUS", "UUID": "73e102fa-3089-42c3-bd0f-4682f73fff0f", "definition": "(Also called billow cloud, windrow cloud, wave cloud.) A cloud variety composed of merged or separate elements that are elongated and parallel, either suggestive of ocean waves or arranged in ranks and files.Sometimes two distinct wave systems are apparent (biundulatus). The formation is by gravity waves that exhibit broad, nearly parallel lines of cloud oriented normal to the wind direction, with cloud bases near an inversion surface." } ], "UUID": "01021105-60ed-479a-a35b-faa73e286264", "definition": "A principal cloud type, forming in the middle levels of the troposphere, and appearing as a white and/or grey layer or patch with a waved aspect. In aviation forecasts and reports it is coded as AC." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ALTOSTRATUS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ALTOSTRATUS UNDULATUS", "UUID": "4da38a31-aac6-4080-96b0-c8ee2cb33158", "definition": "(Also called billow cloud, windrow cloud, wave cloud.) A cloud variety composed of merged or separate elements that are elongated and parallel, either suggestive of ocean waves or arranged in ranks and files.Sometimes two distinct wave systems are apparent (biundulatus). The formation is by gravity waves that exhibit broad, nearly parallel lines of cloud oriented normal to the wind direction, with cloud bases near an inversion surface." } ], "UUID": "f58d0203-0070-422c-ab52-6ca8ffbb6362" } ], "UUID": "a413f88b-859c-4035-a45b-2faa9934156b" } ], "UUID": "162e2243-3266-4999-b352-d8a1a9dc82ac", "definition": "A visible aggregate of minute water droplets and/or ice crystals inthe atmosphere above the Earth's surface." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER TURBULENCE", "UUID": "7f79c084-1e73-4b65-be5e-12e4bdf05f43", "definition": "The turbulent mixing that occurs in the lowest part of the atmosphere where the flow is directly influenced by the Earth's surface. It is generated mainly by surface friction (shear) and surface heating or cooling (buoyancy), and rapidly mixes momentum, heat, moisture, and pollutants, throughout the boundary layer." } ], "UUID": "16db3055-847d-4f06-a3aa-9e27e02170a5", "definition": "The lowest layer of the troposphere that is in contact with the surface of the earth, where wind is influenced by friction." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "PRECIPITATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ACCUMULATIVE CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION", "UUID": "2b3dc817-9238-482a-8c10-d34375f3d27d", "definition": "Precipitation particles forming in the active updraft of a cumulonimbus cloud, growing primarily by the collection of cloud droplets (i.e., by coalescence and/or riming) and falling out not far from their originating updraft." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION INDICES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CENTRAL INDIAN PRECIPITATION INDEX", "UUID": "c6e7ddb6-1f7c-4364-8fb4-aabd1f4dcab4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ENSO PRECIPITATION INDEX", "UUID": "284738a2-4fcb-4eee-9ee7-5eac2378f46d", "definition": "Time series that uses rainfall data in the Tropical Pacific to describe ENSO events." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX", "UUID": "3b024dec-76c2-4995-a9ad-7e2bf4feda72", "definition": "An index developed by McKee et al. (1993) to quantify precipitation deficit at a given location for multiple timescales.Standardized precipitation is the difference of precipitation from the mean for a specified time divided by the standard deviation, where the mean and standard deviation are determined from the climatological record. The fact that precipitation is not normally distributed is overcome by applying a transformation (i.e., gamma function) to the distribution." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WEIGHTED ANOMALY STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX", "UUID": "dc9c73a3-689c-44b5-b8fe-a5229168193e" } ], "UUID": "c7477201-761f-4cd1-b986-3e99a0be866b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DROPLET SIZE", "UUID": "6eaed241-db16-4a1a-a06c-893da5d98b45", "definition": "The measured dimensions of a rain droplet." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HYDROMETEORS", "UUID": "56f2cdbd-2a91-4267-97eb-1680e8582322", "definition": "Particles in the atmosphere composed of water, e.g. ice, raindrops, snow, etc." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LIQUID PRECIPITATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DRIZZLE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "FREEZING DRIZZLE", "UUID": "88e39edc-bf9b-4c02-8a9d-83f9b6c01891", "definition": "Drizzle that falls in liquid form but freezes upon impact to form a coating of glaze." } ], "UUID": "0ffab597-284f-4d1a-b026-a78a6604cec5", "definition": "Precipitation consisting of numerous minute droplets of water less than 0.5 mm (500 micrometers) in diameter." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LIQUID SURFACE PRECIPITATION RATE", "UUID": "09d991ca-020a-4d20-910a-747ea683e1f8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RAIN", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ACID RAIN", "UUID": "f9405e92-0c1c-4443-9cc4-45d662d8b5f2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "FREEZING RAIN", "UUID": "a90306f0-353c-4083-941a-0973a6fd6584" } ], "UUID": "09a57dc7-3911-4a65-9f12-b819652b8671", "definition": "A type of liquid precipitation in the form of liquid water drops withdiameters greater than 0.5 millimeters (0.02 inches), or, if widelyscattered, the drops may be smaller." } ], "UUID": "7d45f108-dda2-4341-b853-ee3a490aad59", "definition": "Liquid precipitation that reaches the Earth's surface in the form of drops." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LIQUID WATER EQUIVALENT", "UUID": "eca0080c-b001-4b6a-b978-f76415e28421" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PRECIPITATION AMOUNT", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "12 HOUR PRECIPITATION AMOUNT", "UUID": "feef8827-92a6-4d1d-b6a5-ecda38a32656" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "24 HOUR PRECIPITATION AMOUNT", "UUID": "12250935-8f40-4279-aada-2f22cbef1459", "definition": "The amount of precipitation collected and measured at a weather observing site during a 24 hour period." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "3 AND 6 HOUR PRECIPITATION AMOUNT", "UUID": "039bbfd2-7653-4ba8-9003-b46d367c6038", "definition": "The amount of precipitation collected and measured at a weather observing site during 3 hour and 6 hour periods." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HOURLY PRECIPITATION AMOUNT", "UUID": "2f0f103a-4fe9-429f-a783-ba1d6e6a446a", "definition": "The amount of precipitation collected and measured per hour at a weather observing site." } ], "UUID": "cad5c02a-e771-434e-bef6-8dced38a68e8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES", "UUID": "22a4ddef-90f0-4935-a13d-26b14723a956", "definition": "The deviation of the amount of precipitation falling in a given region overa specified period from the long-term average value for the same region." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PRECIPITATION PHASE", "UUID": "87c7332d-cc84-468f-9d68-4d5dcc108b4d", "definition": "The phase of precipitation, i.e., solid (e.g., snow, sleet) or liquid (rain), is a crucial property in weather forecasts, satellite precipitation retrievals, and modeling. The shift of precipitation phase from solid to liquid will alter surface energy balance, affect water resource management, and increase risks of natural hazards." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PRECIPITATION PROFILES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLOUD WATER PATH", "UUID": "db0ff132-48ed-429b-b7e7-6a173b380421" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ICE WATER PATH", "UUID": "7ec9473a-0d08-4fb1-b2e8-b83d590d710c", "definition": "Total cloud ice in the atmospheric column" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LATENT HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "9985d211-1056-4a7a-a1c8-550923ea5a81" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MELTING LAYER HEIGHT", "UUID": "ce105b93-42b1-4692-a8ef-dc10792f26bf" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RAIN TYPE", "UUID": "e3973025-f274-44f1-9ff5-0d2fd7e006c2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RAIN WATER PATH", "UUID": "4059c189-1ecb-4e0d-98d6-d67c0f76f275", "definition": "Total rain water in the atmospheric column" } ], "UUID": "d4449cf4-8d4e-4282-b84d-5098715389dd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PRECIPITATION RATE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION", "UUID": "001002d4-28ec-4ee2-9ff6-99d83be2d705", "definition": "The instantaneous convective precipitation rate at the surface" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FROZEN PRECIPITATION", "UUID": "d57a7ba2-7d23-472f-8d6c-674dec4e8fa0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SURFACE PRECIPITATION", "UUID": "f29968d9-b911-45b5-b5b5-0a759a345ce9" } ], "UUID": "ac50c468-df2f-429c-8394-9d63efcc6f9d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT", "UUID": "30bd3a01-8cb0-4045-a998-582adbf97df9", "definition": "The water content obtained from melting accumulated snow." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLID PRECIPITATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CONVECTIVE SURFACE PRECIPITATION RATE", "UUID": "6c8581e8-d49c-423e-9b38-3be406b64efa" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HAIL", "UUID": "7118d286-6629-48e5-931f-052cd347395e", "definition": "A type of frozen precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps ofice, usually consisting of concentric layers of ice. Hail is alwaysproduced by convective clouds, nearly always cumulonimbus." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ICE PELLETS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SLEET", "UUID": "5beaf99c-0675-4af3-9236-f55d8d206d85", "definition": "In the United States, frozen rain drops that bounce on impact with theground or other objects. Elsewhere, may refer to a mix of rain and snow, amix of rain and hail, or melting snow." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SMALL HAIL", "UUID": "26087764-bd76-4a70-8dba-3c0cbadad6a7", "definition": "Hail with a diameter less than 0.64 cm (0.25 in.)." } ], "UUID": "cac27b59-7810-4132-87b4-53108663584e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SNOW", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SNOW GRAINS", "UUID": "6a16461a-49b9-4887-802f-2320c6dc4dd2", "definition": "(Also called granular snow.) Precipitation in the form of very small, white opaque particles of ice; the solid equivalent of drizzle.They resemble snow pellets in external appearance, but are more flattened and elongated, and generally have diameters of less than 1 mm; they neither shatter nor bounce when they hit a hard surface. Descriptions of the physical structure of snow grains vary widely and include very fine, simple ice crystals; tiny, complex snow crystals; small, compact bundles of rime; and particles with a rime core and a fine glaze coating. It is agreed that snow grains usually fall in very small quantities, mostly from stratus clouds or from fog, and never in the form of a shower." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SNOW PELLETS", "UUID": "c2815464-48b7-4dc1-90d6-0ab5a8b7c82b" } ], "UUID": "b51b3708-a662-4cf1-bf13-e67f36b001c4" } ], "UUID": "1906bb87-db16-46db-b814-e0b322356125", "definition": "Solid (frozen) precipitation, for example, snow, hail, ice pellets, snow pellets (soft hail, graupel), snow grains, and ice crystals;" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TOTAL SURFACE PRECIPITATION RATE", "UUID": "9466020a-db25-40ba-a76f-4720800efc92" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VIRGA", "UUID": "e96f2d1a-432e-44e4-bc88-6f8f35ae88fb" } ], "UUID": "1532e590-a62d-46e3-8d03-2351bc48166a", "definition": "All liquid or solid phase aqueous particles that originate in the atmosphere and fall to the earth's surface." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "RADIO OCCULTATION PROFILES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BENDING ANGLE", "UUID": "8fd7f9f6-9b95-4ba4-9df1-7b876b779a86" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EXCESS PHASE", "UUID": "547dd45b-91a6-4511-bdef-157be65d9b6a", "definition": "Excess phase quantifies the optical path of a temporally coherent signal as it transects the Earth\u2019s limb less the optical path that would have been obtained by a straight-line vacuum path. Excess phase is induced by refraction of a GNSS signal by the Earth\u2019s atmosphere and ionosphere in GNSS radio occultation. It has the dimension of distance, specifically the temporal refractive delay of a signal multiplied by the speed of light in a vacuum. Its associated independent coordinate is the time of signal reception by a low-Earth orbiting GNSS receiver." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "REFRACTIVITY", "UUID": "f4ec49af-b1c5-431c-968c-56890da96020" } ], "UUID": "32d72476-ba7b-43fa-b054-84804278aa84", "definition": "Radio occultation (RO) is a remote sensing technique used for measuring the physical properties of a planetary atmosphere or ring system. " }, { "level": "Term", "name": "WEATHER EVENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COLD WAVE", "UUID": "03bc515c-af45-4a15-b2a2-65270f0e72bd", "definition": "As used in the U.S. National Weather Service, a rapid fall in temperature within 24 hours to temperatures requiring substantially increased protection to agriculture, industry, commerce, and social activities." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DROUGHTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DROUGHT DURATION", "UUID": "ebd54a3b-8b8b-40e8-94fd-d0b4352e0745" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DROUGHT FREQUENCY", "UUID": "0f7f8887-844d-45d8-9d45-7e48e15c50fd", "definition": "Drought frequency refers to the number of drought events that occur within a specified period of time. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DROUGHT SEVERITY", "UUID": "1a6b76b0-6c03-4021-92fb-66552edcf845", "definition": "Drought severity is a relative term that broadly refers to how intense a drought is considered to be. Drought severity can be measured through any number of physical indicators, such as rainfall or streamflow, but it can also be assessed through impacts to other interdependent systems given that drought affects water supply,agriculture, wildfire, and more. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected bydrought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected)." } ], "UUID": "12a896f3-993d-49f6-aafc-17378ffa3998", "definition": "A period of abnormally dry weather sufficiently long enough to cause a serious hydrological imbalance." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE FREQUENCY", "UUID": "10277cb5-5a11-47a2-8578-3ac1c7152cd2", "definition": "Number of extratropical cyclones per unit time." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION", "UUID": "2357d9ae-3376-4c4e-8533-6193bf177345", "definition": "Change in Extratropical Cyclone position with respect to time." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK", "UUID": "7de1c2c0-89c2-4841-b0b8-158224c8ad22", "definition": "Extratropical Cyclone path, route, or course." } ], "UUID": "da436e9b-60e5-4a5f-a50a-08794d62bca8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOG", "UUID": "a5ad4f63-7483-4f07-86c7-57037e5faf6c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FREEZE/FROST", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FIRST FREEZE/FROST DATE", "UUID": "2cc64007-a443-45d8-bf9d-c9fae69f4554", "definition": "First frost is first occurrence of 36\u00b0F temperature, first freeze was based on the first occurrence of 32\u00b0F temperature." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FIRST FREEZE/FROST PROBABILITY", "UUID": "53b7e7d6-2aeb-4636-bae1-c7cd92d3d541", "definition": "The freeze/frost probability levels represent the risk with regard to meeting or falling below a certain temperature threshold by a specific date, or within a specified number of days. For example, suppose a 90 percent probability level for the spring season is computed to be March 1 at the 32 degree threshold. This means that nine years out of ten a temperature as cold or colder than 32 degrees is expected to occur later than March 1 during the spring season. For the fall season, the probability level represents the chance of having a temperature as cold or colder earlier than the computed date. The freeze-free probability level indicates the chance of having a longer freeze-free period than the computed number of days. The methods used to compute the freeze probabilities come from two data distributions: a discrete freeze or no-freeze distribution, where a no-freeze annual season is one in which only one or no freeze occurs; and a continuous one of freeze dates for the years of freeze occurrence, where at least two distinct freeze dates occur in a year." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FIRST MODERATE FREEZE/FROST DATE", "UUID": "581d6ad6-2132-45cf-b6be-72341024587b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FREEZE FREE PERIOD LENGTH", "UUID": "5a0347ba-2684-4c4a-adc0-ddb63cbbde6b", "definition": "The period, usually expressed in days, between the last occurrence of freezing temperatures (0\u00b0C) in the spring and the first occurrence in the autumn." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAST FREEZE/FROST DATE", "UUID": "fc768468-62d4-40fa-8880-a773a855a496" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAST FREEZE/FROST PROBABILITY", "UUID": "22b3623a-66c6-4616-8a6a-139ce119f672", "definition": "The freeze/frost probability levels represent the risk with regard to meeting or falling below a certain temperature threshold by a specific date, or within a specified number of days. For example, suppose a 90 percent probability level for the spring season is computed to be March 1 at the 32 degree threshold. This means that nine years out of ten a temperature as cold or colder than 32 degrees is expected to occur later than March 1 during the spring season. For the fall season, the probability level represents the chance of having a temperature as cold or colder earlier than the computed date. The freeze-free probability level indicates the chance of having a longer freeze-free period than the computed number of days. The methods used to compute the freeze probabilities come from two data distributions: a discrete freeze or no-freeze distribution, where a no-freeze annual season is one in which only one or no freeze occurs; and a continuous one of freeze dates for the years of freeze occurrence, where" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAST MODERATE FREEZE/FROST DATE", "UUID": "a8cc5031-9c46-4a73-a999-68cdaec453a5" } ], "UUID": "4539272a-f041-4fc6-883d-4c4c5bef1683", "definition": "The condition that exists when, over a widespread area, the surfacetemperature of the air remains below freezing 0 C (32 F) for a sufficientamount of time to constitute the characteristic feature of the weather. Afreeze is a term used for the condition when vegetation is injured bythese low air temperatures, regardless if frost were deposited." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HAIL STORMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HAIL PATH", "UUID": "4ec71dc5-66bf-453b-883a-ad6d31b3edde", "definition": "The route/localized area of a hailstorm, occurring as hail falls while the storm path is moving. Sometimes also referred to as the hail swath." } ], "UUID": "a2ea1792-c011-4c7c-95c7-3bd648b1b57b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HEAT WAVE", "UUID": "ca820557-401e-4e5e-ac32-29fdbc0628b3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE STORMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TOTAL FREEZING RAIN ACCUMULATION", "UUID": "0df15471-3175-44c0-aa8b-5178dfeb27a0", "definition": "Total freezing rain accumulated from a freezing rain event." } ], "UUID": "5ce75010-ec8a-4af7-9e34-3e49ef2fe10c", "definition": "(Also called silver storm.) A storm characterized by a fall of freezing liquid precipitation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LIGHTNING", "UUID": "f24c4f33-5b89-4e8d-8de7-296078a7f18a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MONSOONS", "UUID": "a6212424-1146-4a79-a14c-8ce88543b08b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POLAR VORTEX", "UUID": "562ff317-9db1-43ae-b6ff-e64430e76e26", "definition": "The stratospheric polar vortex is a large-scale region of air that is contained by a strong west-to-east jet stream that circles the polar region. This jet stream is usually referred to as the polar night jet. The polar vortex extends from the tropopause (the dividing line between the stratosphere and troposphere) through the stratosphere and into the mesosphere (above 50 km). Low values of ozone and cold temperatures are associated with the air inside the vortex." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RAIN STORMS", "UUID": "f6b314db-883a-4493-9140-b6afda949710" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW STORMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BLIZZARDS", "UUID": "3d4f9f5a-912b-4dc1-b1c5-cd0fd9bbd3d3", "definition": "A severe weather condition characterized by high winds and reduced visibilities due to falling or blowing snow.The U.S. National Weather Service specifies sustained wind or frequent gusts of 16 m per second (30 kt or 35 mi per hour) or greater, accompanied by falling and/or blowing snow, frequently reducing visibility to less than 400 m (0.25 mi) for 3 hours or longer. Earlier definitions also included a condition of low temperatures, on the order of -7\u00b0C (20\u00b0F) or lower, or -12\u00b0C (10\u00b0F) or lower (severe blizzard). The name originated in the United States but it is also used in other countries. In the Antarctic the name is given to violent autumnal winds off the ice cap. In southeastern France, the cold north wind with snow is termed blizzard (see also boulbie).Similar storms in Russian Asia are the buran and purga. In popular usage in the United States and in England, the term is often used for any heavy snowstorm accompanied by strong winds." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BLOWING SNOW", "UUID": "63cad48d-d085-484f-9ae8-99e3b798671e", "definition": "Snow lifted from the surface of the earth by the wind to a height of 2 m (6 ft) or more above the surface (higher than drifting snow), and blown about in such quantities that horizontal visibility is reduced to less than 11 km." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAKE EFFECT SNOW", "UUID": "12b7f57f-c295-4adf-97f5-43356f1270bf", "definition": "Snowstorm occurring near or downwind from the shore of a lake resulting from the warming (destabilization) and moistening of relatively cold air during passage over a warm body of water." } ], "UUID": "bc9215ae-58ec-481e-ba83-89376a298000" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "Stability/Severe Weather Indices", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CONVECTIVE AVAILABLE POTENTIAL ENERGY (CAPE)", "UUID": "00748b19-30cc-4d12-a7a3-0aa8b3be5a94", "definition": "Convective Available Potential Energy = in units of Joules per kilogram (J/kg) is a measure of the cumulative buoyancy of a parcel as it rises." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "K-index (KI)", "UUID": "1d8a8e42-0fc0-4ce1-a058-9fa961c9d4ac", "definition": "K-index in units of degrees Celsius (\u00b0C) is a simple index using data from discrete pressure levels instead of a lifted parcel." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LIFTED INDEX (LI)", "UUID": "f07365c3-a36e-4a28-8364-be3941fae000" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SHOWALTER STABILITY INDEX (SI)", "UUID": "bd0c62a2-5336-4b41-81e1-089ce118651a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TOTAL TOTALS INDEX (TT)", "UUID": "77bcf3f2-8d61-4b18-9e2a-439310197c83", "definition": "Total Totals Index = Index in units of degrees Celsius (\u00b0C) isindicative of severe weather potential." } ], "UUID": "7844ae66-f542-442f-8359-05014bc19831" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SUBTROPICAL CYCLONES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUBTROPICAL DEPRESSION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SUBTROPICAL DEPRESSION TRACK", "UUID": "241d4bbb-3965-4595-93d3-8fe8c89fdab1", "definition": "Subtropical Depression path, route, or course." } ], "UUID": "99ad9306-0a99-402a-961f-acb9255cb113" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUBTROPICAL STORM", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SUBTROPICAL STORM MOTION", "UUID": "308beca2-b3c8-4cbb-aa9c-e1be605ca785", "definition": "Change in Subtropical Storm position with respect to time." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SUBTROPICAL STORM TRACK", "UUID": "c1a196a3-4134-473a-819e-369ab9656abb" } ], "UUID": "ca133c4d-9751-4b92-a1ec-013ef625ad7b" } ], "UUID": "edfe982b-a5bb-4001-83fa-f46f90f69b79" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TORNADOES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DESTRUCTION POTENTIAL INDEX", "UUID": "8fd6e7bc-df59-4637-b1e7-d6715fb3e8af" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE RATING", "UUID": "d866f0ba-c70a-4377-9f91-58ab402f6f8b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STORM SYSTEM MOTION", "UUID": "d9969cf1-6a1f-4f37-91bf-c746aeba81c4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TORNADO CLIMATOLOGY", "UUID": "d912e61f-6c95-449d-9bee-2eac2f599b8f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TORNADO DENSITY", "UUID": "9a310897-86d4-4a31-9fe3-4b4ad45b3575" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TORNADO FREQUENCY", "UUID": "de691f09-0ef3-4795-bac0-1ed15c3e7f8b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TORNADO PATH LENGTH", "UUID": "b253d76b-d48a-4d7a-abbe-7d02f783176e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TORNADO PATH WIDTH", "UUID": "069ff99d-1455-4285-83d9-4f57fb0cb635", "definition": "Path length (in miles and tenths of miles) and maximum path width (in yards) will be indicated for all tornadoes, including each member of families of tornadoes, or for all segments of multi-segmented tornadoes. The length in the header-strip is the length of that particular segment in that particular county/parish. The Storm Prediction Center, NCDC or a Storm Data user can determine the entire length of a multi-segmented tornado by adding the lengths from each segment as well as using the latitude and longitude of that segment. Note that latitude and longitude are not available in the Storm Data publication, but are available on the internet in National Climatic Data Center and the Storm Prediction Center databases." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TORNADO VORTEX SIGNATURE", "UUID": "c3354d3b-44a4-4b1a-b1dd-1243bd1640be" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER SPOUT", "UUID": "2992d7d3-5ae6-4844-b0fa-4ad348e3a8c2", "definition": "In general, any tornado over a body of water." } ], "UUID": "a200e677-384a-42d6-8519-1c7735f0adb9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TROPICAL CYCLONES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ACCUMULATED CYCLONE ENERGY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", "UUID": "7067a3f8-2903-46b7-9189-af1189a15a43" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "fb890034-3ae6-4c91-941c-ae1483a13528" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", "UUID": "5da932fa-2f4b-4f65-bad4-18c661816549" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", "UUID": "e89e331c-ca8e-4c25-be34-c81017bd019f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "074c2800-e458-4fa0-bcae-7f400d970650" } ], "UUID": "2ead8ea2-0357-4c95-9483-da8149855fd4", "definition": "Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) is a measure used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to express the activity of individual tropical cyclones and entire tropical cyclone seasons, particularly the Atlantic hurricane seasons. It uses an approximation of the energy used by a tropical system over its lifetime and is calculated every six-hour period. The ACE of a season is the sum of the ACEs for each storm and takes into account the number, strength, and duration of all the tropical storms in the season." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LANDFALL INTENSITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", "UUID": "0d7ea0fa-987a-4429-85e7-754ca638e504" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "4354779d-94e6-4c38-973b-3a9bafa4eeb2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", "UUID": "7aa4aea2-0f5b-4490-967b-7e339eaec507" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", "UUID": "ab9dfb44-979e-495c-ad83-8d30a37018be" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "dd5cbcc2-622a-4c3c-82b8-7e2869f8438a" } ], "UUID": "923ab959-48ee-4db1-827a-3d672099e273" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MAXIMUM 1-MINUTE SUSTAINED WIND", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", "UUID": "1ab5b26c-8560-412c-8b7b-80921aff9fe1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "93f7b0c1-ea76-431f-8cb0-0599eb51f928" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", "UUID": "58ddb82c-fbb2-4910-8259-d9c2df2555da" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", "UUID": "dd54dfac-069b-4552-abfe-d182320189c7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "53998f98-9bf6-4666-90c7-48f2e5730dae" } ], "UUID": "ba286b68-a400-4c29-bd24-b8ca99967968" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MAXIMUM SURFACE WIND", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", "UUID": "b5965fe4-fc00-4d9b-93f8-f03a6a369304" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "8807cdb6-56af-43d6-9efa-14d234d69374" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", "UUID": "40f7445f-1741-418e-9831-e2e3322daf5a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", "UUID": "a8258a99-866f-4e34-80ab-25239546ffb2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "8e93861c-5f03-4892-96d7-cfac368e6c26" } ], "UUID": "106461af-377c-4dc0-bbd7-9769eba05321", "definition": "Maximum wind recorded from a tropical cyclone at the Earth's surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MAXIMUM WIND GUST", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", "UUID": "d5f307ab-e5df-4c84-84e7-42822e3a4864" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "2d2a56cb-a99c-4001-9f41-0e04037e0d41" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", "UUID": "6e28bebd-0c5d-4bf3-8770-84d79c75e33c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", "UUID": "4379a82a-c0fd-4d40-b1f3-3b516cac1a8e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "536b666d-a4ad-4ec3-b7fc-282e884e53ee" } ], "UUID": "4b0e986f-5dce-48ca-8bad-794c97482553", "definition": "Maximum wind gust recorded from a tropical cyclone." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MINIMUM CENTRAL PRESSURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", "UUID": "ef467c3c-0aed-4aa8-bfa5-67721e83e557" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "3b1544bc-1711-4553-a643-5d8fba38a1f1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", "UUID": "50abff20-11a8-4aea-8425-c9a05b1d8d09" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", "UUID": "5b70e02b-0ed2-42a0-9fe9-7a552d6819d1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "cfb85bf2-9920-4e3f-bce3-3d8f68ab1436" } ], "UUID": "38cefcb2-f5d6-4917-a87b-7cfba482e30d", "definition": "The atmospheric pressure at the center of a high or low. It is the highest pressure in a high and the lowest pressure in a low, referring to the sea level pressure of the system. In a hurricane, a lower central pressure create a stronger gradient from outside to inside the system. The stronger this pressure gradient is, the greater the maximum wind speeds around the eye wall." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PEAK INTENSITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", "UUID": "d038c99b-efbc-41f3-99a6-5d066fda5ecd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "5730c1ba-7e4e-4d0e-adf3-053af4be97b4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", "UUID": "b21b9b00-5da4-47fc-b2a8-fc2ecd5bd912" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", "UUID": "cbe89018-3eb6-4c8e-82c9-c540147a75e2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "20da8cba-3546-4699-8809-01bffa6bccca" } ], "UUID": "c17617a1-5d2b-426f-bfe0-d8c4d4b5cfad" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE AT LANDFALL (CATEGORY 1)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "c6ff6623-a24c-494c-804c-bc486b3de548" } ], "UUID": "27847732-2a5a-4094-9ba5-3c56ae897f87", "definition": "Category 1 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Sustained Winds 74-95 mph, 64-82 kt, 119-153 km/h" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE AT LANDFALL (CATEGORY 2)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "fe4f3f33-7df3-439a-9382-d02140da29aa" } ], "UUID": "e282c375-ed1a-465b-b960-aa49118307ea" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE AT LANDFALL (CATEGORY 3)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "d678b2d9-9956-45a9-9a9f-95450fb4ca46" } ], "UUID": "530dfe77-5740-49e8-b994-9a6f82cf4adb", "definition": "Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Sustained Winds 111-129 mph96-112 kt 178-208 km/h" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE AT LANDFALL (CATEGORY 4)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "91843b75-9519-456a-89a5-1b1c221ebd4e" } ], "UUID": "e691d1ab-6d20-4ad6-bea6-46587e94c4ff" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE AT LANDFALL (CATEGORY 5)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "6f80bcdf-b778-4ecc-99aa-9f5779fd6f31" } ], "UUID": "978dd843-3a96-4d52-a7d6-31642503c267" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL CYCLONE CENTER", "UUID": "ed710f29-031f-45b3-8fa7-aeb17e8ce564" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL CYCLONE FORCE WIND EXTENT", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", "UUID": "00d89979-f1bb-4e95-b73e-6a0d8d924bd8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "d99d0464-db69-44fb-9b18-9469a08fe4b4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", "UUID": "ed71cef0-0e5a-49a0-83c6-f7dd02215290" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", "UUID": "713123e4-ebc8-49dd-bc8b-b9fbeaabeaad" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "6ee22b9c-f418-4b77-bb6b-f70d3e44afbc" } ], "UUID": "eec57358-8166-443e-b595-cb831911cd42" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", "UUID": "63e53301-d263-4d09-a4be-f0c874646e23" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "a8a40309-c4e5-46d7-ac39-1b7230766192" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", "UUID": "446a22b7-3ea1-43db-9176-47d4dac3ac93" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", "UUID": "7705e65c-90a1-451d-8898-ef5f170fa051" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "93ef0499-0b06-4f9a-885b-52e89563b3ec" } ], "UUID": "cda34c9c-e59a-4dfb-9d2d-b8317e4b7f27" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL CYCLONE RADIUS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", "UUID": "f4f4a7ad-73da-42f2-94f9-d9ecb81e0bf0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "41829fbf-2b76-4714-bf4a-e0d63b5472d5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", "UUID": "9928589d-0714-4b88-a8ad-11126dd97521" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", "UUID": "5d51ef9b-f058-48ca-b1ea-c8d63a50a699" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "09849cf3-df4d-40d3-a224-f30c6fe22c1f" } ], "UUID": "104ed5fa-f65a-442e-992c-88a4fe74a66c", "definition": "The distance from the center of a tropical cyclone to its perimeter." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CYCLONES (SW INDIAN)", "UUID": "5d0a21f1-cc5d-481c-ad5f-7fe15deabc9c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HURRICANES (N. ATLANTIC/E. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "72de9813-4c72-45bc-a216-be6ebd08bb6c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS (N. INDIAN)", "UUID": "e61fcc9f-bdb6-4dbc-94f2-52c4c64b6df9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES (SW PACIFIC/SE INDIAN)", "UUID": "8d27af08-6b2f-48d7-8e6b-bd57e93992ad" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TYPHOONS (WESTERN N. PACIFIC)", "UUID": "b5a681af-5005-4182-922e-528ec8d514f1" } ], "UUID": "10a9bb22-9119-4409-84c1-7c97ef31b1a1", "definition": "Tropical Cyclone path, route, or course." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL DEPRESSION FREQUENCY", "UUID": "74aac882-80ae-4ecd-9585-c541cd7a10fc", "definition": "Number of Tropical Depressions per unit time." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL DEPRESSION MOTION", "UUID": "03e9cfd2-631c-42e6-b25c-b75f57e4ebb8", "definition": "Change in Tropical Depression's position with respect to time." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL DEPRESSION TRACK", "UUID": "75c369df-2b9f-4328-8b1f-325d83ffb4cf", "definition": "Tropical Depression path, route, or course." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL STORM FORCE WIND EXTENT", "UUID": "23c94a4c-db57-4d57-b24f-4dba24aa3cc6", "definition": "The extent of a tropical storm's wind field." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL STORM FREQUENCY", "UUID": "de9ffa22-76e3-469c-926b-2dee007702d0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL STORM MOTION", "UUID": "ce15b57a-9b1b-4bb7-805e-b13defd9a851" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL STORM TRACK", "UUID": "2a4bc557-ee60-4446-920a-25632f5b8b4d", "definition": "Tropical Storm path, route, or course." } ], "UUID": "06180441-d4bb-4fed-b36a-9b3cb2cac0fe", "definition": "The general term for a cyclone that originates over the tropical oceans." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WEATHER/CLIMATE ADVISORIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "Weather Forecast", "UUID": "0fd11f45-185a-4e38-8749-092ee09fab36", "definition": "An assessment of the future state of the atmosphere with respect to precipitation, clouds, winds, and temperature.Such assessments are usually made by government or private meteorologists, often using numerical simulations. Such simulations are the result of representing the atmosphere mathematically as a fluid in motion.See also numerical weather prediction." } ], "UUID": "c5846f45-863e-43a8-8816-95b3ff359e40" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WIND STORMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DERECHO", "UUID": "4e845edf-3635-4665-9d9d-d7186c151cda", "definition": "A widespread convectively induced straight-line windstorm. Specifically, the term is defined as any family of downburst clusters produced by an extratropical mesoscale convective system. Derechos may or may not be accompanied by tornadoes. Such events were first recognized in the Corn Belt region of the United States, but have since been observed in many other areas of the midlatitudes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GALE", "UUID": "530ca9b8-50f3-4bd6-82d4-c49fa688a977", "definition": "In general, and in popular use, an unusually strong wind.In storm-warning terminology, a wind of 28\u201347 knots (32\u201354 mph).In the Beaufort wind scale, a wind with a speed from 28\u201355 knots (32\u201363 mph) and categorized as follows: moderate gale, 28\u201333 knots (Force 7); fresh gale, 34\u201340 knots (Force 8); strong gale, 41\u201347 knots (Force 9); and whole gale, 48\u201355 knots (Force 10)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MICROBURST", "UUID": "9da19ae9-799f-4885-8fb8-564ca803639a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SQUALL", "UUID": "27275638-546e-4181-b15c-ddc3524de3d5", "definition": "A strong wind characterized by a sudden onset, a duration of the order of minutes, and then a rather sudden decrease in speed." } ], "UUID": "c40071d2-6478-4edf-80bb-95c3886533b9" } ], "UUID": "b7d562cf-9b9b-4461-900b-50423a8c4d29" } ], "UUID": "c47f6052-634e-40ef-a5ac-13f69f6f4c2a" }, { "level": "Topic", "name": "BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION", "children": [ { "level": "Term", "name": "ANIMALS/INVERTEBRATES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ACORN WORMS", "UUID": "70c0b882-3d34-4e2d-90bf-339ade328ee0", "definition": "Common name for any worm-shaped marine invertebrates characterized by three body parts, covering of cilia and solitary benthic lifestyle." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ARROW WORMS", "UUID": "328d3442-34a0-496b-ae4d-87eb447058b8", "definition": "Common name for Chaetognaths. Marine worms with a bilaterally symmetrical, mostly transparent soft body." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ARTHROPODS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHELICERATES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ARACHNIDS", "UUID": "973bd2bd-c201-4e8c-8c86-d2e849298310" } ], "UUID": "b32ca9df-f981-4696-bf97-c190175e47b7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CRUSTACEANS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "AMPHIPODS", "UUID": "e20c4981-7cbe-4f5c-9139-78b22ee7bfb6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "BARNACLES", "UUID": "57e04385-5f7b-432b-8f0b-b26fc9e3d77d", "definition": "Cone shaped shell-wall comprised of calcareous plates sessile, marine intertidal crustaceans." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COPEPODS", "UUID": "9443e3fb-5087-4aae-a311-35ab172c45ce" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DECAPODS", "UUID": "e631c681-5dad-48b2-83ce-943a1f0df47a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "EUPHAUSIIDS (KRILL)", "UUID": "4095dea9-3da1-4679-bccf-7fe637414910", "definition": "Order Euphasiacea, commonly referred to as Krill, are small shrimp like crustaceans with a hard exoskeleton divided into cephalon, thorax and abdomen with biramous appendages and a flattened tail fin called a telson" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ISOPODS", "UUID": "dcf06e40-74f1-4341-bc80-79dcd2e268b9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MYSIDS", "UUID": "bfda8569-896e-4efa-81e1-8f02af8b1017" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "OSTRACODS", "UUID": "e91ca626-7afa-4e36-8a28-f8df6fc9d797" } ], "UUID": "f2044dcf-40da-4fcc-97ab-914343d885a5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HEXAPODS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ENTOGNATHA", "UUID": "b23a3120-0b90-434d-81e6-988f62034e22" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "INSECTS", "UUID": "44e49605-e860-41d0-8ef8-cb74419f831d", "definition": "Insects are a class of Arthropoda, members of which have three pairs oflegs and usually two pairs of wings borne on the thorax." } ], "UUID": "38e40180-1a2a-40a9-a030-04775dabbabb", "definition": "Subphylum Hexapoda constitutes the largest number of species of arthropods characterized by bodies divided into six fused segments." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MYRIAPODS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CENTIPEDES", "UUID": "582efbf1-ae9c-47f4-8155-c445f3816dd8", "definition": "Centipedes are in the Class Chilopoda, and are elongate arthropods withbody divided into head and trunk, the latter bearing ten or more pairs oflegs." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MILLIPEDES", "UUID": "d6db51cf-d2d0-4203-94c8-c884579e0cb0" } ], "UUID": "9b5474eb-2dc8-4a8e-90b4-872f9fda80d9" } ], "UUID": "bb87baf5-3844-4a56-865f-ea5ed420db06" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BRYOZOANS/MOSS ANIMALS", "UUID": "b560f23d-f190-4c41-8bd9-4650a83296af" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BURROWS/SPOON WORMS", "UUID": "f70d3181-c6b6-40ec-a583-6c9e44e1c4ad" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CNIDARIANS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ANTHOZOANS/HEXACORALS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HARD OR STONY CORALS", "UUID": "dd4de9c8-e078-43cf-a7d8-78f289c8618e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEA ANEMONES", "UUID": "9c47c3f3-09ae-491f-994c-0322e2875a7e" } ], "UUID": "ad557b31-fc70-4519-a8e4-3a5daf05f774" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ANTHOZOANS/OCTOCORALS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEA FANS/SEA WHIPS", "UUID": "c6b33bb7-9714-42b5-88d2-f16bd671b799" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEA PENS", "UUID": "9f25a6bc-ccbd-44fd-a33f-36a2ed53827f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SOFT CORALS", "UUID": "7836e8bd-176d-4e2f-9ac1-7f9d9a152b4e", "definition": "Phylum Cnidaria. Class Anthozoa. Subclass Octocorallia. Common name of water-based organisms formed by colonial polyps with 8 fold symmetry, clacking a distinct stony skeleton distinguished by minute, spiny skeletal sclerites used in identification" } ], "UUID": "cbdf4f94-efc6-4965-a329-5df989a9a211" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROZOANS", "UUID": "c2c891c2-aa15-40b8-bfae-f02f42d0c739" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "JELLYFISHES", "UUID": "cb628a66-a10b-4ef1-9261-7ce63a9439dc" } ], "UUID": "b6164a29-8e14-4861-a30c-fefce375e284" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COMB JELLIES", "UUID": "acce07bc-4e22-48b8-8396-10628c13124f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ECHINODERMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BRITTLE/BASKET STARS", "UUID": "4c653917-a5d8-4572-a509-572e9fd2c63d", "definition": "Class Ophiuroidea in Phylum Echinodermata. Marine invertebrates characterized by five long thin flexible arms around a central armored disk-shaped body" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA STARS", "UUID": "ec994afa-ecd4-4d25-9e8b-335cd982755c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA URCHINS", "UUID": "6972b6bd-2f7e-460d-b12a-914b7d1e029c", "definition": "Phylum Echinodermata. Class Echinoidea. Marine invertebrates with five-fold symmetry visible on the test and spines used for protection" } ], "UUID": "70892c25-4206-4673-9504-2876927d19a3", "definition": "The phylum Echinoderms is a wholly marine group whose members includethe familiar starfish and sea urchins often found on the shore. Some oftheir particular features are their five-sided adult symmetry, theirendoskeleton which consists of many small crystals of calcium carbonateand tube feet, which are outward manifestations of their water vascularsystem." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ENTOPROCTS", "UUID": "23193921-88ee-4ff2-b9ca-d4688aa4bda7", "definition": "A phylum of small invertebrate aquatic animals typically having a cup-shaped body bearing tentacles and attached to the substrate by means of a stalk characterized by having tentacles with a downstream-collecting ciliary system, an anus inside the ring of ciliated tentacles, and no coelomic canal." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FLATWORMS/FLUKES/TAPEWORMS", "UUID": "8ce4bad9-f050-4b0c-845e-5e7569b6a2d2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GNATHOSTOMULIDS", "UUID": "e05fac08-e3de-4f41-a3fa-29d322a99ac2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HORSEHAIR WORMS", "UUID": "e3425c65-ead7-4bf6-942c-7176a1469b58" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAMP SHELLS", "UUID": "28ae9814-61c2-4ca4-8bc5-d093c1ce5e83", "definition": "Phylum Brachiopoda are a group of marine lophotrochozoans with hard shells on upper and lower surfaces, hinged at the rear with a pedicle projecting from one of the valesto keep the animal anchored to the seabed floor. Two main groups comprise brachiopods, articulate with toothed hinges and simple muscles and inarticulates with untoothed hinges and complex muscles." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LORICIFERANS", "UUID": "470b8420-2a72-4a0c-9c87-e85c57bf01bb", "definition": "Phylum Loricifera are microscopic bilateral animals characterized by a lorica and habitat between marine sediments" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MOLLUSKS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "APLACOPHORANS", "UUID": "2b24db47-ecf4-4559-aaff-aef150188b03", "definition": "Molluscs deviated from the normal molluscan form with no shell and rudimentary body structure." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BIVALVES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CLAMS", "UUID": "9273a48a-7ca4-4f1a-9347-7f6599b5a7e3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MUSSELS", "UUID": "bc60fbb8-f9e9-492e-9acf-0f47345cedf2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "OYSTERS", "UUID": "b6782a30-639e-4d70-8290-81683d248b1f" } ], "UUID": "7da8400b-e2cf-4ab1-b2f0-5bc4b21c23b3", "definition": "Aquatic mollusk with a compressed body enclosed within a hinged two-part shell." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CEPHALOPODS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SQUIDS", "UUID": "0d07a910-06bf-4607-90f8-422e1f35cfa0", "definition": "Phylum Mollusca. Class Cephalopoda. Marine molluscs characterized by a condensed anteroposteriorly and extended dorso-ventrally body plan and a reduce shell with only a pen remaining" } ], "UUID": "955fae6f-6aae-460a-a952-1c0c30f5151e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHITONS", "UUID": "e65cfeec-0da2-40d8-b80d-1c74d1a498fc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GASTROPODS", "UUID": "d2db293d-2ed7-4831-9794-a2cf903e4d4d" } ], "UUID": "d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PEANUT WORMS", "UUID": "3d179cd8-3d64-47a8-b665-ac1382053aff", "definition": "Phylum Spiuncula. Commonly called Peanut Worms, have an unsegmented fluid filled body and are characterized by a twisted intestine, the anus on the side of the body, a retractable introvert body section and a ring of tentacles around the mouth. Sipunculans have no circulatory or respiratory system" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PHORONIDS", "UUID": "bb62f1cf-a6e5-4d9d-a3ab-c665b93ce072" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PRIAPULANS", "UUID": "9c974992-0ec2-4c55-9ab9-e8158f446fe7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RIBBON WORMS", "UUID": "0b5fd1dc-cfff-4bd8-9807-b5dd5ecf83fe", "definition": "Phylum Nemertini (also spelled Nemertina or Nemertea). Commonly called Ribbon Worms are free-living worms with a proboscis separated from the digestive tract distinguished by a complete gut with anus and blood vessels" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ROTIFERS", "UUID": "6b3f96de-62f8-482a-87a5-6efcc3414af7", "definition": "Phylum Rotifera. Microscopic aquatic animals with a complete digestive tract complete with mouth and anus." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ROUNDWORMS", "UUID": "2c1cf609-c70d-4811-8514-3ca45a8bb380", "definition": "Roundworms are mostly worm-like and unsegmented, with an external cuticle,a pseudocoelom between body wall and gut, an anus and complex nervoussystem but not circulatory system. They are mostly free living bottomdwellers in marine and freshwater environments and in the soil." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEGMENTED WORMS (ANNELIDS)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BRISTLE WORMS", "UUID": "ea2c5c8f-6b57-4fcc-8c01-53343c706cef" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EARTHWORMS", "UUID": "517e2978-223e-42a2-b889-9c60f7099859", "definition": "Tube shaped segmented worm in Phylum Annelida" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LEECHES", "UUID": "b845369b-bf6b-47a6-b56a-a11438604a39" } ], "UUID": "ab1952ae-de34-4299-ad10-9c9b2baf87f5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SPINY-HEADED WORMS", "UUID": "af9520f0-6011-45e0-a1d8-bd8c3ed042b0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SPONGES", "UUID": "bfbfd84c-6bf0-412f-9e75-1bad5241c339" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TUNICATES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LARVACEANS", "UUID": "8b1af14c-25f1-42bb-bba9-24ee5cee4e43" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SALPS", "UUID": "b63e1a64-661a-4228-8453-248076f612b7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA SQUIRTS", "UUID": "9987f02e-2f2f-48ed-95ac-02514f02d7b0" } ], "UUID": "c34af039-4868-41f0-aaf0-39e8e9554e03" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER BEARS (TARDIGRADES)", "UUID": "fb4834d9-7bfe-4283-86f7-931532baa79c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WHEEL WEAVERS (CYCLIOPHORANS)", "UUID": "fa4b61fa-32e7-420f-988f-df5527b6f935" } ], "UUID": "abc6f016-d1f0-4725-b847-639de054d13f" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ANIMALS/VERTEBRATES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AMPHIBIANS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FROGS/TOADS", "UUID": "db49ac33-d70a-488c-a1f2-9aa3706ba707" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SALAMANDERS", "UUID": "1ac84a15-6f6b-48e0-b7ba-796813e5ff2c", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Amphibia. Salamanders have elongated cylindrical bodies and distinguished by presence of a tail in all life stages, limbs are right angles." } ], "UUID": "a27837ae-62f7-4931-9da1-0bf63f4755fc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BIRDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ALBATROSSES/PETRELS AND ALLIES", "UUID": "b4e28ec2-c2a0-4eb4-9544-8eb227903d47" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CRANES AND ALLIES", "UUID": "39e33722-56b0-4928-a032-d4832f7136cc", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Gruiformes. Cranes, Family Gruidae, are opportunistic feeding large long-legged and necked birds with streamlined bodies." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DUCKS/GEESE/SWANS", "UUID": "c310aa65-810b-4e36-9689-d37b1154fa1b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EAGLES/FALCONS/HAWKS AND ALLIES", "UUID": "3f51c987-e49b-4988-a05c-d2d9da82dd22", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. All are dirunal birds with keen vision. Falcons are typically smallest of the birds of prey and distinguished by thin tapered wings and a 'tooth' on the side of their beak used for hunting. Hawks and Eagles use their feet for hunting. Eagles are typically larger bodied, with a hooked beak and have heavy heads and beaks. Hawks are medium sized distinguished by rounded wings and short wide tail and have additional color receptors in their eye giving them ability to percieve ultraviolet light." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GREBES", "UUID": "050ce2a5-f895-4600-a0a1-eb0e3adb09e1", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Podicipediformes. Small to medium freshwater diving birds with lobed toes on large feet, long wings and varied bill depending on diet." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HERONS/EGRETS AND ALLIES", "UUID": "af67dee1-7c50-4e73-8db8-b1f421df67fb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "IBISES/SPOONBILLS", "UUID": "70464ef6-7702-4b8d-bacc-50f44b0d6100", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Pelecaniformes. Family Threskiornithidae are long-legged wading birds with long down-curved bills" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LOONS", "UUID": "4342be4c-fd26-4c02-b09f-e35ea4f34575", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Gaviiformes. Loons are large diving aquatic birds with rounded heads, dagger-like bills and webbing between their toes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PELICANS AND ALLIES", "UUID": "3a591a70-def2-4625-bf26-1151724dbcb4", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Pelecaniformes. Pelicans are large water birds characterized by totipalmate feet and a distinct bill with a pouch of skin used for catching prey." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PENGUINS", "UUID": "a463163e-8e86-4086-8b10-8fd6a95fca4a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PERCHING BIRDS", "UUID": "c8186508-c5dd-4282-86d2-b217643a87d8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SANDPIPERS", "UUID": "519a7291-55a2-44a4-8f01-ca7742ff69cc", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Aves. Order Charadriiformes. Sandpipers are shorebirds with long bodies and legs and narrow wings" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WADERS/GULLS/AUKS AND ALLIES", "UUID": "e8f25820-dd06-4d8d-9548-dcc30a871982" } ], "UUID": "1bf8f27a-d6ff-4cb6-acb7-7e5cce11e029", "definition": "Birds, of the class Aves, are warm-blooded craniates with a body coveringof feathers; typically with forelimbs modified as wings for active flight.They are free living (most can fly) in all terrestrial and surface waterhabitats; some are capable of swimming underwater." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FISH", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAMPREYS/HAGFISHES", "UUID": "e5404ad9-95bf-4851-9dbb-fecf7dc1e905" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RAY-FINNED FISHES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ANCHOVIES/HERRINGS", "UUID": "4309af7d-76c8-4856-8ed3-20693600228b", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Clupeiformes. Anchovies, Family Engraulidae, are small common salt-water forage fish with a large mouth, characterized by a blunt snout with teeth in both jaws and a rostral organ. Herring, Family Clupediae, are small common salt-water forage fish characterized by a single dorsal fin without spines, no lateral line and protruding lower jaw." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CATFISHES/MINNOWS", "UUID": "89530978-556a-44fd-88fa-5d42ce9c8b91", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Catfish, Order Siluriformes are ray-finned fish characterized for their pair of barbels, and/or features of their flattened skull and swimbladder. Minnow is a common name for a freshwater or saltwater fish typically used as bait fish" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CODS/HADDOCKS", "UUID": "340b843e-841e-40d9-97c2-d76cca66c65e", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Gadiformes. Family Gadidae. Commonly called cods or haddock, are small commercially important fishes characterized by three dorsal fins, two anal fins, no fin spines, forward pectoral fins, even tail fins and protruding lower jaw." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "FLOUNDERS", "UUID": "74b0e517-8cde-45ad-b6fa-0849d4355928", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Pleuronectiformes. Flatfish are ray-finned demersal fishes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "NEEDLEFISHES", "UUID": "4b9b8b32-93b4-4e8e-819d-55ee7f6a6480", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Beloniformes. Needlefish are slender piscivorous marine fish characterized by long, narrow beak with sharp teeth" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PERCH-LIKE FISHES", "UUID": "1369d226-2b9b-4f69-a197-6e24523b21e7", "Detailed_Variable": "TUNAS AND ALLIES", "definition": "Members of the Family Scombridae, including tunas, albacores, bonitos, and mackerels" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PUPFISHES", "UUID": "3179b46a-ce20-453c-9ebf-18a070a91dec", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Cyprinodontiformes. Pupfish are ray-finned fish similar to minnows but distinguished by small mouths with teeth and typically found in extreme aquatic habitats." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SALMONS/TROUTS", "UUID": "0b8d5346-d10b-4e32-8179-7a51970c5e7f", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Salmon, a common name for ray-finned fish, are a commercially important anadromous fish. Trout, common name for freshwater fish, have fins without spine and small adipose fin near the tail." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STICKLEBACKS", "UUID": "a0b5e8ee-e164-4713-97b7-a8e5100d5e9c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STURGEONS/PADDLEFISHES", "UUID": "01549b6d-91e1-40de-bd7c-5ed5ee59d14e", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Actinopterygii. Order Acipenseriformes, which includes sturgeons and paddlefish, are ray-finned fish with a cartilaginous endoskeleton and no vertebral centrum" } ], "UUID": "c69cde73-7bd9-489b-a20b-bd23cfb82d92" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SHARKS/RAYS/CHIMAERAS", "UUID": "ed019e00-9b0a-4bdc-89aa-606cc929bd9f" } ], "UUID": "ea855d4c-f132-44f9-b31c-447e1101684d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MAMMALS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BATS", "UUID": "9db9cb8c-7d18-4922-990c-b610d22356eb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CARNIVORES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "BEARS", "UUID": "6831004a-34d7-42f5-a903-6c84a5e7590f", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Family Ursidae. Bears are canivoran mammals with large bodies, stocky legs, log snouts, small rounded ears, shaggy hairs distinguished by plantigrade paw with five nonretractile claws and short tails." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DOGS/FOXES/WOLVES", "UUID": "8d01f599-3a98-44b9-889f-43df92386d12" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MARTENS/WEASELS/WOLVERINES", "UUID": "d8973cd1-f3b4-4087-bf3b-25ac0732fb38" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "OTTERS", "UUID": "eedb68d2-c487-4dc8-8292-c375e3e8b455" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEALS/SEA LIONS/WALRUSES", "UUID": "35cf1beb-a654-4ceb-ab6b-7e505c2144e7", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Carnivora. Pinnipeds are widely distributed carnivorous, fin-footed, marine mammals. Seals are eared and use well developed fore-flippers for swimming and walking. Sea lions have external ear flaps. Walruses are characterized by their tusks and whiskers." } ], "UUID": "7a00c50c-827c-4012-9afe-20972e6a00c6", "definition": "A species that eats meat and flesh of animals" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CETACEANS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "BALEEN WHALES", "UUID": "5e0ce993-df7c-46e2-9942-3a242df75705", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Mysticeti, commonly called Baleen Whales, are sexually dimorphic distinguished by their enlarged head with two blow holes and thick blubber and rely on baleen plates to sieve small organisms from saltwater during feeding." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TOOTHED WHALES", "UUID": "1e2a4882-d1e9-4e1a-a2a5-efc449133bf5", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Odontocetes, commonly called Toothed Whales, are distinguished by their conical teeth." } ], "UUID": "7f066677-c0f8-4bb1-91de-13954494a927", "definition": "Phylum chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Cetacea order are hairless, carnivorous, streamlined aquatic mammals consisting of whales, dolphins and porpoises, characterized by dorso-ventrally flattened tails into flukes, forelimbs modified into flippers, and long rostrum with nares at the top of the skull." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DUGONGS/MANATEES", "UUID": "af5fb4da-260e-4e4e-a332-36dfd5084e5d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ELEPHANTS", "UUID": "de9598de-24cc-4f87-b3df-d9f3d4717d33" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EVEN-TOED UNGULATES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CATTLE/SHEEP", "UUID": "33e2e026-e40b-4932-95a9-b2ca1a7aa407", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Family Bovidae. Cattle, commonly called cows, are large quadrupedal animals with odd-toed ungulate ruminants with cloven hooves" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DEER/MOOSE", "UUID": "5557a4f3-8392-4df5-81a9-206c2a86da89", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Atiodactyla. Deer are ruminant, four legged animals with long powerful legs, a small tail, long ears. Deer distinguished by their antlers, which are temporary and can be regrown. Male deer possess antlers while generally females lack antlers." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HOGS/PIGS", "UUID": "108ece15-4588-4564-b803-dc1c17cf193e", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Family Suidae are omnivores, even toed-ungulates with a large head and a long strengthened snout. Hog is a common name for domestic pig weighing more than 120lbs." } ], "UUID": "7b0bc104-eed1-4bc1-b12b-3cf9add700da", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Hoofed animals whose weight is evenly distributed by the third and fourth toes" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HORSES", "UUID": "630cb447-ab0a-4d19-b47c-5511d667e7c1", "definition": "A large solid-hoofed herbivorous ungulate mammal (Equus caballus, family Equidae, the horse family) domesticated since prehistoric times and used as a beast of burden, a draft animal, or for riding." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RODENTS", "UUID": "fae29067-5d65-455a-a515-b1ac52881285" } ], "UUID": "f5161094-3593-4bc1-85ea-c8c2ecab1d9a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MARINE MAMMALS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DOLPHINS", "UUID": "557e8ffd-807d-41b7-9cd3-ccc3f2690cf5", "definition": "Small to medium-sized odontocetes that live in marine habitats, have conical teeth and a falcate dorsal fin set near the middle to the back." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PINNIPED", "UUID": "a659fc9d-9d6a-4e47-b052-9270baa48dd4" } ], "UUID": "4cf1a3bd-20ce-42d7-95ac-9a4ece7be12c", "definition": "Marine mammals represent three different orders of mammals: the Carnivora, Cetacea, and Sirenia. Species in these orders occupy typically marine habitats and evolved similar anatomical features, including large body size, streamlined shape (compared to terrestrial relatives), insulation in the form of blubber and dense fur, and in most cases, a modified appendicular skeleton resulting in reduction in the size of appendages. Marine mammals also possess some similar physiological adaptations (e.g., for diving, thermoregulation, osmoregulation, communication, and orientation) to permit them to exploit the aquatic environment." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "REPTILES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ALLIGATORS/CROCODILES", "UUID": "3f1803fa-3ada-4762-96e4-28966dfdcc83", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Reptilia. Order Crocodilia. Large, lizard-like reptiles with long flattened snouts, laterally compressed tails, and eyes, ears and nostrils at top of head with conical peg-like teeth and a powerful bite. Crocodiles tend to live in saltwater habitats and are characterized by a V-shaped snout with same width of upper and lower jaws, fringe on the hind legs and feet. Alligators tend to live in freshwater environments and are characterized by a wider, short head, a U-shaped snout with a wider upper jaw." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LIZARDS/SNAKES", "UUID": "7dce336b-8596-45f0-bc76-f82b26e1405f", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Reptilia. Order Squamata. Lizards typically have feet and external ears. Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles with skin covered in scales." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TURTLES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEA TURTLES", "UUID": "c9cb7c91-1b1d-42d8-b5f8-596e657138f9" } ], "UUID": "2037d286-6285-49df-aeb4-6e429b18d595", "definition": "Phylum Chordata. Class Reptilia. Order Testudines are characterized by specialized shell developed from their ribs" } ], "UUID": "5d3725b6-743b-4dda-bb54-b64f201ec4d1", "definition": "Reptiles are cold-blooded tetrapod craniates which breathe using lungs, havea dry, scaly skin and lay large, shelled eggs. They live in all typesof terrestrial habitats, the majority in tropical regions; manysecondarily freshwater and marine species." } ], "UUID": "14802b53-b702-438f-8c8a-f51506807ce6", "definition": "Vertebrates are chordates with a backbone, either of cartilage or bone, and abrain located inside a protective chamber of skull bones." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "BACTERIA/ARCHAEA", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CYANOBACTERIA (BLUE-GREEN ALGAE)", "UUID": "166de4c9-89ad-4248-b771-512beb1705cf", "definition": "Blue-Green Algae, now called cyanobacteria, are good examplesof photoautotrophic eubacteria. They are also among the mostcommon photoautotrophs on Earth. Most live in ponds and other freshwaterhabitats. They may grow as mucus-sheathed chains of cells, which can formdense, slimy mats near the surface of nutrient-enriched water." } ], "UUID": "7437925f-7e10-4c96-af36-f3532ec24276", "definition": "Bacteria are a group of microscopic, one-celled protists." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "FUNGI", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LICHENS", "UUID": "e85b6d64-a230-4c1d-99a5-c62be8af18c7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MUSHROOMS", "UUID": "14fa5360-320c-4d54-9bf6-9871a4b308d7", "definition": "Mushrooms are a type of fungi (which are major decomposers that engagein extracellular digestion and absorption of organic matter). Mushroomsare of the order Basidiomycota, the club fungi, which have a fruiting bodyin the aboveground portion of the plant." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SLIME MOLDS", "UUID": "05763c43-c6ed-4071-b868-2ea6c1335c12", "definition": "A type of heterotrophic protistan with a life cycle that includes free-living cells that at some point congregate and differentiate into spore-bearing structures." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "YEASTS/TRUFFLES", "UUID": "ee2e5028-1963-4de1-a883-b9e546d682a4" } ], "UUID": "3546cb0a-27a2-4914-85cf-1774b5c4ed19", "definition": "One of the taxonomic kingdoms, comprising eukaryotic, non-photosyntheticorganisms, which obtain nutrients by the absorption of organic compounds fromtheir surroundings. Fungi usually have chitin-containing cell walls and may beunicellular, filamentous (mycelial), or plasmoidal." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "PLANTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ANGIOSPERMS (FLOWERING PLANTS)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DICOTS", "UUID": "f4211da2-9eaa-4bb3-86b1-c4595e9f2971" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MONOCOTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEAGRASS", "UUID": "e36c5faa-c772-4bb0-aeca-b361e160ce9d" } ], "UUID": "b2957a8b-4c60-42aa-ac1c-56a88421702b" } ], "UUID": "5eda068f-97ea-474a-8a1b-b193f6901251", "definition": "Flowering Plants are all included within the class Angiospermae.Today angiosperms are the dominant plant life, their survival helped bythe angiosperms' flowers (through pollination), fruit (by being carried tonew places), and seeds (which contain food to nourish the young plant)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FERNS AND ALLIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CLUB MOSSES", "UUID": "c5ae3a71-d144-4b91-9cf0-e3cb27ce718f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FERNS", "UUID": "9818a5f0-bec9-47c0-b2ee-7e84c55466ed" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HORSETAILS", "UUID": "5f5bbb69-57ea-4d8e-bd89-20478bc765d1", "definition": "Class Polypodiopsida. Order Equisetales. Horsetails is in a family of vascular plants, reproduces by spores, with reduced non-photosynthetic leaves and a microphyllis" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WHISK FERNS", "UUID": "e76b3409-8be4-422b-8002-85bbfa846994" } ], "UUID": "589875d3-4770-4fb3-871c-b37c7aff4b47", "definition": "Pteridophytes, commonly called Ferns and fern allies, are vascular plants with fronds, roots and sometimes true stems." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GYMNOSPERMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CONIFERS", "UUID": "b26769a1-f023-4ab1-bc21-78ef2a5fd185" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CYCADS", "UUID": "2e7a8b01-ee3b-44e2-95ef-cf4603b05204", "definition": "Division Cycadophyta. Plants resembling palms with a ligneous trunk, stiff evergreen pinnate leaves." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GINKGO", "UUID": "fdccf097-a2e1-4494-ad47-1c96a4d0d99a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GNETOPS", "UUID": "f0077bce-436c-432c-8d28-eb8d9cf2849b" } ], "UUID": "566e22da-d72e-4663-89d2-ced5aea948ea", "definition": "Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants, commonly refered to as 'naked seeds', where the ovules are not inclused in the ovary." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MACROALGAE (SEAWEEDS)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BROWN ALGAE", "UUID": "36e07e20-ce85-4418-83fd-6d718e55f370", "definition": "Phylum Ochrophyta. Class Phaeophyceae, brown algae, are distinguished by chloroplasts with four membranes, fucoxanthin pigment and are heterokonts that develop into forms with differentiated tissues." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GREEN ALGAE", "UUID": "4fb63f34-f934-4a20-9d6e-ee57424f2391", "definition": "Green algae are distinguished by chlorophyll a and b proportions, accessory pigments beta-carotene, and xanthophylls in stacked thylakoids. Cell walls are typically cellulose and they store carbohydrates as starch" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RED ALGAE", "UUID": "63015ca3-455b-4d91-b047-ff83a95d6bbe", "definition": "Division Rhodophyta. Red algae are characterized by accessory pigments phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanins in the phycobillisomes, lack of flagella and centrioles, starch as their storage product, unstacked thylakoids, and no chloroplast in the endoplasmic reticulum" } ], "UUID": "e731c2a1-e4b0-42e9-bed9-bd911c9b496c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MICROALGAE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CRYPTOMONADS", "UUID": "502c9a41-ab95-4ae7-8e92-d1024b094f36", "definition": "Phylum Cryotophyta. Group of motile, unicellular algae, flattened with an anterior groove or pocket with two unequal flagella characterized by extrusomes with two ribbons held under tension" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DIATOMS", "UUID": "a14cfe48-9554-4e7c-9a2b-bf72834eafba" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DINOFLAGELLATES", "UUID": "b29cf79c-92a9-4160-aa8a-6917da79e298" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HAPTOPHYTES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COCCOLITHOPHORES", "UUID": "ab7eb13f-5fcb-4afa-8819-c37d36feeec1" } ], "UUID": "0a454dc9-de56-4682-8688-36ffd547d42f", "definition": "Haptophytes are a clade of heterokont algae with smooth flagella. Haptophytes are typically eukaryotic, with a central nucleus and are characterized with a haptonema organelle." } ], "UUID": "d3594523-ba0d-4275-b121-95039f905058" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MOSSES/HORNWORTS/LIVERWORTS", "UUID": "934bd870-ffa8-41d8-8da9-214b73707168" } ], "UUID": "0b4081fa-5233-4484-bc82-706976defa0e", "definition": "Pertaining to the scientific classification of plants." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "PROTISTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AMOEBOIDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AMOEBAS", "UUID": "949f8a84-185a-42a0-89dc-48534b46f309" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FORAMINIFERS", "UUID": "d9750f06-3784-4058-941f-40289c8d9d8b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RADIOLARIANS", "UUID": "9becd489-f8fb-4dbb-b920-6c8399100515" } ], "UUID": "663a2ea2-e2bf-4209-ae9b-334c8222b106", "definition": "Amoebas refer to any eukaryotic organism that has the ability to alter it's shape by extending and contracting their pseudopods" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CILIATES", "UUID": "6f2a1cfb-13f4-444f-a6e6-2d8b29797253", "definition": "Ciliates are members of the phylum Ciliophora. As their name implies,ciliates use numerous cilia as locomotor organelles. The ciliates exhibitthe greatest elaboration of subcellular organelles of any protozoan group,where, for example, the Paramecium has a special oral groove andcytopharynx, into which indigestible wastes are expelled from foodvacuoles." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DIATOMS", "UUID": "fdb04105-e8ba-4a83-9c35-ed3c931ccc9f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FLAGELLATES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CRYPTOMONADS", "UUID": "802614f5-e178-4e5d-be64-a7e09ea736cb", "definition": "Phylum Cryotophyta. Group of motile, unicellular algae, flattened with an anterior groove or pocket with two unequal flagella characterized by extrusomes with two ribbons held under tension" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DINOFLAGELLATES", "UUID": "a0176a92-3eff-4278-b8db-02148c990302" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HAPTOPHYTES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COCCOLITHOPHORES", "UUID": "e88cc54b-7a4b-4680-b441-4d10a4534cd9" } ], "UUID": "dc7d2770-86a3-463c-a92b-c61516ffb32a" } ], "UUID": "2095acb5-14af-40fe-af22-e6af2e3528b5", "definition": "Flagellates are free-living predators and parasites bearing one toseveral flagella. The free-living types abound in freshwater or marinehabitats. Parasitic types live in the moist tissues of plants and animals,including humans." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MACROALGAE (SEAWEEDS)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BROWN ALGAE", "UUID": "e2d18940-adf6-4bdd-ab4f-fe86e68278f4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GREEN ALGAE", "UUID": "76557903-2ed7-4f0e-b8fc-df02798d724e", "definition": "Green algae are distinguished by chlorophyll a and b proportions, accessory pigments beta-carotene, and xanthophylls in stacked thylakoids. Cell walls are typically cellulose and they store carbohydrates as starch" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RED ALGAE", "UUID": "b9e718df-0a3a-46b6-a34f-4960e9449660" } ], "UUID": "81655dc5-83d3-4daf-81c8-dc1522e9906e", "definition": "'Macroalgae, or seaweeds, are the dominant marine plants inhabitingtemperate coasts. Macroalgae contain chlorophyll and an assortment ofadditional pigments spanning the visible spectrum from blue to red.Historically, classification was based on pigmentation. At present, theclassification of marine algae relies on additional diagnosticcharacteristics. Although pigmentation is only one of the characteristicsused to classify the algae, the original names, which were based on color,have been retained. The major divisions of seaweed are greenalgae (Chlorophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta), and brown algae(Phaeophyta)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PLANKTON", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PHYTOPLANKTON", "UUID": "28dc7895-3365-4bab-9946-3b247f4137b0", "definition": "'Phytoplankton is the plant portion of the plankton, the plant communityin marine and freshwater situations, that floats free in the water andcontains many species of algae and diatoms." } ], "UUID": "a69dd814-e7c0-437f-ba2a-63500f68c9a3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SLIME MOLDS", "UUID": "98b35c6b-5d40-41d0-b29f-a6b159c03b78" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SPOROZOANS", "UUID": "32ffe87f-c0f0-4398-9a6a-755d7f87a5ff", "definition": "Sporozoans are one of four categories of protozoans. Sporozoan is aninformal name for parasitic protistans that complete part of the lifecycle inside specific cells of host organisms. Many sporozoans causehuman diseases. Plasmodium causes malaria while Cryptosporidium strainswhich contaminate many water supplies can cause serious intestinaldisorders." } ], "UUID": "6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab", "definition": "Protists are of the Kingdom Protista and are one of the diverseeukaryotes, single-celled species of which may resemble the firsteukaryotic cells. At the present they are categorized by what they arenot (not bacteria, fungi, plants, or animals)." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "VIRUSES", "UUID": "85510ccc-5dc9-44ff-871e-775e856714f8", "definition": "Viruses are small non-cellular obligate intracellular parasites made up a genetic material surrounded by protein coat." } ], "UUID": "fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5" }, { "level": "Topic", "name": "BIOSPHERE", "children": [ { "level": "Term", "name": "ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COMMUNITY DYNAMICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BIODIVERSITY FUNCTIONS", "UUID": "4e366444-01ea-4517-9d93-56f55ddf41b7", "definition": "Biodiversity is the variety of life: the different plants, animals andmicro-organisms, their genes and the ecosystems of which they are a part." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COMMUNITY STRUCTURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MICROSITE", "UUID": "b98834a1-72a4-47df-968c-1f6a6efc53f4" } ], "UUID": "f42c849c-7113-4c69-a01e-52ebc5e7b44d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GRAZING DYNAMICS / PLANT ECOLOGY", "UUID": "c09be13f-5dc2-4460-9055-1a7232aa41ae" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "INDICATOR SPECIES", "UUID": "d3c5e3e3-97bf-4e74-9f8d-523dce5f9270" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "INVASIVE SPECIES", "UUID": "7bfdbe8d-3945-4678-a90b-d2251f973955", "definition": "Invasive species are alien species whose introduction does or is likely tocause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PLANT SUCCESSION", "UUID": "ad7abcce-b88e-46c7-be44-496d60c88f25" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SPECIES DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "1041545f-8a0a-4b33-9a97-b2f772f649f3", "definition": "Species distributions are typically represented by records of their observed occurrence at a given spatial and temporal scale" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SPECIES DOMINANCE INDICES", "UUID": "1a2a8cf8-6d7d-4ad6-b40c-4d9f7fed493f", "definition": "Dominance is the condition in communities or in vegetational strata inwhich one or more species, by means of their number, coverage, or size,have considerable influence upon or control of the conditions of existenceof associated species." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SPECIES RECRUITMENT", "UUID": "b98b8823-3e95-4383-bbb0-414ee8832112" } ], "UUID": "8fb66b46-b998-4412-a541-d2acabdf484b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES", "UUID": "9015e65f-bbae-4855-a4b6-1bfa601752bd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BIOMASS DYNAMICS", "UUID": "a0eb9268-0333-4442-9bc6-efbe338d9836" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CARBON SEQUESTRATION", "UUID": "e58872a8-6104-4ff8-bbca-4b00ba4b38e8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHEMOSYNTHESIS", "UUID": "7f8a1613-67b0-4d6a-a9ad-89097c27a052", "definition": "The ability of some microorganisms to utilize the chemical energy containedin certain inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide for the productionof organic material." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CONSUMPTION RATES", "UUID": "d6464d91-2373-456f-85a7-a5019bdb1076" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DECOMPOSITION", "UUID": "560eac7e-d172-4a31-a659-a3e99d5f61ac", "definition": "Action resulting in decay or rotting of organic material." