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	<title>My First Contribution to the Git Project</title>
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	</head>
	<body class="article">
	<div id="header">
	<h1>My First Contribution to the Git Project</h1>
	</div>
	<div id="content">
	<div class="sect1">
	<h2 id="summary"><a class="anchor" href="#summary"></a>Summary</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>This is a tutorial demonstrating the end-to-end workflow of creating a change to
	the Git tree, sending it for review, and making changes based on comments.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="prerequisites"><a class="anchor" href="#prerequisites"></a>Prerequisites</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>This tutorial assumes you’re already fairly familiar with using Git to manage
	source code. The Git workflow steps will largely remain unexplained.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="related-reading"><a class="anchor" href="#related-reading"></a>Related Reading</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>This tutorial aims to summarize the following documents, but the reader may find
	useful additional context:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="ulist">
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p><code>Documentation/SubmittingPatches</code></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><code>Documentation/howto/new-command.txt</code></p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="getting-help"><a class="anchor" href="#getting-help"></a>Getting Help</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>If you get stuck, you can seek help in the following places.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="sect3">
	<h4 id="_gitvger_kernel_org"><a class="anchor" href="#_gitvger_kernel_org"></a><a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a></h4>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>This is the main Git project mailing list where code reviews, version
	announcements, design discussions, and more take place. Those interested in
	contributing are welcome to post questions here. The Git list requires
	plain-text-only emails and prefers inline and bottom-posting when replying to
	mail; you will be CC’d in all replies to you. Optionally, you can subscribe to
	the list by sending an email to <a href="mailto:majordomo@vger.kernel.org">majordomo@vger.kernel.org</a> with "subscribe git"
	in the body. The <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git">archive</a> of this mailing list is
	available to view in a browser.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect3">
	<h4 id="_git_mentoringgooglegroups_com"><a class="anchor" href="#_git_mentoringgooglegroups_com"></a><a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/git-mentoring">git-mentoring@googlegroups.com</a></h4>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>This mailing list is targeted to new contributors and was created as a place to
	post questions and receive answers outside of the public eye of the main list.
	Veteran contributors who are especially interested in helping mentor newcomers
	are present on the list. In order to avoid search indexers, group membership is
	required to view messages; anyone can join and no approval is required.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect3">
	<h4 id="_git_devel_on_libera_chat"><a class="anchor" href="#_git_devel_on_libera_chat"></a><a href="https://web.libera.chat/#git-devel">#git-devel</a> on Libera Chat</h4>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>This IRC channel is for conversations between Git contributors. If someone is
	currently online and knows the answer to your question, you can receive help
	in real time. Otherwise, you can read the
	<a href="https://colabti.org/irclogger/irclogger_logs/git-devel">scrollback</a> to see
	whether someone answered you. IRC does not allow offline private messaging, so
	if you try to private message someone and then log out of IRC, they cannot
	respond to you. It’s better to ask your questions in the channel so that you
	can be answered if you disconnect and so that others can learn from the
	conversation.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect1">
	<h2 id="getting-started"><a class="anchor" href="#getting-started"></a>Getting Started</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="cloning"><a class="anchor" href="#cloning"></a>Clone the Git Repository</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Git is mirrored in a number of locations. Clone the repository from one of them;
	<a href="https://git-scm.com/downloads" class="bare">https://git-scm.com/downloads</a> suggests one of the best places to clone from is
	the mirror on GitHub.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git clone https://github.com/git/git git
	$ cd git</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="dependencies"><a class="anchor" href="#dependencies"></a>Installing Dependencies</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>To build Git from source, you need to have a handful of dependencies installed
	on your system. For a hint of what’s needed, you can take a look at
	<code>INSTALL</code>, paying close attention to the section about Git’s dependencies on
	external programs and libraries. That document mentions a way to "test-drive"
	our freshly built Git without installing; that’s the method we’ll be using in
	this tutorial.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Make sure that your environment has everything you need by building your brand
	new clone of Git from the above step:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ make</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="admonitionblock note">
	<table>
	<tr>
	<td class="icon">
	<div class="title">Note</div>
	</td>
	<td class="content">
	The Git build is parallelizable. <code>-j#</code> is not included above but you can
	use it as you prefer, here and elsewhere.
	</td>
	</tr>
	</table>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="identify-problem"><a class="anchor" href="#identify-problem"></a>Identify Problem to Solve</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>In this tutorial, we will add a new command, <code>git psuh</code>, short for “Pony Saying
	‘Um, Hello”’ - a feature which has gone unimplemented despite a high frequency
	of invocation during users' typical daily workflow.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>(We’ve seen some other effort in this space with the implementation of popular
	commands such as <code>sl</code>.)</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="setup-workspace"><a class="anchor" href="#setup-workspace"></a>Set Up Your Workspace</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Let’s start by making a development branch to work on our changes. Per
	<code>Documentation/SubmittingPatches</code>, since a brand new command is a new feature,
	it’s fine to base your work on <code>master</code>. However, in the future for bugfixes,
	etc., you should check that document and base it on the appropriate branch.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>For the purposes of this document, we will base all our work on the <code>master</code>
	branch of the upstream project. Create the <code>psuh</code> branch you will use for
	development like so:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git checkout -b psuh origin/master</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>We’ll make a number of commits here in order to demonstrate how to send a topic
	with multiple patches up for review simultaneously.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect1">
	<h2 id="code-it-up"><a class="anchor" href="#code-it-up"></a>Code It Up!</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="admonitionblock note">
	<table>
	<tr>
	<td class="icon">
	<div class="title">Note</div>
	</td>
	<td class="content">
	A reference implementation can be found at
	<a href="https://github.com/nasamuffin/git/tree/psuh" class="bare">https://github.com/nasamuffin/git/tree/psuh</a>.
	</td>
	</tr>
	</table>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="add-new-command"><a class="anchor" href="#add-new-command"></a>Adding a New Command</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Lots of the subcommands are written as builtins, which means they are
	implemented in C and compiled into the main <code>git</code> executable. Implementing the
	very simple <code>psuh</code> command as a built-in will demonstrate the structure of the
	codebase, the internal API, and the process of working together as a contributor
	with the reviewers and maintainer to integrate this change into the system.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Built-in subcommands are typically implemented in a function named "cmd_"
	followed by the name of the subcommand, in a source file named after the
	subcommand and contained within <code>builtin/</code>. So it makes sense to implement your
	command in <code>builtin/psuh.c</code>. Create that file, and within it, write the entry
	point for your command in a function matching the style and signature:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>int cmd_psuh(int argc, const char *argv, const char prefix)</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>We’ll also need to add the declaration of psuh; open up <code>builtin.h</code>, find the
	declaration for <code>cmd_pull</code>, and add a new line for <code>psuh</code> immediately before it,
	in order to keep the declarations alphabetically sorted:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>int cmd_psuh(int argc, const char *argv, const char prefix);</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Be sure to <code>#include "builtin.h"</code> in your <code>psuh.c</code>.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Go ahead and add some throwaway printf to that function. This is a decent
	starting point as we can now add build rules and register the command.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="admonitionblock note">
	<table>
	<tr>
	<td class="icon">
	<div class="title">Note</div>
	</td>
	<td class="content">
	Your throwaway text, as well as much of the text you will be adding over
	the course of this tutorial, is user-facing. That means it needs to be
	localizable. Take a look at <code>po/README</code> under "Marking strings for translation".
	Throughout the tutorial, we will mark strings for translation as necessary; you
	should also do so when writing your user-facing commands in the future.
	</td>
	</tr>
	</table>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>int cmd_psuh(int argc, const char *argv, const char prefix)
	{
	printf(_("Pony saying hello goes here.\n"));
	return 0;
	}</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Let’s try to build it. Open <code>Makefile</code>, find where <code>builtin/pull.o</code> is added
	to <code>BUILTIN_OBJS</code>, and add <code>builtin/psuh.o</code> in the same way next to it in
	alphabetical order. Once you’ve done so, move to the top-level directory and
	build simply with <code>make</code>. Also add the <code>DEVELOPER=1</code> variable to turn on
	some additional warnings:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ echo DEVELOPER=1 >config.mak
	$ make</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="admonitionblock note">
	<table>
	<tr>
	<td class="icon">
	<div class="title">Note</div>
	</td>
	<td class="content">
	When you are developing the Git project, it’s preferred that you use the
	<code>DEVELOPER</code> flag; if there’s some reason it doesn’t work for you, you can turn
	it off, but it’s a good idea to mention the problem to the mailing list.
	</td>
	</tr>
	</table>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Great, now your new command builds happily on its own. But nobody invokes it.
	Let’s change that.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>The list of commands lives in <code>git.c</code>. We can register a new command by adding
	a <code>cmd_struct</code> to the <code>commands[]</code> array. <code>struct cmd_struct</code> takes a string
	with the command name, a function pointer to the command implementation, and a
	setup option flag. For now, let’s keep mimicking <code>push</code>. Find the line where
	<code>cmd_push</code> is registered, copy it, and modify it for <code>cmd_psuh</code>, placing the new
	line in alphabetical order (immediately before <code>cmd_pull</code>).</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>The options are documented in <code>builtin.h</code> under "Adding a new built-in." Since
	we hope to print some data about the user’s current workspace context later,
	we need a Git directory, so choose <code>RUN_SETUP</code> as your only option.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Go ahead and build again. You should see a clean build, so let’s kick the tires
	and see if it works. There’s a binary you can use to test with in the
	<code>bin-wrappers</code> directory.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ ./bin-wrappers/git psuh</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Check it out! You’ve got a command! Nice work! Let’s commit this.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p><code>git status</code> reveals modified <code>Makefile</code>, <code>builtin.h</code>, and <code>git.c</code> as well as
	untracked <code>builtin/psuh.c</code> and <code>git-psuh</code>. First, let’s take care of the binary,
	which should be ignored. Open <code>.gitignore</code> in your editor, find <code>/git-pull</code>, and
	add an entry for your new command in alphabetical order:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>...
	/git-prune-packed
	/git-psuh
	/git-pull
	/git-push
	/git-quiltimport
	/git-range-diff
	...</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Checking <code>git status</code> again should show that <code>git-psuh</code> has been removed from
	the untracked list and <code>.gitignore</code> has been added to the modified list. Now we
	can stage and commit:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git add Makefile builtin.h builtin/psuh.c git.c .gitignore
	$ git commit -s</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>You will be presented with your editor in order to write a commit message. Start
	the commit with a 50-column or less subject line, including the name of the
	component you’re working on, followed by a blank line (always required) and then
	the body of your commit message, which should provide the bulk of the context.
	Remember to be explicit and provide the "Why" of your change, especially if it
	couldn’t easily be understood from your diff. When editing your commit message,
	don’t remove the <code>Signed-off-by</code> trailer which was added by <code>-s</code> above.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>psuh: add a built-in by popular demand

