{ "metadata": { "total_chunks": 1749, "version": "1.0", "processing_stats": { "total_documents": 3, "total_chunks": 1749, "total_words": 168665, "avg_chunk_size": 96.43510577472841, "processing_time_seconds": 19.154474020004272, "documents_processed": [ "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf" ] } }, "chunks": [ { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0000", "text": "THE CONSTITUTION OF NEPAL\n\nPreamble Part-1 Preliminary Part-2 Citizenship Part-3 Fundamental Rights and Duties Part-4 Directive Principles, Policies and Obligations of the State Part-5 Structure of State and Distribution of State Power Part -6 President and Vice-President Part-7 Federal Executive Part-8 Federal Legislature Part-9 Federal Legislative Procedures Part-10 Federal Financial Procedures Part-11 Judiciary Part-12 Attorney General Part-13 State Executive\n\nPart-14 State Legislature Part- 15 State Legislative Procedures Part-16 State Financial Procedures Part-17 Local Executive Part-18 Local Legislature Part-19 Local Financial Procedures Part-20 Interrelations between Federation, State and Local level Part- 21 Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority Part-22 Auditor General Part -23 Public Service Commission Part-24 Election Commission Part-25 National Human Rights Commission Part -26 National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission Part -27 Other Commissions Part -28\n\nProvision Relating National Security Part- 29 Provision relating to Political Parties Part- 30 Emergency Power Part- 31 Amendment to the Constitution Part- 32 Miscellaneous Part- 33 Transitional Provisions Part- 34 Definitions and Interpretation Part- 35 Short Title, Commencement and Repeal Schedule- 1 National Flag of Nepal Schedule -2 National Anthem of Nepal Schedule -3 Coat of Arms of Nepal Schedule -4 States and Districts to be included in the States Schedule- 5 List of Federal Power Schedule- 6 List of State Power Schedule- 7 List of Concurrent Powers of Federation and State\n\nSchedule- 8 List of Local level Power Schedule- 9 List of Concurrent Power of Federation, State and Local level\n\nThe Constitution of Nepal Date of Publication in Nepal Gazette 20 September 2015 (2072.6.3) Preamble:\nWe, the Sovereign People of Nepal, Internalizing the people's sovereign right and right to autonomy and self-rule, while maintaining freedom, sovereignty, territorial integrity, national unity, independence and dignity of Nepal, Recalling the glorious history of historic people's movements, armed conflict, dedication and sacrifice undertaken by the Nepalese people at times for the interest of the nation, democracy and progressive changes, and respecting for the martyrs and disappeared and victim citizens, Ending all forms of discrimination and oppression created by the feudalistic, autocratic, centralized, unitary system of governance, Protecting and promoting social and cultural solidarity, tolerance and harmony, and unity in diversity by recognizing the multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious, multi-cultural and diverse regional characteristics, resolving to build an egalitarian society founded on the proportional inclusive and participatory principles in order to ensure economic equality, prosperity and social justice, by eliminating discrimination based on class, caste, region, language, religion and gender and all forms of castebased untouchability, and Being committed to socialism based on democratic norms and values including the people's competitive multiparty democratic system of governance, civil liberties, fundamental rights, human rights, adult franchise, periodic elections, full freedom of the press, and independent, impartial and competent judiciary and concept of the rule of law, and build a prosperous nation,\n\nDo hereby pass and promulgate this Constitution, through the Constituent Assembly, in order to fulfil the aspirations for sustainable peace, good governance, development and prosperity through the federal, democratic, republican, system of governance.\n\nPart-1 Preliminary 1. Constitution as the fundamental law: (1) This Constitution is the fundamental law of Nepal. Any law inconsistent with this Constitution shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.\n(2) It shall be the duty of every person to observe this Constitution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": null, "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 540, "char_count": 3899, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151142" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0001", "text": "2. Sovereignty and state authority: The sovereignty and state authority of Nepal shall be vested in the Nepalese people. It shall be exercised in accordance with the provisions set forth in this Constitution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "2. Sovereignty and state authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 33, "char_count": 208, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151179" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0002", "text": "3. Nation: All the Nepalese people, with multiethnic, multilingual, multi-religious, multicultural characteristics and in geographical diversities, and having common aspirations and being united by a bond of allegiance to national independence, territorial integrity, national interest and prosperity of Nepal, collectively constitute the nation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "3. Nation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 43, "char_count": 346, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151195" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0003", "text": "4. State of Nepal: (1) Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive, democratic, socialism-oriented, federal democratic republican state.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Article, \"secular\" means religious, cultural freedoms, including protection of religion, culture handed down from the time immemorial.\n(2) The territory of Nepal shall comprise:\n(a) the territory existing at the time of commencement of this Constitution, and (b) such other territory as may be acquired after the commencement of this Constitution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "4. State of Nepal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 76, "char_count": 546, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151213" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0004", "text": "5. National interest: (1) Safeguarding of the freedom, sovereignty, territorial integrity, nationality, independence and dignity of Nepal, the rights of the\n\nNepalese people, border security, economic wellbeing and prosperity shall be the basic elements of the national interest of Nepal.\n(2) Any conduct and act contrary to the national interest shall be punishable by the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "5. National interest", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 57, "char_count": 386, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151227" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0005", "text": "6. Languages of the nation: All languages spoken as the mother tongues in Nepal are the languages of the nation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "6. Languages of the nation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 20, "char_count": 112, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151237" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0006", "text": "7. Official language: (1) The Nepali language in the Devnagari script shall be the official language of Nepal.\n(2) A State may, by a State law, determine one or more than one languages of the nation spoken by a majority of people within the State as its official language(s), in addition to the Nepali language.\n(3) Other matters relating to language shall be as decided by the Government of Nepal, on recommendation of the Language Commission.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "7. Official language", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 76, "char_count": 444, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151248" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0007", "text": "8. National flag: (1) The national flag of Nepal consists of two juxtaposed triangular figures with a crimson-coloured base and deep blue borders, there being a white emblem of the crescent moon with eight rays visible out of sixteen in the upper part and a white emblem of a twelve rayed sun in the lower part.\n(2) The method of drawing out the flag and other particulars relating thereto shall be as set forth in Schedule-1.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "8. National flag", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 76, "char_count": 426, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151257" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0008", "text": "9. National anthem etc: (1) The national anthem of Nepal shall be as set forth in Schedule-2.\n(2) The coat-of-arms of Nepal shall be as set forth in Schedule-3.\n(3) The Rhododendron Arboreum shall be the national flower, Crimson Colour shall be the national colour, the Cow shall be the national animal and the Lophophorus shall be the national bird of Nepal.\n\nPart-2 Citizenship 10. Not to deprive of citizenship: (1) No citizen of Nepal may be deprived of the right to obtain citizenship.\n(2) There is a provision of single federal citizenship with State identity in Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "9. National anthem etc", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 98, "char_count": 575, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151267" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0009", "text": "11. To be citizens of Nepal: (1) The persons who have obtained the citizenship of Nepal at the time of commencement of this Constitution and who are qualified to obtain citizenship in accordance with this Part shall be the citizens of Nepal.\n(2) The following person who has his or her permanent domicile in Nepal at the time of commencement of this Constitution shall be the citizen of Nepal by descent:\n(a) a person who has obtained the citizenship of Nepal by descent prior to the commencement of this Constitution, (b) a person whose father or mother was a citizen of Nepal at his or her birth.\n(3) A child of a citizen having obtained the citizenship of Nepal by birth prior to the commencement of Nepal shall, upon attaining majority, acquire the citizenship of Nepal by descent if the child's father and mother both are citizens of Nepal.\n(4) Every minor who is found within Nepal and the whereabouts of whose father and mother are not known shall, until the father or the mother of the child is traced, be a citizen of Nepal by descent.\n(5) A person who is born in Nepal from a woman who is a citizen of Nepal and has resided in Nepal and whose father is not traced shall be provided with the citizenship of Nepal by descent.\n\nProvided that his or her father is held to be a foreign citizen, the citizenship of such person shall be converted into naturalized citizenship as provided for in the Federal law.\n(6) A foreign woman who has a matrimonial relationship with a citizen of Nepal may, if she so wishes, acquire the naturalized citizenship of Nepal as provided for in the Federal law.\n(7) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Article, in the case of a person born from a woman who is a citizen of Nepal and married to a foreign citizen, the person may acquire the naturalized citizenship of Nepal in accordance with the Federal law if he or she has permanently resided in Nepal and has not acquired the citizenship of a foreign country.\nProvided that if such person's mother and father both are citizens of Nepal at the time of acquisition of citizenship, such person born in Nepal may acquire the citizenship of Nepal by descent.\n(8) In the cases other than those mentioned in this Article, the Government of Nepal may, in accordance with the Federal law, grant the naturalized citizenship of Nepal.\n(9) The Government of Nepal may, in accordance with the Federal law, grant the honorary citizenship of Nepal.\n(10) Whenever any territory is acquired by way of merger into Nepal, a person having his or her domicile in such territory shall become a citizen of Nepal, subject to the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "11. To be citizens of Nepal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 464, "char_count": 2623, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151294" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0010", "text": "12. Citizenship with identity of descent and gender: A person who obtains the citizenship of Nepal by descent in accordance with this Constitution may obtain a certificate of citizenship of Nepal with gender identity by the name of his or her mother or father.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "12. Citizenship with identity of descent and gender", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 44, "char_count": 261, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151311" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0011", "text": "13. Acquisition, reacquisition and termination of citizenship: Other matters relating to the acquisition, reacquisition and termination of citizenship shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "13. Acquisition, reacquisition and termination of citizenship", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 27, "char_count": 195, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151321" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0012", "text": "14. Power to grant non-resident Nepalese citizenship: The non-residential citizenship of Nepal may be so granted to a person who has acquired the citizenship of a foreign country, has resided in a country other than a member state of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, and who or whose father or mother, grandfather or grandmother was previously a citizen of Nepal by decent or birth but subsequently acquired the citizenship of the foreign country that such person may enjoy economic, social and cultural rights in accordance with the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "14. Power to grant non-resident Nepalese citizenship", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 91, "char_count": 567, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151331" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0013", "text": "15. Other provisions relating to citizenship of Nepal: Other matters relating to the maintenance of records setting out the identity of every citizen of Nepal and the citizenship of Nepal shall be as provided for in the Federal law.\n\nPart-3 Fundamental Rights and Duties 16. Right to live with dignity: (1) Every person shall have the right to live with dignity.\n(2) No law shall be made providing for the death penalty to any one.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "15. Other provisions relating to citizenship of Nepal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 75, "char_count": 431, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151339" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0014", "text": "17. Right to freedom: (1) No person shall be deprived of his or her personal liberty except in accordance with law. (2) Every citizen shall have the following freedoms: (a) freedom of opinion and expression, (b) freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms, (c) freedom to form political parties, (d) freedom to form unions and associations, (e) freedom to move and reside in any part of Nepal, (f) freedom to practice any profession, carry on any occupation, and establish and operate any industry, trade and business in any part of Nepal. Provided that: (1) Nothing in sub-clause (a) shall be deemed to prevent the making of an Act to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty, territorial integrity, nationality and independence of Nepal or the harmonious relations between the Federal Units or the people of various castes, tribes, religions or communities or incite caste-based discrimination or untouchability or on any act of disrespect of labour, defamation, contempt of court, incitement to an offence or on any act which may be contrary to public decency or morality. (2) Nothing in sub-clause (b) shall be deemed to prevent the making of an Act to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty, territorial integrity, nationality and independence of Nepal or the harmonious relations between the Federal Units or public peace and order. (3) Nothing in sub-clause (c) shall be deemed to prevent the making of an Act to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty, territorial integrity, nationality and independence of Nepal, constitute an espionage against the nation or divulge national secrecy or on any act of rendering assistance to any foreign state, organization or representative in a manner to undermine the security of Nepal or on an act of sedition or on any act which may undermine the harmonious relations between the Federal Units or on any act of incitement to caste-based or communal hatred or on any act which may undermine the harmonious relations between various castes, tribes, religions and communities, or on any act of acquisition of, or restriction on, membership of any political party on the basis solely of tribe, language, religion, community or sex or on any act of formation of a political party with discrimination between citizens or on incitement to violent acts or on any act which may be contrary to public morality.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "17. Right to freedom", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 399, "char_count": 2465, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151397" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0015", "text": "or restriction on, membership of any political party on the basis solely of tribe, language, religion, community or sex or on any act of formation of a political party with discrimination between citizens or on incitement to violent acts or on any act which may be contrary to public morality. (4) Nothing in sub-clause (d) shall be deemed to prevent the making of an Act to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty, territorial integrity, nationality and independence of Nepal, or on any act which may constitute espionage against the nation or on any act of divulgence of national secrecy or on any act assisting any foreign state, organization or representative in a manner to undermine the security of Nepal or on an act of sedition or on any act which may undermine the harmonious relations between the Federal Units or on any act of incitement to caste-based or communal hatred or on any act which may undermine the harmonious relations between various castes, tribes, religions and communities or on incitement to violent acts or on any act which may be contrary to public morality. (5) Nothing in sub-clause (e) shall be deemed to prevent the making of an Act to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the interest of the general public or which may undermine the harmonious relations between the Federal Units or the harmonious relations between the peoples of various castes, tribes, religions or communities or which may constitute or incite violent acts. (6) Nothing in sub-clause (f) shall be deemed to prevent the making of an Act to prevent any act which may undermine the harmonious relations between the Federal Units or any act which may be contrary to public health, decency or morality of the general public or to confer on the State the exclusive right to undertake any specific industry, trade or service, or to prescribe any condition or qualification for carrying on any industry, trade, occupation, employment or business.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "17. 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Right to freedom", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 49, "char_count": 305, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151434" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0018", "text": "which may be contrary to public health, decency or morality of the general public or to confer on the State the exclusive right to undertake any specific industry, trade or service, or to prescribe any condition or qualification for carrying on any industry, trade, occupation, employment or business.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "17. Right to freedom", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 48, "char_count": 301, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151440" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0019", "text": "may be contrary to public health, decency or morality of the general public or to confer on the State the exclusive right to undertake any specific industry, trade or service, or to prescribe any condition or qualification for carrying on any industry, trade, occupation, employment or business.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "17. Right to freedom", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 47, "char_count": 295, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151445" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0020", "text": "be contrary to public health, decency or morality of the general public or to confer on the State the exclusive right to undertake any specific industry, trade or service, or to prescribe any condition or qualification for carrying on any industry, trade, occupation, employment or business.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "17. Right to freedom", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 46, "char_count": 291, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151450" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0021", "text": "contrary to public health, decency or morality of the general public or to confer on the State the exclusive right to undertake any specific industry, trade or service, or to prescribe any condition or qualification for carrying on any industry, trade, occupation, employment or business.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "17. Right to freedom", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 45, "char_count": 288, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151456" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0022", "text": "to public health, decency or morality of the general public or to confer on the State the exclusive right to undertake any specific industry, trade or service, or to prescribe any condition or qualification for carrying on any industry, trade, occupation, employment or business.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "17. 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Right to freedom", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 43, "char_count": 276, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151468" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0024", "text": "health, decency or morality of the general public or to confer on the State the exclusive right to undertake any specific industry, trade or service, or to prescribe any condition or qualification for carrying on any industry, trade, occupation, employment or business.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "17. 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Right to freedom", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 4, "char_count": 35, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151659" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0063", "text": "employment or business.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "17. Right to freedom", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 3, "char_count": 23, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151663" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0064", "text": "or business.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "17. Right to freedom", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 2, "char_count": 12, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151667" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0065", "text": "business.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "17. Right to freedom", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 1, "char_count": 9, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151671" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0066", "text": "18. Right to equality: (1) All citizens shall be equal before law. No person shall be denied the equal protection of law.\n(2) No discrimination shall be made in the application of general laws on grounds of origin, religion, race, caste, tribe, sex, physical condition, condition of health, marital status, pregnancy, economic condition, language or region, ideology or on similar other grounds.\n\n(3) The State shall not discriminate citizens on grounds of origin, religion, race, caste, tribe, sex, economic condition, language, region, ideology or on similar other grounds.\nProvided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the making of special provisions by law for the protection, empowerment or development of the citizens including the socially or culturally backward women, Dalit, indigenous people, indigenous nationalities, Madhesi, Tharu, Muslim, oppressed class, Pichhada class, minorities, the marginalized, farmers, labours, youths, children, senior citizens, gender and sexual minorities, persons with disabilities, persons in pregnancy, incapacitated or helpless, backward region and indigent Khas Arya.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Part and Part 4, \"indigent\" means a person who earns income less than that specified by the Federal law.\n(4) No discrimination shall be made on the ground of gender with regard to remuneration and social security for the same work.\n(5) All offspring shall have the equal right to the ancestral property without discrimination on the ground of gender.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "18. 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Right to communication: (1) No publication and broadcasting or dissemination or printing of any news item, editorial, feature article or other reading, audio and audio-visual material through any means whatsoever including electronic publication, broadcasting and printing shall be censored.\nProvided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the making of Acts to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty, territorial integrity, nationality of Nepal or the harmonious relations between the Federal Units or the harmonious relations between various castes, tribes, religions or communities, or on any act of sedition, defamation or contempt of court or incitement to an offence, or on any act\n\nwhich may be contrary to public decency or morality, on any act of hatred to labour and on any act of incitement to caste-based untouchability as well as gender discrimination.\n(2) No radio, television, on-line or other form of digital or electronic equipment, press or other means of communication publishing, broadcasting or printing any news item, feature, editorial, article, information or other material shall be closed or seized nor shall registration thereof be cancelled nor shall such material be seized by the reason of publication, broadcasting or printing of such material through any audio, audio-visual or electronic equipment.\nProvided that nothing contained in this clause shall be deemed to prevent the making of an Act to regulate radio, television, online or any other form of digital or electronic equipment, press or other means of communication.\n(3) No means of communication including the press, electronic broadcasting and telephone shall be interrupted except in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "19. Right to communication", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 263, "char_count": 1742, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151711" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0068", "text": "20. Rights relating to justice: (1) No person shall be detained in custody without informing him or her of the ground for his or her arrest.\n(2) Any person who is arrested shall have the right to consult a legal practitioner of his or her choice from the time of such arrest and to be defended by such legal practitioner. Any consultation made by such person with, and advice given by, his or her legal practitioner shall be confidential.\nProvided this clause shall not apply to a citizen of an enemy state.\nExplanation: For the purpose of this clause, \"legal practitioner\" means any person who is authorized by law to represent any person in any court.\n(3) Any person who is arrested shall be produced before the adjudicating authority within a period of twenty-four hours of such arrest, excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to such\n\nauthority; and any such person shall not be detained in custody except on the order of such authority.\nProvided that this clause shall not apply to a person held in preventive detention and to a citizen of an enemy state.\n(4) No person shall be liable for punishment for an act which was not punishable by the law in force when the act was committed nor shall any person be subjected to a punishment greater than that prescribed by the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence.\n(5) Every person charged with an offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty of the offence.\n(6) No person shall be tried and punished for the same offence in a court more than once.\n(7) No person charged with an offence shall be compelled to testify against himself or herself.\n(8) Every person shall have the right to be informed of any proceedings taken against him or her.\n(9) Every person shall have the right to a fair trial by an independent, impartial and competent court or judicial body.\n(10) Any indigent party shall have the right to free legal aid in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "20. Rights relating to justice", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 350, "char_count": 1959, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151731" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0069", "text": "21. Right of victim of crime: (1) A victim of crime shall have the right to get information about the investigation and proceedings of a case in which he or she is the victim.\n(2) A victim of crime shall have the right to justice including social rehabilitation and compensation in accordance with law.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "21. Right of victim of crime", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 54, "char_count": 303, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151747" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0070", "text": "22. Right against torture: (1) No person who is arrested or detained shall be subjected to physical or mental torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.\n(2) Any act mentioned in clause (1) shall be punishable by law, and any person who is the victim of such treatment shall have the right to obtain compensation in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "22. Right against torture", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 60, "char_count": 345, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151756" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0071", "text": "23. Right against preventive detention: (1) No person shall be held under preventive detention unless there is a sufficient ground of the existence of an immediate threat to the sovereignty, territorial integrity or public peace and order of Nepal.\n(2) Information about the situation of a person who is held under preventive detention pursuant to clause (1) must be given immediately to his or her family members or relatives.\nProvided that this clause shall not apply to a citizen of an enemy state.\n(3) If the authority making preventive detention holds any person under preventive detention contrary to law or in bad faith, the person held under preventive detention shall have the right to obtain compensation in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "23. Right against preventive detention", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 120, "char_count": 738, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151766" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0072", "text": "24. Right against untouchability and discrimination: (1) No person shall be subjected to any form of untouchability or discrimination in any private and public places on grounds of his or her origin, caste, tribe, community, profession, occupation or physical condition.\n(2) In producing or distributing any goods, services or facilities, no person belonging to any particular caste or tribe shall be prevented from purchasing or acquiring such goods, services or facilities nor shall such goods, services or facilities be sold, distributed or provided only to the persons belonging to any particular caste or tribe.\n\n(3) No act purporting to demonstrate any person or community as superior or inferior on grounds of origin, caste, tribe or physical condition or justifying social discrimination on grounds of caste, tribe or untouchability or propagating ideology based on untouchability and caste based superiority or hatred or encouraging caste-based discrimination in any manner whatsoever shall be allowed.\n(4) No discrimination in any form shall be allowed at a workplace with or without making untouchability on the ground of caste.\n(5) Any act of untouchability and discrimination in any form committed in contravention of this Article shall be punishable by law as a severe social offence, and the victim of such act shall have the right to obtain compensation in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "24. Right against untouchability and discrimination", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 216, "char_count": 1393, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151782" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0073", "text": "25. Right relating to property: (1) Every citizen shall, subject to law, have the right to acquire, own, sell, dispose, acquire business profits from, and otherwise deal with, property.\nProvided that the State may levy tax on property of a person, and tax on income of a person in accordance with the concept of progressive taxation.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Article, \"property\" means any form of property including movable and immovable property, and includes an intellectual property right.\n(2) The State shall not, except for public interest, requisition, acquire, or otherwise create any encumbrance on, property of a person.\nProvided that this clause shall not apply to any property acquired by any person illicitly.\n(3) The basis of compensation to be provided and procedures to be followed in the requisition by the State of property of any person for public interest in accordance with clause (3) shall be as provided for in the Act.\n\n(4) The provisions of clauses (2) and (3) shall not prevent the State from making land reforms, management and regulation in accordance with law for the purposes of enhancement of product and productivity of lands, modernization and commercialization of agriculture, environment protection and planned housing and urban development.\n(5) Nothing shall prevent the State from using the property of any person, which it has requisitioned for public interest in accordance with clause (3), for any other public interest instead of such public interest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "25. Right relating to property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 239, "char_count": 1504, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151798" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0074", "text": "26. Right to freedom of religion: (1) Every person who has faith in religion shall have the freedom to profess, practice and protect his or her religion according to his or her conviction.\n(2) Every religious denomination shall have the right to operate and protect its religious sites and religious Guthi (trusts).\nProvided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the regulation, by making law, of the operation and protection of religious sites and religious trusts and management of trust properties and lands.\n(3) No person shall, in the exercise of the right conferred by this Article, do, or cause to be done, any act which may be contrary to public health, decency and morality or breach public peace, or convert another person from one religion to another or any act or conduct that may jeopardize other's religion.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "26. Right to freedom of religion", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 138, "char_count": 823, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151812" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0075", "text": "27. Right to information: Every citizen shall have the right to demand and receive information on any matter of his or her interest or of public interest.\nProvided that no one shall be compelled to provide information on any matter of which confidentiality must be maintained in accordance with law.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "27. Right to information", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 50, "char_count": 300, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151819" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0076", "text": "28. Right to privacy: The privacy of any person, his or her residence, property, document, data, correspondence and matters relating to his or her character shall, except in accordance with law, be inviolable.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "28. Right to privacy", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 33, "char_count": 209, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151825" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0077", "text": "29. Right against exploitation: (1) Every person shall have the right against exploitation.\n(2) No person shall be exploited in any manner on the grounds of religion, custom, tradition, usage, practice or on any other grounds.\n(3) No one shall be subjected to trafficking nor shall one be held in slavery or servitude.\n(4) No one shall be forced to work against his or her will.\nProvided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the making of law empowering the State to require citizens to perform compulsory service for public purposes.\n(5) Act contrary to clauses (3) and (4) shall be punishable by law and the victim shall have the right to obtain compensation from the perpetrator in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "29. Right against exploitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 121, "char_count": 708, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151835" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0078", "text": "30. Right to clean environment: (1) Every citizen shall have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment.\n(2) The victim shall have the right to obtain compensation, in accordance with law, for any injury caused from environmental pollution or degradation.\n(3) This Article shall not be deemed to prevent the making of necessary legal provisions for a proper balance between the environment and development, in development works of the nation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "30. Right to clean environment", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 73, "char_count": 452, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151843" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0079", "text": "31. Right relating to education: (1) Every citizen shall have the right of access to basic education.\n\n(2) Every citizen shall have the right to get compulsory and free education up to the basic level and free education up to the secondary level from the State.\n(3) The citizens with disabilities and the economically indigent citizens shall have the right to get free higher education in accordance with law.\n(4) The visually impaired citizens shall have the right to get free education through brail script and the citizens with hearing or speaking impairment, to get free education through sign language, in accordance with law.\n(5) Every Nepalese community residing in Nepal shall have the right to get education in its mother tongue and, for that purpose, to open and operate schools and educational institutes, in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "31. Right relating to education", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 138, "char_count": 840, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151854" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0080", "text": "32. Right to language and culture: (1) Every person and community shall have the right to use their languages.\n(2) Every person and community shall have the right to participate in the cultural life of their communities.\n(3) Every Nepalese community residing in Nepal shall have the right to preserve and promote its language, script, culture, cultural civilization and heritage.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "32. Right to language and culture", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 60, "char_count": 379, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151865" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0081", "text": "33. Right to employment: (1) Every citizen shall have the right to employment.\nThe terms and conditions of employment, and unemployment benefit shall be as provided for in the Federal law.\n(2) Every citizen shall have the right to choose employment.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "33. Right to employment", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 41, "char_count": 249, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151871" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0082", "text": "34. Right to labour: (1) Every labourer shall have the right to practice appropriate labour.\n\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Article, \"labourer\" means a labourer or worker who does physical or mental work for an employer in consideration for remuneration.\n(2) Every labourer shall have the right to appropriate remuneration, facilities and contributory social security.\n(3) Every labourer shall have the right to form and join trade unions and to engage in collective bargaining, in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "34. Right to labour", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 79, "char_count": 510, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151882" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0083", "text": "35. Right relating to health: (1) Every citizen shall have the right to free basic health services from the State, and no one shall be deprived of emergency health services.\n(2) Every person shall have the right to get information about his or her medical treatment.\n(3) Every citizen shall have equal access to health services.\n(4) Every citizen shall have the right of access to clean drinking water and sanitation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "35. Right relating to health", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 71, "char_count": 417, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151893" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0084", "text": "36. Right relating to food: (1) Every citizen shall have the right relating to food.\n(2) Every citizen shall have the right to be safe from the state of being in danger of life from the scarcity of food.\n(3) Every citizen shall have the right to food sovereignty in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "36. Right relating to food", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 53, "char_count": 286, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151899" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0085", "text": "37. Right to housing: (1) Every citizen shall have the right to an appropriate housing.\n(2) No citizen shall be evicted from the residence owned by him or her nor shall his or her residence be infringed except in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "37. Right to housing", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 42, "char_count": 233, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151905" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0086", "text": "38. Rights of women: (1) Every woman shall have equal lineage right without gender based discrimination.\n\n(2) Every woman shall have the right to safe motherhood and reproductive health.\n(3) No woman shall be subjected to physical, mental, sexual, psychological or other form of violence or exploitation on grounds of religion, social, cultural tradition, practice or on any other grounds. Such act shall be punishable by law, and the victim shall have the right to obtain compensation in accordance with law.\n(4) Women shall have the right to participate in all bodies of the State on the basis of the principle of proportional inclusion.\n(5) Women shall have the right to obtain special opportunity in education, health, employment and social security, on the basis of positive discrimination.\n(6) The spouse shall have the equal right to property and family affairs.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "38. Rights of women", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 140, "char_count": 869, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151917" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0087", "text": "39. Rights of the child: (1) Every child shall have the right to name and birth registration along with his or her identity.\n(2) Every child shall have the right to education, health, maintenance, proper care, sports, entertainment and overall personality development from the families and the State.\n(3) Every child shall have the right to elementary child development and child participation.\n(4) No child shall be employed to work in any factory, mine or engaged in similar other hazardous work.\n(5) No child shall be subjected to child marriage, transported illegally, abducted/kidnapped or taken in hostage.\n(6) No child shall be recruited or used in army, police or any armed group, or be subjected, in the name of cultural or religious traditions, to abuse,\n\nexclusion or physical, mental, sexual or other form of exploitation or improper use by any means or in any manner.\n(7) No child shall be subjected to physical, mental or any other form of torture in home, school or other place and situation whatsoever.\n(8) Every child shall have the right to juvenile friendly justice.\n(9) The child who is helpless, orphan, with disabilities, conflict victim, displaced or vulnerable shall have the right to special protection and facilities from the State.\n(10) Any act contrary to in clauses (4), (5), (6) and (7) shall be punishable by law, and a child who is the victim of such act shall have the right to obtain compensation from the perpetrator, in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "39. Rights of the child", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 247, "char_count": 1476, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151934" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0088", "text": "40. Rights of Dalit: (1) The Dalit shall have the right to participate in all bodies of the State on the basis of the principle of proportional inclusion. Special provision shall be made by law for the empowerment, representation and participation of the Dalit community in public services as well as other sectors of employment.\n(2) Provision of free education with scholarship, from primary to higher education, shall be made by law for the Dalit students. Special provision shall be made by law for the Dalit in technical and vocational education.\n(3) Special provision shall be made by law in order to provide health and social security to the Dalit community.\n(4) The Dalit community shall have the right to use, protect and develop their traditional occupation, knowledge, skill and technology. The State shall accord priority to the Dalit community in modern business related with their traditional occupation and provide skills and resources required therefor.\n\n(5) The State shall once provide land to the landless Dalit in accordance with law.\n(6) The State shall, in accordance with law, arrange settlement for the Dalit who do not have housing.\n(7) The facilities conferred by this Article to the Dalit community must be distributed in a just manner so that the Dalit women, men and Dalit in all communities can obtain such facilities proportionately.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "40. Rights of Dalit", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 222, "char_count": 1363, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151951" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0089", "text": "41. Rights of senior citizens: The senior citizens shall have the right to special protection and social security from the State.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "41. Rights of senior citizens", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 21, "char_count": 129, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151959" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0090", "text": "42. Right to social justice: (1) The socially backward women, Dalit, indigenous people, indigenous nationalities, Madhesi, Tharu, minorities, persons with disabilities, marginalized communities, Muslims, backward classes, gender and sexual minorities, youths, farmers, labourers, oppressed or citizens of backward regions and indigent Khas Arya shall have the right to participate in the State bodies on the basis of inclusive principle.\n(2) The indigent citizens and citizens of the communities on the verge of extinction shall have the right to get special opportunities and benefits in education, health, housing, employment, food and social security for their protection, upliftment, empowerment and development.\n(3) The citizens with disabilities shall have the right to live with dignity and honour, with the identity of their diversity, and have equal access to public services and facilities.\n(4) Every farmer shall have the right to have access to lands for agro activities, select and protect local seeds and agro species which have been used and pursued traditionally, in accordance with law.\n(5) The families of the martyrs who have sacrificed their life, persons who were forced to disappear, and those who became disabled and\n\ninjured in all popular movements, armed conflicts and revolutions that have been carried out for progressive democratic changes in Nepal, democracy fighters, conflict victims and displaced ones, persons with disabilities, the injured and victims shall have the right to get a prioritized opportunity, with justice and due respect, in education, health, employment, housing and social security, in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "42. Right to social justice", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 246, "char_count": 1658, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151973" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0091", "text": "43. Right to social security: The indigent citizens, incapacitated and helpless citizens, helpless single women, citizens with disabilities, children, citizens who cannot take care themselves and citizens belonging to the tribes on the verge of extinction shall have the right to social security, in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "43. Right to social security", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 47, "char_count": 320, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151981" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0092", "text": "44. Rights of the consumer: (1) Every consumer shall have the right to obtain quality goods and services.\n(2) A person who has suffered injury from any substandard goods or services shall have the right to obtain compensation in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "44. Rights of the consumer", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 42, "char_count": 249, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151988" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0093", "text": "45. Right against exile: No citizen shall be exiled.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "45. Right against exile", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 9, "char_count": 52, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151993" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0094", "text": "46. Right to constitutional remedies: There shall be a right to obtain constitutional remedies in the manner set forth in Article 133 or 144 for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "46. Right to constitutional remedies", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 34, "char_count": 198, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.151998" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0095", "text": "47. Implementation of fundamental rights: The State shall, as required, make legal provisions for the implementation of the rights conferred by this Part, within three years of the commencement of this Constitution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "47. Implementation of fundamental rights", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 32, "char_count": 215, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152004" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0096", "text": "48. Duties of citizens: Every citizen shall have the following duties:\n(a) to safeguard the nationality, sovereignty and integrity of Nepal, while being loyal to the nation, (b) to abide by the Constitution and law, (c) to render compulsory service as and when the State so requires,\n\n(d) to protect and preserve public property.\n\nPart-4 Directive Principles, Policies and Obligations of the State 49. To be guiding principles: (1) The directive principles, policies and obligations set forth in this Part shall be the guiding principles for the governance of the State.\n(2) The State shall mobilize, or cause to be mobilized, means and resources, as required, to implement the principles, policies and obligations set forth in this Part.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "48. Duties of citizens", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 118, "char_count": 738, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152014" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0097", "text": "50. Directive principles: (1) The political objective of the State shall be to establish a public welfare system of governance, by establishing a just system in all aspects of the national life through the rule of law, values and norms of fundamental rights and human rights, gender equality, proportional inclusion, participation and social justice, while at the same time protecting the life, property, equality and liberties of the people, in keeping with the vitality of freedom, sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of Nepal, and to consolidate a federal democratic republican system of governance in order to ensure an atmosphere conducive to the enjoyment of the fruits of democracy, while at the same time maintaining the relations between the Federal Units on the basis of cooperative federalism and incorporating the principle of proportional participation in the system of governance on the basis of local autonomy and decentralization.\n(2) The social and cultural objective of the State shall be to build a civilized and egalitarian society by eliminating all forms of discrimination, exploitation and injustice on the grounds of religion, culture, tradition, usage, custom, practice or on any other similar grounds, to develop social, cultural values founded on national pride, democracy, pro-people, respect of labour, entrepreneurship, discipline, dignity and harmony, and to consolidate the\n\nnational unity by maintaining social cohesion, solidarity and harmony, while recognizing cultural diversity.\n(3) The economic objective of the State shall be to achieve a sustainable economic development, while achieving rapid economic growth, by way of maximum mobilization of the available means and resources through participation and development of public, private and cooperatives, and to develop a socialism-oriented independent and prosperous economy while making the national economy independent, self-reliant and progressive in order to build an exploitation free society by abolishing economic inequality through equitable distribution of the gains.\n(4) The State shall direct its international relations towards enhancing the dignity of the nation in the world community by maintaining international relations on the basis of sovereign equality, while safeguarding the freedom, sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence and national interest of Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "50. Directive principles", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 344, "char_count": 2395, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152034" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0098", "text": "51. Policies of the State: The State shall pursue the following policies: (a) Policies relating to national unity and national security: (1) to keep intact the national unity, while protecting the freedom, sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of Nepal, (2) to promote the national unity while developing mutual cooperative relations between the Federal Units by maintaining mutual cohesion, harmony and solidarity between various castes, tribes, religions, languages, cultures and communities, (3) to maintain law and order by developing a national security system, (4) to guarantee the overall human security system, (5) to make all security organs, including the Nepal Army, Nepal Police and Armed Police Force Nepal, competent, strong, professional, inclusive and accountable to the people, on the basis of national security policies, (6) to make and keep the citizens ready and competent to serve the nation as and when necessary, (7) to make proper use, in nations' interest, of the knowledge, skills and experiences of former public employees including former employees, military and police. (b) Policies relating to political and governance system of State: (1) to guarantee the best interests and prosperity of the people through economic, social and cultural transformations, while safeguarding, consolidating and developing political achievements, (2) to maintain rule of law by protecting and promoting human rights, (3) to implement international treaties, agreements to which Nepal is a party, (4) to guarantee good governance by ensuring the equal and easy access of the people to the services and facilities delivered by the State, while making public administration fair, competent, impartial, transparent, free from corruption, accountable and participatory, (5) to make necessary provisions to make mass media fair, healthy, impartial, decent, responsible and professional, (6) to develop and expand harmonious and cooperative relations between the Federal Units by way of sharing of responsibilities, resources and administration between them.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 301, "char_count": 2077, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152214" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0099", "text": "fair, competent, impartial, transparent, free from corruption, accountable and participatory, (5) to make necessary provisions to make mass media fair, healthy, impartial, decent, responsible and professional, (6) to develop and expand harmonious and cooperative relations between the Federal Units by way of sharing of responsibilities, resources and administration between them. (c) Relating to social and cultural transformation: (1) to build the society founded on cordial social relations by developing a healthy and civilized culture, (2) to carrying out studies, research works, excavation and dissemination for the protection, promotion and development of ancient, archaeological and cultural heritages, (3) to make community development through enhancement of local public participation, by promoting and mobilizing the creativity of local communities in social, cultural and service-oriented works, (4) to focus on the development of arts, literature and music which form cultural heritages, (5) to end all forms of discrimination, inequality, exploitation and injustice in the name of religion, custom, usage, practice and tradition existing in the society, (6) to protect and develop languages, scripts, culture, literature, arts, motion pictures and heritages of various castes, tribes, and communities on the basis of equality and co-existence, while maintaining the cultural diversity of the country, (7) to pursue a multi-lingual policy. (d) Relating to economy, industry and commerce: (1) to enhance national economy through partnership and independent development of the public, private and cooperative sectors, (2) to achieve economic prosperity by way of optimum mobilization of the available means and resources, while focusing on the role of private sector in economy, (3) to promote the cooperative sector and mobilize it in national development to the maximum extent, (4) to encourage and mobilize the economic sector in the overall national development, while providing for regulation to maintain fairness, accountability and competition in all of its activities, (5) to make equitable distribution of the available means and resources and benefits of economic development, (6) to diversify and expand markets for goods and services, while promoting exports through development and expansion of industries upon identifying areas of comparative advantage, (7) to protect the interests of consumers by maintaining trade fairness and discipline by making national economy competitive, while ending activities such as creating black marketing, monopoly, artificial scarcity and restricting competition, (8) to protect and promote domestic industries and resources and accord priority to domestic investment based on Nepalese labour, skills and raw materials for the development of national economy, (9) to give priority to domestic investment for the development of national economy, (10) to encourage foreign capital and technological investment in areas of import substitution and export promotion, in consonance with national interest, and encourage and mobilize such investment in infrastructure building, (11) to make the obtaining of foreign assistance", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 450, "char_count": 3179, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152248" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0100", "text": "to give priority to domestic investment for the development of national economy, (10) to encourage foreign capital and technological investment in areas of import substitution and export promotion, in consonance with national interest, and encourage and mobilize such investment in infrastructure building, (11) to make the obtaining of foreign assistance transparent, while making the national needs and priorities as the basis for obtaining foreign assistance, and incorporating amounts received in form of foreign assistance in the national budget, (12) to utilize knowledge, skill, technology and capital of the nonresident Nepalese in the national development, (13) to give dynamism to the economic development by establishing coordination between the States and the States and the Federation in relation to industrial corridors, special economic zones, national projects and projects involving foreign investment. (e) Policies relating to agriculture and land reforms: (1) to make scientific land reforms having regard to the interests of the farmers, while ending the dual ownership existing in the lands, (2) to enhance product and productivity by carrying out land pooling, while discouraging inactive land ownership, (3) to make land management and commercialization, industrialization, diversification and modernization of agriculture, by pursuing land-use policies to enhance agriculture product and productivity, while protecting and promoting the rights and interests of the farmers, (4) to make proper use of lands, while regulating and managing lands on the basis of, inter alia, productivity, nature of lands and ecological balance, (5) to provide for the farmers' access to agricultural inputs, agroproducts at fair price and market.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 251, "char_count": 1751, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152280" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0101", "text": "and promoting the rights and interests of the farmers, (4) to make proper use of lands, while regulating and managing lands on the basis of, inter alia, productivity, nature of lands and ecological balance, (5) to provide for the farmers' access to agricultural inputs, agroproducts at fair price and market. (f) Policies relating to development: (1) to formulate sustainable socio-economic development strategies and programs under the regional development plan for inclusive economic development with regional balance, and implement them in a coordinative manner, (2) to develop balanced, environment friendly, quality and sustainable physical infrastructures, while according priority to the regions lagging behind from development perspective, (3) to enhance local public participation in the process of development works, (4) to enhance investment in scientific study, research works and in invention, progress and development of science and technology, and protect scientists, technologists, intellectual and eminent talents, (5) to ensure easy and simple access of the general public to information technology by developing and expanding information technology to the tune of national needs, and make optimum utilization of information technology in the national development, (6) to make provisions enabling the general public to enjoy fruits of development in a just manner, while according priority to the indigent citizens in the distribution of such fruits, (7) to develop an integrated national identity management information system and manage all kinds of information and data of the citizens in an integrated manner, and linking such system with the services and facilities provided by the State and with national development plans, (8) to update demographic statistics and linking it with national development plans.