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EXCRETION RATES", "UUID": "16e5beb3-e3ae-49a4-8fac-302fbbcdd39c", "definition": "Excretion is any of several processes by which excess water, excess orharmful solutes, or waste materials leave the body by way of a urinarysystem or certain glands." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FATTY ACID DESATURASE", "UUID": "8b5ed8b8-c739-46cd-ba74-6cf560dc7986" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FOOD-WEB DYNAMICS", "UUID": "4a55497b-8e07-431a-9af9-fece001f1dd7", "definition": "Food-web Dynamics denotes the complex network of interconnected food chains. Food chains are innumberable pathways where one organism is eaten by asecond, which is eaten by a third." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NUTRIENT CYCLING", "UUID": "7a33a978-8ef6-4313-b489-c06cfc6d9cec", "definition": "Nutrient cycling is the repeated pathway of particular nutrients orelements from the environment through one or more organisms back to theenvironment. Nutrient cycles include the carbon cycle, the nitrogencycle, the phosphorus cycle, and so on." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NUTRITIONAL CONSTRAINTS", "UUID": "5069167e-0b99-48af-9f81-8c765e112083", "definition": "Biological and environmental contrasts between aquatic and terrestrial systems have hindered analyses of community and ecosystem structure across Earth's diverse habitats. Ecological stoichiometry1,2 provides an integrative approach for such analyses, as all organisms are composed of the same major elements (C, N, P) whose balance affects production, nutrient cycling, and food-web dynamics3,4. Here we show both similarities and differences in the C:N:P ratios of primary producers (autotrophs) and invertebrate primary consumers (herbivores) across habitats. Terrestrial food webs are built on an extremely nutrient-poor autotroph base with C:P and C:N ratios higher than in lake particulate matter, although the N:P ratios are nearly identical. Terrestrial herbivores (insects) and their freshwater counterparts (zooplankton) are nutrient-rich and indistinguishable in C:N:P stoichiometry. In both lakes and terrestrial systems, herbivores should have low growth efficiencies (10\u201330%) when consuming autotrophs with typical carbon-to-nutrient ratios. These stoichiometric constraints on herbivore growth appear to be qualitatively similar and widespread in both environments." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OXYGEN DEMAND", "UUID": "5fb90409-f9b5-46bc-8a6a-7c42e250c7c3", "definition": "Oxygen demand or biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen that willbe absorbed or 'demanded' as wastes are being digested or oxidized inboth biological and chemical processes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PHOTOSYNTHESIS", "UUID": "07b53dde-6fea-4662-9d03-ccfd617ca710", "definition": "Photosynthesis is the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide andwater by chlorphyll using light as energy with oxygen as abyproduct." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PLANT FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY", "UUID": "11c7e92c-ef67-4462-8ed8-3af98d37f6d9", "definition": "The value, range, distribution, and relative abundance of plant functional traits present in a given ecosystem." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID", "UUID": "8e2c0e3a-4716-4211-9804-734a7a93adbe" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PRIMARY PRODUCTION", "UUID": "ecd03762-df34-49b7-91f2-d8a51acd270e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RESPIRATION RATE", "UUID": "29a64468-46a8-4dbc-955d-80b7b4cf9aaf", "definition": "The chemical process that occurs in all living cells wherein organiccompounds are broken down to release energy required for lifeprocesses." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SECONDARY PRODUCTION", "UUID": "200e9b2d-0201-4f52-9a5e-6dc6c4668ec9", "definition": "Secondary production is production by herbivores, carnivores, ordetritus feeders." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPHIC DYNAMICS", "UUID": "bd46a0bf-5c06-48af-a6c9-022417b1fffd" } ], "UUID": "233a4d81-44f8-4b0e-8ad3-695f641729f8", "definition": "Ecosystem functions are the physical, chemical, biological, and man-madeprocesses that contribute to the self-maintenance of an ecosystem." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ECOTOXICOLOGY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BIOAVAILABILITY", "UUID": "8e89d525-161c-4e02-8ef8-4868e0cf8c57" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SPECIES BIOACCUMULATION", "UUID": "a54dbc4f-c136-4648-9797-db00e62fe22b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TOXICITY LEVELS", "UUID": "5518feb6-93a8-46fd-9e9a-25be3a832d6d", "definition": "A property whereby substances are injurious to health when ingested orinhaled, such as chlorine, ammonia, pesticides, and formaldehyde." } ], "UUID": "dd539b52-6de1-4b1b-a60c-fa5782f4d64b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FIRE ECOLOGY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FIRE DISTURBANCE", "UUID": "a45abde1-4717-44d8-8c31-4db5b03d0758" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FIRE DYNAMICS", "UUID": "2a0a6319-80c4-49fd-8a40-553175aa8637", "definition": "Describes the physical state of the fire and/or its effect. This may include\nthe time and location, duration, aerial extent, temperature, radiative power,\nand emission products of the fire event." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FIRE MODELS", "UUID": "2bfd42f1-0453-4c33-a21e-74df3ad64813", "definition": "Calculation method that describes a system or process related to fire development, including fire dynamics and the effects of fire." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FIRE OCCURRENCE", "UUID": "e6f1ee58-fb71-42dd-b071-c1637da7e51f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FIRE REGIME", "UUID": "43b1401c-afeb-4ece-9f75-92b98b3da438", "definition": "Fire-adapted ecosystems are characterized by a \"fire regime\" which describes the frequency at which fires in a given forest type typically burn, the season(s) in which they burn, and the amount of vegetation killed." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WILDLAND FUELS", "UUID": "53ea3f44-904c-42ad-8ac2-334d14b648c6", "definition": "Wildland fuels may include small trees, brush, dead branches, and limbs (called ladder fuels) that increase the flammability of environments and contribute to the intensity and spread of wild fires. " } ], "UUID": "62c6d256-e6d4-4204-b7a8-e084dd52d30a", "definition": "Branch of ecology that focuses on the origins of wildfire and theirrelationship to the environment that surrounds it, both living and non-living." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SPECIES/POPULATION INTERACTIONS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BIOLUMINESCENCE", "UUID": "5efc3bc4-6403-4e33-ba23-5418fbc026b1", "definition": "Bioluminescence is a flashing of light that emanates from an organismwhen excited electrons of ATP phosphorylates, luciferins (highlyfluorescent substances), return to a lower energy level. An example ofbioluminescence are fireflies which give off these flashes of light as theluciferases convert chemical energy to light energy." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DIURNAL MOVEMENTS", "UUID": "f75f9011-903e-4757-9fcf-fefac2599b59" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ENDANGERED SPECIES", "UUID": "f930dcf2-ddb4-4242-9079-9c8d5ceeaa35" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION", "UUID": "cf3d1728-7606-4561-a0dd-116b4dbec21f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EXOTIC SPECIES", "UUID": "ddeb06af-5c36-428d-801e-e9f9a60ce429" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EXTINCTION RATE", "UUID": "f27f7bf4-53fd-41bb-8e7e-b771f48f3bcc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GRAZING DYNAMICS/PLANT HERBIVORY", "UUID": "bcb43cdf-294e-463c-a114-a55bd54f0b48" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HIBERNATION", "UUID": "dfc20833-d79a-4976-91fd-db9f3efc7822" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "INDIGENOUS/NATIVE SPECIES", "UUID": "cd9f44da-b3b4-4f9c-a21f-89b59a29b235" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MICROBIAL CHANGES", "UUID": "adf5f515-c7b4-4662-a144-580659957ce1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MIGRATORY RATES/ROUTES", "UUID": "a4ed794f-d7b6-4e53-b565-3b86fe584ba3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION", "UUID": "7f16bc53-9125-4b44-8cd0-edd7edf7217e", "definition": "Many animals show unique morphological and behavioural adaptations to desert extremes, while others are able to avoid these by behavioural means. This chapter focuses on patterns of convergent evolution of traits to assess which features represent unique desert adaptations. There are several taxa for which suitable, phylogenetically-controlled analyses have been conducted. This means that the effects of phylogeny, which may be considerable, have been removed. Removing the effects of phylogeny allow one to test whether an adaptation has occurred. For example, a character may be considered a desert adaptation because many desert-dwelling species possess the character, and non-desert-dwelling species do not. However, if there are many desert-dwelling species in a particular part of a clade, then this character may have evolved by chance alone. Select examples from tenebrionid beetles, lizards, birds, and mammals are considered." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MUTATION RATES", "UUID": "87601d17-faca-42c2-a431-61cf67933095", "definition": "Mutation is a spontaneous change in the genotype of an organism at thegenetic, chromosomal, or genomic level. The term mutation often refers toalterations to new allelic forms, and represents new material forevolutionary change." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MUTUALISM", "UUID": "003466f4-9ee7-4d3b-81ff-2013add292e2", "definition": "Mutualism is an interaction between two species in which both benefit fromthe association and cannot live separately." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NATURAL SELECTION", "UUID": "80ae5fdc-c312-4fa1-bf7d-60346529976d", "definition": "Selection, or natural selection, is a nonrandom reproduction of genotypesthat results in the survival of those best adapted to their environmentand elimination of those less well adapted. Selection leads toevolutionary change." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PARASITISM", "UUID": "51f3e55c-b694-4028-86fe-604a52dc794f", "definition": "Parasitism is where two species live in an obligatory association in whichthe parasite depends metabolically on the host ." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POLLINATOR SPECIES", "UUID": "45950ee6-adc2-4f39-96a7-c00bacd1ba9e", "definition": "Species which transfer pollen from an anther (the male reproductive organ) \nto a stigma (the receptive part of the female reproductive organ), either \nof the same flower (self-pollinator) or of a different flower of the same \nspecies (cross-pollinator)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POPULATION DYNAMICS", "UUID": "ad3a5f4f-4624-4a08-b875-6723c2615e90" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POST-BREEDING PERIODS", "UUID": "f173021d-afc4-4a8f-8432-30c0cf832e3b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RANGE CHANGES", "UUID": "615e826e-a5da-4e94-b7df-ad3515c06135", "definition": "Range Changes with respect to Migration include forays outside the home range, usually in search of suitable habitat or mating opportunities." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SCAVENGING", "UUID": "abc96dce-cbae-43a4-b7c2-2ff02276b030" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SPECIES COMPETITION", "UUID": "60bd0b0a-2d6f-4f3c-bf42-2c081ef48b72", "definition": "Competition is the interaction of two species where they both use thesame limited resource or harm one another while seeking a resource." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SPECIES DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "c8be7a1c-0f83-4993-9d73-8c46e68cc705" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SPECIES LIFE HISTORY", "UUID": "fd06e0a2-f689-4b33-8a85-f38bf4966808" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SPECIES PREDATION", "UUID": "b69d76ba-ad69-4418-8e5b-ebb659604dda" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SURVIVAL RATES", "UUID": "fa68e752-f3a7-4361-a000-47c908545e49" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SYMBIOSIS", "UUID": "e008a809-42eb-4694-aac2-db7b6027ee77" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "USE/FEEDING HABITATS", "UUID": "744c38f8-feeb-4e01-a909-33d75fefba82", "definition": "Feeding habitat refers to the many aspects of how living organisms obtaintheir food." } ], "UUID": "58f39353-7e1c-4884-9501-376cd0377fbf", "definition": "Describes the dynamics of species or populations, and how these populationsinteract with the environment by fitting evolutionary strategies." } ], "UUID": "6bef0291-a9ca-4832-bbb4-80459dc1493f", "definition": "Describes coupled dynamics of human-ecological systems" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ECOSYSTEMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ANTHROPOGENIC/HUMAN INFLUENCED ECOSYSTEMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AGRICULTURAL LANDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CROPLAND", "UUID": "2c74f390-9d82-4903-98e0-bddf0d3247fb", "definition": "Pertaining to areas used for the production of adapted crops for harvest." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "FOREST PLANTATION", "UUID": "39fee18c-8572-4d72-a0ce-2a72942c4870", "definition": "Pertaining to an area where trees have been planted, especially for commercial purposes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PASTURE", "UUID": "46a26fc7-95f0-409e-8bfa-eb623b3a3f8d", "definition": "Pertaining to land managed primarily for the production of introduced forage plants for livestock grazing." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RANGELAND", "UUID": "3c8b236c-de02-491b-a506-91ecdc324a1c", "definition": "Pertaining to land on which the climax or potential plant cover is composed principally of native grasses, grasslike plants, forbs or shrubs suitable for gazing and browsing, and introduced forage species that are managed like rangelands." } ], "UUID": "38fb609b-2a10-4d4f-b2e8-7e51161ec974", "definition": "Areas that are used for farming, including ranching, or land that has biophysical attributes that make it suitable for agricultural use." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT SITE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MINING/DRILLING SITE", "UUID": "7d8dcf2c-133f-47b2-9195-17dd263ec8a3", "definition": "Pertaining to areas where vegetative cover and overburden have been removed for resource extraction." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SOLAR FARM", "UUID": "9ff1f885-108f-40cb-a054-4e076b8d648b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "WATER IMPOUNDMENT", "UUID": "39fa5f62-1c4e-4790-a768-1252c0b51c7b", "definition": "Pertaining to artificial impoundments of water used for irrigation, flood control, municipal water supplies, and other human activities." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "WIND FARM", "UUID": "0c603a5b-d5e9-4e87-a8dc-2af456678dba", "definition": "Pertaining to an area of land with a cluster of wind turbines for driving electrical generators." } ], "UUID": "8f109871-e6ff-4cef-a5f8-5a3ad981923e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "URBAN LANDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CANAL", "UUID": "a0c33d15-b76c-4a0d-abb7-6919102b2977" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "GARDEN", "UUID": "3bd03ca9-4a63-44f1-b368-36f2400776e6", "definition": "Pertaining to a plot of ground where herbs, fruits, flowers, or vegetables are cultivated." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PARK", "UUID": "2b1f7993-2d54-40de-abc4-3909f619ad4e", "definition": "Pertaining to areas of intensive use with much of the land covered by structures" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ROADSIDE", "UUID": "a9f2e036-f04f-46cc-a4e8-dfba30d9034c" } ], "UUID": "3e59af3d-500b-4c66-a9a1-76db5cf4a00b", "definition": "Areas that have been altered or obstructed by humans, especially by structures relating to cities." } ], "UUID": "c4a619e9-88ba-4dc6-91a6-5f95284d6f80" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PLANKTON", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PHYTOPLANKTON", "UUID": "20872a46-9d27-4e54-a0fb-1e7e384d22bd", "Detailed_Variable": "PHYTOPLANKTON ABSORPTION", "definition": "Phytoplankton absorb sunlight and use this energy to produce energy-rich organic material (photosynthesis). Chlorophylls, present in all phytoplankton cells, cause 2 dominant peaks in absorption spectra: a primary peak in the blue (440 nm) and a secondary peak in red part of the spectra (675 nm). Presence of other pigments (depending on species and taxa) will cause the broadening of the blue peak and the appearance of additional absorption maxima. Spectra of phytoplankton absorption vary in magnitude and shape due to di\ufb00erent cellular pigment compositions and pigment packaging. " }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ZOOPLANKTON", "UUID": "0399b52c-e3de-4dcc-9eb6-b1e3acf2cf1b", "definition": "Zooplankton is the animal portion of the plankton; the animal communityin marine and freshwater situations that floats free in the water,independent of the shore and the bottom, moving passively with thecurrents." } ], "UUID": "ca8d77f2-9257-4298-9244-e81cd890f000" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WETLANDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ESTUARINE WETLANDS", "UUID": "3e924e3a-eb5d-4f81-8981-1b9f622ddc82", "definition": "Areas of marsh grasses and reeds along coasts and estuaries where the ground is covered by high tides but drained at low tide." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LACUSTRINE WETLANDS", "UUID": "dd22cc67-afd5-4b9e-8072-90651a191486" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MARINE", "UUID": "bc320625-d9ba-41f5-9336-57e86fd878f3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MARSHES", "UUID": "291a51b8-07e5-4a66-8140-d140d69843db", "definition": "Type of wetland, featuring grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PALUSTRINE WETLANDS", "UUID": "d400ab07-bde9-40cc-b70a-63eda730eab2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PEATLANDS", "UUID": "b70ef20c-7215-4a39-9479-dbff7c2fdca9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RIPARIAN WETLANDS", "UUID": "41446bdc-89f6-4d84-a2a4-005390757235", "definition": "Riparian wetlands are the strip of woods that grow along natural wetlands." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SWAMPS", "UUID": "6cec3b57-1a7f-404d-afde-4de045ef0dd2", "definition": "An area of land that is always soaked with water; low, wet land that supports grass and trees. Swamps are wet areas that are normally covered by water all year and subject to drying out during the summer. The parameter Swamp may be colloquially interchanged with the parameter Marshes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "VERNAL POOL", "UUID": "e72c39c5-5480-4602-bb37-216b5cc737dd" } ], "UUID": "b72c49a1-8276-4753-8c88-894bc7bbf60d" } ], "UUID": "c6455081-132d-4661-bb5f-22edf2f90800" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAKE/POND", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MONTANE LAKE", "UUID": "b23b9a47-d2aa-4e67-84d6-5fe2527d6fb6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SALINE LAKES", "UUID": "06a2da0f-5234-4d29-905b-153d88657eb9", "definition": "A considerable body of inland water containing large quantities of salt." } ], "UUID": "57a3a5a7-66b9-4a4a-82da-7b09d82c684a", "definition": "A considerable inland body of standing water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RIVERS/STREAMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "EPHEMERAL STREAM", "UUID": "5f76c978-1c8a-496e-bc6a-78ff7656f014", "definition": "Pertaining to streams that only flow after precipitation events." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HEADWATER STREAM", "UUID": "de9222a5-c3bc-470d-86dc-8b426ce61b76" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "INTERMITTENT STREAM", "UUID": "1b5d3b68-4f89-4772-b015-ce6f30cf0496", "definition": "Pertaining to channels that experience seasonal water flow and may not have flowing surface water during dry periods." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PERENNIAL STREAM/RIVER", "UUID": "0236a2e0-64d6-4763-bcd1-ea8bb3a117a1", "definition": "Pertaining to channels with water flowing in them year-round." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RIVER DELTA", "UUID": "bafaa203-0dc0-4167-a64a-d89ba16d8eb1" } ], "UUID": "43d51c24-0523-4b65-919f-17618c7d72b4", "definition": "Pertaining to the area of a natural stream of water, where organisms live." } ], "UUID": "ad73e951-fb5b-4a0b-b034-9469a8bfccaa" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MARINE ECOSYSTEMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ABYSSAL", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COLD SEEP", "UUID": "290354cc-c670-4845-bb66-ef1974b1e2a2", "definition": "Pertaining to areas of hydrogen sulfide, methane, and other hydrocarbon releases from the ocean floor." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HYDROTHERMAL VENT", "UUID": "bee69b66-3921-4883-920f-6a0bd85b614f" } ], "UUID": "1c286cb7-2668-4db3-a5ac-cb8b710bebc2", "definition": "Pertaining to the biogeographic zone of the ocean bottom between the bathyal and hadal zones: from depths of approximately 13,000 to 21,000 feet (4000 to 6500 meters)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BENTHIC", "UUID": "09a78997-581b-4d1b-ae71-b2b3f96ef719", "definition": "Pertaining to ocean bottom as the place where an organism lives." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COASTAL", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "BEACHES", "UUID": "a61d1705-a6b7-4df3-9f8e-57e26029629c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DUNES", "UUID": "8d38de3b-2d05-4ad2-a960-f47a66191319" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "KELP FOREST", "UUID": "d609fc5c-8267-4e79-84ec-93629d52aba8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LAGOON", "UUID": "879d286b-9ea6-4e4d-bdd1-56a4c7ca1531", "definition": "Pertaining to shallow bodies of water partially or completely separated from the open ocean by barriers of sand or coral." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MANGROVE SWAMP", "UUID": "7c666111-3297-474b-ba7b-c93db3a52cb0", "definition": "Pertaining to tropical and subtropical swamps dominated by mangrove trees." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MUDFLAT", "UUID": "771b2919-ab55-4c71-8561-b4fb365da53f", "definition": "Pertaining to a mud area with less than 5% vegetative cover." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ROCKY INTERTIDAL", "UUID": "80e51854-2f3f-447e-9786-6d2ccb0dd886", "definition": "Pertaining to coastline consisting of rocky outcrops that are exposed to daily tides." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SALT MARSH", "UUID": "fbe91a4f-4d27-4cfe-ba1b-69a62e359a3d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SAV/SEA GRASS BED", "UUID": "9d0e3045-943e-460c-8bef-1db6fbf76341" } ], "UUID": "47be68db-d10d-43e7-b150-61cfd3f06126", "definition": "Pertaining to the area of the ocean near the seashore, including coastal embayments." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEMERSAL", "UUID": "af953f41-ab6c-4569-9762-c46ad07118da" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ESTUARY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "BRACKISH MARSH", "UUID": "155e730b-4e22-4962-adc5-a4b92543a442", "definition": "Pertaining to salt marshes where a significant freshwater influx dilutes the seawater to brackish levels of salinity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MANGROVE SWAMP", "UUID": "63cd8427-07bd-4a46-b725-ca65da4bf9b6", "definition": "Pertaining to tropical and subtropical swamps dominated by mangrove trees." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MUDFLAT", "UUID": "86987ad2-21d2-496b-9119-350b3fb17455", "definition": "Pertaining to expanses of soft-sediment at or below the tide line with little vegetation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SAV/SEA GRASS BED", "UUID": "5f6e1b08-caca-423b-80dc-7de3da7a2988", "definition": "Pertaining to areas of submerged aquatic vegetation or sea grasses below low-tide mark." } ], "UUID": "5a1ebca4-057d-43b9-af6a-04f57b93f8bb", "definition": "The place where animals or plants live in a semi-enclosed coastal embayment where fresh and saltwater mix (such as a river mouth estuary)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PELAGIC", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "NERITIC ZONE", "UUID": "eb958dfb-5e38-401f-8b42-5f1273c75a4a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "OCEANIC ZONE", "UUID": "02d78090-d0b5-490d-92a8-b593172ab232", "definition": "Pertaining to open water beyond the continental shelves." } ], "UUID": "3d7ecc4f-e79e-40d1-8796-63059888bf5f", "definition": "The waters of the ocean, over the continental shelf and oceanic zones." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "REEF", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CORAL REEF", "UUID": "fa3bc02d-31a7-4456-b716-a8b8f8393c86" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "OYSTER REEF", "UUID": "758c00c3-03a3-4cef-9248-ab392d789148", "definition": "Pertaining to a reef formed of shells from successive generations of oysters." } ], "UUID": "367718c8-cc3b-4c94-a270-0a278afabb43", "definition": "The coral reef habitat is a unique shallow water community of organisms living on limestone rock that was built by some of the reef organisms." } ], "UUID": "f6350232-b1c7-458c-bc43-bda357ebb6db" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ALPINE/TUNDRA", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ALPINE TUNDRA", "UUID": "944d9d09-4317-4e9a-9aa5-dc4282be406e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ARCTIC TUNDRA", "UUID": "46ecf46f-a710-4589-82b2-34aebf35c3c0", "definition": "Pertaining to tundra found north of the Arctic Circle." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SUBALPINE", "UUID": "101950b9-00d3-4721-9af8-fa5d51b196c3", "definition": "Pertaining to high upland slopes and especially the zone just below the timberline." } ], "UUID": "76589134-8d93-4e45-8476-f04497181d14", "definition": "Habitat found in the zone on mountain tops between permanent snow and the cold limits of trees, or in arctic regions, characterized by very low winter temperatures, short cool summers, permafrost below a surface layer subject to summer melt, short growing season, and low precipitation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CAVE/SUBTERRANEAN", "UUID": "91f6a2e5-5862-46a9-ba6a-d76e06d9997c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DESERTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DESERT SCRUB", "UUID": "4f63746e-0e8b-4254-9d4a-a23a852f819f", "definition": "Pertaining to an area between 15 and 35 degrees N & S characterized by less than 300 mm annual rainfall and consisting of vegetation adapted to hot, dry conditions." } ], "UUID": "5d5426f6-e7ce-41c1-a3d3-b93adf748f0f", "definition": "A region with a mean annual precipitation of 10 inches or less, and so devoid of vegetation as to be incapable of supporting any considerable population." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FORESTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "BOREAL FOREST/TIAGA", "UUID": "cafa8131-4a2d-4c8b-811c-0d64adf5fc06" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TEMPERATE CONIFEROUS FOREST", "UUID": "5d8236b5-bf5b-499f-a8e7-0cd80e00d261", "definition": "Pertaining to forests consisting of coniferous-evergreen trees and characterized by well-defined seasons with cold, long snowy winters and warm, humid summers." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST", "UUID": "a59dc6dc-5348-4e8b-aec2-20cdeb38b617" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TEMPERATE MIXED FOREST", "UUID": "9cde47e7-325b-465e-93a6-ae4d459c7945" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TEMPERATE RAINFOREST", "UUID": "96ea0bde-7cf6-4601-8a49-116636f556cf" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TROPICAL FOREST", "UUID": "4c2e1112-ad66-4fc2-a819-6d14c6fd1ba7", "definition": "Complex forest ecosystems with diverse species and species interactions, located between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. The two major types are tropical seasonal forests and tropical rainforests. " }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TROPICAL RAINFOREST", "UUID": "89bb4e2b-dd39-44ed-a4d3-2b205e9fa68a" } ], "UUID": "46e4aaa4-349c-4049-a910-035391360010", "definition": "Areas in which vegetation is dominated by trees with their crowns overlapping, generally forming 60 - 100% cover." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GRASSLANDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MONTANE GRASSLAND", "UUID": "ddb4ca0c-9b19-442d-8bcc-e664544d3fe9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SAVANNA", "UUID": "d58dab07-f57e-47a9-8dcf-02a3e17f3533" } ], "UUID": "142ea0c1-b77f-44da-8c64-ac7ee13fd5f6", "definition": "Areas in which vegetation is dominated by perennial grasses and grass-like plants, such as sedges and rushes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISLANDS", "UUID": "fa3c6df8-a1e1-41d5-9de1-49b92e1ea455" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "KARST LANDSCAPE", "UUID": "de702fdd-3702-4164-a396-08082b0558c0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MONTANE HABITATS", "UUID": "99e09719-f1f8-439e-be4c-759242612a84" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SAVANNAS", "UUID": "f8d55ee4-1efb-4d83-b07f-1029ab0fa9e1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SHRUBLAND/SCRUB", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CHAPARRAL", "UUID": "0cc6527e-d162-4951-9db7-a6afe5c631c0", "definition": "Pertaining to distinct shrubland unique to California." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MONTANE SHRUBLAND", "UUID": "9409e1f9-f3a9-46fa-aaf9-0e685ca2adcb" } ], "UUID": "e018b139-7e05-4155-8e2e-8d5603b5fe47" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WETLANDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ESTUARINE WETLANDS", "UUID": "0e1f3f95-58b5-4f10-b239-850c66ed55ff", "definition": "Areas of marsh grasses and reeds along coasts and estuaries where the groundis covered by high tides but drained at low tide." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LACUSTRINE WETLANDS", "UUID": "686e66f7-27bf-4b67-b034-e0fdf0e47c0c", "definition": "Lacustrine Wetlands are lakes, or former lakes, that are naturally filledwith shallow water at certain times and more or less drained at othertimes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MARINE", "UUID": "8ef6f360-10d0-4dc5-8fcb-c532eb23fe5d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MARSHES", "UUID": "419877cb-0c17-44b0-9b3d-a2283887a7a6", "definition": "Marshes refer to the area that occurs between the open water of a lake and dry land" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PALUSTRINE WETLANDS", "UUID": "6862d4d4-51fe-4fde-80eb-60d3ef08e88e", "definition": "Palustrine Wetlands are areas along rivers that are at times, wet and at others, dry." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PEATLANDS", "UUID": "f3b5489d-6723-40bf-bd55-68a0f2fc1874" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RIPARIAN WETLANDS", "UUID": "1af675ae-9a65-4d91-970e-a8b9fcce0232", "definition": "Riparian wetlands are the strip of woods that grow along natural wetlands." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SWAMPS", "UUID": "8c05bcf2-d13b-44fd-b1a2-5ec797b2f851" } ], "UUID": "7da95c01-4b39-437e-a8d4-fd572e43f693", "definition": "Wetlands is a term for a broad group of wet habitats. They are transitional lands between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems where the lands may be permanently or intermittently water covered." } ], "UUID": "9361962c-cfc7-4428-8843-b3502718c382" } ], "UUID": "f1a25060-330c-4f84-9633-ed59ae8c64bf" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "OMICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BUILDING BLOCKS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DNA", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CONTIG", "UUID": "1993d124-f05d-4aea-a08a-a599438f9251", "definition": "A contig is a set of DNA segments or sequences that overlap in a way that provides a contiguous representation of a genomic region. For example, a clone contig provides a physical map of a set of cloned segments of DNA across a genomic region, while a sequence contig provides the actual DNA sequence of a genomic region." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ENVIRONMENTAL DNA (eDNA)", "UUID": "4c0b1743-dfeb-4147-b89f-99386a370d42", "definition": "Environmental DNA (eDNA) is organismal DNA that can be found in the environment and originates from cellular material shed by larger organisms (via skin, excrement, etc.) into aquatic or terrestrial environments, or can represent the entirety of smaller organisms present within the sample." } ], "UUID": "66034667-3a75-401d-894e-57f604d56571", "definition": "Deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated DNA) is the double-stranded molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism. Whole extracted DNA from an organism or environment often referred to as gDNA (genomic)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PROTEIN", "UUID": "a4f1da9a-eda0-4240-90a0-074d58a713ba" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RNA", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ENVIRONMENTAL RNA (eRNA)", "UUID": "9c40d795-abe1-42d4-b5ff-727d4843b3a4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TRANSCRIPTOME", "UUID": "7d3c1302-4d88-4964-b966-f318bf2bcf74", "definition": "The transcriptome is the complete set of transcripts in a cell, and their quantity, for a specific developmental stage or physiological condition. Understanding the transcriptome is essential for interpreting the functional elements of the genome and revealing the molecular constituents of cells and tissues, and also for understanding development and disease." } ], "UUID": "236cec51-c9e5-4584-90c4-0dac11c603cb", "definition": "Ribonucleic acid (abbreviated RNA) is a molecule present in all living cells that is transcribed from and has structural similarities to DNA. The \u201ctranscript\u201d is the RNA produced when a gene is transcribed. Unlike DNA, RNA is most often single-stranded. Includes mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), and rRNA (ribosomal)." } ], "UUID": "4bde697e-39b1-4a42-9803-ee775b132869", "definition": "Molecules that form the basis of gene expression. The flow of information from DNA to RNA to proteins is one of the fundamental principles of molecular biology. It is so important that it is sometimes called the \u201ccentral dogma.\u201d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EPIGENOME/EPIGENETICS", "UUID": "9b01ff92-8e7f-4852-9ad1-bb91d6528ffd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GENOME", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AMPLICON", "UUID": "dc777dfd-f24d-48b4-a137-387a24974d42" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GENOMICS", "UUID": "4e3dcb15-d2db-4fa5-9f5f-f2c7a8a7ae34", "definition": "Genomics is a field of biology focused on studying all the DNA of an organism. Such work ranges from sequencing various locations throughout a genome to identifying and characterizing all the genes and functional elements in an organism\u2019s genome as well as how they interact." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GENOTYPING", "UUID": "fc3d3100-2f18-4e78-af4f-ca1ab8fd96ba" } ], "UUID": "1eb01003-dc1c-4743-be8b-22aaefd23a2c", "definition": "The genome is the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell. A genome contains all the information needed for an individual to develop and function." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "METABOLOMICS", "UUID": "f978bbb1-08fb-4cc5-bb49-d8da0ee07bc4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "METAGENOME", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AMPLICON SEQUENCE VARIANT (ASV)", "UUID": "02e08d51-9b6b-4412-9119-0a70207f8e87", "definition": "ASVs are clusters of sequences with 100% identity of both sequence content and length, allowing some modeled error. ASVs are made using denoising methods that generate an error model based on the quality of the sequencing run and use this model to distinguish between the predicted \u201ctrue\u201d biological variation and that likely generated by sequencing error. The remaining \u201ctrue\u201d sequences vary from as little as one single nucleotide and are then defined as separate ASVs." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METAGENOME ASSEMBLED GENOMES (MAGs)", "UUID": "58631e49-648e-41ba-9409-db35dcc5e96c", "definition": "MAGs represent a microbial genome by a group of sequences from genome assembly with similar characteristics. It enables researchers to identify novel species and understand their potential functions in a dynamic ecosystem." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METAGENOMICS", "UUID": "6aafe55d-2349-42b2-83b3-0dbdfdddd4ee", "definition": "The analysis of entire DNA and/or RNA sequences isolated and analyzed from all of the organisms in a bulk sample, typically recovered directly from environmental samples. These analyses are typically used to study microbes. There are two types of commonly used metagenomic analysis:Targeted metagenomics. Targeted metagenomics uses certain conserved regions (16s rRNA, 18s rRNA, ITS regions) that are amplified with PCR primers and sequenced. These conserved regions have variable regions that allow for identification of different groups of organisms.Shotgun metagenomics. This method is non-discriminant in that it will sequence all genetic material in an environmental sample." } ], "UUID": "1a6ed5fe-608e-46a0-ab9e-1306de875ebe", "definition": "A collection of genomes from many individuals within an environment and/or sample." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MICROBIOME", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HOLOBIONT", "UUID": "f8845bec-c628-4185-aac1-4af22481c024" } ], "UUID": "486922c4-afbb-4a85-8e5a-343fc4595ad3", "definition": "The microbiome is the community of microorganisms (such as fungi, bacteria, archaea, and viruses) that exists in a particular environment." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MITOGENOME", "UUID": "929aa9c8-2001-4c7a-a5b8-e3eb7c4ff26f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OMICS METHODOLOGY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ABSOLUTE ABUNDANCE", "UUID": "cb4d21ab-70a8-4111-be0a-e5508b256110" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AMPLICON SEQUENCING", "UUID": "2af266cf-69f1-4326-b54f-d161bfb4c911", "definition": "Amplicon sequencing is a highly targeted approach that enables researchers to analyze genetic variation in specific genomic regions. The ultra-deep sequencing of PCR products (amplicons) allows efficient variant identification and characterization. This method uses oligonucleotide probes designed to target and capture regions of interest, followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ASSEMBLY", "UUID": "fdbee1a3-10cd-4d07-ada0-dadbef9a5216" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BIN/BINNING", "UUID": "3078eaeb-541e-44a0-9828-a1020f7bc6cf", "definition": "A bin is a subset of genomic fragments that are believed to be from the same species in a metagenomic community. Contig binning aims to put the assembled genomic fragments, or contigs, from the same genome into the same bin. The contigs from these bins are then presented as a single collection to form metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BIOINFORMATICS", "UUID": "41f960a3-d695-4fa2-bfad-2d2887e1b063", "definition": "Bioinformatics, as related to genetics and genomics, is a scientific subdiscipline that involves using computer technology to collect, store, analyze, and disseminate biological data and information, such as DNA and amino acid sequences or annotations about those sequences. Scientists and clinicians use databases that organize and index such biological information to increase our understanding of health and disease and, in certain cases, as part of medical care." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BLAST", "UUID": "a272028a-5a84-4a52-b689-b45d5b6adfff" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DNA METABARCODING", "UUID": "c39bf4db-70d3-4921-bd5e-e7c390a980bb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DNA SEQUENCING", "UUID": "ad7ce68b-ee0a-4f2d-bbf7-fe3262186bfb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DROPLET DIGITAL POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (ddPCR)", "UUID": "20a8731e-4a5f-4f0a-ad96-3e28274cc90a", "definition": "Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) is a method for performing digital PCR that is based on water-oil emulsion droplet technology. A sample is fractionated into 20,000 droplets, and PCR amplification of the template molecules occurs in each individual droplet. ddPCR is a version of PCR that enables the exact quantification of nucleic acid targets within a sample." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HIGH THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING", "UUID": "5804d1a5-c96d-4863-881d-6f763ecee262", "definition": "High-throughput sequencing, also known as next-generation sequencing (NGS), is the comprehensive term used to describe modern technologies that sequence DNA and RNA in a rapid and cost-effective manner." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MICROBIAL SOURCE TRACKING", "UUID": "83cdafe5-4bb9-4428-a9ad-80b7dcb01c42", "definition": "Determining the origin of a biological pollutant, typically fecal matter, using unique microbiological, genotypic, phenotypic, and chemical patterns and comparing the patterns to different source locations." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OPERATIONAL TAXONOMIC UNIT (OTU)", "UUID": "d1ef1ce2-7a50-446d-b744-73513700f351" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION", "UUID": "7b989ab0-eaed-4698-87d8-f915c505b076", "definition": "Polymerase chain reaction (abbreviated PCR) is a laboratory technique for rapidly producing (amplifying) millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA, which can then be studied in greater detail. PCR involves using short synthetic DNA fragments called primers to select a segment of the genome to be amplified, and then multiple rounds of DNA synthesis to amplify that segment." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (qPCR)", "UUID": "692be87a-7812-44c7-be4b-7d067a3fa77d", "definition": "Also known as real-time PCR, is a method of DNA amplification that allows determination of the absolute quantity of target DNA in the sample according to a calibration curve constructed of serially diluted standard samples with known concentrations or copy numbers. It allows for the real-time quantification of amplicons, as opposed to post-amplification as in PCR." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RAD-SEQ", "UUID": "9491a91d-44ee-4c2e-af49-96531091aa15" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RNA SEQUENCING", "UUID": "3b9154a5-eea6-46ef-b17b-3ca6f37c3d3b", "definition": "RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) uses the capabilities of high-throughput sequencing methods to provide insight into the transcriptome of a cell." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SANGER SEQUENCING", "UUID": "68c024c0-8308-42f1-baec-22165ede217c", "definition": "Sanger sequencing, also known as the chain termination method, is a technique for DNA sequencing based upon the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSIS", "UUID": "19291970-5f7d-47b0-9101-11b03a15d9ee", "definition": "The key aims of transcriptomics are: to catalog all species of transcript, including mRNAs, non-coding RNAs and small RNAs; to determine the transcriptional structure of genes, in terms of their start sites, 5\u2032 and 3\u2032 ends, splicing patterns, and other post-transcriptional modifications; and to quantify the changing expression levels of each transcript during development and under different conditions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING", "UUID": "3f44b72b-eb44-4da9-9a13-a152700a043e", "definition": "Whole genome sequencing is a laboratory procedure that determines the order of all, or nearly all, of the DNA in an organism\u2019s genome in one process." } ], "UUID": "d2f152e1-7398-44ad-b0a4-77ee6ef5bd6c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PROTEOMICS", "UUID": "dd6592c0-c95a-4e4f-8ae7-8bfae7de9a3e" } ], "UUID": "8eb84f36-f355-458b-889f-b37cfa120654" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "VEGETATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AFFORESTATION/REFORESTATION", "UUID": "a28eeef3-b252-4309-957b-860d2e0f97ef" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BIOMASS", "UUID": "686feba9-87ba-474c-8280-7f67565cfb2f", "definition": "Mass of biological material. Usually the total mass of a particular groupor category; for example, the biomass of producer organisms." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CANOPY CHARACTERISTICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BULK DENSITY", "UUID": "269637ee-c836-48f8-9602-2d6556152c31", "definition": "Density of available canopy fuel in a stand, defined as the mass of available canopy fuel per canopy volume unit and used to predict crown fire spread." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CANOPY CARBON FLUX", "UUID": "9860c05d-a35f-4c98-934c-eecdaa503bc3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CANOPY DENSITY", "UUID": "e5eb6054-968d-4c43-a673-63cbef262d22" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CANOPY SPACING", "UUID": "65f9c2e1-922b-41d7-b97b-2bbd33be2117", "definition": "The leafless regions between adjacent tree crowns of similar height, leading to the presence of channel-like gaps in the canopy." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CANOPY STRUCTURE", "UUID": "a55476d9-0a33-435d-8c25-be3ed57b8f10" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CANOPY WATER FLUX", "UUID": "9c90d402-6cc2-416d-815d-abfc2ef02a97" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VEGETATION HEIGHT", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CANOPY BASE HEIGHT", "UUID": "a6a07f58-0fd5-4dcf-b90c-0ca7a5889db6" } ], "UUID": "42eb8baf-edbd-4791-8114-ca898ce5890f", "definition": "Average height of existing vegetation" } ], "UUID": "abbba948-9b77-4e19-a855-49a7fbc17696" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CANOPY TRANSMITTANCE", "UUID": "2edf648a-6a71-44c3-9c1a-8fcdd2dcc61c", "definition": "Measurement of the light received at a photo cell in the canopy of vegetation placed at fixed distances from a light source." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CARBON", "UUID": "6f6537f5-773f-4df1-862b-d9ab80eb5e04", "definition": "Any measurement of Carbon in the soil, in organic or inorganic fractions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CHLOROPHYLL", "UUID": "5e3999ec-d864-43fd-8d84-bd23630c405f", "definition": "Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants responsible for absorbing thelight energy required for photosynthesis." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CROWN", "UUID": "c59b0666-e20f-4134-847b-89719ed5621a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DECIDUOUS VEGETATION", "UUID": "b7de16ed-c090-449b-81c1-44fe5b1195f0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DOMINANT SPECIES", "UUID": "df597f06-8575-4726-acac-65b2bd432d59" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EVERGREEN VEGETATION", "UUID": "16a7b4d6-e47f-4753-8803-f72edc4e1c5e", "definition": "Vegetation that has persistent leaves and whose crown is never totally bare." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EXOTIC VEGETATION", "UUID": "f717330e-3656-4910-beed-d54cc9a19c2b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOREST COMPOSITION/VEGETATION STRUCTURE", "UUID": "a8d3f9a0-be0b-4690-86b9-ac64d951886a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HERBIVORY", "UUID": "40766d01-bda1-420b-9fd1-fba6d6924f3f", "definition": "Herbivory is an ecological interaction between two species where onespecies eats part or all of a plant species." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "IMPORTANCE VALUE", "UUID": "536a5a5a-28bb-473a-aa95-6d2dd1e5098d", "definition": "The importance value is the sum of relative density, relative dominance,and relative frequency for a species in the community. The larger theimportance value, the more dominant a species is in the particularcommunity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "INDIGENOUS VEGETATION", "UUID": "0bfb8ae4-c08a-4d69-82d2-1b1b0d4acef6", "definition": "Indigenous Vegetation or native vegetation is applied to a species thatoccurs naturally in an area, and therefore, one that has not beenintroduced by humans accidentally or intentionally." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LEAF CHARACTERISTICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LEAF AREA INDEX (LAI)", "UUID": "f829171e-8b22-4f93-8f71-7932dfd7a70b" } ], "UUID": "bca1b724-3370-4a26-bcbc-3530ce4ddc97" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LITTER CHARACTERISTICS", "UUID": "afc54d28-de94-4674-9528-39f00bf74d6d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MACROPHYTES", "UUID": "bf0ddf9c-39ba-4b2d-91ac-63021d644276" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NITROGEN", "UUID": "ed7c506e-b18e-4a93-ac03-4bdfe119b72f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NUTRIENTS", "UUID": "9bcb805c-718e-42c3-913d-174bdf06d4c1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PHOSPHORUS", "UUID": "47f4e7ac-b4ca-4ef9-824b-a36ea5510526", "definition": "Phosphorus is a plant element which is a component of nucleicacids, phospholipids and ATP.\t Plants lacking phosphorus havepurplish veins, stunted growth, fewer seeds, and fruits." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FRACTION OF ABSORBED PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION (FAPAR)", "UUID": "6079e5e4-4dee-4b32-aaa8-ae3231bcbadb", "definition": "The fraction of the incoming solar radiation in the Photosynthetically Active Radiation spectral region that is absorbed by a photosynthetic organism, typically describing the light absorption across an integrated plant canopy." } ], "UUID": "db69ecb1-0738-4d82-943f-ae92093f500d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PIGMENTS", "UUID": "3e801e91-897e-4528-8f4c-4ec527ad33cc", "definition": "Pigments are light-absorbing molecules. In addition to chlorophyll,other pigments, principally yellow and orange carotenoids, as well asother forms of chlorophyll, are also present in green plants.\tThesemolecules absorb light and then pass the energy to the chlorophyll a.Accessory pigments, like the carotenoids, enable the plants to use more ofthe light than is trapped by chlorophyll a alone." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PLANT CHARACTERISTICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CROP DENSITY", "UUID": "244a2eb6-bb6c-462c-978e-f9cfe96dffba", "definition": "Crop Density is the number of individual plants found within a set area." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CROP HEIGHT", "UUID": "e95bcfcd-a7b6-4317-a678-fe713405f1c8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PLANT HEALTH", "UUID": "c2b9ab46-05ec-4cbf-82ef-86d6e7857f68" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PLANT STRUCTURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CELLULOSE", "UUID": "008d2821-5f5b-4461-a0a2-8f435405df47", "definition": "A polysaccharide (C6H10O5)x of glucose units that constitutes the chief part of the cell walls of plants, occurs naturally in such fibrous products as cotton and kapok, and is the raw material of many manufactured goods (such as paper, rayon, and cellophane)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LIGNIN", "UUID": "041cb632-46d5-4cf9-b2c9-d1a0f706e885", "definition": "The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species." } ], "UUID": "4362045d-9af7-4913-928e-e7b96a3cf6f9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VEGETATION WATER CONTENT", "UUID": "ff141ffe-05ea-4901-a243-e6186826b05c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "XYLEM DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY", "UUID": "3eb9aa2e-8314-4470-a7b5-8bfba901e1fe", "definition": "The degree of electrical polarization a material experiences under the influence of an external electric field." } ], "UUID": "0408bac9-c247-4b00-80de-f4665b813658", "definition": "Plant characteristics refer to Global Change Master Directorydetailed variables under the variable, Plant Characteristics: Plantaboveground biomass, plant biomass, plant blooms, plant boronconcentration, plant calcium concentration, plant carbon concentration,plant copper concentration, plant diameter, plant diseases, plant height,plant iron concentration, plant magnesium concentration, plant manganeseconcentration, plant nitrogen concentration, plant phosphorusconcentration, plant potassium concentration, plant production, plant rootbiomass, plant sink capacity, plant sulfur concentration, plant waterpotential, and plant zinc concentration." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PLANT PHENOLOGY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GROWTH STAGE", "UUID": "0f18f64b-dfac-4f93-9ded-89c8f249c2d1", "definition": "Growth Stage is defined as the phenological growth stage and is measured on the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemical industry) Scale." } ], "UUID": "3f45aadf-ec7c-43a1-a008-b24ca139837a", "definition": "The science that treats the periodic biological phenomena with relation to\nclimate, especially seasonal changes.\nPhenological events are stages of plant growth. From a climatological\nviewpoint, these phenomena serve as bases for the interpretation of progress inlocal seasons and the climatic zones, and are considered to integrate the\neffects of a number of bioclimatic factors on rate of plant development.\nPhenology may be considered a branch of the science of bioclimatics, the\nsequence of plant or crop development stages through its life cycle. Growth\nstages may be defined by stage of physiological development such as\ngermination, first true leaf, flowering, maturity, etc., and/or by physical\nstage such as planting, emergence, harvest, etc." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POLLEN", "UUID": "b0ad34ee-4b38-4a8d-a483-b3bfea66fa82" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", "UUID": "86dfb9ca-6587-4a91-b397-f220bb48a1eb", "definition": "Reclamation, as used here refers, to putting a natural resource to a newor altered use. Restoration is the return of an ecosystem to aclose approximation of its condition prior to disturbance. Revegetation isthe planting of vegetation in an area where vegetation has been removed." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "REFORESTATION", "UUID": "fe6b37b9-f95a-491e-a58e-22aa66be9a9d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLAR INDUCED FLUORESCENCE", "UUID": "0a13efd5-d712-4b5d-abd4-9caf5914cfb6", "definition": "Solar-induced fluorescence is the glow plants emit from photosynthesis \u2014 the process of plant growth that includes the capture of carbon from the atmosphere. Areas with lower photosynthesis activity are in shown in light green; areas with higher photosynthesis activity are shown in dark green." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TREE RINGS", "UUID": "0e06e528-e796-4b7c-9878-dbcb061d878d", "definition": "Tree Rings, also known as annual rings or growth rings, are a sheath ofcells appearing as one of a series of concentric rings in thecross-section of a woody stem. Each ring is usually the result of asingle yearly growth flush starting in spring and ceasing in late summer." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VEGETATION COVER", "UUID": "5bdb3251-4811-439c-b172-9bbcd98e84b3", "definition": "Vegetation Cover is the percent of vegetation in an area." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VEGETATION DENSITY", "UUID": "bf0f8e3a-d227-43d9-af73-ff36aeb079ba" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VEGETATION FRACTION", "UUID": "5ae1e11b-09c3-463d-9644-555a095a9333", "definition": "The areal extent of vegetation-covered ground, expressed as the mathematical fraction of a region covered with vegetation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VEGETATION INDEX", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CAROTENOID CONTENT INDEX (CAR)", "UUID": "43183696-ba4e-4e8e-9553-adc36e3708d1", "definition": "Carotenoid Content Index describes the canopy content of carotenoids in terrestrial vegetation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHLOROPHYLL INDEX RED EDGE (CIRE)", "UUID": "35a5c352-5ce0-429b-852b-397afe4ee102", "definition": "The Chlorophyll Index - Red-Edge (CIre) method is a vegetation index for estimating the chlorophyll content in leaves using the ratio of reflectivity in the NIR and red-edge bands." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHLOROPHYLL-CAROTENOID INDEX (CCI)", "UUID": "d863e94c-5368-4c6b-937d-20d22d685239" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ENHANCED VEGETATION INDEX (EVI)", "UUID": "067a4ce7-c7d1-499c-bc86-4a9f747f89ca", "definition": "The Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) method is an optimized vegetation index that accounts for atmospheric influences and vegetation background signal. It's similar to NDVI but is less sensitive to background and atmospheric noise, and it does not become as saturated as NDVI when viewing areas with very dense green vegetation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LEAF AREA INDEX (LAI)", "UUID": "b1d65d88-7bd0-491d-91ca-4102b89dc3e7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MODIFIED ANTHOCYANIN REFLECTANCE INDEX (MARI)", "UUID": "34dfa28b-c457-4c13-9f18-b0d331190588", "definition": "The Modified Anthocyanin Reflectance Index (mARI or ARI2) is an enhanced version of ARI that corrects for leaf density and thickness by incorporating a near-infrared band. This modification improves the accuracy of anthocyanin estimation by accounting for leaf scattering properties." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE INFRARED INDEX (NDII)", "UUID": "37d8ff62-a8c7-4fc5-93e7-263d8c33a5d4", "definition": "The normalized difference infrared index (NDII) is an index that detects canopy water content." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE SNOW INDEX (NDSI)", "UUID": "13354468-9b4c-4a42-9d21-447b34723283", "definition": "The Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) is a measure used to identify snow cover by comparing the reflectance of visible light and shortwave infrared light. It helps distinguish snow from clouds, as snow reflects visible light well but absorbs infrared light, making it appear darker than clouds in satellite images." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI)", "UUID": "2297a00a-80f5-466e-b28e-b9ca42562d3f", "definition": "An index of plant \u201cgreenness\u201d or photosynthetic activity, and is one of the most commonly used vegetation indices." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE WATER INDEX (NDWI)", "UUID": "2426eba5-3817-466a-9be1-879be097227b", "definition": "The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) is a remote sensing index used to monitor changes in water content in both vegetation and water bodies. It is calculated using specific wavelengths of light, typically involving green and near-infrared bands for water bodies, and near-infrared and short-wave infrared bands for vegetation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PHOTOCHEMICAL REFLECTANCE INDEX (PRI)", "UUID": "6dffdd7b-4c0b-4773-a783-3379b361d962", "definition": "The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) is a widely used spectral index which can show stress-induced changes in photosynthesis. It is useful for getting at functional properties of plant canopies such as light use efficiency and for measuring foliar pigments." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PLANT AREA INDEX (PAI)", "UUID": "f094049b-fd89-4d01-b37f-7372b50c3309" } ], "UUID": "b7812c71-4b9e-4016-b4ba-dfcdb7e62365" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VEGETATION OPTICAL DEPTH", "UUID": "f97f5caf-206e-4310-8c9d-c4c1a09d3c62" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VEGETATION PRODUCTIVITY", "UUID": "1b94f333-5878-4c5c-b537-2148ee8cefbe", "definition": "Vegetation productivity indicates the spatial distribution and change of the vegetation cover - a key characteristic of ecosystem condition." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VEGETATION SPECIES", "UUID": "de0ace5c-fa2b-47ca-93db-79d8df7ab6f2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VEGETATION TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "1f4e053f-c7a2-436d-b81c-8f87b36ca951", "definition": "Surface temperature of vegetation, which if different than its surroundings can lead to advection of sensible heat." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VEGETATION WATER POTENTIAL", "UUID": "7b4a6b86-6a74-4b01-b0ee-a9d7d60c72cb", "definition": "Water potential is defined by its chemical activity or free energy." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WOODY BIOMASS", "UUID": "3e9503f1-372b-414f-bbdf-58e70513b934", "definition": "Woody biomass is any woody material from trees or shrubs, including woody debris or residues that cannot be used for timber. " } ], "UUID": "c7b5c02c-724d-4a19-b824-98180f3900c9" } ], "UUID": "91c64c46-d040-4daa-b26c-61952fdfaf50" }, { "level": "Topic", "name": "CLIMATE INDICATORS", "children": [ { "level": "Term", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC/OCEAN INDICATORS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CLOUD INDICATORS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "INCREASED/DECREASED CLOUD FRACTION", "UUID": "2111d240-315c-411b-8114-7ef9e89317e5", "definition": "Refers to amount (increased or decreased) of cloud fraction, which is the measurement used to determine how much of the Earth is covered by clouds. The measurement is important because clouds play a large role in regulating the amount of energy that reaches the Earth from the sun as well as the amount of energy that the Earth reflects and emits back into space." } ], "UUID": "8c4e2397-aed6-4ce4-9ead-08323e2f90ae" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COMPOUND EXTREME EVENTS", "UUID": "83e9ddee-5887-4758-a3ba-5cb17a7d4ed5", "definition": "The simultaneous or sequential occurrence of multiple extremes at single or multiple locations." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EXTREME WEATHER", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EXTREME DROUGHT", "UUID": "e4c806af-ab57-4fda-b7e9-29e3c65f6ec5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EXTREME PRECIPITATION", "UUID": "fc5a1b7a-5ee8-4d67-80f5-a57e3f1734ab" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HEAT/COLD WAVE FREQUENCY/INTENSITY", "UUID": "079e6699-efbf-4358-9047-b668b459fc22", "definition": "Refers to a frequency and intensity of a heat wave and cold wave. A heat wave is a period of abnormally hot weather generally lasting more than two days. Heat waves can occur with or without high humidity. They have potential to cover a large area, exposing a high number of people to hazardous heat. A cold wave is a weather event involving a cooling of the air, or the invasion of very cold air, over a large area. It is marked by a drop of average temperature well below the averages of a region. Cold waves can have negative impacts on people, crops, properties, and services. They can be preceded or accompanied by significant winter weather events, such as blizzards or ice storms. And they can feel even colder during periods of high winds." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MONSOON ONSET/INTENSITY", "UUID": "7f95ceda-09fd-4ee3-9f30-bf38bf831e12", "definition": "Refers to the start and intensity of a monsoon. A monsoon is a name for seasonal winds. It was first applied to the winds over the Arabian Sea, which blow for six months from northeast and for six months from southwest, but it has been extended to similar winds in other parts of the world. Even in Europe the prevailing west to northwest winds of summer have been called the 'European monsoon.' The primary cause is the much greater annual variation of temperature over large land areas compared with neighboring ocean surfaces, causing an excess of pressure over the continents in winter and a deficit in summer, but other factors such as the relief features of the land have a considerable effect. The monsoons are strongest on the southern and eastern sides of Asia, the largest landmass, but monsoons also occur on the coasts of tropical regions wherever the planetary circulation is not strong enough to inhibit them. They have been described in Spain, northern Australia, Africa except the Mediterranean, Texas, and the western coasts of the United States and Chile. In India the term is popularly applied chiefly to the southwest monsoon and, by extension, to the rains which it brings." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL OR EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE FREQUENCY/INTENSITY", "UUID": "a85b812e-e4d2-4dce-bf67-d89a3e1a9122" } ], "UUID": "b29b46ad-f05f-4144-b965-5f606ce96963" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FRESH WATER RIVER DISCHARGE", "UUID": "12dc1f4f-2116-4b74-a1bd-bc61e8e57a5b", "definition": "discharge is the volume rate of water flow, including any suspended solids (i.e. sediment), dissolved chemical species (i.e. CaCO3(aq)) and/or biologic material (i.e. diatoms), which is transported through a given cross-sectional area." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HUMIDITY INDICES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HUMIDITY INDEX", "UUID": "cdd7a31f-3244-494d-bc44-7b5f1ebb4bd7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TEMPERATURE-HUMIDITY INDEX", "UUID": "5bdc74e2-ea3a-4d1d-b64e-9eaf3a879545", "definition": "temperature\u2013humidity index (THI), combination of temperature and humidity that is a measure of the degree of discomfort experienced by an individual in warm weather; it was originally called the discomfort index. The index is essentially an effective temperature based on air temperature and humidity; it equals 15 plus 0.4 times the sum of simultaneous readings of the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures. Thus, if the dry-bulb temperature is 90\u00b0 F (32\u00b0 C) and the wet-bulb temperature is 50\u00b0 F (10\u00b0 C), the discomfort index is 15 + 0.4 (140), or 71. Most people are quite comfortable when the index is below 70 and very uncomfortable when the index is above 80 to 85. In the U.S. the highest average daily values of the THI, exceeding 80, consistently occur in the southern California deserts and southwestern Arizona in July and August." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT INDEX", "UUID": "b9349099-8d45-4260-ab30-c891c3553a25" } ], "UUID": "b881cf8f-7260-4980-80bc-4b6ae3716c39" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN ACIDIFICATION", "UUID": "a219dbe6-c095-4002-9fbe-012b31da839c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN OVERTURNING", "UUID": "dbf8a0cf-1e9b-4bc4-95a2-819bb16af00c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN UPWELLING INDICES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OCEAN COASTAL UPWELLING INDEX", "UUID": "74ad118c-2f18-40fb-a26e-092390f52c20", "definition": "Upwelling is an important process affecting plankton production off the Pacific Northwest. The CUI is a measure of the volume of water that upwells along the coast; it identifies the amount of offshore transport of surface waters due to geostrophic wind fields. Indices are in units of cubic meters per second along each 100 meters of coastline. Positive numbers indicate offshore transport for the upwelling index product and southward transport for the along-shore product. The CUI was developed by Dr. Andrew Bakun (Bakun 1973) and is provided by the Pacific Fisheries Environmental Lab (PFEL) of NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)." } ], "UUID": "7d3e2368-75ba-43b9-bdce-bba2ff8d3e2c", "definition": "Indices that leverage state-of-the-art ocean models as well as satellite and in situ data to improve upon historically available upwelling indices. Upwelling drives the biological productivity of the system by bringing nutrients to surface waters." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN UPWELLING/DOWNWELLING", "UUID": "873ed434-9407-4fd8-9660-41e50b0eb786", "definition": "The upward motion of seawater anywhere in the oceans." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PRECIPITATION INDICATORS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PRECIPITATION TRENDS", "UUID": "279961c4-dac3-4188-917f-fa11982f957e", "definition": "The trend in precipitation amounts, rates, and frequency over a given time period." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY", "UUID": "c7c88080-660c-4913-8140-5f3bc91e295e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SAHEL STANDARDIZED RAINFALL", "UUID": "e13b084e-d044-49c9-8791-f057f777fca3" } ], "UUID": "789939a6-3cd5-46f3-bdfd-5cdd6a012500", "definition": "Information about the conditions of precipitation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PRECIPITATION INDICES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ENSO PRECIPITATION INDEX", "UUID": "d14d762c-4117-438a-9093-a098a0d0e4e6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NORTHEAST BRAZIL RAINFALL ANOMALY", "UUID": "b8f0571c-4c19-4025-936c-936e9ac72e21" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX", "UUID": "7427fb2d-43b5-478a-960d-2ff9aa398462", "definition": "The SPI was formulated by Tom Mckee, Nolan Doesken and John Kleist of\nthe Colorado Climate Center in 1993. The purpose is to assign a single\nnumeric value to the precipitation which can be compared across\nregions with markedly different climates. Technically, the SPI is the\nnumber of standard deviations that the observed value would deviate\nfrom the long-term mean, for a normally distributed random\nvariable. Since precipitation is not normally distributed, a\ntransformation is first applied so that the transformed precipitation\nvalues follow a normal distribution.\nThe Standardized Precipitation Index was designed to explicitly\nexpress the fact that it is possible to simultaneously experience wet\nconditions on one or more time scales, and dry conditions at other\ntime scales, often a difficult concept to convey in simple terms to\ndecision-makers. Consequently, a separate SPI value is calculated for\na selection of time scales, covering the last 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,\n9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, and 72 months, and ending\non the last day of the latest month." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WEIGHTED ANOMALY STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX", "UUID": "aefbd3c5-6594-455b-a99d-7397a694bf8e" } ], "UUID": "52347642-9786-4b59-be77-02e9f307118d", "definition": "Rainfall indices are calculated from precipitation data for a specific region over time." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA LEVEL RISE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EROSION", "UUID": "eec5b471-bcc5-4d9b-8274-f3990e79ed84" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "INUNDATION", "UUID": "9db10fb2-0ceb-412e-9936-a286c579fa9f" } ], "UUID": "536a86bd-3dd1-4f4a-9b4a-222a12746db5", "definition": "An increase in the average height of the sea surface over a vertical datum." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE INDICES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ATLANTIC TRIPOLE SST", "UUID": "ca418285-d1f2-4348-82e4-7fc59f8b60c8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CARIBBEAN INDEX", "UUID": "5f2273b8-be30-45d5-a5d7-9bd947779c2e", "definition": "The timeseries of SST anomalies averaged over the the Caribbean. Data is obtained from the COADS dataset for 1951-1991 and NCEP after. Anomalies were calculated relative to the 1951-2000 climatology, smoothed by three months running mean procedure and projected onto 20 leading EOFs. More information and the indexes forecasted values are available." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CENTRAL TROPICAL PACIFIC SST", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "NINO 4 INDEX", "UUID": "f59ce66b-a76d-467c-bab1-6264f9f3bb70" } ], "UUID": "ad5bde75-1f54-4f7e-a958-3adaf9f40639" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EAST CENTRAL TROPICAL PACIFIC SST", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "NINO 3.4 INDEX", "UUID": "a084d58c-c4f6-40fa-a645-96d9bef021aa" } ], "UUID": "01b96758-13f3-4cea-8447-decae36b1bde", "definition": "The NINO3.4 index is one of several El Ni\u00f1o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indicators based on sea surface temperatures.NINO3.4 is the average sea surface temperature anomaly in the region bounded by 5\u00b0N to 5\u00b0S, from 170\u00b0W to 120\u00b0W. This region has large variability on El Ni\u00f1o time scales, and is close to the region where changes in local sea-surface temperature are important for shifting the large region of rainfall typically located in the far western Pacific.An El Ni\u00f1o or La Ni\u00f1a event is identified if the 5-month running-average of the NINO3.4 index exceeds +0.4\u00b0C for El Ni\u00f1o or -0.4\u00b0C for La Ni\u00f1a for at least 6 consecutive months." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EXTREME EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC SST", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "NINO 1+2 INDEX", "UUID": "1c2e9a42-39d1-4b38-b752-3982f2a36ef4", "definition": "The Ni\u00f1o1+2 SST anomaly index is an indicator of far eastern tropical Pacific El Ni\u00f1o conditions, off the coasts of Peru and Chile. It is calculated with SSTs in the box 90\u00b0W - 80\u00b0W, 10\u00b0S - 0\u00b0." } ], "UUID": "4b862c68-9cd9-4fee-942a-7cec0e6b05c2", "definition": "The Ni\u00f1o1+2 SST anomaly index is an indicator of far eastern tropical Pacific El Ni\u00f1o conditions, off the coasts of Peru and Chile. It is calculated with SSTs in the box 90\u00b0W - 80\u00b0W, 10\u00b0S - 0\u00b0." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "KAPLAN SST INDEX", "UUID": "9c98dcbd-1dc8-4e0a-8ad1-0d11e88360eb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NINO 3 INDEX", "UUID": "c58dc7fb-65d5-4309-8abe-160e8e845382" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NORTH TROPICAL ATLANTIC INDEX", "UUID": "d52674c3-0c78-4f35-9675-c2a8b3869b16" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OCEANIC NINO INDEX", "UUID": "70ed535b-a591-411d-80ca-9eafe10b3be8", "definition": "Beginning in December 2008, the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) is calculated using Version 3b of the extended reconstructed sea surface temperature (ERSST) dataset. More information on this new dataset is provided here (see refefrence link). This new monthly analysis replaces ERSST Version 3, which will no longer be updated. In the meantime, we are temporarily providing web links to the ONI based on ERSST.v3b and ERSST.v3." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PACIFIC WARM POOL", "UUID": "db1000b8-3b19-46fa-9d79-379379d654ac" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TRANS-NINO INDEX", "UUID": "58d71334-7fb5-4e05-85fd-9d2485854abe", "definition": "The timeseries is calculated from the HadISST and the NCEP OI Datasets. It is the standardized Nina 12 minus the Nina 4 with a 5 month running mean applied which is then standardized using the 1950-1979 period." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL NORTH ATLANTIC INDEX", "UUID": "2cde80e8-3eb1-40e7-9305-e765dc8df5e2", "definition": "Anomaly of the average of the monthly SST from 5.5N to 23.5N and 15W to 57.5W. GISST and NOAA OI 1x1 datasets are used to create index. Climatology is 1951-2000." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL PACIFIC SST EOF", "UUID": "ed2f3a3f-c841-41cf-9394-3a3254d13fc2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL SOUTH ATLANTIC INDEX", "UUID": "887e3bcc-ffd4-4f10-a91c-849783aac709", "definition": "Anomaly of the average of the monthly SST from Eq-20S and 10E-30W. GISST and NOAA OI 1x1 datasets are used to create index. Climatology is 1951-2000." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WESTERN HEMISPHERE WARM POOL", "UUID": "309d2897-c74b-4de6-96fc-751a6935d549", "definition": "Monthly anomaly of the ocean surface area warmer than 28.5\u00b0C in the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific. Climatology is 1951-2000." } ], "UUID": "b83895e9-bac8-49fe-bcf5-8fe4d8fcaa16" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SURFACE SALINITY", "UUID": "1d8525f0-0cfc-4d59-8677-da5c8038deb7", "definition": "A measure of the dissolved solids in seawater." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TELECONNECTIONS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ANTARCTIC OSCILLATION", "UUID": "511e6c26-8806-4d88-9763-a136a6957042", "definition": "The Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) is the dominant pattern of\nnon-seasonal tropospheric circulation variations south of 20S, and it\nis characterized by pressure anomalies of one sign centered in the\nAntarctic and anomalies of the opposite sign centered about\n40-50S. The AAO is also referred to as the Southern Annular Mode\n(SAM). There is a Northern Hemisphere analog to the AAO, and it is\ncalled the Arctic Oscillation (or Northern Annular Mode)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ARCTIC OSCILLATION", "UUID": "98e5a7e4-b946-474a-8214-c1b7b3e5f976" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ATLANTIC MERIDIONAL MODE", "UUID": "f141c968-94d4-4c42-8877-bbe34bb84b26" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ATLANTIC MULTIDECADAL OSCILLATION LONG VERSION", "UUID": "dcdb6cf1-48a7-488e-aeb8-e6c0b36752d4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BIVARIATE ENSO TIMESERIES INDEX", "UUID": "a69f9faf-f730-4eba-9e38-0f72b0544bbe" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BLOCKING INDEX", "UUID": "2aeb8e10-b7f8-429e-b9f6-968ece330741", "definition": "Blocking in the southern hemisphere typically occurs at lower\nlatitudes when compared with the northern hemisphere. The index\nfollows Tibaldi et al. (1994).\nThe European blocking index is based on observations of pentad (5-day\naverage) wind over the region 15W to 25E and 35n to 55N. If the pentad\nzonal wind equals the climatological value for that time period, the\nindex is zero. If the pentad zonal wind is less than average the index\nis postive, while the opposite is true if the index is\nnegative. Values close to +/- 1 indicate relatively strong events." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EAST ATLANTIC JET PATTERN", "UUID": "47fb8f57-2ddd-4289-b8a5-af7ffa0ee031", "definition": "The East Atlantic Jet pattern is the third primary mode of low frequency variability found over the North Atlantic, appearing between April and August. This pattern also consists of a north-south dipole of anomaly centers, with one main center located over the high latitudes of the eastern North Atlantic ... and Scandinavia, and the other center located over Northern Africa and the Mediterranean Sea. A positive phase of the EA-Jet pattern reflects an intensification of westerlies over the central latitudes of the eastern North Atlantic and over much of Europe, while a negative phase reflects a strong split-flow configuration over these regions, sometimes in association with long-lived blocking anticyclones in the vicinity of Greenland and Great Britain." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EAST ATLANTIC PATTERN", "UUID": "64d4ff80-59bb-4565-8759-e5223939abfd", "definition": "The East Atlantic (EA) pattern is the second prominent mode of low-frequency variability over the North Atlantic, and appears as a leading mode in all months. The EA pattern is structurally similar to the NAO, and consists of a north-south dipole of anomaly centers spanning the North Atlantic from east to west. The anomaly centers of the EA pattern are displaced southeastward to the approximate nodal lines of the NAO pattern. For this reason, the EA pattern is often interpreted as a \u201csouthward shifted\u201d NAO pattern. However, the lower-latitude center contains a strong subtropical link in association with modulations in the subtropical ridge intensity and location. This subtropical link makes the EA pattern distinct from its NAO counterpart. This EA pattern is similar to that shown in the Barnston and Livezey (1987) study, but is distinctly different from the EA pattern originally defined by Wallace and Gutzler (1981).The positive phase of the EA pattern is associated with above-average surface temperatures in Europe in all months, and with below-average temperatures over the southern U.S. during January-May and in the north-central U.S. during July-October. It is also associated with above-average precipitation over northern Europe and Scandinavia, and with below-average precipitation across southern Europe.The EA pattern exhibits very strong multi-decadal variability in the 1950-2004 record, with the negative phase prevailing during much of 1950-1976, and the positive phase occurring during much of 1977-2004. The positive phase of the EA pattern was particularly strong and persistent during 1997-2004, when 3-month running mean values routinely averaged 1.0-2.0 standard deviations above normal." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EASTERN ATLANTIC WESTERN RUSSIA PATTERN", "UUID": "c58e035f-87c6-4aa5-8729-5a9c6270e73b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EASTERN PACIFIC OSCILLATION", "UUID": "0384fecd-9303-47f3-84e3-f01f58013fc3", "definition": "The East Pacific - North Pacific (EP- NP) pattern is a Spring-Summer-Fall pattern with three main anomaly centers. The positive phase of this pattern features positive height anomalies located over Alaska/ Western Canada, and negative anomalies over the central North Pacific and eastern North America. Strong positive phases of the EP-NP pattern are associated with a southward shift and intensification of the Pacific jet stream from eastern Asia to the eastern North Pacific, followed downstream by an enhanced anticyclonic circulation over western North America, and by an enhanced cyclonic circulation over the eastern United States. Strong negative phases of the pattern are associated with circulation anomalies of opposite sign in these regions.The positive phase of the EP-NP pattern is associated with above-average surface temperatures over the eastern North Pacific, and below-average temperatures over the central North Pacific and eastern North America. The main precipitation anomalies associated with this pattern reflect above-average precipitation in the area north of Hawaii and below-average precipitation over southwestern Canada." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EL NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO)", "UUID": "095a05c0-6220-4abd-9c1b-c4504a092d7d", "definition": "An irregular variation of ocean current that from January to March\nflows off the west coast of South America, carrying warm,\nlow-salinity, nutrient-poor water to the south. It does not usually\nextend farther than a few degrees south of the equator, but\noccasionally it does penetrate beyond 12 degrees S, displacing the\nrelatively cold Peru Current. The effects of this phenomenon are\ngenerally short-lived, and fishing is only slightly\ndisrupted. Occasionally (in 1891, 1925, 1941, 1957 - 58, 1965, 1972 -\n73, 1976, and 1982 - 83), the effects are major and prolonged. Under\nthese conditions, sea surface temperatures rise along the coast of\nPeru and in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean and may remain high\nfor more than a year, having disastrous effects on marine life and\nfishing. Excessive rainfall and flooding occur in the normally dry\ncoastal area of western tropical South America during these\nevents. Some oceanographers and meteorologists consider only the\nmajor, prolonged events as El Nino phenomena rather than the annually\noccurring weaker and short-lived ones. The name was originally applied\nto the latter events because of their occurrence at Christmas time.\n('http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/glossary.html')\n