	Internal metrics indicate this is a command many users expect to be
	present. So here's an implementation to help drive customer
	satisfaction and engagement: a pony which doubtfully greets the user,
	or, a Pony Saying "Um, Hello" (PSUH).

	This commit message is intentionally formatted to 72 columns per line,
	starts with a single line as "commit message subject" that is written as
	if to command the codebase to do something (add this, teach a command
	that). The body of the message is designed to add information about the
	commit that is not readily deduced from reading the associated diff,
	such as answering the question "why?".

	Signed-off-by: A U Thor <author@example.com></pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Go ahead and inspect your new commit with <code>git show</code>. "psuh:" indicates you
	have modified mainly the <code>psuh</code> command. The subject line gives readers an idea
	of what you’ve changed. The sign-off line (<code>-s</code>) indicates that you agree to
	the Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1 (see the
	<code>Documentation/SubmittingPatches</code> [[dco]] header).</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>For the remainder of the tutorial, the subject line only will be listed for the
	sake of brevity. However, fully-fleshed example commit messages are available
	on the reference implementation linked at the top of this document.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="implementation"><a class="anchor" href="#implementation"></a>Implementation</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>It’s probably useful to do at least something besides printing out a string.
	Let’s start by having a look at everything we get.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Modify your <code>cmd_psuh</code> implementation to dump the args you’re passed, keeping
	existing <code>printf()</code> calls in place:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre> int i;

	...

	printf(Q_("Your args (there is %d):\n",
	"Your args (there are %d):\n",
	argc),
	argc);
	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
	printf("%d: %s\n", i, argv[i]);

	printf(_("Your current working directory:\n<top-level>%s%s\n"),
	prefix ? "/" : "", prefix ? prefix : "");</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Build and try it. As you may expect, there’s pretty much just whatever we give
	on the command line, including the name of our command. (If <code>prefix</code> is empty
	for you, try <code>cd Documentation/ && ../bin-wrappers/git psuh</code>). That’s not so
	helpful. So what other context can we get?</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Add a line to <code>#include "config.h"</code>. Then, add the following bits to the
	function body:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre> const char *cfg_name;

	...