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 266, "char_count": 1832, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152311" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0102", "text": "national identity management information system and manage all kinds of information and data of the citizens in an integrated manner, and linking such system with the services and facilities provided by the State and with national development plans, (8) to update demographic statistics and linking it with national development plans. (g) Policies relating to protection, promotion and use of natural resources: (1) to protect, promote, and make environmental friendly and sustainable use of, natural resources available in the country, in consonance with national interest and adopting the concept of inter-generational equity, and make equitable distribution of fruits, according priority and preferential right to the local communities, (2) to make multi-purpose development of water resources, while according priority to domestic investment based on public participation, (3) to ensure reliable supply of energy in an affordable and easy manner, and make proper use of energy, for the fulfilment of the basic needs of citizens, by generating and developing renewable energy, (4) to develop sustainable and reliable irrigation by making control of water-induced disasters, and river management, (5) to conserve, promote, and make sustainable use of, forests, wildlife, birds, vegetation and bio-diversity, by mitigating possible risks to environment from industrial and physical development, while raising awareness of general public about environment cleanliness, (6) to maintain the forest area in necessary lands for ecological balance, (7) to adopt appropriate measures to abolish or mitigate existing or possible adverse environmental impacts on the nature, environment or biological diversity, (8) to pursue the principles of environmentally sustainable development such as the principles of polluter pays, of precaution in environmental protection and of prior informed consent. (9) to make advance warning, preparedness, rescue, relief and rehabilitation in order to mitigate risks from natural disasters.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 287, "char_count": 2017, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152340" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0103", "text": "the nature, environment or biological diversity, (8) to pursue the principles of environmentally sustainable development such as the principles of polluter pays, of precaution in environmental protection and of prior informed consent. (9) to make advance warning, preparedness, rescue, relief and rehabilitation in order to mitigate risks from natural disasters. (h) Policies relating to basic needs of the citizens: (1) to prepare human resources that are competent, competitive, ethical, and devoted to national interests, while making education scientific, technical, vocational, empirical, employment and people-oriented, (2) to make private sector investment made in education serviceoriented by regulating and managing such investment, while enhancing the State's investment in the education sector, (3) to make higher education easy, qualitative and accessible, and free gradually, (4) to establish and promote community information centres and libraries for the personality development of citizens, (5) to keep on enhancing investment necessary in the public health sector by the State in order to make the citizens healthy, (6) to ensure easy, convenient and equal access of all to quality health services, (7) to protect and promote health systems including Ayurveda, as a traditional medical system of Nepal, natural therapy and homeopathy system, (8) to make private sector investment in the health sector serviceoriented by regulating and managing such investment, while enhancing the State's investment in this sector, (9) to focus on health research and keep on increasing the number of health institutions and health workers in order to make health services widely available and qualitative, (10) to increase average life expectancy by reducing maternal and infant mortality rate, while encouraging family planning for population management on the basis of Nepal's capacity and need, (11) to manage unplanned settlement and develop planned and systematic settlement, (12) to provide for sustainable production, supplies, storage, security, and easy and effective distribution of foods by encouraging food production in tune with climate and soil, in consonance with the concept of food sovereignty, while enhancing investment in the agriculture sector, (13) to ensure planned supply system by according special priority to the remote and backward regions, while ensuring equal access of all citizens to basic goods and services, (14) to enhance investment in the transportation sector, while ensuring simple, easy and equal access of the citizens to transportation facilities, and to make the transportation sector safe, systematic and persons with disabilities friendly by encouraging public transportation and regulating private transportation, while according priority to the environment friendly technologies, (15) to arrange for access to medical treatment while ensuring citizen's health insurance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 418, "char_count": 2920, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152376" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0104", "text": "equal access of the citizens to transportation facilities, and to make the transportation sector safe, systematic and persons with disabilities friendly by encouraging public transportation and regulating private transportation, while according priority to the environment friendly technologies, (15) to arrange for access to medical treatment while ensuring citizen's health insurance. (i) Policies relating to labour and employment: (1) to make competent and professional the labour force that has remained as the main socio-economic strength of the country and enhance employment within the country, while ensuring a situation enabling all to work, (2) to guarantee social security, while ensuring the basic rights of all labours, in consonance with the concept of decent labour, (3) to abolish all forms of labour exploitation including child labour, (4) to encourage participation of labours in management, while maintain cordial relations between the labours and entrepreneurs, (5) to regulate and manage the sector in order to make foreign employment free from exploitation, safe and systematic and to guarantee employment and rights of the labours, (6) to encourage to mobilize the capital, skills, technology and experience gained from foreign employment in productive sectors in the country. (j) Policies relating to social justice and inclusion: (1) to keep on making appropriate arrangements for the livelihoods of the helpless single women, while according priority to them in employment on the basis of skills, competency and qualification, (2) to make self-dependent the women who are vulnerable, subjected to social and family exclusion and victims of violence self-reliant by making their rehabilitation, protection and empowerment, (3) to ensure enjoyment of requisite services and facilities at the reproductive stage, (4) to evaluate economically the work and contribution such as maintenance of children and care of families, (5) to take into consideration primarily of the best interests of the child, (6) to identify the freed bonded labours, Kamlari, Harawa, Charawa, tillers, landless, squatters and rehabilitate them by providing housing, housing plot for residence and cultivable land or employment for their livelihoods, (7) to create an atmosphere conducive to the full enjoyment of the political, economic, social and cultural rights, while enhancing the participation of youths in national development, to make their personality development, while providing special opportunity in areas including education, health and employment for the empowerment and development of the youths and provide them with appropriate opportunities for the overall development of the State, (8) to make the indigenous nationalities participate in decisions concerning that community by making special provisions for opportunities and benefits in order to ensure the right of these nationalities to live with dignity, along with their identity, and protect and promote traditional knowledge, skill, culture, social tradition and experience of the indigenous nationalities and local communities, (9) to", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 450, "char_count": 3110, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152407" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0105", "text": "decisions concerning that community by making special provisions for opportunities and benefits in order to ensure the right of these nationalities to live with dignity, along with their identity, and protect and promote traditional knowledge, skill, culture, social tradition and experience of the indigenous nationalities and local communities, (9) to make special provisions for opportunities and benefits to minority communities to enjoy social and cultural rights, with maintaining their identity, (10) to make special provisions for equal distribution of economic, social and cultural opportunities and benefits to the Madhesi community, Muslims and backward class, and for opportunities and benefits to the indigent citizens within such communities for their protection, upliftment, empowerment and development, (11) to make special provisions for opportunities and benefits for the protection, upliftment, empowerment and development of the citizens of the oppressed and backward regions and for the fulfilment of their basic needs, (12) to accord priority to the indigent within all sexes, regions and communities in the provision of social security and social justice, (13) to make planned investment in sports and sport-persons in order to prepare healthy, competent and disciplined citizens, and to develop sports as a means of consolidating national unity and enhancing national prestige at the international level, (14) to adopt a single door system for the establishment, approval, operation, regulation and management of community-based and national or international non-governmental organizations and to involve such organizations only in the sectors of national need and priority, while making investment and role of such organizations transparent and accountable. (k) Policies relating to justice and penal system: (1) to make the administration of justice speedy, efficient, widely available, economical, impartial, effective, and accountable to people, (2) to pursue alternative means such as mediation and arbitration for the settlement of disputes of general nature, (3) to adopt effective measures for the control of corruption and irregularities in all sectors including political, administrative, judicial and social sectors. (l) Policies relating to tourism: To develop eco-friendly tourism industries as an important base of national economy by way of identification, protection, promotion and publicity of the ancient, cultural, religious, archaeological and natural heritages of Nepal, to make environment and policy required for the development of tourism culture, and to accord priority to local people in the distribution of benefits of tourism industries.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 382, "char_count": 2689, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152442" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0106", "text": "base of national economy by way of identification, protection, promotion and publicity of the ancient, cultural, religious, archaeological and natural heritages of Nepal, to make environment and policy required for the development of tourism culture, and to accord priority to local people in the distribution of benefits of tourism industries. (m) Policies relating to international relations: (1) to conduct an independent foreign policy based on the Charter of the United Nations, non-alignment, principles of Panchsheel, international law and the norms of world peace, taking into consideration of the overall interest of the nation, while remaining active in safeguarding the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence and national interest of Nepal, (2) to review treaties concluded in the past, and make treaties, agreements based on equality and mutual interest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 126, "char_count": 876, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152454" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0107", "text": "law and the norms of world peace, taking into consideration of the overall interest of the nation, while remaining active in safeguarding the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence and national interest of Nepal, (2) to review treaties concluded in the past, and make treaties, agreements based on equality and mutual interest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 50, "char_count": 337, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152460" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0108", "text": "and the norms of world peace, taking into consideration of the overall interest of the nation, while remaining active in safeguarding the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence and national interest of Nepal, (2) to review treaties concluded in the past, and make treaties, agreements based on equality and mutual interest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 49, "char_count": 333, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152466" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0109", "text": "the norms of world peace, taking into consideration of the overall interest of the nation, while remaining active in safeguarding the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence and national interest of Nepal, (2) to review treaties concluded in the past, and make treaties, agreements based on equality and mutual interest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. 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Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 47, "char_count": 325, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152477" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0111", "text": "of world peace, taking into consideration of the overall interest of the nation, while remaining active in safeguarding the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence and national interest of Nepal, (2) to review treaties concluded in the past, and make treaties, agreements based on equality and mutual interest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. 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Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 8, "char_count": 59, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152672" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0150", "text": "agreements based on equality and mutual interest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 7, "char_count": 49, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152676" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0151", "text": "based on equality and mutual interest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 6, "char_count": 38, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152680" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0152", "text": "on equality and mutual interest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 5, "char_count": 32, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152684" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0153", "text": "equality and mutual interest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 4, "char_count": 29, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152688" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0154", "text": "and mutual interest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 3, "char_count": 20, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152692" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0155", "text": "mutual interest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 2, "char_count": 16, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152696" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0156", "text": "interest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "51. Policies of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 1, "char_count": 9, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152700" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0157", "text": "52. Obligations of the State: It shall be the obligation of the State to make Nepal a prosperous and affluent country by protecting and promoting fundamental rights and human rights, pursuing directive principles of the State and\n\ngradually implementing policies of the State, while keeping intact the freedom, sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "52. Obligations of the State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 55, "char_count": 372, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152723" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0158", "text": "53. To submit report: The Government of Nepal shall submit an annual report containing the steps taken and achievements made in the implementation of the directive principles, policies and obligations of the State set forth in this Part to the President, and the President shall cause such report to be laid through the Prime Minister before the Federal Parliament.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "53. To submit report", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 59, "char_count": 365, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152730" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0159", "text": "54. Provisions relating to monitoring: There shall be a committee, in accordance with law, in the Federal Parliament in order to monitor and evaluate whether the directive principles, policies and obligations of the State set forth in this Part have been implemented progressively or not.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "54. Provisions relating to monitoring", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 45, "char_count": 288, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152743" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0160", "text": "55. Questions not to be raised in court: No question shall be raised in any court as to whether any matter contained in this Part has been implemented or not.\n\nPart-5 Structure of State and Distribution of State Power 56. Structure of State: (1) The main structure of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal shall be of three levels, namely the Federation, the State and the Local level.\n(2) The Federation, State and Local levels shall exercise the power of State of Nepal pursuant to this Constitution and law.\n(3) There shall be States consisting of the Districts as mentioned in Schedule-4 existing in Nepal at the time of commencement of this Constitution.\n(4) There shall be Village Institutions, Municipalities and District Assemblies under the Local level. The number of Wards in a Village Institution and Municipality shall be as provided for in the Federal law.\n(5) Any Special, Protected or Autonomous Region can be set by the Federal law for social, cultural protection or economic development.\n(6) The Federation, State and Local levels shall protect Nepal's freedom, sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence, national interest, overall development, multi-party, competitive, democratic, republican, federal system of governance, human rights and fundamental rights, rule of law, separation of powers and check and balance, egalitarian society based on pluralism and equality, inclusive representation and identity.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "55. Questions not to be raised in court", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 220, "char_count": 1437, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152757" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0161", "text": "57. Distribution of State power: (1) The powers of the Federation shall be vested in the matters enumerated in Schedule-5, and such powers shall be exercised pursuant to this Constitution and the Federal law.\n\n(2) The powers of a State shall be vested in the matters enumerated in Schedule-6, and such powers shall be exercised pursuant to this Constitution and the State law.\n(3) The concurrent powers of the Federation and the State shall be vested in the matters enumerated in Schedule-7, and such powers shall be exercised pursuant to this Constitution, the Federal law and the State law.\n(4) The powers of the Local level shall be vested in the matters enumerated in Schedule-8, and such powers shall be exercised pursuant to this Constitution and the law made by the Village Assembly or Municipal Assembly.\n(5) The concurrent powers of the Federation, State and Local levels shall be vested in the matters enumerated in Schedule-9, and such powers shall be exercised pursuant to this Constitution, the Federal law, the State law and the law made by the Village Assembly or Municipal Assembly.\n(6) Any law to be made by the State Assembly, Village Assembly or Municipal Assembly pursuant to clause (3) or (5) shall be so made as not to be inconsistent with the Federal law, and any law made by the State Assembly, Village Assembly or Municipal Assembly which is inconsistent with the Federal law shall be invalid to the extent of such inconsistency.\n(7) Any law to be made by the Village Assembly or Municipal Assembly pursuant to clause (5) shall be so made as not to be inconsistent with the State law, and any law made by the Village Assembly or Municipal Assembly which is inconsistent with the State law shall be invalid to the extent of such inconsistency.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "57. Distribution of State power", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 303, "char_count": 1767, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152773" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0162", "text": "58. Residual powers: The Federation shall have power on any matter not enumerated in the Federal List, State List, List of Local level or Concurrent\n\nList or on any matter which is not so specified in this Constitution as to be exercised by any level.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "58. Residual powers", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 45, "char_count": 251, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152783" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0163", "text": "59. Exercise of financial powers: (1) The Federation, State and Local level shall make laws, make annual budget, decisions, formulate and implement policies and plans on any matters related to financial powers within their respective jurisdictions.\n(2) The Federation may so make necessary policies, standards and laws on any of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List and other areas of financial powers as to be applicable also to the States.\n(3) The Federation, State and Local level shall make budget of their respective levels, and the time for submission of budget by the State and Local level shall be as provided for in the Federal law.\n(4) The Federation, State and Local level shall provide for the equitable distribution of benefits derived from the use of natural resources or development. Certain portions of such benefits shall be distributed, pursuant to law, in forms of royalty, services or goods to the project affected regions and local communities.\n(5) If, in utilising natural resources, the local community desires to make investment therein, the Federation, State and Local level shall accord priority to such investment in such portion as provided by law on the basis of the nature and size of such investment.\n(6) The Government of Nepal shall have power to obtain foreign assistance and borrow loans. Such assistance or loans shall be so obtained or borrowed as to have macro-economic stability of the country.\n(7) Provisions relating to the management of budget deficits and other fiscal discipline of the Federation, State and Local level shall be as provided for in the Federal law.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "59. Exercise of financial powers", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 263, "char_count": 1618, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152798" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0164", "text": "60. Distribution of sources of revenue: (1) The Federation, State and Local level may impose taxes on matters falling within their respective jurisdiction and collect revenue from these sources.\nProvided that provisions relating to the imposition of taxes and collection of revenue on matters that fall within the Concurrent List and on matters that are not included in the List of any level shall be as determined by the Government of Nepal.\n(2) The Government of Nepal shall make provisions for the equitable distribution of the collected revenue to the Federation, State and Local level.\n(3) The amount of fiscal transfer receivable by the State and Local level shall be as recommended by the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission.\n(4) The Government of Nepal shall, on the basis of the need of expenditure and revenue capacity, distribute fiscal equalization grants to the State and Local level.\n(5) Each State shall, in accordance with the State law, distribute fiscal equalization grants out of the grants received from the Government of Nepal and revenues collected from its sources, on the basis of the need of expenditure and revenue capacity of its subordinate Local level.\n(6) Provisions relating to distribution of conditional grants, complementary grants or special grants for other purposes to be provided by the Government of Nepal from the Federal Consolidated Fund shall be as provided for in the Federal law.\n(7) Distribution of revenues between the Federal, State and Local level shall be made in a balanced and transparent manner.\n(8) A Federal Act on the distribution of revenues shall be made having regard to the national policies, national requirements, autonomy of the\n\nState and Local levels, services to be rendered by the State and the Local level to the people and financial powers granted to them, capacity to collect revenues, potentiality and use of revenues, assistance to be made in development works, reduction of regional imbalances, poverty and inequality, end of deprivation, and assistance to be made in the performance of contingent works and fulfilment of temporary needs.\n\nPart-6 President and Vice-President 61. President: (1) There shall be a President of Nepal.\n(2) The President shall be the head of state of Nepal. He or she shall perform his or her functions in accordance with this Constitution and the Federal law.\n(3) The President shall promote the national unity of Nepal.\n(4) The main duty of the President shall be to abide by and protect this Constitution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "60. Distribution of sources of revenue", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 409, "char_count": 2523, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152824" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0165", "text": "62. Election of President: (1) The President shall be elected by an electoral college composed of the members of the Federal Parliament and of the State Assemblies. The voting weightage of the members of the Federal Parliament and of the State Assemblies shall vary as provided for in the Federal law.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (1), nothing shall be deemed to bar the formation of an electoral college for the purpose of election to the President by the sole reason that election to the State Assembly has not been held in any State.\n(3) A person who secures a majority of the then existing total votes of the electoral college under clause (1) shall be elected as the President.\n(4) If none of the candidates secures a majority under clause (3), there shall be voting between the two candidates who have secured the highest number of votes, and a candidate who secures more than fifty percent of the total votes in such a voting shall be elected as the President.\n(5) If none of the candidates secures more than fifty percent of the total votes even in the voting under clause (4), re-voting shall be held. A\n\ncandidate who secures a majority of the total valid votes cast in such voting shall be elected as the President.\n(6) If a person who holds a political office to be filled by way of election, nomination or appointment is appointed as the President under this Article, his or her such office shall ipso facto be vacant.\n(7) Election to the President and other matters related thereto shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "62. Election of President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 275, "char_count": 1560, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152842" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0166", "text": "63. Term of office of President: (1) The term of office of the President shall be five years from the date on which he or she is so elected.\n(2) The President whose term of office under clause (1) has expired shall continue to discharge the functions under this Constitution until another elected President assumes his or her office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "63. Term of office of President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 59, "char_count": 333, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152852" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0167", "text": "64. Qualification for President: (1) A person who has the following qualification shall be qualified to become the President:\n(a) being qualified to become a member of the Federal Parliament, (b) having completed the age of at least forty five years, and (c) not being disqualified by any law.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (1), a person who has already been elected twice as the President shall not become a candidate in the election to the President.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "64. Qualification for President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 78, "char_count": 471, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152860" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0168", "text": "65. Vacation of office of President: The office of the President shall become vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the Vice-President, (b) if a motion of impeachment against him or her is passed under Article 101,\n\n(c) if his or her term of office expires, (d) If he or she dies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "65. Vacation of office of President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 62, "char_count": 339, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152868" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0169", "text": "66. Functions, duties and powers of President: (1) The President shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as conferred to him or her pursuant to this Constitution or a Federal law.\n(2) In exercising the powers or duties under clause (1), the President shall perform all other functions to be performed by him or her on recommendation and with the consent of the Council of Ministers than those functions specifically provided to be performed on recommendation of any body or official under this Constitution or Federal Law. Such recommendation and consent shall be submitted through the Prime Minister.\n(3) Any decision or order to be issued in the name of the President under clause (2) and other instrument of authorization pertaining thereto shall be authenticated as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "66. Functions, duties and powers of President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 133, "char_count": 813, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152879" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0170", "text": "67. Vice-President: (1) There shall be a Vice-president of Nepal.\n(2) The functions to be performed by the President shall be performed by the Vice-president during the absence of the President.\n(3) If a person who holds a political office to be filled by way of election, nomination or appointment is appointed as the Vice-president, his or her such office shall ipso facto be vacant.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "67. Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 65, "char_count": 385, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152888" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0171", "text": "68. Vacation of office of Vice-president: The office of the Vice-president shall become vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the President, (b) if a motion of impeachment against him or her is passed under Article 101, (c) if his or her term of office expires,\n\n(d) if he or she dies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "68. Vacation of office of Vice-president", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 62, "char_count": 344, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152896" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0172", "text": "69. Other provisions relating to Vice-President: Provisions relating to the qualification, procedures of election and term of office of the Vice-President shall be the same as that of the President.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "69. Other provisions relating to Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 30, "char_count": 198, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152904" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0173", "text": "70. President and Vice-President to be from different sex or community: Election to the President and the Vice-president under this Constitution shall be so made as to have representation of different sex or community.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "70. President and Vice-President to be from different sex or community", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 34, "char_count": 218, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152910" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0174", "text": "71. Oath by President and Vice-President: Prior to assuming their respective offices, the President shall take an oath of office and secrecy before the Chief Justice, and the Vice-President, before the President, as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "71. Oath by President and Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 248, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152916" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0175", "text": "72. Remuneration and facilities of President and Vice-President: The remuneration and other facilities of the President and the Vice-president shall be as provided for in the Federal Act, and as specified by the Government of Nepal until such Act is made.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "72. Remuneration and facilities of President and Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 41, "char_count": 255, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152922" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0176", "text": "73. Office of President and Vice-President: (1) There shall be separate offices for the performance of the functions of the President and the Vice-President.\n(2) The Government of Nepal shall make arrangements for employees and other provisions as required to perform the functions of the offices under clause (1).\n\nPart-7 Federal Executive 74. Form of government: The form of government of Nepal shall be multi-party, competitive, federal, democratic, republican, parliamentary form of government based on pluralism.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "73. Office of President and Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 76, "char_count": 517, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152930" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0177", "text": "75. Executive power: (1) The executive power of Nepal shall, pursuant to this Constitution and law, be vested in the Council of Ministers.\n(2) The responsibility for issuing general directives, controlling and regulating the governance of Nepal shall, subject to this Constitution and law, lie in the Council of Ministers.\n(3) All Federal executive functions of Nepal shall be performed in the name of the Government of Nepal.\n(4) Any decision or order to be issued in the name of the Government of Nepal pursuant to clause (3) and other instruments of authorization pertaining thereto shall be authenticated as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "75. Executive power", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 105, "char_count": 644, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152940" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0178", "text": "76. Constitution of Council of Ministers: (1) The President shall appoint the leader of a parliamentary party that commands majority in the House of Representatives as the Prime Minister, and the Council of Ministers shall be constituted under his or her chairpersonship.\n(2) In cases where no party has a clear majority in the House of Representatives under clause (1), the President shall appoint as the Prime Minister a member of the House of Representatives who can command majority with the support of two or more parties representing to the House of Representatives.\n\n(3) In cases where Prime Minister cannot be appointed under clause (2) no later than thirty days after the date of declaration of the final results of election to the House of Representatives or the Prime Minister so appointed fails to secure a vote of confidence under clause (4), the President shall appoint as the Prime Minister the parliamentary party leader of the party which has the highest number of members in the House of Representatives.\n(4) The Prime Minister appointed under clause (2) or (3) shall obtain a vote of confidence from the House of Representatives no later than thirty days after the date of such appointment.\n(5) In cases where the Prime Minister appointed under clause (3) fails to obtain a vote of confidence under clause (4) and any member under clause (2) presents a ground on which he or she can obtain a vote of confidence in the House of Representatives, the President shall appoint such member as the Prime Minister.\n(6) The Prime Minister appointed under clause (5) must obtain a vote of confidence under clause (4).\n(7) In cases where the Prime Minister appointed under clause (5) fails to obtain a vote of confidence or the Prime Minister cannot be appointed, the President shall, on recommendation of the Prime Minister, dissolve the House of Representatives and appoint a date of election so that the election to another House of Representatives is completed within six months.\n(8) Procedures on the appointment of the Prime Minister under this Article must be completed no later than thirty five days after the date of declaration of the final results of election to the House of Representatives held under this Constitution or the date on which the office of the Prime Minister has fallen vacant.\n\n(9) The President shall, on recommendation of the Prime Minister, constitute the Council of Ministers comprising a maximum of twenty five Ministers including the Prime Minister, in accordance with the inclusive principle, from amongst the members of the Federal Parliament.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Article, \"Minister\" means a Deputy Prime Minister, Minister, Minister of State and Assistant Minister.\n(10) The Prime Minister and Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Federal Parliament, and the Ministers shall be individually responsible for the work of their respective Ministries to the Prime Minister and the Federal Parliament.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "76. Constitution of Council of Ministers", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 484, "char_count": 2973, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152965" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0179", "text": "77. Vacation of office of Prime Minister and Minister: (1) The office of the Prime Minister shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the President, (b) if a vote of confidence is not passed or a vote of no-confidence is passed against him or her under Article 100, (c) if he or she ceases to be a member of the House of Representatives, (d) if he or she dies.\n(2) The office of a Minister shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the Prime Minister, (b) if the Prime Minister removes him or her from office, (c) if the office of Prime Minister falls vacant under sub-clause (a), (b) or (c) of clause (1), (d) if he or she dies.\n\n(3) If the office of Prime Minister falls vacant under clause (1), the same Council of Ministers shall continue to act until another Council of Ministers is constituted.\nProvided that if the Prime Minister dies, the senior-most Minister shall act as the Prime Minister until a new Prime Minister is appointed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "77. Vacation of office of Prime Minister and Minister", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 195, "char_count": 1068, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152983" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0180", "text": "78. Non-member of Federal Parliament to be Minister: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (9) of Article 76, the President may, on recommendation of the Prime Minister, appoint a person who is not a member of the Federal Parliament as a Minister (2) A Minister appointed under clause (1) must obtain membership of the Federal Parliament within six months from the date of taking oath by him or her.\n(3) In the event of failure to obtain membership of the Federal Parliament within the period mentioned in clause (2), he or she shall not be qualified to be reappointed to the office of Minister during the term of the then House of Representatives.\n(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (1), a person who has been defeated in the election to the then House of Representatives shall not be qualified to be appointed to the office of Minister during the term of such House of Representatives.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "78. Non-member of Federal Parliament to be Minister", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 155, "char_count": 912, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.152996" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0181", "text": "79. Remuneration and other facilities of Prime Minister and Ministers: The remuneration and other facilities of the Prime Minister and Ministers shall be as provided for in the Federal Act, and shall be as specified by the Government of Nepal until such Act is made.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "79. Remuneration and other facilities of Prime Minister and Ministers", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 45, "char_count": 266, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153003" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0182", "text": "80. Oath: The Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister and Ministers shall take an oath of office and secrecy before the President, and Ministers of State and\n\nAssistant Ministers, before the Prime Minister, as provided for in the Federal law, prior to assuming their respective offices.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "80. Oath", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 45, "char_count": 284, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153010" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0183", "text": "81. To inform President: The Prime Minister shall inform the President about the following matters:\n(a) resolutions of the Council of Ministers, (b) Bills to be introduced in the Federal Parliament, (c) such other necessary information as commanded by the President on matters set forth in clauses (a) and (b), and (d) current general state of affairs of the country and matters concerning foreign relations.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "81. To inform President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 65, "char_count": 408, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153018" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0184", "text": "82. Transaction of business of Government of Nepal: (1) The business of the Government of Nepal shall be allocated and transacted in accordance with the rules approved by the Government of Nepal.\n(2) No question may be raised in any court as to whether or not the rules under clause (1) have been observed.\n\nPart-8 Federal Legislature 83. Federal Legislature: There shall be a Federal Legislature consisting of two Houses to be known as the House of Representatives and the National Assembly, which shall be called as the Federal Parliament.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "82. Transaction of business of Government of Nepal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 90, "char_count": 541, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153027" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0185", "text": "84. Composition of House of Representatives: (1) The House of Representatives shall consist of a total of two hundred and seventy five members, as follows:\n(a) One hundred and sixty five members to be elected through the first past the post electoral system, with one being elected from each election constituency of one hundred and sixty five election constituencies delimited in the country on the basis of geography and population, (b) One hundred and ten members to be elected through the proportional electoral system where voters vote for political parties, with the whole country being considered as a single election constituency.\n(2) The Federal law shall provide that, in fielding candidacy by political parties for the election to the House of Representatives under the proportional electoral system, representation shall be ensured on the basis of a closed list also from women, Dalit, indigenous peoples, Khas Arya, Madhesi, Tharu, Muslims and backward regions, on the basis of population. In so fielding candidacy, regard shall also be had to geography and territorial balance.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this clause, \"Khas Arya\" means Kshetri, Brahmin, Thakuri, Sanyasi (Dashnami) community.\n(3) In fielding candidacy under clause (2), political parties shall provide for representation of the persons with disabilities as well.\n\n(4) Election to the House of Representatives under clause (1) shall be held through secret ballots in accordance with law.\n(5) Each citizen of Nepal who has completed the age of eighteen years shall have the right to vote in any one election constituency as provided for in the Federal law.\n(6) A person who is qualified under Article 87 and entitled to vote in an election to the members of the House of Representatives may, subject to the Federal law, be a candidate in any election constituency.\nProvided that a person shall not be a candidate in more than one election constituencies at the same time.\n(7) If the seat of any member of the House of Representatives falls vacant while its term still remains for more than six months, the vacancy shall be filled in the same manner of electoral system as in which such seat was filled in.\n(8) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Part, at least one third of the total number of members elected from each political party representing in the Federal Parliament must be women. If women are not so elected as to constitute one third of the elected members of any political party under sub-clause (a) of clause (1) and sub-clause (a) of clause (2) of Article 86, such political party must, in electing members under sub-clause (b) of clause (1), so elect that women members constitute at least one third of the total number of members elected to the Federal Parliament from that party.\n(9) Election to the House of Representatives and other matters pertaining thereto shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "84. Composition of House of Representatives", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 481, "char_count": 2925, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153051" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0186", "text": "85. Term of House of Representatives: (1) Unless dissolved earlier pursuant to this Constitution, the term of the House of Representatives shall be five years.\n\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (1), the term of the House of Representatives may be extended by a Federal Act for a period not exceeding one year in cases where a proclamation or order of a state of emergency is in effect.\n(3) The term of the House of Representatives extended under clause (2) shall ipso facto expire upon the expiry of six months from the date of voidance of the proclamation or order of the state of emergency.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "85. Term of House of Representatives", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 105, "char_count": 608, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153066" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0187", "text": "86. Composition of National Assembly and term of office of its members: (1) The National Assembly shall be a permanent House.\n(2) The National Assembly shall consist of fifty nine members as follows:\n(a) fifty six elected members consisting of at least three women, one Dalit and one from persons with disabilities or minorities, from each State by an electoral college composed of members of the State Assembly, chairpersons and vice-chairpersons of the Village Bodies, and Mayors and Deputy-Mayors of the Municipalities, with different weightage of vote by members of the State Assembly, chairpersons and vice-chairpersons of the Village Bodies, and Mayors and Deputy-Mayors of the Municipalities, as provided for in the Federal law, (b) Three members consisting of at least one woman nominated by the President on recommendation of the Government of Nepal.\n(3) The term of office of the members of the National Assembly shall be six years. The term of office of one third of the members of the National Assembly shall expire in every two years.\nProvided that, for the first time, after the commencement of this Constitution, arrangements shall be made by drawing lots to retire one-third of\n\nthe members on the expiry of two years, another one-third on the expiry of four years, and the final one-third on the expiry of six years.\n(4) In computing the term of office of the members of the National Assembly for the first time after the commencement of this Constitution, the term of office of all members shall be deemed to have commenced on the day on which the first session of the National Assembly is held.\n(5) Any vacancy of seat in the National Assembly shall be filled for the remainder of the term of office in the same manner of election or nomination as in which the seat of the vacating member was filled.\n(6) Other matters relating to election to the members of the National Assembly shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "86. Composition of National Assembly and term of office of its members", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 331, "char_count": 1943, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153083" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0188", "text": "87. Qualification for member: (1) A person who has the following qualification shall be qualified to become a member of the Federal Parliament:\n(a) being a citizen of Nepal, (b) having completed the age of twenty five years, for the House of Representatives, and the age of thirty five years, for the National Assembly, (c) not having been convicted of a criminal offense involving moral turpitude, (d) not being disqualified by any Federal law, and (e) not holding any office of profit.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this clause, \"office of profit\" means any position, other than a political position which is to be filled by election or nomination, for which a remuneration or economic benefit is paid out of a government fund.\n(2) No person may be a member of both Houses at the same time.\n\n(3) If a person who holds a political office to be filled by way of election, nomination or appointment is elected or nominated as a member of the Federal Parliament under this Part, his or her such office shall ipso facto be vacant from the day on which he or she takes an oath of office of member of the Federal Parliament.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "87. Qualification for member", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 199, "char_count": 1122, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153098" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0189", "text": "88. Oath: Every member of each House of the Federal Parliament must, before taking part for the first time in the session of the House or any of its committees, take an oath as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "88. Oath", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 40, "char_count": 209, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153106" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0190", "text": "89. Vacation of seat: The seat of a member of the Federal Parliament shall become vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing before the Speaker or Chairperson, (b) if he or she is no longer qualified or ceases to possess the qualification under Article 87, (c) if the term of the House of Representatives or the term of office of the member of the National Assembly expires, (d) if he or she absents himself or herself from ten consecutive meetings, without giving notice to the concerned House, (e) if the political party of which he or she was a member when elected provides a notification in accordance with the Federal law that he or she has defected from the party, (f) if he or she dies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "89. Vacation of seat", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 135, "char_count": 744, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153116" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0191", "text": "90. Decision as to disqualification of member: If a question arises as to whether any member of the Federal Parliament is disqualified or has become disqualified under Article 87, the Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court shall finally decide that question.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "90. Decision as to disqualification of member", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 41, "char_count": 262, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153124" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0192", "text": "91. Speaker and Deputy Speaker of House of Representatives: (1) The members of the House of Representatives shall, not later than fifteen days of the date of holding of the first meeting of the House of Representatives, elect a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker from amongst themselves.\n(2) Election under clause (1) shall be so held that there is one woman out of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker, and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives shall be representatives from different parties.\nProvided that if there is no representation of more than one party in the House of Representatives or no candidacy is filed by more than one party in spite of representation, nothing shall prevent the members of the same party from being the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives.\n(3) If the office of the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker falls vacant, the members of the House of Representatives shall fill the vacancy by electing the Speaker or Deputy Speaker from amongst themselves.\n(4) The Deputy Speaker shall, in the absence of the Speaker, chair the House of Representatives.\n(5) If election to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker is not held or if both the positions become vacant, the attending member who is by age the senior-most shall chair the meeting of the House of Representatives.\n(6) The office of the Speaker or Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives shall become vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she ceases to be a member of the House of Representatives, Provided that, in the event of dissolution of the House of Representatives, the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the\n\nHouse of Representatives holding their respective offices shall continue in office until the previous day of the filing of nominations for another election to the House of Representatives, (b) if he or she tenders resignation in writing, (c) if a resolution is passed by a majority of two-thirds of the total number of the then members of the House of Representatives that his or her conduct is not compatible with his or her office.\n(7) The Deputy Speaker shall chair a meeting at which deliberations are to be held on a resolution that the conduct of the Speaker of the House of Representatives is not compatible with his or her office. The Speaker of the House of Representatives may take part and vote in the deliberations on such resolution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "91. Speaker and Deputy Speaker of House of Representatives", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 415, "char_count": 2412, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153144" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0193", "text": "92. Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson of National Assembly: (1) The members of the National Assembly shall, not later than fifteen days of the date of holding of its first meeting, elect the Chairperson and the Vice-Chairperson of the National Assembly from amongst themselves.\n(2) Election under clause (1) shall be so held that there is one woman out of the Chairperson and the Vice-Chairperson of the National Assembly.\n(3) If the office of the Chairperson or Vice-Chairperson of the National Assembly falls vacant, the members of the National Assembly shall fill the vacancy by electing its Chairperson or Vice-Chairperson from amongst themselves.\n(4) The Vice-Chairperson of the National Assembly shall, in the absence of its Chairperson, chair the National Assembly.\n(5) If the election to the Chairperson and the Vice-Chairperson of the National Assembly is not held or if both the positions becomes vacant, the\n\nmember who is by age the senior-most out of the attending members shall chair the meeting of the National Assembly.\n(6) The office of the Chairperson or Vice-Chairperson of the National Assembly shall become vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she ceases to be a member of the National Assembly, (b) if he or she tenders resignation in writing, (c) if a resolution is passed by a majority of two-thirds of the total number of the then members of the National Assembly that his or her conduct is not compatible with his or her office.\n(7) The Vice-Chairperson of the National Assembly shall chair a meeting at which deliberations are to be held on a resolution that the conduct of the Chairperson of the National Assembly is not compatible with his or her office. The Chairperson of the National Assembly may take part and vote in the deliberations on such resolution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "92. Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson of National Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 300, "char_count": 1809, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153163" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0194", "text": "93. Summoning and prorogation of session: (1) The President shall summon a session of the Federal Parliament within thirty days of the declaration of final results of the election to the House of Representatives. Thereafter, the President shall, from time to time, summon sessions of both or either of the Houses pursuant to this Constitution.\nProvided that the interval between the two consecutive sessions shall not exceed six months.\n(2) The President may prorogue the sessions of both or either of the Houses of the Federal Parliament.\n(3) If, during the prorogation or recess of the session of the House of Representatives, one-fourth of the total number of its members write a petition that it is desirable to convene a session or meeting, the President shall specify\n\nthe date and time for such session or meeting. The House of Representatives shall meet or commence its session at the date and time so specified.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "93. Summoning and prorogation of session", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 153, "char_count": 920, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153176" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0195", "text": "94. Quorum: Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, no question or resolution shall be presented for decision in a meeting of either House of the Federal Parliament unless one-fourth of the total number of its members are present.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "94. Quorum", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 241, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153183" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0196", "text": "95. Address by President: (1) The President may address either a meeting of any House or a joint sitting of both Houses of the Federal Parliament, and summon the members for that purpose.\n(2) The President shall address the first session after election to the House of Representatives and a joint sitting of both Houses of the Federal Parliament after the commencement of the first session of each year.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "95. Address by President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 69, "char_count": 403, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153191" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0197", "text": "96. Deputy Prime Minister, Minister, Minister of State and Assistant Minister entitled to take part in both Houses: The Deputy Prime Minister, Minister, Minister of State and Assistant Minister shall be entitled to attend and take part in the proceedings and deliberations of either House of the Federal Parliament or its committees.\nProvided that he or she shall not be entitled to vote in a House or its committee of which he or she is not a member.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "96. Deputy Prime Minister, Minister, Minister of State and Assistant Minister entitled to take part in both Houses", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 78, "char_count": 451, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153201" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0198", "text": "97. Formation of committees: (1) The House of Representatives and the National Assembly may form committees as provided for in the Federal law.\n(2) If a resolution is passed by either House demanding that a joint committee of both the Houses be formed for the purpose of managing the working procedures between the two Houses of the Federal Parliament, resolving disagreement on any Bill or for any other specified function, the joint committee shall be formed. The joint committee shall consist of a maximum of\n\ntwenty five members in the ratio of five members from the House of Representatives to one member from the National Assembly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "97. Formation of committees", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 106, "char_count": 637, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153211" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0199", "text": "98. Transaction of business in case of vacancy in seat of member: Either House of the Federal Parliament shall have the power to transact its business notwithstanding any vacancy in the seat of its member. No proceedings of either House of the Federal Parliament shall become invalid even if it is subsequently discovered that a person who was not so entitled took part in such proceedings.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "98. Transaction of business in case of vacancy in seat of member", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 66, "char_count": 390, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153219" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0200", "text": "99. Voting: Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, any motions submitted for decision in either House of the Federal Parliament shall be decided by a majority vote of the members present and voting. The member chairing the meeting shall not have the right to vote.\nProvided that he or she may cast vote in the case of a tie.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "99. Voting", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 60, "char_count": 336, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153226" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0201", "text": "100. Provisions relating to vote of confidence and motion of no-confidence: (1) The Prime Minister may, whenever he or she considers necessary or appropriate to show that he or she has confidence from the House of Representatives, table a motion to that effect in the House of Representatives for the vote of confidence.\n(2) If the political party which the Prime Minister represents is divided or a political party in coalition government withdraws its support, the Prime Minister shall table a motion in the House of Representatives for a vote of confidence within thirty days.\n(3) If a motion tabled under clauses (1) and (2) is not passed by a majority of the total number of the then members of the House of Representatives, the Prime Minister shall relieve of his or her office.\n\n(4) One-fourth of the total number of the then members of the House of Representatives may table a motion of no-confidence in writing that the House has no confidence in the Prime Minister.\nProvided that a motion of no confidence shall not be tabled until the first two years after the appointment of the Prime Minister and until another one year after the date of failure of the motion of no confidence once tabled.\n(5) A motion of no confidence to be tabled under clause (4) shall also indicate the name of a member proposed for the Prime Minister.\n(6) If a motion of no confidence tabled under clause (4) is passed by a majority of the total number of the then members of the House of Representatives, the Prime Minister shall relieve of his or her office.\n(7) If the office of Prime Minister falls vacant because of the passage of a motion of no confidence under clause (6), the President shall, in accordance with Article 76, appoint as the Prime Minister the member of the House of Representatives proposed under clause (5).