\nInteracting parts of a single global system of climate\nfluctuations. ENSO is the most prominent known source of interannual\nvariability in weather and climate around the world, though not all\nareas are affected. The Southern Oscillation (SO) is a global-scale\nseesaw in atmospheric pressure between Indonesia/North Australia, and\nthe southeast Pacific. In major warm events El Nino warming extends\nover much of the tropical Pacific and becomes clearly linked to the SO\npattern. Many of the countries most affected by ENSO events are\ndeveloping countries with economies that are largely dependent upon\ntheir agricultural and fishery sectors as a major source of food\nsupply, employment, and foreign exchange. New capabilities to predict\nthe onset of ENSO event can have a global impact. While ENSO is a\nnatural part of the Earth's climate, whether its intensity or\nfrequency may change as a result of global warming is an important\nconcern.\nFrom: 'http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/glossary.php3'" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EQUATORIAL PACIFIC MERIDIONAL WIND ANOMALY INDEX", "UUID": "21389c4a-0d32-484a-95b9-db319a18f6ca", "definition": "An ENSO meridional wind anomaly index is calculated for the region 12-2N, 160E-80W from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS). This region was chosen from a map of meridional wind regressed onto an index of eastern equatorial Pacific SST for the period 1950-79." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EQUATORIAL PACIFIC ZONAL WIND ANOMALY INDEX", "UUID": "57a381ef-56f6-48af-8974-822f5859979d", "definition": "The ENSO zonal wind anomaly index is calculated for the region 8N-8S, 150E-140W from the COADS data. This region was chosen from a map of zonal wind regressed onto an index of eastern equatorial Pacific SST for the period 1950-79. The anomalies are with respect to a 1950-79 climatology." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLOBALLY INTEGRATED ANGULAR MOMENTUM", "UUID": "523c148f-bb4f-47d0-b176-0949ed59288a", "definition": "The atmospheric angular momentum is the product of mass times the rotational velocity times the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. A rotating object will conserve its angular momentum unless a torque acts to change its rotation. The axial component is of interest in climate and is determined by the distribution of atmospheric mass and zonal wind relative to the earth's rotation axis. Higher than normal surface pressure in the tropics or strong westerly flow there contributes to greater AAM." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION", "UUID": "25d4368e-3b66-40d5-bac1-2343b127fa32", "definition": "In 1971 Roland Madden and Paul Julian stumbled upon a 40-50 day\noscillation when analyzing zonal wind anomalies in the tropical\nPacific. They used ten years of pressure records at Canton (at 2.8B0 S\nin the Pacific) and upper level winds at Singapore.\nThe oscillation of surface and upper-level winds was remarkably clear\nin Singapore. Until the early 1980's little attention was paid to this\noscillation, which became known as the Madden and Julian\nOscillation(MJO), and some scientists questioned its global\nsignificance. Since the 1982-83 El Nino event, low-frequency\nvariations in the tropics, both on intra-annual (less than a year) and\ninter-annual (more than a year) timescales, have received much more\nattention, and the number of MJO-related publications grew rapidly." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MULTIVARIATE ENSO INDEX", "UUID": "caddaef6-1a60-490a-938e-9107885f286f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION", "UUID": "c5e1c055-768e-4aa3-a0a1-3adfda8ecdca" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NORTH PACIFIC OSCILLATION", "UUID": "2295728d-0ee0-4c6f-9bb4-261b4b22322e", "definition": "The North Pacific Index is the area-weighted sea level pressure over\nthe region 30N-65N, 160E-140W." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NORTH PACIFIC PATTERN", "UUID": "c6abcc08-7d59-4852-8c1a-82f464900333" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NORTHERN OSCILLATION INDEX", "UUID": "77b2422e-ce52-465f-8841-5d04ebe536dc", "definition": "The NOI (extratropical-based Northern Oscillation Index) and its analog, the SOI* (extratropical-bassed Southern Oscillation Index) are new indices of midlatitude climate fluctuations that show interesting relationships with fluctuations in marine ecosystems and populations. They reflect the variability in equatorial and extratropical teleconnections and represent a wide range of local and remote climate signals. The indices are counterparts to the traditional SOI (Southern Oscillation Index) that relate variability in the atmospheric forcing of climate change in northern and southern midlatitude hemisphere regions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION", "UUID": "2de06b90-4abe-4c71-a537-978679bf8aea", "definition": "Fisheries scientist Steven Hare coined the term 'Pacific Decadal\nOscillation' (PDO) in 1996 while researching connections between\nAlaska salmon production cycles and Pacific climate. PDO has since\nbeen described as a long-lived El Nino-like pattern of Pacific\nclimate variability because the two climate oscillations have similar\nspatial climate fingerprints, but very different temporal behavior.\nTwo main characteristics distinguish PDO from El Nino/ Southern\nOscillation (ENSO): first, 20th century PDO 'events' persisted for\n20-to-30 years, while typical ENSO events persisted for 6 to 18\nmonths; second, the climatic fingerprints of the PDO are most visible\nin the North Pacific/North American sector, while secondary signatures\nexist in the tropics - the opposite is true for ENSO.\nSeveral independent studies find evidence for just two full PDO cycles\nin the past century: 'cool' PDO regimes prevailed from 1890-1924 and\nagain from 1947-1976 while'warm' PDO regimes dominated from 1925-1946\nand from 1977 through (at least) the mid-1990's. Shoshiro Minobe; has\nshown that 20th century PDO fluctuations were most energetic in two\ngeneral periodicities, one from 15-to-25 years, and the other from\n50-to-70 years." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "Pacific Transition Index", "UUID": "233903dd-daec-474f-ac2e-cdcad84a85b5", "definition": "The Pacific Transition (PT) pattern is a leading mode during August and September. This pattern captures anomalous wave-train of 500-hPa heights extending from the central subtropical North Pacific to the eastern United States. The positive phase of the PT pattern features above-average heights west of Hawaii and across western North America, and below-average heights in the Gulf of Alaska and over the southeastern United States.The PT pattern is associated with above-average surface temperatures in the western subtropical North Pacific, the subtropical North Atlantic, and throughout western North America, and with below-average temperatures over the eastern half of the United States. The main precipitation departures associated with the PT pattern include above-average precipitation in the southeastern U.S., and below-average precipitation near Hawaii and across the northern tier of the United States." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PACIFIC/NORTH AMERICAN (PNA) PATTERN", "UUID": "0e53e397-7836-45ec-bc62-0d54f9f176e5", "definition": "The PNA pattern is one of the most prominent modes of low-frequency\nvariability in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, appearing in all\nmonths except June and July. The PNA pattern reflects a quadripole\npattern of height anomalies, with anomalies of similar sign located\nsouth of the Aleutian Islands and over the southeastern United\nStates. Anomalies with sign opposite to the Aleutian center are\nlocated in the vicinity of Hawaii, and over the intermountain region\nof North America (central Canada) during the Winter and Fall (Spring)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION", "UUID": "ea64fa04-2822-4cc5-9014-f18ce1a1ef23" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SOUTHERN OSCILLATION INDEX", "UUID": "eaa0bc43-e283-4bf1-ba20-ca32850a66ef" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPICAL/NORTHERN HEMISPHERE PATTERN", "UUID": "83b711e1-3fb5-4ef3-bafb-783e8239a4b5", "definition": "The Tropical/ Northern Hemisphere pattern was first classified by Mo and Livezey (1986), and appears as a prominent mode from November-February. The pattern consists of one primary anomaly center over the Gulf of Alaska and a separate anomaly center of opposite sign over the Hudson Bay. A weaker area of anomalies having similar sign to the Gulf of Alaska anomaly extends across Mexico and the extreme southeastern United States. This pattern reflects large-scale changes in both the location and eastward extent of the Pacific jet stream, and also in the strength and position of the climatological mean Hudson Bay Low. Thus, the pattern significantly modulates the flow of marine air into North America, as well as the southward transport of cold Canadian air into the north-central United States." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WEST PACIFIC INDEX", "UUID": "bdb6eafa-f4e1-4536-b513-4c787f829722" } ], "UUID": "b887d3e5-4280-43d2-a34e-0f63ac086b6a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TEMPERATURE INDICATORS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HIGHER MAXIMUM DAYTIME TEMPERATURES", "UUID": "3d997f01-8987-4fb1-a32e-d88d51f0a2c4", "definition": "Refers to the highest daytime temperature reported for a given location during a given period." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HIGHER MINIMUM NIGHTTIME TEMPERATURES", "UUID": "93741006-ff2a-4ec2-bbd4-ff55301fabe0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STRATOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES", "UUID": "0eb1af15-7bd4-40c6-b8a4-666cbb61ff8c", "definition": "Refers to temperature anomalies in the stratosphere. A temperature anomaly means a departure from a reference value or long-term average. A positive anomaly indicates that the observed temperature was warmer than the reference value, while a negative anomaly indicates that the observed temperature was cooler than the reference value." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TEMPERATURE TRENDS", "UUID": "ae247e59-db82-45ac-a9de-a9773ae4db40" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY", "UUID": "7013bdc9-519d-42b6-827c-4b8013fbb726", "definition": "The temperature range occurring within a short time span at a given location." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES", "UUID": "f0e47cca-fa6e-44d0-b900-43920a3d0b91" } ], "UUID": "2dcffd8f-2b01-4c68-a4f2-c4940d2709a3", "definition": "Refers to set of parameters that describe changing temperature over time." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TEMPERATURE INDICES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COMMON SENSE CLIMATE INDEX", "UUID": "c7fa79e4-67a1-45da-b393-a1b89d54a1a5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COOLING DEGREE DAYS", "UUID": "db0d03d7-1d08-42fb-b212-0da35b88e656" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FREEZING INDEX", "UUID": "bc6d73a9-4943-4a3e-9f9d-9406fa54b0bc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GROWING DEGREE DAYS", "UUID": "6d808909-ce04-4401-a883-aff4d723d025", "definition": "a heuristic tool in phenology. GDD are a measure of heat accumulation used by horticulturists, gardeners, and farmers to predict plant and pest development rates such as the date that a flower will bloom or a crop reach maturity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HEATING DEGREE DAYS", "UUID": "fe2bc223-e503-4ca1-924c-d3fd5876721c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RESIDENTIAL ENERGY DEMAND TEMPERATURE INDEX", "UUID": "f19ff7fb-fd8b-433c-88e2-afc5dd3ee7b2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION INDEX (TCI)", "UUID": "d73be111-7aae-4a96-89c2-7b64c064893c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "THAWING INDEX", "UUID": "1e540a87-ffd9-4277-b8f2-683a58145b87", "definition": "The number of degree days, above and below 32\u00b0F, between the lowest and highest points on the cumulative degree-days time curve for one thawing season." } ], "UUID": "e8580cbb-701a-4ab1-a40f-5fae4ae1ea24" } ], "UUID": "5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0", "definition": "Information about the atmosphere's and ocean's state and health" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "BIOSPHERIC INDICATORS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BIRTH RATE DECLINE/INCREASE", "UUID": "379dd4c3-04d7-4f76-9bb9-83d0b8e1a2aa", "definition": "Refers to the decline and increase of the birth rate. Birth rate, also known as natality, is the total number of live human births per 1,000 population for a given period divided by the length of the period in years." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BREEDING PRODUCTIVITY", "UUID": "0a07badb-1382-4f63-8344-7ba063b05534", "definition": "A measure of how successful reproduction is in a given breeding season. It can be used to assess the health of a population and can be an early indicator of environmental changes or population status." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CANOPY TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY", "UUID": "9a40bc0e-aece-4b4a-a87d-4869c8b903f8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HYPOXIC CONDITIONS", "UUID": "853c3456-5397-4e16-ba67-51e4f4205db5", "definition": "In ocean and freshwater environments, hypoxic conditions occur when dissolved oxygen concentration is depleted to a certain low level below which aquatic organisms, especially immobile species such as oysters and mussels, endure severe stress or die.\u200b\u200b Hypoxic conditions can occur naturally but are often the consequence of excessive nutrient input from human activities." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "INDICATOR SPECIES", "UUID": "6448f172-1560-4ea7-8826-8ac85dc820f3", "definition": "A species whose presence, absence, or relative well-being in a given environment is a sign of the overall health of its ecosystem. By monitoring the condition and behavior of an indicator species, scientists can determine how changes in the environment are likely to affect other species that are more difficult to study." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "INVASIVE SPECIES", "UUID": "93c8b32d-ab89-43e1-b58c-f1823fa7d118" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PHENOLOGICAL CHANGES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ANIMAL PHENOLOGICAL CHANGES", "UUID": "f73cf4ee-2ae0-47b0-a294-5f8a8f694215" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PLANT PHENOLOGICAL CHANGES", "UUID": "c6f81edb-b683-4356-93e6-5852766a5ee8" } ], "UUID": "cc5ab64b-11d0-4196-b7b3-f9c61e5e3ac6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RANGE CHANGES", "UUID": "f5c63c23-f819-46e8-bc97-1e894424c00c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SPECIES MIGRATION", "UUID": "0de668aa-cc97-482d-a0eb-cddcb1a705b6", "definition": "Migration is the relatively long-distance movement of individuals, usually on a seasonal basis. It is a ubiquitous phenomenon, found in all major animal groups, including birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and crustaceans. The trigger for the migration may be local climate, local availability of food, the season of the year or for mating reasons." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VECTOR SPECIES", "UUID": "1d9f0eb8-7233-4969-b40c-979d601ebaa7", "definition": "An organism, such as an insect, that transmits disease-causing microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria." } ], "UUID": "76943142-e5a9-4ecf-b496-050dd3d97101", "definition": "biosphere (the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist)" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "CARBON FLUX", "UUID": "53fb0557-9f7f-4504-b0e8-adf329146c52", "definition": "Carbon flux refers to the direction and rate of transfer, or flows, of carbon between Earth\u2019s carbon pools such as the oceans, atmosphere,land, other living things. Carbon fluxes can be natural exchanges, such as land-atmosphere and ocean-atmosphere fluxes, or anthropogenic exchanges, such as urban carbon fluxes" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "CLIMATE FEEDBACKS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC FEEDBACKS", "UUID": "fc77777e-614f-41f1-9b97-d5324fa99105" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COUPLED SYSTEM FEEDBACKS", "UUID": "6a6bed83-f95a-44e6-8ae0-1371b532abc3", "definition": "Processes or interactions between systems, such as the ocean andatmosphere, through which the climate system is controlled, changed,or modulated. Examples include process that influence the flux of heat,freshwater, and radiatively active trace gases between the ocean andatmosphere as well as those that influence the exchange of carbondioxide between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CRYOSPHERIC FEEDBACKS", "UUID": "3da6855e-9be8-4a79-826e-4ce984ed49a5", "definition": "Processes within the cryosphere through which the climate system iscontrolled, changed, or modulated. Cryospheric feedbacks involve aperturbation in a climate quantity that causes a change in a secondquantity, and the change in the second quantity ultimately leads to anadditional change in the first. Cryospheric feedbacks may, for example,involve the dependence of surface albedo on the presence of ice andsnow." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND SURFACE FEEDBACKS", "UUID": "514c891b-60b8-4a6f-adb3-0366c75588e9", "definition": "Land-surface processes through which climate system is controlled,changed, or modulated. Land-surface feedbacks involve a perturbationin a climate quantity that causes a change in a second quantity, and thechange in the second quantity ultimately leads to an additional changein the first. Land-surface feedbacks often involve land-surface change orchange in terrestrial carbon stocks that in turn affect land-atmosphereinteraction." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEANIC FEEDBACKS", "UUID": "80d337f4-8e90-456a-9a5b-33e5f5c907ce", "definition": "Processes within the ocean through which the climate system iscontrolled, changed, or modulated. Oceanic feedbacks involve aperturbation in a climate quantity that causes a change in a secondquantity, and the change in the second quantity ultimately leads to anadditional change in the first. Examples include those processes thatgovern oceanic uptake, transport, and storage of carbon dioxide." } ], "UUID": "de62c07e-96c6-44fb-a3a1-cd2902305691" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "CRYOSPHERIC INDICATORS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AVALANCHE", "UUID": "bb8c48bc-a36e-4f7e-afda-3244b058bc9c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CLIMATE WARMING", "UUID": "49d638f4-bdfa-4a6e-b154-cce1717d307f", "definition": "Refers to the impact of climate warming on permafrost melt and eventually effects on how microbiota may change accordingly." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FIRN LIMIT", "UUID": "9fec9f47-c45d-4f15-8be5-d71424f33647" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIAL MEASUREMENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER ELEVATION/ICE SHEET ELEVATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "Hypsometry", "UUID": "6a2b291c-f78b-48c3-869f-9a4c8a40bc6c", "definition": "elevation and depth measurements of features of the Earth\u2019s surface made with respect to sea level" } ], "UUID": "83bd640d-cd05-49a8-9ec7-aab60820b126", "definition": "Pertaining to the measured height of large thick, glaciers, with an area ofat least 50,000 sq. km, covering a continuous stretch of land and growingin all directions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER FACIES", "UUID": "613c1fba-8710-47fb-a8e1-e4cd50bb97e1", "definition": "In general, facies are the set of all characteristics of a sedimetary rock thatindicates its particular environment of deposition and which distinguish itfrom other facies in the same rock. Glacial facies refer to the characteristicnature of glacial ice and/or the processes by which the ice formed andprocesses by which rock debris from the bed is entrained into the ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER MASS BALANCE/ICE SHEET MASS BALANCE", "UUID": "6095d796-68e0-4c7d-aa4f-f2e5bd8c4916", "definition": "Mass balance describes the net gain or loss of snow and ice through a given year. It is usually expressed in terms of water gain or loss." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER MOTION/ICE SHEET MOTION", "UUID": "4c9afaf7-4aec-440d-8084-6a482de09e7a", "definition": "The rate of flow of the glacier/ice sheet over a period of time." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER/ICE SHEET THICKNESS", "UUID": "6a8a6fdb-c431-4d32-8cea-5849e2ee1f33", "definition": "The difference in height between two levels in the glacier or ice sheet." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER/ICE SHEET TOPOGRAPHY", "UUID": "c3e4d439-bbb0-48c9-89eb-57d3a330627a" } ], "UUID": "2d79af4f-d15f-40cc-b0bf-8f5c8eb1fce5", "definition": "Refers to the measurement of glaciers including geodetic mass balance, hydrological mass balance, velocity, melting, shape/volume, and monitoring using remote sensing." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS", "UUID": "fadd59e2-e1d2-44f6-9e41-0589eb953198" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE EDGES", "UUID": "f4c1a555-4758-47ce-baa6-536730333833" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE EXTENT", "UUID": "50f0cf56-c119-4ac1-9a88-8eb04fa666ad", "definition": "The minimum or maximum length of the ice or ice edge into the open water. Also refers to the extent of the ice pack into the open ocean (which varies seasonally)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE FLOES", "UUID": "4733ef2c-e512-451b-8079-78ff7278e35c", "definition": "Floe refers to any relatively flat piece of ice 20 m or more across. Floes are subdivided according to horizontal extent: small, medium, big, vast, giant." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", "UUID": "0ff2a38d-00f6-459d-ac9a-9a983bda602e", "definition": "Melt of the ice can occur at various stages: puddle, thaw holes, dried ice, rotten ice, flodded ice, and frozen puddle. Developing sea ice (or growth) takes on the following stages: New Ice, Youg Ice, First-Year Ice, Old Ice. Lake Ice development goes through the following stages: New Lake Ice, Thin Lake Ice, Medium Lake Ice, Thick Lake Ice, and Very Thick Lake Ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RIVER ICE DEPTH/EXTENT", "UUID": "fde8a54a-8aaa-45fd-bb66-3105e4c57102" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SALINITY", "UUID": "ee0fce70-2097-4f5b-853a-c34e6cbff929" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE CONCENTRATION", "UUID": "1c0ebf89-f115-4e0d-9942-8ff8289bd330", "definition": "The ratio of the area of the water surface covered by ice as a fraction of the whole area. Sea ice concentration has been monitored by polar orbiting satellites at all wavelengths." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE ELEVATION", "UUID": "5d5cf73b-f833-4f8d-84a1-8a3840f3b4af", "definition": "Pertains to the measurement of the surface height of the sea ice. In particular, sea ice elevation is measured by the radar altimeter on board the NASA IceSat satellite." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW COVER", "UUID": "8ef6560e-c699-49b4-bcb3-6db68506ca22" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW DEPTH", "UUID": "008708ac-65a4-481a-8e03-640376f42f56", "definition": "Pertaining to the thickness of snow pack throughout the year." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW ENERGY BALANCE", "UUID": "29f386e9-84fb-4e5d-9733-20233c63b1be", "definition": "Pertaining to the net increase, or decrease in energy due to snow formation, melting, evaporation, etc.." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW MELT", "UUID": "b1be402f-336c-4f1f-8542-9807264a09a7" } ], "UUID": "76b8c21c-c221-4724-86ef-c07222cb152b", "definition": "A set of parameters that describe the changing climate with a focus on the cryosphere, which can include ice sheets, ice shelves, glaciers, snow cover, permafrost (frozen ground), sea ice, and river and lake ice. The cryosphere exerts an important influence on Earth\u2019s climate, owing to its high surface reflectivity (albedo). This property gives it the ability to reflect a large fraction of solar radiation back into space and influences how much solar energy is absorbed by land and oceans. Ice on land, in the form of ice sheets and glaciers, plays a further important role in the Earth system through its ability to store vast amounts of water away from the oceans for long periods of time. Any change in the ice volume stored on land, as ice sheets and glaciers grow or shrink, has a direct impact on global mean sea level. As the climate changes, the cryosphere changes with it and, through feedback processes, these changes have an influence on the climate. For example, the increased melting of snow and ice caused by a warming planet enables more solar energy to be absorbed by land or water, which in turn leads to more warming. This is also known as the snow- or ice-albedo feedback." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX (EVI)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FIJI INDEX", "UUID": "47200796-7541-4659-acf4-32b5303bcc1f", "definition": "Refers to an environmental vulnerability index for Fiji. Development of a vulnerability index for the environment which could be calculated on the scale of entire states for the purpose of ranking them and providing a single-figure expression of their relative environmental vulnerabilities. This work was done in response to a call made in the Barbados Plan of Action, the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) and an increasing awareness that small island developing states face disadvantages to their development associated with their remoteness, small size, dispersion, economic conditions, and limited natural resources. In the past vulnerability indices have been developed which describe the risks associated with economic and social conditions, climate change, sea-level rise, natural disasters and anthropogenic impacts. Most of these indices describe the vulnerability of human systems; there have been very limited attempts to describe effects on the environment. Human systems and the environment are dependent on one another so that risks to the environment of a state will eventually translate into risks to humans. This is the first attempt to construct an index that focuses on the vulnerability of the environment. An Environmental Vulnerability Index (the EVI) was constructed, based on a theoretical framework that identified three aspects of vulnerability: risks to the environment (natural and anthropogenic), the innate ability of the environment to cope with the risks (resilience) and ecosystem integrity (the health or condition of the environment as a result of past impacts). These three aspects correspond to three sub-indices, the REI, IRI and EDI, which are the Risk Exposure sub-Index, Intrinsic Resilience sub-Index and Environmental Degradation sub- Index respectively. The EVI was calculated as a weighted average of scores allocated in the range of 0-7 derived from a total of 57 indicators. A preliminary EVI was calculated for three countries, Australia, Fiji and Tuvalu. The preliminary EVI value for Tuvalu was the highest of the three countries indicating that its environment is the most vulnerable. The score obtained for Fiji was intermediate in value, and that for Australia was the lowest, though the difference between Fiji and Australia was relatively smaller than that between Fiji and Tuvalu. There were similar levels of risk in each of the countries, the most degradation in Australia and the least intrinsic resilience in Tuvalu. These results, though promising are only preliminary because the EVI requires refinement and there was insufficient time to collect all of the required data from all of the countries and because there were some inconsistencies in the quality of the data. We expect that each of these problems can be overcome. The EVI developed here will require further refinement before it becomes fully operational. The results show that it is possible to obtain a single figure measure of vulnerability and that data which were previously thought to be difficult to obtain can be obtained. The methodology selected in the computation of the index can produce results which could have operational usefulness for ranking countries according to their environmental vulnerabilities. It is envisaged that the EVI would be recalculated every 5 years to provide updates on the vulnerability status of countries. This index highlights the need for governments to upgrade their collection and collation of environmental statistics. In addition, the breakdown of results into meteorological, geological, anthropogenic, and other categories of risk highlights areas of concern for environmental action." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SAMOA INDEX", "UUID": "2c1e046e-2feb-4cb7-a6dd-f3753db7b5f5", "definition": "Refers to an environmental vulnerability index for Samoa. Development of a vulnerability index for the environment which could be calculated on the scale of entire states for the purpose of ranking them and providing a single-figure expression of their relative environmental vulnerabilities. This work was done in response to a call made in the Barbados Plan of Action, the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) and an increasing awareness that small island developing states face disadvantages to their development associated with their remoteness, small size, dispersion, economic conditions, and limited natural resources. In the past vulnerability indices have been developed which describe the risks associated with economic and social conditions, climate change, sea-level rise, natural disasters and anthropogenic impacts. Most of these indices describe the vulnerability of human systems; there have been very limited attempts to describe effects on the environment. Human systems and the environment are dependent on one another so that risks to the environment of a state will eventually translate into risks to humans. This is the first attempt to construct an index that focuses on the vulnerability of the environment. An Environmental Vulnerability Index (the EVI) was constructed, based on a theoretical framework that identified three aspects of vulnerability: risks to the environment (natural and anthropogenic), the innate ability of the environment to cope with the risks (resilience) and ecosystem integrity (the health or condition of the environment as a result of past impacts). These three aspects correspond to three sub-indices, the REI, IRI and EDI, which are the Risk Exposure sub-Index, Intrinsic Resilience sub-Index and Environmental Degradation sub- Index respectively. The EVI was calculated as a weighted average of scores allocated in the range of 0-7 derived from a total of 57 indicators. A preliminary EVI was calculated for three countries, Australia, Fiji and Tuvalu. The preliminary EVI value for Tuvalu was the highest of the three countries indicating that its environment is the most vulnerable. The score obtained for Fiji was intermediate in value, and that for Australia was the lowest, though the difference between Fiji and Australia was relatively smaller than that between Fiji and Tuvalu. There were similar levels of risk in each of the countries, the most degradation in Australia and the least intrinsic resilience in Tuvalu. These results, though promising are only preliminary because the EVI requires refinement and there was insufficient time to collect all of the required data from all of the countries and because there were some inconsistencies in the quality of the data. We expect that each of these problems can be overcome. The EVI developed here will require further refinement before it becomes fully operational. The results show that it is possible to obtain a single figure measure of vulnerability and that data which were previously thought to be difficult to obtain can be obtained. The methodology selected in the computation of the index can produce results which could have operational usefulness for ranking countries according to their environmental vulnerabilities. It is envisaged that the EVI would be recalculated every 5 years to provide updates on the vulnerability status of countries. This index highlights the need for governments to upgrade their collection and collation of environmental statistics. In addition, the breakdown of results into meteorological, geological, anthropogenic, and other categories of risk highlights areas of concern for environmental action." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TUVALU INDEX", "UUID": "585182e9-6e5b-4ad6-96fe-065ffd31f7e8", "definition": "Refers to an environmental vulnerability index for Tuvalu. Development of a vulnerability index for the environment which could be calculated on the scale of entire states for the purpose of ranking them and providing a single-figure expression of their relative environmental vulnerabilities. This work was done in response to a call made in the Barbados Plan of Action, the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) and an increasing awareness that small island developing states face disadvantages to their development associated with their remoteness, small size, dispersion, economic conditions, and limited natural resources. In the past vulnerability indices have been developed which describe the risks associated with economic and social conditions, climate change, sea-level rise, natural disasters and anthropogenic impacts. Most of these indices describe the vulnerability of human systems; there have been very limited attempts to describe effects on the environment. Human systems and the environment are dependent on one another so that risks to the environment of a state will eventually translate into risks to humans. This is the first attempt to construct an index that focuses on the vulnerability of the environment. An Environmental Vulnerability Index (the EVI) was constructed, based on a theoretical framework that identified three aspects of vulnerability: risks to the environment (natural and anthropogenic), the innate ability of the environment to cope with the risks (resilience) and ecosystem integrity (the health or condition of the environment as a result of past impacts). These three aspects correspond to three sub-indices, the REI, IRI and EDI, which are the Risk Exposure sub-Index, Intrinsic Resilience sub-Index and Environmental Degradation sub- Index respectively. The EVI was calculated as a weighted average of scores allocated in the range of 0-7 derived from a total of 57 indicators. A preliminary EVI was calculated for three countries, Australia, Fiji and Tuvalu. The preliminary EVI value for Tuvalu was the highest of the three countries indicating that its environment is the most vulnerable. The score obtained for Fiji was intermediate in value, and that for Australia was the lowest, though the difference between Fiji and Australia was relatively smaller than that between Fiji and Tuvalu. There were similar levels of risk in each of the countries, the most degradation in Australia and the least intrinsic resilience in Tuvalu. These results, though promising are only preliminary because the EVI requires refinement and there was insufficient time to collect all of the required data from all of the countries and because there were some inconsistencies in the quality of the data. We expect that each of these problems can be overcome. The EVI developed here will require further refinement before it becomes fully operational. The results show that it is possible to obtain a single figure measure of vulnerability and that data which were previously thought to be difficult to obtain can be obtained. The methodology selected in the computation of the index can produce results which could have operational usefulness for ranking countries according to their environmental vulnerabilities. It is envisaged that the EVI would be recalculated every 5 years to provide updates on the vulnerability status of countries. This index highlights the need for governments to upgrade their collection and collation of environmental statistics. In addition, the breakdown of results into meteorological, geological, anthropogenic, and other categories of risk highlights areas of concern for environmental action." } ], "UUID": "897b3d65-709c-4739-9ba6-85911295d843" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "LAND SURFACE/AGRICULTURE INDICATORS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DROUGHT DURATION", "UUID": "27f92e4f-93f0-4740-bf99-2c44c0c3c23d", "definition": "Drought duration refers to the length of time over which drought conditions persist. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DROUGHT FREQUENCY", "UUID": "1a95af83-fe1b-4cea-931d-953a4e5965e6", "definition": "Drought frequency refers to the number of drought events that occur within a specified period of time. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DROUGHT INDICES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PALMER DROUGHT CROP MOISTURE INDEX", "UUID": "7e26f9e3-4c20-453d-bbc6-1970eca1ffb8", "definition": "The Palmer Index was developed by Wayne Palmer in the 1960s and uses temperature and rainfall information in a formula to determine dryness. It has become the semi-official drought index.The Palmer Index is most effective in determining long term drought\u00bfa matter of several months\u00bfand is not as good with short-term forecasts (a matter of weeks). It uses a 0 as normal, and drought is shown in terms of minus numbers; for example, minus 2 is moderate drought, minus 3 is severe drought, and minus4 is extreme drought. The Crop Moisture Index (CMI) is also a formula that was developed by Wayne Palmer subsequent to his development of the Palmer Drought Index. The CMI responds more rapidly than the Palmer Index and can change considerably from week to week, so it is more effective in calculatingshort-term abnormal dryness or wetness affecting agriculture. CMI is designed to indicate normal conditions at the beginning and end of the growing season; it uses the same levels as the Palmer Drought Index. It differs from the Palmer Index in that the formula places less weight on the data from previous weeks and more weight on the recent week." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PALMER DROUGHT SEVERITY INDEX", "UUID": "a43850a1-7b00-4993-80ff-753c2b5c4015" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PALMER HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT INDEX", "UUID": "0365f0af-7843-4ba3-af8c-82d032c14f7e", "definition": "An extended interval of abnormally dry weather sufficiently prolonged for the lack of water to cause a serious hydrological imbalance (i.e., crop damage, water supply shortage, etc.) in the affected area." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PALMER Z INDEX", "UUID": "0565650b-dce1-4ae8-8a7a-7ce25ac198c3", "definition": "The Palmer Z Index shows how monthly moisture conditions depart from normal (short-term drought and wetness)." } ], "UUID": "f50672b3-13d8-4206-b6c9-a1f9891ea470" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DROUGHT SEVERITY", "UUID": "5bb5322d-f3f8-4ca4-91c6-311769936f96", "definition": "Drought severity is a relative term that broadly refers to how intense a drought is considered to be. Drought severity can be measured through any number of physical indicators, such as rainfall or stream flow, but it can also be assessed through impacts to other interdependent systems given that drought affects water supply,agriculture, wildfire, and more. Drought frequency, duration, and severity are often used together as a means to describe and evaluate drought conditions in a given area (i.e., how often an area is affected by drought, how long is it affected, and how severely it is affected)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EROSION", "UUID": "b51f738c-7061-4ced-b216-53734ce4cb43" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FIRE WEATHER INDEX", "UUID": "7c1977bc-dfe7-4761-9b30-f42ec986d360", "definition": "A fire weather index relates wind, temperature, relative humidity, andprecipitation, to indicate conditions that influence fire starts, firebehavior, or fire suppression." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOREST FIRE DANGER INDEX", "UUID": "16329a9b-72ea-4b46-b507-2ce389c63f50", "definition": "A forest fire danger index (FDI) or burning index (BI) is a relative number\nrelated to the contribution that fire behavior makes to the amount of effort\nneeded to contain a fire of a specified fuel type. The index may be calculated\ndifferently by different agencies around the world." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LANDSLIDES", "UUID": "36bdce45-37df-4475-9eed-73469a594edb", "definition": "A general term for a wide variety of processes and landforms involving the downslope movement, under gravity, of masses of soil and rock material." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LENGTH OF GROWING SEASON", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CROP HARVEST DATES", "UUID": "f5824b8f-c3e7-4e56-96e8-cf4b5adefbf8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FIRST BLOOM DATE", "UUID": "89428f01-000f-4d6f-a62b-29dd66b7e8c9", "definition": "The first bloom date can be generally defined as the average date when blossoms first appear on an indicator plant species. In the coterminous United States, the first bloom date has been shown to indicate the window of time when lilacs and other shrubs first begin to blossom and when deciduous trees leaf out." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FIRST LEAF DATE", "UUID": "19f7b6be-1347-4c5c-bb8f-4a251369831e", "definition": "The first leaf date can be generally defined as the average date when the first leaves appear on an indicator plant species. Conceptually, the first leaf date is indicative of the transition from winter to spring,typically when shrubs start to become active but before deciduous trees put on leaves. The first leaf date is subject to both large-scale climatic conditions and the phenological responses of the plant species under consideration." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FREEZE/FROST DATE", "UUID": "226d4804-1a09-4d9b-a5c1-346f52a2e709", "definition": "The freeze date is the date of the minimum temperature being 32 degrees Fahrenheit or below. The 'frost' date is the date of the minimum temperature being 36 degrees Fahrenheit or below. Note: Frost is also dependent on moisture, so this 'frost' date is just an estimate." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FREEZE/FROST PROBABILITY", "UUID": "efc141a6-7d8e-45d5-b335-2fc122c62d78" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LENGTH OF FREEZE FREE PERIOD", "UUID": "738185b7-54d6-41a2-b31f-b8a4ee1dabe7", "definition": "Calculated as the difference between mean/median dates of last Spring and first Autumn freezes." } ], "UUID": "ed8797be-661a-48c9-a7fe-2600b6c7c067" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SATELLITE SOIL MOISTURE INDEX", "UUID": "32e1b1ec-fa69-47b5-b0d6-d71948e3997a", "definition": "The Satellite Soil Moisture Index combines AVHRR-measured NDVI with\nsurface temperature to compute an estimate of plant moisture stress,\nthen scales it to produce an index image." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL EROSION", "UUID": "cb21c5cb-cc49-4328-a72d-94ccca1fa888" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL MOISTURE", "UUID": "27dd85c2-3403-438d-8b0c-8d424df60468", "definition": "Soil moisture is difficult to define because it means different things in different disciplines. For example, a farmer's concept of soil moisture is different from that of a water resource manager or a weather forecaster. Generally, however, soil moisture is the water that is held in the spaces between soil particles. Surface soil moisture is the water that is in the upper 10 cm of soil, whereas root zone soil moisture is the water that is available to plants, which is generally considered to be in the upper 200 cm of soil." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "b29ee2f4-b2ce-4b19-b8e3-2d74d071549b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SURFACE MOISTURE INDEX", "UUID": "c7503ec5-4e63-446a-9390-72c8a638a0af" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TREE LINE SHIFT", "UUID": "d11df264-e70d-456c-9223-07f34e80b352" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VEGETATION COVER", "UUID": "8d1157c4-d36b-40db-aa82-3603716f9988" } ], "UUID": "112e71ec-c0a1-49a8-82d7-bcb317b45860", "definition": "A set of parameters including topography and the heat-island effect that describe the changing climate on the land surface and agriculture lands." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "PALEOCLIMATE INDICATORS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ALUMINUM-26 ANALYSIS", "UUID": "1efdd374-40a1-4118-a1da-61c647017ec9", "definition": "ALUMINUM-26, is a radioactive isotope of the chemical element aluminium, decaying by either of the modes beta-plus or electron capture, both resulting in the stable nuclide magnesium-26. The half-life of 26Al is 7.17\u00d7105years. This is far too short for the isotope to survive to the present, but a small amount of the nuclide is produced by collisions of argon atoms with cosmic ray protons. The analysis of AL26 is part of the process to determine exposure ages." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BERYLLIUM-10 ANALYSIS", "UUID": "4bd6aafb-9240-4006-ada3-4b6a0501b612", "definition": "Beryllium-10 is an isotope that is a proxy for the sun's activity. Be10 is produced in the atmosphere by cosmic ray collisions with atoms of oxygen and nitrogen. Beryllium 10 concentrations are linked to cosmic ray intensity which can be a proxy for solar strength.One way to capture earth's record of that proxy data is to drill deep ice cores. Greenland, due to having a large and relatively stable deep ice sheet is often the target for drilling ice cores.Isotopic analysis of the ice in the core can be linked to temperature and global sea level variations. Analysis of the air contained in bubbles in the ice can reveal the palaeocomposition of the atmosphere, in particular CO2 variations. Volcanic eruptions leave identifiable ash layers.While it sounds simple to analyze, there are issues of ice compression, flow, and other factors that must be taken into consideration when doing reconstructions from such data. I attended a talk at ICCC 09 that showed one of the ice core operations had procedures that left significant contamination issues for CO2. But since Beryllium is rather rare, it doesn't seem to have the same contamination issues attached." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BIOLOGICAL RECORDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BIOMARKER", "UUID": "625ac4b3-a126-4c98-a061-3a780b942280", "definition": "A biomarker, or biological marker, is an indicator of a biological state. It is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. It is used in many scientific fields." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CORAL DEPOSITS", "UUID": "afeb9962-d3e8-4260-ab2b-e62e11099e31" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FAUNA", "UUID": "cffe377f-d840-4bcf-9223-8379b72defe7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MACROFOSSILS", "UUID": "14c78811-5296-4095-9c44-26362914e798", "definition": "Macrofossils are fossils large enough to be studied without the aid of a microscope. Macrofossils can indicate the range of plant or animal species in the past." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MICROFOSSILS", "UUID": "0aa423e0-bc21-4d74-894d-a0dfcf17fae5", "definition": "Microfossils are fossils too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope, e.g., a foraminifer or ostracode. It may be the remains of microscopic organisms or a part of a larger orgnaism." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PALEOVEGETATION", "UUID": "fbd867cf-f7e8-4dbc-9fd2-2ccc0728350f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POLLEN", "UUID": "59719c53-a2b7-4200-9b3c-dfa5d39607f7", "definition": "Pollen are several-celled microgametophyte of seed plants enclosed in a microspore wall. Fossil pollen consists entirely of the microspore wall. The study of pollen is called palynology or pollen analysis and is an importantaspect in reconstructing past climates. Paleoclimatic reconstructions by pollen analysis is possible because (1) pollen grains possess morphological characteristics that are specif to a particular genus or species of plant; (2)they are produced in vast quantities by wind-pollinated plants and are distributed widely from their source; (3) they are extremely resistant to decay; and (4) they reflect the natural vegetation at the time of pollendeposition, which can yield information about ast climatic conditions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POPULATION ABUNDANCE", "UUID": "7bc06198-5546-40f5-97ac-b7b5b5503cfc", "definition": "A measure of the number of individuals of each species." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TREE RINGS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS", "UUID": "e91ff41a-5cf5-460b-b765-c553ca2a4ae2", "Detailed_Variable": "OXYGEN ISOTOPE" } ], "UUID": "6444fc67-8cad-41c0-9ded-e93f604ba8b0", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement and analysis of ancient tree rings to determine environmental conditions during that tree's lifetime and extrapolate that to climatic conditions. The study of tree rings related topast climate conditions is called dendroclimatology. Variations in tree ring widths from year to year are recognized as an important source of chronological and climatic information. The width of a tree ring is a function of many variables including tree species, age, availability of stored food within the tree, soil nutrients, and climatic factors such as precipitation, sunshine temperature, winds and humidity." } ], "UUID": "5553fe9d-ab0a-4305-86a6-1f7f697e15e4", "definition": "The scientific study of the distribution of living organisms, biological records describe the presence, abundance, associations, and changes, both in time and space, of wildlife." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE CORE RECORDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CARBON DIOXIDE", "UUID": "b53939ae-1264-409d-8434-3bb3d22b2848" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES", "UUID": "a2987914-ed66-4b7c-964d-8eccf0174e57" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ICE CORE AIR BUBBLES", "UUID": "42664b0d-26c2-44ad-b0a9-673ed2902f00", "definition": "Trapped gases in ice-core bubbles are highly reliable records of atmospheric composition in reconstructing past climates." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "IONS", "UUID": "302d7079-299a-4269-bd7e-d95009c9b46e", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of various electrostatic ally charged compounds found in ice cores. Ions can be analyzed to infer human, biological, and volcanic activity, as well as ocean water conditions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISOTOPES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ARGON ISOTOPES", "UUID": "6a0fc2ec-d1cf-43b5-8e97-6ab96811c02b", "definition": "(Ar) has 24 known isotopes, from 30Ar to53Ar and 1 isomer (32mAr), three of which are stable, 36Ar, 38Ar, and40Ar." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "NITROGEN ISOTOPES", "UUID": "e1138bec-7087-45f4-82b0-2e4029063381" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "OXYGEN ISOTOPES", "UUID": "a1362cee-634d-40f4-b47f-901b328895c3" } ], "UUID": "a0358b3e-0926-4b17-8b32-c1b15a73cba5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METHANE", "UUID": "0948a59e-cc72-4e5d-b97d-4ea0335b0906", "definition": "Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas and is seen in polar ice cores. From the ice core record, it is known that methane rose rapidly whenever climate changed from glacial to interglacial conditions (during 'deglaciation'). Warming of water bathing the seafloor could have led to large-scale release of methane from the melting of methane ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NITROUS OXIDE", "UUID": "bc90bc40-2a21-4a6f-9fb9-bf3ae5845157" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PARTICULATE MATTER", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MICROPARTICLE CONCENTRATION", "UUID": "84b443b5-91d3-42d2-a48b-d2e157a39d5b" } ], "UUID": "15fdef7c-7fb7-4a1d-a24b-01164a8ba11a", "definition": "Particulate matter in ice cores (continental dust, volcanic ash, diatoms, and pollen) can provide information on past climate conditions and climate variability." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VOLCANIC DEPOSITS", "UUID": "c736e45d-63f2-428b-abae-48f79d007703" } ], "UUID": "08a4f002-f368-414d-b923-83dd498452d8", "definition": "An ice core is a section of ice drilled from a glacier or ice sheet. Ice deposits contain samples of the atmosphere at the time the ice formed; they also record seasonal fluctuations of temperature and dust. That's why ice cores are extremely valuable sources of paleoclimate data on the Earth's climate in the distant past. Researchers drill sections of ice cores hundreds of meters long and then match sections at different depths with particular eras in the Earth's past. These sections can then be analyzed for clues about atmospheric gases and temperatures from hundreds of thousands of years ago." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND RECORDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BOREHOLES", "UUID": "f1f84fc8-d242-4f97-bb7d-77b68631273e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CAVE DEPOSITS", "UUID": "482453d7-ffa4-4ae9-8158-9fa73bcf39ef", "definition": "Cave deposits, or speleothems, are mineral formations in caves. While the water flows, the speleothems grow in thin, shiny layers. The amount of growth is an indicator of how much ground water dripped into the cave. Little growth might indicate a drought, just as rapid growth could point to heavy precipitation. When the speleothems stop growing, the outside becomes dirty and eroded in places, giving it a dull appearance. Spelothems can be dated by measuring how much uranium has decayed. Evidence of past climate changes can be inferred from measuring oxygen isotopes in speleothems." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FIRE HISTORY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CHARCOAL SEDIMENT", "UUID": "a090a598-3ae6-4fc4-b248-97ec5226702a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "FIRE SCAR DATE", "UUID": "c9ba3275-2fe3-4619-b7c0-881d4f6fa34e" } ], "UUID": "d2dc2330-0433-43f2-9154-dc399d24406c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIAL RETREAT", "UUID": "2f257f83-bddd-41ce-ac78-5dac857b1be3", "definition": "A condition occurring when backward melting at the front of a glacier takes place at a rate exceeding forward motion." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIATION", "UUID": "3dfa8dcf-0df2-4654-ae3e-c97586265c3e", "definition": "A glaciation (a created composite term meaning Glacial Period, referring to the Period or Era of, as well as the process of High Glacial Activity), often called an ice age, is a geological phenomenon in which massive ice sheets form in the Arctic and Antarctic and advance toward the equator. Conversely, the term interglacial or Interglacial Period, such as the current era, is used to denote the absence of large-scale glaciation on a global scale \u00bf i.e., a non-Ice Age. Interglacials are, in general, shorter than glacial epochs." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISOTOPES", "UUID": "7557eddd-db2a-4f39-b1e2-91162f4fc92e", "definition": "The isotopic record found in various non-marine records reveal direct information about the past climate. d18O (delta oxygen-18), 16O and 18O are isotopes of oxygen with slight differences in atomic weight. Studies using other isotopes such as Carbon-13, Carbon-14 and Hydrogen are widely used. Isotopic analysis is especially important in dendroclimatologic and speleothem analyses." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LOESS", "UUID": "e0d88b2a-8563-443b-8756-73d744a41ee7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PALEOMAGNETIC DATA", "UUID": "219ba382-6c90-43d2-a6cf-2ddcc358f70e", "definition": "Paleomagnetism is the study of natural remnant magnetization of the Earth's materials in order to determine the itensity and direction of the Earth's magnetic field in the geologic past. Variations in the Earth's magnetic field can be used as a means of stratigraphic correlation. Major reversals of the Earth's magnetic field are well known and the record of these reversals in sediments can be used as time markers or chronostratigraphic horizons." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PALEOSOLS", "UUID": "4fe601b0-314f-4f63-8ec1-3b96cc7263b8", "definition": "Paleosols are soils that formed in a landscape of the past with distinctive morphological features resulting from a soil-forming environment that no longer exists at the site." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RADIOCARBON", "UUID": "8f4e90e0-aea0-40cd-b781-a6a69a6e6cb3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT THICKNESS", "UUID": "0d8fc6d8-eba5-4da1-9a78-d69c23d9d78d", "definition": "The sediment thickness at any location on the continental margin is the vertical distance from the sea floor to the top of the basement at the base of the sediments, regardless of the slope of the sea floor or the slope of the top basement surface." } ], "UUID": "0960827a-ecdb-40a0-babc-fbd6df27bb53", "definition": "Unconsolidated particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock, by chemical precipitation from solution in water, or from the secretions of organisms, and transported by water, wind, or glaciers." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", "UUID": "d845886d-0c44-4505-b5b9-d3fcd819208e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VOLCANIC DEPOSITS", "UUID": "52325c6e-1084-43c1-83b2-278bbe0201c6", "definition": "Volcanic deposits can consist of tephra, which is airborne pyroclastic material. Extremely explosive volcanic eruptions can produce vast quantities of tephra over wide areas. Tephra layers can form regional isochronous stratigraphic markers. Tephrachronology can a very important tool in paleoclimatic studies. Volcanic ash horizons can also be used as chronostratigraphic markers." } ], "UUID": "2bedb6b3-6e92-42e2-b382-60e2a6aab8e9", "definition": "Non-marine geological information pertinent to paleoclimatology consists of all continental sedimentary records including loess,volcanic deposits, glaciation, spelothems, tree ring, pollen, and other land-based records." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MASS EXTINCTIONS", "UUID": "703d0c14-1978-4e7f-a51a-233c695823b9", "definition": "mass extinction is a sharp decrease in the diversity and abundance of macroscopic life. They occur when the rate of extinction increases with respect to the rate of speciation. Because the majority of diversity and biomass on Earth is microbial, and thus difficult to measure, recorded extinction events affect the easily observed, biologically complex component of the biosphere rather than the total diversity and abundance of life.[1]" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN/LAKE RECORDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BOREHOLES", "UUID": "8f8c1808-ac5f-43e5-8397-dbb3d171144c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CORAL DEPOSITS", "UUID": "47d6c670-db83-4975-b684-1be787811ac8", "definition": "Corals are generally members of the order Scleractinia, which have hard calcerous skeletons supporting softer tissues. For paleoclimatic studies, the important coral subgroup is the reef-building, massive corals known as hermatypic corals. Coral growth rates vary and are sensitive to sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Dating coral growth has shown high correspondence between large excursions of oxygen-18 (del18O) and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Coral growth studies have led to new information about paleo-SSTs, rainfall, river runoff, ocean circulation, and tropical wind systems." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISOTOPES", "UUID": "dc02e5fb-9ff3-483d-8c33-18db25a07eea" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAKE LEVELS", "UUID": "2c99427c-1a6a-4326-b072-0c12c87bd944", "definition": "Lake level fluctuations can provide important evidence for paleoclimatic conditions, particulary in arid and semiarid areas. Lake levels are particularly sensitive to changes in hydrologic balance due to climatic fluctuations. Lakes may develop and expand if there is an abundance of precipitation and will recede and even dry up (due to evaporation) during prolonged droughts. Lake sediment cores are often drilled to provide stratigraphic clues to past climate conditions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MACROFOSSILS", "UUID": "11e12021-f63e-4081-ae78-1bb19fe7b4bf", "definition": "Macrofossils are fossils large enough to be studied without the aid of a microscope. Macrofossils can indicate the range of plant or animal species in the past." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MICROFOSSILS", "UUID": "6d00c961-de64-40ed-becd-3a95cae182e3", "definition": "Microfossils are fossils too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope, e.g., a foraminifer or ostracode. It may be the remains of microscopic organisms or a part of a larger orgnaism." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OXYGEN ISOTOPES", "UUID": "9713a1d5-8b03-4d38-b3b6-34578a1d5f39" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PALEOMAGNETIC DATA", "UUID": "7ee90f7c-bdc6-403a-b447-2100d573cad6", "definition": "Paleomagnetism is the study of natural remnant magnetization of the Earth's materials in order to determine the itensity and direction of the Earth's magnetic field in the geologic past. Variations in the Earth's magnetic field can be used as a means of stratigraphic correlation. Major reversals of the Earth's magnetic field are well known and the record of these reversals in sediments can be used as time markers or chronostratigraphic horizons." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POLLEN", "UUID": "fe06f678-7155-4f93-9e28-4c083d60cccc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RADIOCARBON", "UUID": "a389bcd6-929d-43ac-9af1-5a20a4ddcbe2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT THICKNESS", "UUID": "6fb40553-a2ef-465a-b7d2-3401e3bfceac", "definition": "The sediment thickness at any location on the continental margin is the vertical distance from the sea floor to the top of the basement at the base of the sediments, regardless of the slope of the sea floor or the slope of the top basement surface." } ], "UUID": "b3764016-0b5d-48fb-be3e-4f1082cf13e7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", "UUID": "417a6538-f89e-4f73-a89a-c2e5d2cd7667", "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional environment of those beds and the geologic history of a region. A stratigraphic sequence is a chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks from older below to younger above without interruption." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VARVE DEPOSITS", "UUID": "9db3b1cb-0d3d-4486-bf56-1e96b8691b01" } ], "UUID": "5237fae3-c98e-4d4a-9013-d7c824b3862b", "definition": "Paleoclimatic information can be inferred from biogenic material in ocean sediments, oxygen isotopic analyses of sea water (via deep sea cores), coral growth, inorganic material such as from weathering and erosion, lake levels and glacial varves, and ocean circulation changes as a result of glacial-interglacial cycles." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OXYGEN ISOTOPE ANALYSIS", "UUID": "2f2d4df2-0701-4fe1-9d9b-e7e1c8678a8f", "definition": "A method of determining patterns of climatic change over long periods using the ratio of the stable oxygen isotopes 18O to 16O as an indicator of the amount of water locked up in ice-sheets and thus of global temperature. Sea water contains many isotopes of oxygen, the most common being 18O to 16O. During cold periods the glaciers grow, water is drawn up into them, and the proportion of 18O increases. When the ice-caps melt during periods of warm climate the proportion of 18O decreases. There are two ways of obtaining data about the 16O to 18O ratio, both using measurements made using a mass spectrometer. The first is to use cores from the polar ice-caps which preserve layers of snow ultimately made from sea water. The second is to use the skeletons of foraminifera preserved in ocean-bottom ooze because these marine fossils had the same 16O to 18O ratio as the sea water during the time they were alive. Using this data a series of at least eleven cycles of cooling and warming climatic conditions have been recognized in the northern hemisphere during the Pleistocene." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PALEOCLIMATE FORCING", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CARBON DIOXIDE FORCING", "UUID": "e0867ff5-2eb4-4959-b874-ac37c1b407e0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ORBITAL CHANGE FORCING", "UUID": "7cc62051-537c-4399-b9b9-b59c1a3e0773", "definition": "Orbital forcing is the effect on climate of slow changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis and shape of the orbit. These orbital changes change the total amount of sunlight reaching the Earth by up to 25% at mid-latitudes (from 400 to 500 Wm\u22122 at latitudes of 60 degrees). In this context, the term 'forcing' signifies a physical process that affects the Earth's climate." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SOLAR FORCING", "UUID": "250ce118-46e7-4dec-9e44-8054c9318cff", "definition": "Radiative forcing (measured in Watts per square meter) can be estimated in different ways for different components. For the case of a change in solar irradiance (i.e., 'solar forcing'), the radiative forcing is simply the change in the average amount of solar energy absorbed per square meter of the Earth's area. Since the cross-sectional area of the Earth exposed to the sun (\u03c0r2) is equal to 1/4 of the surface area of the Earth (4\u03c0r2), the solar input per unit area is one quarter the change in solar intensity. This must be multiplied by the fraction of incident sunlight that is absorbed, F=(1-R), where R is the reflectivity, or albedo, of the Earth, equal to approximately 0.7. Thus, the solar forcing is the change in the solar intensity divided by 4 and multiplied by 0.7." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VOLCANIC FORCING", "UUID": "78c47e38-e842-4e31-81b2-44f44c52c692", "definition": "Volcanic eruptions can inject large amounts of aerosols into the atmosphere, increasing the earth's albedo (reflectivity) and cooling the climate." } ], "UUID": "dc3f297b-8471-4101-b70e-dc5765762061" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AIR TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "89e5b8c9-ef72-4e21-83c8-a7552f6871a4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "555b048d-8904-4a62-a85a-3af1aa14674e", "definition": "Reconstruction of past atmospheric circulation conditions based on paleoclimate proxy records." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DROUGHT/PRECIPITATION RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "06bcba40-6046-4c0e-aa38-8f83410b93f0", "definition": "Reconstruction of past drought and precipitation climatic conditions based on paleoclimate proxy records (mostly tree ring data)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GROUND WATER RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "9f687ff2-52c0-496b-9a81-503a8c207823" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAKE LEVEL RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "ec4c1ae2-53f4-40ca-b0c3-e145f00e2583" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OCEAN SALINITY RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "1ba98ab7-dee3-4b15-aea1-179ecd8f6e7d", "definition": "Reconstruction of past ocean salinity based on paleoclimate proxy records." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA LEVEL RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "b51093c5-5997-410c-899d-98d15ab5f5cc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "facdb262-04eb-47f9-b46e-ba7a379722ec" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT THICKNESS", "UUID": "88735956-6d46-41e1-8cbb-5dba20c33d8c", "definition": "The sediment thickness at any location on the continental margin is the vertical distance from the sea floor to the top of the basement at the base of the sediments, regardless of the slope of the sea floor or the slope of the top basement surface." } ], "UUID": "3b4ea1db-bb93-4eb8-ac08-4880a3a5e6d2", "definition": "Sediment - can be analyzed in many ways. Sediment laminations, or layers, can indicate sedimentation rate through time. Charcoal trapped in sediments can indicate past fire events. Remains of microorganisms such as diatoms, foraminifera, microbiota, and pollen within sediment can indicate changes in past climate, since each species has a limited range of habitable conditions. When these organisms and pollen sink to the bottom of a lake or ocean, they can become buried within the sediment. Thus, climate change can be inferred by species composition within the sediment." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SOLAR FORCING/INSOLATION RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "fec6c2e4-ca15-426a-b344-36bba69e5c1f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STREAMFLOW RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "cde7aacb-0204-4a84-afcb-279cc3d0870c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VEGETATION RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "c1c1890d-a6b0-4482-836b-a4b8ed0beee8" } ], "UUID": "6f6423e8-ab4e-4572-8982-d9c40f64e28b", "definition": "Reconstruction of past climatic conditions using paleoclimate proxy records (tree rings, ice cores, etc.)" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PERMAFROST/METHANE RELEASE", "UUID": "478092f3-7cdd-4136-84ec-cebf0d539480", "definition": "Arctic methane release is the release of methane from seas and soils in permafrost regions of the Arctic, as part of a more general release of carbon from these soils and seas. Whilst a long-term natural process, it may be exacerbated by global warming. This results in a positive feedback effect, as methane is itself a powerful greenhouse gas. The feedback of the undisturbed process is comparably weak, however, because the local release leads to a warming spread over the whole globe.The Arctic region is one of the many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane.[1] Global warming may accelerate its release, due to both release of methane from existing stores, and from methanogenesis in rotting biomass.[2] Large quantities of methane are stored in the Arctic in natural gas deposits, permafrost, and as submarine clathrates. Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, thus large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.[3][4] Other sources of methane include submarine taliks, river transport, ice complex retreat, submarine permafrost and decaying gas hydrate deposits.[5]" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PLATE TECTONICS", "UUID": "6971fecc-af14-4c97-82db-2b01c98453b9", "definition": "A theory of global tectonics in which the lithosphere is divided into a number of plates whose pattern of horizontal movement is that of torsionally rigid bodies that interact with one another at their boundaries, causing seismic and tectonic activity along these boundaries." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SPELEOTHEMS", "UUID": "1cbefa2a-484e-4742-ad3d-d347d27272bd", "definition": "a structure formed in a cave by the deposition of minerals from water, e.g. a stalactite or stalagmite." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VOLCANIC ACTIVITY", "UUID": "08bc1b7d-b27b-43e2-a728-4939efb88f08", "definition": "a vent in the crust of the earth or another planet or a moon from which usually molten or hot rock and steam issue; also : a hill or mountain composed wholly or in part of the ejected material" } ], "UUID": "c9a5b3eb-7556-41a8-a2b8-c015db80e5b2" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "REGIONAL CLIMATE LEVELS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MACROCLIMATE", "UUID": "273973f1-ccc5-4ae8-9872-17e249023c53", "definition": "The general large-scale climate of a large area or country, as distinguished from the mesoclimate and microclimate." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MESOCLIMATE", "UUID": "c4820c2b-37e0-491e-a268-e5b18e1a1062" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MICROCLIMATE", "UUID": "78369c58-beaa-46f2-b286-dd2540634556", "definition": "The fine climatic structure of the air space that extends from the very surface of the earth to a height where the effects of the immediate character of the underlying surface no longer can be distinguished from the general local climate (mesoclimate or macroclimate).The microclimate varies with and in turn is superimposed upon the larger-scale conditions. While some rigid limits have been placed on the thickness of the layer concerned, it is more realistic to consider variable thicknesses. (Observe the microclimate of a putting green versus that of a redwood forest.) Generally, four times the height of surface growth or structures defines the level where microclimatic overtones disappear. Microclimate can be subdivided into as many different classes as there are types of underlying surface. With sufficient detail, this could be almost limitless. Currently, the most studied broad types are the 'urban microclimate,' affected by pavement, buildings, air pollution, dense inhabitation, etc., the 'vegetation microclimate,' concerned with the complex nature of the air space occupied by vegetation, and its effects upon the vegetation (see phytoclimatology); and the microclimate of confined spaces (the cryptoclimate) of houses, greenhouses, caves, etc." } ], "UUID": "83ec2082-64bb-48d7-bcd2-454f082d608e", "definition": "Refers to several levels of regional climates that are used to describe the immutable characteristics of an area." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SUN-EARTH INTERACTIONS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SUNSPOT ACTIVITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LENGTH OF THE SOLAR CYCLE", "UUID": "22c14e35-48a4-40b5-a503-add48c2d4cd4", "definition": "The solar cycle is a nearly periodic change in the Sun's activity between the time where we can observe the most and least number of sunspots, and generally lasts around 11 years. Sometimes the surface of the Sun is very active with lots of sunspots, while other times it is quieter with only a few or even none." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SOLAR FLUX", "UUID": "3b230650-68ff-4e7a-9273-6e0b1083bdfa", "definition": "Refers to the intensity of energy emitted by the Sun, which can be harnessed for various applications such as solar sails, solar thermal propulsion, and electric power generation. The flux decreases as the distance from the Sun increases, following the inverse square law." } ], "UUID": "3429bc72-0780-44c8-9743-92f84118279d", "definition": "An area seen as a dark spot on the PHOTOSPHERE of the sun. Sunspots are concentrations of magnetic flux, typically occurring in bipolar clusters or groups. They appear dark because they are cooler than the surrounding photosphere. Sunspots are classified as to their group characteristics (called the Zurich Sunspot Classification; older sunspot counting schemes may have used the Wolf Sunspot Number classification). Satellite observations of the sun (notably by the ACRIM and ERBE sensors) have demonstrated a correlation between sunspot luminosity changes and sunspot numbers - a possible influencing factor in Earth's climate dynamics." } ], "UUID": "3d64c047-c4fb-4981-bc91-d5dbc22337de", "definition": "Sun-Earth Interactions: The effects of the sun's variability are evident in a variety of physical and chemical processes in the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE INDICATORS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FRESHWATER RUNOFF", "UUID": "915399a1-eb5b-475b-ae9a-ff45f1dcddc9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MOUNTAIN SNOW LINE SHIFT", "UUID": "56e7e412-b354-4ef4-8742-f1f5681c378a", "definition": "The boundary marking the lowest altitude at which a given area, such as the top of a mountain, is always covered with snow." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PERMAFROST MELT", "UUID": "ed0501c5-310c-42ab-b1eb-66e211f22803" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RIVER/LAKE ICE BREAKUP", "UUID": "64baed75-e3c0-4495-9bc9-c5b9373670f6", "definition": "The process by which ice melts and breaks apart in lakes and rivers. Ice breakup in lakes and rivers has been watched carefully by people living in cold climates, allowing us to observe progressive earlier breakup associated with climate warming. Ice breakup is important to people because it indicates that waterways blocked by ice will soon be navigable, allowing transport of goods, hunting, recreation, and other activities of economic and social importance." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RIVER/LAKE ICE FREEZE", "UUID": "2adde197-3f0f-4eda-ae00-a337dfa853c3", "definition": "Refers to freshwater ice or floating freshwater ice, is ice that forms on the surface of freshwater bodies when the surface water temperature falls just below 0\u02daC. Lake and river ice play a key role in the physical, biological, and chemical processes of cold region freshwater. The presence of freshwater ice also has economic implications ranging from transportation (ice-road duration, open-water shipping season) to the occurrence and severity of ice-jam flooding that often causes serious damage to infrastructure and property." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW COVER DEGRADATION", "UUID": "994cc55d-b789-4f03-98dc-4cd0f58ad12a" } ], "UUID": "9246fc12-17e7-4473-b9c0-c23e4bfc4eda" } ], "UUID": "23703b6b-ee15-4512-b5b2-f441547e2edf", "definition": "Climate Indicators are a set of parameters that describe the changing climate without reducing climate change to only temperature. They comprise key information for the most relevant domains of climate change: temperature and energy, atmospheric composition, ocean and water as well as the cryosphere." }, { "level": "Topic", "name": "CRYOSPHERE", "children": [ { "level": "Term", "name": "FROZEN GROUND", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ACTIVE LAYER", "UUID": "2e544263-d92f-46c2-9568-25e36d0b9825", "definition": "Active layer, also called frost zone or mollisol, is part of the soil includedwith the suprapermafrost layer (i.e., existing above permafrost) that usuallyfreezes in winter and thaws in summer. Its bottom surface is the frost table, beneath which may lie permafrost ortalik. The depth of the active layer varies anywhere from a few inches toseveral feet." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CRYOSOLS", "UUID": "0cd7a96f-46e1-4d86-93d0-9cbb6fda61e3", "definition": "Soil formed in either mineral or organic materials having permafrost eitherwithin 1 m below the surface or, if the soil is strongly cryoturbated, with 2 mbelow the surface, and having a mean annual ground temperature below 0 deg C." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GROUND ICE", "UUID": "4931dcac-8b89-4bc9-ba59-469cfdcf6f12", "definition": "A general term referring to all types of ice contained in freezing and frozen\nground. Ground ice occurs in pores, cavities, voids or other openings in soil\nor rock and includes massive ice. It may occur as lenses, wedges, veins,\nsheets, seams, irregular masses, or as individual crystals or coatings on\nmineral or organic particles. Perennial ground ice can only occur within\npermafrost bodies." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PERMAFROST", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PERMAFROST TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "d8606e80-3d34-4540-a355-5f99737f7ab7" } ], "UUID": "c82f3480-545f-4491-83f1-0477369ddcd8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ROCK GLACIERS", "UUID": "b1ce822a-139b-4e11-8bbe-453f19501c36" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND", "UUID": "2a109b2f-947a-4c2c-9db9-ae315a53ef93", "definition": "Ground that freezes and thaws annually." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "021714ad-1cae-441c-bb6f-4be866a0f742", "definition": "The degree of hotness or coldness of the soil as measured on some definite temperature scale." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TALIK", "UUID": "78e5e44c-7832-456d-a599-893ea87ae695", "definition": "Talik, also called tabetisol, is a Russian term applied to permanently unfrozenground in regions of permafrost.