	git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
	if (git_config_get_string_tmp("user.name", &cfg_name) > 0)
	printf(_("No name is found in config\n"));
	else
	printf(_("Your name: %s\n"), cfg_name);</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p><code>git_config()</code> will grab the configuration from config files known to Git and
	apply standard precedence rules. <code>git_config_get_string_tmp()</code> will look up
	a specific key ("user.name") and give you the value. There are a number of
	single-key lookup functions like this one; you can see them all (and more info
	about how to use <code>git_config()</code>) in <code>Documentation/technical/api-config.txt</code>.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>You should see that the name printed matches the one you see when you run:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git config --get user.name</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Great! Now we know how to check for values in the Git config. Let’s commit this
	too, so we don’t lose our progress.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git add builtin/psuh.c
	$ git commit -sm "psuh: show parameters & config opts"</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="admonitionblock note">
	<table>
	<tr>
	<td class="icon">
	<div class="title">Note</div>
	</td>
	<td class="content">
	Again, the above is for sake of brevity in this tutorial. In a real change
	you should not use <code>-m</code> but instead use the editor to write a meaningful
	message.
	</td>
	</tr>
	</table>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Still, it’d be nice to know what the user’s working context is like. Let’s see
	if we can print the name of the user’s current branch. We can mimic the
	<code>git status</code> implementation; the printer is located in <code>wt-status.c</code> and we can
	see that the branch is held in a <code>struct wt_status</code>.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p><code>wt_status_print()</code> gets invoked by <code>cmd_status()</code> in <code>builtin/commit.c</code>.
	Looking at that implementation we see the status config being populated like so:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>status_init_config(&s, git_status_config);</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>But as we drill down, we can find that <code>status_init_config()</code> wraps a call
	to <code>git_config()</code>. Let’s modify the code we wrote in the previous commit.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Be sure to include the header to allow you to use <code>struct wt_status</code>:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>#include "wt-status.h"</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Then modify your <code>cmd_psuh</code> implementation to declare your <code>struct wt_status</code>,
	prepare it, and print its contents:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre> struct wt_status status;

	...

	wt_status_prepare(the_repository, &status);
	git_config(git_default_config, &status);

	...

	printf(_("Your current branch: %s\n"), status.branch);</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Run it again. Check it out - here’s the (verbose) name of your current branch!</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Let’s commit this as well.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git add builtin/psuh.c
	$ git commit -sm "psuh: print the current branch"</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Now let’s see if we can get some info about a specific commit.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Luckily, there are some helpers for us here. <code>commit.h</code> has a function called
	<code>lookup_commit_reference_by_name</code> to which we can simply provide a hardcoded
	string; <code>pretty.h</code> has an extremely handy <code>pp_commit_easy()</code> call which doesn’t
	require a full format object to be passed.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Add the following includes:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>#include "commit.h"
	#include "pretty.h"</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Then, add the following lines within your implementation of <code>cmd_psuh()</code> near
	the declarations and the logic, respectively.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre> struct commit *c = NULL;
	struct strbuf commitline = STRBUF_INIT;

	...

	c = lookup_commit_reference_by_name("origin/master");

	if (c != NULL) {
	pp_commit_easy(CMIT_FMT_ONELINE, c, &commitline);
	printf(_("Current commit: %s\n"), commitline.buf);
	}</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>The <code>struct strbuf</code> provides some safety belts to your basic <code>char*</code>, one of
	which is a length member to prevent buffer overruns. It needs to be initialized
	nicely with <code>STRBUF_INIT</code>. Keep it in mind when you need to pass around <code>char*</code>.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p><code>lookup_commit_reference_by_name</code> resolves the name you pass it, so you can play
	with the value there and see what kind of things you can come up with.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p><code>pp_commit_easy</code> is a convenience wrapper in <code>pretty.h</code> that takes a single
	format enum shorthand, rather than an entire format struct. It then
	pretty-prints the commit according to that shorthand. These are similar to the
	formats available with <code>--pretty=FOO</code> in many Git commands.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Build it and run, and if you’re using the same name in the example, you should
	see the subject line of the most recent commit in <code>origin/master</code> that you know
	about. Neat! Let’s commit that as well.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git add builtin/psuh.c
	$ git commit -sm "psuh: display the top of origin/master"</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="add-documentation"><a class="anchor" href="#add-documentation"></a>Adding Documentation</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Awesome! You’ve got a fantastic new command that you’re ready to share with the
	community. But hang on just a minute - this isn’t very user-friendly. Run the
	following:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ ./bin-wrappers/git help psuh</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Your new command is undocumented! Let’s fix that.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Take a look at <code>Documentation/git-*.txt</code>. These are the manpages for the
	subcommands that Git knows about. You can open these up and take a look to get
	acquainted with the format, but then go ahead and make a new file
	<code>Documentation/git-psuh.txt</code>. Like with most of the documentation in the Git
	project, help pages are written with AsciiDoc (see CodingGuidelines, "Writing
	Documentation" section). Use the following template to fill out your own
	manpage:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>git-psuh(1)
	===========

	NAME
	----
	git-psuh - Delight users' typo with a shy horse


	SYNOPSIS
	--------
	[verse]
	'git-psuh [<arg>...]'

	DESCRIPTION
	-----------
	...

	OPTIONS[[OPTIONS]]
	------------------
	...

	OUTPUT
	------
	...