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "100. Provisions relating to vote of confidence and motion of no-confidence", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 318, "char_count": 1816, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153242" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0202", "text": "101. Impeachment: (1) One fourth of the total number of the then members of the House of Representatives may move a motion of impeachment against the President or Vice-President on the ground of serious violation of this Constitution and the Federal law. If the motion is passed by at least two thirds majority of the total number of the then members of both Houses of the Federal Parliament, he or she shall relive of his or her office.\n(2) One fourth of the total number of the then members of the House of Representatives may move a motion of impeachment against the Chief Justice of Nepal or a Judge of the Supreme Court, member of the Judicial Council, chief or official of a Constitutional Body on the ground of his or her failure to fulfil his or her duties of office because of serious violation of this Constitution and law, incompetence or misconduct or failure to discharge the\n\nduties of office honestly or serious violation of the code of conduct. If the motion is passed by at least two thirds majority of the total number of the then members of the House of Representatives, the concerned person shall relieve of his or her office.\n(3) There shall be an impeachment recommendation committee in the House of Representatives for the purpose of making recommendation after inquiring into whether there exist the ground and reason for moving a motion of impeachment against any person under clause (2).\n(4) The committee under clause (3) shall consist of eleven members of the House of Representatives.\n(5) If at least three members of the House of Representatives certify and submit a petition that the received information, notice or petition is admissible on the ground of serious violation of the Constitution or incompetence or misconduct or failure to discharge the duties of office honestly or serious violation of the code of conduct by the person relieving of office on impeachment under clause (2), and the committee under clause (3), upon inquiring into such petition in accordance with Federal law, makes recommendation to the House of Representatives for impeachment proceedings, a motion of impeachment under clause (2) may be moved.\n(6) After the commencement of impeachment proceedings under clause (2), the Chief Justice of Nepal or Judge of the Supreme Court, member of the Judicial Council, chief or official of the Constitutional Body shall not be allowed to discharge the duties of his or her office pending the settlement of such proceedings.\n(7) A person who is charged with impeachment under clause (1) or (2) shall be provided with a reasonable opportunity to defend himself or herself.\n\n(8) Nothing shall bar the taking of action under the Federal law in relation to the offence, if any, committed while in office by the President or Vice-President, Chief Justice of Nepal or a Judge of the Supreme Court of Nepal, member of the Judicial Council, chief or official of a Constitutional Body who is relieved of office upon the passage of a motion of impeachment under this Article.\n(9) A person who is relieved of office on the passage of a motion of impeachment under clause (1) or (2) shall not be entitled to obtain any facility accruing from such office and to be appointed or nominated to any public office in the future.\n(10) Other matters relating to impeachment shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "101. Impeachment", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 570, "char_count": 3349, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153269" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0203", "text": "102. Penalty for unauthorized presence or voting: If a person who has not taken oath under Article 88 or who is not a member of the Federal Parliament is present or votes in the capacity of member in a meeting of either House of the Federal Parliament or of its committee, the person shall, by order of the person chairing the meeting, be fined with a sum of five thousand rupees for each instance of such presence or voting, and such fine shall be recovered as a government due.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "102. Penalty for unauthorized presence or voting", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 89, "char_count": 479, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153284" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0204", "text": "103. Privileges: (1) There shall be full freedom of speech in both Houses of the Federal Parliament; and no member shall be arrested, detained or prosecuted in any court for anything expressed or any vote cast by him or her in the House.\n(2) Each House of the Federal Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have full power to regulate and decide its internal business, and the concerned House shall have the exclusive right to decide whether or not any of its proceedings is regular or irregular. No question shall be raised in any court in this behalf.\n\n(3) No comment shall be made about the good faith concerning any proceeding of any House of the Federal Parliament, and no publication and broadcasting of any kind shall be made about anything said by any member, intentionally distorting or misinterpreting the meaning of the speech.\n(4) The provisions of clauses (1) and (3) shall also apply to other persons who are entitled to participate in the meetings of the House than the members of the Federal Parliament.\n(5) No proceedings shall be initiated in any court against any person in respect of the publication, under the authority granted by any House of the Federal Parliament, of any document, report, vote or proceeding.\nExplanation: For the purposes of clauses (1), (2), (3) and (4), \"House\" means the House of Representatives or the National Assembly, and includes a joint sitting or committee or joint committee of the Federal Parliament.\n(6) No member of the Federal Parliament shall be arrested during the period from the issuance of a notice summoning the session to its prorogation.\nProvided that nothing in this clause shall be deemed to bar the arresting under the Federal law of any member on a criminal charge. If any member is so arrested, the authority making such arrest shall forthwith give information thereof to the person presiding over the concerned House.\n(7) Any breach of the privileges shall be deemed to constitute contempt of the Federal Parliament, and the concerned House shall have the exclusive right to decide whether any privilege has been breached.\n(8) If any person is in contempt of any House, the person presiding over the concerned House may, after a decision by the House to that effect, admonish, warn or impose a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months or of a fine not exceeding ten thousand rupees on such person, and such fine shall be recovered as a government due.\n\nProvided that if such person apologies to the satisfaction of the concerned House, it may pardon, remit or commute the sentence imposed on, him or her.\n(9) Other matters relating to the privileges of the Federal Parliament shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "103. Privileges", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 462, "char_count": 2722, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153305" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0205", "text": "104. Procedures relating to conduct of business: (1) Each House of the Federal Parliament shall frame rules to conduct its business, maintain order during its meetings and regulate the constitution, functions and procedures of the committees and procedures of the House or its committee. Until such rules are framed, the Federal Parliament shall regulate its procedures on its own.\n(2) The conduct of business of the joint sitting of the Federal Parliament, and constitution and proceedings of the joint committee of the Federal Parliament shall be regulated by the rules or procedures approved by the joint sitting of both Houses of the Federal Parliament.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "104. Procedures relating to conduct of business", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 104, "char_count": 657, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153319" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0206", "text": "105. Restriction on discussion: No discussion shall be held in either House of the Federal Parliament on any matters that may cause adverse effect on the dispensation of justice on any cases which are sub judice in any courts of Nepal and on any judicial acts done by Judges in the course of performance of their duties.\nProvided that nothing in this Article shall be deemed to bar the expression of opinions about the conduct of a Judge during deliberations held on a motion of impeachment.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "105. Restriction on discussion", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 86, "char_count": 491, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153328" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0207", "text": "106. Secretary General and Secretary of Federal Parliament: (1) The President shall appoint the Secretary General of the House of Representatives on recommendation of both the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Chairperson of the National Assembly, the Secretary of the House of\n\nRepresentatives on recommendation of the Speaker, and the Secretary of the National Assembly on recommendation of the Chairperson.\n(2) The qualification, functions, duties, powers and other conditions of service of the Secretary General of the Federal Parliament, Secretary of the House of Representatives and Secretary of the National Assembly shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "106. Secretary General and Secretary of Federal Parliament", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 103, "char_count": 682, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153339" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0208", "text": "107. Secretariat of Federal Parliament: There shall be a Secretariat for conducting and managing the business of the Federal Parliament. The establishment of such Secretariat and other matters related thereto shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "107. Secretariat of Federal Parliament", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 253, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153345" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0209", "text": "108. Remuneration: The remuneration and facilities of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Chairperson and the ViceChairperson of the National Assembly, chairpersons of the committees and members of the Federal Parliament shall be as provided for in the Federal law, and as specified by the Government of Nepal until such law is made.\n\nPart-9 Federal Legislative Procedures 109. Legislative powers of Federal Parliament: The legislative powers of the Federal Parliament shall be as enumerated in the lists of Schedule-5, Schedule7 and Schedule-9.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "108. Remuneration", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 88, "char_count": 581, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153354" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0210", "text": "110. Procedures for introduction of Bills: (1) A Bill may, subject to this Constitution, be introduced in any House of the Federal Parliament.\nProvided that a Money Bill shall be introduced only in the House of Representatives.\n(2) A Money Bill and a Bill concerning a security body including the Nepal Army, Nepal Police and Armed Police Force, Nepal shall be introduced only as a Government Bill.\n(3) \"Money Bill\" means a Bill concerning any or all of the following subjects:\n(a) the imposition, collection, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of taxes, (b) the preservation of the Federal Consolidated Fund or any other Federal Government Fund, the deposit of moneys into and the appropriation or the withdrawal of moneys from such Funds, or the reduction, increment or cancellation of appropriations or of proposed expenditures from such Funds, (c) the regulation of matters relating to the borrowing of money or the giving of guarantee by the Government of Nepal, or any matter pertaining to the amendment of the\n\nlaw with respect to any financial obligations undertaken or to be undertaken by the Government of Nepal, (d) the custody and investment of all revenues received by any Federal Government Fund, moneys acquired through the repayment of loans, and grant moneys, or accounts or audits of the accounts of the Government of Nepal, or (e) Other matters directly related to any of the subjects specified in clause (a), (b), (c) or (d).\nProvided that any Bill shall not be deemed to be a Money Bill by the reason only that it provides for the levying of any charges and fees such as license fee, application fee, renewal fee or for the imposition of fines or penalty of imprisonment.\n(4) If any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker thereon shall be final.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "110. Procedures for introduction of Bills", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 308, "char_count": 1822, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153370" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0211", "text": "111. Procedures for passage of Bills: (1) A Bill passed by one House of the Federal Parliament shall be transmitted to the other House as soon as possible and such Bill, if passed by the receiving House, shall be presented to the President for assent.\n(2) A Money Bill passed by the House of Representatives shall be transmitted to the National Assembly. The National Assembly shall, after deliberations on such Bill, send back the Bill to the House of Representatives within fifteen days from the date of receipt of the Bill, with suggestions, if any.\n(3) The House of Representatives shall, upon deliberations on a Bill returned with suggestions under clause (2), present the Bill incorporating such suggestions as it may deem appropriate to the President for assent.\n\n(4) If the National Assembly does not return a Money Bill received under clause (2) for more than fifteen days, the House of Representatives may present the Bill to the President for assent.\n(5) Any Bill, except for a Money Bill, passed by the House of Representatives and transmitted to the National Assembly shall be returned with approval or suggestions within two months from the date of receipt. If the National Assembly does not return the Bill within that period, the House of Representatives may, by a resolution passed by a majority of the total number of its existing members, present the Bill to the President for assent.\n(6) If any Bill, other than a Money Bill, passed by one House is rejected or is passed with amendments by the other House, the Bill shall be returned to the House where it originated.\n(7) If the House of Representatives, in considering a Bill which has been rejected or amended by the National Assembly under clause (6), passes it again as it was or with amendments, by a majority of the total number of its existing members, the Bill shall be presented to the President for assent.\n(8) If a Bill which has been returned with amendments by the House of Representatives to the National Assembly under clause (6) is also again passed, with such amendments, by a majority of the number of existing members of the National Assembly, the Bill shall be presented to the President for assent.\n(9) The following Bills shall be referred to a joint sitting of the both Houses, and if the joint sitting passes the Bill as it was or with amendments, the House in which the Bill originated shall present it to the President for assent:\n(a) Bills which, though passed by the National Assembly, have been rejected by the House of Representatives, or\n\n(b) Bills which have been returned to the National Assembly with amendments by the House of Representatives, but the National Assembly has not agreed on such amendments.\n(10) Even though the session of a House is prorogued while a Bill is under its consideration, deliberations on the Bill may continue at the succeeding session.\nProvided that if the House of Representatives is dissolved or its term expires when any Bill introduced in the House of Representatives is under its consideration or when any Bill passed by the House of Representatives is under consideration in the National Assembly, such Bill shall lapse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "111. Procedures for passage of Bills", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 539, "char_count": 3160, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153395" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0212", "text": "112. Withdrawal of Bills: One who has introduced a Bill may, with the approval of the House, withdraw the Bill.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "112. Withdrawal of Bills", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 20, "char_count": 111, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153405" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0213", "text": "113. Assent on Bills: (1) A Bill which is to be submitted to the President for assent under Article 111 shall be so submitted by the Speaker or the Chairperson of the House in which the Bill originated after it has been certified by him or her.\nProvided that in the case of a Money Bill, the Speaker shall so certify.\n(2) A Bill submitted to the President for his or her assent in accordance with this Article shall be assented to within fifteen days, both Houses shall be informed thereof as soon as possible.\n(3) If the President is of the opinion that any Bill, except a Money Bill, submitted for assent needs reconsideration, he or she may, within fifty days from the date of presentation of such Bill, return the Bill with his or her message to the House in which the Bill originated.\n(4) If any Bill is returned with a message by the President, and both Houses reconsider, passes such Bill as it was or with amendments and submit it again, the President shall give assent to that Bill within fifteen days of such submission.\n\n(5) A Bill shall become an Act after the President gives assent to it.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "113. Assent on Bills", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 203, "char_count": 1102, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153419" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0214", "text": "114. Provisions relating to Ordinance: (1) If, at any time, except when both Houses of the Federal Parliament are in session, circumstances exist which render it necessary to take immediate action, the President may, on recommendation of the Council of Ministers, promulgate an Ordinance.\n(2) An Ordinance promulgated under clause (1) shall have the same force and effect as an Act.\nProvided that every such Ordinance:\n(a) shall be tabled at the session of both Houses of the Federal Parliament held after the promulgation, and if not passed by both Houses, it shall ipso facto cease to be effective, (b) may be repealed at any time by the President, and (c) shall, unless rendered ineffective or repealed under subclause (a) or (b), ipso facto cease to be effective at the expiration of sixty days after the day on which a meeting of both Houses is held.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this clause, \"day on which a meeting of both Houses is held\" means the day on which a session or meeting of both Houses of the Federal Parliament commences or is held, and this term means the later day on which a meeting of the House is held if the Houses of the Federal Parliament meet on different dates.\n\nPart-10 Federal Financial Procedures 115. No tax to be levied or loan to be raised: (1) No tax shall be levied and collected except in accordance with law.\n(2) No loan shall be raised and guarantee given by the Government of Nepal except as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "114. Provisions relating to Ordinance", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 260, "char_count": 1470, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153436" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0215", "text": "116. Federal Consolidated Fund: Except for the revenues of trusts (Guthi), all revenues received by the Government of Nepal, all loans raised on the security of revenues, all amounts received in repayment of any loans made under the authority of any Act and any other moneys received by the Government of Nepal shall, except as otherwise provided by a Federal Act, be credited to a Government Fund to be known as the Federal Consolidated Fund.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "116. Federal Consolidated Fund", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 75, "char_count": 443, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153446" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0216", "text": "117. Expenditures from Consolidated Fund or Government Fund: No expenditure shall be incurred out of the Federal Consolidated Fund or any other Federal Government Fund except the following:\n(a) moneys charged on the Federal Consolidated Fund, (b) moneys required to meet the expenditure under a Federal Appropriation Act, (c) advance moneys authorized by a Federal Act required to meet expenditures, when an Appropriation Bill is under consideration, or (d) expenditures to be incurred in extraordinary circumstances under a Federal Vote of Credit Act which contains only a description of expenditures.\nProvided that matters relating to the Federal Contingency Fund shall be governed by Article 124.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "117. Expenditures from Consolidated Fund or Government Fund", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 105, "char_count": 700, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153455" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0217", "text": "118. Expenditures chargeable on Federal Consolidated Fund: The expenditures relating to the following matters shall be charged on the Federal Consolidated Fund, and approval of the Federal Parliament shall not be required for such expenditures:\n(a) the amount required as remuneration and facilities of the President and the Vice-president, (b) the amount required as remuneration and facilities payable to the Chief Justice of Nepal, Judges of the Supreme Court, and members of the Judicial Council, (c) the amount required as remuneration and facilities payable to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the Chairperson and the Vice Chairperson of the National Assembly, (d) the amount required as remuneration and facilities payable to the chiefs and officials of the Constitutional Bodies, (e) the amount required as remuneration and facilities of the Chiefs of States, (f) the administrative expenses of the Office of the President or the Vice President, the Supreme Court, the Judicial Council, the Constitutional Bodies, and the offices of Chiefs of States, (g) all charges relating to debts for which the Government of Nepal is liable, (h) any sum required to satisfy any judgment or decree made by a court against the Government of Nepal, and (i) any other sum to be chargeable by the Federal law on the Federal Consolidated Fund.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "118. Expenditures chargeable on Federal Consolidated Fund", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 218, "char_count": 1373, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153470" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0218", "text": "119. Estimates of revenues and expenditures: (1) The Minister for Finance of the Government of Nepal shall, in respect of every financial year, lay before the joint sitting of both Houses of the Federal Parliament an annual estimate setting out, inter alia, the following matters:\n(a) an estimate of revenues, (b) the moneys required to meet the charges on the Federal Consolidated Fund, and (c) the moneys required to meet the expenditure to be provided for by a Federal Appropriation Act.\n(2) The annual estimate to be laid pursuant to clause (1) shall also be accompanied by a statement of the expenses allocated to every Ministry in the previous financial year and particulars of whether the objectives of the expenses have been achieved.\n(3) The Minister for Finance of the Government of Nepal shall lay before the Federal Parliament an estimate of revenues and expenditures under clause (1) on the 15th day of Jesta (mid May) each year.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "119. Estimates of revenues and expenditures", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 158, "char_count": 942, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153483" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0219", "text": "120. Appropriation Act: The moneys to be spent under an Appropriation Act shall be specified under concerned heads in an Appropriation Bill.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "120. Appropriation Act", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 22, "char_count": 140, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153489" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0220", "text": "121. Supplementary estimates: (1) The Minister for Finance of the Government of Nepal may lay before the House of Representatives a supplementary estimate if it is found in any financial year,(a) that the sum authorized to be spent for a particular service by the Appropriation Act for the current financial year is insufficient, or that a need has arisen for expenditures on some new service not provided for by the Appropriation Act for that year, or\n\n(b) that the expenditures made during that financial year are in excess of the amount authorized by the Appropriation Act.\n(2) The sums included in the supplementary estimate shall be specified under the related heads in a Supplementary Appropriation Bill.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "121. Supplementary estimates", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 116, "char_count": 710, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153499" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0221", "text": "122. Votes on account: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Part, a portion of the expenditure estimated for the financial year may, when an Appropriation Bill is under consideration, be incurred in advance, as provided for in the Federal Act.\n(2) A Vote on Account Bill shall not be introduced until the estimates of revenues and expenditures have been laid in accordance with Article 119, and the sums involved in the Vote on Account shall not exceed one-third of the estimate of expenditures for the financial year.\n(3) The expenditures incurred in accordance with the Federal Vote on Account Act shall be included in the Appropriation Bill.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "122. Votes on account", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 108, "char_count": 664, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153509" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0222", "text": "123. Votes of credit: Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Part, if owing to an emergency due to either natural causes or a threat of external aggression or internal disturbances or other reasons, it appears to be impractical or inexpedient in view of the security or interest of the country to specify the details required under Article 119, the Minister for Finance of the Government of Nepal may lay before the House of Representatives a Vote of Credit Bill giving only a statement of expenditures.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "123. Votes of credit", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 85, "char_count": 517, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153520" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0223", "text": "124. Federal contingency fund: (1) A Federal Act may create a fund to be known as the contingency fund into which such moneys as may be determined by the Federal Act shall be paid from time to time.\n(2) The Government of Nepal shall control the fund under clause (1), and may meet any unforeseen expenditure out of such fund.\n\n(3) The amount of the expenditure under clause (2) shall be reimbursed as soon as possible as provided for in the Federal Act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "124. Federal contingency fund", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 83, "char_count": 453, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153529" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0224", "text": "125. Act relating to financial procedures: Matters relating to the transfer of moneys appropriated by the Federal Act from one head to another and other financial procedures shall be as provided for in the Federal Act.\n\nPart-11 Judiciary 126. Courts to exercise powers relating to justice: (1) Powers relating to justice in Nepal shall be exercised by courts and other judicial bodies in accordance with this Constitution, other laws and the recognized principles of justice.\n(2) All shall abide by the orders or decisions made in the course of trial of lawsuits by the courts.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "125. Act relating to financial procedures", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 95, "char_count": 577, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153538" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0225", "text": "127. Courts: (1) There shall be the following courts in Nepal:\n(a) Supreme Court, (b) High Court, and (c) District Court.\n(2) In addition to the courts under clause (1), judicial bodies may be formed at the Local level to try cases under law or other bodies as required may be formed to pursue alternative dispute settlement methods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "127. Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 58, "char_count": 333, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153546" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0226", "text": "128. Supreme Court: (1) There shall be a Supreme Court in Nepal.\n(2) The Supreme Court shall be a court of record. All courts and judicial bodies shall, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, be under the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court shall have the final authority to interpret this Constitution and laws.\n(3) The Supreme Court may inspect, supervise and give necessary directives to, it and courts, specialized courts or other judicial bodies under its jurisdiction, in relation to matters relating to judicial administration or management.\n(4) All must abide by any interpretation of the Constitution or a law made by or any legal principle laid down by the Supreme Court in the course of trying a lawsuit. If anyone makes obstruction in the dispensation of justice\n\nby, or disregard any order or judgment handed down by, it or any of its subordinate courts, the Supreme Court may, in accordance with law, initiate proceedings and impose punishment for contempt.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "128. Supreme Court", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 161, "char_count": 980, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153557" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0227", "text": "129. Appointment and qualification of Chief Justice of Nepal and Judges of Supreme Court: (1) The Supreme Court shall consist of a maximum of twenty Judges, in addition to the Chief Justice of Nepal.\n(2) The President shall appoint the Chief Justice, on recommendation of the Constitutional Council, and other Judges of the Supreme Court, on recommendation of the Judicial Council.\n(3) Any person who has served as a Judge of the Supreme Court for at least three years shall be qualified for appointment as the Chief Justice.\n(4) The term of office of the Chief Justice shall be six years.\n(5) Any citizen of Nepal who has obtained a bachelor's degree in law and served as the Chief Judge or a Judge of a High Court for at least five years or who has obtained a bachelor's degree in law and constantly practiced law as a senior advocate or advocate for at least fifteen years or who is a distinguished jurist having constantly worked for at least fifteen years in the judicial or legal field or who has served in the post of Gazetted first class or a higher post of the Judicial Service for at least twelve years shall be deemed qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court.\nExplanation: The period during which one has served as the Chief Judge or Judge of an Appellate Court prior to the commencement of this Constitution shall, for the purposes of this clause, be deemed to be the period of service in the capacity of the Chief Judge or Judge of the High Court.\n(6) If the office of the Chief Justice falls vacant or the Chief Justice is unable to carry out the duties of his or her office by reason of illness or otherwise or he or she cannot be present in the Supreme Court by reason of a\n\nleave of absence or his or her being outside of Nepal, the senior-most Judge of the Supreme Court shall act as the Acting Chief Justice.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "129. Appointment and qualification of Chief Justice of Nepal and Judges of Supreme Court", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 338, "char_count": 1844, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153576" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0228", "text": "130. Conditions of service and facilities of Chief Justice and Judges: (1) If the Chief Justice or a Judge of the Supreme Court who has served for at least five years resigns or undergoes compulsory retirement or dies, he or she shall be entitled to such pension as may be provided for in the Federal law.\n(2) Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, the remuneration and other conditions of service of the Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court shall be provided for in the Federal law.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in clauses (1) and (2), the Chief Justice or a Judge of the Supreme Court who has been removed from office by way of impeachment or who has been punished by a court for a criminal offence involving moral turpitude shall not be entitled to gratuity or pension.\n(4) The remuneration and other conditions of service of the Chief Justice or a Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be altered to his or her disadvantage.\nProvided that this provision shall not apply in cases where a state of emergency is declared because of extreme economic disarrays.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "130. Conditions of service and facilities of Chief Justice and Judges", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 190, "char_count": 1090, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153591" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0229", "text": "131. Vacation of office of Chief Justice or Judge of Supreme Court: The office of the Chief Justice or a Judge of the Supreme Court shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing before the President, (b) if he or she attains the age of sixty-five years, (c) if a motion of impeachment is passed against him or her under Article 101,\n\n(d) if the President removes from office the Chief Justice, on recommendation of the Constitutional Council, and the Judge of the Supreme Court, on recommendation of the Judicial Council, on the ground that he or she is unable to discharge his or her duties because of physical or mental illness, (e) if he or she is punished by a court for a criminal offence involving moral turpitude, (f) if he or she dies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "131. Vacation of office of Chief Justice or Judge of Supreme Court", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 145, "char_count": 800, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153602" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0230", "text": "132. Chief Justice and Judges of Supreme Court not to be engaged in any other office: (1) No Chief Justice or Judge of the Supreme Court shall be engaged in or deputed to any office other than that of Judge.\nProvided that the Government of Nepal may, in consultation with the Judicial Council, depute a Judge of the Supreme Court to work concerning judicial inquiry, or to legal or judicial investigation or research for a specified period.\n(2) No person who has once held the office of Chief Justice or a Judge of the Supreme Court shall be eligible for appointment to any government office, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "132. Chief Justice and Judges of Supreme Court not to be engaged in any other office", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 112, "char_count": 643, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153612" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0231", "text": "133. Jurisdiction of Supreme Court: (1) Any citizen of Nepal may file a petition in the Supreme Court to have any law or any part thereof declared void on the ground of inconsistency with this Constitution because it imposes an unreasonable restriction on the enjoyment of any fundamental right conferred by this Constitution or on any other ground, or to have any law or any part thereof made by a State Assembly declared void because it is inconsistent with any law made by the Federal Parliament or to have any law or any part thereof made by a Municipal Assembly or Village Assembly declared void because it is inconsistent with a law made by the Federal Parliament or the State\n\nAssembly, and the Supreme Court shall have an extra-ordinary power to declare that law to be void either ab initio or from the date of its decision if the law appears to be so inconsistent.\n(2) The Supreme Court shall, for the enforcement of the fundamental rights conferred by this Constitution or of any other legal right for which no other remedy has been provided or for which the remedy even though provided appears to be inadequate or ineffective or for the settlement of any constitutional or legal question involved in any dispute of public interest or concern, have the extraordinary power to issue necessary and appropriate orders, provide appropriate remedies, enforce such right or settle such dispute.\n(3) Under the extra-ordinary jurisdiction under clause (2), the Supreme Court may issue appropriate orders and writs including the writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition and quo warranto.\nProvided that except on the ground of lack of jurisdiction, the Supreme Court shall not under this clause interfere with any internal proceedings of the Federal Parliament or State Assembly, and with any proceedings instituted by the Federal Parliament or State Assembly concerning violation of its privileges and penalties imposed therefor.\n(4) Subject to this Constitution, the Supreme Court shall, as provided in a Federal law, have the power to originally try and settle cases, hear appeals, test judgments referred for confirmation, revise cases, hear petitions or review its judgments or final orders. Judges other than those having handed down the previous judgment shall make such review.\n(5) The Supreme Court shall settle appeals from cases originally tried and settled by a High Court and matters of public importance involving questions of interpretation of the Constitution and law or cases recommended\n\nby a High Court, accompanied by its opinion, that it is reasonable that decision be made by the Supreme Court.\n(6) Other powers and procedures of the Supreme Court shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "133. Jurisdiction of Supreme Court", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 446, "char_count": 2731, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153634" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0232", "text": "134. Power to transfer of cases: (1) If cases which involve substantially the same questions are sub judice before the Supreme Court and a High Court, and the Supreme Court is satisfied on its own or on application by the Attorney General or parties to such cases that such questions are of public importance, the Supreme Court shall have the power to procure and adjudge the cases together.\n(2) If there exists a special situation where judicial impartiality can be questioned if a case filed in a High Court is tried by that Court, the Supreme Court may, for reasons and grounds to be recorded, order such case to be transferred from such High Court to another High Court and tried by the latter High Court, in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "134. Power to transfer of cases", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 130, "char_count": 733, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153648" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0233", "text": "135. Not to be engaged in practice of law: No Chief Justice or Judge of the Supreme Court may, after retirement from service, be engaged in the practice of law, mediation or arbitration proceedings before any office or court.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "135. Not to be engaged in practice of law", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 225, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153655" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0234", "text": "136. Responsibility of Chief Justice: The Chief Justice shall have the ultimate responsibility to make effective the administration of justice by the Supreme Court, subordinate courts, specialized courts or other judicial bodies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "136. Responsibility of Chief Justice", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 32, "char_count": 229, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153661" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0235", "text": "137. Formation of Constitutional Bench: (1) There shall be a Constitutional Bench in the Supreme Court. The Constitutional Bench shall consist of the Chief Justice and other four Judges designated by the Chief Justice on recommendation of the Judicial Council.\n\n(2) The Bench under clause (1) shall originally try and settle the following cases, in addition to the petitions filed in accordance with clause (1) of Article 133:\n(a) Disputes relating to jurisdiction between the Federation and a State, between States, between a State and a Local level and between Local levels, (b) Disputes relating to election to members of the Federal Parliament or State Assembly and matters relating to disqualification of a member of the Federal Parliament or of the State Assembly.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in Article 133, if it appears that any case sub judice in the Supreme Court involves a question of serious constitutional interpretation, the Chief Justice may appoint such case to be tried by the Bench under clause (1).\n(4) Other provisions relating to the functioning of the Constitutional Bench shall be as determined by the Supreme Court.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "137. Formation of Constitutional Bench", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 184, "char_count": 1152, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153673" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0236", "text": "138. Annual report: (1) The Supreme Court, Judicial Council and Judicial Service Commission shall, every year, submit annual reports to the President, and the President shall submit such reports to the Federal Parliament through the Prime Minister.\n(2) If the Federal Parliament, upon deliberating on the annual reports submitted under clause (1), deems it necessary to give any suggestion, it may give such suggestion to the concerned body through the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Law and Justice.\n(3) Other provisions relating to annual reports under clause (1) shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "138. Annual report", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 97, "char_count": 612, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153683" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0237", "text": "139. High Courts: (1) There shall be a High Court in each State.\n\n(2) If anyone makes obstruction in the dispensation of justice by, or disregard any order or judgment handed down by, it or any of its subordinate courts or judicial bodies, the High Court may initiate proceedings on and impose punishment for contempt, as provided for in the Federal law.\n(3) Each High Court shall consist of such number of Judges, in addition to the Chief Judge, as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "139. High Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 86, "char_count": 482, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153693" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0238", "text": "140. Appointment and qualification of Chief Judge and Judges of High Court: (1) The Chief Justice shall, on recommendation of the Judicial Council, appoint the Chief Judge and Judges of the High Court.\n(2) Any citizen of Nepal who has obtained a bachelor's degree in law and served as a Judge of a District Court for at least five years or who has obtained a bachelor's degree in law and constantly practiced law as a senior advocate or advocate for at least ten years or who has constantly been engaged in the teaching or research of law or in any other field relation to law or justice for at least ten years or who has served in the post of at least Gazetted first class of the Judicial Service for at least five years shall be deemed qualified for appointment as the Chief Judge or a Judge of the High Court.\n(3) Appointments to the Chief Judge and Judges of a High Court shall be made from amongst the persons who have possessed the qualification under clause (2) on the basis of the proportion of cases settled by him or her annually and of evaluation of cases upheld, quashed or reversed by superior courts in the course of final decision thereof, in the case of a District Judge, and of his or her seniority, qualification and evaluation of standard of performance of business, in the case of a person who has served in the post of at least Gazetted first class of the Judicial Service, and of evaluation of seniority, professional continuity, honesty, professional conduct and contribution made to the field of law and justice, in the case of others.\n\n(4) If the office of the Chief Judge falls vacant or the Chief Judge is otherwise unable to carry out the duties of his or her office or cannot be present in the High Court by reason of a leave of absence or his or her being outside of the State, the senior-most Judge of the High Court shall act as the Acting Chief Judge.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "140. Appointment and qualification of Chief Judge and Judges of High Court", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 345, "char_count": 1884, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153710" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0239", "text": "141. Conditions of service and facilities of Chief Judge and Judges: (1) Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, the remuneration and other conditions of service of the Chief Judge and Judges of the High Court shall be provided for in the Federal law.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (1), the Chief Judge or a Judge of a High Court who has been removed from office upon action by the Judicial Council or upon punishment by a court for a criminal offence involving moral turpitude shall not be entitled to gratuity or pension.\nProvided that this provision shall not apply in cases where the Judicial Council has removed him or her from office on the ground of inability to perform the duties of his or her office because of physical or mental illness.\n(3) The remuneration and other conditions of service of the Chief Judge or a Judge of the High Court shall not be altered to his or her disadvantage.\nProvided that this provision shall not apply in cases where a state of emergency is declared because of extreme economic disarrays.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "141. Conditions of service and facilities of Chief Judge and Judges", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 183, "char_count": 1060, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153724" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0240", "text": "142. Vacation of office of Chief Judge or Judge: (1) The office of Chief Judge or Judge of a High Court shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing before the Chief Justice, (b) if he or she attains the age of sixty-three years,\n\n(c) if he or she is removed from office by the Chief Justice on recommendation of the Judicial Council, on the ground of his or her incompetence, bad conduct, failure to perform his or her duties honestly, performance of business with mala fide intention or serious violation by him or her of the code of conduct required to be observed by him or her, (d) if he or she is removed from office by the Chief Justice on recommendation of the Judicial Council on the ground that he or she is unable to discharge his or her duties because of physical or mental illness, (e) if he or she is punished by a court for a criminal offence involving moral turpitude, (f) if he or she dies.\n(2) A Judge who is facing a charge shall be provided with a reasonable opportunity to defend himself or herself prior to removing him or her from the office under sub-clause (3) of clause (1). The Judge against whom the proceedings have been so instituted shall not be allowed to perform the duties of his or her office until the proceedings are completed.\n(3) Nothing shall bar the institution of action in accordance with the Federal law against the Chief Judge or Judge who has been removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "142. Vacation of office of Chief Judge or Judge", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 282, "char_count": 1533, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153747" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0241", "text": "143. Chief Judge and Judges not to be engaged in any other office and provisions relating to transfer : (1) No Chief Judge or Judge of a High Court shall be engaged in or deputed to any office other than that of Judge.\nProvided that the Government of Nepal may, in consultation with the Judicial Council, depute a Judge of the High Court to work concerning judicial\n\ninquiry, or to legal or judicial investigation or research or to any business of national concern for any specific period.\n(2) The Chief Justice may, on recommendation of the Judicial Council, transfer a Judge of a High Court to another High Court.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "143. Chief Judge and Judges not to be engaged in any other office and provisions relating to transfer ", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 109, "char_count": 615, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153760" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0242", "text": "144. Jurisdiction of High Court: (1) The High Court shall have the power to issue necessary and appropriate orders, for the enforcement of the fundamental rights conferred by this Constitution or for the enforcement of any other legal right for which no other remedy has been provided or for which the remedy even though provided appears to be inadequate or ineffective or for the settlement of any legal question involved in any dispute of public interest or concern, (2) For the purposes of clause (1), the High Court may issue appropriate orders and writs including the writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition and quo warranto.\nProvided that except on the ground of absence of jurisdiction, the High Court shall not under this clause interfere with any internal proceedings of the Federal Parliament or State Assembly, and with any proceedings instituted by the Federal Parliament or State Assembly concerning violation of its privileges and penalties imposed therefor.\n(3) The High Court shall, in accordance with the Federal law, have the power to originally try and settle cases, hear appeals and test judgments referred for confirmation.\n(4) Other powers and procedures of the High Court shall be as provided by the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "144. Jurisdiction of High Court", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 202, "char_count": 1253, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153773" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0243", "text": "145. Power to transfer cases: (1) If a High Court is of the opinion that a case which is sub judice in a subordinate court within its jurisdiction involves a question relating to a State law and it is essential to settle that question in order to\n\ndecide the case, the High Court may procure the case and dispose the case wholly or decide only such question and remand the case to the court of first instance.\n(2) If it is satisfied with the reason that there exists a situation where judicial impartiality can be questioned if a case filed in a District Court is tried by that Court, the High Court may, for reasons and grounds to be recorded, order such case to be transferred from such District Court to another District Court under its jurisdiction and tried by the latter District Court, as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "145. Power to transfer cases", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 151, "char_count": 828, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153785" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0244", "text": "146. To be engaged in practice of law: A person who has retired from the office of a Judge of a High Court may be engaged in the practice of law before the Supreme Court and a High Court, other than the High Court where he or she has served as a Judge and a subordinate court.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "146. To be engaged in practice of law", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 57, "char_count": 276, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153793" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0245", "text": "147. Responsibility of Chief Judge: The Chief Judge shall have the ultimate responsibility to make effective the administration of justice by the High Court and the Courts or other judicial bodies which are subordinate to it. For that purpose, the Chief Judge may, subject to this Constitution and the Federal law, give necessary direction to the subordinate Courts and judicial bodies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "147. Responsibility of Chief Judge", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 61, "char_count": 386, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153800" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0246", "text": "148. District Courts: (1) There shall be a District Court in each District.\n(2) The Local level judicial bodies established in accordance with the State law shall be subordinate to the District Court. The District Court may inspect as well as supervise and give necessary direction to its subordinate judicial bodies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "148. District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 51, "char_count": 317, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153807" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0247", "text": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts: (1) The Chief Justice shall, on recommendation of the Judicial Council, appoint Judges of the District Courts. (2) The vacant posts of Judges of the District Court shall be filled as follows: (a) twenty percent of the vacant posts, on the basis of evaluation of seniority, qualification and competency, from amongst the officers who have obtained bachelor's degree in law and served for at least three years in the post of Gazetted Second Class of the Judicial Service, (b) forty percent of the vacant posts, on the basis of open competitive examination, from amongst the officers who have obtained bachelor's degree in law and served for at least three years in the post of Gazetted Second Class of the Judicial Service, (c) the remaining forty percent of the vacant posts, on the basis of open competitive examination, from amongst the citizens of Nepal who, having obtained bachelor's degree in law, have constantly practiced law for at least eight years as an advocate or who, having obtained bachelor's degree in law, have served in a Gazetted post of the Judicial Service for at least eight years or have constantly been engaged in the teaching or research of law or served in any other field of law or justice for at least eight years. (3) The Judicial Service Commission shall, in accordance with the Federal law, hold written and oral competitive examinations for the persons who have possessed the qualification under sub-clauses (b) and (c) of clause (2), and make recommendation, in order of merit, to the Judicial Council for appointment as District Judges. (4) The remuneration and other conditions of service of the Judges of the District Court shall be provided for in the Federal law. (5) The remuneration and other conditions of service of a Judge of the District Court shall not be altered to his or her disadvantage. Provided that this provision shall not apply in cases where a state of emergency is declared because of extreme economic disarrays.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 344, "char_count": 2076, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153847" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0248", "text": "for in the Federal law. (5) The remuneration and other conditions of service of a Judge of the District Court shall not be altered to his or her disadvantage. Provided that this provision shall not apply in cases where a state of emergency is declared because of extreme economic disarrays. (6) The office of a Judge of the District Court shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances: (a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing before the Chief Justice, (b) if he or she attains the age of sixty-three years, (c) if he or she is removed from office by the Chief Justice on recommendation of the Judicial Council, on the ground of his or her incompetence, misconduct, failure to perform his or her duties honestly, performance of business with mala fide intention or serious violation by him or her of the code of conduct required to be observed by him or her, (d) if he or she is removed from office by the Chief Justice on recommendation of the Judicial Council on the ground that he or she is unable to continue service and discharge his or her duties because of physical or mental illness, (e) if he or she is punished by a court for a criminal offence involving moral turpitude, (f) if he or she dies. (7) A District Judge who is accused shall be given a reasonable opportunity to defend himself or herself before removing him or her from office under sub-clause (c) of clause (6). The District Judge against whom the proceedings are so initiated shall not perform the duties of his or her office until the proceedings are completed. (8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 313, "char_count": 1754, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153864" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0249", "text": "shall not perform the duties of his or her office until the proceedings are completed. (8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 50, "char_count": 289, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153875" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0250", "text": "not perform the duties of his or her office until the proceedings are completed. (8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 49, "char_count": 283, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153883" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0251", "text": "perform the duties of his or her office until the proceedings are completed. (8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 48, "char_count": 279, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153890" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0252", "text": "the duties of his or her office until the proceedings are completed. (8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 47, "char_count": 271, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153896" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0253", "text": "duties of his or her office until the proceedings are completed. (8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 46, "char_count": 267, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153901" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0254", "text": "of his or her office until the proceedings are completed. (8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 45, "char_count": 260, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153907" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0255", "text": "his or her office until the proceedings are completed. (8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 44, "char_count": 257, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153912" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0256", "text": "or her office until the proceedings are completed. (8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 43, "char_count": 253, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153917" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0257", "text": "her office until the proceedings are completed. (8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 42, "char_count": 250, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153924" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0258", "text": "office until the proceedings are completed. (8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 41, "char_count": 246, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153929" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0259", "text": "until the proceedings are completed. (8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 40, "char_count": 239, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153934" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0260", "text": "the proceedings are completed. (8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 233, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153939" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0261", "text": "proceedings are completed. (8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 38, "char_count": 229, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153944" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0262", "text": "are completed. (8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 37, "char_count": 217, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153949" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0263", "text": "completed. (8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 36, "char_count": 213, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153954" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0264", "text": "(8) Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 35, "char_count": 202, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153959" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0265", "text": "Nothing shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 34, "char_count": 198, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153964" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0266", "text": "shall prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 33, "char_count": 190, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153969" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0267", "text": "prevent the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 32, "char_count": 184, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153974" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0268", "text": "the instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 31, "char_count": 176, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153979" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0269", "text": "instituting of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 30, "char_count": 172, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.153983" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0270", "text": "of action, in accordance with the Federal law, against a District Judge who is removed from office for an offence which he or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. 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Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 8, "char_count": 40, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154080" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0292", "text": "or she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 7, "char_count": 37, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154084" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0293", "text": "she has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 6, "char_count": 34, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154088" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0294", "text": "has committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 5, "char_count": 30, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154092" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0295", "text": "committed while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 4, "char_count": 26, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154096" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0296", "text": "while in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 3, "char_count": 16, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154100" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0297", "text": "in office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 2, "char_count": 10, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154104" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0298", "text": "office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "149. Appointment, qualification, remuneration and other conditions of service of Judges of District Courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 1, "char_count": 7, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154108" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0299", "text": "150. District Judges not to be engaged in any other office and provisions relating to transfer : (1) No District Judge shall be engaged in or deputed to any office other than that of Judge.