This usually applies to a layer that lies above the permafrost but below theactive layer, that is, when the permafrost table is deeper than the depthreached by winter freezing from the surface. Talik is also found within andbeneath permafrost; when it occurs beneath the permafrost it is equivalent tosubgelisol." } ], "UUID": "376a1d5c-2496-4381-981f-bc047af92044", "definition": "Soil within which the moisture has predominantly changed to ice, the unfrozen\nportion being in vapor phase. \nIce within the soil bonds (adfreezes) adjacent soil particles and renders\nfrozen ground very hard. Permanently frozen ground is called permafrost. Dry\nfrozen ground is relatively loose and crumbly because of the lack of bonding\nice. Frozen ground is sometimes inadvisedly called frost or ground frost." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "GLACIERS/ICE SHEETS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ABLATION ZONES/ACCUMULATION ZONES", "UUID": "95fbaefd-1afe-4887-a1ba-fc338a8109bb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AGE AT ICE-THICKNESS-NORMALIZED DEPTHS", "UUID": "ab4b800d-820f-40cc-bb01-4e8835368d04" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AGE OF INTERNAL REFLECTIONS", "UUID": "9ce536e1-06c8-4817-af5f-b625cfe571a7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BASAL SHEAR STRESS", "UUID": "68d0f29d-cf46-4f8c-8cad-83817a7093bc", "definition": "At the base of a glacier with minimal slope, the\u00a0normal stress\u00a0(\u03c3) acting on the bed is mainly a result of the weight of a glacier." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BASINS", "UUID": "79c7fd4c-9328-4a6f-82ed-bb012b570ecd", "definition": "An area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water, but considers the flow of ice over the frozen continent." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COASTLINE", "UUID": "7401d2b4-7a39-45ea-89f2-8b88cb0c22c4", "definition": "The actual contour of the continent with the existing ice shelves." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DEPTHS AT SPECIFIC AGES", "UUID": "70541b66-c911-47fb-a99a-5638a9cb55d4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FIRN", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FIRN AIR CONTENT", "UUID": "0229714c-7960-4179-b671-30ceb9bf68bb", "definition": "Firn Air Content is a parameter within that data set and is defined as the volume of air trapped within the firn layer. This parameter is subtracted from the ice surface elevation to obtain ice thickness in actual ice equivalent." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SNOW GRAIN SIZE", "UUID": "a30b2871-4cdc-418a-b00c-969b50008726" } ], "UUID": "6159b9d9-4aa5-4dec-8146-0e47751449ff", "definition": "Rounded, well-bonded snow that is older han one year (from NSIDC glossary). Apermeable aggregate of small ice grains with densities greater than 0.55 up to0.82 where begins glacial ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GEOMETRY OF INTERNAL REFLECTIONS", "UUID": "ab319cdf-a34c-446c-9fc0-27605048364e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIER ELEVATION/ICE SHEET ELEVATION", "UUID": "13bf19c5-087f-4fe0-87ea-ef6f7ecd5444", "definition": "Pertaining to the measured height of large thick, glaciers, with an area ofat least 50,000 sq. km, covering a continuous stretch of land and growingin all directions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIER FACIES", "UUID": "399a84d1-ccf5-4167-a699-15eb7d1ad1e6", "definition": "In general, facies are the set of all characteristics of a sedimetary rock thatindicates its particular environment of deposition and which distinguish itfrom other facies in the same rock. Glacial facies refer to the characteristicnature of glacial ice and/or the processes by which the ice formed andprocesses by which rock debris from the bed is entrained into the ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIER MASS BALANCE/ICE SHEET MASS BALANCE", "UUID": "9f408faa-a427-44e9-a194-b1b9caff1e6d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIER MOTION/ICE SHEET MOTION", "UUID": "73f3c797-2eed-4f0d-accf-7e8a36a3fa93", "definition": "The rate of flow of the glacier/ice sheet over a period of time." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIER THICKNESS/ICE SHEET THICKNESS", "UUID": "5034ba1f-7208-40a1-beeb-43aefe1c0c33", "definition": "The difference in height between two levels in the glacier or ice sheet." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIER TOPOGRAPHY/ICE SHEET TOPOGRAPHY", "UUID": "bf19f1d1-ae18-4ff2-95f6-dc0ed812c568" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIERS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEBRIS THICKNESS", "UUID": "8b705c00-50a7-438f-8fdd-c5799f7dab89" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIAL LAKE EXTENT", "UUID": "c0fba127-5208-4e8c-b18f-349dc14fb3d3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER ABLATION", "UUID": "b09f0809-2686-4e2b-bacf-e192760ca297" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER ACCUMULATION", "UUID": "7b8ad020-7eff-4639-b8c1-8b22e1535c00", "definition": "Mass gained by a glacier from all processes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER AREA", "UUID": "ae4be026-7471-4301-9264-675accce8340" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER EXTENT", "UUID": "79b569df-5ed1-4791-b089-c46484069d81", "definition": "Glacier extent is a glacier outline in horizontal space separating the glacier from unglacierized terrain or, at divides, from contiguous glaciers." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER MASS", "UUID": "52d6b4d1-2daf-4e19-8129-c3e2dbf812d0", "definition": "Total mass of a glacier." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER MELT", "UUID": "6bd14a79-ac70-4f99-9107-a4c036d33bd7", "definition": "Mass lost by a glacier due to melting." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER REFREEZE", "UUID": "399025f7-315e-47db-af48-67771318a70b", "definition": "Mass gained by a glacier due to refreezing" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER RUNOFF", "UUID": "6c3aa715-61fd-47a1-804e-fb6d461792ea", "definition": "The amount of water produced by glacial melt." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER TERMINUS", "UUID": "d8e2bcae-7781-41b6-8d2d-7c82ae61be47" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GROUNDING LINE", "UUID": "929f60ff-f938-48b0-86fd-c5c8c071c4bd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ICE STUPA", "UUID": "dbf0db20-7d18-4a67-9227-ea479fcf7c7d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUB-DEBRIS MELT ENHANCEMENT", "UUID": "b6c9cc25-b989-4915-a5c6-43dff744b056" } ], "UUID": "68eed887-8008-4352-b420-949457ab59ab", "definition": "A mass of land ice, formed by the further recrystallization of firn, flowingcontinuously from higher to lower elevations." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE SHEETS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ICE SHEET MEASUREMENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RIFTS", "UUID": "8a8fa93e-6424-46dd-ae97-d8afbac41b89" } ], "UUID": "6d6a2b61-5d2c-4ec1-a164-34000f481588", "definition": "Scientists have adopted three general approaches to ice sheet mass balance measurement: comparing outflow and melt to snowfall accumulation (the mass budget method), observing changes in glacier elevation (volume change or geodetic method), and detecting changes in the Earth\u2019s gravity field over the ice sheet (gravimetric method)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SURFACE MORPHOLOGY", "UUID": "94402f47-38ea-4798-98da-ea17599e092f" } ], "UUID": "10b1872b-4a48-4360-a449-388e8988bca9", "definition": "A continuous sheet of land ice that covers a very large area and moves outward\nin many directions. \nThis type of ice mass is so thick as to mask the land surface contours, in\ncontrast to the smaller and thinner highland ice. The continental glacier of\nGreenland is sometimes called the Inland Ice. This term is often used to\ndescribe the great ice masses that characterized the ice ages." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE SHELVES", "UUID": "681e59ee-2006-454d-82d3-c9be49cc67a5", "definition": "Portions of glaciers/ice sheets that are floating over the ocean." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICEBERGS", "UUID": "4d95ccc8-3ef9-40df-85e7-db36cb815499", "definition": "A massive piece of ice of greatly varying shape, protruding 5 m or more\nabove sea- level, which has broken away from a glacier and which may be\nafloat or aground. They may be described as tabular, domed, pinnacled,\nwedged, drydocked or blocky. Sizes of icebergs are classed as small,\nmedium, large and very large." } ], "UUID": "8603db51-3484-4439-8b3b-a06f48e8c686", "definition": "Glaciers are masses of land ice, formed by the further recrystallization of\nfirn, flowing continuously from higher to lower elevations. Ice sheets are a\ncontinuous sheet of land ice that covers a very large area and moves outward inmany directions. This type of ice mass is so thick as to mask the land surface\ncontours, in contrast to the smaller and thinner highland ice. The continental\nglacier of Greenland is sometimes called the Inland Ice. This term is often\nused to describe the great ice masses that characterized the ice ages." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "LAND ICE/OCEAN CLASSIFICATION", "UUID": "dbe8d9d3-1609-4128-9b45-1061a501401b" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SEA ICE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FAST ICE", "UUID": "d8bb5d3c-c1ab-4ee2-82ec-f1c44af6bba4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FREEBOARD", "UUID": "a4466cbe-b991-427b-97b8-fdc284b9ef21" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HEAT FLUX", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LATENT HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "da442d88-426b-4469-8ebe-f2ec83f410d0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LONGWAVE HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "8b333abf-9475-4c61-bcd9-65b40baaf213" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "9a11c433-3cf6-4d6a-9038-259a77f94158" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SHORTWAVE HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "2bc52086-0c6d-4d66-8b1f-72ca78297383" } ], "UUID": "5569b7a3-3a4b-4799-8c68-98126757074b", "definition": "The measurement of the heat flux or heat loss from open ocean areas withinthe sea ice pack is important for the study of energy balance in the polarregions and local and regional climatology. Heat loss through the openwater is 100 times more than through thick ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE DEFORMATION", "UUID": "1009557b-0d4b-4c13-81a0-fd95c15bf158", "definition": "Ice that has been squeezed together, and in places, forced upwards\nand downwards. Some subdivisions of deformed ice are rafted ice, ridged\nice, and hummocked ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS", "UUID": "c7708bb6-a0fa-4905-b99d-c468da7d951a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE DRAFT", "UUID": "3bacb194-cf25-42ae-95af-54a6a53898ef", "definition": "A measurement of the ice thickness below the waterline and often serves as a close proxy for total ice thickness." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE EDGES", "UUID": "5fa04fa9-06c7-41c7-98f9-f92756f080ea", "definition": "The ice edge is the demarcation at any given time between open water andthe sea (can also refer to river and lake ice) whether fast or drifting." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE EXTENT", "UUID": "63b37017-9d57-4247-af4e-2df36ee3ed03", "definition": "The minimum or maximum length of the ice or ice edge into the open water.\nAlso refers to the extent of the ice pack into the open ocean (which\nvaries seasonally)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE FLOES", "UUID": "af0d756e-784e-4747-97d0-3425baf5d09b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", "UUID": "d9667e73-30db-45f9-861c-e0a5caaf2bf0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE ROUGHNESS", "UUID": "ce3a1edd-a2fe-4efd-8971-9dd7b97b6d79" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "f6e7aa9a-ae65-480e-84fa-b3a5d523e822" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE TYPES", "UUID": "6bfd4d52-fad4-470f-9da0-fa7df2a5b4aa", "definition": "Ice Types is a general term applied to sea, river, and lake ice todescribe attributes such as age, stage of development or growth, orsurface feature." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICEBERGS", "UUID": "1efe6ac1-d375-44c3-b8ec-d0ff2987a881", "definition": "A massive piece of ice of greatly varying shape, protruding more than 5m above\nsea-level, which has broken away from a glacier, and which may be afloat or\naground. Icebergs may be described as tabular, dome-shaped, sloping, pinnacled,weathered or glacier bergs." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ISOTOPES", "UUID": "f0d4b06b-c498-4760-bc92-877e28f3a098" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LEADS", "UUID": "4f0f606c-6bf8-4b8c-9431-d5696fe8a5f2", "definition": "Any fracture or passage-way through ice which is navigable by surface\nvessels. Leads and other open water areas within the sea ice pack are also\nimportant in studies of the energy budget in the polar regions and in\nlocal and regional climatology." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MELT POND", "UUID": "5315248e-623d-40fa-a0fd-e1a981b03290", "definition": "A pond of water on the surface of sea ice, commonly occurring in the Arctic in spring." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PACK ICE", "UUID": "5d7ea074-225b-4221-b122-e6a085cdce24", "definition": "Pack ice refers to high concentrations of sea ice. When concentrations are60% or less, then the term drift ice is used." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POLYNYAS", "UUID": "70acf223-7895-4cbe-aca6-815babb2b7ed", "definition": "Any non-linear shaped opening enclosed by ice. May contain brash ice and/orbe covered with new ice, nilas or young ice; sub-mariners refer to theseas skylights. Polynyas are important in the study of the energy budget ofthe polar ocean and local and regional climatology." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "REFLECTANCE", "UUID": "cece77b6-42bf-44f6-9193-050cbc5f4cf7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SALINITY", "UUID": "6bc39a6d-cc60-467a-9181-d8b4e02a1cb0", "definition": "How salty the water is. Brine has a very high salinity. Fresh water has a\nsalinity of zero." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE AGE", "UUID": "3488309d-ef21-4d60-81a3-78fb99ffa756", "definition": "The age of the sea ice is usually a distinction between first-yearand multiyear ice. Multiyear sea ice is usually thicker, has more ridges,and can be more of a hinderance to ship travel than first-year ice.Microwave remote sensing studies have shown that first-year sea ice has ahigher emissivity at the 1.55 cm wavelength than multiyear ice, thusmaking it possible to distinguish between different ice ages fromsatellites. Ice age can also be qualitatively determined using visible,infrared and radar wavelengths from satellites." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE CONCENTRATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ICE FRACTION", "UUID": "a3f36d7c-4eed-4d7a-8902-a5fcdc1b6261" } ], "UUID": "8012fda7-3ea4-4ef2-bb4e-0f66d4d9e850", "definition": "The ratio of the area of the water surface covered by ice as a fraction ofthe whole area. Sea ice concentration has been monitored by polarorbiting satellites at all wavelengths." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE DYNAMICS", "UUID": "91603432-2af5-4012-a670-e73ff2aaa7b9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE ELEVATION", "UUID": "139b0dae-27bb-42bd-8027-81fb9fd8f85d", "definition": "Pertains to the measurement of the surface height of the sea ice. Inparticular, sea ice elevation is measured by the radar altimeter on board theNASA IceSat satellite." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE MASS BALANCE", "UUID": "cfc3ed52-a7e2-4ad1-8330-1f97c7cb0203" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE MOTION", "UUID": "1455c369-88e2-411b-83f7-c914b20609b1", "definition": "Refers to the movement and direction of ice fields or floes. Icemotion processes include: diverging, compacting, and shearing." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE STRAIN RATES", "UUID": "1ad69005-4418-4f5c-bab5-580d13c5992e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE STRENGTH", "UUID": "1e335f30-1dff-4746-ad1c-c873a1fdb320" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE STRESS", "UUID": "63a4c6e1-9248-488d-95ab-88ac2fb0a21d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE VOLUME BUDGET", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ADVECTION", "UUID": "1a7da9b0-2170-4329-997c-939af604b0bf", "definition": "Sea ice advection is the movement of sea ice and is a function of the following factors: atmosphere-ice and ice-ocean momentum stress and sea surface gradient." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DIFFUSION", "UUID": "4125f82e-9be4-4441-80f2-0d39ccd3d1d8", "definition": "In the oceans, a mixing process through which a component of seawater (e.g. salt) is transferred from a zone of higher concentration to a zone of lesser concentration." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FLOODING", "UUID": "78de9de8-852d-4b14-8650-414b6e4bfe0a", "definition": "An overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", "UUID": "d693a3a9-99dd-4872-a2c0-a4b930d312e5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUBLIMATION", "UUID": "4dff1a9b-23ee-4af4-a3c3-601cd2f52f56" } ], "UUID": "2e8a0665-3488-40f3-ac96-f9d660e31a4f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE/OCEAN CLASSIFICATION", "UUID": "7a55ceba-057a-408f-924f-9ea1d4675f26", "definition": "Optical imagery is classified into three main surface categories: (1) Snow and bare ice, (2) melt ponds and submerged ice, and (3) ocean. The snow and ice category is further split into two subcategories based on melt state and/or ice thickness: (1a) Snow and bright ice, and (1b) dark or thin ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW DEPTH", "UUID": "aa645419-cff3-4f5b-84af-e3de41dd0d16" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW MELT", "UUID": "064f9784-697e-414c-b463-29cfd734e689", "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s)." } ], "UUID": "860e2af9-ce29-4f3f-b027-ae3747eb3e01", "definition": "Pertaining to the study of frozen seawater over the ocean surface." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SNOW/ICE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ALBEDO", "UUID": "41ebe049-230e-4ff7-acb1-43de68ace83e", "definition": "Albedo is the ratio of the radiation (radiant energy or luminousenergy) reflected by a surface to that incident on it. Snow and cloudsurfaces have a high albedo, because most of the energy of the visiblesolar spectrum is reflected. Vegetation and ocean surfaces have lowalbedo, because they absorb a large fraction of the energy. Clouds are thechief cause of variations in the Earth's albedo." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AVALANCHE", "UUID": "e1dbe955-7285-4df2-a854-07693fce44ec" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BLOWING SNOW", "UUID": "1ce90ed3-d8f1-42f5-a609-e2b329839fed", "definition": "Snow lifted from the surface of the earth by the wind to a height of 2 m (6 ft) or more above the surface (higher than drifting snow), and blown about in such quantities that horizontal visibility is reduced to less than 11 km (about 7 statute miles)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DEPTH HOAR", "UUID": "c306d542-9be8-449d-ba33-28ad033c77aa" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FREEZE/THAW", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TRANSITION DIRECTION", "UUID": "99c2726c-3ad7-4f54-b5ce-d954f9780bd1" } ], "UUID": "dafb67df-dc6d-40a0-8d94-e4621d2538ce" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FROST", "UUID": "ea936862-2c98-41e5-8514-6b7288a5f941" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS", "UUID": "e28676de-738d-4112-8897-ee585b7d1d84" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE EXTENT", "UUID": "19409c76-09d4-455c-b1f1-dc2e647f7403", "definition": "Pertaining to the geographical extent of ice on continental land masses." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", "UUID": "19594c37-ef32-4b03-bda6-abf8a321fdb9", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of ice growth/melting rates, and annualchanges in those rates." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE MELANGE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ICE MELANGE VELOCITY", "UUID": "dcb59899-1b98-478b-b23f-7485f4d93eec" } ], "UUID": "d7a7e7b7-4084-4a29-a4f0-470ea477b486" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE MOTION", "UUID": "4b85cc37-1577-43f6-8cfa-8da2c49eaece", "definition": "Defined as the horizontal displacement of ice over an area." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE SURFACE TEMPERAT", "UUID": "481cc0cb-3e52-45e4-bf6e-3bb0c43e3392" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE VELOCITY", "UUID": "3896f032-388f-408e-b988-bf7e100704ba", "definition": "Pertaining to the rate at which ice formations (glaciers, ice sheets, etc.)are moving." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAKE ICE", "UUID": "8cb47594-3af6-4f4f-8ba1-4299a6d6887e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND ICE FRACTION", "UUID": "9cb22e18-bad2-4644-88d4-106600acf0fa" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PERMAFROST", "UUID": "1f4cdbc4-0f65-4384-83c9-9422c280717d", "definition": "A layer of soil or bedrock at a variable depth beneath the surface of the earth in which the temperature has been below freezing continuously from a few to several thousands of years." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "REFLECTANCE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION", "UUID": "2dce1d90-f958-4e96-b8d8-c8b0bc69d16e", "definition": "The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) is a function of four variables and defines how light is reflected at an opaque surface, such as snow or ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE FACTOR", "UUID": "eddd1f51-a6ae-4c35-bac5-e68131fcb386" } ], "UUID": "00a21e9c-0c1d-4931-b9fa-b0204625a98a", "definition": "A general term referring to the radiation reflected from, or scattered back through, a given surface in response to radiation incident on the surface with the same wavelength or wavelength range." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY", "UUID": "26bb68e4-d24f-4f99-b147-5e333ff1f2cd", "definition": "The Relative permittivity (or dielectric constant, \u03b5) is a measure of the ease with which a material is polarized by an electric field relative to vacuum. It is defined by the magnitude of the dielectric polarization (dipole moment per unit volume) induced by a unit field. Dielectric constants have no units - they are coefficients that multiply the capacitance with free space (or vacuum) as dielectric." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RIVER ICE", "UUID": "52e6600b-7a51-4267-8b62-e79034db3a48", "definition": "Pertaining to the extent, thickness, longevity, etc. of ice formationsthat occur on river systems." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW CLASSIFICATION", "UUID": "97fd3b62-917d-4946-8c8a-29d2a15bf6dd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW COVER", "UUID": "c8ff0035-4776-4eb9-8cc9-a63d380102c8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW DENSITY", "UUID": "ba2e2eff-77e0-4071-8884-b2af06e5fc7b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW DEPTH", "UUID": "47bc8942-6fdd-4173-bf38-209e933d843f", "definition": "Pertaining to the thickness of snow pack throughout the year." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW ENERGY BALANCE", "UUID": "a3520db9-7bed-4f55-a9f6-028d52af6091" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW FACIES", "UUID": "99506fd1-5f84-485d-8e26-03e4f7b55136" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW FRACTION", "UUID": "89453747-14cb-4824-8c93-b142dff28cdb", "definition": "The areal extent of snow-covered ground, expressed as the mathematical fraction of a region covered with snow." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW GRAIN SIZE", "UUID": "b5c86a31-0c3b-4217-8530-0aa5234a5f89" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW MELT", "UUID": "58f98d2a-d7d6-47d4-b826-68fdc57e79bb", "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW MICROSTRUCTURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA", "UUID": "a72b96ad-3755-4205-b353-66592c7bff54" } ], "UUID": "4dc6b614-36ad-4e3b-ac6f-af6e0aa6378b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW RADIATIVE FORCING", "UUID": "76d95fbe-8fa9-485d-9d65-55340512c12d", "definition": "Snow radiative forcing is a measure of the additional absorption of solar radiation from light-absorbing particles (LAP) such as dust or soot. Units of measure are watts per square meter (W/m2). Radiative forcing is calculated by the difference between the net (downward minus upward) radiative fluxes (irradiance) with and without LAP across a portion of the visible spectrum, for example from 0.350 to 0.876 um. This value depends on the amount of dust or soot, particle size distribution, and the amount of incoming solar radiation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW STRATIGRAPHY", "UUID": "9e15c793-ede5-4089-8fb7-5bbb31ff7913" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW VOLUME BUDGET", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ADVECTION", "UUID": "7ee6c16d-8828-44d6-a014-63a9ac8eee37", "definition": "The horizontal transfer of air mass properties that can impact snowmelt, snowpack, and temperature." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DIFFUSION", "UUID": "db28e274-27f4-4006-a363-32a98eab859d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PRECIPITATION", "UUID": "2c2baf1f-3e73-443b-8b1d-d248bb438c1b", "definition": "All liquid or solid phase aqueous particles that originate in the atmosphere and fall to the earth's surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SNOW MELT", "UUID": "8e4f4500-e377-4b8c-8275-6194c4b7db8b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUBLIMATION", "UUID": "94790dac-6bf8-453b-b841-30b86bdcd491" } ], "UUID": "46c8754c-8adf-48e7-a14c-b91945d343bb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT", "UUID": "587e4d68-36f0-45b5-9978-4b3edd58a1c0", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of the amount of water in a given snow pack." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW/ICE CHEMISTRY", "UUID": "dfe4b154-84e0-4005-81ce-90daf38c06e3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW/ICE MASS", "UUID": "c599ae55-3ca3-4c68-9ef0-2b3739bda726" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW/ICE TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "99bc6084-32bc-405a-b2e9-efd906fa370b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SURFACE MELT", "UUID": "8ea93d94-9a95-4dc0-8ad9-08896541fea9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VISIBLE SNOW DARKENING", "UUID": "27a8f83d-6fdb-43a8-bbdd-25a0ac9b3b5a", "definition": "Snow darkening is a measure of the potential additional absorption of solar radiation from light-absorbing particles (LAP) such as dust or soot. Units of measure are a fraction or a percent of the visible broadband spectrum, for example from 0.350 to 0.876 um. This value depends on the amount of dust or soot and particle size distribution." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WETNESS", "UUID": "1da194ab-ba56-4dec-8931-7c85d706c7da", "definition": "The amount of liquid water in a unit of snow, often described as a spectrum between \u201cdry\u201d and \u201cwet.\u201d Snow wetness can be calculated quantitatively by measuring the dielectric properties of snow, or estimated qualitatively using manual manipulation of the snow pack." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WHITEOUT", "UUID": "067004b9-1628-4c00-8bfb-28f910b68d59", "definition": "Pertaining to the occurence, extent, and severity of whiteout conditions." } ], "UUID": "aa35a52f-e3d9-41bd-abd2-ec7e1a8101d1" } ], "UUID": "fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80" }, { "level": "Topic", "name": "HUMAN DIMENSIONS", "children": [ { "level": "Term", "name": "BOUNDARIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS", "UUID": "1ae304de-252c-45da-8dd8-df99a281e4f4", "definition": "Boundaries depicting individual or separate administrative units such as districts, municipalities, census county subdivisions, etc." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BOUNDARY ENCROACHMENT", "UUID": "1f908d8e-3a7f-4f1c-ade0-884b7cc2f23a", "definition": "An unauthorized intrusion onto a neighboring property through the creation or extension of a physical structure (including flora) above or below the surface of land." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BOUNDARY SURVEYS", "UUID": "8064b11d-8f9f-4c89-94fd-8a7cba95bb64", "definition": "Studies which collect data that can be numerical in nature, such as inventories, polls, etc. Also, a measured plan or description of any portion of country, a road, or other feature." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POLITICAL DIVISIONS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COUNTRY BOUNDARIES", "UUID": "245c630a-8022-46ed-9a79-8f6cf99b0822", "definition": "The political boundary of a country." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STATE BOUNDARIES", "UUID": "ef04f170-4797-4db1-aff7-ad493b6a7cda" } ], "UUID": "3381412c-54f0-4911-85ef-81d669c896cf", "definition": "Areas which are distinguished by their differing governments, such as countries." } ], "UUID": "07a856fd-75e2-46e8-91eb-8a8562d3452f", "definition": "Any human construction (material or otherwise) that fixes a limit or extent." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CLIMATE ADAPTATION", "UUID": "223e1204-e305-43d2-80d0-8baed8c828c0", "definition": "Adjustment in natural or human systems to a new or changing environment that exploits beneficial opportunities or moderates negative effects of a changing climate." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CLIMATE MITIGATION", "UUID": "c4a6c571-406e-4023-b479-6a1fc30f184c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CLIMATE RESILIENCE", "UUID": "b8dfcdca-5777-4374-8950-8225b90df0e4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SCENARIO PLANNING", "UUID": "6062293a-f372-4e65-9bab-27355f0ebc59", "definition": "Preparation based on a plausible description of how the future may develop based on a coherent and internally consistent set of assumptions about key driving forces (e.g., rate of technological change, prices) and relationships. Scenarios are neither predictions nor forecasts, but are used to provide a view of the implications of developments and actions. Preparation may differ for each plausible scenario considered." } ], "UUID": "f69374fe-eda2-4223-b130-096220251235" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ECONOMIC RESOURCES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MONOCULTURE", "UUID": "941c691a-3bff-4c58-854a-16c5529524e9" } ], "UUID": "83741fb9-6f86-4670-abbb-c1f3b14a939d", "definition": "Any measurement or statistic of, related, or based on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services related to agriculture, food, the environment, and rural development." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION", "UUID": "392d3da2-c03c-4aa5-bf60-417984f824a6", "definition": "The farming and production of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic plants." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BIOMASS ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", "UUID": "99ed30c9-332c-4acf-8620-eab3c67bcc90" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COAL PRODUCTION/USE", "UUID": "c90081fb-f6c2-4f7c-a124-0cd432e92200" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", "UUID": "05410006-351a-4877-96e8-f0a821161ecf", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of geothermal energy for human consumption. Geothermal energy is energy extracted from heat stored in the earth. This geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", "UUID": "7eba0eef-3a30-4282-a162-1f483370ddc4", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of hydroelectric energy for human consumption. Hydroelectric energy is electricity generated by hydropower, i.e., the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROGEN PRODUCTION/USE", "UUID": "c346378a-09ee-428c-89c1-c94354cdc74f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METHANE PRODUCTION/USE", "UUID": "d3b2e908-b732-480c-a9cb-2e981da52094" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION/USE", "UUID": "83bddfa5-d9ba-40f1-9a2f-1bee33559176", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of natural gas for human consumption." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NUCLEAR ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", "UUID": "582af998-1f5c-48a7-8cdd-70fe06bb9f17", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of nuclear power for human consumption. Nuclear energy is the energy released by a nuclear reaction." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OIL PRODUCTION/USE", "UUID": "e5d17711-c9c1-42f6-96e4-c618c0df37cb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PETROLEUM PRODUCTION/USE", "UUID": "e4774745-c565-4b9e-a642-6fa4a0b3b79b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SOLAR ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", "UUID": "8b4f34c1-7aed-4833-811a-401382abd17c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TIDAL ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", "UUID": "1eb6eeff-77f8-40b6-8e4a-2e4438f00b10", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of tidal energy for human consumption. Tidal energy is the energy involved in tidal movements of water which is available to be harnessed if those movements can be used to turn turbines." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WAVE ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", "UUID": "62c1fec5-3512-4136-a060-ec2338a48296", "definition": "Refers to the production and use of wave energy for human consumption. Wave energy is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WIND ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE", "UUID": "b3a95e10-1c1d-41cf-8802-8bb1d3a41353" } ], "UUID": "b73cee46-8e2c-4df9-b1ed-7f0aa98a04ac" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MARICULTURE PRODUCTION", "UUID": "49da5018-59ec-4a60-9cb9-614ea6266ced", "definition": "The production and cultivation of marine organisms for food and other products in the open ocean, an enclosed section of the ocean, or in tanks, ponds or raceways which are filled with seawater." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TOURISM", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ECOTOURISM", "UUID": "e6cf64ce-389f-479c-835a-eecd612d4d88" } ], "UUID": "82fdb39c-4fe8-4e2b-9dcf-67ceb4c6d8b9", "definition": "The business or industry of providing information, accommodations, transportation, and other services to tourists.\u200b\u200b Climate and weather are important factors in tourist destination choice, and the tourist sector is susceptible to extreme weather." } ], "UUID": "cdbe5ef5-408d-489d-b6ff-4482ce4a99c7" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE/MANAGEMENT", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE", "UUID": "e8c24822-7d2d-48c6-9dca-df3860e9bd63" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CARBON FOOTPRINT", "UUID": "0e530a5f-1e75-4602-9659-98ff5c3d7076", "definition": "Measure of the exclusive total amount of emissions of carbon dioxide(CO2) that is directly and indirectly caused by an activity or is accumulated over the life stages of a product. This term is often used in reference to greenhouse gas emissions attributable to persons,industries, or countries." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS", "UUID": "079724fa-ff86-4195-aee0-51a4d6dd73bb", "definition": "The systematic identification and evaluation of the potential impacts of proposed projects, plans, programs, policies, or legislative actions upon the physical, chemical, biological, cultural, and socioeconomic components of the environment." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS", "UUID": "57df059e-578a-4371-9484-7a34d63edfa5", "definition": "Environmental laws or regulations impacting companies." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FIRE MANAGEMENT", "UUID": "0ef4a2f0-8a29-4f5e-9396-b4f6a71c8bf6", "definition": "Involves the management of wildland fires to restore and maintain the health of ecosystems. Fires are managed through a variety of methods that include prevention, suppression, managing wildfire for resource benefits, prescribed fires, and mechanical treatment of hazardous fuels." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GEOENGINEERING", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL", "UUID": "1595c0a9-63a8-433c-8515-044a977d73a7", "definition": "Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods refer to a set of techniques that aim to remove CO2 directly from the atmosphere by either (1) increasing natural sinks for carbon or (2) using chemical engineering to remove the CO2, with the intent of reducing the atmospheric CO2concentration. CDR methods involve the ocean, land, and technical systems, including such methods as iron fertilization, large-scale afforestation, and direct capture of CO2 from the atmosphere using engineered chemical means." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SOLAR RADIATION MANAGEMENT", "UUID": "0f583845-c39e-471d-a590-8212a4358e1e", "definition": "Solar Radiation Management (SRM) refers to the intentional modification of the Earth\u2019s shortwave radiative budget with the aim to reduce climate change according to a given metric (e.g., surface temperature, precipitation, regional impacts, etc)." } ], "UUID": "262e3568-c57b-4e28-a142-ad5e7b51dfb7", "definition": "Geoengineering refers to a broad set of methods and technologies that aim to deliberately alter the climate system in order to alleviate the impacts of climate change. Most, but not all, methods seek to either (a) reduce the amount of absorbed solar energy in the climate system (Solar Radiation Management) or (b) increase net carbon sinks from the atmosphere at a scale sufficiently large to alter climate (Carbon Dioxide Removal). Scale and intent are of central importance. Two key characteristics of geoengineering methods of particular concern are that they use or affect the climate system (e.g., atmosphere, land, or ocean) globally or regionally and/or could have substantive unintended effects that cross national boundaries. Geoengineering is different from weather modification and ecological engineering, but the boundary can be fuzzy." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND MANAGEMENT", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAND TENURE", "UUID": "0ceb5ef1-5a07-4f93-8e86-d3cc2baf5768", "definition": "The holding, particularly as to manner or term (i.e., period of time), of a property. Land tenure may be broadly categorized into private lands, federal lands, and state lands." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAND USE CLASSES", "UUID": "1fd206a9-83a7-4f43-902d-003811080fed", "definition": "Classifications as to human employment of land; includes settlements, cultivation, pasture, rangeland, and recreation, among others." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAND USE/LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION", "UUID": "5066def0-b14b-4a2c-b40f-dc9953860366", "definition": "Corresponds to the description of areas and the Earth's surface as it relates to areas used for residential, industrial or commercial purposes, for farming or forestry, for recreational or conservation purposes, etc." } ], "UUID": "2be0af28-a6b8-4fce-82e4-1ad86788a4d5", "definition": "Following certain land practices to sustain areas for recreation, wildlife habitat, livestock grazing, wilderness, etc." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TREATY AGREEMENTS/RESULTS", "UUID": "4dad174d-9419-4634-84f0-7eeb1d517241", "definition": "A written agreement between two states or sovereigns and the subsequent results of those agreements." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER MANAGEMENT", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT", "UUID": "96810430-e7e1-45eb-a4eb-8a7e17fe5076" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STORMWATER MANAGEMENT", "UUID": "873e35f5-908b-4418-861e-eab5d13a19a4", "definition": "Stormwater management is the control and use of stormwater runoff. The goals of stormwater management include reducing flooding to protect people and property, reducing demand on public stormwater drainage systems, and supporting healthy streams and rivers. These can be achieved by planning for runoff, maintaining stormwater systems, and regulating the collection, storage, and movement of stormwater." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT", "UUID": "cbf64c32-99fa-4312-91a0-4fc85a6890bb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER STORAGE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ICE STUPA", "UUID": "73a50bfa-6a0a-4a36-ace4-2c424db05ab8", "definition": "Ice Stupa is a form of glacier grafting technique that creates artificial glaciers, used for storing winter water (which otherwise would go unused) in the form of conical shaped ice heaps. During summer, when water is scarce, the Ice Stupa melts to increase water supply for crops." } ], "UUID": "bdfa3404-c00d-45fe-a3c1-31389a831ffc" } ], "UUID": "14555831-70ae-4650-8983-956d65595575", "definition": "Water management is a very broad term which can include human direct or indirect impacts on the water cycle. Water management can involve (1) changing the Earth's surface such as when dams are created to control flooding (perhaps due to more deforested and overgrazed slopes), (2) pollution control, when decisions are made to minimize the chemicals, such as fertilizers, pesticides, or road salt, that are used on the soil surface in order to minimize the amount of pollutants that will leach into the soil, and (3) amount and quality of water available for human use as when water is used for irrigation, industry or for direct human consumption." } ], "UUID": "d81b77be-0177-4e26-942c-aa911239482d" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ACID DEPOSITION", "UUID": "dbeff538-6857-4573-8d14-12009e0ee078" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION", "UUID": "d076e628-320a-477b-aad9-07d87ca04993" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BIOCHEMICAL RELEASE", "UUID": "de89c42c-206a-4573-a2af-edffe5ddd6bf" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BIOMASS BURNING", "UUID": "9d7eed04-9c49-4024-8d0f-06474cc38bbc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CHEMICAL SPILLS", "UUID": "a5b074da-5e00-4fd9-9c40-cfec771263ee" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CIVIL DISTURBANCE", "UUID": "09cf34f3-5e20-4dc1-9b76-97afd856ebe0", "definition": "Group acts of violence and disorder prejudicial to public law and order." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CONSERVATION", "UUID": "40869a25-edea-4438-80f9-47c9e6910b9b", "definition": "The management of human use of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to current generations while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations: Thus conservation is positive, embracing preservation, maintenance, sustainable utilization, restoration, and enhancement of the natural environment." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CONTAMINANT LEVELS/SPILLS", "UUID": "912245ce-a81e-4d3b-b4fb-f71c8da63357" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ELECTRIC/MAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE", "UUID": "69d84440-b806-4093-a659-f052185e22bd", "definition": "The exposure of the magnetic field. An electric field is produced by voltage, which is the pressure used to push the electrons through the wire, much like water being pushed through a pipe. As the voltage increases, the electric field increases in strength. A magnetic field results from the flow of current through wires or electrical devices and increases in strength as the current increases. These two fields together are referred to as electric and magnetic fields, or EMFs." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOSSIL FUEL BURNING", "UUID": "edfbff1e-b24b-40b9-be54-e1823b4d7f49" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GAS EXPLOSIONS/LEAKS", "UUID": "083d79ba-b7fa-4a07-9c36-73540666d5c4", "definition": "A gas explosion is defined as a process where combustion of a premixed gas-air cloud causes a rapid increase of pressure." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GAS FLARING", "UUID": "6221fa7d-9407-4ffc-ab58-886038209254", "definition": "Refers to the burning of a jet of waste gas in the open air." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GREENHOUSE GASES", "UUID": "f03cac2e-6ee5-4734-9ab7-eb8521ba2654" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION", "UUID": "0c4ffc6a-694d-4f33-bc18-06fefb68acdd", "definition": "Heavy Metals are any of the high atomic weight metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and zinc." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS", "UUID": "07f7ea8e-cf94-4421-923a-539e12dbeb95", "definition": "Industrial emissions are air pollution from manufacturing plants and factories." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LIQUID POLLUTANTS", "UUID": "c4a74ff8-0eb9-426d-b6bd-97cc951addd0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MARINE DEBRIS REMOVAL", "UUID": "ed96cfbb-6fc5-4f02-baba-4c37b813c259" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MECHANICAL DISTURBANCE", "UUID": "e84f5068-2123-4594-aa07-bc1389346093" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MINE DRAINAGE", "UUID": "207a34e0-48c0-439a-a001-dcf664b61686", "definition": "Mine drainage, also known as acid mine drainage, is sulfuric acid that drains from mines, especially abandoned underground coal mines such as in the Eastern United States." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NUCLEAR RADIATION EXPOSURE", "UUID": "48671d9e-a627-4034-baec-201bda5d166d", "definition": "Nuclear radiation is a result of nuclear energy, such as uranium, undergoing fission." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OIL SPILLS", "UUID": "82c3689a-6bbf-496f-b118-b6ab46a9d2c7", "definition": "An oil spill is defined not only as oil which comes from wrecked tankers that spill out oil, but also to oil which comes from well blowouts, breaks in pipelines or oil that enters the oceans from the transfer of oil from offshore platforms to shore during normal operations." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PRESCRIBED BURNS/FIRES", "UUID": "c0fb4215-4f72-445f-af81-b3f44c44cd0e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEWAGE DISPOSAL", "UUID": "835c5ec2-50e3-4bef-b380-9f74b143dac6", "definition": "Involves the transport of sewage through cities and other inhabited areas to sewage treatment plants to protect public health and prevent disease. Sewage is treated to control water pollution before discharge to surface waters." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER RESOURCES", "UUID": "ee3e296f-fdc0-4695-95af-dbe63f43b679" } ], "UUID": "3f4cfc81-7745-43d9-b313-f68cdf72359b", "definition": "Refers to the types of impacts that humans have on their environment." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "HABITAT CONVERSION/FRAGMENTATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DEFORESTATION", "UUID": "9a4715a7-1847-4fef-8116-494b36420fb7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DESERTIFICATION", "UUID": "dee57819-62c7-4f89-87e5-90a87a07820a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS", "UUID": "a66ec515-6a6e-487b-9004-2d19d6ffff04" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EUTROPHICATION", "UUID": "32777aa3-a06a-4719-bbe5-7dcecb1a06f5", "definition": "Eutrophication is the accumulation of nutrients in a lake or pond due to human intervention (cultural eutrophication) or natural causes (natural eutrophication)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "IRRIGATION", "UUID": "59b3849e-6704-402f-9a3e-512db10c2f51", "definition": "Irrigation is supplying water to croplands by artificial means." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NIGHTTIME LIGHTS", "UUID": "1ed2e238-e6dc-4a9f-a264-d52d567480f7", "definition": "Remote sensing of nighttime light emissions offers a unique perspective for investigations into human behaviors. The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instruments aboard the joint NASA/NOAA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) and NOAA-20 platforms provide global daily measurements of nocturnal visible and near-infrared (NIR) light that are suitable for Earth system science and applications studies. Nighttime lights data are used for estimating population, assessing electrification of remote areas, monitoring disasters and conflict, and understanding biological impacts of increased light pollution." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", "UUID": "aa4a9df3-0fed-4512-b158-ed369463e33a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "REFORESTATION/REVEGETATION", "UUID": "39a032bf-c3bc-481b-9698-8be114fe85cb", "definition": "Reforestation is the replanting of trees in forests where the trees have been cut down. Reforestation sometimes is undertaken in an effort to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by restoring forests, which are carbon sinks." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "URBANIZATION/URBAN SPRAWL", "UUID": "e759cacb-33f0-4564-b151-c7cfa5e85ed3" } ], "UUID": "f1682ed1-2d9c-41ec-9553-49b9ab55df9b" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "HUMAN SETTLEMENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREAS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RUINS", "UUID": "fbe6a5d3-428f-436d-8690-898ec8ed25c4" } ], "UUID": "bf703f22-9775-460d-86bd-149aaef1acde" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COASTAL AREAS", "UUID": "b1f63bf1-a547-4189-9c7e-66a8d11facc4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RURAL AREAS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TRAILS", "UUID": "dbb6d354-1ffe-4228-8ee4-69b2577a21f7" } ], "UUID": "d83b4271-048c-4763-9d5c-b5ec1b1788f4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TRIBAL LANDS", "UUID": "2b4df9a9-ac03-4bdc-bee4-346045a75e05", "definition": "Areas of land reserved for, managed by, or associated with indigenous peoples or tribal nations." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "URBAN AREAS", "UUID": "e4abd82b-b17a-4f16-be79-0093f2a09f7d" } ], "UUID": "fee25cad-7ffe-4ee2-a6f2-8116b8a0a707" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "INFRASTRUCTURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BUILDINGS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SCHOOLS", "UUID": "10d0bdd7-b51c-4550-b11c-89b6fae51134", "definition": "An institution, building, or environment for teaching or learning." } ], "UUID": "d7742082-5461-4610-9ced-e0ec3bb64697" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COMMUNICATIONS", "UUID": "db692676-a2f6-4fd9-91b6-92ae4f9c04fd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CULTURAL FEATURES", "UUID": "79b0b1d3-5279-4ce5-a387-6ecb4ee2a335", "definition": "Any human constructions which constitute a prominent aspect of the land." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ELECTRICITY", "UUID": "12433114-d15a-46cf-aba9-ce4b569119ce", "definition": "Associated with the use, production, or transmission of electric power." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE", "UUID": "eeba88d2-20bf-43b1-bccf-b125485405f4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "INDUSTRIAL AREAS", "UUID": "f228ed52-e052-46dd-8821-48cfb3c35425" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LANDFILLS", "UUID": "f336f12d-0fb2-4475-99c7-5210c74b3a55" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OFFSHORE PLATFORMS", "UUID": "50c9b6e3-4012-47c3-b0af-a140e4ba7b50", "definition": "Offshore structures used to extract oil and gas or capture wind energy, encompassing both wind turbines, drilling rigs used to drill wells, and structures that serve as production platforms." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OIL RIGS", "UUID": "a994de61-f16c-4b57-9dd0-b4862067203f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PIPELINES", "UUID": "ee49d315-1fe5-42ce-a5f8-232450dfa408" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RENEWABLE ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE", "UUID": "47783a44-bd96-429e-8c74-02776e763689", "definition": "Facilities or equipment used to generate, deliver, process, or produce renewable energy." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "STRUCTURAL DETERIORATION", "UUID": "09a663d9-2b11-40d4-887b-7d5e9313f350", "definition": "Any localized destruction or weakness of a building's structural system that can trigger broader instability or collapse. " }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TRANSPORTATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RAILROADS", "UUID": "b77fab47-ee9d-451e-8499-f2c5b325d6bb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ROADS", "UUID": "648e6116-5f0c-4314-86a8-ede6dda6bbc1", "definition": "An open way for vehicles, persons, and animals." } ], "UUID": "37a6c8e2-f2ac-48a4-a4fa-d80f700f68db", "definition": "The roads and equipment necessary for the movement of goods or passengers." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "UTILITY CORRIDORS", "UUID": "9a471aa1-09d9-44e4-a0e4-f8ffdeccb056" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER CONTROL STRUCTURES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LEVEES", "UUID": "2e372203-e14e-46cc-9db0-3b6613f61405", "definition": "A man-made structure, usually an earthen embankment, designed and constructed in accordance with sound engineering practices to contain, control, or divert the flow of water so as to reduce risk from temporary flooding." } ], "UUID": "f12c3e63-07ba-45dd-848f-55e96b497d27" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER STORAGE", "UUID": "0692f19d-55bc-4fd7-8bf8-a0224e8715f9", "definition": "Methods to store water for human consumption or agricultural use." } ], "UUID": "d4313915-2d24-424c-a171-30ee9a6f4bb5" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "NATURAL HAZARDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS", "UUID": "bb73336e-9113-426b-ac99-2b7c143b22ca" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DROUGHTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DROUGHT DURATION", "UUID": "a1af404e-e108-4777-b726-7d2e068c632b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DROUGHT FREQUENCY", "UUID": "e54536fa-c78e-478c-893f-1da73baf2da7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DROUGHT SEVERITY", "UUID": "d0a52ada-8d32-4d68-9daf-cc1c4d58aed3" } ], "UUID": "115d340f-cb5e-4436-bfa4-04a740988bf7", "definition": "A period of dry weather: a long period of extremely dry weather when there is not enough rain for the successful growing of crops or the replenishment of water supplies." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EARTHQUAKES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "INDUCED EARTHQUAKES", "UUID": "79688737-55d1-4e38-970b-5ad150b74b34", "definition": "Earthquakes induced by a wide range of manmade causes, including impoundment of reservoirs, surface and underground mining, withdrawal of fluids and gas from the subsurface, and injection of fluids into underground formations." } ], "UUID": "b3406120-9faa-4c00-874e-ce8878ae129f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FAMINE", "UUID": "6bb02b3d-be70-47b0-93d7-eb0c926f5979", "definition": "Widespread scarcity of food caused by several factors including crop failure, overpopulation, or government policies. This phenomenon is usually accompanied or followed by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased mortality." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FLOODS", "UUID": "fd03d204-4391-4e98-8142-8b8efa235231" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HEAT", "UUID": "bb9c9be6-78c7-4fbd-9a35-a218276393ec" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND DEFORMATION", "UUID": "90edcb0a-78cc-4622-8182-4c6fe9646df4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND SUBSIDENCE", "UUID": "ba064d3f-0327-49d2-9984-332de1a97146" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LANDSLIDES", "UUID": "f81d3752-d97c-4caf-9a79-5709ee693158" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEVERE STORMS", "UUID": "ad28623e-bb9b-433c-8fc1-2ab06dda58c4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TORNADOES", "UUID": "ff44a7b0-64b6-418a-9d74-1cbc3a4ae951" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TROPICAL CYCLONES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CYCLONES", "UUID": "0720043d-4d31-45ae-a37c-9ba5959bf97d", "definition": "An atmospheric cyclonic circulation, a closed circulation. A cyclone's direction of rotation (counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere) is opposite to that of an anticyclone." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HURRICANES", "UUID": "6314f68a-1f00-4e6d-9f06-b3e2ce4348e8", "definition": "A tropical cyclone with 1-min average surface (10 m) winds in excess of 32 m s\u22121 (64 knots) in the Western Hemisphere (North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and in the eastern and central North Pacific east of the date line)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEVERE CYCLONIC STORMS", "UUID": "4bee2d4d-d15d-4300-8804-626eff7ac0f3", "definition": "A severe tropical cyclone in the Southwest Pacific Ocean west of 160E or Southeast Indian Ocean east of 90E." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONES", "UUID": "6f7996f7-5905-42e7-b9fd-c24c6328b5d9", "definition": "A severe tropical cyclone in the North Indian Ocean." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TYPHOONS", "UUID": "bd5c19e4-b25a-48b2-ad9d-4596a0ba67de" } ], "UUID": "00fc45e0-400d-4024-a82a-4d6544735f64", "definition": "The generic term for a non-frontal synoptic scale low-pressure system over tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized convection (i.e. thunderstorm activity) and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TSUNAMIS", "UUID": "768f266e-0807-49c6-a69e-c518de310331", "definition": "A wave train, or series of waves, generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that vertically displaces the water column. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions, and even the impact of cosmic bodies, such as meteorites, can generate tsunamis. Tsunamis can savagely attack coastlines, causing devastating property damage and loss of life." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS", "UUID": "06c1281f-e306-4511-bdab-ed6c0694f0f9", "definition": "Explosions or emissions of lava, ashes and toxic gases from deep inside the earth, through volcanoes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WILDFIRES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BURNED AREA", "UUID": "436b098d-e4d9-4fbd-9ede-05675e111eee", "definition": "Characterized by deposits of charcoal and ash, removal of vegetation, and alteration of the vegetation structure, Pereira et al. 1997, Roy et al. 1999" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WILDFIRE SUPPRESSION", "UUID": "5e693789-87a8-4f94-9b5d-a50cecf55e24", "definition": "Refers to the firefighting tactics used to suppress wildfires. Firefighting efforts in wildland areas requires different techniques, equipment, and training from the more familiar structure fire fighting found in populated areas. Working in conjunction with specially designed firefighting aircraft, these wildfire-trained crews suppress flames, construct firelines, and extinguish flames and areas of heat to protect resources and natural wilderness. Wildfire suppression also addresses the issues of the wildland-urban interface, where populated areas border with wildland areas." } ], "UUID": "868b87a1-d8c2-49b3-8bbd-9cbbed115271", "definition": "An uncontrolled fire in combustible vegetation that occurs in the countryside or a wilderness area. Other names such as brush fire, bushfire, forest fire, desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, vegetation fire, and veldfire may be used to describe the same phenomenon depending on the type of vegetation being burned. A wildfire differs from other fires by its extensive size, the speed at which it can spread out from its original source, its potential to change direction unexpectedly, and its ability to jump gaps such as roads, rivers and fire breaks. Wildfires are characterized in terms of the cause of ignition, their physical properties such as speed of propagation, the combustible material present, and the effect of weather on the fire." } ], "UUID": "ec0e2762-f57a-4fdc-b395-c8d7d5590d18" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "POPULATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MORTALITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "INFANT MORTALITY RATES", "UUID": "611f0108-5706-43ca-bc39-38e528f6024b", "definition": "The ratio of infant deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MORTALITY RATES", "UUID": "918c4136-bb4c-422b-9c15-8273307546d1" } ], "UUID": "3fd888c4-2fd2-4ce1-8753-3158e2826ef7", "definition": "The quality or state of being mortal." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NATALITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NATALITY RATES", "UUID": "d0931461-2e93-418c-b470-a218cadcf498" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POPULATION GENETICS/GENOMICS", "UUID": "ff1ace7a-7924-4198-8385-f7f7ede361c1" } ], "UUID": "9d6eda76-cf5d-4170-92ce-9ac9197832bf" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POPULATION BIOLOGY", "UUID": "9f0657f7-70d9-410f-a02e-8f36f569d1ec" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POPULATION DENSITY", "UUID": "d2a5c7ec-ccf2-4ab7-8863-9063be91c022" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POPULATION DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "ae9f3a07-f23e-4116-b172-677435102b2f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POPULATION ESTIMATES", "UUID": "d7ad5cff-75df-4bb6-92f0-b5d56da2a588" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POPULATION SIZE", "UUID": "dd0b8bc9-90b3-4e7d-a021-e91dc676d622" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VULNERABLE POPULATIONS", "UUID": "35b7c7cd-49c8-476c-83f2-f2e1f4097307", "definition": "Groups of people with a propensity or predisposition to be adverselyaffected. Vulnerable populations may be less able to anticipate, copewith, resist, and recover from the impacts of a disaster, be it natural orman-made." } ], "UUID": "085edf65-1c8c-414a-b8e4-a1a08ff08f22", "definition": "Refers to the total number of inhabitants constituting a particular race, class, or group in a specified area." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "PUBLIC HEALTH", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DISEASES/EPIDEMICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EPIDEMIOLOGY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TELE-EPIDEMIOLOGY", "UUID": "d6cad59b-327e-4f3f-a664-706224c470f9" } ], "UUID": "b8a877b7-d867-4305-9053-3777e5dd330a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FOODBORNE DISEASES", "UUID": "007eeff3-1c96-4b54-aa35-2de5ebb9971a", "definition": "Illness or disease caused by consumption of foods or drinkscontaminated with biological or chemical toxins or pathogens, includingdisease-causing microbes or toxic chemicals." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VECTOR-BORN DISEASES", "UUID": "9d92320e-b9b9-4ae8-8394-252eeda7ceb1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATERBORNE DISEASES", "UUID": "68447296-6019-453b-9684-3cd3ff1530c9", "definition": "Diseases caused by consuming water that contains harmfulmicroorganisms, biotoxins, or toxic contaminants. Examples includecholera, schistosomiasis, and other gastrointestinal problems.Waterborne diseases are often the result of unsafe sanitation practicesor a breakdown in infrastructure that can be a result of or exacerbatedby various natural hazards, such as flood or drought." } ], "UUID": "7d59f070-ccac-4a90-815b-edfca521779b", "definition": "Diseases are used here to relate to human diseases which may be linked to poor environmental quality, such as poor air quality, or may ensue due to change in climate." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FACTORS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AEROALLERGENS", "UUID": "6984e0a6-cb78-4f60-a31d-3ff8415e3829", "definition": "Various airborne substances, such as pollen or spores, which cancause an allergic response." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 1.0)", "UUID": "52153867-76e4-4beb-8f52-d8a69e90b9a3", "definition": "A type of air pollution that is made up of particles that are less than 1 micron in size. PM1 is particularly dangerous because of its small size, which allows it to penetrate lung tissue and enter the bloodstream." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 10)", "UUID": "750a9b6e-4cbb-4e46-b2da-52ecd6d3a153", "definition": "PM10 describes inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 2.5)", "UUID": "764edcaa-d41a-4210-9b1e-f4e0f63e8329", "definition": "A type of air pollution that consists of extremely small particles that are 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter. These particles are so small that thousands of them could fit in the period at the end of a sentence. PM2.5 is a mixture of dust, soot, organic chemicals, and metals that can come from a variety of sources, including cars, trucks, factories, and wood burning." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATIONS", "UUID": "681812bd-c115-42b2-b717-f89715e89406", "definition": "Concentrations of tiny airborne pieces of solid or liquid matter such assoot, dust, fumes, mists, aerosols, haze, and smoke.\u00b9 The size ofparticles is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems.Small particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter pose the greatestrisk because they can travel deep into the respiratory system and affectthe lungs and heart. \u00b2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "Urban Heat Island", "UUID": "5ce8b673-cdb9-4000-ad00-774d1c67c1b1", "definition": "The tendency for higher air temperatures to persist in urban areas as aresult of heat absorbed and emitted by buildings and asphalt, tending to make cities warmer than the surrounding countryside." } ], "UUID": "5a47842e-785d-4cc4-b1c1-2147a9252c19", "definition": "Refer to measurements of human physiological functions such as those provided by heat exchange dataor human response to such environmental factors as contaminants." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FOOD SECURITY", "UUID": "85a73755-cb84-40cb-a23e-2ed3811138f8", "definition": "A state that prevails when people have secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth, development,and an active and healthy life." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MALNUTRITION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MALNUTRITION RATES", "UUID": "4dcd46e9-4830-4de0-b75a-820729a6d787", "definition": "The rate of malnutrition, which refers to a state of poor nutrition; can result from insufficient or excessive or unbalanced diet or from inability to absorb foods." } ], "UUID": "1d1f1722-27ea-4021-922f-68b90c09bfa1", "definition": "Faulty nutrition due to inadequate or unbalanced intake of nutrients or their impaired assimilation or utilization." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MENTAL HEALTH IMPACTS", "UUID": "3ad043a9-2ec8-401d-a727-5589a303ea4a", "definition": "Mental health refers to the emotional, psychological, and socialwell-being of one or more people. 1 Mental health can be be impactedby exposure to climate related or weather-related disasters. 2 Specificgroups of people are at higher risk for distress and other adversemental health consequences including but not limited to children, theelderly, and people with preexisting mental illness. 3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MORBIDITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MORBIDITY RATES", "UUID": "4b95ab99-4784-44aa-99f0-ecc677dbda65", "definition": "An expression of the number of deaths in a population at risk during one year." } ], "UUID": "8a49484a-a9c8-411b-b911-7646f5323a7b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RADIATION EXPOSURE", "UUID": "74851074-27ab-425b-9521-8d139b907b0d", "definition": "Exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation on humans." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER TREATMENT DISRUPTION", "UUID": "91df78a1-2e38-41d5-b88e-e235450c89fc" } ], "UUID": "da2c70fd-d92b-45be-b159-b2c10cb387c6" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SOCIAL BEHAVIOR", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CONSERVATION", "UUID": "aef9855c-70e1-4e22-aa25-8ccd23176d3b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CONSUMER BEHAVIOR", "UUID": "d11d5e6d-fafb-4012-818c-8bfb984128f1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DISASTER RESPONSE", "UUID": "507860e1-7494-438a-8537-b21da89efddf", "definition": "A phase of the disaster management cycle that involves the mobilization of the necessary emergency services and first responders in the disaster area. This is likely to include a first wave of core emergency services, such as firefighters, police and ambulance crews." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HAZARD MITIGATION/PLANNING", "UUID": "843a6584-e3f2-4a75-a003-cc430fd8c22c", "definition": "A cost-effective measure that will reduce the potential for damage to a facility or area from a disaster event. Pre-planning for a hazard can reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from hazards." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PRESERVATION", "UUID": "859155e1-d2d3-41a3-8d44-91afa87d68b4", "definition": "The activity of protecting something (in the environment) from loss or danger." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES/AREAS", "UUID": "9ee8acad-458e-45c1-a1d5-9b1649c82ea7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RECYCLING", "UUID": "b2f12641-19c8-4b26-9496-e79da5efcb85" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VULNERABILITY LEVELS/INDEX", "UUID": "33f20afe-5ce2-43e9-9676-c5f664fbc324", "definition": "A measurement of the level of vulnerability of a given area or environment. The level of vulnerability is determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards." } ], "UUID": "c8317644-4cb2-4e37-b536-c762f7e670ab" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SOCIOECONOMICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HOUSEHOLD INCOME", "UUID": "c88a747b-2302-49c9-b747-f2faa21e2b6b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "INDUSTRIALIZATION", "UUID": "92d8968b-617e-433d-ab9b-e269497c3f43" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POVERTY LEVELS", "UUID": "b37021a3-4d7f-4b94-b614-807d6981d2ad" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PURCHASING POWER", "UUID": "2bf46486-3004-447e-b2c6-82c4aa13fc11", "definition": "The ability of consumers to acquire goods and services based on their possession of money and/or their recourse to credit. Aggregate purchasing power within a market or a national economy reflects total disposable income after taxes, and hence the level of employment." } ], "UUID": "a96e6cd6-0f35-491d-8198-7551d03e1cbc" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SUSTAINABILITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY", "UUID": "73266dd6-217a-432f-9237-176d3e94b39b", "definition": "Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Encompasses, e.g. keeping population densities below the carrying capacity of a region, facilitating the renewal of renewable resources, conserving and establishing priorities for the use of non-renewable resources, and keeping environmental impact below the level required to allow affected systems to recover and continue to evolve." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT", "UUID": "8d11c81c-ff5b-4cc0-9be2-8e73dddcb51b" } ], "UUID": "03d38261-1c90-491b-bc4e-cc4e703e1dff", "definition": "The capacity to endure. For humans, sustainability is the long-term maintenance of responsibility, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions, and encompasses the concept of stewardship, the responsible management of resource use." } ], "UUID": "fb93d937-c17c-45d0-a9e3-ca5c8a800ca8" }, { "level": "Topic", "name": "LAND SURFACE", "children": [ { "level": "Term", "name": "EROSION/SEDIMENTATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DEGRADATION", "UUID": "2f2f5764-d4e6-4bbb-bd6d-dda373018237", "definition": "The general lowering of the surface of the land by erosive processes, especially by the removal of material through erosion and transportation by flowing water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ENTRAINMENT", "UUID": "f6a5cc87-a333-4e99-88d4-bf7b5b1cf484" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EROSION", "UUID": "1e2b1b67-a401-4fb6-9ee9-b022c1c023dc", "definition": "The wearing away of soil and rock by weathering, mass wasting, and the action of streams, glaciers, waves, wind, and underground water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LANDSLIDES", "UUID": "ea4aefeb-64cd-4408-83d8-8e0a672739b9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", "UUID": "ca2ffcd6-39e6-4eab-abc2-07eb4a197e3d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", "UUID": "807aff1a-6fe0-474a-a025-a0d0d8b17dbd", "definition": "The minearlogical constituents of a sediment." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", "UUID": "e4ad5a76-7540-4433-ad82-9fe89259538b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENTATION", "UUID": "b41498cd-6b2b-47e3-afe7-0f05b4c0807d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENTS", "UUID": "26558c08-beca-4ef0-9ea3-b000504ece60", "definition": "Unconsolidated particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock, by chemical precipitation from solution in water, or from the secretions of organisms, and transported by water, wind, or glaciers." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", "UUID": "42b5ae5b-90d5-44f0-b331-6c22cdd45c3f", "definition": "A chronological succession of sedimentary rocks from older to younger above; essentially without interruption." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SUSPENDED SOLIDS", "UUID": "69ff701a-674e-4b63-bb93-6ebe6cd95281", "definition": "Sediment particles supported by the upward currents in eddies of turbulent flow in the surrounding fluid." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WEATHERING", "UUID": "b07017e8-d714-45a6-b1fe-8c00230ec209" } ], "UUID": "a246a8cf-e3f9-4045-af9f-dc97f6fe019a" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "FROZEN GROUND", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ACTIVE LAYER", "UUID": "10270ee0-8d85-4c75-9fa2-49e7a9755cb3", "definition": "Active layer, also called frost zone or mollisol is that part of the soil included with the suprapermafrost layer (i.e., existing above permafrost) that usually freezes in winter and thaws in summer." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CRYOSOLS", "UUID": "1469f30b-6eb4-4186-b1ef-7dd25c34c592", "definition": "Soil formed in either mineral or organic materials having permafrost either within 1 m below the surface or, if the soil is strongly cryoturbated, with 2 m below the surface, and having a mean annual ground temperature below 0 deg C." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GROUND ICE", "UUID": "5b4dde5a-733e-4e55-97c9-2108b337cfeb", "definition": "A general term referring to all types of ice contained in freezing and frozen\nground. Ground ice occurs in pores, cavities, voids or other openings in soil\nor rock and includes massive ice. It may occur as lenses, wedges, veins,\nsheets, seams, irregular masses, or as individual crystals or coatings on\nmineral or organic particles. Perennial ground ice can only occur within\npermafrost bodies." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES", "UUID": "5181e50a-b1d2-41b1-bde3-fd9b4da9b1bf", "definition": "Of, or pertaining to, the outer perimeter of a glacier, particularly to the\nfringe areas surrounding the great continental glaciers of the geologic ice\nages. Thus, periglacial weathering is said to have produced certain\ncharacteristic land forms." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PERMAFROST", "UUID": "b6723314-3db7-4bdd-85ee-0b8507e6ae1b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ROCK GLACIERS", "UUID": "ee2af62b-9f76-440c-aa9b-77940468b8f4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND", "UUID": "6fdd8021-3f6f-4f54-829c-26f744597309", "definition": "Ground that freezes and thaws annually." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "240ff021-6a9c-4603-983d-f135ee7e49ab", "definition": "The degree of hotness or coldness of the soil as measured on some definite temperature scale." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TALIK", "UUID": "c39710ae-423f-44c8-b969-9af8a1f912cf" } ], "UUID": "8073b62d-a2f3-4ad9-b619-de26f28877a7", "definition": "Soil within which the moisture has predominantly changed to ice, the unfrozen portion being in vapor phase. Ice within the soil bonds adjacent soil particles and renders frozen ground very hard. Permanently frozen ground is called permafrost. Dry frozen ground is relatively loose and crumbly because of the lack of bondingice. Frozen ground is sometimes in-advisedly called frost or ground frost." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AEOLIAN LANDFORMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DUNES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CRESCENTIC (BARCHAN/TRANSVERSE) DUNE", "UUID": "f51acce1-eaf6-4de7-b279-5b58c3034aeb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DOME DUNE", "UUID": "cb6b9191-21ab-4a56-b43f-27e86f90f6d9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LONGITUDINAL/LINEAR DUNE", "UUID": "b5ee3496-6910-4971-8539-5aa084bfa9e1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PARABOLIC DUNE", "UUID": "c63be844-efa7-49f6-8089-c60111bbdffb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STAR DUNE", "UUID": "dc9dea65-e574-4bbb-9945-cd6d1cdbf6c1" } ], "UUID": "416221ec-04e1-4913-aacb-9045551949c4", "definition": "A hill of sand built by aeolian processes. Dunes occur in different forms and sizes, formed by interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dunes are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune and have a shorter 'slip face' in the lee of the wind." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RIPPLES", "UUID": "1376f8a1-84f2-4797-a978-69ec520e2423", "definition": "Sedimentary structures (i.e. bedforms of the lower flow regime) and indicate agitation by water (current or waves) or wind." } ], "UUID": "ed75fb8f-cb96-448e-ada5-dc48fbd0ebb1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AEOLIAN PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ABRASION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "VENTIFACTS", "UUID": "dec3d35a-3ffa-4bea-b239-f8e74b498fb2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "YARDANGS", "UUID": "dabc0fc5-acac-48df-b32e-02c9166e8385" } ], "UUID": "eb039da2-8af7-4d31-9ec9-0700251cfd5d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEFLATION", "UUID": "03ea18fe-793d-48e0-aa44-e211376c73d8", "definition": "Processes pertain to the activity of the winds and more specifically, to the winds' ability to shape the surface of the Earth and other planets. Winds may erode, transport, and deposit materials, and are effective agents in regions with sparse vegetation and a large supply of unconsolidated sediments." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEGRADATION", "UUID": "32f6083c-f6a2-40cf-8cf4-782b02b9df9e", "definition": "The lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SALTATION", "UUID": "cfaf76ef-89e2-4dc8-a4eb-b3308ef8c52c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LOESS", "UUID": "5ce16b97-c91c-420c-9701-33d19d50b286", "definition": "An aeolian sediment formed by the accumulation of wind-blown silt and lesser and variable amounts of sand and clay that are loosely cemented by calcium carbonate. It is usually homogeneous and highly porous and is traversed by vertical capillaries that permit the sediment to fracture and form vertical bluffs." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MONADNOCK", "UUID": "abe3a81a-3bac-450b-8006-304bee055289" } ], "UUID": "0b5e5a9b-5552-4e41-b1a1-9c01c52dff4b", "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", "UUID": "9ea3e92d-f772-4f39-a615-08b0e062ee9d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", "UUID": "02916754-4814-48ea-b8fc-ef50d7a7c5b5", "definition": "The composition of sediment including parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", "UUID": "a7b04d56-2a44-4a94-8d94-1911a7110f9d" } ], "UUID": "5fff607c-5df4-4f06-a541-896f7cbc1e4c", "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WEATHERING", "UUID": "82eac236-38ba-469d-837a-950ffa7e8316", "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity." } ], "UUID": "3ab3aa92-9cca-4660-a0ed-281fff07eede", "definition": "The erosion, transport, and deposition of material due to the action of the wind at or near the Earth's surface. Aeolian processes are at their most effective when the vegetation cover is discontinuous or absent." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COASTAL LANDFORMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BARRIER ISLANDS", "UUID": "128db882-0522-4a5e-ac69-81d05986a645", "definition": "A coastal landform and a type of barrier system, are relatively narrow strips of sand that parallel the mainland coast. They usually occur in chains, consisting of anything from a few islands to more than a dozen." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BEACHES", "UUID": "68b4238d-c10f-4f59-9c23-820563107d12", "definition": "Geological landform along the shoreline of an ocean, sea or lake. It usually consists of loose particles which are often composed of rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, waves or cobblestones." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CORAL REEFS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "APRON REEF", "UUID": "6c78ed6a-2dbc-4ced-acc2-d0246e0afedd", "definition": "A short reef resembling a fringing reef, but more sloped; extending out and downward from a point or peninsular shore." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ATOLL REEF", "UUID": "8bbf1177-c74b-4f11-8f7d-40c5785312a1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "BANK REEF", "UUID": "9ea0dbd4-2af5-4520-a831-32ee04d02ecc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "BARRIER REEF", "UUID": "e125e285-b547-47ea-b566-5dffce2bbcbd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "FRINGING REEF", "UUID": "b54234a2-3261-4c6e-8fd8-75230f3488c0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PATCH REEF", "UUID": "a722fea3-fe54-4995-8aec-407efe20dee9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RIBBON REEF", "UUID": "7f674559-6e36-4a13-ac0c-f61aa6a37d63", "definition": "A long, narrow, somewhat winding reef, usually associated with an atoll lagoon." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TABLE REEF", "UUID": "ec0692d8-1cce-4c89-a6ef-c35a5f812121" } ], "UUID": "c6244bfb-300f-4818-bf45-cf1a15e7e073" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CUSPATE FORELANDS", "UUID": "11175bd5-ee63-4b13-aa03-bc5500a458c2", "definition": "Geographical features found on coastlines and created by long shore drift. Made out of sand and shingle, and later stabilized by vegetation, cuspate forelands are triangular-shaped accretions and extend seawards." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DELTAS", "UUID": "93647a7c-a881-4066-a696-c19053c7c30b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DUNES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CRESCENTIC (BARCHAN/TRANSVERSE)", "UUID": "f8b39934-bdce-4f90-8b86-a001c0af8b76" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DOME DUNE", "UUID": "8971f15d-bee3-4eaf-a7dd-ceb005448b37" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LONGITUDINAL/LINEAR DUNE", "UUID": "386f4f36-26bd-4193-aa25-0c0ec2e5baae", "definition": "Elongate parallel to the prevailing wind, possibly caused by a larger dune having its smaller sides blown away. Seif dunes are sharp-crested and are common in the Sahara. They range up to 300 m (980 ft) in height and 300 km (190 mi) in length." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PARABOLIC DUNE", "UUID": "db89fdd2-d911-4a75-9210-ce90db043358" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STAR DUNE", "UUID": "5a271522-fee4-4646-9c9a-a99385f00d9f", "definition": "Radially symmetrical, star dunes are pyramidal sand mounds with slipfaces on three or more arms that radiate from the high center of the mound. They tend to accumulate in areas with multidirectional wind regimes. Star dunes grow upward rather than laterally. They dominate the Grand Erg Oriental of the Sahara. In other deserts, they occur around the margins of the sand seas, particularly near topographic barriers. In the southeast Badain Jaran Desert of China, the star dunes are up to 500 metres tall and may be the tallest dunes on Earth." } ], "UUID": "362993fc-743e-42bc-a011-459baea8f427", "definition": "A hill of sand built by aeolian processes. Dunes occur in different forms and sizes, formed by interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dunes are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune and have a shorter 'slip face' in the lee of the wind." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ESTUARIES", "UUID": "8d634619-aed2-4326-a73d-cec49ff74398" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FJORDS", "UUID": "7299f45f-eafb-4ed9-ae12-5e01c97c1530", "definition": "Formed when a glacier cuts a U-shaped valley by abrasion of the surrounding bedrock. Many such valleys were formed during the recent ice age. Glacial melting is accompanied by rebound of Earth's crust as the ice load and eroded sediment is removed (also called isostasy or glacial rebound)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HEADLANDS/BAYS/CAPE", "UUID": "153080e1-2ab1-438a-8f1e-0cb6d5fe1242", "definition": "Headlands and bays are often found together on the same stretch of coastline. A bay is surrounded by land on three sides, whereas a headland is surrounded by water on three sides. Headlands are characterized by high, breaking waves, rocky shores, intense erosion, and steep sea cliffs." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "INLETS", "UUID": "49db8758-1282-45a0-ad3f-0f1e9d8abc44", "definition": "A narrow body of water between islands or leading inland from a larger body of water, often leading to an enclosed body of water, such as a sound, bay, lagoon or marsh. In sea coasts an inlet usually refers to the actual connection between a bay and the ocean and is often called an 'entrance' or a recession in the shore of a sea, lake or river." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISTHMUS", "UUID": "e069e3fc-0c75-40ee-92d7-595991f8fdb4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAGOONS", "UUID": "d9483208-ff59-4293-9867-3f4895e58c9f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RIA", "UUID": "1e7daefd-fa73-4561-90cc-478ca37bcb9a", "definition": "A landform, often referred to as a drowned river valley. Rias are almost always estuaries. Rias form where sea levels rise relative to the land either as a result of eustatic sea level change (where the global sea levels rise), or isostatic sea level change (where the local land sinks)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SALT MARSH", "UUID": "d541e4e1-2542-4716-b943-e080b0865e74" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA ARCHES", "UUID": "575d5577-3107-4192-83a3-5a28ceea7a5d", "definition": "Sea arches form by wave erosion of coastal headlands. Sea arches are very temporary landforms, in both geologic and human terms." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA CAVES", "UUID": "c702cd1d-48dd-4652-9ec6-cff6ff52b430" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA CLIFFS", "UUID": "a82477e6-b563-4135-90e8-c6977c7381be" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SHOALS", "UUID": "cae5bafd-10a7-4bcf-af1a-3e187ee5e955" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SHORELINES", "UUID": "4e5cf935-cf17-4947-bd1f-6816a855953a", "definition": "The fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. In Physical Oceanography a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore, representing the intertidal zone where there is one. is the fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. In Physical Oceanography a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore, representing the intertidal zone where there is one." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SOUNDS", "UUID": "1815faf3-2411-4d2a-a3d5-1e5b0c50782b", "definition": "A wide inlet of the sea or ocean that is parallel to the coastline; it often separates a coastline from a nearby island." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SPITS AND BARS", "UUID": "4f25c039-56b9-47a9-9232-d80860da5990", "definition": "A deposition landform found off coasts. At one end, spits connect to land, while at the far end they exist in open water. A spit is a type of bar or beach that develops where a re-entrant occurs, such as at cove's headlands, by the process of longshore drift." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TOMBOLOS", "UUID": "320e14a6-4882-4533-b1cf-55d49c8a6b37", "definition": "A deposition landform in which an island is attached to the mainland by a narrow piece of land such as a spit or bar. Once attached, the island is then known as a tied island. Several islands tied together by bars which rise above the water level is called a tombolo cluster." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WAVE-CUT NOTCH/PLATFORMS", "UUID": "0c523ed2-d02e-4b02-bf21-2da4e171c959", "definition": "The narrow flat area often found at the base of a sea cliff or along the shoreline of a lake, bay, or sea that was created by the action of waves. Wave-cut platforms are often most obvious at low tide when they become visible as huge areas of flat rock." } ], "UUID": "0cff6e4b-e42a-4565-89ff-350adf41ed69", "definition": "Refers to the landforms created by coastal processes including erosion, deposition, and tectonic uplift." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COASTAL PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ABRASION", "UUID": "9ca8db82-9230-42e0-ad91-9068bc144855" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ACCRETION", "UUID": "ee016b0b-353b-4811-bfc2-5d32aed59f29" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ATTRITION/WEATHERING", "UUID": "4dee8110-972f-4665-bd28-a9e64de21a16", "definition": "A form of coastal or river erosion, when the bed load is eroded by itself. As rocks are transported downstream along a riverbed (by a mixture of rolling, sliding and saltating), the regular impacts between them cause them to be broken up into smaller fragments. This process also makes them rounder and smoother. Attrition can also occur in glaciated regions, where it is caused by the movement of ice with embedded boulders over surface sediments." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHEMICAL SOLUTION", "UUID": "1e73dd30-abb5-4723-be3e-71706d2b1ea1", "definition": "The removal of rock in solution by acidic rainwater. In particular, limestone is weathered by rainwater containing dissolved CO2." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEPOSITION", "UUID": "8b99d6c3-1751-43e6-81d1-92a7618cadb3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FLOODING", "UUID": "a2401a77-908f-4c03-abcc-d27d99586967" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDRAULIC ACTION", "UUID": "ebb8ef06-0f73-48eb-bc22-47f36a729bc6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SALTATION", "UUID": "c344fddc-ffa8-4093-bcf5-bcfe7806c737" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA LEVEL CHANGES", "UUID": "2aad0e7e-1c96-4d87-adeb-4894225e2922", "definition": "Sea levels around the world are rising. Current sea-level rise potentially affects human populations (e.g., those living in coastal regions and on islands) and the natural environment (e.g., marine ecosystems). Two main factors contributed to observed sea level rise. The first is thermal expansion: as ocean water warms, it expands. The second is from the contribution of land-based ice due to increased melting. The major store of water on land is found in glaciers and ice sheets." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", "UUID": "5e101ced-5d9f-4733-8768-38db92d83660", "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", "UUID": "786c08f1-f3ed-4edd-8ec9-a69313906426", "definition": "Refers to the chemical makeup and characteristics of sediments. In chemistry, sedimentation has been used to measure the size of large molecules (macromolecule), where the force of gravity is augmented with centrifugal force in an ultracentrifuge." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", "UUID": "40d7f7e1-e11a-410b-a1b6-78c4a961d631", "definition": "The composition of a sediment, which can be measured in terms of parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", "UUID": "870803f5-8bbc-4e39-8372-ce21b0decb75", "definition": "A chronological succession of sedimentary rocks." } ], "UUID": "866aa07b-132c-4b93-9ced-d74b56b3016f", "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUBMERGENCE", "UUID": "43b2798d-32ac-497f-8881-98d52422e3ac", "definition": "To cover with water; inundate." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUBSIDENCE", "UUID": "af017320-085a-4e6c-81c2-38056cb55c7b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUSPENSION", "UUID": "62ecfc64-48d0-4373-9c44-599471703cf4", "definition": "A heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WAVE BREAKING", "UUID": "406bfa8b-8522-4776-936a-1fda8b0cfe97", "definition": "A wave whose amplitude reaches a critical level at which some process can suddenly start to occur that causes large amounts of wave energy to be transformed into turbulent kinetic energy. At this point, simple physical models that describe wave dynamics often become invalid, particularly those that assume linear behavior." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WAVE DIFFRACTION", "UUID": "ab0138b8-6939-4ac1-aa5f-36073d52360b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WAVE EROSION", "UUID": "097a7f54-df6e-4aeb-8d15-65d4bd24da64", "definition": "The power of the wave is generated by the fetch. Waves erode cliffs by abrasion/corrasion and hydraulic pressure." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WAVE REFRACTION", "UUID": "df4a0112-3aba-41ca-816a-86129cacb6a5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WAVE SHOALING", "UUID": "15d5b23c-f739-43b5-bf14-3063c0a59f2d", "definition": "The effect by which surface waves entering shallower water increase in wave height (which is about twice the amplitude)." } ], "UUID": "e26803a0-82ea-40c4-a41a-9e222c9bd09a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FLUVIAL LANDFORMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AIT", "UUID": "3207af29-bd29-4f85-9a08-2614579dd27f", "definition": "A small island. It is especially used to refer to islands found on the River Thames and its tributaries in England." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BAR", "UUID": "ff850d62-675c-4386-a375-fe4af92ec3ff" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BAYOU", "UUID": "a6fdb3c7-a0ea-4f7c-82e5-d72db09b6444" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CANYON", "UUID": "a78c946a-9529-4643-b002-1aa2ac9cfed6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CONFLUENCE", "UUID": "e18c970a-d0c6-4430-b419-64cf718bc456" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CUTBANK", "UUID": "47ea7cc6-2816-4d64-ad41-6ac1d11c2a33", "definition": "Also known as a river cliff, is an erosional feature of streams. Cut banks are found in abundance along mature or meandering streams, they are located on the outside of a stream bend, known as a meander." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DELTAS", "UUID": "daa297ec-4397-4caa-b563-634a71f62b8a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ENDORHEIC BASIN", "UUID": "1afe698e-d920-4756-8de4-482d2ef15a24", "definition": "A closed drainage basin that retains water and allows no outflow to other bodies of water such as rivers or oceans." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FLOOD PLAIN", "UUID": "ba37314d-ec38-4e67-bf30-7e1fdc6bfbad" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GULLY", "UUID": "b9b85df8-3b95-4baf-bd32-8bacd35dc9b5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISLAND", "UUID": "9d078d5c-62cb-46b5-a6f5-43678643a0ce" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LACUSTRINE PLAIN", "UUID": "8ca51b5e-0b7a-4b7a-b7e2-6e163e195e26" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MARSH", "UUID": "4c09d43f-68d5-469d-aaed-f9ef8968ef2e", "definition": "Type of wetland, featuring grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MEANDER", "UUID": "b976b8e5-01b9-4bb3-ba4c-308f8fa0fb97" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OX-BOW LAKE", "UUID": "c5a9eb49-93c4-4fb5-9a02-5fa06ea8800f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PINGO", "UUID": "71b4e773-40a4-47db-8449-7c13f4cc49d9", "definition": "Also called a hydrolaccolith, is a mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic and subarctic that can reach up to 70 metres (230 ft) in height and up to 600 m (2,000 ft) in diameter." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POINT BAR", "UUID": "00e49fcb-d846-4b4e-8f45-b022c1713920", "definition": "A depositional feature of streams. Point bars are found in abundance in mature or meandering streams." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POND", "UUID": "89228e69-5a64-4662-839f-cb3d2209fa41", "definition": "A body of standing water, either natural or man-made, that is usually smaller than a lake. They may arise naturally in floodplains as part of a river system, or they may be somewhat isolated depressions (examples include vernal pools and prairie potholes)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RIFFLE", "UUID": "af058c0e-d40b-4e59-9f92-67b59fd1e2bd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RIVER", "UUID": "87624706-e11f-4043-ac54-479ed94b8dac", "definition": "A natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea, or another river." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SPRING", "UUID": "620a9e6c-5851-48b7-93c5-a1706546f5d1", "definition": "A natural flow of water from the sub-surface to the surface. Usually occurs when the water table intersects the Earth's surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STREAM", "UUID": "01a84bc1-a571-4d23-b57f-1b04fd9542a6", "definition": "A long narrow channel of water that flows as a function of gravity and elevation across the Earth's surface. Many streams empty into lakes, seas or oceans." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STREAM TERRACE", "UUID": "d1964724-2481-417a-be5a-e0dedb111ab4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SWAMP", "UUID": "8f6adff6-672d-4066-8c85-25418a7d0e00" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VALLEY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "V SHAPED VALLEY", "UUID": "186a08ed-b6fc-4963-adb6-2c5113d133e5", "definition": "A valley having a cross-sectional profile in the form of the letter V, commonly produced by stream erosion." } ], "UUID": "f4f9c238-2d7e-4529-944b-52389c13932c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATERFALL", "UUID": "97c6eb84-90a8-4b47-9a22-99c7c1369989" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATERSHED/DRAINAGE BASIN", "UUID": "feceb3aa-d3b4-49e0-ad85-3275acd604fb" } ], "UUID": "bdc0bd86-a3a3-48fa-b1fb-4ca5d13d4dde" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FLUVIAL PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ABRASION", "UUID": "6ae0d1f7-cc99-4da7-8446-e2dca16f546b", "definition": "Mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ATTRITION", "UUID": "b655ca30-361c-4434-a784-68b8ab99668d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEGRADATION", "UUID": "ae368822-4979-4feb-967b-ee7764639646" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DOWNCUTTING", "UUID": "0bb77741-598a-4f8c-8ce9-5aa0d61a0906", "definition": "Erosional downcutting or downward erosion or vertical erosion is a geological process that deepens the channel of a stream or valley by removing material from the stream's bed or the valley's floor." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ENTRAINMENT", "UUID": "3288c7e0-20fa-4e05-80fa-cdb14c436c7e", "definition": "The process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow (such as air, water or even ice ) as part of the operation of erosion." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDRAULIC ACTION", "UUID": "b13bf33a-2a06-489f-80ca-0c77b08588ec" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LANDSLIDES", "UUID": "c09cb9dc-2916-40f0-9f2f-4bbb39d2e7c9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SALTATION", "UUID": "e8ba38ce-fc48-44b7-8b78-03b69e068d46" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", "UUID": "4a031bdf-a6c6-40b8-9c92-34cd83a5739e", "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", "UUID": "ba0630cb-9a7e-4c4b-9675-c92aba7088ce" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", "UUID": "b976820e-6b8c-45f7-87a6-fa6474d39a35" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT THICKNESS", "UUID": "13090c27-d808-4e51-a8ca-2f2c7b958f57", "definition": "The sediment thickness at any location on the continental margin is the vertical distance from the sea floor to the top of the basement at the base of the sediments, regardless of the slope of the sea floor or the slope of the top basement surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES", "UUID": "62013604-1f53-45ab-8612-b3f3fb001db0", "definition": "Sediments arranged in a definite pattern of organizations.Such as cross-bedding produced by migration of water ripples and dunes, graded bedding, a decrease in grain sizes going up in the bed that indicates diminishing force with time, etc." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENTARY TEXTURES", "UUID": "783a9466-a7f9-4294-8159-f84a977a2843", "definition": "The characterization of sediment by the size of individual particles; the classification of sediment by particle-size classes" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", "UUID": "e9c6d45a-787e-4099-bbf9-03d377cdb8d5" } ], "UUID": "b1de8d2f-cfe6-4358-a4cd-5b7e19d0e585" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUSPENSION", "UUID": "26352dff-a48b-4b4a-a442-3b5039cf55c0", "definition": "A heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WEATHERING", "UUID": "5d05853c-b709-484f-a406-03f64e643ea4", "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity." } ], "UUID": "4b982bef-56fe-41e9-a131-af575a8fec6a", "definition": "The physical interaction of flowing water and the natural channels of rivers and streams. Such processes play an essential and conspicuous role in the denudation of land surfaces and the transport of rock detritus from higher to lower levels." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIAL LANDFORMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ARETES", "UUID": "d37d51e0-1bef-473a-9221-6713166762f9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CIRQUES/COMBES", "UUID": "b3032f74-fcdf-41d7-8899-2f2b140209c9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CREVASSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LONGITUDINAL CREVASSES", "UUID": "a78c3d42-ac89-4040-9f0d-4d864b8c4551" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MARGINAL CREVASSES", "UUID": "f0bbea2f-2ef0-4e99-ad76-1aedbbedc016" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TRANSVERSE CREVASSES", "UUID": "6ba069ae-8561-44b7-9e59-d645d6bd725f", "definition": "Are transverse to flow, as a glacier accelerates where the slope steepens." } ], "UUID": "b1d30791-5871-474f-aedf-2d4aa51e2b92" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DRUMLINS", "UUID": "614309a2-4332-4695-aa77-d11794fe4733", "definition": "An elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ESKERS", "UUID": "158a8764-a6e4-4d28-a1b9-b2ab91e09995", "definition": "A long winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel, examples of which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FJORDS", "UUID": "666d9a2b-aaa8-4789-a9d9-a6774e650fe4", "definition": "Are formed when a glacier cuts a U-shaped valley by abrasion of the surrounding bedrock. Many such valleys were formed during the recent ice age. Glacial melting is accompanied by rebound of Earth's crust as the ice load and eroded sediment is removed (also called isostasy or glacial rebound)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIAL HORNS", "UUID": "8c878cc0-d601-4371-af35-9db2c67d8de6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER STRIATIONS/GROOVES", "UUID": "c8ad9c7e-384d-42c9-a75c-813a67e4dbfa" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER/HANGING/U-SHAPED VALLEYS", "UUID": "7335b131-0e86-41b3-a0bc-b28120a0a78a", "definition": "The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys. Most valleys belong to one of these two main types or a mixture of them, at least with respect of the cross section of the slopes or hillsides." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER/ICE CAVES", "UUID": "0a009cb2-9883-48d3-8b91-21efb75b4347", "definition": "Refers to any type of natural cave (most commonly lava tubes or limestone caves) that contains significant amounts of perennial (year-round) ice. At least a portion of the cave must have a temperature below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) all year round, and water must have traveled into the cave\u2019s cold zone." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ICE-DAMMED LAKES", "UUID": "86c6042a-b7ca-4d97-b9d7-db22b1560810", "definition": "In geology, a proglacial lake is a lake formed either by the damming action of a moraine or ice dam during the retreat of a melting glacier, or by meltwater trapped against an ice sheet due to isostatic depression of the crust around the ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "KAME DELTA", "UUID": "6a8d6d83-1a3b-452c-90b8-f37b28bd7eb6", "definition": "A glacial landform made by a stream flowing through glacial ice and depositing material upon entering a lake or pond at the end or terminus of the glacier, thus 'in front' of it, a proglacial lake." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "KAMES", "UUID": "a3407182-6908-4206-b2fd-4c39da4072ce" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "KETTLE HOLES", "UUID": "0557b602-cf85-4b04-82a7-ca76f364e5f4", "definition": "A steep conical hill composed of glaciofluvial sediments. This feature develops when glacial crevasses and depressions in stagnant glacial ice are filled with sand and gravel deposits from sediment loaded meltwater." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MORAINES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LATERAL MORAINE", "UUID": "d3ad1ced-39fa-4e3a-a75d-58e5393a2abe" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MEDIAL MORAINE", "UUID": "063fae56-f066-4023-84c2-daff8261b7fc", "definition": "A ridge of moraine that runs down the center of a valley floor. It is formed when two glaciers meet and the debris on the edges of the adjacent valley sides join and are carried on top of the enlarged glacier." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RECESSIONAL MORAINE", "UUID": "5c242e01-40c4-4fca-a99d-48e4064f6c6f", "definition": "Are often observed as a series of transverse ridges running across a valley behind a terminal moraine. They form perpendicular to the lateral moraines that they reside between and are composed of unconsolidated debris deposited by the glacier. They are created during temporary halts in a glacier's retreat." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RIBBED/ROGAN MORAINE", "UUID": "b62123dd-1bf5-4222-a646-05d71d729c75" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TERMINAL MORAINE", "UUID": "16bd425e-9a14-41ac-900e-5b5c4f713dda", "definition": "End moraines, or terminal moraines, are ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier. They usually reflect the shape of the glacier's terminus. Glaciers act much like a conveyor belt, carrying debris from the top of the glacier to the bottom where it deposits it in end moraines." } ], "UUID": "2575cfaf-1a09-48b6-acb9-fda23b6f4719", "definition": "A glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (soil and rock) which can occur in currently glaciated and formerly glaciated regions, such as those areas acted upon by a past ice age." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NUNATAKS", "UUID": "12e5921b-0d9b-4656-8d5c-d73abcf90a81", "definition": "An exposed, often rocky element of a ridge, mountain, or peak not covered with ice or snow within (or at the edge of) an ice field or glacier. The term is typically used in areas where a permanent ice sheet is present. Nunataks present readily identifiable landmark reference points in glaciers or ice caps and are often named." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OUTWASH FANS/PLAINS", "UUID": "2e62a5dd-5ea5-4cd6-8051-b5e162ef4e01", "definition": "An outwash fan is a fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier. Sediment locked within the ice of the glacier, gets transported by the streams of meltwater, and deposits on the outwash plain, at the terminus of the glacier." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ROCHE MOUTONNEES/SHEEPBACK", "UUID": "e96cea31-2bee-4d9d-bf4a-d0f469aa3bd4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ROCK GLACIERS", "UUID": "fcbf8f96-ac53-41b6-9c98-a87425a4ec82" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TILL PLAINS", "UUID": "bffac466-83aa-4060-a378-6d2d6e49f2a1" } ], "UUID": "b895f4b5-5273-49ef-883f-b67d9f199505" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIAL PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ABLATION", "UUID": "ad793d5e-b75d-4d3e-a542-ad4b4075b141" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ABRASION", "UUID": "c4c96fc4-c75b-4e98-852d-b28fdf6b77a4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CRUST REBOUND", "UUID": "df77e4c7-0b22-4f14-afa5-11b1d335a315" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEGRADATION", "UUID": "eb31cb40-97cf-4445-8abd-d375391edf6f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DUMPING", "UUID": "45ee1fde-6b00-4aca-ac1b-6c13e2361467", "definition": "A deposit of glacial materials." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ENTRAINMENT", "UUID": "10ec2826-c4ac-4373-ad05-9bb4eb35b360", "definition": "The process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow (such as air, water or even ice ) as part of the operation of erosion." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FIRN FORMATION", "UUID": "e2ea5b37-7004-4943-ad69-ca39a57569a4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FREEZE/THAW", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "BASAL ICE FREEZING", "UUID": "ee8dfdf6-0153-4067-ab3b-51794b01ee86" } ], "UUID": "24b052b6-5996-496d-9e91-1fdbda5897da", "definition": "The process where water seeps into a crack in a rock, as the temperature drops below freezing, the water freezes and expands causing the crack to enlarge. The ice then melts into water again as the temperature rises above freezing. This action is repeated until the rock breaks." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIAL DISPLACEMENT", "UUID": "aa74db50-4ae7-463b-903a-2a256f967ca8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIAL DRIFT", "UUID": "b313436f-d925-48b7-a339-e6a08475b6e1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIAL GROWTH", "UUID": "6743ea28-0a6e-4d47-ac71-0c9cdf24ac25", "definition": "The growth of a glacier over time" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIAL STRIATION", "UUID": "12bb9ec2-a706-436d-aa29-253495276052", "definition": "Scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion. Glacial striations are usually multiple, straight, and parallel, representing the movement of the glacier using rock fragments and sand grains, embedded in the base of the glacier, as cutting tools. Large amounts of coarse gravel and boulders carried along underneath the glacier provide the abrasive power to cut trough-like glacial grooves, and finer sediments also in the base of the moving glacier further scour and polish the bedrock surface, forming a glacial pavement." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER CRUST SUBSIDENCE", "UUID": "f8b73efd-d313-41d8-995a-49b80bc8f248" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES", "UUID": "2f8b965f-0a0e-427f-a696-ac6b4323744e", "definition": "Describes a geomorphic process related to freezing of water occur. In its original meaning a periglacial area was at the time in question, the area was not buried by glacial ice but was subject to intense freezing cycles and exhibits permafrost weathering and erosion characteristics." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PLUCKING", "UUID": "53e26c7c-5e85-4dd0-a999-8de519bf9976", "definition": "Exploits pre-existing fractures in the bedrock. This plays a key role in opening and creating new fractures but has only provided small segments of loose material. This is then followed by the entrainment of the loosened rock by the ice. During the process of entrainment, loose rock material is frozen onto the base of the glacier and incorporated into the glacial ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SCOURING", "UUID": "92e348f3-9e6c-4e9e-a1bc-ee72d04755d6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", "UUID": "8c6d4f39-6ae0-4c8d-ad48-2f82bb4e1541" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", "UUID": "134fd984-9b26-4ceb-9084-3bffc0c5a321", "definition": "The chemical makeup of silt, sand, rocks, fossils, and other matter carried and deposited by water, wind, or ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", "UUID": "7fa9d5ef-690e-4daf-8503-363b6b1cb6e4", "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositional environment of those beds and the geologic history of a region. A stratigraphic sequence is a chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks from older below to younger above without interruption." } ], "UUID": "b609e525-db71-4634-b569-f8aab5ad544e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WEATHERING", "UUID": "07825acf-619a-4689-b1ed-09c15166624c", "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity." } ], "UUID": "b409a30b-0e3f-4592-bec9-7d371797b4a9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "KARST LANDFORMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CAVES", "UUID": "cdeff06c-28ec-4a4c-b522-4a46f1f9a239" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COCKPIT/TOWER KARST", "UUID": "ee347068-e1ff-4271-8726-8343f4f15614" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "KARST VALLEY", "UUID": "c9323363-ea07-479d-8b64-e3dbf298a7c5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SINKHOLES (DOLINES)", "UUID": "b9e8b2e3-ea76-4ce9-8a25-64ba0cdef913" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "UVALA", "UUID": "d42a8f13-c438-4794-9f37-bd7870ec731d" } ], "UUID": "590aa85e-bbce-40b2-8ffb-53d80a61c51a", "definition": "A Karst landform is a feature created on the Earth's surface by the drainage of water into the ground or by its discharge at springs." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "KARST PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CAC03", "UUID": "50fd29da-a846-4dd6-98e8-e826b75eeda7", "definition": "A chemical compound that is a common substance found in rocks in all parts of the world, and is the main component of shells of marine organisms, snails, coal balls, pearls, and eggshells. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime, and is created when Ca ions in hard water react with carbonate ions creating limescale." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DISSOLVED CO2", "UUID": "c2920f06-fd42-47da-9989-3104f8fb7282" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "KARST HYDROLOGY", "UUID": "e657b41f-4aa0-4816-b3c8-5b477812a0bc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POROSITY", "UUID": "0317caf8-af0a-4abe-89fb-fd1d9c33b9e7", "definition": "A measure of a rock's ability to hold a fluid. Mathematically, porosity is the open space in a rock divided by the total rock volume (solid + space or holes). Porosity is normally expressed as a percentage of the total rock which is taken up by pore space." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WEATHERING", "UUID": "d727d3c7-3a02-48c6-ab63-a4b3d3364783" } ], "UUID": "9cd875b0-210b-458f-b208-1690f50820d0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TECTONIC LANDFORMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CALDERA", "UUID": "1a0e7a60-9c22-40c5-8424-55119b4db743", "definition": "A large circular depression in a volcano." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CINDER CONE", "UUID": "a9f7bee8-fb32-40b1-9936-ecf6f6597b6b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CRATER", "UUID": "b361211f-8114-4ecb-a261-53011f803e9e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FAULTS", "UUID": "181fb5a4-125b-445d-b65f-adf9a919c800", "definition": "A planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement along the fractures as a result of earth movement." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FOLDS", "UUID": "12d2d3ab-2f04-436f-abd4-e28517e6f86c", "definition": "A geological fold occurs when one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of permanent deformation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GEYSER", "UUID": "1a888a27-8715-46c8-9e11-a6bffba00078", "definition": "A spring characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by a vapour phase (steam)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GRABEN", "UUID": "f1fa2b28-dc04-4373-a6b6-bbcedfaabfb5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HORST", "UUID": "8493f8c2-63c3-4e1c-b813-1f0f3893a30a", "definition": "A raised fault block bounded by normal faults or graben." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAVA DOME", "UUID": "78200b25-8c91-4f1b-82cc-ed79764cd647", "definition": "Roughly circular mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow extrusion of viscous lava from a volcano. The geochemistry of lava domes can vary from basalt to rhyolite although most preserved domes tend to have high silica content." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAVA PLAIN", "UUID": "edb9d13d-27a1-4e9a-a32e-4e49b5e76836" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MAAR", "UUID": "b7ff366c-4322-47bf-b12e-c3fbfb05cf54" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MOUNTAINS", "UUID": "8b7f66ea-d481-4641-9dbf-da90ca3ad9c9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PLATEAU", "UUID": "694e18ec-ceaf-4070-9763-f3ee6dbd6b5b", "definition": "An area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain. A highly eroded plateau is called a dissected plateau. A volcanic plateau is a plateau produced by volcanic activity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RIDGE", "UUID": "97298feb-6991-4d68-8337-177460e436ad" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RIFT VALLEY", "UUID": "ca874a66-f3a8-4099-978c-4684944dc348" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TUYA", "UUID": "f8a9104b-fe7b-4a60-94fc-6b5ef504db55" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VOLCANO", "UUID": "7c2e1960-ae20-46a9-acf1-a3e71542fbb4", "definition": "A cone shaped mountain formed out of rock or ash thrown up from inside the earth, frequently with an opening or depression at the top." } ], "UUID": "9673dc0b-89c0-4f0c-b378-f1c8cb267c8f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TECTONIC PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EPEIROGENIC MOVEMENT", "UUID": "bb554660-d608-467c-b265-b9b68eecfb37" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISOSTATIC UPLIFT", "UUID": "4f0f52fb-b272-49c6-9425-690d9285c380", "definition": "Refers to the the gradual uplift following rapid erosional removal of material from a mountain range. The land rises as a result of the removal of the weight. Another example of isostatic uplift is post-glacial rebound following the melting of continental glaciers and ice sheets." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OROGENIC MOVEMENT", "UUID": "f486acc8-0d0c-4322-bf5c-177bc632bd76" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RIFTING", "UUID": "1b370af4-1887-4e7a-82a6-9acb9ce5dd5f", "definition": "The process in which continental crust is extended and thinned, forming extensional sedimentary basins and/or mafic dyke-swarms. Rifts commence as intracratonic, down-thrown blocks dominated by normal or oblique-extensional (transtensional) faults." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUBDUCTION", "UUID": "0d43cb88-dd6d-40ac-b241-b628a39ed2af", "definition": "The process that takes place at convergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate, sinking into the Earth's mantle, as the plates converge. A subduction zone is an area on Earth where two tectonic plates move towards one another and subduction occurs." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TECTONIC UPLIFT", "UUID": "7d5472ba-ae65-45df-a19a-c762055eaead", "definition": "A geological process most often caused by plate tectonics which increases elevation" } ], "UUID": "99b4792a-9ea3-4756-a4dc-b1b30c946b54" } ], "UUID": "d35b9ba5-d018-48a5-8f0d-92b9c55b3279" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "LAND SURFACE COLOR", "UUID": "6035c55a-7b7a-49de-9887-a440230781d0", "definition": "The visible shade or hue of the Earth's exposed ground as seen from above. Dependent on what materials are present and how they reflect light." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "LAND USE/LAND COVER", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DISTURBANCE", "UUID": "a71560e7-42c5-4cbe-96fc-368de3b05a5f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND PRODUCTIVITY", "UUID": "2e69c08b-ee0f-426c-a8d2-dc50876f76c2", "definition": "The rate of production, especially of food, by the utilization of solar energy by producer organisms." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND RESOURCES", "UUID": "c77819e9-f62f-48dc-b924-e7a73b4dcda9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND USE CLASSES", "UUID": "fe2f8240-4d8e-4b1f-b869-29fee59692f7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGE", "UUID": "2f72ebfd-bbbd-4cda-bfc1-0d650272b51d", "definition": "Changes to land surfaces from both natural and anthropogenic means, including deforestation, land slides, agriculture, mining, building constructions, pavement, etc." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND USE/LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MINERAL LANDS", "UUID": "363ad5e8-9516-4fb8-968a-815a7e787e7c", "definition": "Lands usually held by a federal government as public lands and valuable for deposits of metals and other minerals." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VEGETATION INDEX", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CAROTENOID CONTENT INDEX (CAR)", "UUID": "e8a2e742-b0e4-407e-9510-7719dc3bde30" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CHLOROPHYLL INDEX RED EDGE (CIRE)", "UUID": "be0e2026-5429-4f72-a0dd-bdfed087e85f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CHLOROPHYLL-CAROTENOID INDEX (CCI)", "UUID": "b9b9d005-e90a-4455-a337-556325316a35" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ENHANCED VEGETATION INDEX (EVI)", "UUID": "84698f17-b070-46fb-ab5f-38ce6db53f40", "definition": "The Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) method is an optimized vegetation index that accounts for atmospheric influences and vegetation background signal. It's similar to NDVI but is less sensitive to background and atmospheric noise, and it does not become as saturated as NDVI when viewing areas with very dense green vegetation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MODIFIED ANTHOCYANIN REFLECTANCE INDEX (MARI)", "UUID": "40c1cd31-df37-4932-a0d8-7c23d1f163b6", "definition": "The Modified Anthocyanin Reflectance Index (mARI or ARI2) is an enhanced version of ARI that corrects for leaf density and thickness by incorporating a near-infrared band. This modification improves the accuracy of anthocyanin estimation by accounting for leaf scattering properties." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE INFRARED INDEX (NDII)", "UUID": "f4002584-484c-42b5-85dc-c8c86406f00a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE SNOW INDEX (NDSI)", "UUID": "5b7b1456-6471-4797-b7fd-7b904f869168", "definition": "The Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) is a measure used to identify snow cover by comparing the reflectance of visible light and shortwave infrared light. It helps distinguish snow from clouds, as snow reflects visible light well but absorbs infrared light, making it appear darker than clouds in satellite images." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI)", "UUID": "7b43eda3-899a-4afa-89be-2dbe527834c2", "definition": "An index of plant \u201cgreenness\u201d or photosynthetic activity, and is one of the most commonly used vegetation indices." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE WATER INDEX (NDWI)", "UUID": "5b9a0cef-f536-428c-9b78-772427f316f6", "definition": "The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) is a remote sensing index used to monitor changes in water content in both vegetation and water bodies. It is calculated using specific wavelengths of light, typically involving green and near-infrared bands for water bodies, and near-infrared and short-wave infrared bands for vegetation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PHOTOCHEMICAL REFLECTANCE INDEX (PRI)", "UUID": "6fc0b0cb-6c6b-46dc-ae5e-5ca57394c66c", "definition": "The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) is a widely used spectral index which can show stress-induced changes in photosynthesis. It is useful for getting at functional properties of plant canopies such as light use efficiency and for measuring foliar pigments." } ], "UUID": "e63844c1-015c-4776-b01c-e3e7d5dd3d0c" } ], "UUID": "75c312bc-79f9-4d74-a7c0-3c67c019196c", "definition": "Relates to the type of feature present on the surface of the earth. This can include such things as corn fields, lakes, maple trees, and concrete highways." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND/OCEAN/ICE FRACTION", "UUID": "f7e776da-50a3-4bb2-bf51-b6ba6266a605" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND/OCEAN/ICE MASK", "UUID": "b7586859-abb5-4449-9be6-72c613b6a084" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ROCK FRACTION", "UUID": "911f2d35-8678-42e6-a581-324d385f7d6b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SHADE FRACTION", "UUID": "87be8c1f-9f92-45f9-ba9b-f50efa5bcca0", "definition": "Spectral fraction of photometric shade." } ], "UUID": "e5815f58-8232-4c7f-b50d-ea71d73891a9" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "LANDSCAPE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY", "UUID": "e77c0096-05a7-47ff-8629-55d12c46bb6b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT", "UUID": "36a4ac5a-1082-4922-9bca-934c06e54cda", "definition": "The identification, assessment, design, and manipulation of features or values of a landscape." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LANDSCAPE PATTERNS", "UUID": "3b6fe940-7383-4bae-b436-fc487723bbcf", "definition": "A natural space classification of living communities and their environmental conditions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LANDSCAPE PROCESSES", "UUID": "6c44a08d-0a08-47f5-b819-7e561445e613", "definition": "The physical processes that shape an area of land, including landforms, living elements of flora and fauna, and human activity and the built environment." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", "UUID": "d57dff3d-5f2f-425c-80bb-2a6fcb42d3fa" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "REFORESTATION", "UUID": "dcb100c9-5b43-422a-a429-25cae9dbb170" } ], "UUID": "f36d71c6-f2ad-49c4-809f-09b4f0688412" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SOILS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CALCIUM", "UUID": "9409ee0f-2b72-4472-9d61-f8072981a6cb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CARBON", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NET ECOSYSTEM CO2 EXCHANGE (NEE)", "UUID": "f6a8db71-9686-46ec-a3ac-66ca4a0ec1bd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SOIL ORGANIC CARBON (SOC)", "UUID": "39a39084-ae04-421c-892b-f554133ca4e6", "definition": "'Soil organic carbon' represents the pool of organic carbon stored in the soil." } ], "UUID": "a7ae5843-479c-4055-b8fc-ba651e485750" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY", "UUID": "9bad3c7b-daf6-428a-89bd-ce62b074dfcf" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DENITRIFICATION RATE", "UUID": "0d0de6a7-c340-4e6b-b01d-ccbb6e7fa913", "definition": "The rate of biochemical reduction of nitrate or nitrite to gaseous nitrogen, either as molecular nitrogen or as an oxide of nitrogen." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY", "UUID": "781bf38b-2797-4415-8d5a-67e9f3a2f5fe", "definition": "A measure of ease with which a conduction current can be caused to flow through a soil under the influence of an applied electric field." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HEAVY METALS", "UUID": "49ee4fcc-a0ad-4638-aec9-90b4946d8922", "definition": "Those metals which have densities >5.0 Mg m-3. In soils these include the elements Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY", "UUID": "e2a88ac8-7bf3-408c-b2b4-b3217f9e4917" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "IRON", "UUID": "ae575305-340d-474b-99a7-22b537f10ec8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MACROFAUNA", "UUID": "5c4b5f03-8e57-49f0-bb03-f8efafb837d3", "definition": "'Macrobiota' is a general term for the larger soil organisms. Macrofauna, inparticular, refers to burrowing vertebrate animals, but may include largerinsects and earhworms." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MAGNESIUM", "UUID": "7b86bc20-ba2b-4cd0-8aa0-ed47663d9222", "definition": "Measurement of any form of magnesium in the soil; one macronutrient in the soil." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MICROFAUNA", "UUID": "e9555194-efd1-4427-b8e3-8fe6c49b8636" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MICROFLORA", "UUID": "ed1b3fa6-173d-476c-9b35-c57335c0a473" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MICRONUTRIENTS/TRACE ELEMENTS", "UUID": "ac061db6-21c7-46fc-b5a8-9f61c795fdd6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NITROGEN", "UUID": "e1179e7f-59e5-465a-9879-6bda6985744e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ORGANIC MATTER", "UUID": "215f69b9-259a-4b82-9f8f-f96d4f5aaad2", "definition": "Soil constituents consisting of a wide range of organic (carbonaceous) substances, including living organisms, carbonaceous remains of organisms, which once occupied the soil, and organic compounds produced by current and past metabolism in the soil." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PERMAFROST", "UUID": "08240c92-00b5-4f25-bf2e-8030531a78d2", "definition": "A layer of soil or bedrock at a variable depth beneath the surface of the earth in which the temperature has been below freezing continuously from a few to several thousands of years." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PHOSPHORUS", "UUID": "9169ace5-0f04-4fc9-b38d-b89a786b9fe1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POTASSIUM", "UUID": "8af17fd3-7c42-4698-9d60-e154ece5aebe" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RECLAMATION/REVEGETATION/RESTORATION", "UUID": "c22818ce-07aa-4f77-8fe2-be1925743bac" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL ABSORPTION", "UUID": "e497c2e3-cd21-4af9-9a5d-91da4e201631" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL BIOGEOCHEMISTRY", "UUID": "df5ff39e-b49f-4517-afc0-1842a1a6fdc7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL BULK DENSITY", "UUID": "2c821621-f035-4c57-8dee-5f24968f959a", "definition": "The mass of dry soil per unit of bulk volume, including the air space." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL CHEMISTRY", "UUID": "e273b634-62f5-4601-8b92-6550f6efeab8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL CLASSIFICATION", "UUID": "14e51b6e-9d91-4af5-bb93-22842359d492", "definition": "The taxonomy of a soil, the great order, suborder, and great group of the soil based upon the characteristics and properties." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL COLOR", "UUID": "013b44e9-df5c-4ef8-a99f-7351d16bfd14", "definition": "The property of a soil that is based upon three components of hue, chroma (intensity or brightness), and value (lightness or darkness)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL COMPACTION", "UUID": "c9f8c1e9-dca8-4c2e-9537-65903d19cfe5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL CONSISTENCE", "UUID": "6ce3eeff-d222-4356-8cd2-50fbcbcbb295", "definition": "The combination of properties of soil material that determine its resistance to crushing and its ability to be molded or changed in shape." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL DEPTH", "UUID": "60e783c1-4b33-4ab3-860b-8bd4ed00dc9f", "definition": "A measure from the surface to the bottom of the soil profile." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL EROSION", "UUID": "6eef914d-ff9f-44b0-a3a6-3dcf911023d4", "definition": "The wearing away of the land surface by rain or irrigation water, wind,ice, or other natural or anthropogenic agents that abrade, detach and removegeologic parent material or soil from one point on the earth's surface anddeposit it elsewhere, including such processes as gravitational creep andso-called tillage erosion; The detachment and movement of soil or rock bywater, wind, ice, or gravity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL FERTILITY", "UUID": "cdb10789-ef01-46bd-8047-86e550df0df4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL GAS/AIR", "UUID": "76c23076-d9d5-4414-a69f-a830cecdd9ce", "definition": "The soil atmosphere; the gaseous phase of the soil, being that volume notoccupied by solid or liquid." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL HEAT BUDGET", "UUID": "c6847d01-cbf9-491b-be59-c283d9072d95" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL HORIZONS/PROFILE", "UUID": "7a16aa40-c74b-4a69-a230-1edd1b453332", "definition": "The soil profile is the vertical section of the soil, from the surface through all its horizons, where a horizon is a layer of soil, approximately parallel to the soil surface, differing in properties and characteristics from adjacent layers below and above it." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL IMPEDANCE", "UUID": "bcc72093-b2d4-47e8-9213-7f48172e0e95" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL INFILTRATION", "UUID": "2283a2fe-19ec-4b1d-a553-20ec9713a658", "definition": "The entry of water into soil. Also, the infiltration flux is the volume ofwater entering a specified cross-sectional area of soil per unit time [L t-1]." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL MECHANICS", "UUID": "e9d5ae5a-0718-44f2-9694-b791b646a825" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL MOISTURE/WATER CONTENT", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ROOT ZONE SOIL MOISTURE", "UUID": "4353d710-3d65-44b3-b988-26af1415646a", "definition": "'root zone soil moisture' describes moisture content in the top 1 meter of the soil column" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SURFACE SOIL MOISTURE", "UUID": "09e712bf-7389-4980-8115-af4282469eb8", "definition": "'surface soil moisture' describes the moisture content in the top 5 cm." } ], "UUID": "bbe2ea34-8842-4a9f-9b0b-95dd3c71857f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL PH", "UUID": "357193c5-154d-487b-a1c3-a1a90d15918c", "definition": "The negative log of Hydrogen ion concentration" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL PLASTICITY", "UUID": "2da4e52a-b43b-4ff0-9e4d-c98438a38c6d", "definition": "The degree to which a soil is capable of being\tmolded or deformed continuously and permanently, by relatively moderate pressure, into various shapes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL POROSITY", "UUID": "20f932b9-cc40-4462-879f-1c8d8c765152", "definition": "The volume percentage of the total soil bulk not occupied by solid particles." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL PRODUCTIVITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION (GPP)", "UUID": "283df7dc-58e0-41c5-80b1-e9cdeae9e79e", "definition": "The 'NEE of CO2' with the atmosphere is a fundamental measure of the balance between carbon uptake by the vegetation 'GPP' and carbon losses through 'autotrophic' and 'heterotrophic respiration'" } ], "UUID": "1e7afff2-cd50-4d26-968b-bffd2d738edd", "definition": "The capacity of a soil for producing a specified plant or sequence of plants under a specified system of management; emphasizing the ability to produce crops." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL RESPIRATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AUTOTROPHIC RESPIRATION (Ra)", "UUID": "3fb007fe-605f-4f07-be91-f723d7051ac3", "definition": "'NEE of CO2' with the atmosphere is a fundamental measure of the balance between carbon uptake by the vegetation 'GPP' and carbon losses through 'autotrophic' and 'heterotrophic respiration'. The sum of Ra and Rh defines the total ecosystem respiration rate." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HETEROTROPHIC RESPIRATION (Rh)", "UUID": "8286d00a-e540-4e01-9e15-377711e5fe56", "definition": "'NEE of CO2' with the atmosphere is a fundamental measure of the balance between carbon uptake by the vegetation 'GPP' and carbon losses through 'autotrophic' and 'heterotrophic respiration'. The sum of Ra and Rh defines the total ecosystem respiration rate." } ], "UUID": "e699830a-0abf-45b2-8026-ac80e0269ea7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL ROOTING DEPTH", "UUID": "1b475201-a032-4a66-a3aa-a35605affaee", "definition": "he distance in inches that plant roots extend into the soil. Knowing theaverage root depth for the plants in each watering zone is important todetermine an efficient watering schedule. Shallow roots require more frequentwatering than deep roots, which can draw water from a larger soil profile. Average root depths vary with plant type. Trees will have root depths of 24inches or more. Xeriscape plants will have root depths around 10 inches. Shrubsand perennials will have roots of 8 inches or more. Grass can have deep roots(greater than 6 inches, depending on region). Annuals and bedding plants havethe shallowest roots at 4-5 inches." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL SALINITY/SOIL SODICITY", "UUID": "9d7b0259-2d88-4e78-b2c2-131a02d05c15" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL STRUCTURE", "UUID": "aa25235a-596f-4504-89e1-4c625275700d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "0546b91a-294d-45d9-8b45-76aaad0cc024", "definition": "The degree of hotness or coldness of the soil as measured on some definite temperature scale." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL TEXTURE", "UUID": "fb05c0c0-7fcd-470c-ba2b-755f04f5d811" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOIL WATER HOLDING CAPACITY", "UUID": "7c00e468-6a43-49ef-891e-b0ce29e2ff36", "definition": "The percentage of water remaining in a soil two or three days after its having been saturated and after free drainage has practically ceased (field moisture capacity)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SULFUR", "UUID": "742e6889-1ebf-4441-b803-4892c7176822", "definition": "Measure of any form of Sulfur, a macronutrient, in the soil." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY", "UUID": "c67c1e1c-19f1-49de-8b2b-d5ce6f596323" } ], "UUID": "3526afb8-0dc9-43c7-8ad4-f34f250a1e91", "definition": "The range of dynamic natural bodies composed of mineral and organic materials and living forms in which plants grow." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SURFACE RADIATIVE PROPERTIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ALBEDO", "UUID": "136b1de3-4b2e-49e6-80cd-cf2e9bac2c48", "definition": "The ratio of the radiation reflected from an object to the total amount incident upon it, for a particular portion of the spectrum." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ANISOTROPY", "UUID": "00c1d7b9-61d8-40ad-8c33-f27006832866", "definition": "The characteristic of a surface for which a physical property, such as reflectivity, varies in value with the direction in or along which the measurement is made." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EMISSIVITY", "UUID": "4ee9d0c5-2e0c-486c-b89b-7b002d18c5f7", "definition": "The ratio of the radiation emitted by a surface to the radiation emitted by a perfect blackbody radiator at the same temperature." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "REFLECTANCE", "UUID": "f043c0a8-9cee-4c51-bf64-a4aaa34ab75d" } ], "UUID": "cb5cc628-a1b5-459e-934f-881153a937b8" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SURFACE THERMAL PROPERTIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HEAT FLUX", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LATENT HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "05dd9887-0b58-45f2-b3ea-6e26bbee6990" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LONGWAVE HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "dcefbf77-61b6-462b-a9dc-97f9035ac545" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "a213e661-4a55-4cee-a889-738f7bd6097c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SHORTWAVE HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "b514c2a8-ff5e-4f5a-95ab-5d06c61288c4" } ], "UUID": "9886e184-f4a5-4940-914d-10f98fe530bc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND HEAT CAPACITY", "UUID": "8931329c-3f6d-4ba6-913c-27afa8d104c1", "definition": "The ratio of the heat absorbed (or released) by a system to the corresponding temperature rise (or fall)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "THERMAL ANOMALIES", "UUID": "76613ea6-02c6-4b4f-9ad7-fee52077c0ad", "definition": "Land surface temperature is how hot the \u201csurface\u201d of the Earth would feel to the touch in a particular location; an anomaly is when the conditions depart from average conditions for a particular place at a given time of year." } ], "UUID": "d559b900-eca6-42a4-9311-0297b2ef98ab" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SKIN TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "40d6a3e7-89dd-4399-8fa5-bbc7a0917b4e", "definition": "Refers to the effective radiating temperature of the soil plus canopy surface. It is inferred from satellites in the 8-12 um window region. In climate models, it is the temperature used to determine upward thermal emission. The skin temperature usually shows a larger diurnal variation than the surface air temperature, a factor that needs to be considered when evaluating data/model comparisons." } ], "UUID": "a228b67f-0791-470b-a4ca-71b8da279332" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "TOPOGRAPHY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SURFACE ROUGHNESS", "UUID": "21474df3-f9a6-48ca-be15-bdb3611fe062", "definition": "The unevenness of the land surface that results in friction for fluid flow. This can be influenced by the presence of such things as vegetation, water bodies, mountains and other landforms, etc." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TERRAIN ELEVATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BED ELEVATION", "UUID": "05e52e24-b9ac-42cf-bdf9-1dcad56900e8", "definition": "Elevation of the bed with respect to mean sea level" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CONTOUR MAPS", "UUID": "120f9132-a756-4f6f-a74c-78e94dfcd2a1", "definition": "A map that contains contours, which are imaginary lines that connect points of equal value (e.g. elevation of the land surface)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DIGITAL ELEVATION/TERRAIN MODEL (DEM)", "UUID": "395372ad-2883-4b6a-a481-6383a310ca47", "definition": "A digital model or 3D representation of a terrain's surface created from terrain elevation data." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "Digital Surface Model (DSM)", "UUID": "a1f5c621-7b45-4889-8d02-b5ca6bf86c08" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TOPOGRAPHICAL RELIEF MAPS", "UUID": "f7d2e34a-c5c2-4c21-9132-2472620dbda1" } ], "UUID": "74ed1690-968e-444c-8a31-7b8344a2aad3", "definition": "The vertical distance from mean sea level to a point or object on the Earth's surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS", "UUID": "05bef198-cfff-48be-b0cb-14e296d38dbc", "definition": "The topographic effect is indicated on Landsat images of rugged terrain by the visual impression of relief. It is caused by the variation in spectral radiance due to surface slope and aspect variations. The difference in radiance between a horizontal and sloping surface of the same cover type provides a measure of the topographic effect (Holben and Justice 1981).\tHolben and Justice (1979) also measured it and showed thatthe effect is most extreme in areas of rugged terrain and especially for slopes in the principal plane of the sun and at low solar elevations." } ], "UUID": "3e822484-c94a-457b-a32f-376fcbd6fd35", "definition": "The general configuration of the land surface,\tincluding its relief and the position of its natural features." } ], "UUID": "6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5", "definition": "Refers to the surface area and features on the surface of the Earth." }, { "level": "Topic", "name": "OCEANS", "children": [ { "level": "Term", "name": "AQUATIC SCIENCES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AQUACULTURE", "UUID": "f6c057c9-c789-4cd5-ba22-e9b08aae152b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FISHERIES", "UUID": "fa57b0a0-9723-4195-bdd1-4f26aefa0e07" } ], "UUID": "f27ad52c-3dfd-4788-851a-427e60ae1b8f" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "BATHYMETRY/SEAFLOOR TOPOGRAPHY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ABYSSAL HILLS/PLAINS", "UUID": "0b011562-ee55-4ba0-a026-4faa7493ca5b", "definition": "Pertaining to geophysical (seismic, magnetic, gravity, etc.) data collected\non the plains and hills of the deep oceanic floor. \nABYSSAL HILLS: Small hills found only in the deep sea which rise from the oceanbasin floor with heights ranging from 10 to over 500 feet and widths from a fewhundred feet to a few miles. They are found along the seaward margin of most\nabyssal plains and originate from the spreading of mid-ocean ridges. As such,\nthey usually form two strips parallel to mid-ocean ridges. They generally\ndecrease in height as one traverses away from the ridges as they gradually\nbecome covered with sediment and are replaced by abyssal plains.\nABYSSAL PLAINS: Flat areas of the ocean basin floor which slope less than 1\npart in 1000. These were formed by turbidity currents which covered the\npreexisting topography. Most abyssal plains are located between the base of thecontinental rise and the abyssal hills. The remainder are trench abyssal plainsthat lie in the bottom of deep-sea trenches. This latter type traps all\nsediment from turbidity currents and prevents abyssal plains from forming\nfurther seaward, e.g. much of the Pacific Ocean floor." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BATHYMETRY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COASTAL BATHYMETRY", "UUID": "d80c015f-a383-4883-8309-6aab1c39f5b6" } ], "UUID": "80d79c7e-6c64-4ada-bfcc-4093969758a5", "definition": "The measurement and charting of the spatial variation of the ocean depths." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CONTINENTAL MARGINS", "UUID": "a91a00f7-05ed-4633-9fac-1772a48b6342" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FRACTURE ZONES", "UUID": "58c12630-a889-44c1-a951-56bbbe9758c9", "definition": "Fracture zones are large, linear zone of irregular bathymetry of the sea floor,characterized by asymmetric ridges and troughs. Fracture zones are thetopographic expression of transform faults, faults with horizontal displacementconnecting the ends of an offset in a mid-ocean ridge." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN PLATEAUS/RIDGES", "UUID": "73e02157-9df9-415f-93fc-cb457989ddb1", "definition": "Geological features pertaining to the large, flat rises or ridges. A ridge isa long, narrow elevation of the sea floor, with steep sides and irregulartopography. Ocean plateaus refer to an area of highland, usually consisting ofrelatively flat rises, and are formed when land has been uplifted and theneroded by wind or water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEAFLOOR DEFORMATION", "UUID": "090aa2ed-698b-4947-ac00-ab05d390c77b", "definition": "The movement or displacement of the ocean floor caused by geological forces including active tectonic plate boundaries, volcanic systems, submarine landsliding, hydrocarbon extraction, and CO2 injection into submarine reservoirs." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEAFLOOR TOPOGRAPHY", "UUID": "b6b51058-1111-4498-a9ac-e1515270fb27" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEAMOUNTS", "UUID": "83520258-413c-4842-93c0-58a23dc58638", "definition": "Isolated steep-sided volcanic peak that rises abruptly at least 1000 m from thesea floor, sometimes piercing the surface to become islands." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SUB-BOTTOM PROFILE", "UUID": "8b22d265-0f46-46c1-b307-1957527c13bb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SUBMARINE CANYONS", "UUID": "18ce5577-26e9-4b76-860b-1ba31cafa9d0", "definition": "Submarine canyon are relatively narrow, V-shaped, deep depression with steepslopes, the bottom of which grades continuously downward across the continentalslope." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TRENCHES", "UUID": "36040c6a-5e3a-49fe-b519-162fb77a0fd4", "definition": "Trenches are long, deep (6,000-11,000m/20,000-36,000ft), and narrow depressionof the sea floor with relatively steep sides, associated with a subductionzone. The deepest of all ocean trenches, is the Mariana Trench (11,020 m/36,000ft)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER DEPTH", "UUID": "ca477721-473b-40d7-a72b-4ffa963e48fb" } ], "UUID": "c16bda61-353b-4668-af2f-bbb98785b6fa" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "COASTAL PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BARRIER ISLANDS", "UUID": "7e28f2e0-a641-4085-be07-366ed6e701f4", "definition": "Elongate sand bar formed parallel to the shore in areas ofconsiderable sediment flux, but separated from shore by a lagoon, andpierced at intervals by inlets through which the sea communicates withlagoon and river." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BEACHES", "UUID": "4ba798ce-ad0b-4809-94fa-ec1b8e294252", "definition": "A zone of unconsolidated particles extending from below water level to theedge of the coastal zone." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BOTTOM COVER TYPE", "UUID": "22450240-b06c-4954-a8d6-c6b756dab92d", "definition": "The general three-dimensional features of the bottom and whether it is covered in sand, coral, sediment, rock, man made objects, etc., to determine benthic zone type." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BOTTOM REFLECTANCE", "UUID": "415ca86b-358e-44ab-82c2-abdf3fde3a25", "definition": "The proportion of incident light that is reflected upward from the seafloor or lakebed through the overlying water column back toward a sensor. " }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COASTAL ELEVATION", "UUID": "1fbf5df2-ab7c-43fc-9bb2-8eb3f8891f7b", "definition": "Vertical height of the land along the coast, measured from a datum such asmean sea level." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CORAL REEFS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CORAL BLEACHING", "UUID": "f5df87b6-ed50-4da0-9ba5-7ce4c907bdb3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CORAL REEF ASSESSMENT", "UUID": "3edb3342-dab8-41d6-9f6a-28dd448528ec", "definition": "Assessments of coral reef and deep sea coral ecology, biology, and distributions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CORAL REEF EXTENT", "UUID": "7e24064a-7035-402a-ab9d-fa5e5c359720", "definition": "Measurement of the spatial extent or dimensions of coral reefs. A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Reefs are formed by colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate. They are most commonly found at shallow depths in tropical waters, but deep water and cold water coral reefs exist on smaller scales in other areas." } ], "UUID": "ad497e7a-48fa-45e1-90a5-b052508bdb30" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DELTAS", "UUID": "f9f0f92b-7901-4dda-8d64-be4e845ce29b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DUNES", "UUID": "6f7b2753-aed1-4783-a7cc-781d00d13a0f", "definition": "An elongated mound of sand formed by wind or water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EROSION", "UUID": "cd7a7748-7231-4a73-b85c-b5696066230a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ESTUARIES", "UUID": "a7dcdedf-bcc5-4032-b70f-7fadf74d6144" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FJORDS", "UUID": "a90899c8-fe50-48e0-b92c-bb64f6ae681c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "INLETS", "UUID": "f43cd776-c568-4d09-997c-0a8ad1022e06" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "INTERTIDAL ZONE", "UUID": "82b62e59-6ea1-48e1-a402-bd386c5046eb", "definition": "The marine zone between the highest high tide point on a shoreline andthe lowest low tide point." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAGOONS", "UUID": "c733c179-c12a-47e9-8e9a-817a5212446f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LOCAL SUBSIDENCE TRENDS", "UUID": "5a090f0c-7466-47fd-b679-5dee947ab05c", "definition": "Sinking of the land due to tectonic or isostatic processes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LONGSHORE CURRENTS", "UUID": "ccf07d90-b3a3-43d3-9249-a494bb48d1b6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MANGROVES", "UUID": "04c4a85f-91ce-4d64-9e19-b3e0897ff187", "definition": "Pertaining to the environment of large flowering shrubs or trees growingin dense thickets or forests along muddy or silty tropical coasts." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MARSHES", "UUID": "30056645-a442-4ef6-ac76-c5bc27086d83", "definition": "Pertaining to the environment of dense grasses (typically salt-tolerant cordgrasses of the genus Spartina) growing on broad, flat coastal areas, characterized by muddy substrate and periodic tidal draining and flooding." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ROCKY COASTS", "UUID": "488f4df2-712e-4fac-98d1-46ab134b84ee", "definition": "Pertaining to the environment of rock-dominated shorelines,often characterized by high-energy wave action, and often common alongisostatically rebounding coastlines." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SALTWATER INTRUSION", "UUID": "dffe5a35-09af-4413-bdd3-a5aedfeb49cc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA LEVEL RISE", "UUID": "0afaaa5e-f88c-4c1f-95c1-1faa0148885a", "definition": "An increase in the average height of the sea surface over a vertical datum." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA SURFACE HEIGHT", "UUID": "1ed24fe1-d0d5-46d1-8d22-8ac25d289c75", "definition": "The height of the ocean surface above a datum, such as a vertical datumfor sea level measurements, or a reference ellipsoid for satellitealtimetric measurements." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", "UUID": "c5c34f0a-552e-45a6-91c1-9edb3a8deef9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENTATION", "UUID": "9457740a-897b-4adc-96fb-f3e3aafa34ea" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SHOALS", "UUID": "4c2d2255-680d-47d6-adb2-179093593f8a", "definition": "A sandbank or sandbar that makes the water shallow and presents anavigation hazard." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SHORELINE DISPLACEMENT", "UUID": "1a740c3e-7032-4f72-93e8-d0ba343d82e0", "definition": "The distance over which the coast has moved due to a combination offactors; i.e., sea level rise, erosion, or sedimentation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SHORELINES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SHORELINE MAPPING", "UUID": "3472f70b-874f-4dc5-87db-4b3ebc4b9aaa", "definition": "Large-scale maps and nautical charts required to properly depict shoreline, shoreline features, navigation aids, and other navigationally significant features such as piers, docks, pilings, etc. These maps are compiled from remotely sensed data such as aerial photographs, LIDAR or satellite imagery." } ], "UUID": "1d3b4eb7-9931-44bf-8457-26847051b7a8", "definition": "Representation of the coast in vector format used to delineate theland-sea boundary in maps or geographic information systems." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "STORM SURGE", "UUID": "9edd23d0-68a9-4bae-8887-705058f48ba7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TIDAL HEIGHT", "UUID": "9ab67e8f-066e-47b8-838d-8cd5e7460119" } ], "UUID": "b6fd22ab-dca7-4dfa-8812-913453b5695b" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "GEOLOGICAL FEATURES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND/OCEAN/ICE FRACTION", "UUID": "e63e32cc-896c-47dd-9652-a01ba2ee3334" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAND/OCEAN/ICE MASK", "UUID": "7a74347d-e372-4048-8012-c9be550e0e5e", "definition": "These keywords are used to identify the type of grid location." } ], "UUID": "035d870c-9792-4a74-8e02-e03c9a671c8e" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "HYDROGRAPHY", "UUID": "916b2963-6c1d-48ee-8f97-8606febf8db7" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "MARINE ENVIRONMENT MONITORING", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ENFORCEMENT", "UUID": "43763945-ceea-4716-8e77-068393300a7e", "definition": "Enforcement operations (by aircrafts, UAVs, etc.) using thermal imagery, survey, and radar to support enforcement of marine sanctuary regulations and protection of it's resources." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MARINE OBSTRUCTIONS", "UUID": "56e4dd42-e393-4aa2-b4d9-9e96d85c9768", "definition": "The act of watching,keeping track of or checking the ocean(pelagic orbottom conditions) for a special purpose." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MARINE SUBMERGED DEBRIS", "UUID": "8e5371ad-4e70-48cf-9109-bfe995b7230c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MARINE SURFACE ELEMENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MARINE SURFACE DEBRIS", "UUID": "d594fc9c-556b-4eb5-9ec3-0d2126ca9cd5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MARINE VESSELS", "UUID": "f81de12c-5f0c-4027-8ff1-de84d1bacb60" } ], "UUID": "e6c6507d-59dd-49f4-9afa-bb7393a718c6" } ], "UUID": "ca154e02-a226-4cc7-8e4a-4474e7eb1eeb" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "MARINE GEOPHYSICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MAGNETIC ANOMALIES", "UUID": "e31f905d-bd2a-4fe9-89d8-909e1d2b9b1a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MARINE GRAVITY FIELD", "UUID": "ad09b215-e837-4d9f-acbc-2b45e5b81825" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MARINE MAGNETICS", "UUID": "7863ce31-0e06-42a5-bcf8-25981c44dec8", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of the Earth's magnetic field through theworld's oceans to detect variances in the oceanic crust." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PLATE TECTONICS", "UUID": "78a4dbe2-2d6b-4562-988c-022c3a83f4c1", "definition": "A theory of global tectonics in which the lithosphere is \ndivided into a number of plates whose pattern of horizontal movement is \nthat of torsionally rigid bodies that interact with one another at their \nboundaries, causing seismic and tectonic activity along these boundaries." } ], "UUID": "bb04ee83-bf49-4f96-898d-20bb6e92bc93" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "MARINE SEDIMENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BIOGENIC SEDIMENTS", "UUID": "ff0108e2-8415-423c-85ed-07792dbef534" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BIOTURBATION", "UUID": "14c8935f-8a46-4111-8f2e-bec8bbae5d13", "definition": "The physical mixing of sediments caused by the burrowing and feedingactivities of benthic organisms." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DIAGENESIS", "UUID": "4bfed15d-b8b4-4fb1-940b-ef342c4c2225", "definition": "The physical and chemical change undergone by sediment during lithificationand compaction." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES", "UUID": "d4f4b5d3-27b2-4b7d-bb69-733b67ac687a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HYDROGENOUS SEDIMENTS", "UUID": "3d352f0f-f69f-44c4-b345-aa9230fbd6ca", "definition": "Sediments composed of material precipitated chemically from seawater." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "5b40f099-b0a1-4d73-8896-6ecf4fcc4d73", "definition": "How sediment particles on the seafloor are spread out by size, number, and concentration." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PARTICLE FLUX", "UUID": "676327f4-8354-4033-8081-9cab6651ac98", "definition": "The transport of a mass of sediment particles per unit area per unit time." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PARTICLE SIZE", "UUID": "911e1d74-802f-4ad0-adca-fd54c490959d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", "UUID": "f8411549-a72d-44cd-9b7b-6953ec22f8da" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", "UUID": "17008d04-394d-4de8-8834-dd0a3cd88093", "definition": "The constituent materials of a sediment sample; including trace metals,organic material or contaminants." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENT THICKNESS", "UUID": "6956aa5f-a54a-4335-a48c-8be363d267ac", "definition": "Definition: The sediment thickness at any location on the continental margin is the vertical distance from the sea floor to the top of the basement at the base of the sediments, regardless of the slope of the sea floor or the slope of the top basement surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", "UUID": "bd55adac-4182-4441-91e2-163aa77e1320" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES", "UUID": "282ea985-efd0-4113-860d-b8221f6cc6f2", "definition": "Sediments arranged in a definite pattern of organizations.Such as cross-beddingproduced by migration of water ripples and dunes, graded bedding, a decrease ingrain sizes going up in the bed that indicates diminishing force with time,etc." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENTARY TEXTURES", "UUID": "cddc37fd-8540-4c78-b567-add74e6b789b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENTATION", "UUID": "a4eb3bc4-48a5-4ed2-a74b-ca87a58e90f5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", "UUID": "41b7293f-7f20-40ab-8bf7-b211c68146b9", "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositionalenvironment of those beds and the geologic history of a region." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SUSPENDED SOLIDS", "UUID": "bcf6975f-2a21-4a6c-9286-fb8f85d00901" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TERRIGENOUS SEDIMENTS", "UUID": "31cf96eb-7fcd-490d-9e10-7f17dc12e1e3", "definition": "Sediments composed of material derived from land sources and transported tothe ocean by wind or flowing water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TURBIDITY", "UUID": "68e2c729-f729-4936-af2e-0ecf7ee7d231", "definition": "Measurement of the degree of scattering of light in water, related tothe amount of suspended material in the water." } ], "UUID": "ce4b2c6e-3d69-4cf1-8416-c36e5f9b1b2c" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "MARINE VOLCANISM", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BENTHIC HEAT FLOW", "UUID": "bf3d6238-d0d6-4e73-82e6-5e38bc9291bb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HYDROTHERMAL VENTS", "UUID": "b677862b-7921-458f-a6db-0eb46469df33" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ISLAND ARCS", "UUID": "9bb0de49-1812-400c-a73b-d2686dd9066a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MID-OCEAN RIDGES", "UUID": "f345294c-36e6-4c76-b484-2204cc0bc3a2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RIFT VALLEYS", "UUID": "f32afbca-dac6-41b1-a198-791c1fb57951" } ], "UUID": "e3b178eb-2d47-41db-aba1-43a05e9e9256" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "OCEAN ACOUSTICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ACOUSTIC ATTENUATION/TRANSMISSION", "UUID": "025c1e31-1a97-4a30-a887-0b9a5127fd4d", "definition": "Attenuation: Diminution of the intensity of acoustical energy propagatingthrough a medium with the distance traveled, through absorption andscattering. Transmission: Propagation or the motion of waves through oralong a medium." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ACOUSTIC FREQUENCY", "UUID": "7bb3c4cd-cbb4-4c82-997b-d11ecc1cdb9f", "definition": "The number of cycles per unit time of a sound wave." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ACOUSTIC REFLECTIVITY", "UUID": "6a583047-6023-4b6a-ab25-b72529721a8c", "definition": "The casting back of sound waves from a surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ACOUSTIC SCATTERING", "UUID": "b4a924bb-0d42-4169-bad7-3856f69f0c4a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY", "UUID": "1295cf9a-c345-40eb-9b79-82bddc6acf50", "definition": "Identification of water masses and monitoring of water mass movementsusing acoustical techniques." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ACOUSTIC VELOCITY", "UUID": "e4aae1a4-b4d5-4b13-9cc0-c0df6234ce3b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AMBIENT NOISE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BIOLOGICAL AMBIENT NOISE", "UUID": "96f15c48-4ea1-4c68-92f0-d59218856bb5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PHYSICAL AMBIENT NOISE", "UUID": "b016722f-5441-41c1-97c4-6612c87c4311" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TOTAL AMBIENT NOISE", "UUID": "f1f90445-4272-4390-92b1-2efc626a9ed1" } ], "UUID": "a74abbc1-dd75-4f22-bbec-7d45091a4593" } ], "UUID": "0517ae1f-7617-4f3b-80cb-649178032825", "definition": "Scientific field of study pertaining to sound propagation in themarine environment. Variables include measurements of the characteristicsof sound." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "OCEAN CHEMISTRY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ALKALINITY", "UUID": "4eab7956-e59e-4615-8d5c-39a16faa1f27", "definition": "The alkalinity of seawater is the combined negative charges due to\nhydrogen carbonate and carbonate ions expressed in molal concentrations.\nAlkalinity is based on seawater being electrically neutral and is\ndetermined by titration (and therefore given the subscript t)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AMMONIA", "UUID": "64d17528-29b4-4e2e-843a-7f7035bb5717", "definition": "A gaseous compound of one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms, NH3, thatis highly water-soluble. A dissolved form, ammonium, NH4+, is a nutrientand is listed as a detailed variable under ammonia." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES", "UUID": "f1e6caa5-2c97-407d-a0db-7bf01794d8e3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BIOMEDICAL CHEMICALS", "UUID": "97636cf7-189f-4953-9807-64fbcc60f72c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CARBON", "UUID": "5c52009f-2c44-4db1-b62b-135c6181bad2", "definition": "A nonmetallic element, with chemical symbol C, found combined with other elements in all organic matter and in a pure state as diamond or graphite." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CARBON DIOXIDE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CARBON DIOXIDE PARTIAL PRESSURE", "UUID": "6bf8c40d-6bc0-410b-92a5-349bd88dc021", "definition": "Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the surface of the sea. C02 at the sea surface that can be measured from ships and other systems as an indicator for ocean acidification." } ], "UUID": "26afa886-4866-4536-be3a-6f9db9aacd97", "definition": "A gaseous compound of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, CO2. Itis colorless, odorless, incombustible, and is soluble in water. Itsdissolution in seawater is important to understanding the global carboncycle." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CARBONATE", "UUID": "68f7ba1b-a2f9-41b6-9bc1-fd187942fbed", "definition": "A dissolved ion of carbonic acid, with the chemical formula CO3(-2), formedby dissolution of carbon dioxide in water. Other forms of carbonate, suchas bicarbonate, HCO3-, are included with this variable as detailedvariables." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CHLOROPHYLL", "UUID": "7989eae1-8ea3-4039-af0c-9130de145449", "definition": "Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants responsible for absorbing the light energy required for photosynthesis." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DISSOLVED GASES", "UUID": "38219b66-2acd-4f77-a0fc-8241172c9001", "definition": "Elements or compounds of gaseous form, dissolved in seawater. When keyed ina DIF, they do not typically include carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, ornitrous oxide, since these are their own variables." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DISSOLVED SOLIDS", "UUID": "a3c25ed5-d3e4-4b86-bd9a-6f78d5d2bc07" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HYDROCARBONS", "UUID": "6d8eb011-ffb5-4e18-ac59-2d8f84353734", "definition": "Organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HYPOXIA", "UUID": "b846063c-e218-4fc6-9866-0cdca24e9023" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "INORGANIC CARBON", "UUID": "d9b4f30d-bddd-4888-b66b-07d2dc09708b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "INORGANIC MATTER", "UUID": "b9cfc6af-a424-42b9-8e89-6b332262e841" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MARINE GEOCHEMISTRY", "UUID": "1dfb36a3-f985-4514-a1d0-cc73ca572922", "definition": "The related chemical and geological properties of the ocean." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NITRATE", "UUID": "4fde380a-38c5-4d46-bc80-4f2515a43983", "definition": "A charged molecule composed of one atom of nitrogen and three atoms ofoxygen, NO3-, available to plants and phytoplankton as a nutrient." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NITRIC ACID", "UUID": "61740c18-f010-4384-8516-1eb33d75352e", "definition": "A strong acid, nitric acid (HNO3) is a colorless or yellowish,fuming, suffocating, caustic liquid. It is highly water-soluble." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NITRITE", "UUID": "941410da-0b7f-4ec6-a718-212194ced13f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NITROGEN", "UUID": "db5357c9-cc9d-4693-86fe-6bb88555d434" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NITROGEN DIOXIDE", "UUID": "54054bc3-5faa-4b0d-b5dd-cf04595369b5", "definition": "A reddish-brown, highly poisonous gas, with the chemical formula NO2." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NITROUS OXIDE", "UUID": "d1c2bba5-799d-412b-80e0-fa04058416e3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NUTRIENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NUTRIENT PROFILES", "UUID": "0f6a760e-999c-4275-9748-d682ad73fd58", "definition": "Vertical profiles of nutrients in the ocean, such as nitrogen and phosphate." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SURFACE NUTRIENTS", "UUID": "4d06267b-8f85-4b7b-9b2f-97a09f804d70", "definition": "Nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphate, at the ocean's surface." } ], "UUID": "8dd7c9f0-51d0-4037-b1d0-a2517c1770ad" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN TRACERS", "UUID": "080db90f-79ff-4900-941d-9c02fe2df862", "definition": "Chemical component of the ocean used to determine the movement of water masses." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ORGANIC CARBON", "UUID": "d3055f47-258e-4556-a885-54cd1fff4680" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ORGANIC MATTER", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COLORED DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER", "UUID": "18e0fad3-b6f4-4120-9221-f82fb2ffd384", "definition": "Optically measurable component of the dissolved organic matter in the water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DETRITUS", "UUID": "b501a674-638e-41d5-a2e5-b630cb5a62c4" } ], "UUID": "b2bdeb71-81b5-43e6-a8b1-b09c215c8d1a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OXYGEN", "UUID": "90aa8838-79bd-4b28-b518-8217e863c385" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PH", "UUID": "4433600b-f323-458a-b295-352f939aab6b", "definition": "A measure of the alkaline or acid strength of a substance. pH is definedas the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration ofa solution." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PHOSPHATE", "UUID": "0b513d8c-bfd3-44ee-976e-42757b8375a2", "definition": "A charged molecule composed of one atom of phosphorus and four atoms ofoxygen, PO4(-3), available to plants and phytoplankton as a nutrient." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PIGMENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHLOROPHYLL", "UUID": "37669b8c-1940-4330-b4e9-ee49ad3673b5", "definition": "Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants responsible for absorbing the light energy required for photosynthesis." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PHYTOPLANKTON", "UUID": "0afaa99b-c7e0-40ef-ba91-2af1be0bea52", "definition": "Microscopic marine algae that live in the upper sunlit layer of the ocean or other water bodies. " } ], "UUID": "ed925b43-db83-4cbb-8347-3dc0081bb8f4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RADIOCARBON", "UUID": "6641ff15-36c8-4dbc-bf9c-176a08688173", "definition": "A radioactive isotope of carbon (carbon-14) with a half-life of about5730 years, widely used in the dating of organic materials." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RADIONUCLIDES", "UUID": "e9ed684e-5252-4091-a794-aaf6e5f249ed" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SILICATE", "UUID": "c91c8879-1b29-48e3-b4cd-a238af66cdaf" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "STABLE ISOTOPES", "UUID": "38dadd6d-6adb-44e2-b28a-fd18d797d052", "definition": "Any non-radioactive form of a chemical element, having the same atomicweight as that element (i.e. same number of protons), but a differentnumber of neutrons." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SUSPENDED SOLIDS", "UUID": "718fb499-8c55-4fa6-9a07-ac9155d4bc9d", "definition": "Particulate matter suspended in the water column, greater than0.45 micrometers, as distinguished from dissolved solids which are lessthan 0.45 micrometers. Synonymous with Particulates." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TRACE ELEMENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TRACE METALS", "UUID": "84ab9e02-29d1-4e58-97c9-d9e14d97131a", "definition": "Metals present in relatively small proportions in oceans and other water bodies that can be both essential for all life and harmful when introduced by humans to the natural aquatic environment in unnatural amounts." } ], "UUID": "6c320188-da7b-4d52-8e99-57d7ac401841", "definition": "An element whose dissolved concentration is between 50 and 0.05 micromolesper kilogram. Most are metals and can be referred to as trace metals.Specific names of trace elements may be entered as Detailed Variables." } ], "UUID": "6eb3919b-85ce-4988-8b78-9d0018fd8089", "definition": "Scientific field of study pertaining to the composition and propertiesof seawater. Variables include concentrations of seawater's constituentmaterials. For variables pertaining to seawater salinity, see the TermSalinity/Density." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "OCEAN CIRCULATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ADVECTION", "UUID": "0cb7f2c6-5e99-4781-8d4f-19ecbad2e2e0", "definition": "The horizontal or vertical flow of seawater as a current." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BUOY POSITION", "UUID": "81f51367-8467-4183-baea-6b526780fcc7", "definition": "The latitudinal/longitudinal position of a buoy with respect to oceancurrents." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CONVECTION", "UUID": "10a9c153-f37d-48fe-920d-c790d946ab07", "definition": "The circulatory vertical motion in a fluid medium (ocean water) owing tothe variation of its density and the action of gravity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DIFFUSION", "UUID": "6fe4680b-96e8-4304-ab32-c17a0769932c", "definition": "In the oceans, a mixing process through which a component of seawater(e.g. salt) is transferred from a zone of higher concentration to a zoneof lesser concentration." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EDDIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MESOSCALE EDDIES", "UUID": "fc95c990-47cb-4087-a08f-235dd1eb1260" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUBMESOSCALE EDDIES", "UUID": "160c0b4d-6c03-4576-a4ea-f743a3a69d13", "definition": "Submesoscale eddies can efficiently transport heat and salt in the upper ocean (Wang et al., 2018) and play an important role in the balance of energy generation and dissipation of larger scale oceanic processes (Munk et al., 2000; Zatsepin et al., 2019). However, compared to mesoscale eddies, they remain poorly studied due to technical difficulties in observing these small-scale and ephemeral ocean features. Satellite altimeters typically cannot characterize eddies smaller than 100\u2013200 km in diameter. In subtropical and tropical oceans sea surface temperature imagery lose their spatial contrast during summer, and satellite ocean color imagery also suffer to lack of sufficient observations due to clouds, strong sun glint, and stray light (Chen et al., 2019; Hu, 2011). As a result, to date, there is generally a lack of synoptic and long-term characterization of submesoscale eddies in the world's oceans, except perhaps in some small regions when continuous land-based high frequency-radar observations are available." } ], "UUID": "13927300-c59c-491a-91f3-f1540bcb2d8d", "definition": "Unit(s) of motion in a fluid medium (ocean) running contrary,usually circularly, to the main current." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "Finite Time Lyapunov Exponent", "UUID": "34033240-5675-4760-9fad-0c0d9b67b7ce", "definition": "The Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponent (FTLE) is a well-established numerical tool for assessing stretching rates of initial parcels of fluid. FTLE is referenced as part of the Global multi-scale Eulerian and Lagrangian oceanic 2 environmental variables for the period 2000-2009." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FRESH WATER FLUX", "UUID": "bdd42024-d1a4-4fb2-a16a-06ac0cc1dedc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FRONTS", "UUID": "22b339b5-1af5-46e3-8191-d93729001eeb", "definition": "Sharp temperature boundaries between water masses." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GYRES", "UUID": "fc0a6bb2-27f0-48e8-89f1-ebfc7ccd4823" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "Lagrangian feature", "UUID": "a110c0bd-0d41-4ac3-8463-16f97c57b266" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN CURRENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CURRENT PROFILES", "UUID": "811512a3-5138-43c5-99e5-d1373e2710a8", "definition": "Ocean current direction (vector) throughout the water column." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HORIZONTAL CURRENT SHEAR", "UUID": "39dfbc45-f1bc-496b-bb97-849aacf2feb7", "definition": "The horizontal derivative of current speed with distance in water. This is analogous to the \u201cHORIZONTAL WIND SHEAR\u201d keyword." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SPEED PROFILES", "UUID": "7744f889-b25e-4d0e-bcf6-d94cbf63df22", "definition": "Ocean current velocity throughout the water column." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUBSURFACE CURRENTS", "UUID": "abb21298-124f-4f12-92e8-affbb5c8fba8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SURFACE CURRENTS", "UUID": "b3647731-a71a-4af4-bfa2-e53b61efafeb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SURFACE SPEED", "UUID": "64bcd669-cbb0-41ff-a4bf-9ce1050d12c7", "definition": "Ocean surface current/water flow velocity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VERTICAL CURRENT SHEAR", "UUID": "499ad64c-bf58-498e-a885-fc99c6d76728", "definition": "The vertical derivative of current speed with depth in water. This is analogous to the \u201cVERTICAL WIND SHEAR\u201d keyword." } ], "UUID": "510c5f78-e19e-4ce4-b59a-8937aeb84631", "definition": "Horizontal flow of water in an established, defined pattern." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN MASS", "UUID": "d96bcb09-f240-41cc-84d0-6af9fb3509de" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN MIXED LAYER", "UUID": "48ec6449-373c-41f6-8a61-8f1e9ed95737", "definition": "Also called the surface zone. The ocean mixed layer is the upper layerof ocean in which temperature and salinity are relatively constant withdepth. Depending on local conditions, the surface layer may reach to 1,000meters (3,300 feet) or be absent entirely." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SUBDUCTION", "UUID": "c6f748f7-3a2a-4c76-90bd-8e8d7a691b21" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION", "UUID": "aa1bc71c-daeb-401e-9e29-ebde975482cf" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TURBULENCE", "UUID": "b9f343a1-0b8d-4e88-91bc-21f5d551963f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "UPWELLING/DOWNWELLING", "UUID": "75ab3537-34b1-4025-b758-7296626079ba", "definition": "The upward motion of seawater anywhere in the oceans." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VORTICITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POTENTIAL VORTICITY", "UUID": "aad49974-99ab-4623-a716-ea73e2f46ad1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RELATIVE VORTICITY", "UUID": "ace6a51d-36af-4330-893f-d1fecc8ac904" } ], "UUID": "55715ed3-471e-46a8-97b6-b463708a2cbe", "definition": "Measure of the rotational spin about an axis at some point within a fluid." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER MASSES", "UUID": "113edd07-7b1a-4082-b054-b58d3f23b93a", "definition": "A large body of seawater identified by its temperature and salinity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION", "UUID": "03fbea0a-74b9-4c78-8752-a588cff27f17", "definition": "The surface currents that form from the transfer of energy from windsto surface waters." } ], "UUID": "a031952d-9f00-4ba5-9966-5f87ab9dfdd4" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "OCEAN HEAT BUDGET", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ADVECTION", "UUID": "5f6358aa-872c-4c1c-9388-4714138f034a", "definition": "Advection is the transfer of properties of current flow. The transfer ofheat gain/loss from one region to another." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BOWEN RATIO", "UUID": "a9b6a001-42b2-48db-b132-62e69f03b8cb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CONDENSATION", "UUID": "93c1a177-70e3-4c33-a183-baff7f401697" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CONDUCTION", "UUID": "2ef42281-1e38-4391-b578-ba6a6158f0c2", "definition": "Conduction is the transfer of energy within and through a conductor.In oceanography, the rate of heat gain or loss through the sea surfaceby conduction can be measured." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CONVECTION", "UUID": "69d394f7-a792-4a17-8d7f-e60cd60dcda0", "definition": "Convection is energy transfer through motion of within the fluid resultingin transport and mixing of the properties of the fluid. Inoceanography, convection plays a role in the transfer of heat away fromthe ocean. As the air near the warm sea surface gets heated, it expandsand rises, carrying the heat away. In physical oceanography, the sinkingof surface waters to form deep water masses, a process of fundamentalimportance for ocean climate and the maintenance of a stably stratifiedworld ocean. There are two main types of deep convection, the physics ofwhich are very different. The first is convection near an open boundary,which involves the formation of a dense water mass which reaches thebottom of the ocean by descending a continental slope. The second type isopen-ocean deep convection, where the sinking occurs far from land and ispredominantly vertical." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DIFFUSION", "UUID": "064d919e-3262-44c3-a636-8094bc963001", "definition": "In the oceans, a mixing process through which a component of seawater(e.g. salt) is transferred from a zone of higher concentration to a zoneof lesser concentration." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EVAPORATION", "UUID": "881eea51-e32c-4174-a73f-d56c94122c2e", "definition": "The physical process by which a liquid is transformed to the gaseousstate. Evaporation also implies a loss of heat from the ocean surface andis an important term in determining the heat budget of the ocean." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HEAT FLUX", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CONDUCTIVE HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "cb02e3ec-d872-4944-b824-07fde2260599" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GEOTHERMAL HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "258d6984-ff0c-40d5-9dc5-673d211e21e7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LATENT HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "c7dc02a5-0db0-43cf-ac7a-8768b7ddda5f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "6a2d1d48-d2cc-4fe7-85f5-c98ab3a11262" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TURBULENT HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "7ee32363-7c39-40c3-95b3-4f24e284abb6" } ], "UUID": "ee2cb9eb-f960-4e23-9e7c-be64d44a64e7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HEATING RATE", "UUID": "ed2e9f34-2358-4a2a-a83e-febba8989c5c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LONGWAVE RADIATION", "UUID": "bc891281-b24c-4310-b39b-81715d7dad08" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "REFLECTANCE", "UUID": "d1426df9-7653-442b-8e38-fa28757ec748" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SHORTWAVE RADIATION", "UUID": "8d69bce7-efce-4efb-9870-6a6d3a2684fd" } ], "UUID": "63bc0693-52eb-4ebd-a39e-e77e96409072", "definition": "Study of the heat energy gains and losses of the oceans, on global orregional scales. Variables include the terms in the heat budget equation." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "OCEAN OPTICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ABSORPTION", "UUID": "e501d002-d11e-4569-8c0d-e40ae5b45f65" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "APHOTIC/PHOTIC ZONE", "UUID": "4e8943e7-daf9-41f2-8a5e-b415b82e6381", "definition": "Aphotic zone in the ocean, beneath the photic zone, where light intensitiesare not sufficient to enable photosynthetic production. Photic zone isthe illuminated zone of the ocean where light intensities are sufficientfor photosynthetic primary production. Also known as the euphotic zone." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ATTENUATION/TRANSMISSION", "UUID": "71c78d69-9cfe-48e9-8dd2-9c75acf22283", "definition": "Attenuation is the exponential loss of light intensity as lightpropagates through water. Attenuation is caused by absorption andscattering of light energy. Transmission is the measurement of thepercentage of light received at a photo cell placed at fixed distancesfrom a light source." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BACKSCATTER", "UUID": "54aa2648-70cf-434b-832e-8bbd8460efdf", "definition": "The reflection of a signal, such as sound waves or light, back in the direction from where it originated. Often used from soundwaves to help understand sea floor characteristics." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BIOLUMINESCENCE", "UUID": "90f97e5b-f883-4a34-a3bc-7dea8d96eb7d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CHLOROPHYLL", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATION", "UUID": "0f816677-9e94-4e3b-b409-513335769af8", "definition": "The concentration of chlorophyll is a proxy for the number of photosynthetic plankton, or phytoplankton, present in the ocean. Phytoplankton populations are influenced by climatic factors such as sea surface temperatures and winds." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHLOROPHYLL-A", "UUID": "5e5852e2-c562-4021-9c28-69fad4b6afa8", "definition": "The predominant type of chlorophyll used by algae and cyanobacteria, it can be used to measure the quantity of these organisms in a lake or on a hard substrate as well as to classify trophic state." } ], "UUID": "15cc550b-068c-49f4-b082-bc2a43675606", "definition": "The green pigment in plants responsible for absorbing the light energy required for photosynthesis." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EXTINCTION COEFFICIENTS", "UUID": "5f2ec7b9-3e8c-4d12-bba6-0f84c08729e0", "definition": "Coefficient of underwater light attenuation. Different coefficientsare included as detailed variables (e.g. diffuse attenuation coefficient,etc.)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FLUORESCENCE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MACROALGAE FLUORESCENCE", "UUID": "092956f8-767b-4c43-94d3-72d5f8dba898", "definition": "Light re-emitted by seaweeds after absorbing energy from sunlight or another light source. This faint glow can be measured to provide information on the pigments, photosynthetic activity, and overall health of the algae, and how the algae respond to environmental change." } ], "UUID": "a60ae1b6-abfc-4905-8c09-772da7bb1a10" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GELBSTOFF", "UUID": "87b074b4-9b73-4e69-b8c0-0f112b1cfa6d", "definition": "Dissolved organic matter (DOM) produced by the decomposition of plantmaterial and the metabolism of plankton, originating in the ocean orbrought to the ocean by rivers, and producing a distinctive yellow-brownto yellow-red coloration of the water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "IRRADIANCE", "UUID": "40aacf7a-aba0-4ba2-bf85-ea7c39c3322c", "definition": "Incoming radiant energy incident upon a particular area. In the water, thiscan be measured as downwelling irradiance at various wavelengths. Suchmeasurements of downwelling irradiance are included as detailedvariables." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN COLOR", "UUID": "78f5a84f-1b5b-44a9-97e7-4a1996cd2e36", "definition": "Study of visible light interactions with oceanic water, both within thewater column and remotely sensed from the ocean surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OPTICAL DEPTH", "UUID": "001f18d3-7e61-430b-9883-1960c6256fe5", "definition": "The degree to which the ocean absorbs light, assuming verticalseparation between light source and light receiver." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION", "UUID": "b7410899-350a-4443-9430-c7fe1fa3a499" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RADIANCE", "UUID": "68dacfbb-4f23-4325-b80f-4b09d41bd505", "definition": "The flux density or radiant energy per unit area of a\nradiating surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "REFLECTANCE", "UUID": "4f7ad022-70ea-4254-b0ae-7a231fc2e46a", "definition": "The fraction of the total radiant flux incident upon a surface thatis reflected and that varies according to the wavelength distributionof the incident radiation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SCATTERING", "UUID": "20b41061-e6dc-47ef-b73b-00dc08a59618", "definition": "The process by which some of a stream of radiation is dispersed to travel\nin directions other than that which from it was incident by particles\nsuspended in the medium through which it is travelling." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SECCHI DEPTH", "UUID": "954c2f25-3ec8-4774-ba34-fa4289f33f0e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TURBIDITY", "UUID": "f0d83687-bc0a-4491-bb3e-697f1018da13" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER-LEAVING RADIANCE", "UUID": "ad41b62a-141b-4207-887c-334367860cf4" } ], "UUID": "457883c4-b30c-4d26-bed8-6c2887ebbc90", "definition": "Scientific field of study of light in the oceans. Variables includemeasurable characteristics of underwater light." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "OCEAN PRESSURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN BOTTOM PRESSURE", "UUID": "73311948-541c-4960-ae2b-2e82a79aa621", "definition": "The sum of the mass of the atmosphere and ocean in a 'cylinder' above the seafloor." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA LEVEL PRESSURE", "UUID": "e5bca08d-ecb3-4b85-8acd-fed782875aa2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER PRESSURE", "UUID": "dd025312-0d27-44e0-ae05-7cfcc1aa17f0" } ], "UUID": "bfa56100-6fb5-4e49-9633-298fa3b45508" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "OCEAN TEMPERATURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN BARRIER LAYER", "UUID": "a76f878d-c6fb-49bf-9165-3cac5fb61d80" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN MIXED LAYER", "UUID": "64074461-95d0-4538-869a-0114e39216aa", "definition": "Also called the surface zone. The ocean mixed layer is the upper layerof ocean in which temperature and salinity are relatively constant withdepth. Depending on local conditions, the surface layer may reach to 1,000meters (3,300 feet) or be absent entirely." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN TEMPERATURE PROFILES", "UUID": "f952e80e-77de-4dc8-aa6b-0f3be186aba5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "e02b0b50-a0f2-4c47-841b-9689fdb99121" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA SURFACE FOUNDATION TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "e4d58a7f-7eaa-4f75-996a-18238c698063" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA SURFACE SKIN TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "cd5a4729-ea4a-4ce1-8f5a-ec6a76d31055" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA SURFACE SUBSKIN TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "68a09c56-be36-4100-8757-3a6eec7dc251", "definition": "The sea surface subskin temperature is the temperature at the base of the conductive laminar sub-layer of the ocean surface, that is, at a depth of approximately 1 - 1.5 millimeters below the air-sea interface. For practical purposes, this quantity can be well approximated to the measurement of surface temperature by a microwave radiometer operating in the 6 - 11 gigahertz frequency range, but the relationship is neither direct nor invariant to changing physical conditions or to the specific geometry of the microwave measurements. Measurements of this quantity are subject to a large potential diurnal cycle due to thermal stratification of the upper ocean layer in low wind speed high solar irradiance conditions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY", "UUID": "904f3b34-20c8-4eb8-bf68-6304edecf945" } ], "UUID": "bd24a9a9-7d52-4c29-b2a0-6cefd216ae78" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "THERMOCLINE", "UUID": "68772b70-e493-48d5-b063-00b9d2dd4078", "definition": "The zone of the ocean in which temperature decreases rapidly with depth." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "46206e8c-8def-406f-9e62-da4e74633a58", "definition": "A measure of the average kinetic energy of the vibration of water molecules." } ], "UUID": "251c87cd-03b3-464f-8390-8ede2fec28fc", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of the average kinetic energy of oceanic water." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "OCEAN VOLUME BUDGET", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ADVECTION", "UUID": "30fd009d-df91-47ba-8800-2f2771f15e80" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DIFFUSION", "UUID": "4fc9280e-f273-4280-a732-93ef4ceea418", "definition": "In the oceans, a mixing process through which a component of seawater (e.g. salt) is transferred from a zone of higher concentration to a zone of lesser concentration." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EVAPORATION", "UUID": "9e8257c6-5c14-4707-995a-d31409265407" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", "UUID": "32d0ca35-bff8-4e63-9c5b-c70d1593824a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PRECIPITATION", "UUID": "6c71e621-aae6-436b-9405-5dc6ed2a527e", "definition": "All liquid or solid phase aqueous particles that originate in the atmosphere and fall to the earth's surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RUNOFF", "UUID": "67290503-94b9-4517-b5b6-063bba2bee27" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW MELT", "UUID": "18323b62-5f66-4878-843b-cbde545dd775", "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s)." } ], "UUID": "54b47174-d035-4b9c-99a5-27b39c7f0f17" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "OCEAN WAVES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GRAVITY WAVES", "UUID": "dc9fcd27-58ac-4705-a522-6475d59cfb81" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ROSSBY/PLANETARY WAVES", "UUID": "41764af0-1264-4adb-881d-44991489344c", "definition": "A wave on a uniform current in a two-dimensional nondivergent fluid system, rotating with varying angle speed about the local vertical (beta plane)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA STATE", "UUID": "11aca777-8a01-42ce-b076-b3059c3d8cae", "definition": "A measure of the roughness of the sea surface; a scale of surfacewave conditions related to the speed of wind." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEICHES", "UUID": "2b4963ba-1a7a-419d-97ef-eacaa14688e0", "definition": "Pendulum-like rocking of water in an enclosed area; a form of standingwave that can be caused by meteorological or seismic forces, or that mayresult from normal resonances excited by tides." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT", "UUID": "1ac6850e-9266-4e90-ba83-b6a6cc4ae365", "definition": "The average height of the highest one-third of all waves occurring ina particular time period." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "STORM SURGE", "UUID": "0bf50cd4-8a97-468c-8e73-047e3e09a03d", "definition": "A phenomena wherein sea level rises above the normal tide level whenhurricanes or tropical storms move from the ocean along or across acoastal region. This sea level rise can consists of three components, thefirst of which results from low barometric pressure, i.e. the so-calledinverse barometer effect, where lower atmospheric pressure on the surfaceof the water allows it to rise. The second component is wind set-up wherethe winds drag surface" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SURF BEAT", "UUID": "a90526a9-5476-45bc-9a15-73ac2dfc62ab" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SWELLS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SWELL DIRECTION", "UUID": "b23597aa-ccb2-40be-920d-5663769cd502" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SWELL HEIGHT", "UUID": "5e9ad407-bd70-43ae-a901-6b07f100db27", "definition": "The estimated average height of the highest one-third of the swells. It is estimated from determining how the wave energy is distributed among various periods (frequencies), determining if a separate swell energy peak exists, and then, picking a frequency to separate swell and wind-waves. The swell height is calculated from the wave energies below the separation frequency." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SWELL PERIOD", "UUID": "7a8920f3-e531-47e0-bb23-a9f816cfb7bf", "definition": "This is the peak period in seconds of the swells. If more than one swell is present, this is the period of the swell containing the maximum energy." } ], "UUID": "4e4d3c18-cdd4-474a-a936-6e127ec526f7", "definition": "The long-period, undulating waves that propagate energy to greatdistances from the point of generation; the source of 'breakers' along thebeach." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TOPOGRAPHIC WAVES", "UUID": "3dd99ea6-51bd-4b78-bf2e-d5aeca7f5bc8", "definition": "Waves with a restoring force arising from variations in depth." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TSUNAMIS", "UUID": "7a79a3f3-1817-4c9f-8485-550a022b5a8d", "definition": "Japanese for 'wave in bay.' A long-period wave generated byrapid displacement of water, such as by seismic disturbances to the seafloor. Tsunamis travel at speeds of about 700 km/h in the open ocean andbuild to dangerous heights and energy density when their speed slows inshallow waters." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WAVE DIRECTION", "UUID": "037ce518-b71f-4599-b37f-feab9cc9809d", "definition": "The line along which a wave travels with respect to it's compass heading." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WAVE FETCH", "UUID": "09b326df-79b3-41b8-8998-e06344b0fe0d", "definition": "The distance over which the wind blows, a factor in wind wave developmenton the ocean surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WAVE FREQUENCY", "UUID": "0d91f6d9-44c4-4418-90b0-00feb09c6fc0", "definition": "The number of waves passing a fixed point in a given period of time." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WAVE HEIGHT", "UUID": "0fc68280-1361-43e1-bc5a-40c49e9679b7", "definition": "Vertical distance between a wave crest and the adjacent wave troughs." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WAVE LENGTH", "UUID": "5daa972e-b47c-4050-97f1-1e628401fb97", "definition": "The horizontal distance between two successive wave crests (or troughs) ina progressive wave." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WAVE OVERTOPPING", "UUID": "5377fb64-b10a-4284-9b7b-be77b4c16fe5", "definition": "Wave overtopping refers to the volumetric rate at which wave runup flowsover the top or crest of a slope, be it a beach, dune, or structure." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WAVE PERIOD", "UUID": "99ea6719-b751-4a4f-95d4-aaa02e961bc1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WAVE RUNUP", "UUID": "9a4816c1-dba8-4ae4-9c3b-7f98a4ac245b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WAVE SETUP", "UUID": "4dd520ea-30fc-416d-b98c-340fd23431d3", "definition": "Wave setup is the increase in mean water level due to the presence ofbreaking waves." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WAVE SPECTRA", "UUID": "e79ff727-c598-4a1c-8b4f-b6019fcf386b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WAVE SPEED", "UUID": "d02bae1c-b05e-4c56-b964-7f49610efc3b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WAVE SPEED/DIRECTION", "UUID": "e52114b2-adbc-4e3e-9c87-1a7f245fe5ef" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WAVE TYPES", "UUID": "a4f0e0d2-4bcb-4675-b874-e6e0f3a8c462" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WIND WAVES", "UUID": "0c9adb35-b203-42d7-8ccf-b7f2079db7ce", "definition": "A wave formed by transfer of wind energy into water." } ], "UUID": "a04804d5-1064-48fd-a7a7-8da8e10399e1" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "OCEAN WINDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CONVERGENCE/DIVERGENCE", "UUID": "b59e188c-49b8-41b3-94c4-0bc1dbb554fe" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SURFACE WINDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WIND DIRECTION", "UUID": "d78e5503-d78e-466d-97bb-e68d6e768a9d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WIND SPEED", "UUID": "a7ce84a3-8329-4eb7-b5de-72d2dea8c6bf" } ], "UUID": "fbc53539-ce4e-4e3e-bbd2-8270386616b4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TURBULENCE", "UUID": "13aeaea0-ab45-4148-abcf-c6becf7a8934", "definition": "A state of fluid (wind) flow in which the instantaneous (wind)velocities exhibit irregular and apparently random fluctuations so that inpractice only statistical properties can be recognized and subjected toanalysis. " }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VERTICAL WIND MOTION", "UUID": "ab1e152c-eab9-400a-a90f-15cb64ed2a75" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VORTICITY", "UUID": "253ccaf2-dd4c-4fc1-923d-1aea542a51b0", "definition": "Measure of the rotational spin about an axis at some point within a fluid(or ocean wind field)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WIND CHILL", "UUID": "d571e1f5-7449-4052-943b-94d76f762677" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WIND SHEAR", "UUID": "855c22f5-d1e0-4ccf-81bd-c8120e7c4055", "definition": "A sudden variation in the vector of wind flow that is especially dangerousto aircraft during takeoff and landing." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WIND STRESS", "UUID": "91d73256-925d-4d04-9b55-aaf088080cac" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WIND VELOCITY/SPEED", "UUID": "b9a716e9-970e-44e0-9faf-66647f5a59ed" } ], "UUID": "346cade5-801a-4afc-9652-48d02905bc4f", "definition": "Study of the mass movement of air over the surface of the oceans." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "PRECIPITATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LIQUID PRECIPITATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RAIN", "UUID": "5953d403-41e8-48f7-a4a8-06aaa633e12a", "definition": "Precipitation in the form of liquid water drops that have diameters greater than 0.5 mm, or, if widely scattered, the drops may be smaller." } ], "UUID": "4ca02520-1345-475c-9a54-b562a042c4e1", "definition": "Liquid precipitation that reaches the Earth's surface in the form of drops." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLID PRECIPITATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SNOW", "UUID": "09c21315-faba-446c-b060-136705972347", "definition": "Precipitation composed of white or translucent ice crystals, chiefly in complex branch hexagonal form and often agglomerated into snowflakes." } ], "UUID": "c40d3dbc-5d7e-434d-996e-120ba44a5d44" } ], "UUID": "ea213be5-fe37-4179-9a9b-030c2bf42cf5" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SALINITY/DENSITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CONDUCTIVITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CONDUCTIVITY PROFILES", "UUID": "9709d1cb-e165-4aa5-be87-daa2989aac31" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SURFACE CONDUCTIVITY", "UUID": "a819235a-68b0-46f2-9d96-49b73fd31092" } ], "UUID": "7041e51c-e2de-405a-b154-6016f624f54f", "definition": "The degree to which an electrical current can pass through water due toions dissolved in the water. Salinity is often calculated fromconductivity and temperature." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DENSITY", "UUID": "007ab607-2ee1-484d-85fb-0bfb89f18c9b", "definition": "The mass per unit volume of a substance. Oceanographic shorthand fordensity, sigma-t, may be included as a Detailed Variable." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DESALINIZATION", "UUID": "41926d67-161a-4add-bb12-66038c919efb", "definition": "The process of removing salt from seawater or brackish water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HALOCLINE", "UUID": "04305c55-14f0-42a3-a099-79eb326946d7", "definition": "The zone of the ocean in which salinity increases rapidly with depth." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN SALINITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ABSOLUTE SALINITY", "UUID": "f1964fd8-9ab6-4f36-b761-131ff79a12bc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OCEAN SALINITY BUDGET", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ADVECTION", "UUID": "470e3f31-86af-4a9b-9279-ce1ba125d1dd", "definition": "Refers to the transport of salt within the ocean." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DIFFUSION", "UUID": "73432d3c-341a-48e7-a765-30395ce588be", "definition": "Refers to the net movement of salt from a region in the ocean of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in concentration." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "EVAPORATION", "UUID": "1cc632bd-8ed6-46ae-8948-15d7b3e1524a", "definition": "Refers to the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor and leaves the remaining salt in the ocean." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", "UUID": "ac5ba325-b613-4f2e-ae7d-f81e478f5091" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PRECIPITATION", "UUID": "bfa93e9c-392f-4f59-8cc8-0866e24531f5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RUNOFF", "UUID": "132ef849-3da3-4252-8f70-8dd36e790844", "definition": "Refers to water that flows from the land surface into the ocean." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SNOW MELT", "UUID": "e22f7a00-3f3e-48ce-82c5-f69203239570" } ], "UUID": "8c0570f6-c5d1-4675-99be-68d9d3b9d90c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OCEAN SALINITY PROFILES", "UUID": "972d17d7-7dea-4df2-bec5-24e8ca873dbd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OCEAN SURFACE SALINITY", "UUID": "1544c1fe-58dd-4b19-bf9e-457b4f21ef29", "definition": "Salinity of sea water in the surface layer." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PRACTICAL SALINITY", "UUID": "9c778b59-6ed9-442e-897e-c48ce5baa3b0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SALT FLUX", "UUID": "376dde0f-a750-4138-91ce-8ca635bf05bd", "definition": "Sea salt aerosol, which originally comes from sea spray, is one of the most widely distributed natural aerosols. Sea salt aerosols are characterized as non-light-absorbing, highly hygroscopic, and having coarse particle size. Some sea salt dominated aerosols could have a single scattering albedo as large as ~0.97. Due to the hygroscopy, a sea salt particle can serve as a very efficient cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), altering cloud reflectivity, lifetime, and precipitation process. According to the IPCC report, the total sea salt flux from ocean to atmosphere is ~3300 Tg/yr" } ], "UUID": "1a4e5774-7d4a-4ce7-9a4c-e2c72c8c377f", "definition": "Refers to the salt content of the Ocean expressed as a ratio of salt (in grams) to liter of water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POTENTIAL DENSITY", "UUID": "fe4a246b-4614-422b-8ca5-0481ee417318" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PYCNOCLINE", "UUID": "2ad73f85-8bad-4e5a-a902-e83eee910b5e", "definition": "The zone of the ocean in which density increases rapidly withdepth. Temperature falls and salinity rises in this zone." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SALINITY", "UUID": "7e95b5fc-1d58-431a-af36-948b29fa870d", "definition": "A measure of the dissolved solids in seawater." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SALT TRANSPORT", "UUID": "15f87fbc-b972-403f-97c0-15f387a13efe", "definition": "The mass transport of salt in the ocean." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SPICE", "UUID": "451894e1-7ad3-4205-9ebe-94bc89f8756a", "definition": "\"Spice\" in oceanography is a term for variations in temperature and salinity that cancel each other out, resulting in no change in density. Essentially, \"spicy\" water is warmer and saltier, while \"minty\" water is cooler and less salty; both have the same density" } ], "UUID": "a46016d7-e571-403a-ab37-7223fd74e68e" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SEA ICE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HEAT FLUX", "UUID": "ae1c9b54-caf2-4726-b180-5c6544f09111" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE DEFORMATION", "UUID": "3cdebef6-902d-4c1a-9d7e-7609f8ee6ef6", "definition": "Ice that has been squeezed together, and in places, forced upwards\nand downwards. Some subdivisions of deformed ice are rafted ice, ridged\nice, and hummocked ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS", "UUID": "a735d8ca-182c-4307-9305-186a065e84a4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE DRAFT", "UUID": "ae4869cc-65f4-4f24-a77b-b77637f8818c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE EDGES", "UUID": "f0cd20bd-41e8-4ca0-9ae3-7c602c251858" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE EXTENT", "UUID": "87feb47e-aee3-42f1-8c39-5109d9d5422e", "definition": "The minimum or maximum length of the ice or ice edge into the open water.\nAlso refers to the extent of the ice pack into the open ocean (which\nvaries seasonally)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE FLOES", "UUID": "aa15804c-5f7f-40cc-b949-aa3e4418fc27" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", "UUID": "89fc22ca-326e-468c-ad3d-171c4ad34977" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE ROUGHNESS", "UUID": "a6c3e78f-f408-4b72-941a-f40e3d83dd60" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "2a664e2d-4e50-463a-af9f-b14b86eb42a7", "definition": "Measurements of the temperature of the sea ice and surrounding seasurface temperature. These measurements are usually obtained from remotesensing satellites." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE TYPES", "UUID": "f5d7cafc-13bf-4ec8-bc6e-a6d850fae5c8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICEBERGS", "UUID": "1151dc7e-7441-4a21-95b6-1d03a1053f60", "definition": "A piece of ice that has broken off from the end of a glacier that terminates inwater. Only about 10 percent of its mass is above the surface of the water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ISOTOPES", "UUID": "9d99408d-0d8b-4642-a2cb-edee8319fe1d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LEADS", "UUID": "f523f73f-efcc-4193-b9e3-1161ed7f4881" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MELT POND", "UUID": "7b5939eb-4101-40bc-8dfe-810f6e9e5d6f", "definition": "A pond of water on the surface of sea ice, commonly occurring in the Arctic in spring." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PACK ICE", "UUID": "ea85ea0b-1b7d-464a-9f8c-1f80383ffc51" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POLYNYAS", "UUID": "10a128a6-12d4-4bce-b25d-2ffc464182f4", "definition": "Any non-linear shaped opening enclosed by ice. May contain brash ice and/orbe covered with new ice, nilas or young ice; sub-mariners refer to theseas skylights. Polynyas are important in the study of the energy budget ofthe polar ocean and local and regional climatology." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "REFLECTANCE", "UUID": "8ed9f39d-986e-4b36-83f9-f29f6a4df89b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SALINITY", "UUID": "04fa9023-ab68-4dd0-a82e-abe685105a53", "definition": "How salty the water is. Brine has a very high salinity. Fresh water has a\nsalinity of zero." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE AGE", "UUID": "b6085d71-a7ee-4b65-9c9c-ff374bdc3974" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE AREA", "UUID": "354c4f50-ccf9-4714-85ee-b6c028521bef" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE CONCENTRATION", "UUID": "bb27bbb7-7bc4-4e38-833a-30e0a7861ccc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE DYNAMICS", "UUID": "defd2c00-64e3-4986-9061-feade19f972f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE ELEVATION", "UUID": "6e2f1371-05b1-41db-a6d9-bccd7cc2b3da", "definition": "Pertains to the measurement of the surface height of the sea ice. In\nparticular, sea ice elevation is measured by the radar altimeter on board the\nNASA IceSat satellite." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE MASS BALANCE", "UUID": "4519a99a-ffa7-436b-888a-c742c82b9ed1", "definition": "The net balance between the sea ice mass gained by freezing and the loss of mass by melting that is a function of its extent and thickness, which combine to give its volume." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE MOTION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA ICE DIRECTION", "UUID": "ab411758-5abe-4a89-9319-97eba1510cda" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA ICE SPEED", "UUID": "ad4646f8-bf09-4751-9072-e6cec59af253" } ], "UUID": "a47ab696-7ed9-4374-8965-c8996e61463d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE ORIGIN", "UUID": "48d9b511-8e99-4b6d-a0e8-e87b71bd172e", "definition": "Ice formed on land, and iceberg, or in an ice shelf, found floating in the ocean." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE TOPOGRAPHY", "UUID": "15547b03-1b99-4c60-92eb-216a2908f504", "definition": "General elevation pattern of the sea ice surface. Changes in ice topography can be caused by water currents and wind, which can either pull ice apart or push it together to cause overriding. Some specific ice formations include rafting, ridged, and hummocked ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE VOLUME", "UUID": "32929f40-ee7f-411d-8d2d-1d2cd9b78b09" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA ICE/OCEAN CLASSIFICATION", "UUID": "dc2d2e73-4028-41d2-96f9-0b800fa95ea4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW DEPTH", "UUID": "5575125b-7f15-4d46-ba47-f86de96a1a25", "definition": "Pertaining to the thickness of snow pack throughout the year." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW MELT", "UUID": "32259124-81f7-4845-b2fb-6435d7bb5804", "definition": "Pertaining to the rate and extent of melting snow pack(s)." } ], "UUID": "d73e969a-4b66-4713-8d63-fa3cbb1e25e3" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SEA SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DYNAMIC TOPOGRAPHY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ABSOLUTE DYNAMIC TOPOGRAPHY", "UUID": "7e1fc68e-5a7e-4a59-8ae6-3fa15bdae12d", "definition": "The absolute dynamic topography, from which the ocean's currents can be derived by geostrophy, is obtained, either by subtracting the geoid height from the altimetric Mean Sea Surface height above the reference ellipsoid, or by estimating the ocean Mean Dynamic Topography and adding it to the altimetric sea level." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MEAN DYNAMIC TOPOGRAPHY", "UUID": "cf89619d-c67d-43f0-a217-c8684ce7c984" } ], "UUID": "940550d2-1d9f-4c28-b9ba-857c2dc8ef95" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MEAN SEA SURFACE", "UUID": "70082342-c777-49e9-88e5-a4a77728d3cc", "definition": "The mean sea surface is the displacement of the sea surface relative to a mathematical model of the earth and it closely follows the geoid." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA LEVEL", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MEAN SEA LEVEL", "UUID": "f3ea8884-87a8-4a12-96d5-98e21a9fa2c7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA LEVEL ANOMALY", "UUID": "0fde8353-9773-4948-b206-9c273c2100c8", "definition": "A sea level anomaly reveals the regional extent of anomalous water levels in the coastal ocean which can indicate unusual water temperatures, salinities, average monthly winds, atmospheric pressures, and/or coastal currents. A sea level anomaly, as defined by NOAA's National Ocean Service, occurs when the 5-month running average of the interannual variation is at least 0.1 meters (4 inches) greater than or less than the long-term trend. The interannual variation is the monthly mean sea level after the trend and the average seasonal cycle are removed." } ], "UUID": "9ac7a1c5-4179-47bc-8589-ebaa90d6cbd1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA SURFACE HEIGHT", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA SURFACE HEIGHT ANOMALY (SSHA)", "UUID": "3798a6c9-9b39-4e22-bee4-be80d39049fe", "definition": "Difference of sea surface height and mean sea surface. Sea surface height may be corrected using models for effects such as tides and atmospheric forcing" } ], "UUID": "5c0b448c-7eb4-4e8c-8403-260cbb6114bb", "definition": "The height of the ocean surface above a datum, such as a vertical datumfor sea level measurements, or a reference ellipsoid for satellitealtimetric measurements." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA SURFACE SLOPE", "UUID": "52a32bd3-d701-49e1-a827-67b3d96d8e56", "definition": "The slope of the ocean water surface, resultant from a geophysicalphenomenon such as dynamic circulation or tides. This variable does notrefer to wave slope." } ], "UUID": "68f93a0c-1525-4f5a-9545-5d94191a3dbf", "definition": "To measure sea surface height, or surface topography, scientists needto obtain the precise distance between the satellite and the center ofthe Earth and the precise distance between the satellite and the seasurface. Sea surface height is then calculated by subtracting thedistance between the sea surface and the satellite from the distancebetween the center of the Earth and the satellite. The distance betweenthe satellite and the center of the Earth is obtained by carefullymonitoring the satellite position at all times." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "TIDES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "STORM SURGE", "UUID": "062be713-9c35-458e-86e2-26cea9415f5d", "definition": "A rise above normal sea level on the coast where the Ekman effect, fromstrong winds, causes the shallow waters to pile up against the shore." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TIDAL COMPONENTS", "UUID": "f4f40ec7-e698-4e11-b406-a0fa7f4b530c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TIDAL CURRENTS", "UUID": "54ab2e0e-8e36-48e8-b020-ea9a5b453373", "definition": "Mass flow of water induced by the raising or lowering of sea level owingto passage of tidal crests or troughs." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TIDAL HEIGHT", "UUID": "9afcf69c-f56f-45a9-afd9-6f929850326b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TIDAL RANGE", "UUID": "a5a6266a-9457-4acf-b140-fcdc8bc00a00" } ], "UUID": "e3bef663-6116-4f15-995c-38c7cdc9652c" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "WATER QUALITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ALGAL BLOOMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM (HABs)", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CELL CONCENTRATION", "UUID": "bce85eb7-e9fc-48ed-9595-9d45c4482728" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TOXIN CONCENTRATION", "UUID": "631935dd-0a9f-4627-bbb1-c224ac0a7766", "definition": "Concentrations of toxic chemicals produced by harmful algal blooms." } ], "UUID": "ba506291-2799-4877-a886-8e906704a060" } ], "UUID": "940cfe3b-e5b2-47f0-8e86-e3a5bd231a3f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN CONTAMINANTS", "UUID": "f1ee3e81-09b9-48d4-81d9-5faeb90430cc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA SURFACE CONTAMINANTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MACROPLASTIC CONCENTRATION", "UUID": "f10b89fe-e462-4989-ab48-a8c43903a51f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MICROPLASTIC CONCENTRATION", "UUID": "4e0ac490-817b-4735-93a3-ab6775486023", "definition": "Refers to the concentration of plastics in the ocean." } ], "UUID": "ff13560a-161c-4ac9-b79c-4910936cf465" } ], "UUID": "1ee8a323-f0ba-4a21-b597-50890c527c8e", "definition": "The distinguishing attribute or characteristic of water." } ], "UUID": "91697b7d-8f2b-4954-850e-61d5f61c867d" }, { "level": "Topic", "name": "PALEOCLIMATE", "children": [ { "level": "Term", "name": "ICE CORE RECORDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CARBON DIOXIDE", "UUID": "37dac8df-b04b-4561-91fb-886e1bded2c1", "definition": "A minor but very important component of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide trapsinfrared radiation. Atmospheric CO2 has increased about 25 percent since theearly 1800s, with an estimated increase of 10 percent since 1958 (burningfossil fuels is the leading cause of increased CO2, deforestation the secondmajor cause). The increased amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere enhance thegreenhouse effect, blocking heat from escaping into space and contributing tothe warming of Earth's lower atmosphere. (Earth Observatory)\nThe most direct method for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrationsfor periods before direct sampling is to measure bubbles of air (fluid or gasinclusions) trapped in the Antarctic or Greenland ice caps. The most widelyaccepted of such studies come from a variety of Antarctic cores and indicatethat atmospheric CO2 levels were about 260\u00bf280uL/L immediately beforeindustrial emissions began and did not vary much from this level during thepreceding 10,000 years. \nThe longest ice core record comes from Vostok, Antarctica, where ice has beensampled to a depth of 3,600 meters, corresponding to an age of 420,000 yearsbefore the present. During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxideconcentration has varied between 180\u00bf210 uL/L during ice ages, increasing to280\u00bf300 uL/L during warmerinterglacials.(http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Carbon-dioxide)" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES", "UUID": "01a4a324-cad3-441d-b0f1-02dc9742784a", "definition": "An important baseline measurement in ice cores is electrical conductivity.\nElectrical conductivity measurements (ECM) of the core is a very rapid methodto indicate how acidic the core is without the chemical detail of the ionanalyses. The value of the measurement is that it can be done for the wholelength of the core in high resolution and provide an immediate picture of thecore and allow quick detection of interesting areas, such as a volcaniceruptions. Because it is a high resolution, continuous measurement it can beused, along with the other measurements, for time frequency analysis in orderto identify cycles in the climate signal." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE CORE AIR BUBBLES", "UUID": "3643618f-3af3-4c69-8beb-2ad14141a176", "definition": "Trapped gases in ice-core bubbles are highly reliable records of atmosphericcomposition in reconstructing past climates." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "IONS", "UUID": "591d2038-5c5e-47bf-a551-1b28f33d1f05", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of various electrostatically charged\ncompounds found in ice cores. Ions can be analyzed to infer human, biological,and volcanic activity, as well as ocean water conditions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ISOTOPES", "UUID": "096f466a-a86a-42ac-93f7-05a799910817", "definition": "The isotopic record found in ice cores reveal direct information about the pastclimate. d18O (delta oxygen-18), 16O and 18O are isotopes of oxygen with slightdifferences in atomic weight. Depending on the temperature of evaporation andhow far the water has had to travel before it fell as snow, the ratio of 18O to16O will vary. This ratio, known as d18O, can be measured very accurately usinga mass spectrometer. Over short time scales the change in temperature fromsummer to winter produces a very clear oscillation in the 18O/16O ratio. Thisoscillation is used to determine the age of the core at different depths,simply by counting the oscillations. Over longer time periods, this ratioindicates the average temperature of the regions between the evaporation siteand the coring site. Investigators in Greenland and Antarctica are alsoanalyzing for the ratio of 1H/2H (Hydrogen to deuterium) which will allow evenfiner detail about source temperature and condensation history to be obtained." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "METHANE", "UUID": "daab3b2a-1fe7-4ad9-8340-1a7cfa54a2ac" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NITROUS OXIDE", "UUID": "ddbd1be1-2a1b-4aea-a085-6a63208a75c0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PARTICULATE MATTER", "UUID": "63c7d604-707e-4c38-8baf-19a620e61917", "definition": "Particulate matter in ice cores (continental dust, volcanic ash, diatoms, andpollen)can provide information on past climate conditions and climatevariability." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POTASSIUM", "UUID": "aeaa43ab-5ccf-4df7-b8ad-b9f9f4249551" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SODIUM", "UUID": "c692e8e4-b920-4eb5-86c3-b5f6121fec4b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VELOCITY", "UUID": "4487cb97-df49-421f-8c00-5c5f12dd8af1", "definition": "Rate (speed and direction) at which the position of ice has changed." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VOLCANIC DEPOSITS", "UUID": "2f4ccb5c-7b99-442c-9054-964070d95f7b", "definition": "Volcanic deposits (including volcanic ash, debris, etc.) are found within icecorerecords. Volcanoes can produce large quantities of particles and leave a recordin the ice. Scanning electron micrographs of the particles from a particularlylarge dust peak in an ice core may reveal that it is from a known volcano andallow a firm date to be placed on that section of core. For prehistoric times,the dust record is a key tool for reconstructing a history of volcanicactivity." } ], "UUID": "dba19648-3f52-48ba-b00b-8527d44c4d74" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "LAND RECORDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BOREHOLES", "UUID": "5a63fa7f-2971-4874-a920-394df07d218e", "definition": "Boreholes are holes drilled deep into the ground (or ocean crust). Profiles ofrock temperatures with depth can be related to the history of temperaturechanges at the surface, which can be converted to estimates of air temperature.Borehhole temperature measurements can provide estimates of local temperaturevariations over time intervals of a few hundred to over a thousand years." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CAVE DEPOSITS", "UUID": "1651d2e2-4483-42fc-aef2-fd49e650eff1", "definition": "Cave deposits, or speleothems, are mineral formations in caves. While the waterflows, the speleothems grow in thin, shiny layers. The amount of growth is anindicator of how much ground water dripped into the cave. Little growth mightindicate a drought, just as rapid growth could point to heavy precipitation.When the speleothems stop growing, the outside becomes dirty and eroded inplaces, giving it a dull appearance. Spelothems can be dated by measuring howmuch uranium has decayed. Evidence of past climate changes can be inferred frommeasuring oxygen isotopes in speleothems." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIATION", "UUID": "8c615709-df55-4b09-a5a9-1fabb133fe1a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ISOTOPES", "UUID": "61f57065-8f47-45c7-8319-f6115153a6ad", "definition": "The isotopic record found in various non-marine records reveal directinformation about the past climate. d18O (delta oxygen-18), 16O and 18O areisotopes of oxygen with slight differences in atomic weight. Studies usingother isotopes such as Carbon-13, Carbon-14 and Hydrogen are widely used.Isoptopic analysis is especially important in dendroclimatologic and speleothemanalyses." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LOESS", "UUID": "733234ec-053b-4595-811a-b221e6afb35e", "definition": "Loess is a deposit of wind-blown silt and dust of Pleistocene age that coverslarge areas of the continents. It is predominently calcerous consisting ofquartz feldspars and micas. Loess is extensive in the North American GreatPlains, south-central Europe, Ukraine, central Asia, China, and Argentina.Loess deposits in North America are related to large outwashes from theLaurentide ice sheet and floodplains of large rivers. Loess deposits in Europeare related to the former Alpine and Scandinavianice sheets. Loess in China andcentral Asia are related to desert conditions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MACROFOSSILS", "UUID": "d412deec-d4ef-4c97-ac1c-f92ddb6964c6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MICROFOSSILS", "UUID": "98e15316-0055-4392-8825-c38f447d6582" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PALEOMAGNETIC DATA", "UUID": "f2ceb98b-4b5d-4ee6-b033-e987d2f820f1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PALEOSOLS", "UUID": "b54e01eb-02d9-413a-baf1-40a6e59d9eae" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PALEOVEGETATION", "UUID": "e4871f3e-bc88-4380-b7b7-3a18afccc2bd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POLLEN", "UUID": "14c8721e-4d05-4aaa-90be-8607ae2f84b1", "definition": "Pollen are several-celled microgametophyte of seed plants enclosed in amicrospore wall. Fossil pollen consists entirely of the microspore wall. Thestudy of pollen is called palynology or pollen analysis and is an importantaspect in reconstructing past climates. Paleoclimatic reconstructions by pollenanalysis is possible because (1) pollen grains possess morphologicalcharacteristics that are specif to a particular genus or species of plant; (2)they are produced in vast quantities by wind-pollinated plants and aredistributed widely from their source; (3) they are extremely resistant todecay; and (4) they reflect the natural vegetation at the time of pollendeposition, which can yield information about ast climatic conditions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RADIOCARBON", "UUID": "bf0db125-0182-42e7-81c9-6ed55a05ddd0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENTS", "UUID": "858d3f93-f2eb-4d2a-87c5-68018f206a47", "definition": "Unconsolidated particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock,by chemical precipitation from solution in water, or from the secretionsof organisms, and transported by water, wind, or glaciers." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", "UUID": "ac45c059-9555-45ee-ad20-d58514578f1e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TREE RINGS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA SALT", "UUID": "902e9bf8-85d4-431b-aa15-e0d7abe0f17c" } ], "UUID": "84510f18-a4e6-434c-a54c-44cc995e1af2", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement and analysis of ancient tree rings todetermine environmental conditions during that tree's lifetime andextrapolate that to climatic conditions. The study of tree rings related topast climate conditions is called dendroclimatology. Variations in tree ringwidths from year to year are recognized as an important source of chronologicaland climatic information. The width of a tree ring is a function of manyvariables including tree species, age, availability of stored food within thetree, soil nutrients, and climatic factors such as precipitation, sunshinetemperature, winds and humidity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VOLCANIC DEPOSITS", "UUID": "9761565c-2126-49cd-b4c4-cd3bcb5dbbde" } ], "UUID": "486f2c33-2401-4292-9d74-8756ee95211f", "definition": "Non-marine geological information pertinent to paleoclimatology consists of allcontinental sedimentary records including loess,volcanic deposits, glaciation,spelothems, tree ring, pollen, and other land-based records." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "OCEAN/LAKE RECORDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BOREHOLES", "UUID": "e001c431-c204-419e-af64-cc8978132abf" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CORAL DEPOSITS", "UUID": "296b7bc4-c031-48ea-bb6d-99f7c971c953", "definition": "Corals are generally members of the order Scleractinia, which have hardcalcerous skeletons supporting softer tissues. For paleoclimatic studies, theimportant coral subgroup is the reef-building, massive corals known ashermatypic corals. Coral growth rates vary and are sensitive to sea surfacetemperatures (SSTs). Dating coral growth has shown high correspondance betweenlarge excursions of oxygen-18 (del18O) and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)events. Coral growth studies have led to new information about paleo-SSTs,rainfall, river runoff, ocean circulation, and tropical wind systems." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ISOTOPES", "UUID": "56589fec-7573-42df-b853-2754cdc9e1b7", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of isotopic (excluding oxygen) signaturesin ocean/lake sediments to determine past climatic conditions, and applythose findings to the Earth's climate at the time period in question.Carbon isotope analysis is very important in extracting paleoclimaticsignatures from corals and from benthic forams." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAKE LEVELS", "UUID": "77cbdebf-eddf-42b5-8603-e939eccd1780", "definition": "Lake level fluctuations can provide important evidence for paleoclimaticconditions, particulary in arid and semiarid areas. Lake levels areparticularly sensitive to changes in hydrologic balance due to climaticfluctuations. Lakes may develop and expand if there is an abundance ofprecipitation and will recede and even dry up (due to evaporation) duringprolonged droughts. Lake sediment cores are often drilled to providestratigraphic clues to past climate conditions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MACROFOSSILS", "UUID": "f986b716-d26c-4c98-8166-b415229186ff" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MICROFOSSILS", "UUID": "6e872413-f416-43dd-a960-942ef892ae59", "definition": "Microfossils are fossils too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope,e.g., a foraminifer or ostracode. It may be the remains of microscopicorganisms or a part of a larger orgnaism." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OXYGEN ISOTOPES", "UUID": "a65ec029-86a7-4c3b-b2b3-ee26353aaf36" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PALEOMAGNETIC DATA", "UUID": "d42bf3e3-3eda-471a-adb5-ddf1240cd474" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POLLEN", "UUID": "adcd37fe-9f4a-4d8d-8f79-489775707ea2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RADIOCARBON", "UUID": "23822618-39a2-4b2b-9162-37bb0651c118", "definition": "Radiocarbon refers to radioactive carbon especially carbon-14, but alsocarbon-10 and carbon-12. Carbon-14 is a heavy radioactive isotope of Carbonhaving a mass of 14 and a half-life of 5730 +/-40 years. Carbon-14 is useful indating organic materials during the last 50,000 years." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENT CORE", "UUID": "a088eccf-1160-4f01-ab71-53e720264ecd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENTS", "UUID": "d324729f-cc0d-4943-8d1a-d38335120c00" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", "UUID": "4722fc1e-f93f-4aa1-854a-2b8a82920008", "definition": "A set of deposited sedimentary beds that reflects the depositionalenvironment of those beds and the geologic history of a region. A stratigraphic sequence is a chronologic succession of sedimentary rocks fromolder below to younger above without interruption." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VARVE DEPOSITS", "UUID": "4ad60c3b-f72e-4f54-9d3e-0048373c166d", "definition": "A sedimentary bed or lamina or sequence of laminae (thin layers) deposited in abody of silt or still water within a year's time. Usually refers to glacialvarves resulting from seasonally deposited meltwater streams in a glacial lakeor other body of still water. Counting the varves have been used to measureglacial deposits." } ], "UUID": "45325a01-2522-48d3-bffa-0edf1a934d48", "definition": "Paleoclimatic information can be inferred from biogenic material in oceansediments, oxygen isotopic analyses of sea water (via deep sea cores), coralgrowth, inorganic material such as from weathering and erosion, lake levels andglacial varves, and ocean circulation changes as a result ofglacial-interglacial cycles." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AIR TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "cb49a2e7-bd89-4d3a-974a-8776a763a4ae" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "2bdfbf06-c583-4e51-a595-dbc6143d95e0", "definition": "Reconstruction of past atmospheric circulation conditions based on paleoclimateproxy records." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DROUGHT/PRECIPITATION RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "cc063daf-1db5-4597-9de2-0501a5593947" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GROUND WATER RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "cf0e53d3-c8ae-4baa-8a31-672a2252f285" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAKE LEVEL RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "fed291ec-8f7d-4131-a5cd-dc04706f61b0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "OCEAN SALINITY RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "80a6803a-5bf3-4439-b13f-0909e0ea40f9", "definition": "Reconstruction of past ocean salinity based on paleoclimate proxy records." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA LEVEL RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "e240565d-d265-474b-a25b-34059526ae44" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "e7b30694-5d05-404b-9748-b8f6adc3491d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLAR FORCING/INSOLATION RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "4f07a511-1c78-4b2b-8c6a-f4aeedb0f5b6", "definition": "Reconstruction of past solar forcing and insolation based on paleoclimate proxyrecords." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "STREAMFLOW RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "7859191e-732b-47cf-b1a3-fc7a934509ce", "definition": "Reconstruction of past streamflow conditions based on paleoclimate proxy\nrecords (related to drought/precipitation records)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VEGETATION RECONSTRUCTION", "UUID": "91600c9b-397e-4855-b21e-b9e97e6d5261" } ], "UUID": "350c9923-fa80-4f83-8724-2886ac559ac0", "definition": "Reconstruction of past climatic conditions using paleoclimate proxy records\n(tree rings, ice cores, etc.)" } ], "UUID": "c7245882-84a1-4192-acfa-a758b5b9c151" }, { "level": "Topic", "name": "SOLID EARTH", "children": [ { "level": "Term", "name": "EARTH GASES/LIQUIDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HYDROGEN GAS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROGEN GAS VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "833b6958-fc93-473c-aadb-bb65da7578e5", "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of hydrogen gas within the solid Earth." } ], "UUID": "96bbae63-81c1-43b4-90f0-52731e2b52ca" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NATURAL GAS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NATURAL GAS VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "58769369-608c-4482-924b-207454a5fb1c", "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of natural gas within the solid Earth." } ], "UUID": "72eb280a-d5d0-4c5e-b789-8f1a8cf8bdac", "definition": "Natural gas is a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants and animals are exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of years. The energy that the plants and animals originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of carbon in natural gas. Natural gas is combusted to generate electricity, enabling this stored energy to be transformed into usable power. Natural gas is a nonrenewable resource because it cannot be replenished on a human time frame." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PETROLEUM", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MICROFOSSIL", "UUID": "37f3fdb8-a82f-4bff-bda4-cca12a683d6f", "definition": "Microfossils are the tiny remains of bacteria, protists, fungi, animals, and plants. Microfossils are a heterogeneous bunch of fossil remains studied as a single discipline because rock samples must be processed in certain ways to remove them and microscopes must be used to study them. Thus, microfossils, unlike other kinds of fossils, are not grouped according to their relationships to one another, but only because of their generally small size and methods of study. For example, fossils of bacteria, foraminifera, diatoms, very small invertebrate shells or skeletons, pollen, and tiny bones and teeth of large vertebrates, among others, can be called microfossils. But it is an unnatural grouping. Nevertheless, this utilitarian subdivision of paleontology, first recognized in 1883, is very significant in geology, paleontology, and biology. Microfossils have many applications to petroleum geology (Fleisher and Lane, in press, Ventress, 1991, LeRoy, 1977). The two most common uses are: biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental analyses. Biostratigraphy is the differentiation of rock units based upon the fossils which they contain. Paleoenvironmental analysis is the interpretation of the depositional environment in which the rock unit formed, based upon the fossils found within the unit. There are many other uses of fossils besides these, including: paleoclimatology, biogeography, and thermal maturation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PETROLEUM VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "f9e3595d-29b6-462a-8eb6-a06e5a02b081" } ], "UUID": "44d0ad8f-fe22-4d17-bc47-c0b728a82baf", "definition": "Petroleum is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. The name Petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oils and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil." } ], "UUID": "e3fa1998-b003-4d55-a92e-16b42ac0fc17" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "GEOCHEMISTRY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION", "UUID": "14d972b3-a587-4994-a021-f1e620b02341", "definition": "The separation of a chemical compound into elements or simpler compounds. It is sometimes defined as the exact opposite of a chemical synthesis. Chemical decomposition is often an undesired chemical reaction. The stability that a chemical compound ordinarily has is eventually limited when exposed to extreme environmental conditions like heat, radiation, humidity or the acidity of a solvent. The details of decomposition processes are generally not well defined, as a molecule may break up into a host of smaller fragments. Chemical decomposition is exploited in several analytical techniques, notably mass spectrometry, traditional gravimetric analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROLYSIS", "UUID": "8c6adb44-54c5-42f1-ae19-602e248ff9d9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NITRIFICATION", "UUID": "d73ed320-cd5b-4994-a26a-dac5a2fc394f" } ], "UUID": "b472632f-8e67-4892-9896-1c14c5089682" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BIODEGRATION", "UUID": "3e934184-42bd-45ff-b9c1-5c5321fd066f", "definition": "The chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means. The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements. Organic material can be degraded aerobically with oxygen, or anaerobically, without oxygen. A term related to biodegradation is biomineralisation, in which organic matter is converted into minerals. Biosurfactant, an extracellular surfactant secreted by microorganisms, enhances the biodegradation process." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CARBONATE FORMATION", "UUID": "b2a9741a-f978-46ac-83ad-e92ff07a637c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHEMICAL FIXATION", "UUID": "84b29fbe-8200-4d21-a1a3-fe84fa4cb132", "definition": "Pertaining to the chemical process by which a substance is converted into a stable compound that can be absorbed." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHEMICAL WEATHERING", "UUID": "7e140a1e-385d-4dd3-8b08-6239b082e35e", "definition": "Pertaining to the breakdown of an existing rock or mineral through chemical, as opposed to physical, means; i.e., dissolution of limestone by acidic groundwater." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DECOMPOSITION", "UUID": "7b60ab41-92e7-4550-821b-0ab7ebd3d7c8", "definition": "The separation of a chemical compound into elements or simpler compounds. It is sometimes defined as the exact opposite of a chemical synthesis. Chemical decomposition is often an undesired chemical reaction. The stability that a chemical compound ordinarily has is eventually limited when exposed to extreme environmental conditions like heat, radiation, humidity or the acidity of a solvent. The details of decomposition processes are generally not well defined, as a molecule may break up into a host of smaller fragments. Chemical decomposition is exploited in several analytical techniques, notably mass spectrometry, traditional gravimetric analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDRATION", "UUID": "2b1f870b-c679-4b6d-b02e-3eb005f0648d", "definition": "Pertaining to the process by which water molecules are incorporated into existing crystal structures." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ION EXCHANGE", "UUID": "ccbf4ef8-955b-4337-a45b-95affc360173" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MINERAL DISSOLUTION", "UUID": "524cbe78-9c1f-4ef3-8aa9-0481476c253e", "definition": "The separation of minerals into different components. Mineral dissolution and precipitation, especially of Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides and the carbonate mineral family, partially regulate pH and alkalinity of natural waters, affecting the fate and transport of organic and inorganic contaminants." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OXIDATION/REDUCTION", "UUID": "9c2f3bee-4629-4607-9962-12fe919594a0" } ], "UUID": "e6fb1b81-8ffc-486f-b1a1-2f292af8cee6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS", "UUID": "12ed4fa0-27cc-4e05-a2b7-bbf2fde871f6", "definition": "The abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Furthermore, in chemistry, four types of mathematical description can be distinguished: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISOTOPE MEASUREMENTS", "UUID": "849edfe2-9ed7-4211-8f57-9c8ccff0a4ea", "definition": "The measure of Isotopes, atoms that contain different # of proton /neutrons. The number of protons (the atomic number) is the same for each isotope, e.g. carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14 each have 6 protons, but the number of neutrons in each isotope differs." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISOTOPE RATIOS", "UUID": "f7998303-d145-452d-bcff-770f62038909" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISOTOPES", "UUID": "441ce068-91f2-4412-8893-c0096d8f9079", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of the various isotopes (one of two or more species of the same chemical element) found in geochemically significant compounds." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISOTOPIC AGE", "UUID": "211d289d-fae7-4815-9f3d-28a5afc7b3a9", "definition": "Also referred to as radiometric age, is an age of rocks expressed in years and calculated from the quantitative determination of radioactive elements and their decay products." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ROCK-EVAL PRYOLYSIS", "UUID": "2dc96cc9-a128-4dc8-b8c8-1d799201b5c6", "definition": "Rock-Eval Pyrolysis is used to identify the type and maturity of organic matter and to detect petroleum potential in sediments. Rock Eval pyrolysis is done using the Delsi-Nermag Rock Eval II Plus TOC module. Samples chosen to be measured on the Rock Eval are usually subsampled from the freeze-dried material previously crushed for analyses on the coulometer and CNS. The Rock Eval (RE) pyrolysis method consists of a programmed temperature heating (in a pyrolysis oven) in an inert atmosphere (helium) of a small sample (~100 mg) to quantitatively and selectively determine (1) the free hydrocarbons contained in the sample and (2) the hydrocarbon- and oxygen-containing compounds (CO2) that are volatilized during the cracking of the unextractable organic matter in the sample (kerogen)." } ], "UUID": "048df94e-841d-4f4d-a5c5-6683d1d07aa6", "definition": "An attribute, quality, or characteristic of chemical elements in air, water, soil, rocks, and minerals." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MARINE GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION", "UUID": "4efb531e-3c6c-4469-9215-d55a8a6ce9da", "definition": "The separation of a chemical compound into elements or simpler compounds. It is sometimes defined as the exact opposite of a chemical synthesis. Chemical decomposition is often an undesired chemical reaction. The stability that a chemical compound ordinarily has is eventually limited when exposed to extreme environmental conditions like heat, radiation, humidity or the acidity of a solvent. The details of decomposition processes are generally not well defined, as a molecule may break up into a host of smaller fragments. Chemical decomposition is exploited in several analytical techniques, notably mass spectrometry, traditional gravimetric analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DISSOLUTION", "UUID": "6628bfb9-c0e1-4281-9b1a-d213a9d5b2d8", "definition": "The process by which a solid or liquid forms a solution in a solvent. In solids this can be explained as the breakdown of the crystal lattice into individual ions, atoms or molecules and their transport into the solvent." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MINERAL DISSOLUTION", "UUID": "f956cc7c-da39-4eac-98ab-ba6207181b7d" } ], "UUID": "5cef2f41-a17a-4eff-8ce4-328593e1b703", "definition": "Processes that control chemical distributions in the ocean." } ], "UUID": "906e647b-2683-4ae7-9986-1aea15582b52" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "GEODETICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COUNTRY/REGIONAL COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM", "UUID": "bb5ca226-fdb1-4fab-9988-7486c643635b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLOBAL COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM", "UUID": "e0a2edbb-8a94-4f47-918a-fe9f93aba5f4" } ], "UUID": "14b19e68-0fb3-43b1-a102-537c4e33c338", "definition": "Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration. A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) locations, within a common geographic framework." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ELLIPSOID CHARACTERISTICS", "UUID": "bc640e63-70c1-4228-b2dc-6aa1ac6edfa6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GEOID CHARACTERISTICS", "UUID": "6bbbf7b0-434b-4dbc-9fe8-e5e31fe99614", "definition": "Describes the gravitational properties of the geoid, which is defined as a surface on which the earth's attractive (i.e. gravitational) forces are everywhere equal, i.e. a gravimetric equipotential surface. The geoid is of fundamental importance in determining positions on the earth's surface as most measurements are made with reference to this surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TECHNIQUES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DORIS (DOPPLER ORBITOGRAPHY AND RADIOPOSITIONING BY INTEGRATED SATELLITE)", "UUID": "846a5d37-085b-4ae0-9d4d-23b88b6fc304", "definition": "Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning by Integrated Satellite (DORIS) is a dual-frequency Doppler system consisting of a receiver flying aboard a satellite and a globally distributed network of ground beacons. The DORIS receiver on-board the orbiting satellite tracks the dual-frequency radio signals transmitted by the network of ground beacons and generates the DORIS data. A measurement is made of either the Doppler shift or absolute phase as the satellite\u2019s orbit moves over the ground-based beacon.DORIS has been included as a host experiment on various space missions. Platforms with on-board DORIS receivers are CryoSat-2, HY-2A, OSTM/Jason-2, Jason-3, Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich, SARAL, and SPOT-4 and -5.Unlike many other navigation systems, DORIS is based on an uplink device. The receivers are on board the satellite while the transmitters are on the ground. This creates a centralized system in which the complete set of observations is downloaded by the satellite to the ground center, from where they are distributed after editing and processing." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GNSS (GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS)", "UUID": "93b2fed5-883f-4d82-9d62-19654d0765ea" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GNSS-R (RONGOWAI GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM REFLECTOMETRY)", "UUID": "de965e45-2275-44d6-9193-9387881b538c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SLR (SATELLITE LASER RANGING)", "UUID": "22f57987-7a8d-46d8-9b3d-37761755f8b2", "definition": "Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) targets are satellites equipped with corner cubes or retroreflectors. Currently, the global SLR network tracks over forty such satellites. The observable is the round-trip laser pulse time-of-flight to the satellite.SLR and Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) use short-pulse lasers and state-of-the-art optical receivers and timing electronics to measure the two-way time of flight (and hence distance) from ground stations to retroreflector arrays on Earth orbiting satellites and the Moon.SLR and Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) use short-pulse lasers and state-of-the-art optical receivers and timing electronics to measure the two-way time of flight (and hence distance) from ground stations to retroreflector arrays on Earth orbiting satellites and the moon. The laser stations are also used to measure one-way distance from the ground stations to remote optical receivers on space and for very accurate time-transfer. Laser ranging activities are organized under the ILRS.SLR is an accurate technique for determining the geocentric position of an Earth satellite, allowing for the precise calibration of radar altimeters and separation of long-term instrumentation drift from secular changes in ocean topography. SLR\u2019s ability to measure the temporal variations in the Earth\u2019s gravity field and to monitor motion of a global network of stations with respect to the geocenter, together with the capability to monitor vertical motion in an absolute system, makes it unique for modeling and evaluating long-term climate change." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VLBI (VERY LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY)", "UUID": "06382d35-5885-4d34-a586-8b44868250a8", "definition": "Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) is a geometric technique: it measures the time difference between the arrival at two Earth-based antennas of a radio wavefront emitted by a distant quasar. Using large numbers of time difference measurements from many quasars observed with a global network of antennas, VLBI determines the inertial reference frame defined by the quasars and simultaneously the precise positions of the antennas. Because the time difference measurements are precise to a few picoseconds, VLBI determines the relative positions of the antennas to a few millimeters and the quasar positions to fractions of a milliarcsecond. Since the antennas are fixed to the Earth, their locations track the instantaneous orientation of the Earth in the inertial reference frame.The celestial reference frame is defined by VLBI. The International Astronomical Union has adopted over 3,400 extragalactic radio sources (mostly quasars) used by VLBI as the defining objects of the celestial reference frame. Extragalactic objects form a true inertial reference frame because they are at such great distances that their motions across the sky are undetectable. Positions of stars in our galaxy are now tied to this reference frame, and this is the same reference frame used for measuring Earth orientation. VLBI is unique in its ability to make rapid, accurate measurements of the orientation of the terrestrial reference frame with respect to the celestial reference frame.VLBI observations are sponsored by over 40 organizations located in 19 countries. VLBI determines with unequaled accuracy the terrestrial reference frame (antenna locations on the Earth), the celestial reference frame (quasar positions on the sky), and Earth's orientation in space." } ], "UUID": "abaf0bfd-4acf-4ac0-a570-85cccb78032e" } ], "UUID": "5498572c-aaed-4c08-8aad-8b297057e9c9", "definition": "The scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the earth, its gravitational field and geodynamic phenomena (polar motion, earth tides, and tectonic motion) in three-dimensional, time-varying space." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "GEOMAGNETISM", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ELECTRICAL FIELD", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ELECTRICAL ANOMALIES", "UUID": "d55d29e8-9015-4c23-b137-528eb298aa49" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ELECTRICAL INTENSITY", "UUID": "84d77f98-d5a2-4da8-9ba6-0b15e082d050", "definition": "The ratio of the electrostatic force exerted on a body to the charge on the body." } ], "UUID": "3202dab6-144a-4bfb-9bda-9d07e5ee7ec2", "definition": "The electric force per unit charge. The direction of the field is taken to be the direction of the force it would exert on a positive test charge. The electric field is radially outward from a positive charge and radially in toward a negative point charge." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GEOMAGNETIC FORECASTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY", "UUID": "2d3d9a57-44e8-43c0-98b4-b4891c994862", "definition": "Natural variations in the geomagnetic field classified into quiet, unsettled, active, and geomagnetic storm levels." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GEOMAGNETIC STORM CATEGORY", "UUID": "4b7decec-e378-4824-aecf-9fe509392efd", "definition": "A category or scale that describe the environmental disturbances for three event types: geomagnetic storms, solar radiation storms, and radio blackouts. The scales have numbered levels, analogous to hurricanes, tornadoes, and earthquakes that convey severity. They list possible effects at each level. They also show how often such events happen, and give a measure of the intensity of the physical causes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TOTAL INTENSITY", "UUID": "9a46a62c-952d-4253-8249-7375c14068a2" } ], "UUID": "02290e22-24ae-40f6-96f1-0c6c76a145af", "definition": "Forecasts of the likelihood (from 1% to 99%) that the daily geomagnetic activity level will reach a particular activity category. The four categories are Quiet to Unsettled, Active, Minor Storm, and Major to Severe Storm. The geomagnetic category assigned to a day is determined by the highest observed k-index for the day. Quiet to Unsettled = k 0 to k 3, Active = k 4, Minor Storm = k 5, and Major to Severe Storm = k 6 to k 9. Middle-latitude forecasts are verified against Fredericksburg, VA observations and High-latitude forecasts are verified against College, AK observations. Forecast lead times range from one to three days." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GEOMAGNETIC INDICES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AA INDEX", "UUID": "5fd5ccc2-5edb-4823-940d-03a290a5c5fc", "definition": "A daily and half daily index of geomagnetic activity determined from the k indexes scaled at two nearly antipodal stations at invariant magnetic latitude 50 degrees (Hartland, England, and Canberra, Australia). The aa values are in units of 1 nT. The index is available back to 1868, and is provided by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AE INDEX", "UUID": "31f77d6b-72f7-45e6-93be-8ac5fd5dc373", "definition": "The AE Index is designed to provide a global, quantitative measure of auroral zone magnetic activity produced by enhanced Ionospheric currents flowing below and within the auroral oval. Ideally, It is the total range of deviation at an instant of time from quiet day values of the horizontal magnetic field (h) around the auroral oval. Defined and developed by Davis and Sugiura [1966], AE has been usefully employed both qualitatively and quantitatively as a correlative index in studies of substorm morphology, the behavior of communication satellites, radio propagation, radio scintillation, and the coupling between the interplanetary magnetic field and the earth's magnetosphere. For these varied uses, AE possesses advantages over other geomagnetic indices or at least shares their advantageous properties." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AM INDEX", "UUID": "b3283844-d867-4c2f-9917-a72bc06fd9ef" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DST INDEX", "UUID": "cdb4b514-75c4-4a1f-a4ad-1855fbd396ab" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "KP INDEX", "UUID": "40386eea-beb0-4b83-906b-75c6bfa24b73", "definition": "A 3-hourly planetary index of geomagnetic activity calculated by the Institut fur Geophysik der Gottingen Universitat, F.R. Germany, from the K indexes observed at 13 stations primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. The Kp indexes, which date from 1932, are used to determine the ap indexes." } ], "UUID": "ae35f430-6534-49de-8b4c-edfc1e98870a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MAGNETIC FIELD", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GEOMAGNETIC INDUCTION", "UUID": "ee421700-0fe2-420c-9a07-91e8ae9fb524" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MAGNETIC ANOMALIES", "UUID": "65ae8ab2-489b-44bf-bf5b-43cf957b70c0", "definition": "Local variation in the Earth's magnetic field resulting from variations in the chemistry or magnetism of the rocks. Mapping of variation over an area is valuable in detecting structures obscured by overlying material. The magnetic variation in successive bands of ocean floor parallel with mid-ocean ridges is important evidence supporting the theory of seafloor spreading, central to plate tectonics." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MAGNETIC DECLINATION", "UUID": "f311eac7-5c85-4a8f-90c2-abcff3eec92d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MAGNETIC INCLINATION", "UUID": "f0b7311e-df08-45fa-8dd5-33b6f74a66d9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MAGNETIC INTENSITY", "UUID": "d817911a-685b-4c9f-bdc7-2411b8c0a7af" } ], "UUID": "204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4", "definition": "Pertaining to the magnetic field generated by the Earth, consisting of both the dipole and non-dipole components." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PALEOMAGNETISM", "UUID": "720969dd-e966-41aa-af94-ee41cdf60390", "definition": "Pertaining to the use of remnant magnetic signatures within the rocks of the Earth's crust to determine the state of the Earth's magnetic field at a given time into the past, or to locate a paleocontinent on the surfaceof the Earth." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "REFERENCE FIELDS", "UUID": "fd631e31-fe6f-462e-a3f6-c07b4b736ac7" } ], "UUID": "910013d7-1e6a-4d1a-9921-be32d792a290" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AEOLIAN LANDFORMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DUNES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CRESCENTIC (BARCHAN/TRANSVERSE) DUNE", "UUID": "5c80c047-c02e-4c15-83ac-26b8b1a8f114", "definition": "'Crescent-shaped mounds are generally wider than they are long. The slipfaces are on the concave sides of the dunes. These dunes form under winds that blow consistently from one direction, and they also are known as barchans, or transverse dunes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DOME DUNE", "UUID": "d5ff7545-0eec-4cad-90a5-019e03cdac47" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LONGITUDINAL/LINEAR DUNE", "UUID": "db2d6cfb-70c3-4568-99a0-a25b3c3879dd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PARABOLIC DUNE", "UUID": "4cce9a44-da57-4169-b89f-6b1460fcedb9", "definition": "U-shaped mounds of sand with convex noses trailed by elongated arms are parabolic dunes. Sometimes these dunes are called U-shaped, blowout, or hairpin dunes, and they are well known in coastal deserts. Unlike crescent shaped dunes, their crests point upwind. The elongated arms of parabolic dunes follow rather than lead because they have been fixed by vegetation, while the bulk of the sand in the dune migrates forward." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STAR DUNE", "UUID": "ce087840-ec71-4575-bca9-e807151cc376" } ], "UUID": "e43473a1-4392-48e3-9e56-8a4dcad8d7a2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RIPPLES", "UUID": "cae41424-161f-4378-a1a4-62cd76c61143" } ], "UUID": "26637389-f4f6-47a0-9c3d-17e93ab99dea", "definition": "Landforms created by the processes of wind erosion or deposition of windweathered surface materials. These include landforms with some of the followinggeomorphic features: sand dunes, deflation hollows, and desert pavement.Alternative spelling 'aeolian landforms.'" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AEOLIAN PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ABRASION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "VENTIFACTS", "UUID": "2c15738b-839f-4b68-85bc-ece41e4ac6c9", "definition": "Rocks that have been abraded, pitted, etched, grooved, or polished by wind-driven sand or ice crystals. These geomorphic features are most typically found in arid environments where there is little vegetation to interfere with aeolian particle transport, where there are frequently strong winds, and where there is a steady but not overwhelming supply of sand." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "YARDANGS", "UUID": "59d1b0f7-ef02-4fa4-8d47-7eda39794713", "definition": "A streamlined hill carved from bedrock or any consolidated or semiconsolidated material by the dual action of wind abrasion, dust and sand, and deflation. Yardangs are elongate features typically three or more times longer than they are wide, and when viewed from above, resemble the hull of a boat. Facing the wind is a steep, blunt face that gradually gets lower and narrower toward the lee end." } ], "UUID": "f6e19e2e-555a-4d40-9833-c7513d92c813" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEFLATION", "UUID": "d415cb15-7586-464c-8707-9a5623a61cee" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEGRADATION", "UUID": "baf70c0f-fd59-4d4b-ae03-b664e0352ff7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SALTATION", "UUID": "78778362-5d08-4cd7-9131-159cad561e54", "definition": "A specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind, or the denser fluid water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LOESS", "UUID": "a83052ef-9b98-4cb3-9bed-b0c9059812e5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MONADNOCK", "UUID": "8167592d-13bf-4225-9822-29e68bcd1b37", "definition": "An isolated rock hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain." } ], "UUID": "fe2d9f93-ee9c-4d1e-af28-0c15ee762019" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", "UUID": "34ea8c99-ff34-495b-b986-92a78b74a8e9", "definition": "The chemical makeup of silt, sand, rocks, fossils, and other matter carried and deposited by water, wind, or ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", "UUID": "6e5a6d68-5f99-4f0d-bde3-9f24268af426", "definition": "The composition of sediment including parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", "UUID": "a08cce11-9407-4b1f-b13e-0df87da03612" } ], "UUID": "22ba30ec-a4e2-4547-bad7-4d5f9917625d", "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WEATHERING", "UUID": "7a67a5af-42be-4aa7-8cb1-e1fc0de074cc", "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity." } ], "UUID": "f15b2ad3-f658-420b-99b4-41588646d9b7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COASTAL LANDFORMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BARRIER ISLANDS", "UUID": "6e3135e9-6be6-4995-a5df-022f6a0cf45b", "definition": "A coastal landform and a type of barrier system, are relatively narrow strips of sand that parallel the mainland coast. They usually occur in chains, consisting of anything from a few islands to more than a dozen." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BEACHES", "UUID": "6a5d3e4d-86d1-4863-bfe6-f8e2899fab0e", "definition": "Geological landform along the shoreline of an ocean, sea or lake. It usually consists of loose particles which are often composed of rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, waves or cobblestones." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CORAL REEFS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "APRON REEF", "UUID": "0e566bce-90bf-4a0a-a000-5bb5fb430788", "definition": "A short reef resembling a fringing reef, but more sloped; extending out and downward from a point or peninsular shore." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ATOLL REEF", "UUID": "8c89ede4-94d8-4fd4-a3df-f9d42e9835eb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "BANK REEF", "UUID": "57417a5e-4d86-4fb6-81d6-68bf9a3d1148", "definition": "A linear or semi-circular shaped-outline, larger than a patch reef." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "BARRIER REEF", "UUID": "5fde7781-d4f6-41a8-8428-f428b70c02dc", "definition": "A long, narrow ridge of coral or rock parallel to and relatively near a coastline, separated from the coastline by a lagoon too deep for coral growth." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "FRINGING REEF", "UUID": "0f5c48d1-5189-495d-b5a7-7ad596f0a5c4", "definition": "One of the three main types of coral reefs recognized by most coral reef scientists. It is distinguished from the other two main types (barrier reefs and atolls) in that has either an entirely shallow backreef zone (lagoon) or none at all." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PATCH REEF", "UUID": "a1451fce-9e69-4f2d-b2cf-27238a7577ce" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RIBBON REEF", "UUID": "b428ba89-4638-4989-90c1-f5e4f0d0a6f6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TABLE REEF", "UUID": "5f4dc81d-0893-4eb9-b82a-6a070836aa16", "definition": "An isolated reef, approaching an atoll type, but without a lagoon." } ], "UUID": "dff4d4af-e1e0-4991-884b-a1c088a802b2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CUSPATE FORELANDS", "UUID": "0c51bdb0-54b0-4d0d-afd0-35ef7458ccb7", "definition": "Geographical features found on coastlines and created by long shore drift. Made out of sand and shingle, and later stabilized by vegetation, cuspate forelands are triangular-shaped accretions and extend seawards." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DELTAS", "UUID": "b37b1bdf-6392-4a80-891a-14f177ba2ca2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DUNES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CRESCENTIC (BARCHAN/TRANSVERSE) DUNE", "UUID": "fa47cab9-0aa4-4e16-8115-972f7f543920" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DOME DUNE", "UUID": "16a1f6b8-ea67-43fe-a47c-aad5250b4f59", "definition": "Oval or circular mounds that generally lack a slipface, dome dunes are rare, and these occur at the far upwind margins of sand seas." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LONGITUDINAL/LINEAR DUNE", "UUID": "1810b08a-9377-4f01-a3cf-fdd549ad8ebf", "definition": "Elongate parallel to the prevailing wind, possibly caused by a larger dune having its smaller sides blown away. Seif dunes are sharp-crested and are common in the Sahara. They range up to 300 m (980 ft) in height and 300 km (190 mi) in length." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PARABOLIC DUNE", "UUID": "174fa36e-3a06-40a1-bc95-87e6799bdead", "definition": "U-shaped mounds of sand with convex noses trailed by elongated arms are parabolic dunes. Sometimes these dunes are called U-shaped, blowout, or hairpin dunes, and they are well known in coastal deserts. Unlike crescent shaped dunes, their crests point upwind. The elongated arms of parabolic dunes follow rather than lead because they have been fixed by vegetation, while the bulk of the sand in the dune migrates forward." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STAR DUNE", "UUID": "94ab11dc-b70b-4705-bb25-c4d430722d28" } ], "UUID": "0c279e58-9ad3-4748-816a-de8cabeaf0c4", "definition": "A hill of sand built by aeolian processes. Dunes occur in different forms and sizes, formed by interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dunes are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune and have a shorter 'slip face' in the lee of the wind." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ESTUARIES", "UUID": "127fdf1d-9985-4a27-9b6c-ad54380fd299", "definition": "Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and ocean environments and are subject to both marine influences, such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water; and riverine influences, such as flows of fresh water and sediment. The inflow of both seawater and freshwater provide high levels of nutrients in both the water column and sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FJORDS", "UUID": "c9291bc7-784d-486a-95fa-f08fa1edcad9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HEADLANDS/BAYS/CAPE", "UUID": "860e25fa-e63a-4fd0-bde9-4f596b4a5929", "definition": "Headlands and bays are often found together on the same stretch of coastline. A bay is surrounded by land on three sides, whereas a headland is surrounded by water on three sides. Headlands are characterized by high, breaking waves, rocky shores, intense erosion, and steep sea cliffs." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "INLETS", "UUID": "356a245d-418a-4560-9eb1-d12f8f155f66", "definition": "A narrow body of water between islands or leading inland from a larger body of water, often leading to an enclosed body of water, such as a sound, bay, lagoon or marsh. In sea coasts an inlet usually refers to the actual connection between a bay and the ocean and is often called an 'entrance' or a recession in the shore of a sea, lake or river." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISTHMUS", "UUID": "ca9d9064-91c8-4c49-b388-e5f7290a3234" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAGOONS", "UUID": "081d131a-6bef-47dc-adb3-f96da9123f93", "definition": "A body of shallow sea water or brackish water separated from the sea by some form of barrier." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RIA", "UUID": "8d4c5e9c-bdab-48c9-89da-1eb4b9a528ab" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SALT MARSH", "UUID": "85f409fd-9d81-4cac-84ed-fb0bb4599924", "definition": "An environment in the upper coastal intertidal zone between land and salty or brackish water, dominated by dense stands of halophytic (salt-tolerant) plants such as herbs, grasses, or low shrubs." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA ARCHES", "UUID": "4321cb64-0997-438f-92fb-45169503c01f", "definition": "Sea arches form by wave erosion of coastal headlands. Sea arches are very temporary landforms, in both geologic and human terms." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA CAVES", "UUID": "521f883e-18be-4f28-b5fe-c1f887b4233a", "definition": "A littoral cave, is a type of cave formed primarily by the wave action of the sea. The primary process involved is erosion. Sea caves are found throughout the world, actively forming along present coastlines and as relict sea caves on former coastlines." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA CLIFFS", "UUID": "01400b09-68a3-4e3e-b076-1687e30bed56", "definition": "A significant vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure. Cliffs are formed as erosion landforms due to the processes of erosion and weathering that produce them. Cliffs are common on coasts, in mountainous areas, escarpments and along rivers." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SHOALS", "UUID": "94b575b8-eac4-433d-aa74-d781b650f452" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SHORELINES", "UUID": "57e6b119-567b-44d0-9d93-278ed5c21c47", "definition": "The fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. In Physical Oceanography a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore, representing the intertidal zone where there is one. is the fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. In Physical Oceanography a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore, representing the intertidal zone where there is one." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SOUNDS", "UUID": "c5b85924-9e3f-4106-b389-1ab4486bd233" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SPITS AND BARS", "UUID": "62ef0883-8311-4485-947a-2691b456b667", "definition": "A deposition landform found off coasts. At one end, spits connect to land, while at the far end they exist in open water. A spit is a type of bar or beach that develops where a re-entrant occurs, such as at cove's headlands, by the process of longshore drift." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TOMBOLOS", "UUID": "30f556c4-7531-4758-9e51-8adc6b2e0e8a", "definition": "A deposition landform in which an island is attached to the mainland by a narrow piece of land such as a spit or bar. Once attached, the island is then known as a tied island. Several islands tied together by bars which rise above the water level is called a tombolo cluster." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WAVE-CUT NOTCH/PLATFORMS", "UUID": "ee1d9786-33e9-46dc-b859-25d18e9c8a88" } ], "UUID": "c58320e6-3f1d-4c36-9bee-6bad73404c21" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COASTAL PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ABRASION", "UUID": "fd29bf77-df38-4b80-8148-8184fa41d843" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ACCRETION", "UUID": "8b232049-ce98-4a34-8f00-2366335508e4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ATTRITION/WEATHERING", "UUID": "36b178ad-4f20-41ce-89d1-4ee8567a3cf2", "definition": "A form of coastal or river erosion, when the bed load is eroded by itself. As rocks are transported downstream along a riverbed (by a mixture of rolling, sliding and saltating), the regular impacts between them cause them to be broken up into smaller fragments. This process also makes them rounder and smoother. Attrition can also occur in glaciated regions, where it is caused by the movement of ice with embedded boulders over surface sediments." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHEMICAL SOLUTION", "UUID": "bb891ee1-6c7b-4ec0-b2fa-6fb67a2df2a3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEPOSITION", "UUID": "6a11e5e5-e6a3-42dd-b793-141ce99932e1", "definition": "The act of depositing material, especially by a natural process; the resultant deposit." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FLOODING", "UUID": "fb5c09ec-c924-4deb-8294-8a27697a4550" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDRAULIC ACTION", "UUID": "8fde8c6c-97d4-41a6-9e20-f862faafcd88" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SALTATION", "UUID": "872459ca-da1e-448f-9bf4-383b628f4609", "definition": "A specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind, or the denser fluid water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEA LEVEL CHANGE", "UUID": "6c958ab4-ab98-438e-86d4-1e6a6d0580da", "definition": "Sea levels around the world are rising. Current sea-level rise potentially affects human populations (e.g., those living in coastal regions and on islands) and the natural environment (e.g., marine ecosystems). Two main factors contributed to observed sea level rise. The first is thermal expansion: as ocean water warms, it expands. The second is from the contribution of land-based ice due to increased melting. The major store of water on land is found in glaciers and ice sheets." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", "UUID": "1088e9e2-dadd-4d20-a2db-ef7df32c6d42", "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", "UUID": "9f4548ad-ec40-4d79-a973-552b2541a62d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", "UUID": "17d6838d-e05e-4f0f-a751-7dbd00d2a80a", "definition": "The composition of a sediment, which can be measured in terms of parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", "UUID": "1203f04d-cd90-4f46-b2c1-998a3c182250", "definition": "A chronological succession of sedimentary rocks ." } ], "UUID": "2cca0a13-3c6f-4617-aca9-bff7f8142c52", "definition": "The tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUBMERGENCE", "UUID": "87186c13-548e-4ea8-ba79-38cff394eb59", "definition": "To cover with water; inundate." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUBSIDENCE", "UUID": "b3657e71-acd1-4be4-9c70-a54e074a40a4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUSPENSION", "UUID": "15c6332d-f6f2-45a4-9485-bb55471c0090", "definition": "A heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WAVE BREAKING", "UUID": "a8c37cb5-9426-41fd-b192-53b4c3ae1ba3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WAVE DIFFRACTION", "UUID": "5cbfc557-f3a6-4558-9954-ce37f0510952", "definition": "Refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle. It is described as the apparent bending of waves around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WAVE EROSION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DEGRADATION", "UUID": "2f5ceedb-afb6-47e6-8eac-8f220ef0b564", "definition": "The lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes." } ], "UUID": "86405d6d-eb37-4aa5-a525-bf6a23fd131d", "definition": "The power of the wave is generated by the fetch. Waves erode cliffs by abrasion/corrasion and hydraulic pressure." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WAVE REFRACTION", "UUID": "b43d2d47-c86e-41b6-81bd-be803db536da" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WAVE SHOALING", "UUID": "f8accc20-818e-47a1-962d-80b7ec7f6d92" } ], "UUID": "672d6958-4bbc-4b33-adc8-927e4348908b", "definition": "Coastal processes refers to the action of natural forces (e.g. erosion, deposition, tectonic uplift) on the shoreline, and the nearshore seabed. Some examples of landforms resulting from these processes are wave-cut cliffs, beaches, and wave-cut benches." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FLUVIAL LANDFORMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AIT", "UUID": "d8b04023-b9c4-42bc-a986-ab6c4f32ba28" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BAR", "UUID": "6c061296-2c92-4aa4-b9d1-6ecf0efde876", "definition": "A linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. Bars tend to be long and narrow (linear) and develop where a current (or waves) promote deposition of particles, resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of the water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BAYOU", "UUID": "244bd4be-a3d2-4c02-b576-ae9f2f9e544f", "definition": "A body of water typically found in flat, low-lying areas, and can refer either to an extremely slow-moving stream or river (often with a poorly defined shoreline), or to a marshy lake or wetland." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CANYON", "UUID": "e25ce36c-eacd-447a-9d73-ccc8a7e3a328" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CONFLUENCE", "UUID": "cbd9ee43-24f8-45ab-a39b-2ff34be81c51" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CUTBANK", "UUID": "8dcff6c3-a6b3-479e-96e2-63191d10ac2d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DELTAS", "UUID": "ad535c83-3b93-4632-8aaa-7dfba8bb125a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ENDORHERIC BASIN", "UUID": "4a2a2f6d-9735-4bee-9d1a-21dcd0352c6b", "definition": "A closed drainage basin that retains water and allows no outflow to other bodies of water such as rivers or oceans." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FLOOD PLAIN", "UUID": "d71f94cb-e773-487a-a8ff-9c5f11c1dbc4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GULLY", "UUID": "2f8ad9b0-adb8-4022-8c95-bca68e7a87a5", "definition": "A landform created by running water eroding sharply into soil, typically on a hillside." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISLAND", "UUID": "74caea9b-6023-438b-af3d-bb9d948036f1", "definition": "Piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, cays or keys." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LACUSTRINE PLAIN", "UUID": "588d868d-05a4-4dac-9fb3-770b54ce39e5", "definition": "Lakes that get filled by incoming sediment. Overtime, the water may drain from the lake, leaving the deposited sediments behind. This can be caused by natural drainage, evaporation or other geophysical processes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MARSH", "UUID": "88adcca6-2bc8-443a-9f25-c9aded577615", "definition": "Type of wetland, featuring grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MEANDER", "UUID": "c6f77e54-069e-454f-8260-e150bc29547a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OX-BOW LAKE", "UUID": "12233807-f6cd-410d-b607-ecbfbd545464", "definition": "A u-shaped body of water formed when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut off to create a lake." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PINGO", "UUID": "4a0c46ff-2d07-442d-b141-6156d9ea4a2e", "definition": "A mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic and subarctic that can reach up to 70 metres (230 ft) in height and up to 600 m (2,000 ft) in diameter. The term originated as the Inuvialuktun word for a small hill. A pingo is a periglacial landform, which is defined as a nonglacial landform or process linked to colder climates. Periglacial suggests an environment located on the margin of past glaciers. However, freeze and thaw cycles influence landscapes outside areas of past glaciation. Therefore, periglacial environments are anywhere freezing and thawing modify the landscape in a significant manner" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POINT BAR", "UUID": "dd0de414-6663-4280-94cf-bda7fea736cc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POND", "UUID": "5f292d99-b14a-4f18-bbe0-8025d04cae50", "definition": "A body of standing water, either natural or man-made, that is usually smaller than a lake. They may arise naturally in floodplains as part of a river system, or they may be somewhat isolated depressions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RIFFLE", "UUID": "5df6e78f-6dd4-4fc8-a88e-9e575dbca2eb", "definition": "A shallow stretch of a river or stream, where the current is above the average stream velocity and where the water forms small rippled waves as a result." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RIVER", "UUID": "bb6b3b76-c496-464b-bd20-1b22296aae15" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SPRING", "UUID": "b498a5cb-f77d-4485-8174-81dec28cee0e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STREAM", "UUID": "1d2d0777-b47e-45ee-ac85-2d7b9f6e4ffd", "definition": "A long narrow channel of water that flows as a function of gravity and elevation across the Earth's surface. Many streams empty into lakes, seas or oceans." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STREAM TERRACE", "UUID": "74ce5e8a-038a-471e-a27a-be5b1f17b72f", "definition": "Also known as fluvial terraces are elongated terraces that flank the sides of floodplains and fluvial valleys all over the world. They consist of a relatively level strip of land, called a \u201ctread,\u201d separated from either an adjacent floodplain, other fluvial terraces, or uplands by distinctly steeper strips of land called \u201crisers.\u201d These terraces lie parallel to and above the river channel and its floodplain. Because of the manner in which they form, fluvial terraces are underlain by fluvial sediments of highly variable thickness." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SWAMP", "UUID": "4811065d-7aed-45e0-ac31-6417123be10e", "definition": "An area of land that is always soaked with water; low, wet land that supports grass and trees." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VALLEY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "V SHAPED VALLEY", "UUID": "fdb4c687-916e-48ec-858e-6009cc763de3" } ], "UUID": "87b01c3a-f64f-4764-8cb8-c40ebcd5a989", "definition": "Low land between hills or mountains." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATERFALL", "UUID": "948dea97-9843-4895-b59b-cb55f07a41b4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATERSHED/DRAINAGE BASINS", "UUID": "97a71326-75ac-422f-941e-c0c2897dd46b" } ], "UUID": "cb5193ab-2d7a-4b35-b7ec-f16ce78ae270" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FLUVIAL PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ABRASION", "UUID": "efacd4f6-59ea-4019-8265-8cc81ecc99c0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ATTRITION", "UUID": "9eedd20e-fce3-4fb2-9871-c0a327565ad9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEGRADATION", "UUID": "800606ea-9890-4475-af7b-100f529858d1", "definition": "The lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DOWNCUTTING", "UUID": "aff6bb19-84d0-40ed-8b81-a2210c468283" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ENTRAINMENT", "UUID": "e89704aa-91a0-4888-bb33-a9073eff7119" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDRAULIC ACTION", "UUID": "267eca20-09a7-46ad-89f4-111ccb3fd16d", "definition": "A form of erosion caused by the force of moving water currents rushing into a crack in the rockface.It is strong enough to loosen sediment along the river bed and banks. The water compresses the air in the crack, pushing it right to the back." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LANDSLIDE", "UUID": "54e5d072-5a2c-471b-bca0-7e4ca32a2001", "definition": "The down slope movement of soil, rock, and other weathered materials because of gravity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SALTATION", "UUID": "93596daf-d2d3-4bb8-9626-9db100c402de" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", "UUID": "0c33b48d-1dd1-4309-bcd4-1ce3d0e24b46", "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", "UUID": "09b4427b-9e8b-413a-83cd-f087b284cf61", "definition": "Refers to the chemical makeup and characteristics of sediments. In chemistry, sedimentation has been used to measure the size of large molecules (macromolecule), where the force of gravity is augmented with centrifugal force in an ultracentrifuge." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT COMPOSITION", "UUID": "17747820-39de-4908-bb3d-8c2f94ddd6f4", "definition": "Refers to the parent rock lithology, mineral composition, and chemical make-up of sediment." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", "UUID": "103f1165-1008-4caa-bf77-5259ae1a7a36", "definition": "A chronological succession of sedimentary rocks." } ], "UUID": "984e15c6-7eac-45b8-b098-ad82eab6be6e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUSPENSION", "UUID": "8009663e-73c7-403e-b849-f40d2c3e3de8", "definition": "A heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WEATHERING", "UUID": "6f47d087-21dc-41bc-955e-6eb2db8890cd", "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity." } ], "UUID": "6f47ae88-f28f-43e3-be6a-34f86b15fe19", "definition": "The physical interaction of flowing water and the natural channels of rivers and streams. Such processes play an essential and conspicuous role in the denudation of land surfaces and the transport of rock detritus from higher to lower levels." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIAL LANDFORMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ARETES", "UUID": "8e73bff6-c2f9-46a6-963b-8ef09dd7f5f3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CIRQUES/COMBES", "UUID": "ae3b0c3d-35a1-4c94-ba72-ffe1a641902e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CREVASSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LONGITUDINAL CREVASSES", "UUID": "429d0eba-2689-4674-9a8a-d88c4058b1bf", "definition": "Crevasses that form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MARGINAL CREVASSES", "UUID": "bc803dca-2fdb-4dc0-bf02-f0b9399d6816" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TRANSVERSE CREVASSES", "UUID": "45101ace-ce83-4b56-bea6-c4eca9c693dd", "definition": "Are transverse to flow, as a glacier accelerates where the slope steepens." } ], "UUID": "e0d85cf0-b477-47df-a067-18e28a3e228f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DRUMLINS", "UUID": "4be9b544-68fa-45ea-89f1-a44a9f5929e5", "definition": "An elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ESKERS", "UUID": "5e012809-98cf-468f-bdf7-7cea8569d3ab", "definition": "A long winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel, examples of which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FJORDS", "UUID": "6aed82cb-be90-4e58-ae33-14943ea555be", "definition": "Are formed when a glacier cuts a U-shaped valley by abrasion of the surrounding bedrock. Many such valleys were formed during the recent ice age. Glacial melting is accompanied by rebound of Earth's crust as the ice load and eroded sediment is removed (also called isostasy or glacial rebound)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIAL HORNS", "UUID": "5477fad4-789b-436d-a01e-610aa8efa592", "definition": "A sharp peak formed where the ridges separating three or more cirques intersect" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER STRIATIONS/GROOVES", "UUID": "b2d3b8a4-4861-4c21-b875-97084b6e75aa" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER/HANGING/U-SHAPED VALLEYS", "UUID": "d23f75ed-29ea-4aa2-8785-fd3a3726bc33" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER/ICE CAVES", "UUID": "93b60653-f7bb-46f3-8f65-69221267018c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ICE-DAMMED LAKES", "UUID": "ee565a8c-72b9-44a4-b25d-efefd1a28d8d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "KAME DELTA", "UUID": "3f86db44-f853-4eb3-b4e3-4aaee481043a", "definition": "A glacial landform made by a stream flowing through glacial ice and depositing material upon entering a lake or pond at the end or terminus of the glacier, thus 'in front' of it, a proglacial lake." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "KAMES", "UUID": "89541868-0ea0-47c6-b81e-a0c4981f2d62", "definition": "A steep conical hill composed of glaciofluvial sediments. This feature develops when glacial crevasses and depressions in stagnant glacial ice are filled with sand and gravel deposits from sediment loaded meltwater." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "KETTLE HOLES", "UUID": "6d3722bb-29c0-4fb6-90c3-3f3a144b9941", "definition": "A shallow, sediment-filled body of water formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MORAINES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LATERAL MORAINE", "UUID": "a4f0e7c2-711e-4675-b7c8-f5430905aa89" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MEDIAL MORAINE", "UUID": "9d6c8fac-a5cd-4fbc-8283-1bc256c12a43" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RECESSIONAL MORAINE", "UUID": "c4f0d15c-1f9b-40f3-b5d4-da1d6ebe6da8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RIBBED/ROGAN MORAINE", "UUID": "a389919c-a6da-465e-b074-ea29b66a686b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TERMINAL MORAINE", "UUID": "7886c3eb-e86e-4a84-9f2f-e398ecc82b2d", "definition": "End moraines, or terminal moraines, are ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier. They usually reflect the shape of the glacier's terminus. Glaciers act much like a conveyor belt, carrying debris from the top of the glacier to the bottom where it deposits it in end moraines." } ], "UUID": "4f590d94-110c-4762-9171-aba6d24af6a0", "definition": "A glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (soil and rock) which can occur in currently glaciated and formerly glaciated regions, such as those areas acted upon by a past ice age." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NUNATAKS", "UUID": "3b8bdda1-2415-47ea-b4cf-c802fa44c496", "definition": "An exposed, often rocky element of a ridge, mountain, or peak not covered with ice or snow within (or at the edge of) an ice field or glacier. The term is typically used in areas where a permanent ice sheet is present. Nunataks present readily identifiable landmark reference points in glaciers or ice caps and are often named." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OUTWASH FANS/PLAINS", "UUID": "a8bfc8ad-42f2-43cc-b161-20058037bb95" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ROCHE MOUNTONNEES/SHEEPBACK", "UUID": "691cb42a-9de2-4f49-b1b4-9a4be80abd2b", "definition": "A rock formation created by the passing of a glacier. When a glacier erodes down to bedrock, it can form tear-drop shaped hills that taper in the up-ice direction." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ROCK GLACIERS", "UUID": "2d98cbaf-8c82-46e6-9962-a5e63918fe66", "definition": "Distinctive geomorphological landforms of angular rock debris frozen in interstitial ice which may extend outward and downslope from talus cones, glaciers or terminal moraines of glaciers. There are two types of rock glaciers: periglacial glaciers, or talus-derived glaciers, and glacial rock glaciers." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TILL PLAINS", "UUID": "2bea72da-2cf3-403c-adb9-9d963eb71536", "definition": "An extensive flat plain of glacial till that forms when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of a glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carried. A till plain with irregular topography is referred to as a ground moraine." } ], "UUID": "3c78951a-0293-4fb0-baff-ec7372fe784d", "definition": "'Glacial landforms' are landforms derived from the erosion and depositioncaused by glaciers and ice sheets, associated meltwater, and the Earth'srheological response. Such landforms include drumlins, moraines, cirques,fjords, etc. 'Glacial processes' include deposition of sediments and erosionof the Earth's surface by grinding, scouring, and polishing effected by themovement of glacier ice armed with rock fragments frozen into it, together withthe erosive action of meltwater streams." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIAL PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ABLATION", "UUID": "99db4dca-4d07-48fd-8ba3-393532d04aa6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ABRASION", "UUID": "8f57f4b0-5177-4362-81e8-ced75d37d1aa" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CRUST REBOUND", "UUID": "c06e70c0-616c-44f2-a884-ad0252e29e37" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DEGRADATION", "UUID": "e60bfab8-01a8-4d0b-ae95-5d9014c71717" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DUMPING", "UUID": "b6d56c3f-daa4-4c2f-9c56-4cecdf3d9fcd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ENTRAINMENT", "UUID": "1dc7ed2f-2834-4044-8caa-117ce12389af", "definition": "The process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow (such as air, water or even ice ) as part of the operation of erosion." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FIRN FORMATION", "UUID": "5b66d75f-331f-49d0-ad97-12f6535ce93a", "definition": "The formation process of firn, a partially compacted n\u00e9v\u00e9, which is a type of snow that has been left over from past seasons and has been recrystallized into a substance denser than n\u00e9v\u00e9. It is ice that is at an intermediate stage between snow and glacial ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FREEZE/THAW", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "BASAL ICE FREEZING", "UUID": "a72c8430-0b33-4167-b189-1309cc2048c5" } ], "UUID": "f7849055-fa5c-437c-a8c6-08c7db3a3b0a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIAL DISPLACEMENT", "UUID": "5ddbaf71-b279-42cf-b250-faaefb627f66", "definition": "The displacement of a glacier. The speed of glacial displacement is partly determined by friction. Friction makes the ice at the bottom of the glacier move slower than the upper portion. In alpine glaciers, friction is also generated at the valley's side walls, which slows the edges relative to the center." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIAL DRIFT", "UUID": "5cd3ad48-ade6-4306-a7de-4e68ecdf6bc7", "definition": "Less apparent is the ground moraine, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath much of the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIAL GROWTH", "UUID": "4be0198b-b88c-44db-b887-6cc7f5cd68f8", "definition": "The growth of a glacier over time" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIAL STRIATION", "UUID": "114e9f84-8bc5-4863-abd2-55b80ed2af11", "definition": "Scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion. Glacial striations are usually multiple, straight, and parallel, representing the movement of the glacier using rock fragments and sand grains, embedded in the base of the glacier, as cutting tools. Large amounts of coarse gravel and boulders carried along underneath the glacier provide the abrasive power to cut trough-like glacial grooves, and finer sediments also in the base of the moving glacier further scour and polish the bedrock surface, forming a glacial pavement." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER CRUST SUBSIDENCE", "UUID": "b87c5264-13c6-4716-acf3-51b2576dc1e9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES", "UUID": "fa0f38f3-2faa-4cd7-a848-22f3d96ab210" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PLUCKING", "UUID": "c4619d3d-f852-4899-9e33-9fd6d4096351" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SCOURING", "UUID": "7ca88385-d0cf-439c-9a12-86b926b71582", "definition": "Erosion resulting from glacial action, whereby the surface material is removed and the rock fragments carried by the glacier abrade, scratch, and polish the bedrock." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT", "UUID": "791b7271-3a30-46ee-98e0-bc8239389950", "definition": "The movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of the force of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. An understanding of sediment transport is typically used in natural systems, where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles due to the sloping surface on which they are resting." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY", "UUID": "7d10ff6d-efde-4f97-866b-7d771dd32b25", "definition": "The chemical makeup of silt, sand, rocks, fossils, and other matter carried and deposited by water, wind, or ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", "UUID": "c25fef4a-f346-4831-8015-7853886c4fc7" } ], "UUID": "d8f33f0a-137c-49ac-aebf-f8a8b0540a09" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WEATHERING", "UUID": "580ef100-0fb8-456c-a9ca-565d11392a26", "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity." } ], "UUID": "d7b62912-5970-46b1-be45-6a603c9a6979" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "KARST LANDFORMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CAVES", "UUID": "631c5fb8-5e44-48f8-b937-a5f393d0832d", "definition": "A natural underground space large enough for a human to enter. Some people suggest that the term cave should only apply to cavities that have some part that does not receive daylight; however, in popular usage, the term includes smaller spaces like sea caves, rock shelters, and grottos." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COCKPIT/TOWER KARST", "UUID": "a20151df-e7cf-43e0-9745-ffc965f97ef7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "KARST VALLEY", "UUID": "c319a44c-b21a-491f-9cf0-65868507576c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SINKHOLES (DOLINES)", "UUID": "7f298307-73f6-4f10-96a2-db381f357cb6", "definition": "A pit like hole found in areas of karst. These features are caused by the weathering of limestone or dolomite by subsurface drainage." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "UVALA", "UUID": "40d9bf88-e7e2-4137-81fc-4721d67ce520", "definition": "A complex closed depression with several lesser depressions within its rim." } ], "UUID": "ac2d1035-1896-42c1-861b-042a917b6889" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "KARST PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CACO3", "UUID": "9902dc89-61fb-4a1e-becf-c8138122d2c4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DISSOLVED CO2", "UUID": "613abf26-7625-4134-8961-7a59fe82efc9", "definition": "The carbon dioxide dissolved in water has even more effect than the oxygen. Oxygen remains as an O2 molecule, whether it's in its gas phase or in solution, but when CO2 is dissolved in water, a small proportion of it reacts chemically with H2O to form carbonic acid, H2CO3. (There's no mystery about that: just add up the six atoms.) In water carbonic acid dissociates rapidly to form a H+ ion and HCO2 (bicarbonate), so it affects the carbonate equilibrium, and pH values change as a result. Dissolved CO2 lowers the average pH of rainwater to 5.7, even where 'acid rain' caused by pollution isn't a factor. The gentle acidity of rainwater is a major source for the weathering of minerals, which the carbonic acid leaches from rocks and which eventually find their way to the ocean." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "KARST HYDROLOGY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE", "UUID": "bbfe00ab-ab63-40e0-8752-8f47d17c1d39" } ], "UUID": "05172a3b-cdc0-4e97-af29-e38cd4f271c6", "definition": "Karst Hydrology refers to the extensive dissolution of rock has led to the development of subterranean channels through which groundwater flows in conduits (enclosed or semi-enclosed channels). These conduits can vary in size from slightly enlarged cracks to tunnels many meters in diameter and many kilometers in length." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POROSITY", "UUID": "07f6c977-077b-47f2-962c-00dadcd9f555", "definition": "A measure of a rock's ability to hold a fluid. Mathematically, porosity is the open space in a rock divided by the total rock volume (solid + space or holes). Porosity is normally expressed as a percentage of the total rock which is taken up by pore space." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WEATHERING", "UUID": "60dc0787-9e7e-4e0d-8023-d916da5d0836", "definition": "Breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or 'with no movement', and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity." } ], "UUID": "63846997-4a3f-41e1-9241-6d5053360d7a", "definition": "Landscapes characterized by (or the processes characterizing) the formation and collapse of caves and sinkholes because of carbonation weathering of limestone bedrock." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TECTONIC LANDFORMS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CALDERA", "UUID": "5d9d1d85-b402-4f84-ab5c-03a49fc68c25", "definition": "A large circular depression in a volcano." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CINDER CONE", "UUID": "7c394040-91f1-4438-a50a-3118254f5989", "definition": "A steep conical hill of tephra (volcanic debris) that accumulates around and downwind from a volcanic vent." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FAULTS", "UUID": "6107d1c4-5aea-4bfa-861d-d77083a4476e", "definition": "A planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement along the fractures as a result of earth movement." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FOLDS", "UUID": "a2a3893c-de51-4ca7-a952-e9a43dd961a1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GEYSER", "UUID": "ea580c65-2f66-4745-bbb6-dde61279ecfa" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GRABEN", "UUID": "524f075d-e875-4c9d-9e46-91f2a0b12168", "definition": "A depressed block of land bordered by parallel faults." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HORST", "UUID": "bf3fbdaa-cefb-4a54-8a4e-ee0a862795fb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAVA DOME", "UUID": "33a0cd6c-a8e4-4187-a2f3-7eb4bf62808d", "definition": "Roughly circular mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow extrusion of viscous lava from a volcano. The geochemistry of lava domes can vary from basalt to rhyolite although most preserved domes tend to have high silica content." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAVA PLAIN", "UUID": "dc18db4d-2184-453e-ba0a-86c83a9bede0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MAAR", "UUID": "c1f717e9-da1a-4e85-ba2b-01986d53674d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MOUNTAINS", "UUID": "c34ea556-10bd-4665-9f22-68b5d05c9aea" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PLATEAU", "UUID": "0baf564f-f942-4aeb-9b75-30b838f28f3f", "definition": "An area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain. A highly eroded plateau is called a dissected plateau. A volcanic plateau is a plateau produced by volcanic activity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RIDGE", "UUID": "ca091be1-4762-49ec-859b-a1a2fcb8e038" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RIFT VALLEY", "UUID": "0bd4d492-4911-4a6a-afaa-34899a80294b", "definition": "A linear-shaped lowland between highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geologic rift or fault. This action is manifest as crustal extension, a spreading apart of the surface which is subsequently further deepened by the forces of erosion." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TUYA", "UUID": "a355aafc-f0ce-4774-afc3-82b41df5f022" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VOLCANO", "UUID": "cefe2205-809c-4386-915e-a8737ae8e68e" } ], "UUID": "46172bbe-8bf0-49a0-848f-129c089aeb8e", "definition": "'Tectonic landforms' are structural landforms of regional extent. Theselandforms make up extensive landscapes whose topography is strongly influencedby the structure of underlying rocks that have undergone (or are undergoing)some degree of deformation (and possible associated metamorphism and igneousintrusion). Landscapes developed on orogenic belts, uplifts, domes, basins, andshields can all be thought of as tectonic landforms. 'Tectonic processes' arelarge-scale geologic processes that develop these landforms and includemountain building and crustal rifting." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TECTONIC PROCESSES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EPEIROGENIC MOVEMENT", "UUID": "ebcd5f14-9468-493b-b0e6-de5afda2621a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISOSTATIC UPLIFT", "UUID": "ca464924-4299-46ea-8cae-fd9bad49c1b1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OROGENIC MOVEMENT", "UUID": "46d188a9-1099-4d72-b466-6e839297320e", "definition": "The formation of mountain ranges by intense upward displacement of the earth's crust, usually associated with folding, thrust faulting, and other compressional processes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RIFTING", "UUID": "9c207e15-9947-4849-bdf4-c1893a7f800a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUBDUCTION", "UUID": "44dd98d0-a0d0-46b2-bb98-ed887ce7fa60", "definition": "The process that takes place at convergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate, sinking into the Earth's mantle, as the plates converge. A subduction zone is an area on Earth where two tectonic plates move towards one another and subduction occurs." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TECTONIC UPLIFT", "UUID": "4bc109b5-6788-4f64-8238-745bab3910dd", "definition": "A geological process most often caused by plate tectonics which increases elevation" } ], "UUID": "f0bd7eeb-9004-4e40-a649-f6010d8a4303" } ], "UUID": "b5cb1fab-7281-478f-bb3b-ff04f900b3fc" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "GEOTHERMAL DYNAMICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GEOTHERMAL ENERGY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ENERGY DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "9d258088-e5bd-42b9-a281-e566da10ea74" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ENERGY OUTPUT", "UUID": "64461e23-b3c1-4b99-b879-84e54bacdb24", "definition": "The amount of heat output from a geothermal energy source." } ], "UUID": "33d1810f-40c6-4b37-ac90-7435ef5fa507", "definition": "Heat transferred from the earth's molten core to under-ground deposits of dry steam (steam with no water droplets), wet steam (a mixture of steam and water droplets), hot water, or rocks lying fairly close to the earth's surface." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GEOTHERMAL TEMPERATURE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AMBIENT TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "1d2ac206-0977-4145-b334-baa6e13a0db6", "definition": "Air temperature measured with a thermometer, similar to dry-bulb temperature." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TEMPERATURE GRADIENT", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TEMPERATURE GRADIENT RATE", "UUID": "f4573e47-3cce-49ec-98d3-b5b3bb51371e" } ], "UUID": "99d567bb-7767-4ea4-a135-a611eac6a669" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TEMPERATURE PROFILES", "UUID": "321d9086-fc85-40a3-a2e0-d24bc6765345", "definition": "The change of air temperature with height above the ground. When the temperature increases with height, the profile is called an inversion profile, or simply an inversion. When the temperature decreases strongly with height, a convective profile may be established." } ], "UUID": "cacfd8f0-b83a-46b7-b324-52ce1b55baa9" } ], "UUID": "ec2bf43d-2525-439e-bbbe-0db758e71965" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "GRAVITY/GRAVITATIONAL FIELD", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CONTROL SURVEYS", "UUID": "8b39b880-f385-4dab-a563-24064b43be7e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CRUSTAL MOTION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISOSTATIC ADJUSTMENTS", "UUID": "5dee7d0e-e13e-4974-9750-79d5cd886c7a", "definition": "The rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostasy." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "OCEAN CRUST DEFORMATION", "UUID": "aa6c2fe7-3261-4fd8-bed4-81403bc49086" } ], "UUID": "122f7d15-7e5c-4249-992c-c753c80cf05b", "definition": "Pertaining to the use of gravitational data in order to determine the relative motions of the Earth's crustal plates." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GRAVITATIONAL FIELD", "UUID": "56b4cbe5-e5f7-4e61-8c48-bbb858b505e6", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, strength, size, etc. of the Earth's gravitational field." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GRAVITY", "UUID": "69af3046-08e0-4c24-981d-803c0412ce58", "definition": "The natural phenomenon by which physical bodies appear to attract each other with a force proportional to their masses. It is most commonly experienced as the agent that gives weight to objects with mass and causes them to fall to the ground when dropped. The phenomenon of gravitation itself, however, is a byproduct of a more fundamental phenomenon described by general relativity, which suggests that spacetime is curved according to the energy and momentum of whatever matter and radiation are present." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GRAVITY ANOMALIES", "UUID": "fb7eeee0-9ad1-40f8-baa2-df7dc3acb6d3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "POLAR MOTION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ANNUAL ELLIPTICAL COMPONENT", "UUID": "9d184041-9848-4f76-affd-74f4e4fd7462" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHANDLER CIRCULAR COMPONENT", "UUID": "a983aad3-c72a-49e8-8de9-e0aaf35e14b3" } ], "UUID": "c44b078d-ec95-47d5-9a43-ba8475e568d2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ROTATIONAL MOTION/VARIATIONS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ROTATIONAL RATE/SPEED", "UUID": "d5d9bd6a-92c4-49ac-bddf-0077cf804ea7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TIDAL FRICTION", "UUID": "4bb526d7-2c14-43bc-a2a7-f166b5c41a3a", "definition": "A force between the oceans of Earth and the ocean floors caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon. The Earth tries to carry the ocean waters round with it, while the Moon tries to keep them heaped up under it and on the far side of the Earth." } ], "UUID": "05225982-60ab-4772-a0b7-f67c3b853ab9", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, and effects of variations in the Earth's rotation about its axis, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the sun." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SATELLITE ORBITS/REVOLUTION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ANGLE OF ELEVATION", "UUID": "96427b44-91a8-4ace-8276-0117948878ee" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ANGLE OF INCLINATION", "UUID": "025d666e-a5bb-48b5-9890-129e60104611", "definition": "Refers to the angle between the equatorial plane of the earth and the orbital plane of the satellite" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ORBIT TYPE", "UUID": "e709d2f9-c110-4e71-b4da-ff1a7c382d99" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ORBIT VELOCITY", "UUID": "53eeb68a-615d-42d0-9c6b-ddfe0d0eb2c7", "definition": "The orbital speed of a body (satellite) in a gravitational field." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ORBITAL POSITION", "UUID": "e72ba365-ea43-42ef-acd1-05ac5c46f29a" } ], "UUID": "71278ba7-9a13-43ba-9ec3-62ae2b39de88", "definition": "Pertaining to the determination of variations in orbital paths of man-made satellites, and to the calculation of the orbits of future satellites." } ], "UUID": "221386f6-ef9b-4990-82b3-f990b0fe39fa", "definition": "Dealing with the determination of the size and shape of the earth, the Earth's gravitational field, and the location of points fixed to the Earth's crust in an Earth-referred coordinate system." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AGE DETERMINATIONS", "UUID": "d4ac49a1-9ba5-4a90-a033-2ef317028352" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BEDROCK LITHOLOGY", "UUID": "4beaeec9-0750-44e6-8fb4-8d0085efc82e", "definition": "Pertaining to the identification, measurement, analysis, and documentation of lithologic composition of the earth's bedrock." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ELEMENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MAJOR ELEMENTS", "UUID": "2440389a-d0d9-445a-9dce-908900f0c3a7", "definition": "Elements that constitute > 1 wt. % of a rock as determined in a chemical analysis." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MINOR ELEMENTS", "UUID": "63cf1bca-72c7-4f5e-8018-3d22befa7147", "definition": "Elements that constitute 1 to 0.1 wt. % of a rock as determined in a chemical analysis." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS", "UUID": "334f47c1-fd13-483f-b493-e69a9e93d553", "definition": "An element with an unstable nucleus, which radiates alpha, beta or gamma radiation and gets converted to a stable element." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TRACE ELEMENTS", "UUID": "c3c898d7-14db-4536-bd86-f8f222167195" } ], "UUID": "da22144c-634d-4007-aba9-e636a9f2fa3f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GAS HYDRATES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GAS HYDRATES AGE DETERMINATIONS", "UUID": "43561874-c5c4-47d5-8daf-e99fab694042", "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of gas hydrates" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GAS HYDRATES FORMATION", "UUID": "9589c9f5-fd13-4809-b26c-bd71db371836" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GAS HYDRATES PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CLEAVAGE", "UUID": "ec950d11-30a8-44c3-b1f3-8e93b131211f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COLOR", "UUID": "c5bc5153-d8ed-455b-9a05-aebb1026e2fb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", "UUID": "8d396c19-6c45-44f6-9b59-53e1c3712622" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ELECTRICAL", "UUID": "dfb9f260-ce31-4bdc-99af-f3a6f89f52a2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HARDNESS", "UUID": "26ea8426-2996-4b93-aff2-f3b9cd2f8a7a", "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUMINESCENCE", "UUID": "03939ec7-9310-4440-b761-c8a6b32f1f43", "definition": "The emission of \u201ccold light\u201d from minerals. There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUSTER", "UUID": "a4596f71-207c-4037-b3a1-7ab0cd12daec" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "REFLECTION", "UUID": "60e242ac-0f08-4574-bf92-b5e6536603cb", "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. This measurement is also known as seismic reflection." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", "UUID": "2b1b868a-71ff-4a9e-9d32-371a4b91f1a3", "definition": "Identified as the density of the gas hydrates." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STABILITY", "UUID": "23da8344-174b-4931-b460-9fcfaf824ec9", "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature." } ], "UUID": "1f76b928-d41a-4fbd-9da7-b8602f0183bd", "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of gas hydrates." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GAS HYDRATES VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "7a20b919-a6f6-453e-9055-a66a9da8594b", "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of gas hydrates within the solid Earth." } ], "UUID": "a654a922-8b69-46f2-be40-d4d830ce999c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "IGNEOUS ROCKS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "IGNEOUS ROCK AGE DETERMINATIONS", "UUID": "53e3eeca-265b-42d8-ad64-bfcc2acdad26", "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of igneous rocks" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "IGNEOUS ROCK FORMATION", "UUID": "984d4966-070d-4f8c-85e7-83bb0fd804a8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "IGNEOUS ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CLEAVAGE", "UUID": "746a7f6e-8923-47a1-9e95-9103a1231fc4", "definition": "Breakage of a mineral along a flat plane of weakness." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COLOR", "UUID": "7ca1ab0a-2aa1-438c-b4c0-93dd8db37bb1", "definition": "The intrinsic color of the mineral." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", "UUID": "2cb4e7de-fba7-420a-9137-ac10e298fd63", "definition": "An analysis of the composition and texture of igneous rocks within the solid Earth." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ELECTRICAL", "UUID": "8cd774ee-2437-4790-ae2c-4492ecfc5013" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HARDNESS", "UUID": "8443b43e-9512-4389-bc89-11c7510144f6", "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUMINESCENCE", "UUID": "bd075d4b-1112-4290-920d-cf15280d54b8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUSTER", "UUID": "e1e3f623-5a18-46a8-b8a8-22c082b643ad" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "REFLECTION", "UUID": "19791e07-39bf-4635-b695-a819e38e20ca", "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. This measurement is also known as seismic reflection." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", "UUID": "ba73a304-0302-40bc-af08-79d923054162" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STABILITY", "UUID": "92b21b46-90e1-4ea6-a5be-e2ce663a028d" } ], "UUID": "a17a781d-01b0-470c-a4e2-e91ca8b1fbdc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "IGNEOUS ROCK VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "16499bb4-95bd-4bc0-b8d8-1fd11ca7d44d", "definition": "The vertical and geogrpahic distribution of igneous rock within the solid earth." } ], "UUID": "e8d97ffd-2fd2-4989-88a7-9772fc9b7cd8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "METALS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METALS AGE DETERMINATIONS", "UUID": "a1b409b9-bf98-490a-8af5-f64fcda17a54" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METALS PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CLEAVAGE", "UUID": "37edb662-820e-410f-a45c-7a419bce0c8b", "definition": "Breakage of a mineral along a flat plane of weakness." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COLOR", "UUID": "a2a5a2e1-6ac8-4bd4-9fe6-00f043bc148b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE", "UUID": "1afa91ea-2b60-48d6-b065-093cd20408cd", "definition": "An analysis of the composition and structure of metals." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ELECTRICAL", "UUID": "ebebffc8-474e-46a9-b194-5cfe5a309e88" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HARDNESS", "UUID": "ebc1d1d7-98b7-4448-a6b0-80b15de99259" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUMINESCENCE", "UUID": "b727b561-f738-436d-bb96-137b455bb54a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUSTER", "UUID": "af12ef6b-836b-40bf-959b-ec2d82c87389" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "REFLECTION", "UUID": "f9385327-31fe-49a6-b3d6-073d6897ff4a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", "UUID": "c3a008a8-0af3-4595-9c32-1fc8bee47c9f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STABILITY", "UUID": "3ff1adcf-563f-47b3-902e-0231051dc8e7", "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature." } ], "UUID": "85d46af8-f6ce-490d-a971-0f03b301c1e4", "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of metals." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METALS VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "fbc418a0-5d32-43ab-9f1f-e81b9d8534e1" } ], "UUID": "7b76bca5-32ee-4285-8550-0de120b01a13", "definition": "Pertaining to the location, mining, production, or uses of the metals or metallic ores found in or on the Earth's Crust." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "METAMORPHIC ROCKS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METAMORPHIC ROCK AGE DETERMINATIONS", "UUID": "02a53a61-4fd2-4294-9dcc-071f701bc263", "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of metamorphic rocks." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METAMORPHIC ROCK FORMATION", "UUID": "a243624b-a9c8-4c53-84d1-bb0fe2a71ef6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METAMORPHIC ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CLEAVAGE", "UUID": "f433284b-5def-465b-a532-62f0961294d0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COLOR", "UUID": "ee3df8b7-0b0b-40ed-b9fa-cc3205d95669" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", "UUID": "9dbdb70e-7bea-4473-a7a9-9a7edf843af1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ELECTRICIAL", "UUID": "abd86f50-fc17-4020-a6ac-f0066fc5f7ec" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HARDNESS", "UUID": "953aecfe-a93d-4994-906f-5a1f8c4baa76" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUMINESCENCE", "UUID": "f8740a28-ec13-4ce8-8541-2ecae035b297" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUSTER", "UUID": "93aee4f9-2bcc-4208-b538-0c92f1ac1f42" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "REFLECTION", "UUID": "94bc302a-d9ce-4f8f-982b-08a35772e5e9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", "UUID": "3fa18e78-7b40-425b-8773-ad3f0dab7cf4", "definition": "Identified as the density of the rock." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STABILITY", "UUID": "0cbc201c-f58a-44a2-9515-f23eefc9be03", "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature." } ], "UUID": "2d38e7c6-8169-49e9-ab9d-0d0f690cce04", "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of metamorphic rocks." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METAMORPHIC ROCK VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "5d80d2d2-7841-4734-a8c5-5d60679e3830", "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of metamorphic rocks within the solid Earth." } ], "UUID": "d220bbb1-410e-4b77-9663-78cb68c6b134" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "METEORITES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METEORITE AGE DETERMINATIONS", "UUID": "6d75d735-7dac-42a2-8f87-2dfcbe3cf545", "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age meteorites" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METEORITE ORIGIN", "UUID": "d45ccf89-7f8c-4a61-b46d-c34dca21c879" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METEORITE PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CLEAVAGE", "UUID": "d9add64c-1764-4ddb-b088-71c77084a2f5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COLOR", "UUID": "f54cb873-f20a-4476-835e-fd968c9b1937" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE", "UUID": "94370298-393b-4faa-bbb1-f8b6a47b9d56" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ELECTRICAL", "UUID": "0de2a94f-9bd1-4ad0-b5b8-4a8237d049bf", "definition": "The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. For rocks with a range of chemical composition as well as variable physical properties of porosity and fluid content, the values of electrical properties can vary widely." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HARDNESS", "UUID": "a2c042a4-2658-48c1-a511-7a5dbff2b63d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUMINESCENCE", "UUID": "83aff0db-35fd-45f9-b409-692b17941f79", "definition": "It is the emission of \u201ccold light\u201d from minerals. There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUSTER", "UUID": "651a6368-251e-45f6-8496-1f798de85db5", "definition": "Luster is the way light reflects off the surface of a mineral." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "REFLECTION", "UUID": "547c2bee-40ce-4b23-8338-5fa7c6ad8a8d", "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. This measurement is also known as seismic reflection." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", "UUID": "7b6d19eb-616b-45cf-a1e6-cc8b549128f1", "definition": "Identified as the density of the mineral." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STABILITY", "UUID": "a1d083b5-3233-4053-a479-4eb7d347c34b" } ], "UUID": "3ff47a50-2f58-489b-96a7-74e1d40cf0f2", "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of meteorites." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METEORITE VERTICAL/GEOGRPAHIC DISTRIBUTION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUSTER", "UUID": "5a8bc1e7-a74d-4acc-9ac2-8fea047068a8" } ], "UUID": "e468e55a-5bee-413e-8cbd-c9706e28eb93" } ], "UUID": "96be1efc-d5e2-423d-8ade-00b3d454244d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MINERALS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MINERAL AGE DETERMINATIONS", "UUID": "239c04ba-6f82-4d4f-a60b-a1ee49301e0f", "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of minerals." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MINERAL FORMATION", "UUID": "f6ce9d55-4183-4433-a615-4c4f01d7810b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MINERAL PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CLEAVAGE", "UUID": "a40aafdc-dcc0-43f0-bc57-3a567631fa3b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COLOR", "UUID": "d8bea85a-4578-410f-b58a-4927b8963aef" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", "UUID": "9d828679-c6d3-4f74-9489-d9688509a025" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ELECTRICAL", "UUID": "a9f3ac40-047e-4649-bf0f-03480d6174ae" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HARDNESS", "UUID": "1545d45e-a4e6-43bd-a3ae-8d3a0a25b41e", "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUMINESCENCE", "UUID": "307f8625-b4cf-4856-9d62-b200e94429a2", "definition": "The emission of \u201ccold light\u201d from minerals. There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUSTER", "UUID": "1c44d356-308d-4f92-8fe4-201edff3a02e", "definition": "Rock luster is the way light reflects off the surface of a mineral." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "REFLECTION", "UUID": "f2057998-1d06-4e58-9177-447942355d66" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", "UUID": "cef686dd-4efe-4e4a-b6ef-360879b20dc9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STABILITY", "UUID": "3feb3e65-5a44-46db-ba7b-ceb695e4fb50", "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature." } ], "UUID": "da269095-7270-4a0d-8b43-2c85bd42dd90" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MINERAL VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "cbac3817-116f-4280-b32d-d30bb0f37cbd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MINERALOIDS", "UUID": "56373f39-7c27-4a77-bb52-c4defee751f8", "definition": "A naturally occurring, usually inorganic substance that is not considered to be a mineral because it is amorphous and lacks a periodically repeating arrangement of atoms, e.g. opal." } ], "UUID": "387a51ad-382f-4297-be72-fdd4bb0fe3f9", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, analysis, quantification, and comparison of thecrystal structures of minerals." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NON-METALLIC MINERALS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NON-METALLIC MINERAL AGE DETERMINATIONS", "UUID": "497ec0b6-a732-4d97-9e5a-09eaf5ed4607", "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of non-metallic minerals." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NON-METALLIC MINERAL FORMATION", "UUID": "2b4d3c45-8713-4ec9-9565-866bb01be9f9", "definition": "An analysis of non-metallic mineral formation within the solid Earth." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NON-METALLIC MINERAL PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CLEAVAGE", "UUID": "6a22f994-b311-4042-b517-35612ccf2bb6", "definition": "Breakage of a mineral along a flat plane of weakness." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COLOR", "UUID": "bac88c42-fd8d-4970-878d-441977f00ffc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", "UUID": "f53dd88a-d2a0-4a97-bdcf-70e013461bbe" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ELECTRICAL", "UUID": "ffc61516-ea33-48f3-94df-7065fea388ee" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HARDNESS", "UUID": "70cebb8f-f944-4fe7-be08-1ed86d50eb7c", "definition": "In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUMINESCENCE", "UUID": "a8f6fca6-7a5e-49f7-9b32-813aaf42d0db" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUSTER", "UUID": "2e806852-5790-484f-9aee-a7cfc6683ec0", "definition": "The way light reflects off the surface of a mineral." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "REFLECTION", "UUID": "9911bf57-9d52-4fb3-a915-9e522e9845d5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", "UUID": "42632143-3d8c-40d9-a0ab-9fdffb98a6c9", "definition": "Identified as the density of the non-metallic mineral." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STABILITY", "UUID": "07d5a2e4-47ef-4bee-81a7-42ef2eb7a77c", "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature." } ], "UUID": "42424cb5-aa02-4e7e-b164-b2a3324285c6", "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of non-metallic minerals." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NON-METALLIC MINERAL VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "1980c6c6-50f0-45a1-9a28-668f1372c09e", "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of non-metallic minerals within the solid Earth." } ], "UUID": "d64a9627-3cf8-41d3-aaf7-8c2c46fb4a13" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENTARY ROCKS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COAL", "UUID": "8b726747-6eba-4ce6-bfc6-ee84616a1862" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTARY ROCK AGE DETERMINATIONS", "UUID": "701f2b6f-34b0-4f69-941e-c2c5545abc0b", "definition": "An analysis and determination of the age of sedimentary rocks." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTARY ROCK FORMATION", "UUID": "8777e995-2acc-40cd-b81a-f0c7b69df23e", "definition": "The formation of sedimentary rock from the consolidation of clay sediments." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTARY ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CLEAVAGE", "UUID": "b5ae8710-8c7e-48ab-bf0f-2f18b2598a5a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COLOR", "UUID": "e0c40575-4033-4e91-9874-3cd83ce80bc1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", "UUID": "dbfa6bae-c59a-4c41-b3d1-12b3fd6b5641" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ELECTRICAL", "UUID": "f5cd9ac7-6b10-44dd-8b1d-660a7a681518" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "HARDNESS", "UUID": "99d75da3-aa22-4d29-9a56-7e0413665031" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUMINESCENCE", "UUID": "3e705ebc-c58f-460d-b5e7-1da05ee45cc1", "definition": "The emission of \u201ccold light\u201d from minerals. There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to the source of energy, or the trigger for the luminescence." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LUSTER", "UUID": "1fca9e52-07fa-424b-b75a-ef1003e77b56", "definition": "The way light reflects off the surface of a mineral." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "REFLECTION", "UUID": "73e9349c-08db-4ca5-87f8-bbe785c25629", "definition": "A method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate of the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. This measurement is also known as seismic reflection." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SPECIFIC GRAVITY", "UUID": "383eb3f9-49bb-4210-ab59-030eeb1f68c3", "definition": "Identified as the density of the rock." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "STABILITY", "UUID": "54a4a67a-b1ed-429b-876b-a595164a807c", "definition": "The ability of a mineral to remain unaltered over a stated range of pressure and temperature." } ], "UUID": "609aeae6-388f-41a1-8813-a2e760e8fdb7", "definition": "The study and analysis of the various physical and optical properties of sedimentary rocks." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTARY ROCK VERTICAL/GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "23706ac6-8f15-4548-b1c5-6594d825d56d", "definition": "The vertical and geographic distribution of sedimentary rocks within the solid Earth." } ], "UUID": "85353d7b-05d8-4c32-a5b2-065f1f22f026", "definition": "Pertaining to the composition, texture, formation, location, extent, etc. ofrocks formed through sedimentary processes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SEDIMENTS", "UUID": "6600ace1-fc1e-4b5a-9f82-0afa19acf037", "definition": "Unconsolidated particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock, by chemical precipitation from solution in water, or from the secretions of organisms, and transported by water, wind, or glaciers." } ], "UUID": "ba8d7f68-ad3a-4874-bc75-312b24b1b1ac" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "TECTONICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CORE PROCESSES", "UUID": "57503db6-7cff-4e92-bcac-1ba2c3c0cb48", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, analysis, or modeling of the internal processes of the Earth's core and mantle." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "EARTHQUAKES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE/INTENSITY", "UUID": "4bc185d3-e2c5-4acc-bce8-37fea7d8fc0b", "definition": "The measure of the amount of energy released during an earthquake." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCES", "UUID": "752d4f80-a418-4a75-a9eb-772222af1746", "definition": "Pertaining to the the mapping of locations of earthquake epicenters and their intensity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EARTHQUAKE PREDICTIONS", "UUID": "131c1e46-efca-4478-a5d1-d7193483bb96", "definition": "Pertaining to the data used to forecast the likelihood of an earthquake in any given area." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEISMIC PROFILE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEISMIC BODY WAVES", "UUID": "f66893ce-3ea6-4c52-bc27-bc322a41b748" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SEISMIC SURFACE WAVES", "UUID": "02836842-3d46-46e0-a816-bd2f407f3fb3", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of shock-waves on the surface of the Earth, either generated through an earthquake, or a man-made source." } ], "UUID": "688191e0-c70c-4cf9-a5b6-a26a2bca7198", "definition": "Pertaining to the data collected on a seismic survey in order to examine the subsurface structure of the Earth." } ], "UUID": "601d36fc-8171-475c-a1c5-84802aecb77e", "definition": "A sudden motion or trembling in the Earth. The motion is caused by the quick release of slowly accumulated energy in the form of seismic waves. Most earthquakes are produced along faults, tectonic plate boundaries, or along the mid-oceanic ridges." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NEOTECTONICS", "UUID": "3ef98fe3-3471-414b-8b8c-e88d43c6aeaf", "definition": "Pertaining to the study of late Cenozoic deformation and the crustal motion that caused that deformation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PLATE TECTONICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CRUSTAL MOTION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CRUSTAL MOTION DIRECTION", "UUID": "a629b645-2c5f-48d6-8363-71bc636457d6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "CRUSTAL MOTION RATE", "UUID": "88a6ed54-6504-4787-9d98-d511d4f4ae83", "definition": "The speed at which the earth's crust is moving." } ], "UUID": "8dd8d272-fb6d-4eec-882a-f3be98800b42" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FAULT MOVEMENT", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "FAULT MOVEMENT DIRECTION", "UUID": "399e5858-8238-451f-8da3-84dc9edfe9a2", "definition": "The direction of a fault can be determined by its vector, which is can be found by studying the bend or the folding of the fault." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "FAULT MOVEMENT RATE", "UUID": "fbbd2aab-73d6-4945-bf1b-c6d543f3f79b" } ], "UUID": "51ce7da1-b441-474f-b7e5-cedaa04903f7", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, mapping, structure, analysis, and detection of fault lines, and fault movement." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FOLDS", "UUID": "a71c3d9d-7144-4107-add5-0aed0c731dbc" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ISOSTATIC REBOUND", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "REBOUND DIRECTION", "UUID": "c185f7f5-0c62-489f-b365-9424e054de58" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "REBOUND RATE", "UUID": "f0b2ab0f-46eb-426b-924b-471e4d1b7598" } ], "UUID": "5e7a091a-894f-423f-a431-ab52cf205311", "definition": "Occurs when a load is imposed on or removed from the lithosphere. The surface tends to rise or sink as the lithosphere rises or sinks in the asthenosphere. Loads may consist of large lakes, oceans, (on continental shelves during eustatic sea level), ice, sediment, thrust sheets, and volcanoes. The rising or sinking of the lithosphere will continue until isostatic equilibrium is reached." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LITHOSPHERIC PLATE MOTION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PLATE MOTION DIRECTION", "UUID": "03b6b427-6be5-4452-a457-a9ea8c7f0473", "definition": "The direction in which the Earth's plates spread; it had many affects on land mass." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PLATE MOTION RATE", "UUID": "9cd46f88-24ba-4f2d-96b7-ab5a9333207b" } ], "UUID": "64ccd7be-577b-4784-8072-8c456aab2185", "definition": "The rate and direction of movement between two torsionally rigid thin segments\nof the Earth's lithosphere (lithospheric plates)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PLATE BOUNDARIES", "UUID": "4adc15b8-0c18-4ccd-a6ec-75be82df5359", "definition": "Zones of seismic and tectonic activity along the edges of \nlithosphere plates, presumed to indicate relative motion between plates." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STRAIN", "UUID": "5d7f7568-bfc3-4c11-b446-c4f6488c8ae9", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, analysis, or modeling of strain that hasoccurred in the Earth's crust, either through in-situ measurements, or throughlaboratory experiments." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE", "UUID": "efe175a0-100b-404b-a702-2e179bee034a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STRESS", "UUID": "29dbe37e-22e6-4d02-844f-60359fbbc130", "definition": "Pertaining to the pressure which builds-up in the Earth's crust due to externalloading, such as from collision of tectonic plates, addition/removal of water,advancing or receding of glaciers, etc." } ], "UUID": "71e9bc66-6f8c-41ec-8b22-2fe390223639", "definition": "A theory of global tectonics in which the lithosphere is \ndivided into a number of plates whose pattern of horizontal movement is \nthat of torsionally rigid bodies that interact with one another at their \nboundaries, causing seismic and tectonic activity along these boundaries." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VOLCANIC ACTIVITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ERUPTION DYNAMICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ASH/DUST COMPOSITION", "UUID": "372b4016-80ab-4126-b6d1-e847bbf0b44f", "definition": "The matter and/or chemicals which constitutes ash/dust." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "ASH/DUST DISPERSION", "UUID": "89f66579-8de7-4c83-b75f-871bc8d378ac" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "BALLISTIC PROJECTILES", "UUID": "99365d2a-0db3-4073-b8eb-6df6f0e4feb1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "GAS/AEROSOL COMPOSITION", "UUID": "54b94cdf-b8e2-4c81-b5aa-5652f053244e", "definition": "The matter and/or chemicals which constitutes gas/aerosol." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "GAS/AEROSOL DISPERSION", "UUID": "b1d60933-636e-48ff-b5a8-43afa60602f3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LAHARS", "UUID": "c8ebd7b8-03bd-4562-976a-b0bd9673fc0a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LAVA COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", "UUID": "0eb6fc71-dfb0-4451-85f7-08ceaf37c552", "definition": "The composition and texture of molten rock outside of the Earth's crust." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "LAVA SPEED/FLOW", "UUID": "9387a7bc-7356-41a5-9682-f5e71da5a858" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MAGMA COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", "UUID": "40f0a368-7261-43f7-839c-64e428270442", "definition": "The composition and texture of molten rock in the earth's crust." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "MAGMA SPEED/FLOW", "UUID": "af04626c-fe27-4ac6-a948-e93debb6c2d6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PYROCLASTIC PARTICAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION", "UUID": "83cf8358-4fae-4f17-ba02-b8280f2b7209", "definition": "Refers to the distribution and size of the pyroclastic elements when they are erupted from a volcano. In moving pyroclastic systems, particles are sorted as a function of their sizes, densities and shapes. The analysis of the distribution of these characteristics in particle populations of pyroclastic deposits is a major tool in evaluating properties and regimes of parent transport systems." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PYROCLASTICS COMPOSITION/TEXTURE", "UUID": "ab215b31-c540-40c0-9362-3f25ebc148bb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "VOLCANIC CLOUDS", "UUID": "90521614-8b92-4053-9fa7-959ccc4315e0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "VOLCANIC DEPOSITS", "UUID": "7a1e322a-0025-4c35-b8f2-73acc0eae9ea", "definition": "Depending on whether an eruption is effusive or explosive, they may produce lava flows or pyroclastic deposits respectively. Other types of volcanic deposits include volcanic domes, and those left by lahars and landslides." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY", "UUID": "d9cfb55b-50a2-44f5-b92a-47fe4aadc317" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "VOLCANIC GASES", "UUID": "35941db2-59bf-4000-9232-df0beef02da7", "definition": "Pertaining to the composition, extent, velocity, and damage caused by gasesemitted during a volcanic eruption." } ], "UUID": "0db0e1c8-6ba3-40c4-97c2-d78c9812692b", "definition": "Pertaining to the processes involved in the extrusion of magma at the Earth'ssurface, these can include: eruption induced seismic activity, lahars, ashflows/clouds, etc." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VOLCANIC DEGASSING", "UUID": "503dbc7c-c969-4a24-8ff8-c3c19a69ca18", "definition": "The release of gases from magma as it rises, cools, or solidifies. This release can occur suddenly during volcanic eruptions or continuously through volcanic features like vents and fumeroles. " }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VOLCANO MAGNITUDE/INTENSITY", "UUID": "14e0d39a-ff1c-46d9-b162-481f80beac91", "definition": "The magnitude and intensity of a volcano, also expressed as a numerical expression of the amount of energy released by an volcano, determined by measuring volcanic intensity on standardized recording instruments." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VOLCANO OCCURRENCES", "UUID": "d1ab518b-0152-48cf-a9c6-47c5920ed773" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VOLCANO PREDICTIONS", "UUID": "3adb9c52-df47-4390-a682-56e1774e8cdb", "definition": "Scientific and engineering approach to forecasting catastrophic events, such as volcano eruption." } ], "UUID": "1faaede0-2cd6-4447-b28b-0a28d9e2d067", "definition": "Describes characteristics of volcanoes: a mountain formed by the accumulation of magma extruded through openings or volcanic vents." } ], "UUID": "1e17c8d3-81d0-473c-8f24-d2a4ea52b6b9", "definition": "Branch of geology that deals with regional structure and deformational features of the Earth's crust." } ], "UUID": "2b9ad978-d986-4d63-b477-0f5efc8ace72", "definition": "Refers to 'the Earth beneath our feet', the planet's solid surface and its interior." }, { "level": "Topic", "name": "SPECTRAL/ENGINEERING", "children": [ { "level": "Term", "name": "DIFFRACTION GRATING", "UUID": "027bed43-6d60-47d6-b43c-f95d2003d996", "definition": "Surface with parallel grooves or slits that enable diffraction of incoming light into optical spectra." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "GAMMA RAY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GAMMA RAY FLUX", "UUID": "fd8d9257-795c-4406-b205-cf20059d8e77" } ], "UUID": "0a81d67a-102b-4611-a38c-dbfdd7ba4e7d", "definition": "Gamma Rays (or gamma radiation) is electromagnetic radiation originating from\ntransitions between energy levels of atomic nuclei.