	GIT
	---
	Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>The most important pieces of this to note are the file header, underlined by =,
	the NAME section, and the SYNOPSIS, which would normally contain the grammar if
	your command took arguments. Try to use well-established manpage headers so your
	documentation is consistent with other Git and UNIX manpages; this makes life
	easier for your user, who can skip to the section they know contains the
	information they need.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="admonitionblock note">
	<table>
	<tr>
	<td class="icon">
	<div class="title">Note</div>
	</td>
	<td class="content">
	Before trying to build the docs, make sure you have the package <code>asciidoc</code>
	installed.
	</td>
	</tr>
	</table>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Now that you’ve written your manpage, you’ll need to build it explicitly. We
	convert your AsciiDoc to troff which is man-readable like so:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ make all doc
	$ man Documentation/git-psuh.1</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>or</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ make -C Documentation/ git-psuh.1
	$ man Documentation/git-psuh.1</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>While this isn’t as satisfying as running through <code>git help</code>, you can at least
	check that your help page looks right.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>You can also check that the documentation coverage is good (that is, the project
	sees that your command has been implemented as well as documented) by running
	<code>make check-docs</code> from the top-level.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Go ahead and commit your new documentation change.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="add-usage"><a class="anchor" href="#add-usage"></a>Adding Usage Text</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Try and run <code>./bin-wrappers/git psuh -h</code>. Your command should crash at the end.
	That’s because <code>-h</code> is a special case which your command should handle by
	printing usage.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Take a look at <code>Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt</code>. This is a handy
	tool for pulling out options you need to be able to handle, and it takes a
	usage string.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>In order to use it, we’ll need to prepare a NULL-terminated array of usage
	strings and a <code>builtin_psuh_options</code> array.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Add a line to <code>#include "parse-options.h"</code>.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>At global scope, add your array of usage strings:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>static const char * const psuh_usage[] = {
	N_("git psuh [<arg>...]"),
	NULL,
	};</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Then, within your <code>cmd_psuh()</code> implementation, we can declare and populate our
	<code>option</code> struct. Ours is pretty boring but you can add more to it if you want to
	explore <code>parse_options()</code> in more detail:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre> struct option options[] = {
	OPT_END()
	};</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Finally, before you print your args and prefix, add the call to
	<code>parse-options()</code>:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre> argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, psuh_usage, 0);</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>This call will modify your <code>argv</code> parameter. It will strip the options you
	specified in <code>options</code> from <code>argv</code> and the locations pointed to from <code>options</code>
	entries will be updated. Be sure to replace your <code>argc</code> with the result from
	<code>parse_options()</code>, or you will be confused if you try to parse <code>argv</code> later.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>It’s worth noting the special argument <code>--</code>. As you may be aware, many Unix
	commands use <code>--</code> to indicate "end of named parameters" - all parameters after
	the <code>--</code> are interpreted merely as positional arguments. (This can be handy if
	you want to pass as a parameter something which would usually be interpreted as
	a flag.) <code>parse_options()</code> will terminate parsing when it reaches <code>--</code> and give
	you the rest of the options afterwards, untouched.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Now that you have a usage hint, you can teach Git how to show it in the general
	command list shown by <code>git help git</code> or <code>git help -a</code>, which is generated from
	<code>command-list.txt</code>. Find the line for <em>git-pull</em> so you can add your <em>git-psuh</em>
	line above it in alphabetical order. Now, we can add some attributes about the
	command which impacts where it shows up in the aforementioned help commands. The
	top of <code>command-list.txt</code> shares some information about what each attribute
	means; in those help pages, the commands are sorted according to these
	attributes. <code>git psuh</code> is user-facing, or porcelain - so we will mark it as
	"mainporcelain". For "mainporcelain" commands, the comments at the top of
	<code>command-list.txt</code> indicate we can also optionally add an attribute from another
	list; since <code>git psuh</code> shows some information about the user’s workspace but
	doesn’t modify anything, let’s mark it as "info". Make sure to keep your
	attributes in the same style as the rest of <code>command-list.txt</code> using spaces to
	align and delineate them:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>git-prune-packed plumbingmanipulators
	git-psuh mainporcelain info
	git-pull mainporcelain remote
	git-push mainporcelain remote</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Build again. Now, when you run with <code>-h</code>, you should see your usage printed and
	your command terminated before anything else interesting happens. Great!</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Go ahead and commit this one, too.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect1">
	<h2 id="testing"><a class="anchor" href="#testing"></a>Testing</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>It’s important to test your code - even for a little toy command like this one.
	Moreover, your patch won’t be accepted into the Git tree without tests. Your
	tests should:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="ulist">
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Illustrate the current behavior of the feature</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Prove the current behavior matches the expected behavior</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Ensure the externally-visible behavior isn’t broken in later changes</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>So let’s write some tests.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Related reading: <code>t/README</code></p>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="overview-test-structure"><a class="anchor" href="#overview-test-structure"></a>Overview of Testing Structure</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>The tests in Git live in <code>t/</code> and are named with a 4-digit decimal number using
	the schema shown in the Naming Tests section of <code>t/README</code>.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="write-new-test"><a class="anchor" href="#write-new-test"></a>Writing Your Test</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Since this a toy command, let’s go ahead and name the test with t9999. However,
	as many of the family/subcmd combinations are full, best practice seems to be
	to find a command close enough to the one you’ve added and share its naming
	space.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Create a new file <code>t/t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh</code>. Begin with the header as so (see
	"Writing Tests" and "Source <em>test-lib.sh</em>" in <code>t/README</code>):</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>#!/bin/sh

	test_description='git-psuh test

	This test runs git-psuh and makes sure it does not crash.'