\nProvided that the Government of Nepal may, in consultation with the Judicial Council, depute a District Judge to work concerning judicial inquiry, or to legal or judicial investigation or research and to any election related work, for a specified period.\n(2) The Chief Justice may, on recommendation of the Judicial Council, transfer a District Judge from one District Court to another District Court.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "150. District Judges not to be engaged in any other office and provisions relating to transfer ", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 98, "char_count": 591, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154122" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0300", "text": "151. Jurisdiction of District Court: (1) Except as otherwise provided by the Federal law, a District Court shall have the power to originally try and settle all cases under its jurisdiction, to try petitions under law, including petitions of habeas corpus and prohibition, hear appeals under law from decisions made by quasijudicial bodies, hear appeals from decisions made by Local level judicial bodies formed under the State law, institute contempt proceedings and punish for contempt under the Federal law if anyone makes obstruction in the dispensation of justice by, or disregards any order or judgment by, it or any of its subordinate courts.\n(2) Other provisions relating to the jurisdiction and procedures of the District Courts shall be as provided for in the Federal law.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "151. Jurisdiction of District Court", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 125, "char_count": 783, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154132" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0301", "text": "152. Specialized courts: (1) Other specialized courts, judicial bodies or tribunals may be formed to try and settle specific types and nature of cases other than those mentioned in Article 127, as provided for in the Federal law.\nProvided that no specialized court, judicial body or tribunal shall be formed for any specific case.\n(2) No criminal offence involving imprisonment for a term of more than one year shall fall under the jurisdiction of a body other than a court, specialized court, military court or judicial body.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "152. Specialized courts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 87, "char_count": 526, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154142" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0302", "text": "153. Judicial Council: (1) There shall be a Judicial Council to make recommendation or give advice, in accordance with this Constitution, on the appointment of, transfer of, disciplinary action against, and dismissal of, Judges, and other matters relating to the administration of justice, which shall consist of the following as its chairperson and members:\n(a) The Chief Justice - Chairperson (b) The Federal Minister for Law and Justice - Member (c) The senior-most Judge of the Supreme - Member Court (d) One jurist nominated by the President on recommendation of the Prime Minister - Member (e) A senior advocate or advocate who has gained at least twenty years of experience, to be appointed by the President on - Member recommendation of the Nepal Bar Association\n\n(2) The term of office of the members under sub-clauses (d) and (e) of clause (1) shall be four years, and their remuneration and facilities shall be equivalent to those of a Judge of the Supreme Court.\n(3) The members under sub-clauses (d) and (e) of clause (1) shall be removed from office in the same manner and on the same grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court.\n(4) The chairperson and a member of the Judicial Council may study the case associated with a complaint filed in respect of any Judge, and make a report thereof to the Judicial Council.\n(5) If a preliminary inquiry of a complaint filed in respect of any Judge reveals a need to have a detailed inquiry by an expert, the Judicial Council may form an inquiry committee.\n(6) If a Judge, other than a Judge who can be removed from office by way of impeachment in accordance with this Constitution, commits an abuse of authority by way of corruption, the Judicial Council may investigate into the matter and institute a case in accordance with law.\n(7) The Judicial Council must prepare updated records of the persons who are qualified for appointment to offices of the Chief Justice, Judges of the Supreme Court, Chief Judges and Judges of the High Courts.\n(8) Other functions, duties and powers of the Judicial Council shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "153. Judicial Council", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 362, "char_count": 2100, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154161" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0303", "text": "154. Judicial Service Commission: (1) In appointing, transferring or promoting gazetted officers of the Federal Judicial Service or taking departmental action concerning such officers in accordance with law, the Government of Nepal shall act on recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission.\nProvided that in making new permanent appointments to gazetted posts of the Federal Judicial Service from persons who are not already in the Federal\n\nGovernment Service or making promotions from non-gazetted posts of the Federal Judicial Service to gazetted ones of that Service, the Government of Nepal shall act on the recommendation of the Public Service Commission.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Article, the Public Service Commission shall hold open and internal competitive examinations to be held for appointments to Gazetted posts of the Federal Judicial Service.\n(2) The Judicial Service Commission shall consist of the following as its chairperson and members:\n(a) The Chief Justice - Chairperson (b) The Federal Minister for Law and - Member Justice (c) The seniormost Judge of the - Member Supreme Court (d) The Chairperson of the Public - Member Service Commission (e) The Attorney General - Member (3) Other functions, duties, powers and procedures of the Judicial Service Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "154. Judicial Service Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 207, "char_count": 1346, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154176" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0304", "text": "155. Provisions relating to conditions of service and facilities: Provisions relating to the remuneration, facilities and conditions of service of the employees of the Federal Judicial Service shall be as provided for in the Federal Act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "155. Provisions relating to conditions of service and facilities", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 36, "char_count": 237, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154184" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0305", "text": "156. Provisions relating to State Judicial Service Commission: Provisions relating to the formation of a State Judicial Service Commission and the remuneration,\n\nfacilities and conditions of service of the employees of a State Judicial Service shall be as provided for in the Federal law.\n\nPart- 12 Attorney General 157. Attorney General: (1) There shall be an Attorney General of Nepal.\n(2) The President shall, on recommendation of the Prime Minister, appoint the Attorney General. The Attorney General shall hold office during the pleasure of the Prime Minister.\n(3) A person who is qualified to be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court shall be eligible to be appointed as the Attorney General.\n(4) The office of the Attorney General shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the President through the Prime Minister, (b) if he or she is removed from office by the President on recommendation of the Prime Minister, (c) if he or she dies.\n(5) The remuneration and other facilities of the Attorney General shall be similar to those of a Judge of the Supreme Court. Other conditions of service of the Attorney General shall be in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "156. Provisions relating to State Judicial Service Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 205, "char_count": 1220, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154196" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0306", "text": "158. Functions, duties and powers of Attorney General: (1) The Attorney General shall be the chief legal advisor to the Government of Nepal. It shall be the duty of the Attorney General to give opinions and advices on constitutional and legal matters to the Government of Nepal and such other authorities as the Government of Nepal may specify.\n(2) The Attorney General or government attorneys subordinate to him or her shall represent the Government of Nepal in lawsuits wherein the rights, interests or concerns of the Government of Nepal are involved. Except\n\nas provided otherwise in this Constitution, the Attorney General shall have the right to make a final decision as to whether to institute any case on behalf of the Government of Nepal in any court, judicial body or authority.\n(3) Opinion of the Attorney General must be obtained for withdrawing a case filed on behalf of the Government of Nepal.\n(4) The Attorney General may, upon invitation by the Federal Parliament or any of its committees, to appear and express his or her opinion on any legal question in such a meeting.\n(5) In the course of discharging the duties of his or her office, the Attorney General shall have the right to appear in any Court, office and authority of Nepal.\n(6) The Attorney General shall, in the course of performing his or her duties, have the power to carry out the following acts, in addition to that set forth in clause (2):\n(a) to defend, on behalf of the Government of Nepal, any lawsuit in which the Government of Nepal is a plaintiff or a defendant, (b) to monitor, or cause to be monitored, whether any interpretation given to a law or any legal principle laid down by the Supreme Court in the course of hearing of lawsuits has been implemented, (c) if a complaint is made alleging that any person held in custody has not been treated humanely subject to this Constitution or such person has not been allowed to meet his or her relative or through his or her legal practitioner or if information of such matter is received, to inquire thereinto and give necessary directive to the concerned authority to prevent such act.\n(7) The Attorney General may so delegate his or her functions, duties and powers under this Article to his or her subordinate government\n\nattorneys as to be exercised and complied with subject to the specified conditions.\n(8) In addition to the functions, duties and powers mentioned in this Article, other functions, duties and powers of the Attorney General shall be pursuant to this Constitution and the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "158. Functions, duties and powers of Attorney General", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 438, "char_count": 2545, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154218" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0307", "text": "159. Annual report: (1) The Attorney General shall, every year, submit to the President an annual report on the works which he or she has performed pursuant to this Constitution and the Federal law, and the President shall cause such report to be laid before the Federal Parliament through the Prime Minister.\n(2) The annual report to be submitted pursuant to clause (1) shall set out, inter alia, the number of advices and opinions on constitutional and legal matters rendered by him or her throughout the year, and short description of such advices and opinions, details of cases instituted as state cases, details of defence made in lawsuits in which the Government of Nepal is a plaintiff or defendant, details of reforms to be made in the future in relation to cases to be instituted as state cases and information relating to crime trends.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "159. Annual report", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 144, "char_count": 845, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154233" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0308", "text": "160. Chief Attorney: (1) There shall be a Chief Attorney in every State, who shall be subordinate to the Attorney General.\n(2) The Chief of State shall, on recommendation of the concerned Chief Minister, appoint the Chief Attorney. The Chief Attorney shall hold office during the pleasure of the Chief Minister.\n(3) A person who is qualified to be appointed as a Judge of High Court shall be eligible to be appointed as the Chief Attorney.\n(4) The office of the Chief Attorney shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the Chief of State through the Chief Minister, (b) if he or she is removed from office by the Chief of State on recommendation of the Chief Minister, (c) if he or she dies.\n(5) The Chief Attorney shall be the chief legal advisor to the State Government. It shall be the duty of the Chief Attorney to give opinions and advices on constitutional and legal matters to the State Government and such other authorities as the State Government may specify.\n(6) The Office of Attorney General shall manage the employees under the Office of Chief Attorney.\n(7) The remuneration and other facilities of the Chief Attorney shall be similar to those of a Judge of High Court. The functions, duties and powers and other conditions of service of the Chief Attorney shall be as provided for in the State law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "160. Chief Attorney", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 243, "char_count": 1377, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154248" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0309", "text": "161. Provisions relating to conditions of service and facilities: Provisions relating to the remuneration, facilities and conditions of service of the government attorneys and other employees under the Attorney General shall be as provided for in the Federal Act.\n\nPart -13 State Executive 162. Executive power of State: (1) The executive power of a State shall, pursuant to this Constitution and the State law, be vested in the State Council of Ministers.\nProvided that if a State Executive does not exist because of enforcement of Federal governance, the Chief of State shall exercise the executive power of the State as directed by the Government of Nepal.\n(2) The responsibility for issuing general directives, controlling and regulating the governance of the State shall, subject to this Constitution and other laws, lie in the State Council of Ministers.\n(3) All State executive functions shall be performed in the name of the State Government.\n(4) The executive power of the State shall be as mentioned in Schedule-6, Schedule-7 and Schedule-9 subject to this Constitution.\nProvided that the State Council of Ministers shall exercise the executive powers in coordination with the Government of Nepal, except as explicitly mentioned in this Constitution and in the Federal law in relation to concurrent powers of the Federation and the State.\n(5) Any decision or order to be issued in the name of the State Government pursuant to clause (3) and other instruments of authorization pertaining thereto shall be authenticated as provided for in the State law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "161. Provisions relating to conditions of service and facilities", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 249, "char_count": 1561, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154263" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0310", "text": "163. Provisions relating to Chief of State: (1) There shall be a Chief of State in each State, as a representative of the Government of Nepal.\n(2) The President shall appoint one Chief of State for each State.\n\n(3) The term of office of a Chief of State shall be five years except where the President removes him or her from office prior to the expiration of his or her term of office.\n(4) A person may not be the Chief of State for more than once in the same State.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "163. Provisions relating to Chief of State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 91, "char_count": 466, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154274" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0311", "text": "164. Qualification for Chief of State: A person who has the following qualification shall be qualified to become the Chief of State:\n(a) being qualified for being a member of the Federal Parliament, (b) having completed the age of thirty five years, and (c) Not being disqualified by any law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "164. Qualification for Chief of State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 50, "char_count": 292, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154281" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0312", "text": "165. Vacation of office of Chief of State: (1) The office of the Chief of State shall become vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the President, (b) if his or her term of office expires and he or she is removed from office by the President prior to expiration of the term, (c) if he or she dies.\n(2) If the office of the Chief of State of any State falls vacant, the President may so designate the Chief of State of another State to act as such also for such State.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "165. Vacation of office of Chief of State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 103, "char_count": 525, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154291" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0313", "text": "166. Functions, duties and powers of Chief of State: (1) The Chief of State shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as conferred to him or her pursuant to this Constitution or law.\n(2) In exercising the powers or duties under clause (1), the Chief of State shall perform all other functions to be performed by him or her on recommendation and with the consent of the State Council of Ministers than those functions specifically provided to be performed on recommendation of\n\nany body or official pursuant to this Constitution or law. Such recommendation and consent shall be submitted through the Chief Minister.\n(3) Any decision or order to be issued in the name of the Chief of State under clause (2) and other instrument of authorization pertaining thereto shall be authenticated as provided for in the State law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "166. Functions, duties and powers of Chief of State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 140, "char_count": 827, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154302" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0314", "text": "167. Oath by Chief of State: The Chief of State shall, prior to assuming office, take an oath of office and secrecy before the President, as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "167. Oath by Chief of State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 32, "char_count": 173, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154309" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0315", "text": "168. Constitution of State Council of Ministers: (1) The Chief of State shall appoint the leader of the parliamentary party commanding a majority in the State Assembly as the Chief Minister, and the State Council of Ministers shall be constituted under his or her chairpersonship.\n(2) In cases where no party has a clear majority in the State Assembly under clause (1), the Chief of State shall appoint as the Chief Minister a member of the State Assembly who can command majority with the support of two or more parties representing to the State Assembly.\n(3) In cases where the Chief Minister cannot be appointed under clause (2) no later than thirty days after the date of declaration of the final results of election to the State Assembly or the Chief Minister so appointed fails to secure a vote of confidence under clause (4), the Chief of State shall appoint as the Chief Minister the parliamentary party leader of the party which has the highest number of members in the State Assembly.\n(4) The Chief Minister appointed under clause (2) or (3) shall obtain a vote of confidence from the State Assembly no later than thirty days after the date of such appointment.\n(5) In cases where the Chief Minister appointed under clause (3) fails to obtain a vote of confidence under clause (4) and any member under\n\nclause (2) presents a ground on which he or she can obtain a vote of confidence in the State Assembly, the Chief of State shall appoint such a member as the Chief Minister.\n(6) The Chief Minister appointed under clause (5) must obtain a vote of confidence under clause (4).\n(7) In cases where the Chief Minister appointed under clause (5) fails to obtain a vote of confidence or the Chief Minister cannot be appointed, the Chief of State shall, on recommendation of the Chief Minister, dissolve the State Assembly and appoint a date of election so that the election to another State Assembly is completed within six months.\n(8) Procedures on the appointment of the Chief Minister under this Article must be completed no later than thirty five days after the date of declaration of the final results of election to the State Assembly held under this Constitution or the date on which the office of the Chief Minister has fallen vacant.\n(9) The Chief of State shall, on recommendation of the Chief Minister, constitute the State Council of Ministers consisting of a maximum of twenty percent of the total number of members of the State Assembly, including the Chief Minister, in accordance with the inclusive principle, from amongst the members of the State Assembly.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Article, \"Minister\" means a Minister, Minister of State and Assistant Minister.\n(10) The Chief Minister and Ministers shall be collectively responsible to State Assembly, and the Ministers shall be individually responsible for the work of their respective Ministries to the Chief Minister and the State Assembly.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "168. Constitution of State Council of Ministers", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 496, "char_count": 2930, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154331" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0316", "text": "169. Vacation of office of Chief Minister and Minister: (1) The office of the Chief Minister shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the Chief of State, (b) if a vote of no-confidence is passed against him or her under Article 188 or a vote of confidence is not passed, (c) if he or she ceases to be a member of the State Assembly, (d) if he or she dies.\n(2) The office of a Minister shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the Chief Minister, (b) if the Chief Minister removes him or her from office, (c) if the office of the Chief Minister falls vacant under sub-clause (a), (b) or (c) of clause (1), (d) if he or she dies.\n(3) Even though the office of the Chief Minister falls vacant under clause (1), the same Council of Ministers shall continue to act until another State Council of Ministers is constituted.\nProvided that if the Chief Minister dies, the senior-most Minister shall act as the Chief Minister until a new Chief Minister is appointed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "169. Vacation of office of Chief Minister and Minister", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 200, "char_count": 1086, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154348" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0317", "text": "170. Appointment of non-member of State Assembly as Minister: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (9) of Article 168, the Chief of State may, on the recommendation of the Chief Minister, appoint any person who is not a member of the State Assembly as a Minister.\n\n(2) A Minister appointed under clause (1) must obtain membership of the State Assembly within six months from the date of taking an oath by him or her.\n(3) In the event of failure to obtain membership of the State Assembly within the period mentioned in clause (2), he or she shall not be eligible to be reappointed to the office of Minister during the term of the then State Assembly.\n(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (1), a person who has been defeated in the election to the then State Assembly shall be not eligible to be appointed to the office of Minister under clause (1) during the term of such State Assembly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "170. Appointment of non-member of State Assembly as Minister", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 160, "char_count": 911, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154361" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0318", "text": "171. Remuneration and other Facilities of Chief Minister and Minister: The remuneration and other facilities of the Chief Minister and Ministers shall be as provided by a State Act, and until such Act is made, shall be as specified by the State Government.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "171. Remuneration and other Facilities of Chief Minister and Minister", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 43, "char_count": 256, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154368" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0319", "text": "172. Oath: The Chief Minister and Ministers shall, before assuming their respective offices, take an oath of office and secrecy before the Chief of State, and Ministers of State and Assistant Ministers, before the Chief Minister, as provided for in the State law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "172. Oath", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 43, "char_count": 263, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154375" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0320", "text": "173. To give information to Chief of State: The Chief Minister shall inform the Chief of State about the following matters:\n(a) resolutions of the State Council of Ministers, (b) Bills to be introduced in the State Assembly, (c) such other necessary information as commanded by the Chief of State on matters set forth in clauses (a) and (b), and (d) current general state of affairs of the State.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "173. To give information to Chief of State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 69, "char_count": 397, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154383" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0321", "text": "174. Transaction of business of State Government: (1) The allocation and transaction of business of the State Government shall be carried out in accordance with the rules approved by the State Government.\n(2) No question shall be raised in any court as to whether or not the rules under clause (1) have been observed.\n\nPart-14 State Legislature 175. State Legislature: The legislature of a State shall be unicameral, which shall be called as the State Assembly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "174. Transaction of business of State Government", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 76, "char_count": 461, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154392" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0322", "text": "176. Composition of State Assembly: (1) Each State Assembly shall consist of a number of members, as follows:\n(a) Members in a number that is twice as many as the number of members elected to the House of Representatives from the concerned State, through the first past the post electoral system, (b) The number of members to be set under clause (a) shall be considered to be sixty percent, and the rest forty percent members to be elected, through the proportional electoral system.\n(2) Election constituencies shall be set on the basis of geography and population as provided for in the Federal law, for the election to members under sub-clause (a) of clause (1).\n(3) Sixty percent members of the State Assembly shall be elected in accordance with the first past the post electoral system and the forty percent members in accordance with the proportional electoral system.\n(4) Election to the members of the State Assembly under clause (3) shall be held through adult suffrage by secret ballots in accordance with law.\n(5) Each citizen of Nepal who resides within the territory of the State and who has completed the age of eighteen years shall have a right to vote in any one election constituency in accordance with law.\n(6) The Federal law shall provide that, in fielding candidacy by political parties for the election to the State Assembly under the proportional electoral system, representation shall be ensured on the basis of a closed list\n\nalso from women, Dalit, indigenous, indigenous nationalities, Khas Arya, Madhesi, Tharu, Muslims and backward regions, minority communities, on the basis of population. In so fielding candidacy, regard shall also be had to geographical balance of the concerned State.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this clause, \"Khas Arya\" means Kshetri, Brahmin, Thakuri, Sanyasi (Dashnami) community.\n(7) In fielding candidacy under clause (6), political parties must provide for representation of the persons with disabilities as well.\n(8) If the seat of a member of the State Assembly falls vacant while its term still remains for more than six months, the vacancy shall be filled through the same electoral system as through which such seat was filled in.\n(9) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Article, at least one third of the total number of members elected from each political party representing in the State Assembly must be women. If women are not so elected as to constitute one third of the elected members of any political party under sub-clause (a) of clause (1), such political party must, in electing members under sub-clause (b) of that clause, so elect that women members constitute at least one third of the total number of members elected to the State Assembly from that party.\n(10) A person who is qualified under Article 178 and entitled to vote in an election to the members of the State Assembly may, subject to law, be a candidate in any election constituency of the State.\nProvided that a person shall not be a candidate in more than one election constituencies at the same time.\n(11) Other provisions relating to election to the State Assembly shall be as provided for in the Federal law.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "176. Composition of State Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 528, "char_count": 3173, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154416" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0323", "text": "177. Term of State Assembly: (1) Unless dissolved earlier pursuant to this Constitution, the term of the State Assembly shall be five years.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (1), the term of the State Assembly may be extended by a State Act for a period not exceeding one year in cases where a proclamation or order of a state of emergency is in effect.\n(3) The term of the State Assembly extended under clause (2) shall ipso facto be terminated after the expiry of six months from the date of voidance of the proclamation or order of the state of emergency in the concerned State.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "177. Term of State Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 106, "char_count": 597, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154432" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0324", "text": "178. Qualification for member of State Assembly: (1) A person who has the following qualification shall be qualified to become a member of the State Assembly:\n(a) being a citizen of Nepal, (b) being a voter of the concerned State, (c) having completed the age of twenty five years, (d) not having been convicted of a criminal offense involving moral turpitude, (e) not being disqualified by any law, and (f) not holding any office of profit.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this clause, \"office of profit\" means any position, other than a political position which is to be filled by election or nomination, for which a remuneration or economic benefit is paid out of a government fund.\n(2) If a person who holds a political office to be filled by way of election, nomination or appointment is elected as a member of the State\n\nAssembly under this Part, his or her such office shall ipso facto be vacant with effect from the day on which he or she takes an oath of such office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "178. Qualification for member of State Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 174, "char_count": 977, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154447" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0325", "text": "179. Oath of member of State Assembly: Every member of the State Assembly must, before taking part for the first time in the meeting of the Assembly or any of its committees, take an oath as provided for in the State law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "179. Oath of member of State Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 42, "char_count": 221, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154454" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0326", "text": "180. Vacation of seat of member of State Assembly: The seat of a member of the State Assembly shall become vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing before the Speaker of the State Assembly, (b) if he or she is no longer qualified or ceases to possess the qualification under Article 178, (c) if the term of the State Assembly expires or it is dissolved, (d) if he or she absents himself or herself from ten consecutive meetings, without giving notice to the State Assembly, (e) if the political party of which he or she was a member when elected provides a notification as provided for in the Federal law that he or she has defected from the party, (f) If he or she dies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "180. Vacation of seat of member of State Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 134, "char_count": 724, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154464" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0327", "text": "181. Decision as to disqualification of member: If a question arises as to whether any member of the State Assembly is disqualified or has ceased to possess any of the qualifications under Article 178, the Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court shall make the final decision of such question.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "181. Decision as to disqualification of member", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 49, "char_count": 295, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154471" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0328", "text": "182. Speaker and Deputy Speaker of State Assembly: (1) The members of the State Assembly shall, not later than fifteen days of the date of holding of the first meeting of the State Assembly, elect a State Speaker and a Deputy State Speaker from amongst themselves.\n\n(2) Election under clause (1) shall be so held that there is one woman out of the State Speaker and the Deputy State Speaker, and the State Speaker and the Deputy State Speaker of the State Assembly shall be representatives from different parties.\nProvided that if there is no representation of more than one party in the State Assembly or no candidacy is filed by more than one party despite representation, nothing shall prevent the members of the same party from being the State Speaker and the Deputy State Speaker of the State Assembly.\n(3) If the office of the State Speaker or the Deputy State Speaker falls vacant, the members of the State Assembly shall fill the vacancy through election to the State Speaker or the Deputy State Speaker from amongst themselves.\n(4) The Deputy State Speaker shall, in the absence of the State Speaker of the State Assembly, chair the State Assembly.\n(5) If the election to the State Speaker and the Deputy State Speaker has not taken place, or if both the positions have become vacant, the attending member who is by age the senior-most shall chair the meeting of the State Assembly.\n(6) The office of the State Speaker or the Deputy State Speaker of the State Assembly shall become vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she ceases to be a member of the State Assembly, Provided that, in the event of the dissolution of the State Assembly, the State Speaker and the Deputy State Speaker of the State Assembly holding their respective offices shall continue in office until the previous day of the filing of nominations for another election to the State Assembly, (b) if he or she resigns in writing,\n\n(c) if a resolution is passed by a majority of two-thirds of the total number of the then members of the State Assembly to the effect that his or her conduct is not compatible with his or her office.\n(7) The State Deputy Speaker shall preside over a meeting at which deliberations are to be held on a motion that the conduct of the Speaker of the State Assembly is not compatible with his or her office. The State Speaker shall be entitled to take part and vote in the deliberations on such motion.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "182. Speaker and Deputy Speaker of State Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 431, "char_count": 2428, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154491" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0329", "text": "183. Summoning and prorogation of session of State Assembly: (1) The Chief of State shall summon a session of the State Assembly within twenty days of the declaration of final results of the election to the State Assembly. Thereafter, the Chief of State shall, from time to time, summon other sessions pursuant to this Constitution.\nProvided that the interval between the two consecutive sessions shall not exceed six months.\n(2) The Chief of State may prorogue the sessions of the State Assembly.\n(3) If, during the prorogation or recess of the session of the State Assembly, one-fourth of the total number of its members make a petition that it is expedient to convene a session or meeting, the Chief of State shall specify the date and time for such session or meeting. The State Assembly shall meet or commence its session at the date and time so specified.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "183. Summoning and prorogation of session of State Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 148, "char_count": 861, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154506" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0330", "text": "184. Address by Chief of State: (1) The Chief of State may address a sitting of the State Assembly, and summon the members for that purpose.\n(2) The Chief of State shall address the first session after an election to the State Assembly and a sitting of the State Assembly after the commencement of the first session of each year.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "184. Address by Chief of State", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 60, "char_count": 330, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154514" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0331", "text": "185. Quorum of State Assembly: Except as otherwise provided for in this Constitution, no question or motion shall be presented for decision in the State Assembly unless one-fourth of the total number of its members are present.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "185. Quorum of State Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 37, "char_count": 227, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154520" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0332", "text": "186. Voting in State Assembly: All questions submitted for decision in the State Assembly shall be decided by a majority vote of the members present and participate in voting. The member chairing the meeting shall not have the right to vote.\nProvided that he or she may exercise his or her casting vote in the case of a tie.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "186. Voting in State Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 59, "char_count": 324, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154527" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0333", "text": "187. Privileges of State Assembly: (1) There shall be full freedom of speech in the State Assembly, subject to this Constitution, and no member shall be arrested, detained or prosecuted in any court for anything expressed or any vote cast by him or her in the State Assembly.\n(2) The State Assembly shall, subject to this Constitution, have full power to regulate and decide its internal business, and it shall be the exclusive right of the State Assembly to decide whether or not any of its proceedings is regular or irregular. No question shall be raised in any court in this behalf.\n(3) No comment shall be made about the good faith concerning any proceeding of the State Assembly, and no publication and broadcasting of any kind shall be made about anything said by any member, intentionally distorting or misinterpreting the meaning of the speech.\n(4) The provisions of clauses (1) and (3) shall also apply to other persons who are entitled to participate in the meetings of the State Assembly than the members of State Assembly.\n(5) No proceedings shall be initiated in any court against any person in respect of the publication, under the authority granted by the State Assembly, of any document, report, vote or proceeding.\n\nExplanation: For the purposes of this clause and clauses (1), (2), (3) and (4), \"State Assembly\" means and includes the meeting of a committee of the State Assembly.\n(6) No member of the State Assembly may be arrested during the period from the issuance of a notice summoning the session to its prorogation.\nProvided that nothing in this clause shall be deemed to prevent the arrest under the law of any member on a criminal charge. If any member is so arrested, the authority making such arrest shall forthwith give information thereof to the person presiding over the State Assembly.\n(7) Any breach of the privileges shall be deemed to constitute contempt of the State Assembly, and the State Assembly shall have the exclusive right to decide whether any breach of its privileges has taken place.\n(8) If any person is in contempt of the State Assembly, the person presiding over the State Assembly may, after a decision by the State Assembly to that effect, admonish, warn or impose a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months or of a fine not exceeding ten thousand rupees on such person, and such fine shall be recovered as a government due.\nProvided that if such a person submits an apology to the satisfaction of the State Assembly, it may either pardon him or her or remit or commute the sentence imposed on him or her.\n(9) Other matters relating to privileges of the State Assembly shall be as provided in the State law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "187. Privileges of State Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 463, "char_count": 2682, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154548" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0334", "text": "188. Provisions relating to vote of confidence and motion of no-confidence: (1) The Chief Minister may, whenever he or she considers necessary or appropriate to show that he or she has confidence from the State Assembly, table a resolution to that effect in the State Assembly for the vote of confidence.\n\n(2) If the political party which the Chief Minister represents is divided or a political party in coalition State Government withdraws its support, the Chief Minister shall table a resolution in the State Assembly for a vote of confidence within thirty days.\n(3) If a resolution tabled under clauses (1) and (2) is not passed by a majority of the total number of then members of the State Assembly, the Chief Minister shall relieve of his or her office.\n(4) One-fourth of the total number of then members of the State Assembly may table in writing a motion of no-confidence against the Chief Minister.\nProvided that a motion of no confidence may not be tabled until the first two years after the appointment of the Chief Minister and until another one year after the date of failure of the motion of no confidence once tabled.\n(5) A motion of no confidence to be tabled under clause (4) shall also indicate the name of a member proposed for Chief Minister.\n(6) If a motion of no confidence tabled under clause (4) is passed by a majority of the total number of then members of the State Assembly, the Chief Minister shall relieve of his or her office.\n(7) If the office of the Chief Minister falls vacant because of the passage of a vote of no-confidence under clause (6), the Chief of State shall, in accordance with Article 168, appoint as the Chief Minister the member of the State Assembly proposed under clause (5).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "188. Provisions relating to vote of confidence and motion of no-confidence", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 304, "char_count": 1726, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154568" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0335", "text": "189. Minister, Minister of State and Assistant Minister entitled to take part in meetings of State Assembly: The Minister, Minister of State and Assistant Minister shall be entitled to attend, and take part in the proceedings and deliberations of, the State Assembly or its committees.\n\nProvided that a Minister, Minister of State or Assistant Minister who is not a member of the State Assembly shall not be entitled to vote in a meeting of the State Assembly or its committee, and a Minister, Minister of State or Assistant Minister shall not be entitled to vote in a meeting of a committee of which he or she is not a member.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "189. Minister, Minister of State and Assistant Minister entitled to take part in meetings of State Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 110, "char_count": 627, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154579" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0336", "text": "190. Penalty for unauthorized presence or voting in State Assembly: If a person who has not taken oath under Article 179 or who is not a member of the State Assembly is present or votes in a meeting of the State Assembly or of its committee as a member, the person shall, by order of the person chairing the meeting, be fined with a sum of five thousand rupees for each instance of such presence or voting, and such a fine shall be recovered as a government due.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "190. Penalty for unauthorized presence or voting in State Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 88, "char_count": 462, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154589" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0337", "text": "191. Restriction on discussion: No discussion shall be held in the State Assembly on any matters that may cause adverse effect on the dispensation of justice on any cases which are sub judice in any courts of Nepal and on any judicial acts done by Judges in the course of performance of their duties.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "191. Restriction on discussion", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 54, "char_count": 300, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154596" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0338", "text": "192. Transaction of business in case of vacancy in seat of member: The State Assembly shall have the power to transact its business notwithstanding any vacancy in the seat of its member; and no proceedings of the State Assembly already conducted shall become invalid even if it is subsequently discovered that a person who was not so entitled took part in such proceedings.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "192. Transaction of business in case of vacancy in seat of member", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 63, "char_count": 373, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154603" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0339", "text": "193. Power of State Assembly to form committees: The State Assembly may, in accordance with its rules, form committees or special committees, as required, in order to manage its working procedures.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "193. Power of State Assembly to form committees", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 31, "char_count": 197, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154609" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0340", "text": "194. Procedures relating to conduct of business of State Assembly: The State Assembly shall frame rules to conduct its business, maintain order during its meetings and regulate the constitution, functions and procedures of, and other\n\nmatters relating to, its committees. Until such rules are framed, the State Assembly shall regulate its procedures on its own.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "194. Procedures relating to conduct of business of State Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 55, "char_count": 361, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154616" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0341", "text": "195. Secretary and Secretariat of State Assembly: (1) The Chief of State shall appoint the Secretary of the State Assembly on recommendation of the Speaker of State Assembly.\n(2) There shall be a Secretariat for conducting and managing the business of the State Assembly. The establishment of such Secretariat and other matters related thereto shall be as provided for in the State law.\n(3) The qualification, functions, duties, powers and other conditions of service of the Secretary of the State Assembly shall be as provided for in the State law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "195. Secretary and Secretariat of State Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 90, "char_count": 549, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154624" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0342", "text": "196. Remuneration: The remuneration and facilities of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the State Assembly shall be as provided for in the State law, and as specified by the State Government until such law is made.\n\nPart-15 State Legislative Procedures 197. Legislative powers of State Assembly: The legislative powers of the State Assembly shall be as contained in lists of Schedule-6, Schedule-7 and Schedule-9.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "196. Remuneration", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 66, "char_count": 417, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154632" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0343", "text": "198. Procedures for introduction of Bills in State Assembly: (1) A Bill may, subject to this Constitution, be introduced in the State Assembly.\n(2) A Money Bill and a Bill concerning peace and security may be introduced only as a Government Bill.\n(3) \"Money Bill\" means a Bill concerning any or all of the following subjects:\n(a) the imposition, collection, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of taxes in the State, (b) the preservation of the State Consolidated Fund or any other State Government Fund, the deposit of moneys into and the appropriation or the withdrawal of moneys from such Funds, or the reduction, increment or cancellation of appropriations or of proposed expenditures from such Funds, (c) the regulation of matters relating to the borrowing of money or the giving of guarantee by the State Government, or any matter pertaining to the amendment of the law with respect to any financial obligations undertaken or to be undertaken by the State Government, (d) the custody and investment of all revenues received by any State Government Fund, moneys acquired through the\n\nrepayment of loans, and grant moneys; or audits of the accounts of the State Government, or (e) other incidental matters directly related to any of the subjects specified in clause (a), (b), (c) or (d).\nProvided that any Bill shall not be deemed to be a Money Bill by the reason only that it provides for the levying of any charges or fees such as license fee, application fee, renewal fee or for the imposition of fines or penalty of imprisonment.\n(4) If any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of State Assembly thereon shall be final.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "198. Procedures for introduction of Bills in State Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 285, "char_count": 1684, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154646" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0344", "text": "199. Procedures for passage of Bills: (1) A Bill passed by the State Assembly shall be presented to the Chief of State for assent.\n(2) If a session of the State Assembly terminates while a Bill is under consideration, deliberations on the Bill may continue at the succeeding session.\nProvided that if the State Assembly is dissolved or its term expires when any Bill is under its consideration, such a Bill shall lapse.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "199. Procedures for passage of Bills", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 73, "char_count": 419, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154657" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0345", "text": "200. Withdrawal of Bills: A member who has introduced a Bill may, with the approval of the State Assembly, withdraw the Bill.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "200. Withdrawal of Bills", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 22, "char_count": 125, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154663" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0346", "text": "201. Assent on Bills: (1) A Bill which is to be presented to the Chief of State for assent under Article 199 shall be so presented by the Speaker of State Assembly after it has been certified by him or her.\nProvided that in the case of a Money Bill, the Speaker of State Assembly shall so certify.\n\n(2) A Bill presented to the Chief of State for his or her assent shall be assented to within fifteen days, and the State Assembly shall be informed thereof as soon as possible.\n(3) Except for a Money Bill, if the Chief of State is of the opinion that any Bill needs further deliberations, he or she may send back the Bill with his or her message to the State Assembly within fifteen days from the date of presentation of the Bill to him or her.\n(4) If any Bill is sent back with his or her message by the Chief of State under clause (3), it shall be reconsidered by the State Assembly and if the Bill so reconsidered is again passed as it was or with amendments, and is again presented to him or her, the Chief of State shall give assent to that Bill within fifteen days of such presentation.\n(5) A Bill shall become an Act after the Chief of State gives assent to it.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "201. Assent on Bills", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 227, "char_count": 1167, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154676" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0347", "text": "202. Ordinance: (1) If, at any time, except when the State Assembly is in session, a circumstance exists which renders it necessary to take immediate action, the Chief of State may, on the recommendation of the State Council of Ministers, promulgate an Ordinance.\n(2) An Ordinance promulgated under clause (1) shall have the same force and effect as an Act.\nProvided that every such Ordinance:\n(a) shall be tabled at the session of the State Assembly held after the promulgation, and if not passed by the State Assembly, it shall ipso facto cease to be effective, (b) may be repealed at any time by the Chief of State, and\n\n(c) shall, unless rendered ineffective or repealed under subclause (a) or (b), ipso facto cease to be effective at the expiration of sixty days after the day on which a meeting of the State Assembly is held.\n\nPart -16 State Financial Procedures 203. No tax to be levied or loan to be raised: (1) No tax shall be levied and collected in a State except in accordance with law.\n(2) No loan shall be raised and guarantee given by the State Government except as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "202. Ordinance", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 199, "char_count": 1113, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154691" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0348", "text": "204. State Consolidated Fund: Except for the revenues of trusts (Guthi), all revenues received by the State Government, all loans raised on the security of revenues, all moneys received in repayment of any loans made under the authority of any State Act and any mounts of grants or loans received from the Government of Nepal shall, except as otherwise provided for in the State Act, be credited to a State Government Fund to be known as the State Consolidated Fund.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "204. State Consolidated Fund", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 80, "char_count": 466, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154701" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0349", "text": "205. Expenditures from State Consolidated Fund or State Government Fund: No expenditure shall be incurred out of the State Consolidated Fund or any other State Government Fund except the following:\n(a) moneys charged on the State Consolidated Fund, (b) moneys required to meet the expenditure under an Appropriation Act, (c) advance moneys authorized by an Act required to meet expenditures, when an Appropriation Bill is under consideration, or (d) expenditures to be incurred in extraordinary circumstances under a Vote of Credit Act which contains only a description of expenditures.\nProvided that matters relating to the State Contingency Fund shall be in accordance with Article 212.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "205. Expenditures from State Consolidated Fund or State Government Fund", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 105, "char_count": 689, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154711" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0350", "text": "206. Expenditures chargeable on State Consolidated Fund: The expenditures relating to the following matters shall be charged on the State Consolidated Fund, and approval of the State Assembly shall not be required for such expenditures:\n(a) the amount required as remuneration and facilities payable to the State Speaker and the State Deputy Speaker, (b) the amount required as remuneration and facilities payable to the Chairperson and members of the State Public Service Commission, (c) all charges relating to debts for which the State Government is liable, (d) any sum required to satisfy any judgment or decree made by a court against the State Government, and (e) any other sum specified by a State law to be chargeable on the State Consolidated Fund.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "206. Expenditures chargeable on State Consolidated Fund", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 122, "char_count": 757, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154722" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0351", "text": "207. Estimates of revenues and expenditures: (1) The State Minister for Finance shall, in respect of every financial year, lay before the State Assembly an annual estimate setting out, inter alia, the following matters:\n(a) an estimate of revenues, (b) the moneys required to meet the charges on the State Consolidated Fund, and (c) the moneys required to meet the expenditure to be provided for by a State Appropriation Act.\n(2) The annual estimate to be laid pursuant to clause (1) shall also be accompanied by a statement of the expenses allocated to every Ministry in the\n\nprevious financial year and particulars of whether the objectives of the expenses have been achieved.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "207. Estimates of revenues and expenditures", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 112, "char_count": 678, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154732" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0352", "text": "208. State Appropriation Act: The moneys required to meet the expenditure to be provided for by any State Appropriation Act shall be specified under appropriate heads in an Appropriation Bill.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "208. State Appropriation Act", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 30, "char_count": 192, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154746" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0353", "text": "209. Supplementary estimates: (1) The State Minister for Finance may lay before the State Assembly a supplementary estimate if it is found in any financial year,(a) that the sum authorized to be spent for a particular service by the State Appropriation Act for the current financial year is insufficient, or that a need has arisen for expenditures upon some new service not provided for in the State Appropriation Act for that year, or (b) that the expenditures made during that financial year are in excess of the amount authorized by the State Appropriation Act.\n(2) The sums included in the supplementary estimates shall be specified under the heads in a Supplementary Appropriation Bill.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "209. Supplementary estimates", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 113, "char_count": 691, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154757" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0354", "text": "210. Votes on Account: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Part, a portion of the expenditure estimated for the financial year may, when a State Appropriation Bill is under consideration, be incurred in advance under a State Act.\n(2) A Vote on Account Bill shall not be introduced until the estimates of revenues and expenditures have been laid in accordance with Article 207, and the sums involved in the Vote on Account shall not exceed one-third of the estimate of expenditures for the financial year.\n(3) The expenditures incurred in accordance with the State Vote on Account Act shall be included in the State Appropriation Bill.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "210. Votes on Account", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 107, "char_count": 656, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154767" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0355", "text": "211. Votes of Credit: Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Part, if owing to an emergency due to natural causes or other reasons, it appears to be impractical or inexpedient in view of the security or interest of the State to specify the details required under clause (1) of Article 207, the State Minister for Finance may lay before the State Assembly a Vote of Credit Bill giving only a statement of expenditures.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "211. Votes of Credit", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 73, "char_count": 431, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154776" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0356", "text": "212. State Contingency Fund: (1) A State Act may create a Fund to be known as the State Contingency Fund into which shall be paid from time to time such moneys as may be determined by the State Act.\n(2) The Fund under clause (1) shall be under the control of the State Government. Any unforeseen expenditure may be met out of such Fund by the State Government.\n(3) The amount of the expenditure under clause (2) shall be reimbursed as soon as possible by the State Act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "212. State Contingency Fund", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 88, "char_count": 469, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154785" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0357", "text": "213. Act relating to financial procedures: Matters relating to the transfer of moneys appropriated by the State Act from one head to another and other financial procedures shall be as provided for in the State Act.\n\nPart-17 Local Executive 214. Executive power of Local Level: (1) The executive power of the Local Level shall, pursuant to this Constitution and the Federal law, be vested in the Village Executive or the Municipal Executive.\n(2) The local executive power shall be as mentioned in Schedule-8 and Schedule-9.\n(3) The responsibility for issuing general directives, controlling and regulating the governance of the Village Body and the Municipality shall, subject to this Constitution and other laws, lie in the Village Executive and the Municipal Executive.\n(4) The executive functions of the Village Body and the Municipality shall be performed in the name of the Village Executive and the Municipal Executive.\n(5) Any decision or order to be issued in the name of the Village Executive and the Municipal Executive pursuant to clause (4) and other instruments of authorization pertaining thereto shall be authenticated as provided for in the Local law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "213. Act relating to financial procedures", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 186, "char_count": 1166, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154797" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0358", "text": "215. Provisions relating to Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson of Village Executive:\n(1) There shall be a Chairperson of Village Executive in each Village Body.\nThe Village Executive shall be formed under his or her chairpersonship.