\nA nucleus formed as a consequence of beta or alpha emission sometimes exists\nbriefly in an excited energy level and makes a transition to a lower energy\nlevel accompanied by emission of a gamma ray photon with energy equal to the\ndifference between the energies of the initial and final levels. Gamma ray\nenergies from radioactive decay lie in the approximate range 10 keV6 MeV. Gammarays are also emitted in nuclear reactions. The boundary between x-rays and\ngamma rays is fuzzy, the latter term being most often used for electromagnetic\nradiation of nuclear origin." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGERY", "UUID": "4f45247d-69e5-47fe-9dd4-2a28d42462cd", "definition": "High spectral resolution imagery by dividing light into many narrow, contiguous spectral bands across the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, typically between visible and infrared wavelengths." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "INFRARED WAVELENGTHS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "73629546-592e-41ed-bfde-feb4c94415fb", "definition": "The apparent temperature of the surface assuming a surface emissivity of 1.0. Setting the emissivity to one is equivalent to assuming the target is a blackbody, so the brightness temperature is defined as the temperature a blackbody would be in order to produce the radiance perceived by the sensor.Brightness Temperature is a descriptive measure of radiation in terms of the temperature of a hypothetical blackbody emitting an identical amount of radiation at the same wavelength. The brightness temperature is obtained by applying the inverse of the Planck function to the measured radiation. Depending on the nature of the source of radiation and any subsequent absorption, the brightness temperature may be independent of, or highly dependent on, the wavelength of the radiation. Units: C" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "INFRARED FLUX", "UUID": "d76e6734-956b-419d-9d7a-52b8e645b6ac" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "INFRARED IMAGERY", "UUID": "d1407646-e34a-4a43-ae1d-afc4c229d6de" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "INFRARED RADIANCE", "UUID": "69f475b6-42af-4822-ae57-6c8fd8ebad4a", "definition": "In radiometery, a measure of the intrinsic radiant intensity emitted by\na radiator in a given direction. Radiance is measured in watts per square\nmeter and steradian. Units: W\u00b7sr^\u22121\u00b7m^\u22122" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "REFLECTED INFRARED", "UUID": "ff985037-2f20-4b08-bb22-3ed701ed2f4d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SENSOR COUNTS", "UUID": "32212cbf-e2ba-44c9-930c-8b454ea88bee", "definition": "The raw digital values recorded by the sensor." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "THERMAL INFRARED", "UUID": "68c2baba-b9b9-41d4-89bf-07488728bc4f", "definition": "Thermal infrared Infrared radiation which has a wavelength between 3.0 \u03bcm and 100 \u03bcm. At normal environmental temperatures objects emit infrared between these wavelengths; hotter objects, such as fires, emit infrared at wavelengths shorter than thermal infrared. Compare REFLECTED INFRARED." } ], "UUID": "7a73c724-b532-45eb-a9a5-c77330b61bab", "definition": "The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between the extreme of\nthe visible wavelengths and the shortest microwaves (approximately 0.70 to\n100 micrometers, respectively)." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "LIDAR", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "APPARENT SURFACE REFLECTIVITY", "UUID": "6b798091-6362-4e78-9c51-bd5327ec73e7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LIDAR BACKSCATTER", "UUID": "ca776e14-fc3d-4044-9d1a-fd7c07569399" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LIDAR DEPOLARIZATION RATIO", "UUID": "19c3f401-1328-495c-9705-74b0175fee56", "definition": "The ratio of cross polarized to co-polarized lidar signal return reflected backin a direction opposite to that of the incident radiation from a lidar\ntransmission." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LIDAR WAVEFORM", "UUID": "85fa8e79-82c0-4f18-bf12-d6e7bc8c76b0", "definition": "LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is an optical remote sensing technology that measures properties of scattered light to find range and/or other information of a distant target. A Full Waveform LiDAR System records the entire emitted and backscattered signal of each laser pulse. Full waveform LiDAR data are more complex to process however they can often capture more information compared to discrete return LiDAR systems." } ], "UUID": "6182be8b-d006-4327-994d-6f27c7e4d9a9", "definition": "LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is an optical remote sensing technology that measures properties of scattered light to find range and/or other information of a distant target." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "MICROWAVE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ANTENNA TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "570397b4-3b45-4e12-85c3-ef26779a2c96", "definition": "Absolute radiometric temperature incident upon the instrument antenna with\nno corrections for spurious energy received from sources not intended by\nthe instrument design." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "d8525750-2ca4-4b1f-a717-08fda61fd547" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "INCIDENCE ANGLE", "UUID": "61a0b64f-f0c7-44e3-a5c9-7cb75b23e54e", "definition": "The angle between the radar beam center and the normal to the local topography." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MICROWAVE IMAGERY", "UUID": "af234b68-d1ad-40ea-aa1b-6bc2c8e5b467" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MICROWAVE RADIANCE", "UUID": "d9654ddc-1dc0-4f9d-9b95-61ab0c3d6f87" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SENSOR COUNTS", "UUID": "5f6e0ca7-5d60-4973-890b-08ad82654331", "definition": "The raw digital values recorded by the sensor." } ], "UUID": "66700628-2b62-4466-999e-faeb15ca4da5", "definition": "A very short electromagnetic wave. The portion of the electromagnetic\nspectrum lying between the far infrared and the conventional radio\nfrequency portion. While not bounded by definition, it is commonly\nregarded as extending from 1 mm to 1 m in wavelength (300 GHz to 0.3 GHz\nfrequency).

Passive systems operating at these wavelengths sometimes\nare called microwave systems. Active systems are called radar, although\nthe literal definition of radar requires a distance measuring capability\nnot always included in active systems." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "MULTISPECTRAL IMAGERY", "UUID": "8cea15de-b376-433f-9306-95e3169a0141" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "PLATFORM CHARACTERISTICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AIRSPEED/GROUND SPEED", "UUID": "7ebe88d4-fa73-4dd1-8cbd-6b1c266dff52", "definition": "Airspeed is the speed on an exposed (usually airborne) object relative to the\natmosphere. \nIn a calm atmosphere, airspeed equals ground speed. Ground speed is the speed\nof an airborne object relative to the earth's surface.\tIt is the magnitude of\nthe vector sum of the object's velocity with respect to the air and the wind\nvelocity, or, expressed in a different manner, the algebraic sum of the\naircraft's airspeed and the wind factor." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ATTITUDE CHARACTERISTICS", "UUID": "edbca82e-9396-4842-ad91-18c0000b2741" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CALIBRATION", "UUID": "7995f479-ea09-43f2-b48f-a3ea7e9a8bcd", "definition": "The action or process of calibrating an instrument or experimental readings. For NSIDC, the keyword represents calibration reports, such as the ones produced for the IceBridge DMS camera." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DATA SYNCHRONIZATION TIME", "UUID": "762f9d7f-5f2d-423d-81c4-288350f64b9d", "definition": "Consists of various time parameters measured during an aircraft flight,including computer clock time and GPS time:
\n- syncclock_time = time found at the syncclock (VSI-SYnCCLOCK-32) in\nseconds from first file name
\n- syncclock_m_time = time found at the syncclock (VSI-SYnCCLOCK-32) in\nMatlab dateform format
\n- system_time = system time in seconds from first file name
\n- system_m_time = system time in dateform format
\n- gps_time = time found at the GPS unit in seconds from first file name
\n- gps_m_time = time found at GPS unit in dateform
\n- cmos_time = time found at the computer CMOS in seconds from first file\nname
\n- cmos_m_time = time found at the computer CMOS in dateform" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FLIGHT DATA LOGS", "UUID": "6b68bae6-e5cb-44ff-ad40-a8100a88e5b1", "definition": "Records events that take place during the aircraft flight." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LINE OF SIGHT VELOCITY", "UUID": "53ab7819-1837-4919-b4a8-85bcc8b7731c", "definition": "Wind velocity in the viewing area of the instrument." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ORBITAL CHARACTERISTICS", "UUID": "4809f1e1-1b36-46a7-a7ae-ce55523424e6", "definition": "Those properties which describe a satellite in its periodic revolution.These consist of the satellite's altitude, orbital inclination (anglewith respect to the equator, thus a polar orbit is near 90 degrees, whilean equatorial orbit is near 0 degrees), orbital period, etc." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VIEWING GEOMETRY", "UUID": "d622004f-e155-4af3-87c5-61b3a4b87692" } ], "UUID": "cda9b483-8711-42b8-82f9-e7d22ce9c62c" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "POLARIZATION", "UUID": "66b79b97-37d5-4b78-8c20-76de97db3146", "definition": "The polarization of an electromagnetic wave is the direction of the wave\u2019s oscillating electric field. Light is considered polarized if the component electromagnetic waves all share the same polarization, i.e., if the electric fields all oscillate in the same direction." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "RADAR", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DOPPLER VELOCITY", "UUID": "5d6377ee-def2-4457-b780-6bcb202d7e3e", "definition": "The radial velocity of a target measured with a Doppler radar." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MEAN RADIAL VELOCITY", "UUID": "bb20786b-2499-40b0-a9a5-2cc64421a6d2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RADAR BACKSCATTER", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COMMON MIDPOINT GATHER", "UUID": "d8b34f6e-0713-45ae-b0c7-23329b0b8f0b" } ], "UUID": "625da982-3648-43fc-a640-1b230509944e", "definition": "The (microwave) signal reflected by elements of an illuminated scene back\nin the direction of the radar. It is so named to make clear the difference\nbetween energy scattered in arbitrary directions, and that which returns\nto the radar and thus may be received and recorded by the sensor." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RADAR CROSS-SECTION", "UUID": "9613f08d-da11-4ed0-989e-c0c830870044" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RADAR IMAGERY", "UUID": "53f69037-ff05-4b09-a95d-e65ff42da595", "definition": "A mapping of the observed radar reflectivity of a scene, consisting of a\nfile of digital numbers assigned to spatial\t positions on a grid of\npixels." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RADAR REFLECTIVITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "Two-Way Travel Time", "UUID": "f83494dd-92c7-46ad-afec-66da5eb425c1" } ], "UUID": "46975e66-863a-49c9-b673-b2e099a04c85", "definition": "The property of illuminated objects to reradiate a portion of the\nincident microwave energy." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RADIAL VELOCITY", "UUID": "829e91f4-f351-4012-bb0a-208302fb11c2", "definition": "Motion along the radial beam." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RETURN POWER", "UUID": "6eca12d1-bafd-448c-bdce-a4438efb359e", "definition": "Definition currently not available." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SENSOR COUNTS", "UUID": "e2c01004-be17-4be4-bfcd-7b5c7fc958d6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SIGMA NAUGHT", "UUID": "11e14ac8-e9f3-4737-b83d-98668ad975ed", "definition": "The conventional measure of the strength of radar signals reflected by a distributed scatterer, usually expressed in dB. It is a normalized dimensionless number, comparing the strength observed to that expected from an area of one square meter. Sigma naught is defined with respect to the nominally horizontal plane, and in general has a significant variation with incidence angle, wavelength, and polarization, as well as with properties of the scattering surface itself (see speckle, and statistics)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SPECTRUM WIDTH", "UUID": "41a7f02b-5ab6-4c1e-8583-abb870507ea1", "definition": "Width of the Doppler power spectrum." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "STOKES PARAMETER", "UUID": "dd515127-58a3-4636-8a17-6dde6372a6ac" } ], "UUID": "d3b7c3c0-e644-4f01-94da-dfebe854c0d1" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "RADIO WAVE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GNSS-RO BENDING ANGLES", "UUID": "201c461b-6e01-49b0-abdb-003215884f26", "definition": "The angle by which a radio signal from a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is refracted, or bent, as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere during a radio occultation event. This bending results from changes in the air's refractive index with altitude and is used to derive vertical profiles of atmospheric properties such as temperature, pressure, and humidity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RADIO WAVE FLUX", "UUID": "b3578efe-fc86-4fb0-92b5-42c08bae5e3c" } ], "UUID": "d7ef7608-01f5-4e95-9fd9-7dc2aa36113d" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DOME TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "68ac1c78-6b8b-4e45-b588-38ff94ceb3a4", "definition": "External temperature of the instrument, usually a pyrgeometer." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES", "UUID": "914a7dba-82ae-4419-97cf-397007ad9c30" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GEOLOCATION", "UUID": "7a0ab5f9-2317-4217-a081-8d4a46eb5334", "definition": "Sensor location at Earth's surface.(definition provided by NSIDC)" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "IMPULSE RESPONSE", "UUID": "030b4439-8a69-408a-b365-ccdf148d0854", "definition": "Impulse response is defined as the output of a linear time-invariant system when the input signal is a discrete impulse, represented mathematically as the coefficients of a finite impulse response filter." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PHASE AND AMPLITUDE", "UUID": "a4a3d233-581b-4171-bf16-41a1528a7dda" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SINK TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "4a42042b-7427-4cf2-9475-7d1788e3ac54", "definition": "Body temperature of the instrument, usually a pyrgeometer." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "THERMAL PROPERTIES", "UUID": "7d3d6c15-b328-43a4-92eb-7d3c430647c4", "definition": "Refer to characteristics such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal expansion, and transition temperatures of materials, which are crucial for energy transport and thermal transitions in food packaging applications." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TOTAL PRESSURE", "UUID": "733092b1-4256-433a-85fe-78c912f21f80", "definition": "The sum of the static pressure and the dynamic pressure when these conceptsare applicable. (Also called Stagnation Pressure)" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TOTAL TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "3ef1cc7b-2864-46e3-b399-fcc1fbcf0d9b", "definition": "Measurement made using a temperature probe (e.g. thermistor) which is thesum of the ambient air temperature plus the heat of friction caused by the highspeed air passing over the probe." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ULTRAVIOLET SENSOR TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "36085074-ba97-450b-847b-046509b0e09a", "definition": "Definition unavailable." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VIEWING GEOMETRY", "UUID": "14edbe59-89a4-45ce-ac61-0143fb311da6", "definition": "The properties of the sensor which affect the image geometry, including the sensor scan angle, instantaneous field of view (IFOV), and internal distortions. The sensor scan angle is the angle between the sensor view vector and the downward pointing (to nadir) axis. Data with very large scan angles generally are greatly distorted, and navigation of extremely off-nadir pixels may have large errors. The area detectable on the ground is determined by the IFOV of the sensor, or the angle contained by the minimum area distinguished by the sensor." } ], "UUID": "8799f524-e313-4d2d-9428-8d672d123513", "definition": "Properties of the sensor which affect the imagery it acquires." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "ULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTHS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SENSOR COUNTS", "UUID": "03d45804-cc21-449d-81f4-4bb778f97ac6", "definition": "The raw digital values recorded by the sensor." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ULTRAVIOLET FLUX", "UUID": "01e4b433-34ae-4ffb-a73b-dff7ae4c789a", "definition": "The amount of ultraviolet radiation transferred across a given unit of surface\narea in a given unit of time." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ULTRAVIOLET RADIANCE", "UUID": "ca87e2c2-9087-42f7-a88a-93ace50ebe39" } ], "UUID": "0f36cd66-d755-4809-ad0e-d67b1b9aff6c", "definition": "Situated beyond the visible spectrum at its violet end \u2014used of radiation having a wavelength shorter than wavelengths of visible light and longer than those of X-rays" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "VISIBLE WAVELENGTHS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SENSOR COUNTS", "UUID": "a3792ab1-61af-48be-acf2-116c291a3765" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VISIBLE FLUX", "UUID": "7971f416-cf75-47f4-9108-6184baab58e5", "definition": "The amount of visible radiation transferred across a given unit of surface\narea in a given unit of time." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VISIBLE IMAGERY", "UUID": "03f0c0a3-04a7-4ef8-8ec0-3c2266510815", "definition": "A reproduction of an object by imaging the visible radiation coming from\nthe object or reflected by the object." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "VISIBLE RADIANCE", "UUID": "b590bfda-a053-4439-8f86-a2811e67ce46" } ], "UUID": "c5ff6f39-0c35-488a-96f2-f3498c678e45" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "X-RAY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "X-RAY FLUX", "UUID": "e32b5dca-c243-40d8-9e06-d146a40a71df" } ], "UUID": "12156f9d-9731-446e-b9de-a781af653b1c", "definition": "X-Ray (Or x-radiation, Rntgen ray) is electromagnetic radiation withwavelengths shorter than that of ultraviolet radiation and greater than that ofgamma radiation.

\nDiscovered accidentally by Rntgen in 1895. The primary mechanism for theproduction of x- rays is deceleration of a rapidly moving charge uponinteraction with matter (bremsstrahlung). The x-ray spectrum from an x-ray tubeconsists of this continuous spectrum on which are superimposed narrow bands(characteristic radiation) that are a consequence of transitions betweenelectronic energy levels of atoms. No sharp boundary exists between x- andultraviolet radiation nor between x- and gamma radiation, although the latterterm is usually restricted to radiation resulting from transitions betweennuclear energy levels." } ], "UUID": "83150c54-5da8-4ee8-9579-19b95a8dc10c", "definition": "Refers to the study of spectroscopy, remote sensing and imaging, combustion and propulsion technology, and the radiative transfer processes." }, { "level": "Topic", "name": "SUN-EARTH INTERACTIONS", "children": [ { "level": "Term", "name": "IONOSPHERE/MAGNETOSPHERE DYNAMICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AURORAE", "UUID": "792cf9f0-6d24-4de8-902c-b74e42c74fd3", "definition": "A faint visual phenomenon associated with geomagnetic activity,\nwhich occurs mainly in the high-latitude night sky. Typical\nauroras are 100 to 250 km above the ground. The phenomenon\ncaused by collisions between charged particles, atoms, and ions\nin the Earth's ionosphere and upper atmosphere." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ELECTRIC FIELDS/ELECTRIC CURRENTS", "UUID": "9abe9fdb-59f3-4bd6-b24f-b9b7e46eae7c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GEOMAGNETIC FORECASTS", "UUID": "882d9a10-713c-4b58-8c7b-d9af086115a3", "definition": "The levels of geomagnetic field activity, or disturbance, currently used in thelong-term (up to 27 days) forecasts are labelled qualitatively for general\nusage. For each of the three major zones (subauroral, auroral, polar cap), the\nrange of activity is divided into four classifications: quiet, unsettled,\nactive, storm. The actual parameter used for reporting and forecasting magneticactivity is a daily index. It is known as DRX and is the average of the hourly\nranges (maximum minus minimum during each hour) in the X (northward) component\nof the magnetic field intensity for a day (the UT [or GMT] day), i.e., DRX forthe\nzone is the mean of 24 values. Because this averaging process has the effect ofsmoothing (filtering) the more rapid fluctuations in the field, the qualitativedescriptors are defined rather differently than for the short-term forecasts.\nUnits are nanoteslas (nT)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GEOMAGNETIC INDICES", "UUID": "990016e0-f247-4c36-8a17-f50e792a964a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ION CHEMISTRY/IONIZATION", "UUID": "ba75172a-6965-40cf-bf3f-6c0af2f97dad" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MAGNETIC FIELDS/MAGNETIC CURRENTS", "UUID": "8cbdfa00-852c-452d-8013-86145ad318c8" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MAGNETIC STORMS", "UUID": "e453077b-b6f3-44f0-9f3d-4408bf9a69e5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PLASMA WAVES", "UUID": "5f8a9188-d588-4782-a34b-07fa68380c41", "definition": "A plasma is a gas containing ions, electrons, and a magnetic field, andtherefore capable of\nconducting electric currents. A plasma wave is a set of particles under theinfluence of electromagnetic fields, exhibiting wave-like motions withamplitude and periodicity." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLAR WIND", "UUID": "5d290bd8-049b-4002-86c8-8acba563d0e1", "definition": "The solar wind is hot solar plasma spreading from the solar corona in alldirections, at a typical speed of 300-1,000 km/sec. The solar wind isessentially the hot solar corona on expanding in all directions into theinterplanetary space. The solar wind is diverted around the Earth by theEarth's magnetic field, although some solar particles enter the Earth's fieldat the poles. The solar wind carries coronal magnetic fields by a process knownas frozen in the flux. If these frozen in fields have the same North-Southorientation as the Earth's magnetic field, energy can be transferred into theEarth's magnetosphere, leading to geomagnetic storms." } ], "UUID": "3a942e8a-d2f2-42bf-9e83-b7b3793b100e", "definition": "Refers to dynamic processess of the Earth's ionosphere and solar magnetosphere\ntriggered by solar events. The magnetosphere is the magnetic cavity surroundingthe earth, carved out of the passing solar wind by virtue of the geomagnetic\nfield, which prevents, or at least impedes, the direct entry of the solar wind\nplasma into the cavity. The ionosphere is the region of the earth's upper\natmosphere containing a small percentage of free electrons and ions produced byphotoionization of the constituents of the atmosphere by solar ultraviolet\nradiation at very short wavelengths (l.t.1000 angstroms). The ionosphere\nsignificantly influences radiowave propagation of frequencies less than about\n30 MHz." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SOLAR ACTIVITY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CORONA", "UUID": "1ef327e1-6139-49ff-87c3-f959ea75a511", "definition": "The outermost, high temperature region of the solar atmosphere. Above thechromosphere and transition region, consisting of almost fully ionized plasmacontained in closed magnetic field loops, called coronal loops or expanding outalong open magnetic field lines to form the solar wind. The corona is a highlyrarefied, low density gas, with electron densities of less than 10*16electrons/ m*3, heated to temperatures of millions of degrees. The corona isvisible to the unaided eye as a white halo during a total eclipse of the sun." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CORONA HOLES", "UUID": "6a5a2ccf-3ba6-4519-bc9b-7617ef3b9087", "definition": "An extended region in the solar corona where the density and temperature arelower than other places in the corona. The weak diverging and open magneticfield lines in coronal holes extend radially outward and do not immediatelyreturn to the sun. The high speed part of the solar wind comes from coronalholes.\nReference: the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Sun, The Cambridge UniversityPress,\nCambridge, CB2, 2RU, UK, 2001." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS", "UUID": "6d486f25-7477-4da9-96ae-0091596ed4d2", "definition": "Coronal mass ejection (CME) is a huge cloud of hot plasma, occasionallyexpelled from the Sun. It may accelerate ions and electrons and may travelthrough interplanetary space as far as the Earth\u00bfs orbit and beyond it, oftenpreceded by a shock front. When the shock reaches Earth, a magnetic storm mayresult." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COSMIC RAYS", "UUID": "e06822d8-b640-4d75-ac37-33ab3cc5e765" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS", "UUID": "0d32a340-ee64-4795-9254-09dcaf55bf4c", "definition": "A region of the solar atmosphere from the photosphere to the corona thatdevelops when strong magnetic fields emerge from inside the sun. The magnetizedrealm in and around the sunspots is called an active region. Radiation fromactive regions is enhanced when compared to neighboring areas in thechromosphere a corona over the whole electromagnetic spectrum. They may lastfrom a few hours to a few months. They are the sites of intense explosions,called solar flares." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLAR FLARES", "UUID": "fa9f54b2-a101-4faf-b1dc-b6dff141c08c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLAR IMAGERY", "UUID": "e2fc7768-955b-4e76-935e-d33805fcc914" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLAR IRRADIANCE", "UUID": "33f0ec3e-cd6d-498c-9468-749741fc12e2", "definition": "Solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere on a plane normal to theincident\u00bfradiation, and at the mean distance of the Earth from the Sun. Solarirradiance\u00bfis also referred to as the solar constant. In satellite remotesensing, the\u00bfsolar irradiance is used as an onboard calibration of visible bandsensors.\u00bfSome climate studies suggest that small variations in the solarirradiance\u00bfassociated with solar activity over days to decades may have aneffect the\u00bfEarth's climate.\u00bf\nThe intensity of the sun's radiation at different wavelengths. The radiation isgenerally given in terms of solar constant \\ S, defined in terms of flux oftotal radiation received outside the earth's atmosphere per unit area at meansun earth distance., and has the value S = 1.34 X 10*6 ergs cm*-2 sec*-1." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLAR OSCILLATIONS", "UUID": "88bd8ce6-334d-4a42-8d51-5ed074ef5a89", "definition": "The surface of the sun oscillates in certain modes defined by the\nnumber\u00bfof latitudinal and longitudinal modal planes. The sun vibrates\nin\u00bfmultiple modes simultaneously, each mode typically having a\ndifferent\u00bfamplitude. Observing the amplitudes of the various solar\noscillation\u00bfmodes is a way to look inside the sun. A commonly observed\nphenomena is the\u00bf'5-minute' oscillation, but other periods have been\nobserved from 10 to 160\u00bfminutes on the long period scale to about 10\nseconds on the short period\u00bfscale. Also observed are so-called 'g-mode'\noscillations (internal gravity\u00bfwaves) generated by turbulent convection\nbelow the photosphere.\u00bfThese oscillations are the result of internal motions ofthe sun and their study is known as helioseismology." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLAR PROMINENCES/SOLAR FILAMENTS", "UUID": "7b52f7f5-4102-4829-8ea3-c0dcdd36bdca", "definition": "A term identifying cloud-like features in the solar atmosphere. The\nfeatures appear as bright structures in the corona above the solar limb\nand as dark filaments when seen projected against the solar disk. \nSolar filaments are also known as prominences, can appear as arcs andproperties can vary with the solar cycle." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLAR RADIO WAVE EMISSIONS", "UUID": "25aa0f7b-89a5-46d7-b3d3-622b60032661", "definition": "Also known as solar radio emissions. Emissions of the sun in radio\nwavelengths from centimeters to decameters, under both quiet and disturbed\nconditions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLAR SYNOPTIC MAPS", "UUID": "ace2d2e5-0b9a-472e-b27b-c687b9108076" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET EMISSIONS", "UUID": "a4390c3d-cffa-43ee-8e91-49c6d49ac371" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLAR VELOCITY FIELDS", "UUID": "e4fcb001-f517-4295-89dd-73292e0bf3ee" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLAR X-RAY EMISSIONS", "UUID": "a15e514b-4b44-4587-a857-34ab7e2d357e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SUNSPOTS", "UUID": "429d42ef-9b58-4068-b389-0a9e60e55486", "definition": "An area seen as a dark spot on the PHOTOSPHERE of the sun. Sunspots\nare concentrations of magnetic flux, typically occurring in bipolar\nclusters or groups. They appear dark because they are cooler than the\nsurrounding photosphere. Sunspots are classified as to their group\ncharacteristics (called the Zurich Sunspot Classification; older sunspot\ncounting schemes may have used the Wolf Sunspot Number classification).\nSatellite observations of the sun (notably by the ACRIM and ERBE sensors)\nhave demonstrated a correlation between sunspot luminosity changes and\nsunspot numbers - a possible influencing factor in Earth's climate\ndynamics." } ], "UUID": "2e83362e-d8f8-4bca-83fd-bae360ebe94b", "definition": "Any change in the sun's appearance or behavior. The sun's activity\nis described as being very low, low, moderate, high or very high.\nSolar activity changes over a period of, on average, 11 years. At\nsolar maximum, the solar activity is high and so too the Extreme\nUltraviolet (EUV) radiation output which affects the ionosphere. At solar \nminimum, the opposite is true." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE FLUX", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ALPHA PARTICLE FLUX", "UUID": "2217b742-b21a-4230-ba34-1af30132135d", "definition": "An alpha particle has positive charge and consists of two protons and\ntwo neutrons (the nucleus of a helium atom). Alpha particles can cause \nionization of neutral atoms. Flux is the rate of flow through a reference\nsurface, measured in particles per unit area." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ELECTRON FLUX", "UUID": "5223ebeb-a22d-4bb9-b2b2-ed949a10ac29", "definition": "The rate of flow of electrons through a reference surface. In cgs\nunits, measured in electrons s-1, or simply s-1." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HEAVY NUCLEI FLUX", "UUID": "67773da0-f5f1-4047-871a-1fb5a5c1621a", "definition": "Solar energetic particles consisting of nuclei of elements heavier than protonsand electrons." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ION FLUX", "UUID": "d9ce8e7e-44ff-4555-a910-86b87daca0c2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NEUTRAL PARTICLE FLUX", "UUID": "8f801f54-9ca9-4ba6-be35-fd87968f24e7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PROTON FLUX", "UUID": "a2443978-118d-4f7c-843d-dcd0059fe949" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLE FLUX", "UUID": "0168947c-5f28-46d8-b643-cb31af02a6de", "definition": "These particles include atomic constituents such as electrons, protons, and\nneutrons (protons and neutrons are actually composite particles, made up of\nquarks), as well as other particles such as photons and neutrinos which are\nproduced copiously in the sun. However, most of the particles that have been\ndiscovered and studied are not encountered under normal earth conditions; they\nare produced in cosmic rays and during scattering processes in particle\naccelerators." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "X-RAY FLUX", "UUID": "8686285f-9949-4a22-ad80-a1bf4d43e122", "definition": "The rate of flow of x-rays through a reference surface." } ], "UUID": "cad91f82-7e2a-43b7-b272-2dc77e2791f4" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE PROPERTIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ENERGY DEPOSITION", "UUID": "36bab763-b5d7-450a-8328-1c1f935184f4", "definition": "The energy deposited into the atmosphere from ionization of atmospheric\ngases, as well as excitation of photometric and x-ray emissions. The\nionospheric effects resulting from the energy deposition by incident particle\nfluxes include:\n- production of secondary electrons (ionization)\n- enhanced steady-state electron density\n- photometric emissions \n- bremsstrahlung x-rays\n- conductivity changes\n- E-region horizontal currents \n- plasma heating(collisional, Joule heating)\n- magnetic field perturbations" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PARTICLE COMPOSITION", "UUID": "bc02662f-d4a1-43c6-833f-836107ae6737" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PARTICLE DENSITY", "UUID": "fd42b8e3-b76c-4888-aeb7-e6486beb4b69" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS", "UUID": "c39210ba-7659-424b-a2f0-5777a1519115" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PARTICLE SPEED", "UUID": "68f1ff0e-2e23-4025-ba71-7f6177352311", "definition": "The distance per unit time of particles propagating through the Earth'satmosphere or through the interplanetary magnetic fields as a result of solarevents. For example, the solar wind has a 'fast' component or high speed streamwith a speed of about 10*5 M/sec. and a 'slow' component of about 5x10*4 m/sec." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PARTICLE TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "630c1f3f-73b9-4f80-bc47-4cbf1fa43788", "definition": "The measure of the heat of an object, namely of the average kinetic energy ofthe randomly moving particles in an object. \nReference: the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Sun, The Cambridge UniversityPress,\nCambridge, CB2, 2RU, UK, 2110." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT", "UUID": "0b2ca4d1-a225-4243-90eb-1b482fb094a5", "definition": "Total Electron Content (TEC) is the number of free electrons in a column of theEarth's ionosphere. TEC is affected by geomagnetic storms and measurements ofTEC is crucial for calibrating measurements obtained by active radar andaltimeter instruments such as used on TOPEX/Poseidon. Measurements of TEC are aby-product if sea surface height measurements and TEC global ionosphereclimatologies have been developed from TOPEX/Poseidon measurements." } ], "UUID": "a82d885e-34cd-496a-b34d-17a23ad04126" } ], "UUID": "57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b", "definition": "Sun-Earth Interactions refer to the effects of the sun's variability are evident in a variety of physical and chemical processes in the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere." }, { "level": "Topic", "name": "TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE", "children": [ { "level": "Term", "name": "GLACIERS/ICE SHEETS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ABLATION ZONES/ACCUMULATION ZONES", "UUID": "a994a6f6-cfcd-45d2-95a4-0f8455a9454d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BASINS", "UUID": "b58fc6f1-2fb5-4e3a-9553-f041fe75960b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "COASTLINE", "UUID": "18d136b8-728f-438b-90cb-3c82956e1c2c", "definition": "The actual contour of the continent with the existing ice shelves." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FIRN", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SNOW GRAIN SIZE", "UUID": "2ba27dc1-e2e6-4ce5-be05-fb4e4dd5ab54", "definition": "The size of individual snow grains in micrometers." } ], "UUID": "ff79c018-8d61-4811-91bc-c4ddea29677c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIER ELEVATION/ICE SHEET ELEVATION", "UUID": "4d1cc756-c12a-472a-9eae-de96e0a7ba74", "definition": "Pertaining to the measured height of large thick, glaciers, with an area ofat least 50,000 sq. km, covering a continuous stretch of land and growingin all directions." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIER FACIES", "UUID": "7b657679-78bf-4580-987d-0d1b98dcd0d2", "definition": "In general, facies are the set of all characteristics of a sedimetary rock thatindicates its particular environment of deposition and which distinguish itfrom other facies in the same rock. Glacial facies refer to the characteristicnature of glacial ice and/or the processes by which the ice formed andprocesses by which rock debris from the bed is entrained into the ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIER MASS BALANCE/ICE SHEET MASS BALANCE", "UUID": "5ac9ae0b-901a-468e-8a42-5d6f3865a584", "definition": "Mass balance describes the net gain or loss of snow and ice through a givenyear. It is usually expressed in terms of water gain or loss." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIER MOTION/ICE SHEET MOTION", "UUID": "a870d769-b815-435a-b7cc-cba5e6c27bb3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIER THICKNESS/ICE SHEET THICKNESS", "UUID": "87b27ecd-c10b-4d41-8c49-b84f185c5bd4", "definition": "The difference in height between two levels in the glacier or ice sheet." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIER TOPOGRAPHY/ICE SHEET TOPOGRAPHY", "UUID": "72fdd0c7-f998-47ab-aeee-2956b9015ccb", "definition": "Surface relief of the land. Topography usually is measured in meters above sea\nlevel. The topography can be very different from one location to another.\nTopography can be flat, or mountainous, or hilly." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GLACIERS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER ABLATION", "UUID": "e2a25e36-0d1f-4087-8a57-6ebc00438da9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER ACCUMULATION", "UUID": "a4edf013-e60b-4646-aac3-b9ca3d37c1cd" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER AREA", "UUID": "0d968650-2e0b-4927-8901-4326fe875657", "definition": "Total area of a glacier." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER EXTENT", "UUID": "6b96d652-3c5c-48a9-9a5f-ac58ec6f9755", "definition": "Glacier extent is a glacier outline in horizontal space separating the glacier from unglacierized terrain or, at divides, from contiguous glaciers." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER MASS", "UUID": "fc813531-b535-479b-8d5d-95572f5e8c1e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER MELT", "UUID": "44aec746-fe43-4dd7-9f45-ba0cdf94b854", "definition": "Mass lost by a glacier due to melting." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER REFREEZE", "UUID": "4a88c170-2481-453b-9b1e-dfcbf156aec6", "definition": "Mass gained by a glacier due to refreezing." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER RUNOFF", "UUID": "a8636894-6c29-46dc-88b9-7e56d27a3d7e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLACIER TERMINUS", "UUID": "84fff9f2-4dad-4ff8-9d10-cacd6a1864fb", "definition": "The terminus is the end of a glacier, usually the lowest end, and is also often called a glacier toe or snout." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GROUNDING LINE", "UUID": "6c06019d-97df-499a-ab03-64b615af547a", "definition": "Marks the locations where said glaciers become anchored on bedrock (i.e., the estimated coastline underneath the ice)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ICE STUPA", "UUID": "8c425053-be1d-4dbe-b5e9-b9e85e382940" } ], "UUID": "4a426aab-4a95-4bf4-8449-19a72a251541", "definition": "A mass of land ice, formed by the further recrystallization of firn, flowingcontinuously from higher to lower elevations." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE SHEETS", "UUID": "b2800856-f1e3-41aa-bdc4-75e9cd626d3f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE SHELVES", "UUID": "98d5bed0-0d07-495a-9c8a-b5eedd04192f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICEBERGS", "UUID": "f1c79b5f-fcc2-42e7-818b-7534f79081ff" } ], "UUID": "099ab1ae-f4d2-48cc-be2f-86bd58ffc4ca", "definition": "Glaciers are masses of land ice, formed by the further recrystallization of\nfirn, flowing continuously from higher to lower elevations. Ice sheets are a\ncontinuous sheet of land ice that covers a very large area and moves outward inmany directions. This type of ice mass is so thick as to mask the land surface\ncontours, in contrast to the smaller and thinner highland ice. The continental\nglacier of Greenland is sometimes called the Inland Ice. This term is often\nused to describe the great ice masses that characterized the ice ages." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "GROUND WATER", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GROUND WATER FEATURES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AQUIFERS", "UUID": "a957363b-2f2c-4169-a656-c2f24933eb72" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FRESHWATER SPRINGS", "UUID": "c87c086a-933f-44c7-a128-33279b36d7b5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER TABLE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "WATER TABLE DEPTH", "UUID": "04655f0e-81f1-411c-9cfe-994cd743701e", "definition": "The level below which the ground is completely saturated with water." } ], "UUID": "ecbe9f17-6012-4e39-a707-713973b7d167" } ], "UUID": "ae94befb-d08e-4350-8ebe-c0ba7ded8320" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GROUND WATER PROCESSES/MEASUREMENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AQUIFER RECHARGE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "AQUIFER DEPTH", "UUID": "ee3893bc-f0d6-445a-8982-f852785d5768" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RECHARGE AMOUNT", "UUID": "2cd0b33e-4805-4930-ba84-fef6c625a9b4", "definition": "Amount of water needed to replenish ground water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RECHARGE FREQUENCY", "UUID": "e89dc20d-0570-41ca-8039-38316332238a" } ], "UUID": "dbeaaf9f-294c-4e45-ba9e-7be8cd449db1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DISCHARGE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DISCHARGE AMOUNT", "UUID": "4f30855f-5bf1-46a8-b2ce-ce2fa00485ec", "definition": "The volume of water flow, including any suspended solids which is transported through a given cross-sectional area." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DISCHARGE RATE", "UUID": "d89d0e4d-0462-43a5-905e-c060db425e7b" } ], "UUID": "0976b778-91be-40e7-9ed7-ebbf214bb818", "definition": "The volume of water flow, including any suspended solids which is transported through a given cross-sectional area." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DISPERSION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DISPERSION FREQUENCY", "UUID": "1fa631de-797f-4649-aa26-9f814ddcdb9b", "definition": "The number of clay particles that separate from one other in moist oil in a single period." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DISPERSION RATE", "UUID": "3a95742c-1355-40af-ac86-e24365a67b04", "definition": "The rate at which clay particles separate from one other in moist soil." } ], "UUID": "d2d4ee50-99ed-4ee7-b957-22271a60c031" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DRAINAGE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DRAINAGE AMOUNT", "UUID": "5ea5be7b-fdbb-4c50-9f54-c0bbd7dcc78c", "definition": "Amount of water removed from am area." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DRAINAGE DIRECTION", "UUID": "3045e9ec-ac70-4d72-904a-54094357373a", "definition": "Direction in which standing water is removed from am area." } ], "UUID": "6a2107ab-38ab-42dc-beb0-8ba5f65e8022", "definition": "Pertaining to the process/method that water discharges out of an aquifer." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "INFILTRATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "INFILTRATION AMOUNT", "UUID": "59ce52b5-0386-4b51-b5ac-049a0862e9cd", "definition": "Amount of water that infiltrates the subsurface soil and rocks." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "INFILTRATION FREQUENCY", "UUID": "55642a14-2ff4-4892-b61a-ae3ece7fbcd7", "definition": "Amount of water that infiltrates the subsurface soil and rocks in a single period." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "INFILTRATION RATE", "UUID": "d16cd32f-978d-4ab5-9711-f8189a748399" } ], "UUID": "638a22af-4e97-450e-a278-b81338443230", "definition": "Pertaining to the process by which substances enter an aquifer." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAND SUBSIDENCE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SUBSIDENCE AMOUNT", "UUID": "2922e6fe-3d72-44d3-a972-2e3778194343", "definition": "The amount of groundwater that is withdrawn from certain types of rocks." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "SUBSIDENCE RATE", "UUID": "535b876d-9297-49c2-bdcd-4c33e02a47be", "definition": "The rate of groundwater that is withdrawn from certain types of rocks." } ], "UUID": "a1bf1e84-c4e7-4154-ad0a-4b9eedf45066" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PERCOLATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PERCOLATION AMOUNT", "UUID": "22566296-aea0-4f01-93c0-fb3256051f27", "definition": "The amount of fluids being filtered through porous materials." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PERCOLATION RATE", "UUID": "acdb39a8-1816-4d8d-bb80-38a94024035e" } ], "UUID": "d64094ae-774b-4435-8f2e-a54d114e5555" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SALTWATER INTRUSION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "INTRUSION AMOUNT", "UUID": "68034344-9c1c-4a5e-a64e-813f6ecf608c", "definition": "Amount of seawater that moves into fresh water aquifer." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "INTRUSION RATE", "UUID": "310c5663-1825-46ed-8b64-d1ba7c93ff6d", "definition": "The speed at which seawater moves into the fresh water aquifer within certain time period." } ], "UUID": "4a11a257-99c6-4f87-8884-2a2aa46a49fa", "definition": "The intrusion of saline marine water into fresh groundwater supplies along coasts, often due to the extraction of fresh groundwater for human consumption." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUBSURFACE FLOW", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "AVERAGE FLOW", "UUID": "92bfc132-bc15-4952-99a7-763f109c1e7e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "FLOW VELOCITY", "UUID": "dd27825d-7b6e-4a70-9a45-c68d646a1cc5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PEAK FLOW", "UUID": "48f02169-8eab-487d-a24b-4b36ec707b13", "definition": "Peak flow is due to rainwater pushing out water that had been stored in wetlands or groundwater." } ], "UUID": "872a0464-884c-4d6f-8f06-0679329dadcc", "definition": "The flow of water beneath earth's surface as part of the water cycle. In the water cycle, when precipitation falls on the earth's land, some of the water flows on the surface forming streams and rivers." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "VOLUME", "UUID": "2bd42602-0d41-4a80-9fb9-c00b521cf7e6", "definition": "The amount of ground water available in an aquifer." } ], "UUID": "6e4b29b7-a0c9-4e8e-b778-23b50cf8efb8", "definition": "Describes how ground water is measured and the various ground water processes throughout the ground water system." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY", "UUID": "8435030e-8d16-409f-a812-ace5d8ffc122", "definition": "Pertaining to the various chemical substances contained within\ngroundwater." } ], "UUID": "734f8f27-6976-4b67-8794-c7fc79d6161e", "definition": "Ground water in its broadest sense includes all subsurface water whether in itsliquid, solid or gaseous state, provided it is not chemically combined with theminerals present. In practice, it is all subsurface water that participates inthe hydrological cycle." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SNOW/ICE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ALBEDO", "UUID": "2ddd003d-c19f-4336-9837-316cce5efe0b", "definition": "Albedo is the ratio of the radiation (radiant energy or luminousenergy) reflected by a surface to that incident on it. Snow and cloudsurfaces have a high albedo, because most of the energy of the visiblesolar spectrum is reflected. Vegetation and ocean surfaces have lowalbedo, because they absorb a large fraction of the energy. Clouds are thechief cause of variations in the Earth's albedo." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "AVALANCHE", "UUID": "2565d1be-7468-4969-9367-e21719c006a1", "definition": "Pertaining to the measuerment of a large mass of snow, ice, soil, rock,falling rapidly from heights far above a lowland area." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "BLOWING SNOW", "UUID": "fd9423b4-4666-4844-88c5-1813a45f132f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "DEPTH HOAR", "UUID": "67648fff-9415-4a36-a1f6-ef028dd1d9b5", "definition": "Pertaining to the characteristics of the layer of ice crystals thatforms between the ground and snow cover by sublimation. It's alsoreferred to as sugar snow." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FREEZE/THAW", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TRANSITION DIRECTION", "UUID": "6d245dca-41b5-474d-972f-221822111731", "definition": "Describes if snow and/or ice transition is from frozen to thawed or vice-versa." } ], "UUID": "4453ac7c-1869-4aef-8b06-dbdc9e63e245", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement, rates, geographical extent of freezing,and melting of snow and ice cover." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "FROST", "UUID": "f3743f11-06bb-4337-969a-d5616b96038f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE DEPTH/THICKNESS", "UUID": "fa751659-7032-447c-a581-f4e9de854070" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE EXTENT", "UUID": "0fcce7dc-496f-4078-96f0-2035a73563fb", "definition": "Pertaining to the geographical extent of ice on continental land masses." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE GROWTH/MELT", "UUID": "7c23be3f-89fc-4a85-83fc-128b0837ee83", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of ice growth/melting rates, and annual\nchanges in those rates." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE MOTION", "UUID": "10068260-94c0-4e58-83ac-f9c5d6bd5748", "definition": "Defined as the horizontal displacement of ice over an area." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ICE VELOCITY", "UUID": "cee7ed2f-3ed1-44ad-b48b-513a68bb3244" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LAKE ICE", "UUID": "a99c2917-8f91-4ec8-ad4f-7ee6200ab35d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LIQUID WATER CONTENT", "UUID": "a5279e80-7d3d-434e-b9d4-a0a96ace80a1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "PERMAFROST", "UUID": "6a7eed90-327a-4609-b952-c9617445a1d1", "definition": "A layer of soil or bedrock at a variable depth beneath the surface of the earth in which the temperature has been below freezing continuously from a few to several thousands of years." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY", "UUID": "7ea836c5-e959-4dba-93bb-b1d4e511bfad", "definition": "The Relative permittivity (or dielectric constant, \u03b5) is a measure of the ease with which a material is polarized by an electric field relative to vacuum. It is defined by the magnitude of the dielectric polarization (dipole moment per unit volume) induced by a unit field. Dielectric constants have no units - they are coefficients that multiply the capacitance with free space (or vacuum) as dielectric." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "RIVER ICE", "UUID": "ad8499b4-28cb-46ed-b0fe-867ed90fce05" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW COVER", "UUID": "6a08f79f-a621-4f8c-b5d5-e1335f9cbcec", "definition": "Pertaining to the extent, depth, and longevity of snow pack." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW DENSITY", "UUID": "fde70d8c-d64c-4784-971d-589eedfc42d1" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW DEPTH", "UUID": "9512b90f-f495-41bb-9600-ff25e4cfc571" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW ENERGY BALANCE", "UUID": "8b99fd5b-4be4-4d4b-bdf2-ef92df294738" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW FACIES", "UUID": "1f10a307-df15-43e2-b3fa-5fe6df619f98", "definition": "Pertaining to the observable differences that separate/distinguish one\nsnow/ice unit from another." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW MELT", "UUID": "dd6de9e1-61e7-41bf-a2dc-9d2afc690bb3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW STRATIGRAPHY", "UUID": "c5aaee13-289b-40b7-867d-83bd72c02b2d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT", "UUID": "47d8d3db-9aea-49f3-8edd-5216736a85ef", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of the amount of water in a given snow\npack." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW/ICE CHEMISTRY", "UUID": "9a3b0d9b-4409-439f-b23d-c07590ff919e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW/ICE MASS", "UUID": "6d299271-0a89-4e32-a4a3-6b88ae87b484", "definition": "Total mass of a representative physical sample of snow or ice." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SNOW/ICE TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "1341f3e1-9279-4ae6-9a93-6a612957efd1", "definition": "Pertaining to the measured internal temperature of snow/ice pack(s)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WETNESS", "UUID": "0f4d4367-c034-4a11-9d70-218d93ddebdb", "definition": "The amount of liquid water in a unit of snow, often described as a spectrum between \u201cdry\u201d and \u201cwet.\u201d Snow wetness can be calculated quantitatively by measuring the dielectric properties of snow, or estimated qualitatively using manual manipulation of the snow pack." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WHITEOUT", "UUID": "06741402-492e-4cda-926b-8897b15450e7", "definition": "Pertaining to the occurence, extent, and severity of whiteout conditions." } ], "UUID": "50b8fe04-9149-4b7f-a8b2-b33b1e3aa192", "definition": "Pertaining to the study of frozen water over the\nEarth's surface." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SURFACE MASS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "LIQUID WATER EQUIVALENT THICKNESS (LWET)", "UUID": "1456bd4b-1226-4c08-b4f1-e37ed138798a", "definition": "A unit of measurement of how thick a uniform layer of water at the surface of the Earth would need to be to account for an equivalent mass at the surface of the Earth." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MASS BALANCE", "UUID": "0c0fa520-f325-4e5b-a003-83e636c63f76", "definition": "The definition of how the mass of an area changes over time; i.e. how balanced the mass is (e.g., whether processes that cause an increase mass, such as precipitation, are balanced with processes that cause mass loss, such as runoff and evaporation)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "MASS TRANSPORT", "UUID": "e660d917-0c77-463c-a15b-e8061ed296f8" } ], "UUID": "295c1f0b-bb76-4cbc-88cf-a42e6fb83bfb", "definition": "The summation of all mass within ~20 km of the Earth\u2019s surface (i.e. groundwater, soil moisture, surface water, snow, atmosphere) expressed on the surface of the Earth." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SURFACE RADIATIVE PROPERTIES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "REFLECTANCE", "UUID": "b6fbd995-7e4d-4e15-98bd-5c4093723983" } ], "UUID": "a0aed25f-b6db-4da3-8b98-a073bab6eb8d" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "SURFACE WATER", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SURFACE WATER CHEMISTRY", "UUID": "1baa552d-c563-43fb-b618-54651f8b07e6", "definition": "Refers to the chemical composition of the surface water of rivers, lakes,\nstreams, and reservoirs including water quality and contamination." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SURFACE WATER FEATURES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DRAINAGE BASINS", "UUID": "272700c5-d762-452b-8e9f-130e3a51efb5", "definition": "An area of land where surface water from rain, melting snow, or ice converges to a single point at a lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LAKES/RESERVOIRS", "UUID": "3d64f625-fb84-4178-ad08-4be2dd15979b", "definition": "An area of land where surface water from rain, melting snow, or ice converges to a single point at a lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RIVERS/STREAMS", "UUID": "5e3c573f-a787-4afa-80a4-047c2c5d83f2", "definition": "River: A large, natural freshwater surface stream having a permanent seasonal flow and moving toward a sea, lake, or another river in a definite channel. Stream: A body of running water moving under the influence of gravity to lower levels in a narrow, clearly defined natural channel." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER CHANNELS", "UUID": "4b276110-57bc-4ed6-b741-1ec0383fa962", "definition": "The deeper portion of a waterway carrying the main current." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WETLANDS", "UUID": "d138302a-03b3-4cf7-95db-ac98f863c04f" } ], "UUID": "959f1861-a776-41b1-ba6b-d23c71d4d1eb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SURFACE WATER PROCESSES/MEASUREMENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "AQUIFER RECHARGE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "AQUIFER DEPTH", "UUID": "37e1daa7-503a-4d5c-b6d7-c18b71030bc6", "definition": "The depth of the saturated rock through which water can easily move." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RECHARGE AMOUNT", "UUID": "f9c86356-381e-4f7e-9193-10c274eae41c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RECHARGE FREQUENCY", "UUID": "424652b2-92b2-4dee-9f77-016f905b1569", "definition": "Number of times water goes through a cycle to be replenished." } ], "UUID": "3609b843-d840-460c-b1a3-d4fcc69a32f6", "definition": "The processes involved in the replenishment of water to the zone ofsaturation." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DISCHARGE/FLOW", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "AVERAGE FLOW", "UUID": "f8f16152-094e-4130-8346-2a9bba5872a0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "BASE FLOW", "UUID": "609f7831-5145-4a5c-bd58-d0b426058740", "definition": "The portion of stream flow that is not runoff and results from seepage of water from the ground into a channel slowly over time. The primary source of running water in a stream during dry weather." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "FLOW VELOCITY", "UUID": "f77adcc6-e320-4fd9-80c9-958e75cd46d3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "PEAK FLOW", "UUID": "231dd4ab-8b74-45ba-8933-09ab291594ea", "definition": "Peak flow is due to rainwater pushing out water that had been stored in wetlands or groundwater." } ], "UUID": "36a2999b-2255-4d4e-a249-40df3b7b3aaf", "definition": "In\u00a0hydrology,\u00a0discharge\u00a0is the volume rate of\u00a0water\u00a0flow that is transported through a given cross-sectional area.(Buchanan, T.J. and Somers, W.P., 1969, Discharge Measurements at Gaging Stations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 3, Chapter A8, p. 1.) \u00a0It includes any suspended solids (e.g. sediment), dissolved chemicals (e.g. CaCO3(aq)), or biologic material (e.g. diatoms) in addition to the water itself." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DRAINAGE", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DRAINAGE AMOUNT", "UUID": "71926eb5-b64c-42d9-be6a-26f7b2a5fbf1", "definition": "The amount of water being drained from a specified area." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "DRAINAGE DIRECTION", "UUID": "97b68ee7-b729-4828-924d-d0758b43d8e9" } ], "UUID": "269c7277-fa8f-4c1c-bd8b-ab772c1df4e5", "definition": "The pattern followed by the waters of an area as they pass or flow offin surface streams." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "FLOODS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "FLOOD FREQUENCY", "UUID": "bf470637-8aea-47a8-b075-40b394303747" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "FLOOD LEVELS", "UUID": "44278367-2c4d-4309-90a2-03244a12ae39", "definition": "Average height flood water reaches." } ], "UUID": "7fdc339e-017f-4e4b-89a3-12e441a40bad", "definition": "The condition that occurs when water overflows the natural orartificial confines of a stream or other body of water, or accumulates bydrainage over low-lying areas." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HIGH WATER MARK", "UUID": "fa963ea3-d500-41c6-8128-69add1795d43" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROPATTERN", "UUID": "960037c5-57b1-4cdf-84be-4542beee7d5a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROPERIOD", "UUID": "d4e8b5c5-9203-4982-82bc-2611b517ffdb" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "INLAND BATHYMETRY", "UUID": "d6ff6bad-cc6c-4185-ba9f-61220b58fb5c" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "INUNDATION", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "INUNDATION AMOUNT", "UUID": "ae35e34f-92de-4107-b277-abaf7a652f2d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "INUNDATION FREQUENCY", "UUID": "3265052b-38e1-472c-ab91-70b39b549854", "definition": "Number of times a surface is covered with water in a single period." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "INUNDATION LEVEL", "UUID": "5af94668-05f5-41ee-aa65-82dca2a359fc", "definition": "The level of the water that covers an area during flooding." } ], "UUID": "c6c0c5dd-c0ca-4670-bbaa-c22d39e73570" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RUNOFF", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "RUNOFF RATE", "UUID": "f54d4750-b9b3-47fa-b56a-a1d57fcbc978" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_3", "name": "TOTAL RUNOFF", "UUID": "0eb4156f-e4ab-4e02-a473-df4b44290556", "definition": "The total runoff is equal to the total precipitation less the losses caused by evapotranspiration, storage, and other such abtractions." } ], "UUID": "f6a54329-486b-4d5f-b105-c639cec42351" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STAGE HEIGHT", "UUID": "5cb5d5b9-0c0b-497f-a4ea-a8cece52d13d", "definition": "The elevation of the water level of a lake, river, stream or other body of water above a common datum." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TOTAL SURFACE WATER", "UUID": "6f52de55-f5f2-45c0-b83f-59dbfb1fe221", "definition": "All bodies of water on the surface of the Earth." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER DEPTH", "UUID": "42aa1fa1-56a9-4e96-8063-077bd7ba88d8", "definition": "The measurement of the vertical distance from the surface of a body of water to the floor." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER PRESSURE", "UUID": "84784fef-5b76-45a0-91e0-28788e09fea6", "definition": "Pertaining to the measurement of force per unit area exerted on water by the overlying column of water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER SURFACE HEIGHT", "UUID": "41795836-95f8-465f-9d26-9588059d0724", "definition": "The elevation of a free surface of a water body such as an ocean, lake, or river measured relative to a reference point." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER YIELD", "UUID": "04922ba6-8f00-4f54-b80c-ce2414c91e2e", "definition": "The processes involved in the amount of water released from a flowing body of water." } ], "UUID": "9d86cd70-062a-4c39-b3f3-226abebc07f7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATERSHED BOUNDARIES", "UUID": "b98123fc-6a87-4396-8e1a-ae7406e76ff6" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATERSHED DRAINAGE", "UUID": "ae36ad48-85f2-42a0-958f-efec71c34cc0" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATERSHED LENGTH", "UUID": "e12150d7-5bd3-4a22-8b9f-f887a1fe3096" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATERSHED SHAPE", "UUID": "2b37d67c-92a6-4188-8f1b-4462bd754577", "definition": "The watershed can vary from streams to many various cracks." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATERSHED SLOPE", "UUID": "0d209f3c-73b1-412d-828b-22b25da8fc3a", "definition": "The steepness of the highest point to the lower elevations." } ], "UUID": "c84b61fe-720a-4240-b6c8-8dcc9ae24a36" } ], "UUID": "5debb283-51e4-435e-b2a2-e8e2a977220d", "definition": "Pertains to all water present above the substrate or soil surface including water contained in an ocean, river, stream, lake, pond, lagoon, or impoundment reservoir." }, { "level": "Term", "name": "TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE CHANGE", "UUID": "edb02736-af90-41bd-b4c3-f0f1599078a5" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "WATER BUDGET", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HYDROLOGIC REGIME", "UUID": "9731faa4-b7ae-4ead-8f00-ff8ec89fd5f7" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "TERRESTRIAL WATER STORAGE", "UUID": "bf18cf2c-30b7-4c2b-94d1-68cf3869cb15" } ], "UUID": "f8702aed-a0ae-46f0-89eb-abde858bc6ac" }, { "level": "Term", "name": "WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "CONTAMINANTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ACID RAIN", "UUID": "62ee81e7-9f5a-4af5-a086-f4c402c7d19d", "definition": "Acid rain results when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) are emitted into the atmosphere and transported by wind and air currents. The SO2 and NOX react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. These then mix with water and other materials before falling to the ground." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ARSENIC", "UUID": "fa892a9e-523b-424e-bf02-1a8d1e618985" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BARIUM", "UUID": "3e666b9f-6cf5-4454-9a65-987e981cd80e", "definition": "A silvery-white metal that can be found in the environment, where it exists naturally. It occurs combined with other chemicals, such as sulfur, carbon or oxygen. It is very light and its density is half that of iron. Barium oxidizes in air, reacts vigorously with water to form the hydroxide, liberating hydrogen. Barium reacts with almost all the non-metals, forming often poisoning compounds." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CALCIUM", "UUID": "e5a658d5-74db-4022-894f-edc8d297767a" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CARCINOGENS", "UUID": "31c913e1-9692-45b5-bce5-cca46fa1874d", "definition": "The measure of water quality based on the presence of carcinogens." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHROMIUM", "UUID": "9ab53717-17f1-4259-b425-0eed19c31884" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "COPPER", "UUID": "78fb5691-136d-40f8-a834-6e6f4cd768ff", "definition": "A chemical element that is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantly used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DISINFECTANTS", "UUID": "4690d6a8-78cd-48bc-82f5-36fb16d4c52e", "definition": "Refers to chemical liquids that destroy bacteria." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "INORGANIC MATTER", "UUID": "e848dbd1-b70a-4820-a630-98bd642ae357" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "IRON", "UUID": "0965eb7b-6bd3-48a3-aa2a-52d7e2dda8ad", "definition": "A metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars, where it is the last element to be produced with release of energy before the violent collapse of a supernova, which scatters the iron into space." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LEAD", "UUID": "6fe420c1-2285-4031-babe-f0243c59a617", "definition": "A chemical element and a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is bluish-white; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air. Lead has the highest atomic number of any stable element and concludes three major decay chains of heavier elements." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "MAGNESIUM", "UUID": "38f99d8b-80af-439a-9d3f-1e72aef5d7c3", "definition": "A chemical element that is a shiny gray solid and has the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure. Magnesium is the ninth most abundant element in the universe. It is produced in large, aging stars from the sequential addition of three helium nuclei to a carbon nucleus." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "METALS/MINERALS", "UUID": "961591ce-9207-47db-9aeb-11586371fa12" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ORGANIC MATTER", "UUID": "9c90825c-a35f-4165-8248-e90ab869f8ec" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PATHOGEN", "UUID": "6fff6994-a0d8-4f19-8d36-c9f354b08b19", "definition": "Small unicellular organisms lacking a nucleus and some other eukaryotic organelles, they may have photosynthetic pigments but lack chloroplasts, the specialized photosynthetic organelles in higher plants, and mitochondria." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PESTICIDES", "UUID": "bc1c6d8c-2e47-4a9f-aeb4-16b02bff4f19" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS", "UUID": "aef23021-81c1-4540-a0a5-35c590142a6d" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POTASSIUM", "UUID": "072721be-eb8b-4ac4-9354-251dbf74ade0", "definition": "A chemical element which, in nature, occurs only in ionic salts. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts vigorously with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite hydrogen emitted in the reaction and burning with a lilac-colored flame. It is found dissolved in sea water and is part of many minerals." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SELENIUM", "UUID": "b2318fb3-788c-4f36-a1d1-36670d2da747" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEWAGE OVERFLOWS", "UUID": "207da091-2cd5-49a7-950e-91a164e02637", "definition": "A condition in which untreated sewage is discharged from a sanitary sewer into the environment prior to reaching sewage treatment facilities." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TITANIUM", "UUID": "160cce6b-c9f5-45bf-9a51-ee477f446cce", "definition": "A chemical element and a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TOXIC CHEMICALS", "UUID": "bf3aaf41-3502-49cf-89df-4613ce87c9c3" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TRACE METALS", "UUID": "f2d6aa01-5070-4147-bae1-4b2cad2c3987" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ZINC", "UUID": "ab12b3d6-2cbf-4a5a-a410-1d23afe906d8" } ], "UUID": "42c6d91b-afef-4638-95c5-0d130828b2e7", "definition": "Foreign agents that are present in water which may produce a physical or chemical change." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "GASES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DISSOLVED CARBON DIOXIDE", "UUID": "a9b89557-c09f-4a4a-a1eb-47c632f8eb59" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DISSOLVED GASES", "UUID": "ac933400-3c8c-4db4-ac68-5e8ed06c8336" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DISSOLVED NITROGEN", "UUID": "dc748b93-e7d6-419d-a9f0-f370556d6f8e" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "DISSOLVED OXYGEN", "UUID": "b632d0cc-d4b0-458e-a182-16bbd2a5ab05" } ], "UUID": "7b98fcc5-4465-45c8-a647-557432276844", "definition": "One of the three fundamental states of matter, with distinctly different properties from the liquid and solid states." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM (HABs)", "UUID": "ab804ba3-7551-4ca2-83a0-6af042c870e9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "ISOTOPES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "RADIOISOTOPES", "UUID": "6f4e850f-84e4-466f-b5ad-2032ea2187ea", "definition": "Any radioactive form of a chemical element, having the same atomic weight as that element (i.e. same number of protons), but a different number of neutrons. Used in a variety of oceanic applications such as dating andmovement of water masses." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "STABLE ISOTOPES", "UUID": "fb52b51d-8bb4-4b04-907b-c130ec706f85" } ], "UUID": "4d5f7ae1-3368-468b-825b-e72c1df24508", "definition": "One of two or more species of atoms of a chemical element with the same atomic number and position in the periodic table and nearly identical chemical behavior but with different atomic masses and physical properties. Every chemical element has one or more isotopes." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "NUTRIENTS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROCARBONS", "UUID": "0ba2ccb3-332c-4ee6-a9c9-50dce5a6c0cc", "definition": "Organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "INORGANIC MATTER", "UUID": "9bdac7db-be34-4eed-91bc-28f6628ed044" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NITROGEN", "UUID": "bf03dba8-2881-44ac-abfc-ba3353f67a24" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NITROGEN COMPOUNDS", "UUID": "644e0f53-98a2-4512-a228-00f5e61fd93d", "definition": "Nitrogen compounds refer to the nitrogen particles that come from industrial manufacturing which cause contamination to water resources." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ORGANIC MATTER", "UUID": "ee92daf8-d0da-4476-b389-0485114cbbe9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PHOSPHOROUS", "UUID": "846d2db9-41cd-4ae8-b4ff-a34a9efb7428", "definition": "A chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15. As an element, phosphorus exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus, but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. With a concentration of 0.099%, phosphorus is the most abundant pnictogen in the Earth's crust. Other than a few exceptions, minerals containing phosphorus are in the maximally oxidized state as inorganic phosphate rocks." } ], "UUID": "1459a39c-4781-4481-8bd9-510762865efd", "definition": "Elements essential for growth and survival of a given organism. Directly or indirectly, nutrients have roles in metabolism that no other nutrients fulfills." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "SOLIDS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SEDIMENTS", "UUID": "6d2511f8-4503-4237-93a9-34a3b369fe00", "definition": "Naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice, and/or by the force of gravity acting on the particles. For example, sand and silt can be carried in suspension in river water and on reaching the sea be deposited by sedimentation and if buried this may eventually become sandstone and siltstone, (sedimentary rocks)." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SUSPENDED SOLIDS", "UUID": "9d8cb1dd-4b38-4b4e-8532-ab4eb72cd4ae" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS", "UUID": "7d82a1f7-aa6e-47c7-8eb3-78bfe2e4349b", "definition": "Materials less than 0.45 micrometer in length, as distinguished from suspended solids and other particulate matter, which are greater than 0.45 micrometer in length." } ], "UUID": "fad79bec-0672-4c71-8910-174c8985a1b9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER CHARACTERISTICS", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ALKALINITY", "UUID": "a74059fe-6b15-4b55-8ea5-4a65b66c7e11" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)", "UUID": "2ef34dc5-4d29-4820-963c-f830f46c0347", "definition": "The amount of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e. demanded) by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period. The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 \u00b0C and is often used as a surrogate of the degree of organic pollution of water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATIONS", "UUID": "de21632f-b614-4375-8f09-d14ab00d852b" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "CONDUCTIVITY", "UUID": "d14389d9-54f5-41a0-b8e8-dc9d8f87e4e2" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "EUTROPHICATION", "UUID": "53d36c39-3cb1-44db-9746-feee86cbe9d7", "definition": "The enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, or both." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "HYDROCARBONS", "UUID": "344cbd30-a2e4-437e-9fc9-5e6b1c484bac", "definition": "Organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "INORGANIC MATTER", "UUID": "6cf87a79-e8b0-4ff1-9039-f3ad1f1f17a7", "definition": "Dissolved or particulate substances that are not hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon derivatives." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "LIGHT TRANSMISSION", "UUID": "45351e81-fcd4-46a1-9222-315946caefc7", "definition": "Measurement of the percentage of light received at a photo cell placed at fixed distances from a light source." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NITROGEN COMPOUNDS", "UUID": "1886b524-1f51-447d-9805-d40859739a0e", "definition": "Refers to the nitrogen particles that come from industrial manufacturing which cause contamination to water resources." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "ORGANIC MATTER", "UUID": "e82c0632-5a3c-4da2-ba10-55c0fc222580" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "pH", "UUID": "14625f2a-4186-4377-a0d9-88998bb6b775", "definition": "A measure of the alkaline or acid strength of a substance. pH is defined as the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "PHOSPHOROUS COMPOUNDS", "UUID": "f9f5cedd-9a0e-4058-87ff-c97df63fc326" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "POTABILITY", "UUID": "dac96944-5a5e-4b2a-802d-74627bb93db9" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "SALINE CONCENTRATION", "UUID": "a38db528-3064-449d-ae70-af86997a11f4" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TURBIDITY", "UUID": "0eaf009f-f92b-48b5-8a71-9c44c80d03d4", "definition": "Measurement of the degree of scattering of light in water, related to the amount of suspended material in the water." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER COLOR", "UUID": "e8d6a9c3-864e-4d97-938f-a6203997c01f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER HARDNESS", "UUID": "75a83951-a086-4d25-9ab0-c118b0e20383", "definition": "A condition caused predominantly by dissolved salts of calcium, magnesium and iron, such as bicarbonates, carbonates, sulfates, chlorides and nitrates, a water-quality indicator of the concentration of alkaline salts in water, hard water requires more soap, detergent or shampoo to raise a lather." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER ION CONCENTRATIONS", "UUID": "4cc8def9-a825-4ede-9e34-4e11cf89488d", "definition": "The concentration of ions in water. Ions are positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER ODOR", "UUID": "d05ac6d6-d397-4bf7-b62b-c270522de2a5" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER TEMPERATURE", "UUID": "61594015-4ab4-4b38-ae4f-e31a4757b065", "definition": "A measure of the average kinetic energy of the vibration of water molecules." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "WATER TRACE ELEMENTS", "UUID": "475c95a4-fd1c-4015-825f-07f6529858b0", "definition": "Chemical elements that are present in minute quantities in water." } ], "UUID": "f7e97dc3-1181-41b5-8b90-946eb2504110" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_1", "name": "WATER QUALITY INDEXES", "children": [ { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "GLOBAL DRINKING WATER QUALITY INDEX", "UUID": "a71d195e-ff30-4592-a22c-a82af92f3d1f" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "INDEX OF BIOTIC INTEGRITY", "UUID": "4497eb1b-b64d-46ff-a18d-37d217430777", "definition": "A scientific tool used to identify and classify water pollution problems. An Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) associates anthropogenic influences on a water body with biological activity in the water body, and is formulated using data developed from biosurveys." }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "NATIONAL SANITATION FOUNDATION WATER QUALITY INDEX", "UUID": "989e0558-a5fb-4758-bb82-c7d0a6a9f319" }, { "level": "Variable_Level_2", "name": "TROPHIC STATE INDEX", "UUID": "4fbe9a29-e3f5-4e1f-9dcb-99b79485d3b2", "definition": "A water quality index used for the purpose of classifying and ranking lakes, most often from the standpoint of assessing water quality. In recent years the Carlson (1977) Index appears to have attained general acceptance in the limnological community as a reasonable approach to this problem. This is a measure of the trophic status of a body of water using several measures of water quality including: transparency or turbidity (using Secchi disk depth recordings), chlorophyll-a concentrations (algal biomass), and total phosphorus levels (usually the nutrient in shortest supply for algal growth)." } ], "UUID": "f2130ca3-3587-4312-b6d4-138456b5ea78" } ], "UUID": "8c02f5d1-ce86-4bf5-84d5-b3496cdba6ad" } ], "UUID": "885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03", "definition": "'Terrestrial - related to the Earth, A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air. A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice.On Earth, liquid water exists on the surface in the form of oceans, lakes and rivers. It also exists below ground\u2014as groundwater, in wells and aquifers. Water vapor is most visible as clouds and fog.The frozen part of Earth's hydrosphere is made of ice: glaciers, ice caps and icebergs. The frozen part of the hydrosphere has its own name, the cryosphere. Water moves through the hydrosphere in a cycle. Water collects in clouds, then falls to Earth in the form of rain or snow. This water collects in rivers, lakes and oceans. Then it evaporates into the atmosphere to start the cycle all over again. This is called the water cycle.'" } ] }