	. ./test-lib.sh</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Tests are framed inside of a <code>test_expect_success</code> in order to output TAP
	formatted results. Let’s make sure that <code>git psuh</code> doesn’t exit poorly and does
	mention the right animal somewhere:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>test_expect_success 'runs correctly with no args and good output' '
	git psuh >actual &&
	grep Pony actual
	'</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Indicate that you’ve run everything you wanted by adding the following at the
	bottom of your script:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>test_done</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Make sure you mark your test script executable:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ chmod +x t/t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>You can get an idea of whether you created your new test script successfully
	by running <code>make -C t test-lint</code>, which will check for things like test number
	uniqueness, executable bit, and so on.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="local-test"><a class="anchor" href="#local-test"></a>Running Locally</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Let’s try and run locally:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ make
	$ cd t/ && prove t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>You can run the full test suite and ensure <code>git-psuh</code> didn’t break anything:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ cd t/
	$ prove -j$(nproc) --shuffle t[0-9]*.sh</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="admonitionblock note">
	<table>
	<tr>
	<td class="icon">
	<div class="title">Note</div>
	</td>
	<td class="content">
	You can also do this with <code>make test</code> or use any testing harness which can
	speak TAP. <code>prove</code> can run concurrently. <code>shuffle</code> randomizes the order the
	tests are run in, which makes them resilient against unwanted inter-test
	dependencies. <code>prove</code> also makes the output nicer.
	</td>
	</tr>
	</table>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Go ahead and commit this change, as well.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect1">
	<h2 id="ready-to-share"><a class="anchor" href="#ready-to-share"></a>Getting Ready to Share: Anatomy of a Patch Series</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>You may have noticed already that the Git project performs its code reviews via
	emailed patches, which are then applied by the maintainer when they are ready
	and approved by the community. The Git project does not accept contributions from
	pull requests, and the patches emailed for review need to be formatted a
	specific way.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Before taking a look at how to convert your commits into emailed patches,
	let’s analyze what the end result, a "patch series", looks like. Here is an
	<a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/pull.1218.git.git.1645209647.gitgitgadget@gmail.com/">example</a> of the summary view for a patch series on the web interface of
	the <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/">Git mailing list archive</a>:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>2022-02-18 18:40 [PATCH 0/3] libify reflog John Cai via GitGitGadget
	2022-02-18 18:40 ` [PATCH 1/3] reflog: libify delete reflog function and helpers John Cai via GitGitGadget
	2022-02-18 19:10 ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason [this message]
	2022-02-18 19:39 ` Taylor Blau
	2022-02-18 19:48 ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
	2022-02-18 19:35 ` Taylor Blau
	2022-02-21 1:43 ` John Cai
	2022-02-21 1:50 ` Taylor Blau
	2022-02-23 19:50 ` John Cai
	2022-02-18 20:00 ` // other replies elided
	2022-02-18 18:40 ` [PATCH 2/3] reflog: call reflog_delete from reflog.c John Cai via GitGitGadget
	2022-02-18 19:15 ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
	2022-02-18 20:26 ` Junio C Hamano
	2022-02-18 18:40 ` [PATCH 3/3] stash: call reflog_delete from reflog.c John Cai via GitGitGadget
	2022-02-18 19:20 ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
	2022-02-19 0:21 ` Taylor Blau
	2022-02-22 2:36 ` John Cai
	2022-02-22 10:51 ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
	2022-02-18 19:29 ` [PATCH 0/3] libify reflog Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
	2022-02-22 18:30 ` [PATCH v2 0/3] libify reflog John Cai via GitGitGadget
	2022-02-22 18:30 ` [PATCH v2 1/3] stash: add test to ensure reflog --rewrite --updatref behavior John Cai via GitGitGadget
	2022-02-23 8:54 ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
	2022-02-23 21:27 ` Junio C Hamano
	// continued</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>We can note a few things:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="ulist">
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Each commit is sent as a separate email, with the commit message title as
	subject, prefixed with "[PATCH <em>i</em>/<em>n</em>]" for the <em>i</em>-th commit of an
	<em>n</em>-commit series.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Each patch is sent as a reply to an introductory email called the <em>cover
	letter</em> of the series, prefixed "[PATCH 0/<em>n</em>]".</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Subsequent iterations of the patch series are labelled "PATCH v2", "PATCH
	v3", etc. in place of "PATCH". For example, "[PATCH v2 1/3]" would be the first of
	three patches in the second iteration. Each iteration is sent with a new cover
	letter (like "[PATCH v2 0/3]" above), itself a reply to the cover letter of the
	previous iteration (more on that below).</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	<div class="admonitionblock note">
	<table>
	<tr>
	<td class="icon">
	<div class="title">Note</div>
	</td>
	<td class="content">
	A single-patch topic is sent with "[PATCH]", "[PATCH v2]", etc. without
	<em>i</em>/<em>n</em> numbering (in the above thread overview, no single-patch topic appears,
	though).
	</td>
	</tr>
	</table>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="cover-letter"><a class="anchor" href="#cover-letter"></a>The cover letter</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>In addition to an email per patch, the Git community also expects your patches
	to come with a cover letter. This is an important component of change
	submission as it explains to the community from a high level what you’re trying
	to do, and why, in a way that’s more apparent than just looking at your
	patches.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>The title of your cover letter should be something which succinctly covers the
	purpose of your entire topic branch. It’s often in the imperative mood, just
	like our commit message titles. Here is how we’ll title our series:</p>
	</div>
	<hr/>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Add the <em>psuh</em> command
	---</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>The body of the cover letter is used to give additional context to reviewers.
	Be sure to explain anything your patches don’t make clear on their own, but
	remember that since the cover letter is not recorded in the commit history,
	anything that might be useful to future readers of the repository’s history
	should also be in your commit messages.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Here’s an example body for <code>psuh</code>:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>Our internal metrics indicate widespread interest in the command
	git-psuh - that is, many users are trying to use it, but finding it is
	unavailable, using some unknown workaround instead.

	The following handful of patches add the psuh command and implement some
	handy features on top of it.