\n(2) The Village Executive under clause (1) shall consist of one ViceChairperson, Ward Chairperson elected from each Ward and members elected pursuant to clause (4).\n(3) The Chairperson and the Vice-Chairperson shall be elected by the voters residing within the concerned Village Body area by secret ballots on the\n\nbasis of one person one vote, in accordance with the first past the post electoral system.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Article, \"Chairperson\" and \"ViceChairperson\" mean the Chairperson and the Vice-Chairperson of the Village Executive.\n(4) The members of the Village Executive shall also include four women members elected by the members of the Village Assembly from amongst themselves and two members elected by the Village Assembly from the Dalit or minority communities, in possession of the qualification under clause (5), no later than fifteen days after the final results of the election to the Village Assembly under Article 222.\n(5) A person who has the following qualification shall be qualified to be elected to the office of the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, Ward Chairperson and member:\n(a) being a citizen of Nepal, (b) having completed the age of twenty one years, (c) being a voter whose name is included in the electoral rolls of the Village Body, (d) not being disqualified by any law.\n(6) The term of office of the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, Ward Chairperson and member shall be five years after the date of being elected.\n(7) A person who has been elected as the Chairperson for two terms shall not be eligible to be a candidate in an election to the Village Body.\n(8) The office of the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, Ward Chairperson or member shall become vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n\n(a) if the Chairperson tenders resignation in writing to the Vice-Chairperson, and if the Vice-Chairperson tenders resignation before the Chairperson, (b) if his or her term of office expires, (c) if he or she dies.\n(9) If the seat falls vacant under clause (7) while the term of office of the Chairperson or Vice-Chairperson still remains for more than one year, the vacancy shall be filled through by-election for the remainder of term.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "215. Provisions relating to Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson of Village Executive", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 391, "char_count": 2423, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154817" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0359", "text": "216. Provisions relating to Mayor and Deputy Mayor of Municipal Executive: (1) Each Municipality shall have a Mayor. The Municipal Executive shall be formed under his or her chairpersonship.\n(2) The Municipal Executive under clause (1) shall consist of one Deputy Mayor, Ward Chairperson elected from each Ward and members elected pursuant to clause (4).\n(3) The Mayor and the Deputy Mayor shall be elected by the voters residing within the concerned Municipal area by secret ballots on the basis of one person one vote, in accordance with the first past the post electoral system.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Article, \"Mayor\" and \"Deputy Mayor\" mean the Mayor and the Deputy Mayor of the Municipal Executive.\n(4) The members of the Municipal Executive shall also include five women members elected by the members of the Municipal Assembly from amongst themselves and three members elected by the Municipal Assembly from the Dalit or minority communities, in possession of the qualification under clause (5), no later than fifteen days after the final results of the election to the Municipal Assembly under Article 223.\n\n(5) A person who has the following qualification shall be qualified to be elected to the office of the Mayor, Deputy Mayor, Ward Chairperson and member:\n(a) being a citizen of Nepal, (b) having completed the age of twenty one years, (c) being a voter whose name is included in the electoral rolls of the Municipality, (d) not being disqualified by any law.\n(6) The term of office of the Mayor, Deputy Mayor, Ward Chairperson and member shall be five years after the date of being elected.\n(7) A person who has been elected as the Mayor for two terms shall not be eligible to be a candidate in an election to the Municipality.\n(8) The office of the Mayor, Deputy Mayor, Ward Chairperson or Member shall become vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if the Mayor tenders resignation in writing to the Deputy Mayor, and if the Deputy Mayor tenders resignation in writing before the Mayor, (b) if his or her term of office expires, (c) if he or she dies.\n(9) If the seat falls vacant under clause (8) while the term of office of the Mayor or Deputy Mayor still remains for more than one year, the vacancy shall be filled through by-election for the remainder of term.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "216. Provisions relating to Mayor and Deputy Mayor of Municipal Executive", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 395, "char_count": 2306, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154838" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0360", "text": "217. Judicial Committee: (1) There shall be a three-member judicial committee to be coordinated by its Vice-Chairperson in the case of a Village Body and by its Deputy Mayor in the case of a Municipality, in order to settle disputes under their respective jurisdictions in accordance with law.\n\n(2) The judicial committee under clause (1) shall consist of two members elected by the members of the Village Assembly or the Municipal Assembly from amongst themselves.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "217. Judicial Committee", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 75, "char_count": 465, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154849" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0361", "text": "218. Conduct of business of Village Executive and Municipal Executive: Allocation and conduct of business of the Village Executive and the Municipal Executive shall be carried out in accordance with the rules approved by the Village Executive and the Municipal Executive, respectively.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "218. Conduct of business of Village Executive and Municipal Executive", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 42, "char_count": 285, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154858" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0362", "text": "219. Other provisions relating to Local Level Executive: Other provisions relating to the Local Level Executive, except those contained in this Part, shall be as provided for in the Federal law, subject to this Constitution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "219. Other provisions relating to Local Level Executive", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 35, "char_count": 224, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154866" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0363", "text": "220. District Assembly and District Coordination Committee: (1) There shall be a District Assembly to make coordination between the Village Bodies and Municipalities within the district.\n(2) The District Assembly shall consist of Chairpersons and ViceChairpersons of Village Executives, and Mayors and Deputy Mayors of Municipal Executives within the district. The first meeting of the District Assembly shall be held no later than thirty days of the date of final results of the election to the Village Assemblies and the Municipal Assemblies.\n(3) The District Assembly shall elect the District Coordination Committee consisting of a maximum of nine Members including one Chief, one Deputy Chief, at least three women and at least one Dalit or minority. The District Coordination Committee shall discharge all functions required to be discharged by the District Assembly.\n(4) A Member of a Village Assembly or Municipal Assembly within the concerned district shall be eligible to be a candidate for the office of Chief, Deputy Chief or Member of the District Coordination Committee. If elected to the office of Chief, Deputy Chief or Member of the District Coordination\n\nCommittee, his or her office of Member of Village Assembly or of Municipal Assembly shall ipso facto lapse.\n(5) The term of office of the Chief, Deputy Chief and member of the District Coordination Committee shall be five years after the date of being elected.\n(6) The office of the Chief, Deputy Chief and member of the District Coordination Committee shall become vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if the Chief tenders resignation in writing before the Deputy Chief, and if the Deputy Chief or member tenders resignation in writing before the Chief, (b) if his or her term of office expires, (c) if he or she dies.\n(7) The functions, duties and powers of the District Assembly shall be as follows:\n(a) to make coordination between the Village Bodies and Municipalities within the district, (b) to monitor development and construction works to make balance of such works, (c) to make coordination between the Federal and the State Government offices and Village Bodies and Municipalities in the district, (d) to perform other functions as provided for in the State law.\n(8) Provisions relating to the conduct of the District Assembly, facilities of Members of the District Coordination Committee and other matters relating to the District Assembly shall be as provided for in the State law.\n\nPart-18 Local Legislature 221. Legislative powers of Local Level: (1) The legislative powers of the Local Level shall be vested in the Village Assembly and the Municipal Assembly, subject to this Constitution.\n(2) The legislative powers of the Village Assembly and the Municipal Assembly shall be as mentioned in the lists contained in Schedule-8 and Schedule-9.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "220. District Assembly and District Coordination Committee", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 455, "char_count": 2843, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154886" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0364", "text": "222. Composition of Village Assembly: (1) Each Village Body shall have a Village Assembly.\n(2) A Village Assembly under clause (1) shall consist of the Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson of the Village Executive, Ward Chairpersons, and four members elected from each ward and Members of the Village Executive elected from Dalit and minority communities pursuant to clause (4) of Article 215.\n(3) A Village Assembly to be formed under clause (1) shall have representation of at least two women from each ward.\n(4) Each ward of a Village Body under the Federal law shall have a Ward Committee composed of the Ward Chairperson and four members. Such Ward Chairperson and Ward members shall be elected in accordance with the first past the post electoral system.\n(5) Every person who has completed the age of eighteen years and whose name is included in the electoral rolls of the Village Body shall have a right to vote as provided for in the Federal law.\n(6) A person who has the following qualification shall be qualified to become a candidate for the office of the Member of the Village Assembly:\n\n(a) being a citizen of Nepal, (b) having completed the age of twenty one years, (c) being his or her name included in the electoral rolls of the Village Body, and (d) not being disqualified by any law.\n(7) Matters relating to the election to the Village Assembly and other matters pertaining thereto shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "222. Composition of Village Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 248, "char_count": 1440, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154903" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0365", "text": "223. Composition of Municipal Assembly: (1) Each Municipality shall have a Municipal Assembly.\n(2) A Municipal Assembly under clause (1) shall consist of the Mayor and the Deputy Mayor of the Municipal Executive, Ward Chairpersons, and four members elected from each Ward and members of the Municipal Executive elected from Dalit or minority communities pursuant to clause (4) of Article 216.\n(3) A Municipal Assembly to be formed under clause (1) shall have representation of at least two women from each Ward.\n(4) Each ward of a Municipality shall have a Ward Committee composed of one Ward Chairperson and four members as provided for in the Federal law. Such Ward Chairperson and Ward members shall be elected in accordance with the first past the post electoral system.\n(5) Every person who has completed the age of eighteen years and whose name is included in the electoral rolls of the Municipality shall have a right to vote as provided for in the Federal law.\n(6) A person who has the following qualification shall be qualified to be a candidate for the office of member of the Municipal Assembly:\n(a) being a citizen of Nepal,\n\n(b) having completed the age of twenty one years, (c) being his or her name included in the electoral rolls of the Municipality, and (d) not being disqualified by any law.\n(7) Matters relating to the election to the Municipal Assembly and other matters pertaining thereto shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "223. Composition of Municipal Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 248, "char_count": 1454, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154918" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0366", "text": "224. Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson of Village Assembly and Municipal Assembly: The Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson of a Village Executive and the Mayor and Deputy Mayor of a Municipal Executive shall ipso facto be the Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson of the Village Assembly and the Municipal Assembly, respectively, and perform functions as such.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "224. Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson of Village Assembly and Municipal Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 50, "char_count": 351, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154927" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0367", "text": "225. Term of Village Assembly and Municipal Assembly: The term of a Village Assembly and of a Municipal Assembly shall be five years for the date of election. Another Village Assembly and Municipal Assembly shall be elected not later than six months of the expiration of such a term.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "225. Term of Village Assembly and Municipal Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 49, "char_count": 283, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154934" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0368", "text": "226. Powers to make law: (1) A Village Assembly and a Municipal Assembly may make necessary laws on the matters set forth in the Lists contained in Schedule-8 and Schedule-9.\n(2) The process for making laws under clause (1) shall be as provided for in the State Law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "226. Powers to make law", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 48, "char_count": 266, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154940" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0369", "text": "227. Other provisions relating to Village Assembly and Municipal Assembly: Other matters relating to the conduct of business of a Village Assembly and Municipal Assembly, rules of procedures of meetings, formation of committees, conditions in which the office of member falls vacant, facilities receivable by members of the Village Assembly and Municipal Assembly and employees and offices of the Village Body and Municipality shall be as provided for in the State law.\n\nPart-19 Local Financial Procedures 228. No tax to be levied or loan to be raised: (1) No tax shall be levied and collected and no loan raised in the Local level except in accordance with law.\n(2) The Local level may levy tax by law on matters falling within its domain without prejudice to national economic policies, carriage of goods and services, capital and labour market, and the neighbouring State or Local level.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "227. Other provisions relating to Village Assembly and Municipal Assembly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 145, "char_count": 890, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154950" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0370", "text": "229. Local Consolidated Fund: (1) Each Village Body and Municipality under the Local Level shall have one Local Consolidate Fund. All revenues received by the Village Body or Municipality, any amounts of grants received from the Government of Nepal and the State Government, all loans raised by the Village Body and Municipality, and amounts received from other sources shall be credited to such a Fund.\n(2) Matters relating to expenditures from the Local Consolidated Fund under clause (1) shall be as provided for in the Local law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "229. Local Consolidated Fund", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 87, "char_count": 533, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154960" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0371", "text": "230. Estimates of revenues and expenditures of Village Body and Municipality: (1) The Village Executive and the Municipal Executive shall, subject to this Constitution, lay an estimate of revenues and expenditures of every financial year before, and have the estimate passed by, the Village Assembly and the Municipal Assembly, respectively, as provided for in the Local law.\n(2) If, in laying an estimate of revenues and expenditures under clause (1), the Village Executive or Municipal Executive is required to make a deficit budget, it must purpose also the sources to meet the deficit as provided for in the Federal law and the State law.\n\nPart-20 Interrelations between Federation, State and Local Level 231. Legislative interrelations between Federation and States: (1) The Federal Law may be made to be applicable to the whole of, or, if required, to any part of, the territory of Nepal.\n(2) A State law may be made to be applicable to the whole of, or as required, to any part of the territory of the State.\n(3) If two or more States make a request to the Government of Nepal to make laws on any matter enumerated in Schedule-6, the Federal Parliament may make necessary laws. Such laws shall be applicable only to the concerned States.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "230. Estimates of revenues and expenditures of Village Body and Municipality", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 210, "char_count": 1244, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154972" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0372", "text": "232. Relations between Federation, State and Local level: (1) The relations between the Federation, States, and Local level shall be based on the principles of cooperation, co-existence and coordination.\n(2) The Government of Nepal may, pursuant to this Constitution and the Federal Law, give necessary directions to any State Council of Ministers on matters of national importance and on matters to be coordinated between the States, and it shall be the duty of the concerned State Council of Ministers to abide by such directions.\n(3) If any such type of act as may seriously undermine the sovereignty, territorial integrity, nationality or independence of Nepal is carried out in any State, the President may, as required, warn such State Council of Ministers, suspend or dissolve the State Council of Ministers and the State Assembly for a period not exceeding six months.\n(4) Any suspension or dissolution of any State Council of Ministers and State Assembly made pursuant to clause (3) must get ratified by a two\n\nthirds majority of the total number of the then members of the Federal Parliament within thirty five days.\n(5) If dissolution made pursuant to clause (3) is ratified by the Federal Parliament, election to the State Assembly shall be held in such State within six months.\nProvided that such suspension or dissolution shall ipso facto be invalid if it is not ratified by the Federal Parliament.\n(6) The Federal ruling shall apply to such State during the period of such suspension if the suspension made pursuant to clause (3) is ratified pursuant to clause (4) and until election to the State Assembly is held pursuant to clause (5).\n(7) During the continuance of the Federal rule, the Federal Parliament may make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the List contained in Schedule-6. Such laws shall continue to exist until repealed by other laws made by the concerned State Assembly.\n(8) The Government of Nepal may, directly or through the State Government, render necessary assistance to, and give necessary directives to, any Village Executive or Municipal Executive, pursuant to this Constitution and the Federal law. It shall be the duty of the Village Executive or Municipal Executive to abide by such directives.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "232. Relations between Federation, State and Local level", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 368, "char_count": 2249, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.154994" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0373", "text": "233. Relations between States: (1) One State shall render assistance in the execution of legal provisions or judicial and administrative decisions or orders of another State.\n(2) A State may exchange information and consult with another State on matters of common concern and interest, coordinate each other on their activities and legislations and extend mutual assistance.\n\n(3) A State shall, in accordance with its State law, provide equal security, treatment and facility to residents of another State.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "233. Relations between States", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 77, "char_count": 506, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155006" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0374", "text": "234. Inter-State Council: (1) There shall be an Inter-State Council as follows to settle political disputes arising between the Federation and a State and between States:\n(a) Prime Minister - Chairperson (b) Minister for Home Affairs of the Government of Nepal - Member (c) Minister for Finance of the Government of Nepal - Member (d) Chief Ministers of the concerned States - Member (2) The Inter-State Council may meet as required.\n(3) The Inter-State Council may invite to its meeting a Minister of the Government of Nepal and a Minister of the concerned State who is responsible for the matter of dispute and a concerned expert.\n(4) The rules of procedures of the meeting of the Inter-State Council shall be as determined by the Council itself.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "234. Inter-State Council", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 126, "char_count": 748, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155016" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0375", "text": "235. Coordination between Federation, State and Local Level: (1) The Federal Parliament shall make necessary laws in order to maintain coordination between the Federation, State and Local level.\n(2) The State Assembly may maintain coordination between the State and Village Bodies or Municipalities and settle political disputes, if any, that have arisen, in coordination with the concerned Village Body, Municipality and the District Coordination Committee.\n(3) The processes and procedures for the settlement of disputes under clause (2) shall be as provided for in the State law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "235. Coordination between Federation, State and Local Level", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 87, "char_count": 582, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155025" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0376", "text": "236. Inter-State trade: Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Constitution, it is prohibited to make any kind of obstruction to the carriage of\n\ngoods or extension of services by a State or Local level to another State or Local level or to the carriage of goods or extension of services to any State or Local Level or to levy tax, fee or charge thereon or to make any kind of discrimination on the carriage or extension of such services or goods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "236. Inter-State trade", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 81, "char_count": 461, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155034" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0377", "text": "237. Not to affect jurisdiction of Constitutional Bench of Supreme Court: Nothing contained in this Part shall affect the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court under Article 137.\n\nPart-21 Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority 238. Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority: (1) There shall be a Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority of Nepal, consisting of the Chief Commissioner and four other Commissioners. The Chief Commissioner shall act as the Chairperson of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority.\n(2) The President shall, on recommendation of the Constitutional Council, appoint the Chief Commissioner and Commissioners.\n(3) The term of office of the Chief Commissioner and Commissioners shall be six years from the date of appointment.\n(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (3), the office of the Chief Commissioner or a Commissioner shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the President, (b) if he or she attains the age of sixty-five years, (c) if a motion of impeachment is passed against him or her under Article 101, (d) if he or she is removed from office by the President on recommendation of the Constitutional Council on grounds of his or her inability to hold office and discharge the functions due to physical or mental illness, (e) if he or she dies.\n(5) The Chief Commissioner and Commissioners appointed under clause (2) shall not be eligible for reappointment.\n\nProvided that a Commissioner may be appointed to the office of Chief Commissioner, and when a Commissioner is so appointed as the Chief Commissioner, his or her term of office shall be so computed as to include his or her term as the Commissioner.\n(6) A person shall be eligible to be appointed as the Chief Commissioner or a Commissioner of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority if he or she possesses the following qualification:\n(a) holding a bachelor's degree from a recognized university, (b) not being a member of any political party at the time of appointment, (c) having gained at least twenty years of experiences in the field of either accounting, revenue, engineering, law, development or research and being a distinguished person, (d) having attained the age of forty five years, and (e) being of high moral character.\n(7) The remuneration and other conditions of service of the Chief Commissioner and the Commissioners shall be as provided for in the Federal law. The remuneration and conditions of service of the Chief Commissioner and the Commissioners shall not, so long as they hold office, be altered to their disadvantage.\nProvided that this provision shall not apply in cases where a state of emergency is declared because of extreme economic disarrays.\n(8) A person once appointed as the Chief Commissioner or Commissioner shall not be eligible for appointment in other government service.\n\nProvided that nothing in this clause shall be deemed to be a bar to the appointment to any political position or to any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "237. Not to affect jurisdiction of Constitutional Bench of Supreme Court", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 546, "char_count": 3359, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155065" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0378", "text": "239. Functions, duties and powers of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority: (1) The Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority may, in accordance with law, conduct, or cause to be conducted, investigations of any abuse of authority committed through corruption by any person holding public office. Provided that this clause shall not apply to any official in relation to whom this Constitution itself separately provides for such action and to any official in relation to whom other law provides for a separate special provision. (2) In the case of the persons who can be removed from office by passing a motion of impeachment under Article 101, the Judges who can be removed by the Judicial Council and the persons who are liable to action under the Army Act, it may conduct, or cause to be conducted, investigations in accordance with the Federal law after they have been removed from office. (3) If the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority finds, on investigation conducted pursuant to clause (1) or (2), that a person holding public office has committed an act which is defined by law as corruption, it may file, or cause to be filed, a case against that person and other person involved in that offense in the competent court in accordance with law. (4) If, on investigation conducted pursuant to clause (1) or (2), any act or action done or taken by a person holding public office appears to be of such nature as to be falling under the jurisdiction of another official or body, the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority may write to the concerned official or body for necessary action. (5) The Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority may delegate any of its functions, duties and powers on the conducting of investigations or filing cases, to the Chief Commissioner, a Commissioner or an officer employee of the Government of Nepal to be exercised and complied with subject to the specified conditions. (6) Other functions, duties and powers and rules of procedure of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority shall be as provided for in the Federal law. Part-22 Auditor General 240. Auditor General: (1) There shall be an Auditor General of Nepal. (2) The President shall, on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, appoint the Auditor General. (3) The term of office of the Auditor General shall be six years from the date of appointment.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "239. Functions, duties and powers of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 413, "char_count": 2457, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155126" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0379", "text": "Federal law. Part-22 Auditor General 240. Auditor General: (1) There shall be an Auditor General of Nepal. (2) The President shall, on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, appoint the Auditor General. (3) The term of office of the Auditor General shall be six years from the date of appointment. (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (3), the office of the Auditor General shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances: (a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the President, (b) if he or she attains the age of sixty-five years, (c) if a motion of impeachment is passed against him or her under Article 101, (d) if he or she is removed from office by the President on recommendation of the Constitutional Council on grounds of his or her inability to hold office and discharge the functions due to physical or mental illness, (e) if he or she dies. (5) The Auditor General appointed under clause (2) shall not be eligible for reappointment. (6) A person shall be eligible to be appointed as the Auditor General if he or she possesses the following qualification: (a) having served in the Special Class of the Government of Nepal or having at least twenty years of experiences in audit related work, after having obtained a bachelor's degree in management, commerce or accounting from a recognized university or having passed a chartered accountancy examination, (b) not being a member of any political party at the time of appointment, (c) having attained the age of forty five years, and (d) being of high moral character. (7) The remuneration and conditions of service of the Auditor General shall be as provided for in the Federal law. The remuneration and conditions of service of the Auditor General shall not, so long as he or she holds office, be altered to his or her disadvantage. Provided that this provision shall not apply in cases where a state of emergency is declared because of extreme economic disarrays. (8) A person once appointed as the Auditor General shall not be eligible for appointment in another government service. Provided that nothing in this clause shall be deemed to be a bar to the appointment to any political position or to any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "239. 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Functions, duties and powers of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 49, "char_count": 311, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155158" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0382", "text": "to the appointment to any political position or to any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "239. Functions, duties and powers of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 48, "char_count": 307, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155164" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0383", "text": "the appointment to any political position or to any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "239. Functions, duties and powers of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 47, "char_count": 304, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155169" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0384", "text": "appointment to any political position or to any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "239. Functions, duties and powers of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 46, "char_count": 300, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155174" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0385", "text": "to any political position or to any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "239. Functions, duties and powers of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 45, "char_count": 288, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155179" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0386", "text": "any political position or to any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "239. 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Functions, duties and powers of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 43, "char_count": 281, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155190" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0388", "text": "position or to any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "239. Functions, duties and powers of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 42, "char_count": 271, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155195" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0389", "text": "or to any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "239. Functions, duties and powers of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 41, "char_count": 262, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155200" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0390", "text": "to any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "239. Functions, duties and powers of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 40, "char_count": 259, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155205" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0391", "text": "any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "239. Functions, duties and powers of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 256, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155210" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0392", "text": "position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "239. Functions, duties and powers of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 38, "char_count": 252, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155217" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0393", "text": "which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "239. Functions, duties and powers of the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 37, "char_count": 243, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155224" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0394", "text": "has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "239. 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Functions, duties and powers of Auditor-General: (1) The accounts of all Federal and State Government Offices including the Office of the President, Office of the Vice-President, Supreme Court, Federal Parliament, State Assembly, State Government, Local level, Constitutional Bodies and Offices thereof, Courts, Office of the Attorney General, Nepal Army, Nepal Police and Armed Police Force, Nepal shall be audited by the Auditor-General in accordance with law, having regard to, inter alia, the regularity, economy, efficiency, effectiveness and the propriety thereof. (2) The Auditor General shall be consulted in the matter of appointment of an auditor to carry out the audit of a corporate body of which the Government of Nepal or State Government owns more than fifty percent of the shares or assets. The Auditor General may also issue necessary directives setting forth the principles for carrying out the audit of such corporate body. (3) The Auditor General shall, at all times, have power to examine any books of accounts for the purpose of carrying out the functions under clause (1). It shall be the duty of the concerned chief of office to provide all such documents and information as may be demanded by the Auditor General or any of his or her employees. (4) The accounts to be audited pursuant to clause (1) shall be maintained in the form prescribed by the Auditor General, as provided for in the Federal law. (5) In addition to the accounts of the offices mentioned in clause (1), the Federal law may also require the accounts of any other offices or bodies to be audited by the Auditor General. Part -23 Public Service Commission 242. Public Service Commission: (1) There shall be a Public Service Commission of Nepal, consisting of the Chairperson and four other Members. (2) The President shall, on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, appoint the Chairperson and Members. (3) At least fifty percent of the total number of Members of the Public Service Commission shall be appointed from amongst the persons who have worked for twenty or more in any government service, and the rest of the Members shall be appointed from amongst the persons who hold reputation after having done research, investigation, teaching or any other significant work in the field of science, technology, art, literature, law, public administration, sociology or other sphere of national life. (4) The term of office of the Chairperson and Members of the Public Service Commission shall be six years from the date of appointment. (5) The Chairperson and Members appointed under clause (2) shall not be eligible for reappointment.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "241. 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(6) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (4), the office of the Chairperson or a Member of the Public Service Commission shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances: (a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the President, (b) if he or she attains the age of sixty-five years, (c) if a motion of impeachment is passed against him or her under Article 101, (d) if he or she is removed from office by the President on recommendation of the Constitutional Council on grounds of his or her inability to hold office and discharge the functions due to physical or mental illness, (e) if he or she dies. (7) A person shall be eligible to be appointed as the Chairperson or a member of the Public Service Commission if he or she possesses the following qualification: (a) holding a master's degree from a recognized university, (b) not being a member of any political party at the time of appointment, (c) having attained the age of forty five years, and (d) being of high moral character. (8) The remuneration and other conditions of service of the Chairperson and the members of the Public Service Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law. The remuneration and conditions of service of the Chairperson and the Members of the Public Service Commission shall not, so long as they hold office, be altered to their disadvantage. Provided that this provision shall not apply in cases where a state of emergency is declared because of extreme economic disarrays. 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Functions, duties and powers of Auditor-General", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 4, "char_count": 24, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155698" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0479", "text": "on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "241. Functions, duties and powers of Auditor-General", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 3, "char_count": 15, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155702" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0480", "text": "any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "241. Functions, duties and powers of Auditor-General", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 2, "char_count": 12, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155706" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0481", "text": "subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "241. Functions, duties and powers of Auditor-General", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 1, "char_count": 8, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155709" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0482", "text": "243. Functions, duties and powers of the Public Service Commission: (1) It shall be the duty of the Public Service Commission to conduct examinations for the selection of suitable candidates to be appointed to the positions in the Civil Service. Explanation: For the purposes of this Article, \"positions in the Civil Service\" means all positions in the services of the Government of Nepal, other than the positions in the services of Army personnel, Nepal Police or Armed Police Force, Nepal and such other positions in the services as are excluded by an Act from the Civil Service. (2) The Public Service Commission shall conduct written examinations to be given for appointment to the offices of the Nepal Army, Nepal Police, Armed Police Force, Nepal, other Federal governmental services and of bodies corporate, other than the positions in the Civil Service. Explanation: For the purposes of this Article, \"body corporate\" means a corporation, company, bank or board of which more than fifty percent or more of the shares or assets is owned or controlled by the Government of Nepal, except a university or Education Service Commission, or a commission, corporation, authority, body, academy, board, centre, council and other body corporate of similar nature established under the Federal law or formed by the Government of Nepal. (3) The Public Service Commission shall be consulted on the general principles to be followed in the course of making appointment and promotion to any position of the Nepal army, Nepal Police, Armed Police Force, Nepal and other Federal government services. (4) The Public Service Commission shall be consulted on the laws relating to the conditions of service of the employees in the service of a body corporate and on the general principles to be followed in the course of making promotion to any position of such service and taking departmental action against any such employee. (5) No permanent appointment to any pensionable position chargeable on the Government of Nepal shall be made except in consultation with the Public Service Commission.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "243. Functions, duties and powers of the Public Service Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 335, "char_count": 2083, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155760" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0483", "text": "general principles to be followed in the course of making promotion to any position of such service and taking departmental action against any such employee. (5) No permanent appointment to any pensionable position chargeable on the Government of Nepal shall be made except in consultation with the Public Service Commission. (6) The Public Service Commission shall be consulted on the following subjects: (a) matters concerning the law relating to the conditions of service of the Federal Civil Service; (b) the principles to be followed in making appointments to, promotions to, the Federal Civil Service or positions thereof and taking departmental action; (c) matters concerning the suitability of any candidate for appointment to the Federal Civil Service position for a period of more than six months; (d) matters concerning the suitability of any candidate for transfer or promotion from a position in one type of Federal Civil Service to a position in other type of Federal Civil Service or transfer or promotion from other government service to the Federal Civil Service or for a change in service or transfer from a position in a State Civil Service to a position in the Federal Civil Service or from a position in the Federal Civil Service to a State Civil Service, (e) matters concerning the permanent transfer or promotion of an employee working in any position which does not require consultation with the Public Service Commission to any position which requires consultation with the Public Service Commission; and (f) matters relating to departmental action against any employee of the Federal Civil Service. (7) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (6), matters falling within the jurisdiction of the Judicial Service Commission under Article 154 shall be governed by that Article. (8) The Public Service Commission may so delegate any of its functions, duties and powers to its Chairperson or Member, an employee of the Government of Nepal as to be exercised and complied with subject to the specified conditions. (9) Other functions, duties and powers and rules of procedure of the Public Service Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "243. 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(9) Other functions, duties and powers and rules of procedure of the Public Service Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "243. Functions, duties and powers of the Public Service Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 233, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155842" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0496", "text": "of Nepal as to be exercised and complied with subject to the specified conditions. (9) Other functions, duties and powers and rules of procedure of the Public Service Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "243. 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(9) Other functions, duties and powers and rules of procedure of the Public Service Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "243. Functions, duties and powers of the Public Service Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 36, "char_count": 213, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155857" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0499", "text": "to be exercised and complied with subject to the specified conditions. (9) Other functions, duties and powers and rules of procedure of the Public Service Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "243. 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(9) Other functions, duties and powers and rules of procedure of the Public Service Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "243. Functions, duties and powers of the Public Service Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 33, "char_count": 204, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155873" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0502", "text": "and complied with subject to the specified conditions. (9) Other functions, duties and powers and rules of procedure of the Public Service Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "243. 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(9) Other functions, duties and powers and rules of procedure of the Public Service Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "243. Functions, duties and powers of the Public Service Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 30, "char_count": 181, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155888" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0505", "text": "subject to the specified conditions. (9) Other functions, duties and powers and rules of procedure of the Public Service Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "243. 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(9) Other functions, duties and powers and rules of procedure of the Public Service Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "243. Functions, duties and powers of the Public Service Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 27, "char_count": 165, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.155903" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0508", "text": "specified conditions. (9) Other functions, duties and powers and rules of procedure of the Public Service Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "243. 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Functions, duties and powers of the Public Service Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 4, "char_count": 19, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.156002" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0531", "text": "the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "243. Functions, duties and powers of the Public Service Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 3, "char_count": 16, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.156006" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0532", "text": "Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "243. Functions, duties and powers of the Public Service Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 2, "char_count": 12, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.156012" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0533", "text": "law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "243. Functions, duties and powers of the Public Service Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 1, "char_count": 4, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.156016" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0534", "text": "244. Provisions relating to State Public Service Commission: (1) Each State shall have a State Public Service Commission.\n(2) The functions, duties and powers of the State Public Service Commission shall be as provided for in the State law.\n(3) The Federal Parliament shall by law determine grounds and standards for the purposes of clause (2).\n\nPart-24 Election Commission 245. Election Commission: (1) There shall be an Election Commission of Nepal, consisting of a Chief Commissioner and four other Commissioners. The Chief Commissioner shall act as the chairperson of the Election Commission.\n(2) The President shall, on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, appoint the Chief Election Commissioner and Commissioners.\n(3) The term of office of the Chief Election Commissioner and Commissioners of the Election Commission shall be six years from the date of appointment.\n(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (3), the office of the Chief Election Commissioner or Election Commissioner shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the President, (b) if he or she attains the age of sixty-five years, (c) if a motion of impeachment is passed against him or her under Article 101, (d) if he or she is removed from office by the President on recommendation of the Constitutional Council on grounds of his or her inability to hold office and discharge the functions due to physical or mental illness, (e) if he or she dies.\n(5) The Chief Election Commissioner and Commissioners appointed under clause (2) shall not be eligible for reappointment.\nProvided that a Commissioner may be appointed to the office of Chief Election Commissioner, and when a Commissioner is so appointed as the Chief\n\nElection Commissioner, his or her term of office shall be so computed as to include his or her term as the Commissioner.\n(6) A person shall be eligible to be appointed as the Chief Election Commissioner or an Election Commissioner if he or she possesses the following qualification:\n(a) holding a bachelor's degree from a recognized university, (b) not being a member of any political party at the time of appointment, (c) having attained the age of forty five years, and (d) being of high moral character.\n(7) The remuneration and other conditions of service of the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners shall be as provided for in the Federal law. The remuneration and conditions of service of the Chief Election Commissioner and the Commissioners shall not, so long as they hold office, be altered to their disadvantage.\nProvided that this provision shall not apply in cases where a state of emergency is declared because of extreme economic disarrays.\n(8) A person once appointed as the Chief Election Commissioner and a Commissioner of the Election Commission shall not be eligible for appointment in other government service.\nProvided that nothing in this clause shall be deemed to be a bar to the appointment to any political position or to any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "244. Provisions relating to State Public Service Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 532, "char_count": 3296, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.156044" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0535", "text": "246. Functions, duties and powers of the Election Commission: (1) The Election Commission shall, subject to this Constitution and the Federal law, conduct, supervise, direct and control the election to the President, Vice-President, members of the Federal Parliament, members of State Assemblies and members of Local level. For these purposes, the Election Commission shall prepare electoral rolls.\n(2) The Election Commission shall hold a referendum on a matter of national importance pursuant to this Constitution and the Federal law (3) If, after nomination of candidacy for the President, VicePresident, member of the Federal Parliament, member of State Assemblies or member of Local level has been filed but before the election results are declared, a question arises about the qualification of a candidate, the Election Commission shall decide that question.\n(4) The Election Commission may so delegate any of its functions, duties and powers to the Chief Election Commissioner, Election Commissioner or any government employee as to be exercised and complied with subject to the specified conditions.\n(5) Other functions, duties and powers and rules of procedure of the Election Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "246. Functions, duties and powers of the Election Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 189, "char_count": 1241, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.156061" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0536", "text": "247. To provide necessary assistance to Election Commission: The Government of Nepal, State Government and Local Government shall provide such employees and other assistance to the Election Commission as may be required to perform its functions pursuant to this Constitution. Part-25 National Human Rights Commission 248. National Human Rights Commission: (1) There shall be a National Human Rights Commission of Nepal, consisting of a Chairperson and four other members. (2) The President shall, on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, appoint the Chairperson and members. (3) The term of office of the Chairperson and members of the National Human Rights Commission shall be six years from the date of appointment. (4) The Chairperson and members appointed under clause (2) shall not be eligible for reappointment. Provided that a Member may be appointed to the office of Chairperson, and when a member is so appointed as the Chairperson, his or her term of office shall be so computed as to include his or her term as the Member. (5) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (3), the office of the Chairperson or member of the National Human Rights Commission shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances: (a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the President, (b) if a motion of impeachment is passed against him or her under Article 101, (c) if he or she is removed from office by the President on recommendation of the Constitutional Council on grounds of his or her inability to hold office and discharge the functions due to physical or mental illness, (d) if he or she dies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "247. 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(6) A person shall be eligible to be appointed as the Chairperson or a member of the National Human Rights Commission if he or she possesses the following qualification: (a) in the case of the Chairperson, being a retired Chief Justice or retired Judge of the Supreme Court and having rendered outstanding contribution to the protection and promotion of human rights or being a renowned person having been active for at least twenty years in and rendered outstanding contribution to the protection and promotion of human rights or to various fields of national life, (b) in the case of a Member, being a person being involved in the field of the protection and promotion of human rights or rights and interests of the child or being a renowned person having been active for at least twenty years in and rendered outstanding contribution to various fields of national life, (c) holding a bachelor's degree from a recognized university, (d) having attained the age of forty five years, (e) not being a member of any political party at the time of appointment, (f) being of high moral character. (7) The remuneration and other conditions of service of the Chairperson and members of the National Human Rights Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law. The remuneration and conditions of service of the Chairperson and members of the National Human Rights Commission shall not, so long as they hold office, be altered to their disadvantage. Provided that this provision shall not apply in cases where a state of emergency is declared because of extreme economic disarrays. (8) A person once appointed as the Chairperson or a member of the National Human Rights Commission shall not be eligible for appointment in other government service. Provided that nothing in this clause shall be deemed to be a bar to the appointment to any political position or to any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "247. 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To provide necessary assistance to Election Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 4, "char_count": 24, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.156335" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0585", "text": "on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "247. To provide necessary assistance to Election Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 3, "char_count": 15, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.156339" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0586", "text": "any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "247. To provide necessary assistance to Election Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 2, "char_count": 12, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.156344" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0587", "text": "subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "247. To provide necessary assistance to Election Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 1, "char_count": 8, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.156348" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0588", "text": "249. Functions, duties and powers of National Human Rights Commission: (1) It shall be the duty of the National Human Rights Commission to respect, protect and promote human rights and ensure effective enforcement thereof. (2) For the accomplishment of the duty mentioned in clause (1), the National Human Rights Commission shall perform the following functions: (a) to inquire, on its own initiative or on petition or complaint presented in or sent to the Commission by a victim or any person on his or her behalf or on information received by the Commission from any source, into and investigate complaints of violations of human rights of an individual or group or abetment thereof, and make recommendation for action against the perpetrators, (b) if any official who has the responsibility or duty to prevent violations of human rights fails to fulfill or perform his or her responsibility or duty or shows reluctance in the fulfillment or performance of his or her responsibility or duty, to make recommendation to the concerned authority to take departmental action against such official, (c) if it is required to institute a case against any person or organization who has violated human rights, to make recommendation to file a case in the court in accordance with law; (d) to coordinate and collaborate with the civil society in order to enhance awareness on human rights, (e) to make recommendation, accompanied by the reasons and grounds, to the concerned body for taking departmental action against and imposing punishment on those who have violated human rights, (f) to carry out periodic reviews of the relevant laws relating to human rights and make recommendation to the Government of Nepal for necessary improvements in and amendments to such laws, (g) if Nepal has to become a party to any international treaty or agreement on human rights, to make recommendation, accompanied by the reasons therefor, to the Government of Nepal; and monitor whether any such treaty or agreement to which Nepal is already a party has been implemented, and if it is found not to have been implemented, to make recommendation to the Government of Nepal for its implementation, (h) to publish, in accordance with law, the names of the officials, persons or bodies who have failed to observe or implement any recommendations or directives made or given by the National Human Rights Commission in relation to the violations of human rights, and record them as violators of human rights.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "249. 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(3) In discharging its functions or performing its duties, the National Human Rights Commission may exercise the following powers: (a) to exercise all such powers as of a court in respect of the summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person before the Commission and seeking and recording his or her information or statements or depositions, examining evidence and producing exhibits and proofs, (b) on receipt of information by the Commission in any manner that a serious violation of human rights has already been committed or is going to be committed, to search any person or his or her residence or office, enter such residence or office without notice, and, in the course of making such search, take possession of any document, evidence or proof related with the violation of human rights, (c) in the event of necessity to take action immediately on receipt of information that the human rights of any person are being violated, to enter any government office or any other place without notice and rescue such person, (d) to order for the provision of compensation in accordance with law to any person who is a victim of the violations of human rights; (4) The National Human Rights Commission may so delegate any of its functions, duties and powers to the Chairperson of the Commission, any of its Members or a government employee as to be exercised and complied with subject to the specified conditions. (5) Other functions, duties and powers and rules of procedure of the National Human Rights Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law. Part-26 National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission 250. National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission: (1) There shall be a National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission of Nepal, consisting of a maximum of five members including a Chairperson. (2) The President shall, on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, appoint the Chairperson and members of the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission. (3) The term of office of the Chairperson and members of the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission shall be six years from the date of appointment.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "249. Functions, duties and powers of National Human Rights Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 401, "char_count": 2454, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.156462" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0590", "text": "The President shall, on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, appoint the Chairperson and members of the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission. (3) The term of office of the Chairperson and members of the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission shall be six years from the date of appointment. (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (3), the office of the Chairperson or member of the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances: (a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the President, (b) if he or she attains the age of sixty-five years, (c) if a motion of impeachment is passed against him or her under Article 101, (d) if he or she is removed from office by the President on recommendation of the Constitutional Council on grounds of his or her inability to hold office and discharge the functions due to physical or mental illness, (e) if he or she dies. (5) The Chairperson and members appointed under clause (2) shall not be eligible for reappointment. Provided that a member may be appointed to the office of Chairperson, and when a member is so appointed as the Chairperson, his or her term of office shall be so computed as to include his or her term as the member. (6) A person shall be eligible to be appointed as the Chairperson or a member of the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission if he or she possesses the following qualification: (a) having gained expertise upon being active for at least twenty years in the field of natural resources or fiscal management, economics, law, management, after holding a bachelor's degree in the relevant subject from a recognized university, (b) not being a member of any political party at the time of appointment, (c) having attained the age of forty five years, (d) being of high moral character. (7) The remuneration and other conditions of service of the Chairperson and members of the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law, and their remuneration and conditions of service shall not, so long as they hold office, be altered to their disadvantage. Provided that this provision shall not apply in cases where a state of emergency is declared because of extreme economic disarrays. (8) A person once appointed as the Chairperson or a member of the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission shall not be eligible for appointment in other government service.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "249. Functions, duties and powers of National Human Rights Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 417, "char_count": 2496, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.156590" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0591", "text": "Provided that this provision shall not apply in cases where a state of emergency is declared because of extreme economic disarrays. (8) A person once appointed as the Chairperson or a member of the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission shall not be eligible for appointment in other government service. Provided that nothing in this clause shall be deemed to be a bar to the appointment to any political position or to any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "249. 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Functions, duties and powers of National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission: (1) The functions, duties and powers of the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission shall be as follows: (a) to determine detailed basis and modality for the distribution of revenues between the Federal, State and Local Governments out of the Federal Consolidated Fund in accordance with the Constitution and law, (b) to make recommendation about equalization grants to be provided to the State and Local Governments out of the Federal Consolidated Fund, (c) to conduct study and research work and prepare parameters as to conditional grants to be provided to the State and Local Governments in accordance with national policies and programs, norms/standards and situation of infrastructures, (d) to determine detailed basis and modality for the distribution of revenues between the State and Local Governments out of the State Consolidated Fund, (e) to recommend measures to meet expenditures of the Federal, State and Local Governments, and to reform revenue collection, (f) to analyze macro-economic indicators and recommend ceiling of internal loans that the Federal, State and Local Governments can borrow, (g) to review the bases for the distribution between the Federal and State Governments of revenues and recommend for revision, (h) to set bases for the determination of shares of the Government of Nepal, State Government and Local level in investments and returns, in the mobilization of natural resources, (i) to do study and research work on possible disputes that may arise between the Federation and the States, between States, between a State and a Local level, and between Local levels, and make suggestions to act in a coordinated manner for the prevention of such disputes. (2) The National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission shall carry out necessary study and research work about environmental impact assessment required in the course of distribution of natural resources, and make recommendations to the Government of Nepal. (3) Other functions, duties and powers and rules of procedure of the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission, detailed bases required to be followed in the mobilization of natural resources or distribution of revenues, and other matters including conditions of service of the officials of the Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law. Part-27 Other Commissions 252. National Women Commission: (1) There shall be a National Women Commission of Nepal, consisting of a Chairperson and four other members. (2) The President shall, on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, appoint the Chairperson and members of the National Women Commission. (3) The term of office of the Chairperson and members of the National Women Commission shall be six years from the date of appointment.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "251. Functions, duties and powers of National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 441, "char_count": 2857, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.156903" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0643", "text": "Chairperson and four other members. (2) The President shall, on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, appoint the Chairperson and members of the National Women Commission. (3) The term of office of the Chairperson and members of the National Women Commission shall be six years from the date of appointment. (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (3), the office of the Chairperson or member of the National Women Commission shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances: (a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the President, (b) if he or she attains the age of sixty-five years, (c) if a motion of impeachment is passed against him or her under Article 101, (d) if he or she is removed from office by the President on recommendation of the Constitutional Council on grounds of his or her inability to hold office and discharge the functions due to physical or mental illness, (e) if he or she dies. (5) The Chairperson and members appointed under clause (2) shall not be eligible for reappointment. Provided that a member may be appointed to the office of Chairperson, and when a member is so appointed as the Chairperson, his or her term of office shall be so computed as to include his or her term as the member. (6) A person shall be eligible to be appointed as the Chairperson or a member of the National Women Commission if he or she possesses the following qualification: (a) being a woman having rendered outstanding contribution, for at least ten years, to the field of rights and interests of women or gender justice or women development or human rights and law, (b) in the case of the Chairperson, holding a bachelor's degree from a recognized university, (c) having attained the age of forty five years, (d) not being a member of any political party at the time of appointment, and (e) being of high moral character. (7) The remuneration and conditions of service of the Chairperson and members of the National Women Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law, and their remuneration and conditions of service shall not, so long as they hold office, be altered to their disadvantage. 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(8) A person once appointed as the Chairperson or a member of the National Women Commission shall not be eligible for appointment in other government service. Provided that nothing in this clause shall be deemed to be a bar to the appointment to any political position or to any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "251. 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Functions, duties and powers of National Women Commission: (1) The functions, duties and powers of the National Women Commission shall be as follows:\n(a) to formulate policies and programs concerning the rights and interests of the women and submit them to the Government of Nepal for implementation.\n(b) to monitor as to whether laws concerning the rights and interests of the women and obligations under the international treaties to which Nepal is a party have been implemented, and make suggestions, accompanied by the measures for their effective compliance and implementation to the Government of Nepal, (c) in order to have the women included in the mainstream of national development and ensure proportional participation in all organs of the State, to assess, monitor and evaluate the existing policies and programs, and make recommendation to the Government of Nepal for their effective implementation, (d) to carry out study and research work on the legal provisions relating to gender equality, empowerment of women and women, make recommendations to the concerned bodies on reforms to be made on such laws, and monitor the same.\n(e) to make suggestions to the Government of Nepal about the preparation of reports to be submitted by Nepal in accordance with the provisions contained in the international treaties or agreements concerning women's rights, to which Nepal is a party, (f) if it is necessary to file cases against any persons or bodies on matters of violence against women or being subjected to social illpractices or infringement of or deprivation of enjoyment of women's\n\nrights, to make recommendations to the concerned bodies to file such cases in courts in accordance with the law.\n(2) The National Women Commission may so delegate any of its functions, duties and powers to the Chairperson of the Commission, any of its members or any employee of the Government of Nepal as to be exercised and complied with subject to the specified conditions.\n(3) Other functions, duties and powers and other relevant matters of the National Women Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "253. Functions, duties and powers of National Women Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 343, "char_count": 2123, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157206" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0696", "text": "254. Powers to establish offices in States: The National Women Rights Commission may, as required, establish its offices in States.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "254. Powers to establish offices in States", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 20, "char_count": 131, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157214" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0697", "text": "255. National Dalit Commission: (1) There shall be a National Dalit Commission of Nepal, consisting of a Chairperson and four other members.\n(2) The President shall, on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, appoint the Chairperson and members of the National Dalit Commission.\n(3) The term of office of the Chairperson and members of the National Dalit Commission shall be six years from the date of appointment.\n(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (3), the office of the Chairperson or member of the National Dalit Commission shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the President, (b) if he or she attains the age of sixty-five years, (c) if a motion of impeachment is passed against him or her under Article 101, (d) if he or she is removed from office by the President on recommendation of the Constitutional Council on grounds\n\nof his or her inability to hold office and discharge the functions due to physical or mental illness, (e) if he or she dies.\n(5) The Chairperson and members appointed under clause (2) shall not be eligible for reappointment.\nProvided that a member may be appointed to the office of Chairperson, and when a member is so appointed as the Chairperson, his or her term of office shall be so computed as to include his or her term as the member.\n(6) A person shall be eligible to be appointed as the Chairperson or a member of the National Dalit Commission if he or she possesses the following qualification:\n(a) being a person having rendered outstanding contribution to the field of rights and interests of the Dalit community or human rights and law, for at least ten years, (b) in the case of the Chairperson, holding at least a bachelor's degree from a recognized university, (c) having attained the age of forty five years, (d) not being a member of any political party at the time of appointment, and (e) being of high moral character.\n(7) The remuneration and conditions of service of the Chairperson and members of the National Dalit Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law, and their remuneration and conditions of service shall not, so long as they hold office, be altered to their disadvantage.\nProvided that this provision shall not apply in cases where a state of emergency is declared because of extreme economic disarrays.\n\n(8) A person once appointed as the Chairperson or a member of the National Dalit Commission shall not be eligible for appointment in other government service.\nProvided that nothing in this clause shall be deemed to be a bar to the appointment to any political position or to any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "255. National Dalit Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 492, "char_count": 2904, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157234" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0698", "text": "256. Functions, duties and powers of National Dalit Commission: (1) The functions, duties and powers of the National Dalit Commission shall be as follows:\n(a) to conduct study and exploration as to the overall situation of the Dalit community, identify areas of necessary policy, legal and institutional reforms in that field, and make recommendations to the Government of Nepal, (b) to formulate national policies and programs concerning the interests of the Dalit for the upliftment and development of the Dalit, putting an end to caste-based discrimination, oppression and discrimination, and submit such policies and programs to the Government of Nepal for their implementation, (c) to monitor as to whether laws concerning the interests of the Dalit, including the special provisions made for the upliftment and interests of the Dalit community have been effectively implemented, and in the event of absence of observance or implementation, to make suggestions to the Government of Nepal for the observance or implementation thereof, (d) to make suggestions to the Government of Nepal about the preparation of reports to be submitted by Nepal in accordance with\n\nthe provisions contained in the international treaties or agreements concerning the rights of the Dalit community, to which Nepal is a party, (e) in order to have the Dalit community included in the mainstream of national development and ensure proportional participation in all organs of the State, to assess, monitor and evaluate the existing policies and programs, and make recommendation to the Government of Nepal for their effective implementation, (f) if it is necessary to file cases against any persons or bodies on matters of being victims of caste-based discrimination and untouchability or social ill-practices or infringement of or deprivation of enjoyment of the rights of the Dalit, to make recommendations to the concerned bodies to file such cases in courts in accordance with the law.\n(2) The National Dalit Commission may so delegate any of its functions, duties and powers to the Chairperson of the Commission, any of its members or any employee of the Government of Nepal as to be exercised and complied with subject to the specified conditions.\n(3) Other functions, duties and powers and other relevant matters of the National Dalit Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "256. Functions, duties and powers of National Dalit Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 375, "char_count": 2378, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157255" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0699", "text": "257. Powers to establish offices in States: The National Dalit Commission may, as required, establish its offices in States.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "257. Powers to establish offices in States", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 19, "char_count": 124, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157263" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0700", "text": "258. National Inclusion Commission: (1) There shall be a National Inclusion Commission of Nepal, consisting of a Chairperson and four other members.\n(2) The President shall, on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, appoint the Chairperson and members of the National Inclusion Commission.\n\n(3) The term of office of the Chairperson and members of the National Inclusion Commission shall be six years from the date of appointment.\n(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (3), the office of the Chairperson or member of the National Inclusion Commission shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the President, (b) if he or she attains the age of sixty-five years, (c) if a motion of impeachment is passed against him or her under Article 101, (d) if he or she is removed from office by the President on recommendation of the Constitutional Council on grounds of his or her inability to hold office and discharge the functions due to physical or mental illness, (e) if he or she dies.\n(5) The Chairperson and members appointed under clause (2) shall not be eligible for reappointment.\nProvided that a member may be appointed to the office of Chairperson, and when a member is so appointed as the Chairperson, his or her term of office shall be so computed as to include his or her term as the member.\n(6) A person shall be eligible to be appointed as the Chairperson or a member of the National Inclusion Commission if he or she possesses the following qualification:\n(a) being a person having rendered outstanding contribution, for at least ten years, to the field of social inclusion, rights and interests or development of persons with disabilities, minority and\n\nmarginalized communities and backward areas and classes or human rights, (b) in the case of the Chairperson, holding a bachelor's degree from a recognized university, (c) having attained the age of forty five years, (d) not being a member of any political party at the time of appointment, and (e) being of high moral character.\n(7) The remuneration and conditions of service of the Chairperson and members of the National Inclusion Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law, and their remuneration and conditions of service shall not, so long as they hold office, be altered to their disadvantage.\nProvided that this provision shall not apply in cases where a state of emergency is declared because of extreme economic disarrays.\n(8) A person once appointed as the Chairperson or a member of the National Inclusion Commission shall not be eligible for appointment in other government service.\nProvided that nothing in this clause shall be deemed to be a bar to the appointment to any political position or to any position which has the responsibility of making investigations, inquiries or findings on any subject, or to any position which has the responsibility of submitting advice, opinion or recommendation after carrying out a study or research on any subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "258. National Inclusion Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 501, "char_count": 3029, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157284" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0701", "text": "259. Functions, duties and powers of National Inclusion Commission: (1) The functions, duties and powers of the National Inclusion Commission shall be as follows:\n\n(a) to conduct study and research works for the protection of the rights and interests of the communities, including Khas Arya, Pichhada class, persons with disabilities, senior citizens, labours, peasants, minorities and marginalized community, backward class, people of Karnali and the indigent class, (b) to study the status of implementation of the policies and laws adopted by the Government of Nepal for the inclusion of the community, class and region mentioned in clause (a) and make suggestions to the Government for reforms, (c) to study as to whether there has been appropriate representation of the community, class and region mentioned in clause (a) in the organs of the State and make suggestions to the Government of Nepal to review the special provisions made for the representation of such community, class and region, (d) to study as to whether the protection, empowerment and development of the community, class and region mentioned in clause (a) has been satisfactory and make recommendations to the Government of Nepal about policies to be pursued in the future, (e) to make suggestions to the Government of Nepal about policies and programs to be pursued for the development and prosperity of the Karnali and backward regions, (f) to make recommendations for timely revisions of laws concerning minority and marginalized communities, (g) to monitor the status of implementation of rights and interests guaranteed for minority and marginalized communities and make recommendations for revision upon necessary review on the basis of periodic national census and human development index.\n\n(2) The National Inclusion Commission may so delegate any of its functions, duties and powers to the Chairperson of the Commission, any of its members or any employee of the Government of Nepal as to be exercised and complied with subject to the specified conditions.\n(3) Other functions, duties and powers and other relevant matters of the National Inclusion Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "259. Functions, duties and powers of National Inclusion Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 342, "char_count": 2187, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157304" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0702", "text": "260. Powers to establish offices in States: The National Inclusion Rights Commission may, as required, establish its offices in States.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "260. Powers to establish offices in States", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 20, "char_count": 135, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157312" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0703", "text": "261. Indigenous Nationalities Commission: (1) There shall be an Indigenous Nationalities Commission of Nepal, consisting of a Chairperson and a maximum of four other members.\n(2) The President shall, on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, appoint the Chairperson and members of the Indigenous Nationalities Commission.\n(3) The term of office of the Chairperson and members of the Indigenous Nationalities Commission shall be six years from the date of appointment.\n(4) Other matters relating to the qualification for the Chairperson and members of the Indigenous Nationalities Commission, circumstances in which their offices fall vacant, their remuneration and conditions of service and the functions, duties and powers of this Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "261. Indigenous Nationalities Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 118, "char_count": 798, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157323" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0704", "text": "262. Madhesi Commission: (1) There shall be a Madhesi Commission of Nepal, consisting of a Chairperson and a maximum of four other members.\n(2) The President shall, on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, appoint the Chairperson and members of the Madhesi Commission.\n\n(3) The term of office of the Chairperson and members of the Madhesi Commission shall be six years from the date of appointment.\n(4) Other matters relating to the qualification for the Chairperson and members of the Madhesi Commission, circumstances in which their offices fall vacant, their remuneration and conditions of service and the functions, duties and powers of this Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "262. Madhesi Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 113, "char_count": 713, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157333" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0705", "text": "263. Tharu Commission: (1) There shall be a Tharu Commission of Nepal, consisting of a Chairperson and a maximum of four other members.\n(2) The President shall, on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, appoint the Chairperson and members of the Tharu Commission.\n(3) The term of office of the Chairperson and members of the Tharu Commission shall be six years from the date of appointment.\n(4) Other matters relating to the qualification for the Chairperson and members of the Tharu Commission, circumstances in which their offices fall vacant, their remuneration and conditions of service and the functions, duties and powers of this Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "263. Tharu Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 113, "char_count": 702, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157342" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0706", "text": "264. Muslim Commission: (1) There shall be a Muslim Commission of Nepal, consisting of a Chairperson and a maximum of four other members.\n(2) The President shall, on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council, appoint the Chairperson and members of the Muslim Commission.\n(3) The term of office of the Chairperson and members of the Muslim Commission shall be six years from the date of appointment.\n(4) Other matters relating to the qualification for the Chairperson and members of the Muslim Commission, circumstances in which their offices fall vacant, their remuneration and conditions of service and the functions, duties and powers of this Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "264. Muslim Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 113, "char_count": 708, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157351" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0707", "text": "265. Review of Commissions: The Federal Parliament shall, after ten years of the commencement of this Constitution, review the Commissions formed under this Part.\n\nPart-28 Provisions Relating to National Security 266. National Security Council: (1) There shall be a National Security Council for making recommendation to the Government of Nepal, Council of Ministers for the formulation of a policy on overall national interest, security and defence of Nepal, and for the mobilization and control of the Nepal Army, which shall consist of the following as the Chairperson and members:\n(a) The Prime Minister -Chairperson (b) Minister for Defence, Government of Nepal -Member (c) Minister for Home, Government of Nepal -Member (d) Minister for Foreign Affairs, Government of Nepal -Member (e) Minister for Finance, Government of Nepal -Member (f) Chief Secretary of Government of Nepal -Member (g) Commander-in-Chief, Nepal Army -Member (2) The secretary at the Ministry of Defence shall act as the member secretary of the National Security Council.\n(3) The National Security Council shall submit its annual report to the President, and the President shall cause the report to be laid through the Prime Minister before the Federal Parliament.\n(4) Other matters relating to the National Security Council shall be as provided by the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "265. Review of Commissions", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 207, "char_count": 1342, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157364" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0708", "text": "267. Provisions relating to Nepal Army: (1) There shall be an organization of the Nepal Army in Nepal, which is inclusive and committed to this Constitution, for the safeguarding of independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and national unity of Nepal.\n\n(2) The President shall be the supreme commander-in-chief of the Nepal Army.\n(3) Entry of women, Dalit, indigenous people, indigenous nationalities, Khas Arya, Madhesi, Tharu, Pichhada class and backward region citizens into the Nepal Army shall, on the basis of principles of equality and inclusion, be ensured by the Federal law.\n(4) The Government of Nepal may also mobilize the Nepal Army in other works including development, construction and disaster management works, as provided for in the Federal law.\n(5) The President shall, on recommendation of the Council of Ministers, appoint the Commander-in-Chief and remove him or her from office.\n(6) The President shall, on recommendation of the National Security Council and pursuant to a decision of the Government of Nepal, Council of Ministers, declare the mobilization of the Nepal Army in cases where a grave emergency arises in regard to the sovereignty or territorial integrity of Nepal or the security of any part thereof, by war, external aggression, armed rebellion or extreme economic disarray. A declaration of the mobilization of the Nepal Army must be ratified by the House of Representatives within one month after the date of such declaration.\n(7) Other matters pertaining to the Nepal Army shall be in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "267. Provisions relating to Nepal Army", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 244, "char_count": 1554, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157379" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0709", "text": "268. Provisions Relating to Nepal Police, Armed Police Force, Nepal and National Investigation Department: (1) The Federation shall have Nepal Police, Armed Police Force, Nepal and National Investigation Department.\n(2) Each State shall have a State police organization.\n\n(3) Matters relating to the Operation, supervision and coordination of functions to be discharged by the Nepal Police and the State police shall be as provided for in the Federal law.\n(4) Other matters relating to the Nepal Police, Armed Police Force, Nepal and National Investigation Department shall be as provided by the Federal law.\n\nPart-29 Provisions Relating to Political Parties 269. Formation, registration and operation of political parties: (1) Persons who are committed to common political ideology, philosophy and program may, subject to laws made under sub-clause (c) of clause (2) of Article 17, form and operate political parties, and generate, or cause to be generated, publicity in order to secure support and cooperation from the general public for their ideology, philosophy and program or carry out other necessary activity for this purpose.\n(2) A political party formed in accordance with clause (1) must register the party with the Election Commission upon fulfilment of the procedures established by law.\n(3) A petition to be made for the purpose of registration of a party in accordance with clause (2) must be accompanied by the constitution and manifesto of the concerned political party and such other documents as required by the Federal law.\n(4) For a petition to be made for the registration of a party in accordance with clause (2), the political party must fulfil the following conditions:\n(a) its constitution and rules must be democratic, (b) its constitution must provide for election of each of the officebearers of the party at the Federal and State levels at least once in every five years;\nprovided that nothing shall bar the making of provision by the constitution of a political party to hold such election within six months in the event of failure to hold election of its officebearers within five years because of a special circumstance.\n\n(c) there must be a provision of such inclusive representation in its executive committees at various levels as may be reflecting the diversity of Nepal.\n(5) If the name, objective, insignia or flag of a political party is of such a nature as to jeopardize the religious and communal unity of the country or to fragment the country, that party shall not be registered.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "268. Provisions Relating to Nepal Police, Armed Police Force, Nepal and National Investigation Department", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 408, "char_count": 2523, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157402" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0710", "text": "270. Prohibition on imposition of restrictions on political parties: (1) Any law, arrangement or decision so made as to impose any restriction on the formation and operation of a political party and on the generation of publicity in order to secure support and cooperation from the general public for the ideology, philosophy and program of the party in accordance with Article 269 shall be deemed to be inconsistent with this Constitution and shall, ipso facto, be void.\n(2) Any law, arrangement or decision so made as to allow for participation or involvement of only a single political party or persons having similar political ideology, philosophy or program in the elections or in the political system of, or in the conduct of governance of, the country shall be deemed to be inconsistent with this Constitution and shall, ipso facto, be void.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "270. Prohibition on imposition of restrictions on political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 140, "char_count": 848, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157416" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0711", "text": "271. Registration required for securing recognition for the purpose of contesting elections as political party: (1) Every political party that is registered in accordance with Article 269 and intends to secure recognition from the Election Commission for the purposes of elections must be registered with the Election Commission in fulfilment of the procedures set forth in the Federal law.\n(2) The political party must submit a yearly audit report in addition to the matters set forth in clause (3) of Article 269 along with an application to be made for the purpose of clause (1) and also fulfil the terms set forth in clause (4) of that Article.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "271. Registration required for securing recognition for the purpose of contesting elections as political party", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 108, "char_count": 649, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157427" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0712", "text": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties: Provisions relating to the formation, registration, operation and facilities of political parties and other matters pertaining thereto shall be as provided for in the Federal law. Part-30 Emergency Power 273. Emergency power: (1) If a grave emergency arises in regard to the sovereignty, territorial integrity of Nepal or the security of any part thereof, by war, external aggression, armed rebellion, extreme economic disarray, natural calamity or epidemic, the President may declare or order a state of emergency in respect of the whole of Nepal or of any specified part thereof. (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (1), if there arises a grave emergency in a State by a natural calamity or epidemic, the concerned State Government may request the Government of Nepal to declare or order a state of emergency in respect of the whole of the State or of any specified part thereof, in accordance with this Article. (3) Every declaration or order made in accordance with clause (1) shall be laid before both Houses of the Federal Parliament for approval within one month after the date of issuance of such proclamation or order. (4) If a declaration or order laid for approval in accordance with clause (3) is approved by at least two-thirds majority of the total number of the then members of both Houses of the Federal Parliament, the declaration or order shall continue in force for a period of three months from the date of its issuance. (5) If a declaration or order laid for approval in accordance with clause (3) is not approved in accordance with clause (3), the declaration or order shall ipso facto be inoperative. (6) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Article, prior to expiration of the period mentioned in clause (4), a motion to extend the period of the declaration or order of state of emergency for another period not exceeding three months may be submitted to the Federal Parliament. (7) If a motion mentioned in clause (6) is passed by at least twothirds majority of the total number of the then members of both Houses of the Federal Parliament, the declaration or order shall continue in force for the period mentioned in that motion. (8) In the event of dissolution of the House of Representatives, the powers exercisable by the Federal Parliament in accordance with clauses (3), (4), (6) and (7) shall be exercised by the National Assembly. (9) After the making of a declaration or order of a state of emergency in accordance with clause (1), the President may issue such orders as are necessary to meet the exigencies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 437, "char_count": 2624, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157491" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0713", "text": "Federal Parliament in accordance with clauses (3), (4), (6) and (7) shall be exercised by the National Assembly. (9) After the making of a declaration or order of a state of emergency in accordance with clause (1), the President may issue such orders as are necessary to meet the exigencies. Orders so issued shall apply as of law so long as the state of emergency is in operation. (10) At the time of making a declaration or order of a state of emergency in accordance with clause (1), the fundamental rights as provided in Part-3 may be suspended until the declaration or order is in operation. Provided that Article 16, sub-clauses (c) and (d) of clause (2) of Article 17, Article 18, clause (2) of Article 19, Articles 20, 21, 22 and 24, clause (1) of Article 26, Articles 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, clauses (1) and (2) of Article 36, Articles 38 and 39, clauses (2) and (3) of Article 40, Articles 41, 42, 43 and 45, the right to constitutional remedy in relation to such Articles pursuant to Article 46 and the right to the remedy of habeas corpus shall not be suspended. (11) If any Article of this Constitution is suspended pursuant to clause (10), no petition may lie in any court for the enforcement of the fundamental right conferred by that Article nor may a question be raised in any Court in that respect. (12) If, during the continuance of a declaration or order under this Article, any injury is caused to a person from any act done by any official in bad faith, the victim may, within three months from the date of termination of that declaration or order, file a petition for compensation for such injury. If such petition is made, the court may order for compensation by, and punish, the perpetrator as provided for in the Federal law. (13) The President may, at any time, withdraw a declaration or order of a state of emergency made in accordance with this Article. Part-31 Amendment to the Constitution 274. Amendment to Constitution: (1) No amendment shall be made to this Constitution in manner to be prejudicial to the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence of Nepal and sovereignty vested in the people. (2) Subject to clause (1) and other Articles of this Constitution, a Bill to amend or repeal any Article of this Constitution may be introduced in either House of the Federal Parliament. Provided that clause (1) shall not be amended. (3) A Bill introduced pursuant to clause (1) shall be publicly published for information to the general public within thirty days of its introduction in the concerned House.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 443, "char_count": 2539, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157528" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0714", "text": "Article of this Constitution may be introduced in either House of the Federal Parliament. Provided that clause (1) shall not be amended. (3) A Bill introduced pursuant to clause (1) shall be publicly published for information to the general public within thirty days of its introduction in the concerned House. (4) If a Bill introduced pursuant to clause (1) is related with the alteration in the borders of any State or matters set forth in Schedule-6, the Speaker or the Chairperson of the concerned House must send that Bill to the State Assembly for its consent, within thirty days after its introduction in the Federal Parliament. (5) The concerned State Assembly must, by a majority of the total number of its the then members, accept or reject the Bill presented for its consent pursuant to clause (4) and give information thereof to the Federal Parliament within three months. Provided that if any State Assembly is not in existence, such Bill must be either accepted or rejected within three months after the date of holding of the first meeting following the formation of that State Assembly. (6) In the event of failure to give information of acceptance or rejection of such Bill within the period set forth in clause (5), nothing shall prevent the House of the Federal Parliament in which the Bill was originated from proceeding with the Bill. (7) If the State Assembly, by its majority, gives a notice of rejection of such Bill to the concerned House of the Federal Parliament within the period under clause (5), the Bill shall be inoperative. (8) A Bill which does not require the consent of the State Assembly or a Bill accepted by a majority of the State Assembly under clause (5) must be passed by at least two-thirds majority of the total number of the then members of both Houses of the Federal Parliament. (9) A Bill passed under clause (8) shall be presented to the President for assent. (10) The President shall give assent to a Bill presented under clause (5), within fifteen days from the date of its receipt, and the Constitution shall get amended from the date of assent. Part-32 Miscellaneous 275. Provisions relating to referendum: (1) If a decision is made by a two-thirds majority of the total number of the then members of the Federal Parliament that it is necessary to hold a referendum with respect to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 436, "char_count": 2535, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157547" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0715", "text": "members of the Federal Parliament that it is necessary to hold a referendum with respect to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 50, "char_count": 292, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157556" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0716", "text": "of the Federal Parliament that it is necessary to hold a referendum with respect to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 49, "char_count": 284, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157562" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0717", "text": "the Federal Parliament that it is necessary to hold a referendum with respect to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 48, "char_count": 281, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157567" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0718", "text": "Federal Parliament that it is necessary to hold a referendum with respect to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 47, "char_count": 277, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157572" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0719", "text": "Parliament that it is necessary to hold a referendum with respect to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 46, "char_count": 269, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157579" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0720", "text": "that it is necessary to hold a referendum with respect to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 45, "char_count": 258, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157584" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0721", "text": "it is necessary to hold a referendum with respect to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 44, "char_count": 253, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157589" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0722", "text": "is necessary to hold a referendum with respect to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 43, "char_count": 250, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157594" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0723", "text": "necessary to hold a referendum with respect to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 42, "char_count": 247, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157599" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0724", "text": "to hold a referendum with respect to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 41, "char_count": 237, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157604" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0725", "text": "hold a referendum with respect to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 40, "char_count": 234, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157609" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0726", "text": "a referendum with respect to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 229, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157614" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0727", "text": "referendum with respect to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 38, "char_count": 227, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157619" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0728", "text": "with respect to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 37, "char_count": 216, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157624" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0729", "text": "respect to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 36, "char_count": 211, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157629" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0730", "text": "to any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 35, "char_count": 203, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157634" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0731", "text": "any matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 34, "char_count": 200, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157638" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0732", "text": "matter of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 33, "char_count": 196, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157643" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0733", "text": "of national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 32, "char_count": 189, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157648" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0734", "text": "national importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 31, "char_count": 186, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157654" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0735", "text": "importance, decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 30, "char_count": 177, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157658" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0736", "text": "decision on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 29, "char_count": 165, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157663" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0737", "text": "on that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 28, "char_count": 156, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157668" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0738", "text": "that matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 27, "char_count": 153, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157672" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0739", "text": "matter may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 26, "char_count": 148, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157677" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0740", "text": "may be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 25, "char_count": 141, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157681" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0741", "text": "be taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 24, "char_count": 137, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157685" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0742", "text": "taken by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 23, "char_count": 134, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157690" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0743", "text": "by way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 22, "char_count": 128, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157694" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0744", "text": "way of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 21, "char_count": 125, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157698" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0745", "text": "of referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 20, "char_count": 121, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157703" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0746", "text": "referendum. (2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 19, "char_count": 118, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157707" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0747", "text": "(2) Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 18, "char_count": 106, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157711" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0748", "text": "Matters relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 17, "char_count": 102, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157715" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0749", "text": "relating to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 16, "char_count": 94, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157720" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0750", "text": "to referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 15, "char_count": 85, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157725" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0751", "text": "referendum and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 14, "char_count": 82, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157730" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0752", "text": "and other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 13, "char_count": 71, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157742" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0753", "text": "other relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 12, "char_count": 67, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157747" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0754", "text": "relevant matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 11, "char_count": 61, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157752" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0755", "text": "matters shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 10, "char_count": 52, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157756" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0756", "text": "shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 9, "char_count": 44, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157760" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0757", "text": "be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 8, "char_count": 38, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157764" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0758", "text": "as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 7, "char_count": 35, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157767" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0759", "text": "provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 6, "char_count": 32, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157771" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0760", "text": "for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 5, "char_count": 23, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157775" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0761", "text": "in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 4, "char_count": 19, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157779" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0762", "text": "the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 3, "char_count": 16, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157783" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0763", "text": "Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 2, "char_count": 12, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157787" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0764", "text": "law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "272. Other provisions relating to political parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 1, "char_count": 4, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157791" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0765", "text": "276. Pardons: The President may, in accordance with law, grant pardons, suspend, commute or remit any sentence passed by any Court, judicial or quasi-judicial body or administrative authority or body.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "276. Pardons", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 30, "char_count": 200, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157807" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0766", "text": "277. Titles, honours and decorations: (1) The President shall confer titles, honours and decorations to be conferred on behalf of the State.\n(2) No citizen of Nepal may, without the approval of the Government of Nepal, accept any title, honour or decoration from any foreign government.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "277. Titles, honours and decorations", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 46, "char_count": 286, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157813" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0767", "text": "278. Power to make treaties: (1) The Federation shall have the power to make treaties or agreements.\n(2) In making a treaty or agreement on a matter falling within the list of State power, the Government of Nepal must consult the concerned State.\n(3) A State Council of Ministers may, with the consent of the Government of Nepal, make contractual agreements on financial and industrial matters.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "278. Power to make treaties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 66, "char_count": 394, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157821" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0768", "text": "279. Ratification of, accession to, acceptance of, or approval of, treaties or agreements: (1) The ratification of, accession to, acceptance of, or approval of, treaties or agreements to which Nepal or the Government of Nepal is to become a party shall be as provided for in the Federal law.\n\n(2) Any law to be made pursuant to clause (1) shall, inter alia, require that the ratification of, accession to, acceptance of, or approval of, treaties or agreements on the following subjects must be made by a majority of two-thirds of the total number of the then members of both Houses of the Federal Parliament:\n(a) peace and friendship, (b) defence and strategic alliance, (c) boundaries of the State of Nepal, and (d) natural resources, and the distribution of their uses.\nProvided that, out of the treaties or agreements under sub-clauses (a) and (d), if any treaty or agreement is of an ordinary nature, which does not affect the nation extensively, seriously or in the long term, the ratification of, accession to, acceptance of, or approval of, such treaty or agreement may be made by a simple majority of the members present in a meeting of the House of Representatives.\n(3) After the commencement of this Constitution, unless a treaty or agreement is ratified, acceded to, accepted or approved in accordance with this Article, such treaty or agreement shall not apply to the Government of Nepal or Nepal.\n(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in clauses (1) and (2), no treaty or agreement may be concluded in detrimental to the territorial integrity of Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "279. Ratification of, accession to, acceptance of, or approval of, treaties or agreements", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 261, "char_count": 1566, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157836" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0769", "text": "280. Special provision relating to discharge of functions of President: If the offices of both the President and the Vice-President fall vacant in accordance with this Constitution, the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall discharge the functions required to be performed by the President under this Constitution\n\nuntil election to the President or Vice-President is held and he or she assumes office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "280. Special provision relating to discharge of functions of President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 63, "char_count": 410, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157845" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0770", "text": "281. Appraisal and review of special rights: The Government of Nepal shall make appraisal and review of the implementation of special rights of the women and Dalit community and impacts thereof, on the basis of human development index, concurrently with a national census to be held in every ten years.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "281. Appraisal and review of special rights", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 50, "char_count": 302, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157852" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0771", "text": "282. Ambassadors and special emissaries: (1) The President may, on the basis of the principle of inclusion, appoint Nepalese ambassadors, and special emissaries for any specific purposes.\n(2) The President shall receive letters of credentials from foreign ambassadors and diplomatic representatives.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "282. Ambassadors and special emissaries", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 41, "char_count": 299, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157858" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0772", "text": "283. Appointments to be made in accordance with inclusive principle: Appointments to offices of Constitutional Organs and Bodies shall be made in accordance with the inclusive principle.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "283. Appointments to be made in accordance with inclusive principle", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 27, "char_count": 186, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157864" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0773", "text": "284. Provisions relating to Constitutional Council: (1) There shall be a Constitutional Council for making recommendations for appointment of the Chief Justice and Chiefs and officials of the Constitutional Bodies in accordance with this Constitution, which shall consist of the following as the Chairperson and members:\n(a) The Prime Minister -Chairperson (b) The Chief Justice -Member (c) The Speaker of the House of Representatives -Member (d) The Chairperson of the National Assembly -Member (e) Leader of Opposition Party in the House of Representatives -Member (f) Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives -Member\n\n(2) While making a recommendation for appointment to the office of the Chief Justice, the Constitutional Council shall include the Minister for Law and Justice of the Government of Nepal, as its member.\n(3) The Constitutional Council must make a recommendation for appointment under this Constitution before one month of the vacation of the office of the Chief Justice or a chief or official of a Constitutional Body.\nProvided that if such office falls vacant because of death or resignation, it may so make recommendation for appointment that the office is fulfilled within one month after the date of vacancy.\n(4) Other functions, duties and powers of the Constitutional Council and rules of procedures on the appointment of the Chief Justice or chiefs or officials of Constitutional Bodies shall be as provided for in the Federal law.\n(5) The Chief Secretary of the Government of Nepal shall act as the secretary of the Constitutional Council.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "284. Provisions relating to Constitutional Council", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 248, "char_count": 1573, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157877" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0774", "text": "285. Constitution of government service: (1) The Government of Nepal may, in order to run the administration of the country, constitute the Federal civil service and such other Federal government services as may be required. The constitution, operation and conditions of service of such services shall be as provided for in the Federal Act.\n(2) Positions in the Federal civil service as well as all Federal government services shall be filled through competitive examinations, on the basis of open and proportional inclusive principle.\n(3) The State Council of Ministers, Village Executives and Municipal Executives may by law constitute and operate various government services as required for the operation of their administration.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "285. Constitution of government service", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 111, "char_count": 732, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157889" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0775", "text": "286. Election Constituency Delimitation Commission: (1) The Government of Nepal may constitute an Election Constituency Delimitation Commission, to\n\ndetermine election constituencies for the purpose of election to the members of the Federal Parliament and members of the State Assemblies in accordance with this Constitution, which shall consist of the following as the Chairperson and members:\n(a) Retired Judge of the Supreme Court - C h airperson (b) One Geographer -Member (c) One sociologist or demographer - M e m b er (d) One administration expert or jurist - Member (e) Gazetted special class officer of the -MemberGovernment of Nepal secretary (2) The term of office of the Election Constituency Delimitation Commission shall be as prescribed at the time of its constitution.\n(3) A person shall be qualified to be appointed as the Chairperson or a member of the Election Constituency Delimitation Commission if he or she possesses the following qualification:\n(a) holding at least bachelor's degree in related subject from a recognized university, (b) having attained the age of forty-five years, and (c) having high moral character.\n(4) The office of the Chairperson or a member of the Election Constituency Delimitation Commission shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing, (b) if he or she is removed by the Government of Nepal, Council of Ministers, (c) if he or she dies.\n(5) While determining election constituencies pursuant to this Article, the Election Constituency Delimitation Commission shall so determine the constituencies, having regard to population and geography as the basis of representation, and as to ensure that the ratio between the geography, population and number of members of such election constituencies is equal, so far as practicable.\n(6) While delimitating election constituencies pursuant to clause (5), regard must be had to, inter alia, the density of population, geographical specificity, administrative and transportation convenience, community and cultural aspects of the constituencies.\n(7) No question may be raised in any court on any matter of the determination, or review, of election constituencies made by the Election Constituency Delimitation Commission.\n(8) The Election Constituency Delimitation Commission shall submit a report on the works it has performed to the Government of Nepal.\n(9) The Government of Nepal, Council of Ministers, shall lay the report received pursuant to clause (8) before the Federal Parliament and send it to the Election Commission for implementation.\n(10) The Election Constituency Delimitation Commission shall determine its rules of procedures itself.\n\n(11) The remuneration and facilities of the Chairperson and the members of the Election Constituency Delimitation Commission shall be similar to those of the Chief Election Commissioner and the Election Commissioners of the Election Commission, respectively.\n(12) The election constituencies delimited in accordance with clause (5) must be reviewed in every twenty years.\n(13) The Government of Nepal shall provide such employees as may be required for the Election Constituency Delimitation Commission.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "286. Election Constituency Delimitation Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 482, "char_count": 3206, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157912" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0776", "text": "287. Language Commission: (1) The Government of Nepal shall, no later than one year of the commencement of this Constitution, constitute a Language Commission comprising representation of States.\n(2) The Language Commission shall consist of one Chairperson and a required number of members.