	This patchset is part of the MyFirstContribution tutorial and should not
	be merged.</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>At this point the tutorial diverges, in order to demonstrate two
	different methods of formatting your patchset and getting it reviewed.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>The first method to be covered is GitGitGadget, which is useful for those
	already familiar with GitHub’s common pull request workflow. This method
	requires a GitHub account.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>The second method to be covered is <code>git send-email</code>, which can give slightly
	more fine-grained control over the emails to be sent. This method requires some
	setup which can change depending on your system and will not be covered in this
	tutorial.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Regardless of which method you choose, your engagement with reviewers will be
	the same; the review process will be covered after the sections on GitGitGadget
	and <code>git send-email</code>.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect1">
	<h2 id="howto-ggg"><a class="anchor" href="#howto-ggg"></a>Sending Patches via GitGitGadget</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>One option for sending patches is to follow a typical pull request workflow and
	send your patches out via GitGitGadget. GitGitGadget is a tool created by
	Johannes Schindelin to make life as a Git contributor easier for those used to
	the GitHub PR workflow. It allows contributors to open pull requests against its
	mirror of the Git project, and does some magic to turn the PR into a set of
	emails and send them out for you. It also runs the Git continuous integration
	suite for you. It’s documented at <a href="http://gitgitgadget.github.io" class="bare">http://gitgitgadget.github.io</a>.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="create-fork"><a class="anchor" href="#create-fork"></a>Forking <code>git/git</code> on GitHub</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Before you can send your patch off to be reviewed using GitGitGadget, you will
	need to fork the Git project and upload your changes. First thing - make sure
	you have a GitHub account.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Head to the <a href="https://github.com/git/git">GitHub mirror</a> and look for the Fork
	button. Place your fork wherever you deem appropriate and create it.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="upload-to-fork"><a class="anchor" href="#upload-to-fork"></a>Uploading to Your Own Fork</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>To upload your branch to your own fork, you’ll need to add the new fork as a
	remote. You can use <code>git remote -v</code> to show the remotes you have added already.
	From your new fork’s page on GitHub, you can press "Clone or download" to get
	the URL; then you need to run the following to add, replacing your own URL and
	remote name for the examples provided:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git remote add remotename git@github.com:remotename/git.git</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>or to use the HTTPS URL:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git remote add remotename https://github.com/remotename/git/.git</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Run <code>git remote -v</code> again and you should see the new remote showing up.
	<code>git fetch remotename</code> (with the real name of your remote replaced) in order to
	get ready to push.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Next, double-check that you’ve been doing all your development in a new branch
	by running <code>git branch</code>. If you didn’t, now is a good time to move your new
	commits to their own branch.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>As mentioned briefly at the beginning of this document, we are basing our work
	on <code>master</code>, so go ahead and update as shown below, or using your preferred
	workflow.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git checkout master
	$ git pull -r
	$ git rebase master psuh</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Finally, you’re ready to push your new topic branch! (Due to our branch and
	command name choices, be careful when you type the command below.)</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git push remotename psuh</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Now you should be able to go and check out your newly created branch on GitHub.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="send-pr-ggg"><a class="anchor" href="#send-pr-ggg"></a>Sending a PR to GitGitGadget</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>In order to have your code tested and formatted for review, you need to start by
	opening a Pull Request against <code>gitgitgadget/git</code>. Head to
	<a href="https://github.com/gitgitgadget/git" class="bare">https://github.com/gitgitgadget/git</a> and open a PR either with the "New pull
	request" button or the convenient "Compare & pull request" button that may
	appear with the name of your newly pushed branch.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Review the PR’s title and description, as they’re used by GitGitGadget
	respectively as the subject and body of the cover letter for your change. Refer
	to <a href="#cover-letter">"The cover letter"</a> above for advice on how to title your
	submission and what content to include in the description.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="admonitionblock note">
	<table>
	<tr>
	<td class="icon">
	<div class="title">Note</div>
	</td>
	<td class="content">
	For single-patch contributions, your commit message should already be
	meaningful and explain at a high level the purpose (what is happening and why)
	of your patch, so you usually do not need any additional context. In that case,
	remove the PR description that GitHub automatically generates from your commit
	message (your PR description should be empty). If you do need to supply even
	more context, you can do so in that space and it will be appended to the email
	that GitGitGadget will send, between the three-dash line and the diffstat
	(see <a href="#single-patch">Bonus Chapter: One-Patch Changes</a> for how this looks once
	submitted).
	</td>
	</tr>
	</table>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>When you’re happy, submit your pull request.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="run-ci-ggg"><a class="anchor" href="#run-ci-ggg"></a>Running CI and Getting Ready to Send</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>If it’s your first time using GitGitGadget (which is likely, as you’re using
	this tutorial) then someone will need to give you permission to use the tool.
	As mentioned in the GitGitGadget documentation, you just need someone who
	already uses it to comment on your PR with <code>/allow <username></code>. GitGitGadget
	will automatically run your PRs through the CI even without the permission given
	but you will not be able to <code>/submit</code> your changes until someone allows you to
	use the tool.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="admonitionblock note">
	<table>
	<tr>
	<td class="icon">
	<div class="title">Note</div>
	</td>
	<td class="content">
	You can typically find someone who can <code>/allow</code> you on GitGitGadget by
	either examining recent pull requests where someone has been granted <code>/allow</code>
	(<a href="https://github.com/gitgitgadget/git/pulls?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=is%3Apr+is%3Aopen+%22%2Fallow%22">Search:
	is:pr is:open "/allow"</a>), in which case both the author and the person who
	granted the <code>/allow</code> can now <code>/allow</code> you, or by inquiring on the
	<a href="https://web.libera.chat/#git-devel">#git-devel</a> IRC channel on Libera Chat
	linking your pull request and asking for someone to <code>/allow</code> you.
	</td>
	</tr>
	</table>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>If the CI fails, you can update your changes with <code>git rebase -i</code> and push your
	branch again:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git push -f remotename psuh</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>In fact, you should continue to make changes this way up until the point when
	your patch is accepted into <code>next</code>.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="send-mail-ggg"><a class="anchor" href="#send-mail-ggg"></a>Sending Your Patches</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Now that your CI is passing and someone has granted you permission to use
	GitGitGadget with the <code>/allow</code> command, sending out for review is as simple as
	commenting on your PR with <code>/submit</code>.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="responding-ggg"><a class="anchor" href="#responding-ggg"></a>Updating With Comments</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Skip ahead to <a href="#reviewing">Responding to Reviews</a> for information on how to
	reply to review comments you will receive on the mailing list.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Once you have your branch again in the shape you want following all review
	comments, you can submit again:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git push -f remotename psuh</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Next, go look at your pull request against GitGitGadget; you should see the CI
	has been kicked off again. Now while the CI is running is a good time for you
	to modify your description at the top of the pull request thread; it will be
	used again as the cover letter. You should use this space to describe what
	has changed since your previous version, so that your reviewers have some idea
	of what they’re looking at. When the CI is done running, you can comment once
	more with <code>/submit</code> - GitGitGadget will automatically add a v2 mark to your
	changes.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect1">
	<h2 id="howto-git-send-email"><a class="anchor" href="#howto-git-send-email"></a>Sending Patches with <code>git send-email</code></h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>If you don’t want to use GitGitGadget, you can also use Git itself to mail your
	patches. Some benefits of using Git this way include finer grained control of
	subject line (for example, being able to use the tag [RFC PATCH] in the subject)
	and being able to send a “dry run” mail to yourself to ensure it all looks
	good before going out to the list.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="setup-git-send-email"><a class="anchor" href="#setup-git-send-email"></a>Prerequisite: Setting Up <code>git send-email</code></h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Configuration for <code>send-email</code> can vary based on your operating system and email
	provider, and so will not be covered in this tutorial, beyond stating that in
	many distributions of Linux, <code>git-send-email</code> is not packaged alongside the
	typical <code>git</code> install. You may need to install this additional package; there
	are a number of resources online to help you do so. You will also need to
	determine the right way to configure it to use your SMTP server; again, as this
	configuration can change significantly based on your system and email setup, it
	is out of scope for the context of this tutorial.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="format-patch"><a class="anchor" href="#format-patch"></a>Preparing Initial Patchset</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Sending emails with Git is a two-part process; before you can prepare the emails
	themselves, you’ll need to prepare the patches. Luckily, this is pretty simple:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git format-patch --cover-letter -o psuh/ --base=auto psuh@{u}..psuh</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="olist arabic">
	<ol class="arabic">
	<li>
	<p>The <code>--cover-letter</code> option tells <code>format-patch</code> to create a
	cover letter template for you. You will need to fill in the
	template before you’re ready to send - but for now, the template