\n(3) The term of office of the Chairperson and members of the Language Commission shall be six years from the date of their appointment.\nThey may not be reappointed.\n(4) A person shall be qualified to be appointed as the Chairperson or a member of the Language Commission if he or she possesses the following qualification:\n(a) holding master's degree in related subject from a recognized university, (b) having gained at least twenty years of experience in the fields of study, teaching and research on various languages of Nepal, (c) having completed the age of forty-five years, and\n\n(d) having high moral character.\n(5) The office of the Chairperson or a member of the Language Commission shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing, (b) if he or she is removed by the Government of Nepal, Council of Ministers, (c) if he completes the age of sixty five years, (d) if he or she dies.\n(6) The functions, duties and powers of the Language Commission shall be as follows:\n(a) to determine the criteria to be fulfilled for the recognition of the official language and make recommendations on languages to the Government of Nepal, (b) to make recommendations to the Government of Nepal, on the measures to be adopted for the protection, promotion and development of languages, (c) to measure the levels of development of mother tongues and make suggestions to the Government of Nepal, on the potentiality of their use in education, (d) to study, research and monitor languages.\n(7) The Language Commission shall complete its task under subclause (a) of clause (6) no later than five years after the date of its constitution.\n\n(8) The Government of Nepal may, in coordination with a State Government, establish a branch of the Language Commission in that State.\n(9) The other functions, duties, powers and rules of procedures of the Language Commission shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "287. Language Commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 373, "char_count": 2244, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157934" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0777", "text": "288. Capital: (1) The capital of Nepal shall be situated in Kathmandu.\n(2) The capital of a State under this Constitution shall be as decided by a two-thirds majority of the number of the then members of the concerned State Assembly.\n(3) The business of a State shall be conducted through the place as specified by the Government of Nepal until decision is made in accordance with clause (2).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "288. Capital", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 69, "char_count": 392, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157944" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0778", "text": "289. Special provision relating to citizenship of officials: (1) In order for a person to be elected, nominated or appointed to the office of President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Chief Justice, Speaker of the House of Representatives, Chief of State, Chief Minister, Speaker of a State Assembly and chief of a security body, the person must have obtained the citizenship of Nepal by descent.\n(2) A person who has obtained the citizenship of Nepal by descent, a person who has obtained the naturalized citizenship of Nepal or a person who has obtained the citizenship of Nepal by birth shall also be qualified for the office of a constitutional body other than that mentioned in clause (1).\nProvided that the person must have resided in Nepal for at least ten years in the case of a person who has obtained the naturalized citizenship of Nepal, and for at least five years in the case of a person who has obtained the citizenship of Nepal by birth or who has obtained the naturalized citizenship of Nepal in accordance with clause (6) of Article 11.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "289. Special provision relating to citizenship of officials", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 181, "char_count": 1055, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157956" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0779", "text": "290. Provisions relating to Guthi (trusts): (1) The Federal Parliament shall make necessary laws in relation to the rights of the trust and the farmers enjoying possessory rights over trust lands in a manner not to be prejudicial to the basic norms of the trusts.\n(2) Other matters relating to trusts shall be as provided by the federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "290. Provisions relating to Guthi (trusts)", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 59, "char_count": 341, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157965" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0780", "text": "291. Not to be qualified for appointment: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Constitution, a citizen of Nepal who has obtained a foreign permanent residence permit shall not be qualified for election, nomination or appointment to an office to be elected, nominated or appointed pursuant to this Constitution.\nProvided that nothing shall prevent electing, nominating or appointing a person who has renounced such foreign permanent residence permit to such office after the expiry of a period of at least three months.\n(2) Other matters relating to the citizens of Nepal who have obtained foreign permanent residence permits as mentioned in clause (1) shall be as provided for in the Federal law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "291. Not to be qualified for appointment", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 112, "char_count": 716, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157974" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0781", "text": "292. Provisions relating to parliamentary hearings: (1) Parliamentary hearings shall be conducted as to appointments to the offices of the Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court, members of the Judicial Council, chiefs and members of Constitutional Bodies, who are appointed on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council under this Constitution, and to the offices of ambassadors, as provided for in the Federal law.\n(2) For the purposes of clause (1), there shall be formed a fifteenmember joint committee consisting of members of both Houses of the Federal Parliament, in accordance with the Federal law.\n\n(3) No member of the joint committee under clause (2) shall practice law in the Supreme Court during that term of the Federal Parliament.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "292. Provisions relating to parliamentary hearings", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 120, "char_count": 758, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157985" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0782", "text": "293. Monitoring of functioning of Constitutional Bodies: The chiefs and officials of the Constitutional Bodies must be accountable and responsible to the Federal Parliament. The committees of the House of Representatives may monitor and evaluate the functioning, including reports, of the Constitutional Bodies, other than the National Human Rights Commission, and give necessary direction or advice.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "293. Monitoring of functioning of Constitutional Bodies", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 56, "char_count": 400, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.157993" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0783", "text": "294. Annual reports of Constitutional Bodies: (1) Every Constitutional Body under this Constitution shall submit an annual report of its functioning to the President, and the President shall cause that report to be laid through the Prime Minister before the Federal Parliament.\n(2) The matters to be set out in the annual report under clause (1) shall be as provided for in the Federal law.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (1), a Constitutional Body may prepare a separate report in relation to the functioning of each State and submit it to the Chief of State.\n\nPart-33 Transitional Provisions 295. Constitution of Federal Commission: (1) The Government of Nepal may constitute a Federal Commission for making suggestions on matters relating to the boundaries of States.\n(2) The names of the States under clause (3) of Article 56 shall be set by a two thirds majority of the total number of members of the concerned State Assemblies.\n(3) The Government of Nepal shall constitute a commission for the determination of the number and boundaries of Village Bodies, Municipalities and Special, Protected or Autonomous Regions to be formed under clauses (4) and (5) of Article 56. The commission must determine the number and boundaries of the Village Bodies, Municipalities and Special, Protected or Autonomous Regions in accordance with the criteria set by the Government of Nepal.\n(4) The commission under clause (3) shall be constituted no later than six months of the date of commencement of this Constitution. Its term shall be one year.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "294. Annual reports of Constitutional Bodies", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 252, "char_count": 1556, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158007" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0784", "text": "296. Constituent Assembly to be converted into Legislature-Parliament: (1) The Constituent Assembly existing at the time of commencement of this Constitution shall ipso facto be converted into the Legislature-Parliament after the commencement of this Constitution, and the term of such LegislatureParliament shall exist until 7 Magha 2074.\nProvided that if an election is held to the House of Representatives set forth in this Constitution prior to the expiration of that term, the LegislatureParliament shall continue to exist until the day before the day specified for the filing of nominations of candidates for that election.\n\n(2) The Bills under consideration of the Legislature-Parliament at the time of commencement of this Constitution shall ipso facto be transferred to the Legislature-Parliament set forth in clause (1).\n(3) The Legislature-Parliament set forth in clause (1) shall perform the business required to be performed by the Federal Parliament in accordance with this Constitution until election to the House of Representatives is held pursuant to this Constitution.\n(4) The legislative power of the State Assembly with respect of matters set forth in Schedule-6 shall, upon the commencement of this Constitution, be vested in the Legislature-Parliament set forth in clause (1) until the State Assembly is formed. Any law so made shall be inoperative in relation to that State after one year of the date of formation of the State Assembly set forth in this Constitution.\n(5) The Legislature-Parliament Secretariat, its Secretary General, Secretary and employees existing at the time of commencement of this Constitution shall, subject to the conditions of service in force at the time of their appointment, exist in the Federal Parliament Secretariat set forth in this Constitution.\n(6) Where the Legislature-Parliament is in recess at the time of commencement of this Constitution, the President shall summon its session no later than seven days after the date of commencement of this Constitution. The President shall thereafter summon a session of the Legislature-Parliament from time to time.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "296. Constituent Assembly to be converted into Legislature-Parliament", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 322, "char_count": 2116, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158026" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0785", "text": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President: (1) The President and the Vice-President existing at the time of commencement of this Constitution shall continue to hold their respective offices until other President and Vice-President are elected in accordance with this Article. (2) The Legislature-Parliament set forth in clause (1) of Article 296 shall, on the basis of political understanding, elect the President and the VicePresident, no later than one month after the date of the commencement of this Constitution where the Legislature-Parliament is not in recess at the time of commencement of this Constitution and after the date on which the session is summoned in accordance with clause (6) of Article 296 where the LegislatureParliament is in recess. (3) In the event of failure to have an understanding under clause (2), the President and the Vice-President must be elected by a majority of all the then members of the Legislature-Parliament. (4) If the office of the President or Vice-President elected in accordance with clause (2) or (3) falls vacant for any reason, the President or Vice-President shall be elected by the Legislature-Parliament in accordance with this Article until the Federal Parliament is formed. (5) The term of office of the President or Vice-President elected in accordance with this Article shall continue to exist until another President or Vice-President elected by an electoral college set forth in Article 62 assumes office. (6) The office of the President or Vice-President elected in accordance with this Article shall become vacant in any of the following circumstances: (a) if the President tenders resignation in writing to the VicePresident and the Vice-President, before the President, (b) if a motion of impeachment against him or her is passed in accordance with clause (7), (c) if another President or Vice-President elected by an electoral college set forth in Article 62 assumes office, (d) if he or she dies. (7) At least one fourth of the total number of the then members of the Legislature-Parliament set forth in clause (1) of Article 296 may move a motion of impeachment against the President or Vice-President elected in accordance with this Article on the ground of serious violation of this Constitution and law. If the motion is passed by at least two thirds majority of the total number of the then members of the Legislature-Parliament, he or she shall relive of his or her office 298. Provisions relating to formation of Council of Ministers: (1) The Council of Ministers existing at the time of commencement of this Constitution shall continue to exist until the Council of Ministers set forth in clause (2) is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 436, "char_count": 2707, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158097" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0786", "text": "Legislature-Parliament, he or she shall relive of his or her office 298. Provisions relating to formation of Council of Ministers: (1) The Council of Ministers existing at the time of commencement of this Constitution shall continue to exist until the Council of Ministers set forth in clause (2) is formed. (2) The Prime Minister shall, on the basis of political understanding, be elected no later than seven days after the date of the commencement of this Constitution where the Legislature-Parliament is not in recess at the time of commencement of this Constitution, and after the date on which the session of the Legislature-Parliament summoned in accordance with clause (6) of Article 286 commences where the Legislature-Parliament is in recess, and a Council of Ministers shall be formed under his or her chairpersonship. (3) In the event of failure to have an understanding under clause (2), the Prime Minister shall be elected by a majority of all the then members of the Legislature-Parliament. (4) The composition and allocation of portfolios of the Council of Ministers to be formed in accordance with this Article shall be made through mutual understanding. (5) The Council of Ministers to be formed in accordance with this Article shall consist of a Deputy Prime Minister and other Ministers, as required. (6) The Prime Minister appointed in accordance with this Article shall, in appointing Ministers in accordance with clause (5), appoint Ministers from amongst the members of the Legislature-Parliament, on the recommendation of the concerned party. (7) The Prime Minister and other Ministers appointed in accordance with this Article shall be collectively responsible to the Legislature-Parliament, and the Ministers shall be individually responsible to the Prime Minister and the Legislature- Parliament for the work of their respective Ministries. (8) The office of the Prime Minister appointed in accordance with this Article shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances: (a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the President, (b) if a vote of no-confidence is passed against him or her or a vote of confidence is not passed in accordance with clause (14), (c) if he or she ceases to be a member of the Legislature-Parliament, (d) if he or she dies.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 368, "char_count": 2290, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158131" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0787", "text": "resignation in writing to the President, (b) if a vote of no-confidence is passed against him or her or a vote of confidence is not passed in accordance with clause (14), (c) if he or she ceases to be a member of the Legislature-Parliament, (d) if he or she dies. (9) The office of the Deputy Prime Minister, Minister, Minister of State and Assistance Minister appointed in accordance with this Article shall be vacant in any of the following circumstances: (a) if he or she tenders resignation in writing to the Prime Minister, (b) if the Prime Minister is removed from office in accordance with clause (8), (c) if he or she is removed from office by the Prime Minister on the recommendation or advice of the concerned party, (d) if he or she dies. (10) Even though the office of the Prime Minister falls vacant under clause (8), the same Council of Ministers shall continue to act until another Council of Ministers is constituted. (11) If the Prime Minister appointed in accordance with this Article dies, the Deputy Prime Minister or senior-most Minister shall act as the Prime Minister until another Prime Minister is appointed. (12) The Prime Minister appointed in accordance with this Article may, whenever he or she considers necessary or appropriate to show/clarify that he or she has confidence from the Legislature-Parliament, table a resolution to that effect in the Legislature-Parliament for the vote of confidence. (13) At least one-fourth of the total number of the then members of the Legislature-Parliament may table in writing a motion of no-confidence against the Prime Minister appointed in accordance with this Article. Provided that a motion of no confidence shall not be tabled more than once in six moths' period against the same Prime Minister appointed in accordance with this Article. (14) A motion tabled under clauses (12) and (13) shall be decided by a majority of the total number of the then members of the Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 362, "char_count": 2161, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158148" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0788", "text": "be decided by a majority of the total number of the then members of the Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 50, "char_count": 293, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158156" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0789", "text": "decided by a majority of the total number of the then members of the Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 49, "char_count": 290, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158162" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0790", "text": "by a majority of the total number of the then members of the Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 48, "char_count": 282, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158167" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0791", "text": "a majority of the total number of the then members of the Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 47, "char_count": 279, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158172" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0792", "text": "majority of the total number of the then members of the Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 46, "char_count": 277, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158178" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0793", "text": "of the total number of the then members of the Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 45, "char_count": 268, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158185" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0794", "text": "the total number of the then members of the Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 44, "char_count": 265, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158190" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0795", "text": "total number of the then members of the Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 43, "char_count": 261, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158196" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0796", "text": "number of the then members of the Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 42, "char_count": 255, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158202" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0797", "text": "of the then members of the Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 41, "char_count": 248, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158207" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0798", "text": "the then members of the Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 40, "char_count": 245, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158212" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0799", "text": "then members of the Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 241, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158219" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0800", "text": "members of the Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 38, "char_count": 236, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158224" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0801", "text": "of the Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 37, "char_count": 228, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158229" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0802", "text": "the Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 36, "char_count": 225, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158233" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0803", "text": "Legislature Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 35, "char_count": 221, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158238" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0804", "text": "Parliament. (15) The Government of Nepal shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, exercise the powers of a State until the Council of Ministers of the State set forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. 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Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 7, "char_count": 41, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158364" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0832", "text": "forth in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 6, "char_count": 37, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158368" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0833", "text": "in this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 5, "char_count": 31, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158372" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0834", "text": "this Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 4, "char_count": 28, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158375" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0835", "text": "Constitution is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 3, "char_count": 23, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158379" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0836", "text": "is formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 2, "char_count": 10, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158383" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0837", "text": "formed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "297. Provisions relating to the President and the Vice-President", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 1, "char_count": 7, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158387" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0838", "text": "299. Provisions relating to Speaker and Deputy Speaker: (1) The Speaker and Deputy Speaker existing at the time of commencement of this Constitution shall continue to hold their respective offices until another Speaker and Deputy Speaker is elected pursuant to this Constitution.\n\n(2) The members of the Legislature-Parliament shall, on the basis of political understanding, elect one Speaker and one Deputy Speaker from themselves no later than twenty days after the date of the commencement of this Constitution where the Legislature-Parliament is not in recess at the time of commencement of this Constitution, and after the date on which the session of the Legislature-Parliament is summoned in accordance with clause (6) of Article 296 where the Legislature-Parliament is in recess.\n(3) In the event of failure to have an understanding under clause (2), a member of the Legislature-Parliament who commands a majority of all the then members of the Legislature-Parliament shall be deemed to be elected as the Speaker or Deputy Speaker.\n(4) In holding electing in accordance with clause (2) or (3), the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker shall be members representing different political parties in the Legislature-Parliament.\n(5) In discharging his or her functions in accordance with this Constitution, the Speaker or Deputy Speaker shall so discharge functions in the capacity of a neutral person without standing for or against any political party whatsoever.\n(6) The office of the Speaker or Deputy Speaker shall become vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) if he or she resigns in writing, (b) if he or she ceases to be a member of the Legislature-Parliament, (c) if a resolution is passed by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of the members of the Legislature-Parliament to the effect that his or her conduct is not compatible with his or her office, (d) if he or she dies.\n\n(7) The Deputy Speaker or another member shall preside over a meeting at which deliberations are to be held on a resolution that the conduct of the Speaker of the Legislature-Parliament is not compatible with his or her office, and the Speaker may take part and vote in the deliberations on such resolution.\n(8) Other procedures on the election to the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and procedures on the moving and passage of a motion that the Speaker or Deputy Speaker has committed conduct not compatible with his or her office shall be as provided by the then prevailing rules of the LegislatureParliament.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "299. Provisions relating to Speaker and Deputy Speaker", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 413, "char_count": 2519, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158413" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0839", "text": "300. Provisions relating to Judiciary: (1) The Supreme Court, Constituent Assembly Court, Appellate Courts and District Courts existing at the time of commencement of this Constitution shall continue to exist until the structure of Judiciary set forth in this Constitution is set up. Nothing in this Constitution shall be deemed to bar the settlement by respective Courts of the cases already filed in such Courts prior to the commencement of this Constitution and of the cases to be filed after the commencement of this Constitution.\n(2) The Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court, Chief Judges and Judges of the Appellate Courts and Judges of the Districts Counts shall be deemed to have been appointed under this Constitution.\n(3) The High Courts set forth in Article 139 shall be established no later than one year after the date of commencement of this Constitution. The Appellate Courts existing at the time of commencement of this Constitution shall be dissolved after the establishment of such Courts.\n(4) After the establishment of the High Courts in accordance with clause (3), the cases sub judice in the Appellate Courts shall be transferred to such High Courts as specified by the Government of Nepal, in consultation with the Judicial Council, by notification in the Nepal Gazette.\n\n(5) After the establishment of the High Courts in accordance with clause (3), the Chief Justice shall, on recommendation of the Judicial Council, post the Chief Judges and Judges of the Appellate Courts who are holding office at the time of commencement of this Constitution to the offices of the Chief Judges and Judges of the High Courts.\n(6) The Additional Judges of the Appellate Courts who are holding office at the time of commencement of this Constitution may continue to hold office until the term specified at the time of their appointment.\n(7) The cases on criminal offences punishable by imprisonment for a term of more than one year and sub judice in any body other than a Court at the time of commencement of this Constitution shall, after the commencement of this Constitution, be transferred to the concerned District Court.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "300. Provisions relating to Judiciary", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 354, "char_count": 2143, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158434" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0840", "text": "301. Provisions relating to Constitutional Bodies and officials thereof: (1) The Constitutional Bodies which are existing at the time of commencement of this Constitution and provided in this Constitution shall be deemed to have been formed under this Constitution, and nothing shall be deemed to bar the settlement of the matters under consideration of such Bodies subject to this Constitution.\n(2) The chiefs or officials of the Constitutional Bodies holding office at the time of commencement of this Constitution shall be deemed to have been appointed in accordance with this Constitution and shall continue to hold their respective offices subject to the conditions of services at the time of their appointments.\n(3) The officials holding office in the Commission for the Investigation of the Abuse of Authority and the Public Service Commission, at the time of commencement of this Constitution, in excess of the number specified in this Constitution, shall continue to hold their respective offices subject to the conditions of services at the time of their appointments.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "301. Provisions relating to Constitutional Bodies and officials thereof", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 168, "char_count": 1079, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158448" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0841", "text": "302. Formation and operation of government services at State and Local levels: (1) The Government of Nepal shall make necessary provisions for the delivery of services at the State and Local levels.\n(2) The Government of Nepal may, in making provisions under clause (1), arrange for the delivery of services by making adjustment of the employees serving in the government services at the time of commencement of this Constitution with the Federal, State and Local levels in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "302. Formation and operation of government services at State and Local levels", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 80, "char_count": 494, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158457" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0842", "text": "303. Provisions relating to Local Bodies: (1) The Local Bodies existing at the time of Commencement of this Constitution shall continue to exist until the determination of the number and areas of the Local level in accordance with this Constitution.\n(2) Election to the officials of the Local Bodies existing under clause (1) shall be held in accordance with law.\n(3) The officials of the Local Bodies elected in accordance with clause (2) shall continue to hold office until election to the Local level is held in accordance with this Constitution.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "303. Provisions relating to Local Bodies", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 91, "char_count": 549, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158466" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0843", "text": "304. Existing laws to remain in force: (1) The Nepal laws in force at the time of commencement of this Constitution shall continue to be in force until such laws are repealed or amended.\nProvided that any law which is inconsistent with this Constitution shall ipso facto be invalid to the extent of such inconsistency, after one year of the date on which the first session of the Federal Parliament set forth in this Constitution is held.\n(2) Acts relating to peace process under the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 (2063) shall be deemed to have been done under this Constitution.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "304. Existing laws to remain in force", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 101, "char_count": 586, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158475" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0844", "text": "305. Power to remove difficulties: If any difficulty arises in connection with the implementation of this Constitution until the commencement of the first session of the Federal Parliament, upon being elected in accordance with this Constitution, the President may, on the recommendation of the Government of Nepal, Council of Ministers, issue necessary orders to remove such difficulty;\nand such orders must be submitted to the Legislature-Parliament or Federal Parliament, held immediately after the issue such orders, for approval.\n\nPart-34 Definitions and Interpretations 306. Definitions and interpretations: (1) Unless the subject or the context otherwise requires, in this Constitution,(a) \"minorities\" means ethnic, linguistic and religious groups whose population is less than the percentage specified by the Federal law, and includes groups that have their distinct ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics, aspirations to protect such features and subjected to discrimination and oppression, (b) \"law\" means a Federal law, State law and Local law, (c) \"Article\" means an article of this Constitution, (d) \"Municipality\" means and includes a Municipal Corporation and Sub-municipal Corporation.\n(e) \"citizen\" means a citizen of Nepal, (f) \"State\" means the area and form of a federal unit of Nepal divided into the Federal units in accordance with this Constitution, (g) \"remuneration\" means and includes salary, allowance, pension and any other form of emolument and facility, (h) \"state power\" means the power relating to the Executive, Legislative and Judiciary of the state, and includes residual power.\n(i) \"Bill\" means a draft of amendment to the Constitution or of an Act which has been introduced in the Federal Parliament or a State Assembly,\n\n(j) \"Federation\" means the federal level that is the apex unit of the federal structure, (k) \"Federal Units\" means the Federation, State and Local levels, (l) \"Constitutional Bodies\" means the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority, Auditor General, Public Service Commission, Election Commission, National Human Rights Commission, National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission, National Women Commission, National Dalit Commission, National Inclusion Commission, Indigenous Nationalities Commission, Madhesi Commission, Tharu Commission and Muslim Commission, (m) \"marginalized\" means communities that are made politically, economically and socially backward, are unable to enjoy services and facilities because of discrimination and oppression and of geographical remoteness or deprived thereof and are in lower status than the human development standards mentioned in Federal law, and includes highly marginalized groups and groups on the verge of extinction, (n) \"Local level\" means the Village Bodies, Municipalities and District Assemblies to be established in accordance with this Constitution.\n(2) Unless the subject or the context otherwise requires, the legal provisions relating to interpretation of laws shall, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, apply to the interpretation of this Constitution in the same manner as that provisions apply to the interpretation of the Nepal laws.\n\nPart-35 Short Title, Commencement and Repeal 307. Short title and commencement: (1) This Constitution may be cited as the \"Constitution of Nepal\".\n(2) This Constitution shall commence on 20 September 2015 (3rd day of the month of Ashwin of the year 2072 Bikram Sambat).", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "305. Power to remove difficulties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 503, "char_count": 3464, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158499" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0845", "text": "308. Repeal: The Interim (2063) is hereby repealed. Schedule-1 (Relating to clause (2) of Article 8) National Flag of Nepal The method of making the National Flag of Nepal (a) Method of making the shape inside the border (1) On the lower portion of a crimson cloth draw a line AB of the required length from left to right. (2) From A draw a line AC perpendicular to AB making AC equal to AB plus one third AB. From AC mark off D making line AD equal to line AB. Join B and D. (3) From BD mark off E making BE equal to AB. (4) Touching E draw a line FG, starting from the point F on line AC, parallel to AB to the right hand-side. Mark off FG equal to AB. (5) Join C and G. (b) Method of making the moon (6) From AB mark off AH making AH equal to one-fourth of line AB and starting from H draw a line HI parallel to line AC touching line CG at point I. (7) Bisect CF at J and draw a line JK parallel to AB touching CG at point K. (8) Let L be the point where lines JK and HI cut one another. (9) Join J and G. (10) Let M be the point where line JG and HI cut one another. (11) With centre M and with a distance shortest from M to BD mark off N on the lower portion of line HI. (12) Touching M and starting from O, a point on AC, draw a line from left to right parallel to AB. (13) With centre L and radius LN draw a semi-circle on the lower portion and let P and Q be the points where it touches the line OM respectively. (14) With centre M and radius MQ draw a semi-circle on the lower portion touching P and Q. (15) With centre N and radius NM draw an arc touching PNQ at R and S. Join RS. Let T be the point where RS and HI cut one another. (16) With centre T and radius TS draw a semi-circle on the upper portion of PNQ touching it at two points. (17) With centre T and radius TM draw an arc on the upper portion of PNQ touching at two points. (18) Eight equal and similar triangles of the moon are to be made in the space lying inside the semi-circle of No. (16) and outside the arc of No. (17) of this Schedule. (c) Method of making the sun (19) Bisect line AF at U, and draw a line UV parallel to AB line touching line BE at V.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "308. Repeal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 448, "char_count": 2133, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158605" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0846", "text": "are to be made in the space lying inside the semi-circle of No. (16) and outside the arc of No. (17) of this Schedule. (c) Method of making the sun (19) Bisect line AF at U, and draw a line UV parallel to AB line touching line BE at V. (20) With centre W, the point where HI and UV cut one another and radius MN draw a circle. (21) With centre W and radius LN draw a circle. (22) Twelve equal and similar triangles of the sun are to be made in the space enclosed by the circles of No. (20) and of No. (21) with the two apexes of two triangles touching line HI. (d) Method of making the border (23) The width of the border will be equal to the width TN. This will be of deep blue colour and will be provided on all the side of the flag. However, on the five angles of the flag the external angles will be equal to the internal angles. (24) The above mentioned border will be provided if the flag is to be used with a rope. On the other hand, if it is to be hoisted on a pole, the hole on the border on the side AC can be extended according to requirements. Explanation: The lines HI, RS, FE, ED, JG, OQ, JK and UV are imaginary. Similarly, the external and internal circles of the sun and the other arcs except the crescent moon are also imaginary. These are not shown on the flag. Note bene: The size of the National Flag of Nepal shall be as determined by the Government of Nepal. Schedule-2 (Relating to clause (1) of Article 9) National Anthem of Nepal Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka Hami Eutai Mala Nepali Sarvavhaum Vai Failiyeka Mechi Mahakali Prakitika Koti Koti Sampada Ko Aanchala Bir Haruka Ragata Le Swatantra Ra Atala Gyana Bhumi Shanti Bhumi Terai Pahad Himala Akhanda Yo Pyaro Hamro Matri Bhumi Nepal Bahul Jati Bhasa Dharma Sanskriti Chan Bishala Agragami Rastra Hamro Jaya Jaya Nepal. Schedule-3 (Relating to clause (2) of Article 9) Coat of Arms of Nepal Note bene: This Coat of Arms may be made in larger or smaller size as per necessity. The colour determined by the Government of Nepal shall be used on it. Schedule-4 (Relating to clause (3) of Article 56) States, and Districts to be included in the concerned States State No. 1 State No. 2 1. Taplejung 1. Saptari 2. Panchthar 2. Siraha 3. Ilam 3. Dhanusa 4. Sankhuwasabha 4. Mahottari 5. Tehrathum 5. Sarlahi 6. Dhankuta 6. Rautahat 7. Bhojpur 7. Bara 8. Khotang 8. Parsa 9. Solukhumbu 10. Okhaldhunga 11. Udayapur 12.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "308. Repeal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 448, "char_count": 2383, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158644" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0847", "text": "included in the concerned States State No. 1 State No. 2 1. Taplejung 1. Saptari 2. Panchthar 2. Siraha 3. Ilam 3. Dhanusa 4. Sankhuwasabha 4. Mahottari 5. Tehrathum 5. Sarlahi 6. Dhankuta 6. Rautahat 7. Bhojpur 7. Bara 8. Khotang 8. Parsa 9. Solukhumbu 10. Okhaldhunga 11. Udayapur 12. Jhapa 13. Morang 14. Sunsari State No. 3 State No. 4 1. Dolakha 1. Gorkha 2. Ramechhap 2. Lamjung 3. Sindhuli 3. Tanahun 4. Kavrepalanchok 4. Kaski 5. Sindhupalchok 5. Manang 6. Rasuwa 6. Mustang 7.Nuwakot 7. Parbat 8. Dhading 8. Syangja 9. Chitwan 9. Myagdi 10. Makawanpur 10. Baglung 11. Bhaktapur 11.Nawalparasi (East of Bardaghat Susta) 12. Lalitpur 13. Kathmandu State No. 5 State No. 6 State No. 7 1. Nawalparasi (West 1.Rukum (Western 1.Bajura of Bardaghat Susta Part) 2.Bajhang 2. Rupandehi 2. Salyan 3. Doti 3. Kapilbastu 3. Dolpa 4. Achham 4. Palpa 4. Jumla 5. Darchula 5. Arghakhanchi 5. Mugu 6. Baitadi 6. Gulmi 6. Humla 7. Dadeldhura 7.Rukun (Eastern Part) 7. Kalikot 8. Kanchanpur 8. Rolpa 8. Jajarkot 9. Kailali 9. Pyuthan 9. Dailekh 10. Daang 10. Surkhet 11. Banke 12. Bardiya Schedule-5 (Relating to clause (1) of Article 57, and Article 109) List of Federal Power SN Matters 1. Relating to defence and military (a) Protection of national unity and territorial integrity (b) Relating to national security 2. War and defence 3. Arms and ammunitions factories and production thereof 4. Central Police, Armed Police Force, national intelligence and investigation, peace, security 5. Central planning, central bank, finance policies, monetary and banking, monetary policies, foreign grants, aid and loans 6. Foreign and diplomatic affairs, international relations and United Nations related matters 7. International treaties or agreements, extradition, mutual legal assistance and international borders, international boundary rivers 8. Telecommunications, allocation of radio frequency, radio, television and postal matters 9. Customs, excise-duty, value-added tax, corporate income tax, individual income tax, remuneration tax, passport fee, visa fee, tourism fee, service charge and fee, penalty 10. Federal civil service, judicial service and other government services 11. Policies relating to conservation and multiple uses of water resources 12. Inland and inter-State electricity transmission lines 13. Central statistics (national and international standards and quality) 14. Central level large electricity, irrigation and other projects 15. Central universities, central level academies, universities standards and regulation, central libraries 16. Health policies, health services, health standards, quality and monitoring, national or specialised service providing hospitals, traditional treatment services and communicable disease control 17. Federal Parliament, Federal Executive, Local Level related affairs, special structure 18. International trade, exchange, port, quarantine 19. Civil aviation, international airports 20. National transportation policies, management of railways and national highways 21.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "308. Repeal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 439, "char_count": 3023, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158689" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0848", "text": "standards, quality and monitoring, national or specialised service providing hospitals, traditional treatment services and communicable disease control 17. Federal Parliament, Federal Executive, Local Level related affairs, special structure 18. International trade, exchange, port, quarantine 19. Civil aviation, international airports 20. National transportation policies, management of railways and national highways 21. Laws relating to the Supreme Court, High Courts, District Courts and administration of justice 22. Citizenship, passport, visa, immigration 23. Atomic energy, air space and astronomy 24. Intellectual property (including patents, designs, trademarks and copyrights) 25. Measurement 26. Mines excavation 27. National and international environment management, national parks, wildlife reserves and wetlands, national forest policies, carbon services 28. Insurance policies, securities, cooperatives regulation 29. Land use policies, human settlement development policies, tourism policies, environment adaptation 30. Criminal and civil laws making 31. Security printing 32. Social security and poverty alleviation 33. Constitutional Bodies, commissions of national importance 34. Sites of archaeological importance and ancient monuments 35. Any matter not enumerated in the Lists of Federal Powers, State Powers and Local Level Powers or in the Concurrent List and any matter not specified in this Constitution and in the Federal laws Schedule-6 (Relating to clause (2) of Article 57, clause (4) of Article 162, Article 197, clause (3) of Article 231, clause (7) of Article 232, clause (4) of Article 274 and clause (4) of Article 296) List of State Power SN Matters 1. State police administration and peace and order 2. Operation of banks and financial institutions in accordance with the policies of Nepal Rastra Bank, cooperative institutions, foreign grants and assistance with the consent of the Centre 3. Operation of Radio, F.M., television 4. House and land registration fee, motor vehicle tax, entertainment tax, advertisement tax, tourism, agro-income tax, service charge, fee, penalty 5. State civil service and other government services 6. State statistics 7. State level electricity, irrigation and water supply services, navigation 8. State universities, higher education, libraries, museums 9. Health services 10. Matters relating to the State Assembly, State Council of Ministers 11. Intra-State trade 12. State highways 13. State bureau of investigation 14. Physical management and other necessary matters of State governmental offices 15. State Public Service Commission 16. Management of lands, land records 17. Exploration and management of mines 18. Protection and use of languages, scripts, cultures, fine arts and religions 19. Use of forests and waters and management of environment within the State 20. Agriculture and livestock development, factories, industrialization, trade, business, transportation 21. Management of trusts (Guthi) Schedule-7 (Relating to clause (3) of Articles 57, Article 109, clause (4) of Article 162, and Article 197) List of Concurrent Powers of Federation and State SN Matters 1.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "308. Repeal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 444, "char_count": 3154, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158727" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0849", "text": "management of environment within the State 20. Agriculture and livestock development, factories, industrialization, trade, business, transportation 21. Management of trusts (Guthi) Schedule-7 (Relating to clause (3) of Articles 57, Article 109, clause (4) of Article 162, and Article 197) List of Concurrent Powers of Federation and State SN Matters 1. Civil and criminal procedure, evidence and oaths (legal recognition, public acts and records, and judicial proceedings) 2. Supply, distribution, price control, quality and monitoring of essential goods and services 3. Preventive detention for reasons connected with the security of the country, prison and detention management, and maintenance of peace and order 4. Transfer of accused persons, detainees and prisoners from one State to another State 5. Laws relating to family affairs (marriage, transfer of property, divorce, persons on the verge of extinction, orphan, adoption, succession and joint family) 6. Acquisition, requisitioning of property and creation of right in property 7. Contracts, cooperatives, partnership and agency related matters 8. Matters relating to bankruptcy and insolvency 9. Drugs and pesticides 10. Planning, family planning and population management 11. Social security and employment, trade unions, settlement of industrial disputes, and labour rights and disputes related matters 12. Legal profession, auditing, engineering, medicines, Ayurvedic medicines, veterinary, Amchi and other professions 13. State boundary river, waterways, environment protection, biological diversity 14. Matters related to means of communication 15. Industries and mines and physical infrastructures 16. Casino, lottery 17. Early preparedness for, rescue, relief and rehabilitation from, natural and man made calamities 18. Tourism, water supply and sanitation 19. Motion pictures, cinema halls and sports 20. Insurance business operation and management 21. Poverty alleviation and industrialization 22. Scientific research, science and technology and human resources development 23. Utilization of forests, mountains, forest conservation areas and waters stretching in inter-State form 24. Land policies and laws relating thereto 25. Employment and unemployment aid Schedule-8 (Relating to clause (4) of Article 57, clause (2) of Article 214, clause (2) of Article 221 and clause (1) of Article 226) List of Local Level Power SN Matters 1. Town police 2. Cooperative institutions 3. Operation of F.M. 4. Local taxes (wealth tax, house rent tax, land and building registration fee, motor vehicle tax), service charge, fee, tourism fee, advertisement tax, business tax, land tax (land revenue), penalty, entertainment tax, land revenue collection 5. Management of the Local services 6. Collection of local statistics and records 7. Local level development plans and projects 8. Basic and secondary education 9. Basic health and sanitation 10. Local market management, environment protection and biodiversity 11. Local roads, rural roads, agro-roads, irrigation 12. Management of Village Assembly, Municipal Assembly, District Assembly, local courts, mediation and arbitration 13. Local records management 14.", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "308. Repeal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 446, "char_count": 3175, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158773" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0850", "text": "Local level development plans and projects 8. Basic and secondary education 9. Basic health and sanitation 10. Local market management, environment protection and biodiversity 11. Local roads, rural roads, agro-roads, irrigation 12. Management of Village Assembly, Municipal Assembly, District Assembly, local courts, mediation and arbitration 13. Local records management 14. Distribution of house and land ownership certificates 15. Agriculture and animal husbandry, agro-products management, animal health, cooperatives 16. Management of senior citizens, persons with disabilities and the incapacitated 17. Collection of statistics of the unemployed 18. Management, operation and control of agricultural extension 19. Water supply, small hydropower projects, alternative energy 20. Disaster management 21. Protection of watersheds, wildlife, mines and minerals 22. Protection and development of languages, cultures and fine arts Schedule-9 (Relating to clause (5) of Article 57, Article 109, clause (4) of Article 162, Article 197, clause (2) of Article 214, clause (2) of Article 221, and clause (1) of Article 226) List of Concurrent Powers of Federation, State and Local Level SN Matters 1. Cooperatives 2. Education, health and newspapers 3. Health 4. Agriculture 5. Services such as electricity, water supply, irrigation 6. Service fee, charge, penalty and royalty from natural resources, tourism fee 7. Forests, wildlife, birds, water uses, environment, ecology and bio-diversity 8. Mines and minerals 9. Disaster management 10. Social security and poverty alleviation 11. Personal events, births, deaths, marriages and statistics 12. Archaeology, ancient monuments and museums 13. Landless squatters management 14. Royalty from natural resources 15. Motor vehicle permits", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "308. Repeal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 248, "char_count": 1781, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158788" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0851", "text": "7. Forests, wildlife, birds, water uses, environment, ecology and bio-diversity 8. Mines and minerals 9. Disaster management 10. Social security and poverty alleviation 11. Personal events, births, deaths, marriages and statistics 12. Archaeology, ancient monuments and museums 13. Landless squatters management 14. Royalty from natural resources 15. Motor vehicle permits", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "308. Repeal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 50, "char_count": 372, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158795" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0852", "text": "Forests, wildlife, birds, water uses, environment, ecology and bio-diversity 8. Mines and minerals 9. Disaster management 10. Social security and poverty alleviation 11. Personal events, births, deaths, marriages and statistics 12. Archaeology, ancient monuments and museums 13. Landless squatters management 14. Royalty from natural resources 15. Motor vehicle permits", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "308. Repeal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 49, "char_count": 369, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158800" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0853", "text": "wildlife, birds, water uses, environment, ecology and bio-diversity 8. Mines and minerals 9. Disaster management 10. Social security and poverty alleviation 11. Personal events, births, deaths, marriages and statistics 12. Archaeology, ancient monuments and museums 13. Landless squatters management 14. Royalty from natural resources 15. Motor vehicle permits", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "308. Repeal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 48, "char_count": 360, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.158805" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0854", "text": "birds, water uses, environment, ecology and bio-diversity 8. Mines and minerals 9. 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Motor vehicle permits", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "308. Repeal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 4, "char_count": 25, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.159010" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0898", "text": "Motor vehicle permits", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "308. Repeal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 3, "char_count": 21, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.159014" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0899", "text": "vehicle permits", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "308. Repeal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 2, "char_count": 15, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.159018" } }, { "chunk_id": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16_chunk_0900", "text": "permits", "metadata": { "source_file": "Constitution-of-Nepal_2072_Eng_www.moljpa.gov_.npDate-72_11_16.pdf", "article_section": "308. Repeal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 1, "char_count": 7, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:13.159021" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0000", "text": "The National Civil (Code) Act, 2017 (2074)\nS.N. .1 Part-1 Preliminary Chapter-1 Preliminary Statements Chapter-2 General Principles of Civil Law Chapter-3 Provisions Relating to Civil Rights 1.2 Part-2 Law Relating to Persons Chapter-1 Provisions Relating to Natural Persons Chapter-2 Provisions Relating to Legal Persons Chapter-3 Provisions Relating to Bankruptcy of Natural Persons 1.3 Part-3 Family Law Chapter-1 Provisions Relating to Marriage Chapter-2 Provisions Relating to Consequences of Marriage Chapter-3 Provisions Relating to Divorce Chapter-4 Provisions Relating to Relationship of Parents and Children Chapter-5 Provisions Relating to Maternal and Paternal Authority Chapter-6 Provisions Relating to Guardianship Chapter-7 Provisions Relating to Curatorship Chapter-8 Provisions Relating to Adoption Chapter-9 Provisions Relating to Inter-country Adoption Chapter-10 Provisions Relating to Partition Chapter-11 Provisions Relating to Succession\n\n1.4 Part-4 Law Relating to Property Chapter-1 General Provisions Relating to Property Chapter-2 Provisions Relating to Ownership and Possession Chapter-3 Provisions Relating to Use of Property Chapter-4 Provisions Relating to Cultivation, Possession and Registration of Land Chapter-5 Provisions Relating to Government, Public and Community Property Chapter-6 Provisions Relating to Trusts Chapter-7 Provisions Relating to Usufruct Chapter-8 Provisions Relating to Servitudes Chapter-9 Provisions Relating to House Rent Chapter-10 Provisions Relating to Gift and Donation Chapter-11 Provisions Relating to Transfer and Acquisition of Property Chapter-12 Provisions Relating to Mortgage of Immovable Property Chapter-13 Provisions Relating to Pre-emption of Immovable Property Chapter-14 Provisions Relating to Registration of Deeds Chapter-15 Provisions Relating to Transactions 1.5 Part-5 Provisions Relating to Contracts and Other Liabilities Chapter-1 Provisions Relating to Obligations Chapter-2 Provisions Relating to Formation of Contracts Chapter-3 Validity of Contracts Chapter-4 Provisions Relating to Performance of Contracts\n\nChapter-5 Provisions Relating to Breach of Contracts and Remedies Chapter-6 Provisions Relating to Contracts of Sales of Goods Chapter-7 Provisions Relating to Contracts of Guarantee Chapter-8 Provisions Relating to Contracts of Bailment Chapter-9 Provisions Relating to Contracts of Pledge or Deposit Chapter-10 Provisions Relating to Contracts of Agency Chapter-11 Provisions Relating to Contracts of Carriage of Goods Chapter-12 Provisions Relating to Contracts of Lease Chapter-13 Provisions Relating to Hire-purchase Contracts Chapter-14 Provisions Relating to Wages Chapter-15 Provisions Relating to Indirect or Quasi-Contracts Chapter-16 Provisions Relating to Unjust Enrichment Chapter-17 Provisions Relating to Torts Chapter-18 Provisions Relating to Liability for Defective Products 1.6 Part-6 Provisions Relating to Private International Law\n\nThe National Civil (Code) Act, 2017 (2074) Date of Authentication:\n16 October 2017 Act Number 34 of the year 2017 An Act Made To Amend And Consolidate Civil Laws Preamble: Whereas, it is expedient to make timely the civil provisions contained in the Country Code and other laws, by also amending and consolidating such provisions, in order to maintain morality, decency, etiquette and convenience as well as economic interest of the public by maintaining law and order in the country and maintain harmonious relationship between various castes, races and communities, by making just provisions in the economic, social and cultural fields;\nNow, therefore, the Legislature-Parliament under clause (1) of Article 296 of the Constitution of Nepal has enacted this Act.\nPart-1 Preliminary Chapter-1 General Provisions 1. Short title and commencement: (1) This Act may be cited as the \"National Civil (Code), 2017\".\n(2) It shall come into force on 17 August 2018 (first day of the month of Bhadra of the year 2075).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": null, "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 535, "char_count": 3962, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120820" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0001", "text": "2. Definitions: Unless the subject or the context otherwise requires, in this Act,\n\n(a) \"court\" means the Supreme Court, High Court or District Court, and this term includes a court, other judicial body or authority authorized by law to proceed and adjudicate any specific type of civil cases, (b) \"law\" means a law in force for the time being, (c) \"person\" means a natural person and this term includes a legal person, (d) \"law-suit\" means a statement of claims, and this term includes any other kind of complaint, claim, counterclaim or equivalent petition, (e) \"minor\" means a child who has not attained eighteen years of age, (f) \"Local Level\" means the Rural Municipality (Gownpalika) or Municipality, (g) \"property\" means any movable or immovable property, (h) \"heir\" means a person who is in the order of priority for succession pursuant to Section 239.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "2. Definitions", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 142, "char_count": 860, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120852" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0002", "text": "3. Not to prejudice special legal provisions: Where a law in force provides a separate provision in any matter regulated by this Act, no provision of this Act shall affect such a matter.\n\nChapter - 2 General Principles of Civil Law 4. Principles and provisions applicable generally: The principles and provisions referred to in this Chapter shall generally be applicable to the matters of civil law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "3. Not to prejudice special legal provisions", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 66, "char_count": 399, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120864" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0003", "text": "5. Ignorance of law not to be excused: The ignorance of law shall not be excused. Every one shall be presumed to have the knowledge of law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "5. Ignorance of law not to be excused", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 27, "char_count": 139, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120871" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0004", "text": "6. Act against public interest not to be carried out: No one may carry out any act in such a manner so that it may be against public interest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "6. Act against public interest not to be carried out", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 29, "char_count": 142, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120878" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0005", "text": "7. Act contrary to law to be invalid: Any act contrary to law shall be invalid.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "7. Act contrary to law to be invalid", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 16, "char_count": 79, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120883" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0006", "text": "8. A wrongdoer to bear liability for loss or damage: (1) A person who causes loss or damage to another person by committing a wrong while doing, or causing to be done any act shall bear the liability for such loss or damage.\n(2) Every person shall himself or herself bear the consequences of any wrongful act committed by him or her.\n(3) Except as otherwise provided for in this Act or law, the concerned person shall bear compensation to perform the liability referred to in sub-section (1).\n(4) Determination of the Compensation shall be as provided for in the law.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "8. A wrongdoer to bear liability for loss or damage", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 101, "char_count": 568, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120891" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0007", "text": "9. Act causing nuisance to other not to be done: No person shall do, or cause to be done, any act that causes nuisance, annoyance or damage to prestige, reputation or property of another person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "9. Act causing nuisance to other not to be done", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 35, "char_count": 194, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120898" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0008", "text": "10. Not to enjoy benefit of wrong: No person shall be entitled to enjoy benefit accrued from his or her own wrong.