	will be next to your other patches.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>The <code>-o psuh/</code> option tells <code>format-patch</code> to place the patch
	files into a directory. This is useful because <code>git send-email</code>
	can take a directory and send out all the patches from there.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>The <code>--base=auto</code> option tells the command to record the "base
	commit", on which the recipient is expected to apply the patch
	series. The <code>auto</code> value will cause <code>format-patch</code> to compute
	the base commit automatically, which is the merge base of tip
	commit of the remote-tracking branch and the specified revision
	range.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>The <code>psuh@{u}..psuh</code> option tells <code>format-patch</code> to generate
	patches for the commits you created on the <code>psuh</code> branch since it
	forked from its upstream (which is <code>origin/master</code> if you
	followed the example in the "Set up your workspace" section). If
	you are already on the <code>psuh</code> branch, you can just say <code>@{u}</code>,
	which means "commits on the current branch since it forked from
	its upstream", which is the same thing.</p>
	</li>
	</ol>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>The command will make one patch file per commit. After you
	run, you can go have a look at each of the patches with your favorite text
	editor and make sure everything looks alright; however, it’s not recommended to
	make code fixups via the patch file. It’s a better idea to make the change the
	normal way using <code>git rebase -i</code> or by adding a new commit than by modifying a
	patch.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="admonitionblock note">
	<table>
	<tr>
	<td class="icon">
	<div class="title">Note</div>
	</td>
	<td class="content">
	Optionally, you can also use the <code>--rfc</code> flag to prefix your patch subject
	with “[RFC PATCH]” instead of “[PATCH]”. RFC stands for “request for
	comments” and indicates that while your code isn’t quite ready for submission,
	you’d like to begin the code review process. This can also be used when your
	patch is a proposal, but you aren’t sure whether the community wants to solve
	the problem with that approach or not - to conduct a sort of design review. You
	may also see on the list patches marked “WIP” - this means they are incomplete
	but want reviewers to look at what they have so far. You can add this flag with
	<code>--subject-prefix=WIP</code>.
	</td>
	</tr>
	</table>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Check and make sure that your patches and cover letter template exist in the
	directory you specified - you’re nearly ready to send out your review!</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="preparing-cover-letter"><a class="anchor" href="#preparing-cover-letter"></a>Preparing Email</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Since you invoked <code>format-patch</code> with <code>--cover-letter</code>, you’ve already got a
	cover letter template ready. Open it up in your favorite editor.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>You should see a number of headers present already. Check that your <code>From:</code>
	header is correct. Then modify your <code>Subject:</code> (see <a href="#cover-letter">above</a> for
	how to choose good title for your patch series):</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>Subject: [PATCH 0/7] Add the 'psuh' command</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Make sure you retain the “[PATCH 0/X]” part; that’s what indicates to the Git
	community that this email is the beginning of a patch series, and many
	reviewers filter their email for this type of flag.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>You’ll need to add some extra parameters when you invoke <code>git send-email</code> to add
	the cover letter.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Next you’ll have to fill out the body of your cover letter. Again, see
	<a href="#cover-letter">above</a> for what content to include.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>The template created by <code>git format-patch --cover-letter</code> includes a diffstat.
	This gives reviewers a summary of what they’re in for when reviewing your topic.
	The one generated for <code>psuh</code> from the sample implementation looks like this:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre> Documentation/git-psuh.txt \| 40 +++++++++++++++++++++
	Makefile \| 1 +
	builtin.h \| 1 +
	builtin/psuh.c \| 73 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	git.c \| 1 +
	t/t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh \| 12 +++++++
	6 files changed, 128 insertions(+)
	create mode 100644 Documentation/git-psuh.txt
	create mode 100644 builtin/psuh.c
	create mode 100755 t/t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Finally, the letter will include the version of Git used to generate the
	patches. You can leave that string alone.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="sending-git-send-email"><a class="anchor" href="#sending-git-send-email"></a>Sending Email</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>At this point you should have a directory <code>psuh/</code> which is filled with your
	patches and a cover letter. Time to mail it out! You can send it like this:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git send-email --to=target@example.com psuh/*.patch</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="admonitionblock note">
	<table>
	<tr>
	<td class="icon">
	<div class="title">Note</div>
	</td>
	<td class="content">
	Check <code>git help send-email</code> for some other options which you may find
	valuable, such as changing the Reply-to address or adding more CC and BCC lines.
	</td>
	</tr>
	</table>
	</div>
	<div class="admonitionblock note">
	<table>
	<tr>
	<td class="icon">
	<div class="title">Note</div>
	</td>
	<td class="content">
	When you are sending a real patch, it will go to <a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a> - but
	please don’t send your patchset from the tutorial to the real mailing list! For
	now, you can send it to yourself, to make sure you understand how it will look.
	</td>
	</tr>
	</table>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>After you run the command above, you will be presented with an interactive
	prompt for each patch that’s about to go out. This gives you one last chance to
	edit or quit sending something (but again, don’t edit code this way). Once you
	press <code>y</code> or <code>a</code> at these prompts your emails will be sent! Congratulations!</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Awesome, now the community will drop everything and review your changes. (Just
	kidding - be patient!)</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="v2-git-send-email"><a class="anchor" href="#v2-git-send-email"></a>Sending v2</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>This section will focus on how to send a v2 of your patchset. To learn what
	should go into v2, skip ahead to <a href="#reviewing">Responding to Reviews</a> for
	information on how to handle comments from reviewers.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>We’ll reuse our <code>psuh</code> topic branch for v2. Before we make any changes, we’ll
	mark the tip of our v1 branch for easy reference:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git checkout psuh
	$ git branch psuh-v1</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Refine your patch series by using <code>git rebase -i</code> to adjust commits based upon
	reviewer comments. Once the patch series is ready for submission, generate your
	patches again, but with some new flags:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git format-patch -v2 --cover-letter -o psuh/ --range-diff master..psuh-v1 master..</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>The <code>--range-diff master..psuh-v1</code> parameter tells <code>format-patch</code> to include a
	range-diff between <code>psuh-v1</code> and <code>psuh</code> in the cover letter (see
	<a href="git-range-diff.html">git-range-diff(1)</a>). This helps tell reviewers about the differences
	between your v1 and v2 patches.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>The <code>-v2</code> parameter tells <code>format-patch</code> to output your patches
	as version "2". For instance, you may notice that your v2 patches are
	all named like <code>v2-000n-my-commit-subject.patch</code>. <code>-v2</code> will also format
	your patches by prefixing them with "[PATCH v2]" instead of "[PATCH]",
	and your range-diff will be prefaced with "Range-diff against v1".</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>After you run this command, <code>format-patch</code> will output the patches to the <code>psuh/</code>
	directory, alongside the v1 patches. Using a single directory makes it easy to
	refer to the old v1 patches while proofreading the v2 patches, but you will need
	to be careful to send out only the v2 patches. We will use a pattern like
	"psuh/v2-<strong>.patch" (not "psuh/</strong>.patch", which would match v1 and v2 patches).</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Edit your cover letter again. Now is a good time to mention what’s different
	between your last version and now, if it’s something significant. You do not
	need the exact same body in your second cover letter; focus on explaining to
	reviewers the changes you’ve made that may not be as visible.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>You will also need to go and find the Message-Id of your previous cover letter.
	You can either note it when you send the first series, from the output of <code>git
	send-email</code>, or you can look it up on the
	<a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git">mailing list</a>. Find your cover letter in the
	archives, click on it, then click "permalink" or "raw" to reveal the Message-Id
	header. It should match:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>Message-Id: <foo.12345.author@example.com></pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Your Message-Id is <code><foo.12345.author@example.com></code>. This example will be used
	below as well; make sure to replace it with the correct Message-Id for your
	<strong>previous cover letter</strong> - that is, if you’re sending v2, use the Message-Id
	from v1; if you’re sending v3, use the Message-Id from v2.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>While you’re looking at the email, you should also note who is CC’d, as it’s
	common practice in the mailing list to keep all CCs on a thread. You can add
	these CC lines directly to your cover letter with a line like so in the header
	(before the Subject line):</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>CC: author@example.com, Othe R <other@example.com></pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Now send the emails again, paying close attention to which messages you pass in
	to the command:</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>$ git send-email --to=target@example.com
	--in-reply-to="<foo.12345.author@example.com>"
	psuh/v2-*.patch</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="single-patch"><a class="anchor" href="#single-patch"></a>Bonus Chapter: One-Patch Changes</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>In some cases, your very small change may consist of only one patch. When that
	happens, you only need to send one email. Your commit message should already be
	meaningful and explain at a high level the purpose (what is happening and why)
	of your patch, but if you need to supply even more context, you can do so below
	the <code>---</code> in your patch. Take the example below, which was generated with <code>git
	format-patch</code> on a single commit, and then edited to add the content between
	the <code>---</code> and the diffstat.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre>From 1345bbb3f7ac74abde040c12e737204689a72723 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
	From: A U Thor <author@example.com>
	Date: Thu, 18 Apr 2019 15:11:02 -0700
	Subject: [PATCH] README: change the grammar

	I think it looks better this way. This part of the commit message will
	end up in the commit-log.

	Signed-off-by: A U Thor <author@example.com>
	---
	Let's have a wild discussion about grammar on the mailing list. This
	part of my email will never end up in the commit log. Here is where I
	can add additional context to the mailing list about my intent, outside
	of the context of the commit log. This section was added after `git
	format-patch` was run, by editing the patch file in a text editor.

	README.md \| 2 +-
	1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

	diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
	index 88f126184c..38da593a60 100644
	--- a/README.md
	+++ b/README.md
	@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
	Git - fast, scalable, distributed revision control system
	=========================================================

	-Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
	+Git is a fast, scalable, and distributed revision control system with an
	unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
	and full access to internals.

	--
	2.21.0.392.gf8f6787159e-goog</pre>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect1">
	<h2 id="now-what"><a class="anchor" href="#now-what"></a>My Patch Got Emailed - Now What?</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="reviewing"><a class="anchor" href="#reviewing"></a>Responding to Reviews</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>After a few days, you will hopefully receive a reply to your patchset with some
	comments. Woohoo! Now you can get back to work.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>It’s good manners to reply to each comment, notifying the reviewer that you have
	made the change suggested, feel the original is better, or that the comment
	inspired you to do something a new way which is superior to both the original
	and the suggested change. This way reviewers don’t need to inspect your v2 to
	figure out whether you implemented their comment or not.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Reviewers may ask you about what you wrote in the patchset, either in
	the proposed commit log message or in the changes themselves. You
	should answer these questions in your response messages, but often the
	reason why reviewers asked these questions to understand what you meant
	to write is because your patchset needed clarification to be understood.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Do not be satisfied by just answering their questions in your response
	and hear them say that they now understand what you wanted to say.
	Update your patches to clarify the points reviewers had trouble with,
	and prepare your v2; the words you used to explain your v1 to answer
	reviewers' questions may be useful thing to use. Your goal is to make
	your v2 clear enough so that it becomes unnecessary for you to give the
	same explanation to the next person who reads it.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>If you are going to push back on a comment, be polite and explain why you feel
	your original is better; be prepared that the reviewer may still disagree with
	you, and the rest of the community may weigh in on one side or the other. As
	with all code reviews, it’s important to keep an open mind to doing something a
	different way than you originally planned; other reviewers have a different
	perspective on the project than you do, and may be thinking of a valid side
	effect which had not occurred to you. It is always okay to ask for clarification
	if you aren’t sure why a change was suggested, or what the reviewer is asking
	you to do.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Make sure your email client has a plaintext email mode and it is turned on; the
	Git list rejects HTML email. Please also follow the mailing list etiquette
	outlined in the
	<a href="https://kernel.googlesource.com/pub/scm/git/git/+/todo/MaintNotes">Maintainer’s
	Note</a>, which are similar to etiquette rules in most open source communities
	surrounding bottom-posting and inline replies.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>When you’re making changes to your code, it is cleanest - that is, the resulting
	commits are easiest to look at - if you use <code>git rebase -i</code> (interactive
	rebase). Take a look at this
	<a href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/git-pocket-guide/9781449327507/ch10.html">overview</a>
	from O’Reilly. The general idea is to modify each commit which requires changes;
	this way, instead of having a patch A with a mistake, a patch B which was fine
	and required no upstream reviews in v1, and a patch C which fixes patch A for
	v2, you can just ship a v2 with a correct patch A and correct patch B. This is
	changing history, but since it’s local history which you haven’t shared with
	anyone, that is okay for now! (Later, it may not make sense to do this; take a
	look at the section below this one for some context.)</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="after-approval"><a class="anchor" href="#after-approval"></a>After Review Approval</h3>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>The Git project has four integration branches: <code>seen</code>, <code>next</code>, <code>master</code>, and
	<code>maint</code>. Your change will be placed into <code>seen</code> fairly early on by the maintainer
	while it is still in the review process; from there, when it is ready for wider
	testing, it will be merged into <code>next</code>. Plenty of early testers use <code>next</code> and
	may report issues. Eventually, changes in <code>next</code> will make it to <code>master</code>,
	which is typically considered stable. Finally, when a new release is cut,
	<code>maint</code> is used to base bugfixes onto. As mentioned at the beginning of this
	document, you can read <code>Documents/SubmittingPatches</code> for some more info about
	the use of the various integration branches.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>Back to now: your code has been lauded by the upstream reviewers. It is perfect.
	It is ready to be accepted. You don’t need to do anything else; the maintainer
	will merge your topic branch to <code>next</code> and life is good.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>However, if you discover it isn’t so perfect after this point, you may need to
	take some special steps depending on where you are in the process.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>If the maintainer has announced in the "What’s cooking in git.git" email that
	your topic is marked for <code>next</code> - that is, that they plan to merge it to <code>next</code>
	but have not yet done so - you should send an email asking the maintainer to
	wait a little longer: "I’ve sent v4 of my series and you marked it for <code>next</code>,
	but I need to change this and that - please wait for v5 before you merge it."</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>If the topic has already been merged to <code>next</code>, rather than modifying your
	patches with <code>git rebase -i</code>, you should make further changes incrementally -
	that is, with another commit, based on top of the maintainer’s topic branch as
	detailed in <a href="https://github.com/gitster/git" class="bare">https://github.com/gitster/git</a>. Your work is still in the same topic
	but is now incremental, rather than a wholesale rewrite of the topic branch.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>The topic branches in the maintainer’s GitHub are mirrored in GitGitGadget, so
	if you’re sending your reviews out that way, you should be sure to open your PR
	against the appropriate GitGitGadget/Git branch.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>If you’re using <code>git send-email</code>, you can use it the same way as before, but you
	should generate your diffs from <code><topic>..<mybranch></code> and base your work on
	<code><topic></code> instead of <code>master</code>.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
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