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "10. Not to enjoy benefit of wrong", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 22, "char_count": 114, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120903" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0009", "text": "11. Act against interest to be invalid: Any act done against the interest of a person who is under one's own guardianship, curatorship, subjection or influence or likely be under influence shall be invalid.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "11. Act against interest to be invalid", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 34, "char_count": 206, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120908" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0010", "text": "12. Personality to be recognized: Every person shall recognize other person's personality.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "12. Personality to be recognized", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 12, "char_count": 90, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120913" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0011", "text": "13. Good neighborhood to be maintained: Every person shall maintain so good neighborhood as not to cause damage, loss to the community or neighbors of his or her residence.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "13. Good neighborhood to be maintained", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 29, "char_count": 172, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120918" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0012", "text": "14. Not to be relieved from civil liability: No person shall be relieved from a civil liability under the law merely on the ground that the proceeding of criminal offense is initiated or not initiated against him or her.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "14. Not to be relieved from civil liability", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 220, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120924" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0013", "text": "15. Custom or tradition contrary to law not to be recognized: No custom or tradition contrary to law shall be recognized in the dispensation of justice.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "15. Custom or tradition contrary to law not to be recognized", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 26, "char_count": 152, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120929" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0014", "text": "16. Applicable to foreigners as well: Except in cases where the subject, context or nature requires application of any legal provision only to a Nepali citizen, this Act or other provisions concerning civil law shall be equally applicable to a foreigner as well.\n\nChapter - 3 Provisions Relating To Civil Rights 17. To be equal before law: (1) Every citizen shall be equal before law.\n(2) No citizen shall be deprived of equal protection of law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "16. Applicable to foreigners as well", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 76, "char_count": 445, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120941" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0015", "text": "18. Discrimination not to be made: (1) No discrimination shall be made in the application of general law on grounds of origin, religion, color, caste, race, sex, physical condition, disability, condition of health, marital status, pregnancy, economic condition, language, region, ideological conviction or on similar other ground.\n(2) No person shall discriminated in any public and private place on grounds of origin, religion, color, caste, race, sex, physical condition, disability, condition of health, marital status, pregnancy, economic condition, language, region, ideological conviction or on similar other ground; and no person shall, on such ground, be prevented from using service, amenities or utilities of public use or from entering into a public place or public religious place or from performing religious act according to his or her will.\n(3) No person shall be discriminated on ground of sex with regard to remuneration and social security for the same work.\n(4) In appointing any citizen to a governmental or public office, he or she shall be appointed only on the basis of the qualifications determined by the law. In so appointing, no citizen shall be discriminated on grounds of origin, religion, color, caste, race, sex, physical condition, disability, condition of health, marital\n\nstatus, pregnancy, economic condition, language, region, ideological conviction or similar other ground.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "18. Discrimination not to be made", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 212, "char_count": 1410, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120956" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0016", "text": "19. Discrimination not to be deemed where special provision is made: Notwithstanding anything contained in Sections 17 and 18, any special provision made by law for the protection, empowerment or development of the citizens that are socially or culturally backward women, dalit, indigenous, indigenous nationalities, Madhesi, Tharu, Muslims, oppressed class, backward class, minorities, marginalized, peasants, workers, youths, children, senior citizens, gender and sexual minorities, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, the incompetent or helpless, backward region and also economically indigent Khash Arya shall not be considered to be a discrimination.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "19. Discrimination not to be deemed where special provision is made", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 89, "char_count": 662, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120968" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0017", "text": "20. Guarantee of freedoms and rights: (1) No person shall be deprived of personal liberty except in accordance with law.\n(2) Every citizen shall, subject to law, have the following freedoms and rights:\n(a) To express one's opinion and expression, (b) To assemble, hold assembly, conference peacefully without arms, (c) To form union and association, (d) To move and reside in any part of Nepal, (e) To practice any profession, employment, industry, business,\n\n(f) To obtain education of his or her choice or in his or her mother tongue, (g) To earn, use, transfer property and carry out any other transaction of property, (h) To profess and practice his or her religion practiced from time immemorial, subject to the compliance of public morality and traditions, (i) To preserve and promote the language, script or culture of his or her community, (j) To operate a religious place and religious trust, by maintaining independent existence of his or her religious community, (k) To protect or maintain privacy of his or her body, residence, property, document, correspondence or information.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "20. Guarantee of freedoms and rights", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 176, "char_count": 1090, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120984" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0018", "text": "21. Right to privacy deemed to be violated: (1) If any person commits, save in accordance with law, any of the following acts without obtaining consent of the concerned person, he or she shall be deemed to have violated the right to privacy:\n(a) Entry into any person's residence, (b) Opening a person's correspondence or using it, taping or recording or listening the discourse, speech, sound through the medium of telephone or other technology,\n\n(c) Watching, publishing, broadcasting or disseminating activities, behaviors of personal life of a person, (d) Taking figure or photograph of a person, (e) Imitating other's name, figure, photograph, sound and making the same public.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (d) or (e) of sub-section (1), if a person commits any act referred to in the said clauses for literary or artistic purpose or public interest, the right to privacy shall not be deemed to have been violated.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "21. Right to privacy deemed to be violated", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 152, "char_count": 939, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.120999" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0019", "text": "22. Right to make contract: Every citizen shall have the right to make a contract subject to the law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "22. Right to make contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 19, "char_count": 101, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121006" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0020", "text": "23. No taxation except in accordance with law: No tax shall be levied on and collected from a person's property or income save in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "23. No taxation except in accordance with law", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 27, "char_count": 150, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121011" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0021", "text": "24. Not to employ in work against will: No person shall be employed in a work against his or her will.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "24. Not to employ in work against will", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 21, "char_count": 102, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121016" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0022", "text": "25. Property not to be acquired, requisitioned, auctioned or forfeited: (1) The State shall not acquire, requisition, or otherwise create any right in, the property of anyone, except in accordance with law for the purpose of public interest.\nProvided that this provision shall not apply to a property earned illegally.\n(2) No property of anyone shall be auctioned or forfeited except in accordance with law.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "25. Property not to be acquired, requisitioned, auctioned or forfeited", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 65, "char_count": 408, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121024" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0023", "text": "26. Complaint may be filed: (1) A person who is arrested or detained or any one on his or her behalf may file a petition in the Supreme Court, High Court or District Court for the writ of habeas corpus.\n(2) If a person files a petition in more than one court, the petition filed in the higher court shall be maintained.\n(3) If a person commit or there is sufficient suspicion that he or she is going to commit any act in contravention of this Chapter, the person aggrieved from such an act may, for the enforcement of his or her right, file a petition in the High Court or District Court having territorial jurisdiction.\n(4) If it is found from inquiry into the petition filed pursuant to sub-section (1) that the person has been arrested or detained against law, the concerned court shall order to release him or her immediately.\n(5) If it is found from inquiry in respect of the petition filed pursuant to sub-section (3) that the respondent has caused some damage or is about to cause damage to the petitioner's right, the concerned court may issue an order requiring the respondent to refrain from committing, or causing to be committed, any act damaging the petitioner's right, and where some act has already been committed, from committing, or causing to be committed, the remaining act, or to do any act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "26. Complaint may be filed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 234, "char_count": 1311, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121038" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0024", "text": "27. Compensation to be awarded: (1) If, from the examination of the complaint filed pursuant to Section 26, the respondent is found to have maliciously committed any act causing damage to the complainant, the concerned court shall, having regard to the\n\ncircumstances, order the respondent to pay reasonable compensation to the complainant.\n(2) If an official or employee working in a governmental or public body is held to have knowingly violated the civil rights referred to in this Chapter, such an official or employee shall personally bear the amount of compensation referred to in subsection (1).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "27. Compensation to be awarded", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 96, "char_count": 602, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121050" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0025", "text": "28. Compensation for filing false complaint: (1) If a person is held to have filed a complaint with the intention of knowingly causing pain or loss or damage to a person, the concerned court shall order the person so filing the false complaint to pay a reasonable compensation to the respondent.\n(2) The compensation to be awarded under sub-section (1) shall include the costs incurred by the respondent for defense before the court, court fees and legal practitioner's cost.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "28. Compensation for filing false complaint", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 79, "char_count": 475, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121060" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0026", "text": "29. Statute of limitation: A person aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit any time in the case of arrest or detention, and within a period of six months after the date on which such an act or action was done or taken, in the other cases.\n\nPart - 2 Law Relating to Persons Chapter - 1 Provisions Relating to Natural Persons 30. To be recognized as person: Every person shall, immediately after birth, be recognized as a person and be entitled to exercise rights under law until he or she survives.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "29. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 100, "char_count": 540, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121073" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0027", "text": "31. Right to Name: (1) Every person shall, immediately after birth, have right to name and be entitled to use the given name respectfully.\n(2) Every person shall have the right to defend his or her name, reputation and prestige and such right shall not be transferable to others.\n(3) No person shall be allowed to abuse another's name.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "31. Right to Name", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 59, "char_count": 335, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121082" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0028", "text": "32. To attain competency: (1) Every person who attains eighteen years of age shall be considered to become a major, and shall, in the same capacity, be considered to be legally competent.\n(2) A person who is competent under sub-section (1) may, subject to law, exercise, bear and discharge any right, obligation and duty whatsoever.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "32. To attain competency", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 55, "char_count": 332, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121089" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0029", "text": "33. To be considered incompetent: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 32, a person who has not attained ten years of age, or even if attained that age, is unable to protect his or her right and interest for the reason of unsoundness of mind shall be considered to be legally incompetent.\n\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Act, the term \"unsoundness of mind\" means the condition of being incapable, due to physical and mental ill health, of knowing the act done by oneself in general understanding and consequences thereof.\n(2) An incompetent person does not have to bear any type of legal obligation, and while exercising a right, it has to be exercised, or cause to be exercised, only with the consent of the guardian or curator or through the guardian or curator, as the case may be.\n(3) In executing a document on behalf of an incompetent person, it shall be executed, or caused to be executed, through his or her guardian or curator, as the case may be.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "33. To be considered incompetent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 171, "char_count": 976, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121100" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0030", "text": "34. To be considered quasi-competent: (1) A person who has attained ten years of age but not completed eighteen years of age shall be considered as a quasi-competent person.\n(2) A quasi-competent person may, subject to law, exercise, bear and discharge any right, obligation and duty whatsoever.\n(3) A quasi-competent person shall, in exercising a right, obtain the consent of the guardian or curator or exercise the right through the guardian or curator, as the case may be.\n(4) In executing a document by a quasi-competent person, it shall be executed in the presence of his or her guardian or curator, as the case may be.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "34. To be considered quasi-competent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 106, "char_count": 625, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121111" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0031", "text": "35. To be according to court decision: If a dispute arises about a person's competency, incompetency or quasi-competency, it shall be settled according to the decision of the court.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "35. To be according to court decision", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 29, "char_count": 181, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121117" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0032", "text": "36. Physical examination or change of organ may be made: (1) Any person may, subject to law, get his or her body examined, treated or transplanted or collected any organ or part or a sample of his or her body.\n(2) If a person is so incapable that he or she cannot express his or her consent, his or her guardian or curator, as the case may be, for the interest of such a person, carry out, or cause to be carried out, the act referred to in sub-section (1).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "36. Physical examination or change of organ may be made", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 90, "char_count": 457, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121127" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0033", "text": "37. Power to specify method of one's cremation, obsequies rites or funereal acts: (1) Any person may, while he or she is alive, specify the manner of cremation, obsequies rites or funereal acts to be carried out after his or her death.\n(2) If a person has specified the manner of cremation, obsequies rites or funereal acts pursuant to sub-section (1), his or her successor shall carry out his or her cremation, obsequies rites or funereal acts accordingly.\n(3) If a person has not specified the manner of his or her cremation, obsequies rites or funereal acts pursuant to sub-section (1), his or her successor shall conduct such person's cremation, obsequies rites or funereal acts according to the prevailing custom and tradition.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "37. Power to specify method of one's cremation, obsequies rites or funereal acts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 122, "char_count": 732, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121140" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0034", "text": "38. Power to donate corpse or organ: (1) Any person may express in writing his or her will to donate, after his or her death, his or her\n\ncorpse or any organ of body or any part thereof to a person for the purpose of using, or causing to be used, such corpse or organ for a particular work.\n(2) If a person has expressed his or her will pursuant to sub-section (1), his or her successor shall use the deceased's corpse, part of the body or a portion thereof according to the will of the deceased.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), if the person accepting such corpse, organ or any part thereof is not available or if it is not possible to detach such corpse, organ or any part thereof, cremation, obsequies rites or funereal acts of such corpse shall be conducted pursuant to Section 37.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "38. Power to donate corpse or organ", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 149, "char_count": 812, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121152" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0035", "text": "39. To be considered address of residence: (1) If a person's address of residence needs to be determined, the address given by him or her for that purpose, where he or she has so given, and if not so given, the place of his or her permanent residence within Nepal shall be considered to be the address of his or her residence.\n(2) If a person does not have residence or his or her residence is not traced out pursuant to sub-section (1), the place of his or her abode for the time being shall be considered to be the address of his or her residence.\n(3) If a person does not have a residence or his or her residence is not traced out pursuant to sub-section (1) or (2) and the person has carried on any trade, business, employment or transaction, the place where he or she has so carried on trade,\n\nbusiness, employment or transaction shall be considered to be the address of his or her residence.\n(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), (2) or (3), where the address of a person's residence is changed, the place where he or she is residing for the time being shall be considered to be the address of his or her residence.\n(5) If the residence of an incompetent or quasi-competent person needs to be determined, the place of his or her permanent residence and if such place is not traced out, the place where his or her guardian or curator resides shall be considered to be the address of his or her residence.\n(6) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, if a person considers any address as the place of his or her residence for a particular purpose, such a place shall be considered to be the address of his or her residence.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "39. To be considered address of residence", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 305, "char_count": 1669, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121170" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0036", "text": "40. Presumed to be dead: (1) If a person misars without any notice for a period of consecutive twelve years or if a person for whom it is natural to have information about such disappeared person has not received any information about him or her for the last twelve years, such a person shall, except in cases where an evidence establishing that he or she is alive is received, be deemed to be dead.\nProvided that in the following circumstance, such a person shall be deemed to have died after the completion of the following period:\n(1) In the case of a person having attained eighty years of age, five years,\n\n(2) In the case of a soldier deputed to war-field, four years after the cessation of the war;\n(3) In the case of a person traveling by an aircraft, ship or other vehicle that met with an accident, three years after the date of such accident.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (3) of the proviso to sub-section (1), if a person dies in an accident and there is no evidence of another person meeting with the same accident to remain alive, such a person also shall be deemed to have died at the same time.\n(3) Where more than one person are dead at one and the same time in an accident, each person so died is deemed, except as otherwise proved, to have been died at the same time.\nProvided that where, for a particular purpose, a question that which of the persons died first in such an accident requires to be settled, the person who was older by age at the time of death shall, unless otherwise proved, be deemed to have been died first.\n(4) If the concerned person files a petition stating that any person has disappeared without a notice or died due to a disaster or accident and requests for a judicial declaration on such person's death, disclosing therewith the date, place, cause of death and basis thereof, the court may, after examining the evidence, make an order of judicial declaration on the death of such a person.\n(5) If a person already declared dead pursuant to subsection (4) comes back alive and files a petition in person to get the judicial declaration made earlier to be annulled or if his or her\n\nsuccessor files a petition for amendment to the previous judicial declaration on death for the reason that the date of death of such deceased happened to be different than the date referred to in the judicial declaration, the court shall, having examined into this matter, annul or amend the judicial declaration made pursuant to sub-section (4).\nProvided that(1) Where a living wife has concluded another marriage after such declaration, the matrimonial relationship with the person declared to be dead cannot be re-established.\n(2) There shall be no adverse effect on the legal right of the person declared to be dead.\n(3) The act that has already been carried out pursuant to the previous judicial declaration shall not be prejudiced by virtue of the establishment of a new date of death.\n(4) The right, interest or concern of the person provided by law shall not be affected by any act done or action taken pursuant to clause (3).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "40. Presumed to be dead", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 547, "char_count": 3081, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121198" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0037", "text": "41. Statute of limitation: A person aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit as follows:\n(a) In the case of the circumstance referred to in Section 36, within three months after the date on which such act was done or action taken,\n\n(b) In the case of the circumstance referred to in subsection (5) of Section 40, within one year after the date of knowledge of such an act or action, (c) In any circumstance other than that referred to in clauses (a) and (b), within six months after the date on which such an act was done or action taken.\n\nChapter-2 Provisions Relating to Legal Persons 42. Legal person to acquire competency: (1) A body corporate incorporated pursuant to law shall obtain legal personality, and obtain legal competency in the same capacity.\n(2) In order to obtain legal competency pursuant to subsection (1), any body shall be registered in accordance with law.\n(3) Except where a separate provision has been made by law for registration pursuant to sub-section (2), an application shall be made to the competent authority, setting out the following matters:\n(a) Name of the body corporate, (b) Head office of the body corporate, and address of such office, (c) Objectives and functions of the body corporate, (d) Details of the capital structure, if any, of the body corporate, (e) Other necessary details.\n(4) After the registration of a body corporate pursuant to sub-section (2), such a body shall be deemed to have been incorporated.\n(5) A legal person shall have a corporate personality and use a separate seal for its activities.\n(6) A body incorporated pursuant to this Section shall be an autonomous and body corporate with perpetual succession, and\n\nmay, in the same capacity, subject to law, carry out as a person the following functions:\n(a) To acquire, hold, earn, possess, dispose off, sell or otherwise manage a property, (b) To execute a contract, exercise rights and discharge obligations under the contract or to assume any kind of right or obligation in any other way, (c) To frame statute or bye-laws required to operate its own functions, proceedings or business, (d) To appoint necessary employees based on law to carry out its functions, Provided that the commissions, institutions or bodies referred to in clause (g) of Section 44 shall not be allowed to appoint employees.\n(e) To open branches or other offices, subject to its statute and bye-laws, (f) To open an account in a bank or financial institution and to operate the account, (g) To carry out other functions according to law.\n(7) A legal person may sue or initiate other legal action and may also be sued or subjected to other legal action by its name.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "41. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 461, "char_count": 2696, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121228" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0038", "text": "43. To obtain legal competency upon incorporation: (1) A legal person shall, upon its incorporation, obtain legal competency to carry out civil and commercial acts and transactions, in addition to the acts mentioned in Section 42.\n\n(2) The legal competency obtained pursuant to sub-section (1) shall continue to exist until the legal person is liquidated, dissolved or wounded up in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "43. To obtain legal competency upon incorporation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 63, "char_count": 403, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121241" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0039", "text": "44. Legal competency deemed to be acquired, ipso facto:\nNotwithstanding anything contained in Section 42, the following body, as a legal person, shall be deemed to have, ipso facto, obtained competency:\n(a) The State of Nepal, (b) The Government of Nepal, (c) The Federal Parliament or Legislature-Parliament, (d) A court, constitutional body or any office thereunder, (e) A Ministry, Secretariat, Department of the Government of Nepal and any other government office, (f) A Province, (g) The Province Government or Provincial level Government offices, (h) A Provincial Assembly, (i) A Rural Municipality, Municipality or District Assembly or Local Level government office under such a body, (j) A commission, committee or similar other body set up in accordance with law by the Government of\n\nNepal, Provincial Government or Local Level Government, (k) A corporation, corporate body or body set up in accordance with law, (l) Any organization established for public purpose such as a shrine, temple, deity place, Chaitya, monastery, mosque, church, public rest house, public inn, and graveyard remained in operation from the time immemorial and in possession of a property, (k) A community school, college or university established for public purpose.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "44. Legal competency deemed to be acquired, ipso facto", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 191, "char_count": 1252, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121252" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0040", "text": "45. Address of location of legal person: The address of location of a legal person shall be as specified at the time of incorporation of the body corporate, and where such address is not so specified, the address where its headquarters or registered office is located and where such office or address also is not specified, the address where the main administrative office or transaction and business of such a body corporate is located shall be considered to be its address of location.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "45. Address of location of legal person", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 83, "char_count": 487, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121263" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0041", "text": "46. Management and operation of legal person: (1) A legal person shall, except as otherwise provided by law, be managed and operated in accordance with the provisions set forth in the statute of such a person, and where such provisions is not made, it shall be managed and operated by one or more directors.\n\n(2) The legal person shall be responsible for the management and operation made by the director or directors pursuant to sub-section (1).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "46. Management and operation of legal person", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 76, "char_count": 446, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121271" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0042", "text": "47. Operation of business of legal person: (1) In operating business on behalf of a legal person, the business shall, except as otherwise provided by law, be operated by the decision of directors of such a person.\n(2) In operating business pursuant to sub-section (1), the director may delegate powers to any director or other person to operate any business.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "47. Operation of business of legal person", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 60, "char_count": 358, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121282" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0043", "text": "48. Right or liability to devolve upon merger of legal person: (1) If a legal person is, for any reason, merged with another legal person, the right or liability of such person shall be as specified at the time of such merger.\n(2) If not specified pursuant to sub-section (1), the right or liability of the legal person to be merged shall devolve on the legal person with which such a person is merged.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "48. Right or liability to devolve upon merger of legal person", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 74, "char_count": 402, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121291" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0044", "text": "49. Legal person may become agent: A legal person may, subject to law, act as an agent of any other person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "49. Legal person may become agent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 21, "char_count": 107, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121298" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0045", "text": "50. Not to participate in decision-making in case of conflict of interest: (1) A member or director of any body or institution shall not take part in the decision making process on a matter involving his or her personal interest.\n(2) If a decision is affected by the conflict of interest under sub-section (1), such a decision shall be void.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "50. Not to participate in decision-making in case of conflict of interest", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 60, "char_count": 342, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121305" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0046", "text": "51. Legal person to be liable: If a loss or damage is caused to a person from an act done and action taken by a person on behalf of a legal person, such a legal person shall be liable and bear compensation therefor.\nProvided that if any loss is caused by doing an act beyond the objective or competency of the legal person or dishonestly, the director or a person doing such act shall personally be liable therefor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "51. Legal person to be liable", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 78, "char_count": 415, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121313" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0047", "text": "52. Assets or liability to be settled: If a legal person is dissolved for any reason, the assets and liabilities of such a person shall be settled in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "52. Assets or liability to be settled", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 31, "char_count": 170, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121319" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0048", "text": "53. Statute of limitation: A person aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within three months after the date of knowledge of such an act or action in the cases of Section 50 and within six months after the date on which such an act was done or action taken, in the other cases.\n\nChapter-3 Provisions Relating to Bankruptcy of Natural Persons 54. Bankruptcy proceedings may be initiated: (1) If a person's debts and other liabilities to be borne by him or her exceed his or her assets, bankruptcy proceedings may be initiated for payment or recovery of debts or settlement of liabilities from such assets.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), no bankruptcy proceedings may be initiated in the following circumstances:\n(a) If a person who has regular income or is certain to earn income in the future proves that his or her income can pay or set off debts or other liabilities in a certain period or the creditor is satisfied in such matter, (b) If a person likely to be a bankrupt asks for a period of up to five years specifying the period of time to repay the debts of creditors and sources thereof from the date of origin of conditions necessitating the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings in order to enjoin or cause to be enjoined from initiating that proceedings, (c) If the creditor does not agree to initiate, or cause to be initiated, bankruptcy proceedings.\nExplanation:\n(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"assets\" means the concerned person's property\n\nstanding for the time being or to be earned or likely to be earned up to the time prior to the completion of bankruptcy proceedings pursuant to this Chapter.\n(2) For the purposes of clause (c), the term \"creditor\" means, where there are more than one creditor, creditors or a group of creditors who hold fifty percent or more debts out of the total debts of the person likely to become bankrupt.\n(3) If a debt or claim of a creditor is settled from the assets of a person under this Chapter, such a person shall be deemed to become a bankrupt.\n(4) The court shall send the record of the person being bankrupt pursuant to sub-section (3) to the bankruptcy administration office established for that purpose.\n(5) The bankruptcy administration office shall update the records referred to in sub-section (4).\n(6) Any person declared bankrupt pursuant to sub-section (3) shall not be required to repay debt or fulfill the obligation other than the debt or obligation he or she has to pay or fulfill and settle under this Chapter.\n(7) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (6), the following obligation shall be fulfilled from the trade, business or transaction he or she starts after his or her declaration of being bankrupt:\n\n(a) Tax, fee or charge to be paid to the Government of Nepal, Province Government or Local Government (b) Amount of penalty or fine to be paid according to the order of a court, (c) Amount to be paid for the embezzlement of property of the person under his or her guardianship or curatorship, (d) Amount to be paid for the goods stolen, (e) Amount to be paid for the embezzlement of property of a trust.\n(8) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, if any person becomes bankrupt, he or she may carry on any trade, business or transaction other than any act or activity he or she is prohibited from doing or taking in that capacity according to law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "53. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 597, "char_count": 3448, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121355" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0049", "text": "55. Petition to be filed to initiate bankruptcy proceedings: (1) A person who is likely to become a bankrupt may himself or herself, or a creditor or group of creditors having claim of at least twentyfive percent or more of the total debts if the amount of debts is disclosed and, if the amount of debts is not disclosed, a creditor or group of creditors having claim of more than five hundred thousand rupees borrowed by such a person, may file a petition in the court, in order to initiate bankruptcy proceedings.\n\n(2) In filing a petition by a person likely to become a bankrupt for bankruptcy pursuant to sub-section (1), the petition shall specify the following details:\n(a) Actual statement of his or her total assets and value thereof, (b) Statement of total amount of debts borrowed by him or her, interest accrued thereon and details of the creditor or creditors having lent such debts, along with their addresses, (c) If he or she has to discharge other liabilities, details thereof, (d) The reason for the failure to repay or discharge debts and other liabilities.\n(3) In filing a petition by a creditor or group of creditors for bankruptcy pursuant to sub-section (1), the petition shall specify the following details:\n(a) Evidence indicating that the borrower is likely to be a bankrupt, (b) Statement of the assets of the borrower and approximate value thereof, to the extent of the petitioner's knowledge, (c) Statement of the petitioner's claim, and if the petitioner has knowledge of other creditor's debt or claim, such debt or claim, (d) Details including addresses of the creditors.\n\n(4) Prior to filing a petition pursuant to sub-section (1) to initiate bankruptcy proceedings, a creditor or group of creditors shall give a notice to the borrower indicating that the borrower shall repay his or her debts or discharge other liabilities within a period of at least three months and that in the event of failure to repay the debts within that period, a petition shall be filed in the court to initiate bankruptcy proceedings.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "55. Petition to be filed to initiate bankruptcy proceedings", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 346, "char_count": 2044, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121385" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0050", "text": "56. Notice to be given to creditor: (1) If a petition is filed by a borrower pursuant to Section 55 to initiate bankruptcy proceedings, the court shall issue a notice of thirty-five days and serve the same on the creditor or group of creditors whose debts the borrower has specified as due and payable and publish the notice in any national daily newspaper.\n(2) The notice to be published pursuant to sub-section (1) shall also contain a statement inviting any other person having any type of claim, if any, over the assets of the person whose assets is under bankruptcy proceedings to make a claim with evidence within the time-limit as specified in the same sub-section.\n(3) The claim made within the time-limit referred to in sub-section (1) or (2) by the creditor or group of creditors or by other person shall be considered to be the final claim made against the assets of the borrower, and the bankruptcy proceedings of his or her assets shall commence on the same basis.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "56. Notice to be given to creditor", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 171, "char_count": 977, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121400" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0051", "text": "57. Notice to be given to borrower: (1) If a petition is filed by a creditor or group of creditors pursuant to Section 55 to initiate the bankruptcy proceedings of the assets of the borrower, the court shall serve a notice, along with a time-limit of thirty-five days, on\n\nthe borrower to appear before the court, along with a reply whether or not the bankruptcy proceedings require to be instituted, and if there exists any ground for not instituting the bankruptcy proceedings, and evidence thereof.\n(2) If a notice is served on the borrower pursuant to subsection (1), a notice shall be given to the other creditor or claimant to submit a claim in that respect within a period of thirty-five days and such a notice shall be published in any national daily newspaper.\n(3) The claim of a person who fails to submit a claim within the period referred to in sub-section (2) shall not be valid after that period.\n(4) The fee to be incurred in publishing a notice in a national daily newspaper pursuant to sub-section (2) or sub-section (1) of Section 56 shall be recovered from the concerned petitioner.\n(5) The fee recovered pursuant to sub-section (4) may be awarded to be paid by the debtor in the course of bankruptcy.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "57. Notice to be given to borrower", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 215, "char_count": 1220, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121414" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0052", "text": "58. Order to be given to initiate bankruptcy proceedings: (1) If a petition is filed in the court pursuant to Section 55 to initiate the bankruptcy proceedings, the court shall make order as to whether it would be appropriate to initiate the bankruptcy proceedings in respect of that petition or not.\n(2) If an order is made to initiate the bankruptcy proceedings pursuant to sub-section (1), the court shall, at the request of the person likely to become bankrupt himself or herself or of the creditor, order any other family member of such a person\n\nto maintain status quo of the assets of the person in respect of whose assets the bankruptcy proceedings are to commence, for the purpose of bankruptcy.\n(3) If the court thinks that the assets of the person likely to be bankrupt may be embezzled or may not be properly managed if such a person or his or her family member is allowed to manage the assets, the court may, on the basis of the petition by the party or suo motu, entrust the responsibility for management of such assets to any of the following persons:\n(a) A person licensed as bankruptcy professional pursuant to law, (b) A bankruptcy trustee appointed pursuant to law, (c) The concerned ward committee of the Local Level, (d) Such an officer employee of the court or law practitioner as designated by the court.\n(4) The Local Level, trustee or person designated pursuant to sub-section (3) shall manage the assets of the person likely to become bankrupt, in accordance with the order of the court.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "58. Order to be given to initiate bankruptcy proceedings", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 264, "char_count": 1513, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121430" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0053", "text": "59. Transaction to be, ipso facto, stayed or void: (1) If a court makes an order, pursuant to sub-section (1) of Section 58, to initiate the bankruptcy proceedings in relation to the assets of a person, any of the following acts cannot be carried out after the making of such an order, and if any of such acts has already commenced or is being carried out but not completed, such act shall, ipso facto, be stayed:\n(a) To transfer in any manner to any person the title to, bail, pledge, mortgage or to lease or rent in any\n\nmanner for a period exceeding one year, the assets of a person who is likely to become bankrupt, (b) To attach, or execute the pledge, mortgage of, the assets of the person likely to become bankrupt pursuant to the judgment of a court, (c) To repay debt or discharge liability of any creditor from the assets of the person likely to be bankrupt.\n(2) Any deed, contract, dealing, transaction or arrangement executed in contravention of the provision set forth in sub-section (1) shall, ipso facto be deemed to have been void.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "59. Transaction to be, ipso facto, stayed or void", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 189, "char_count": 1047, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121447" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0054", "text": "60. Opportunity to be provided to reconcile sum of debts: (1) If the court has made an order to commence the bankruptcy proceedings pursuant to sub-section (1) of Section 58, the Local Level, trustee or person, as the case may be entrusted with responsibility to manage property pursuant to sub-section (3) of the same Section shall, after the assets, debts and other liabilities of the borrower are ascertained, call a meeting of the debtors, creditors or other claimants.\n(2) In the meeting called pursuant to sub-section (1), the creditor or claimant shall be provided with a reasonable opportunity to waive his or her claim wholly or partly from all or any of the assets of the borrower or to reconcile sum by taking amount lesser than his or her claim, by mutual understanding between the person likely to become bankrupt and the creditor or other claimant.\n(3) In making reconciliation of sum pursuant to subsection (2), an arrangement may be so made that a creditor pays the\n\ndebt or claim of some or most creditors and submits a lump sum claim against such a person.\n(4) If the parties reach mutual understanding pursuant to sub-section (2) or (3) or the concerned parties agree, for any reasons, to stay the bankruptcy proceedings for the time being, a joint petition may be filed in the court accordingly.\n(5) If a petition is filed for staying the bankruptcy proceedings pursuant to sub-section (4), the court shall make an order to stay as requested the bankruptcy proceedings for a period not exceeding the period set forth in clause (b) of sub-section (2) of Section 54.\n(6) If an order is made pursuant to sub-section (5), the bankruptcy proceedings in respect of the assets of such a person cannot be instituted until the expiry of that period.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "60. Opportunity to be provided to reconcile sum of debts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 302, "char_count": 1760, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121464" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0055", "text": "61. Priority order of paying debt or liability: (1) In carrying out or causing to be carried out the bankruptcy proceedings of the assets of a person pursuant to this Chapter, the debts to be paid or liabilities to be discharged by such a person shall be settled, on the basis of the following priority order, from the assets of such a person:\n(a) Costs incurred in the carrying out of the bankruptcy proceedings, (b) The liability of the secured creditor, who has provided debt against a pledge or mortgage, to the extent of such pledge or mortgage,\n\n(c) Tax, fine to be paid to the Government of Nepal, Province Government or Local Government or other government charges and dues, (d) Debts of the creditors other than those referred to in clause (b), (e) Claim of the claimants other than those referred to in clause (b), (c) or (d).\n(2) In paying or setting off debts or liabilities pursuant to sub-section (1), if there are more than one creditor or claimant of the same priority order, the debt or claim shall be paid or set off pro rata basis from the assets bankrupted in proportion to the debt or claim of each creditor or claimant.\n(3) In paying the debts of the secured creditors pursuant to clause (b) of sub-section (1), if, after recovery of his or her debts from the assets pledged or mortgaged to him or her, there remains any portion or sum of such pledge or mortgage, other creditors or claimants may make claim over such portion or sum.\nProvided that if the secured creditor's debts cannot be fully recovered from such assets, he or she cannot claim other property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "61. Priority order of paying debt or liability", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 283, "char_count": 1584, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121482" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0056", "text": "62. Debt of creditor who shows excess debt not to receive priority:\nNotwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) of Section 61, if it is held that, by a collusion between a person likely to become a bankrupt and any creditor, and being guided by a malafide motive to cause loss to another creditor or claimant, more debts or claims have been shown from any transaction which has never happened nor been carried on, the debt or liability of such a\n\ncreditor shall be paid or set off only after the debt or liability of other creditor or claimant is satisfied.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "62. Debt of creditor who shows excess debt not to receive priority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 100, "char_count": 567, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121494" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0057", "text": "63. Property to be set aside: (1) Prior to effecting bankruptcy of the assets of a person pursuant to this Chapter, the following property shall be set aside and the bankruptcy proceedings shall be carried out from the remaining assets:\n(a) Any property that remains as the personal property of a person other than one who is likely to become a bankrupt, (b) Clothes up to three pairs and shoes up to three pairs being worn or to be worn by the person who is likely to become bankrupt and an undivided family member of that person, (c) One set of cooking and dining utensils, pots and cups, one set of bedding materials and reasonable number of furniture required for the undivided family member of the person likely to become a bankrupt, (d) Medicines and health-related equipment required to the person likely to become a bankrupt and the undivided family member of that person, (e) Books necessary to carry out study and teaching, (f) Food necessary for subsistence for a period not exceeding three months to the persons referred to in clause (b),\n\n(g) One set of tools or instruments related to the profession and employment of the persons referred to in clause (b).\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) or (g) of sub-section (1), the total value of the properties referred to in these clauses shall not exceed one hundred thousand rupees.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "63. Property to be set aside", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 238, "char_count": 1379, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121511" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0058", "text": "64. Assets not to be concealed: (1) A person who files a petition pursuant to Section 55 for commencing the bankruptcy proceedings of his or her assets shall submit an exact inventory of his or her total assets.\n(2) In submitting an inventory pursuant to sub-section (1), if he or she hides or conceals such assets with mala fide intention of causing loss or damage to the creditor, a separate lawsuit may be instituted against him or her.\n(3) If assets are hidden or concealed pursuant to subsection (1), and such assets are discovered before the completion of the bankruptcy proceedings, the proceedings referred to in subsection (2) of Section 61 shall be carried out in respect of the creditor and the claimant having so discovered the assets and the other creditor and claimant as well.\n(4) If any creditor or claimant discovers any assets pursuant to sub-section (3) after the completion of the bankruptcy proceedings, ten percent amount of the assets so discovered shall be provided to the creditor or claimant who has so discovered the assets if such creditor or claimant has already satisfied the sum\n\naccording to his or her claim at the time of bankruptcy proceedings, and if his or her claim has not been so satisfied, his or her sum shall be caused to be satisfied from such assets and the remaining assets shall be distributed pursuant to the said sub-section to the other creditors and claimants.\nProvided that if the creditor or claimant is the successor or relative of the bankrupt person, he or she shall not be entitled to such facility.\n(5) If the assets hidden or concealed pursuant to subsection (2) remain after payment to the creditor or claimant pursuant to sub-section (4), such assets shall be returned to the concerned person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "64. Assets not to be concealed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 300, "char_count": 1754, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121528" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0059", "text": "65. Status of bankruptcy to be terminated: (1) The status of a bankrupt person falling under bankruptcy shall remain for a period of twelve years from the date on which he or she became a bankrupt.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if a bankrupt person pays all liabilities payable to the creditors at the time of bankruptcy, he or she may file a petition in the court to terminate the status of bankruptcy along with the evidence thereof.\n(3) The court shall make an order to summon the presence of all creditors who were either partially paid or unpaid at the time of bankruptcy of such a person within a period of fifteen days, excluding the time required for journey, to have a hearing on the petition filed pursuant to sub-section (2).\n(4) If, in hearing the petition filed pursuant to sub-section (2), it appears that the bankrupt person has satisfied all the debts\n\nand liabilities remained unpaid at the time of bankruptcy, the court may annul the order made at the time of his or her bankruptcy.\n(5) If an order is annulled pursuant to sub-section (4), the status of the bankrupt person shall be deemed have been terminated after one year from the date of the annulment of such an order.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "65. Status of bankruptcy to be terminated", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 215, "char_count": 1221, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121544" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0060", "text": "66. Statute of limitation: A person aggrieved from any act done or action taken pursuant to this Chapter may make a lawsuit within the following period from the date of accrual of the cause of action for the commencement of the bankruptcy proceedings:\n(a) In matters under Section 54, within three years from the date of accrual of the cause of action, (b) In matters under Sections 62 and 64, within two years from the date of knowledge thereof, (c) In the matters other than those referred to in clauses (a) and (b), within six months from the date of commission of such an act or action.\n\nPart-3 Family Law Chapter-1 Provisions Relating to Marriage 67. Marriage deemed to be concluded: If a man and a woman accept each other as the husband and wife through any occasion, ceremony, formal or other act, a marriage shall be deemed to have been concluded.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "66. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 152, "char_count": 855, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121557" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0061", "text": "68. Marriage to be inviolable social bond: (1) Marriage shall be a permanent, inviolable and holy social and legal bond, which is based on free consent and established to start conjugal and family life between a man and a woman.\n(2) The marital bond referred to in sub-section (1) shall subsist until extinguished pursuant to Section 82.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "68. Marriage to be inviolable social bond", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 57, "char_count": 337, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121568" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0062", "text": "69. Freedom of marriage: (1) Every person shall, subject to law, have the freedom to conclude a marriage, establish a family and spend a conjugal life.\n(2) A marriage must be made, or caused to be made, public irrespective of the manner used to conclude it.\n(3) Every person's family life shall be inviolable.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "69. Freedom of marriage", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 54, "char_count": 309, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121575" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0063", "text": "70. Marriage may be concluded: (1) Subject to this Chapter, a marriage may be concluded between a man and a woman on the following conditions:\n(a) If the man and the woman agree to accept each other as husband and wife,\n\n(b) If the man and the woman are not relatives, punishable by law on incest, (c) If matrimonial relationship of both the man and the woman does not exist, (d) If both have attained twenty years of age.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (b) of sub-section (1), nothing shall bar the conclusion, or causing the conclusion of, a marriage within the relationship that is allowed to marry in accordance with the practices prevailing in their ethnic community or clan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "70. Marriage may be concluded", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 121, "char_count": 698, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121585" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0064", "text": "71. Marriage not to be concluded: (1) No one shall conclude, or cause to be concluded, marriage with a man or a woman, as the case may be, who is not in a condition where marriage can be concluded pursuant to Section 70.\n(2) No one shall conclude, or cause to be concluded, marriage with a man or a woman on any of the following conditions, by way of misrepresentation:\n(a) One who has contracted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or Hepatitis 'B' or similar other incurable severe disease, (b) One who has already been proved to have no sexual organ, to be impotent or to have no reproductive capability, (c) One who is dumb or has lost hearing capacity, being fully blind or is suffering from leprosy,\n\n(d) One who is of unsound mind, (e) One who is already a married, (f) One who is a pregnant, (g) One who has been convicted of a criminal offense involving moral turpitude by a court and sentenced for the same.\n(3) A person who is aggrieved from the conclusion of marriage by way of misrepresentation pursuant to sub-section (2) may get such a marriage voided and claim a reasonable compensation from the person who concludes, or causes to be concluded, marriage by misrepresentation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "71. Marriage not to be concluded", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 211, "char_count": 1190, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121598" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0065", "text": "72. Marriage to be void: (1) A marriage concluded on any of the following conditions shall, ipso facto, be void:\n(a) A marriage concluded without consent of the man or the woman, (b) A marriage concluded between the relatives, punishable by law on incest.\n(c) Marriage against Section 70(1) (d).\n(d) Another marriage concluded by a man or woman whilst the current marital relationship is still prevalent except in the situation of being separated by taking partition according to law.\n(2) A marriage concluded pursuant to sub-section (1) shall be invalid ab initio.\n\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (b) of sub-section (1), a marriage concluded pursuant to sub-section (2) of Section 70 shall not be void.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "72. Marriage to be void", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 117, "char_count": 721, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121610" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0066", "text": "73. Voidable marriage: (1) If a marriage is concluded in any of the following circumstances and any person who concludes such a marriage does not accept it, the person may get such a marriage voided:\n(a) Deleted (b) If the marriage has been concluded, or caused to be concluded, by way of misrepresentation pursuant to sub-section (2) of Section 71.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), a marriage shall be void only with the consent of the woman if she is pregnant or has delivered a baby as the consequence of the marriage.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "73. Voidable marriage", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 94, "char_count": 547, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121623" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0067", "text": "74. Marriage to be deemed concluded if child is born from physical intercourse: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2) of Section 69, if a woman is proved to have delivered a child by conceiving pregnancy from physical intercourse with a man, marriage between such a man and a woman shall, ipso facto, be deemed to have been concluded.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), no marriage shall be deemed to have been concluded between a man and a woman in any of the following circumstances even if a child is born from physical intercourse with the man:\n\n(a) If a woman gives birth to a child by conceiving pregnancy as the consequence of rape, (b) Except in case of the relationship of under subsection (2) of Section 70, if a woman delivers a child by conceiving pregnancy from a physical intercourse with a man within the relationship punishable by law on incest.\n(c) If the age of marriage is not complete according to part (d) of subsection 1 of section 70.\n(d) If there is situation which causes polygamy.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "74. Marriage to be deemed concluded if child is born from physical intercourse", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 181, "char_count": 1050, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121635" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0068", "text": "75. No lawful rights of child already born to be prejudiced: There shall be no prejudice in the lawful rights of a child already born from a marriage if the marriage becomes void pursuant to Section 72 or the marriage is got voided pursuant to Section 73 or of the child born in any of the circumstance referred to in sub-section (2) of Section 74.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "75. No lawful rights of child already born to be prejudiced", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 65, "char_count": 348, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121644" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0069", "text": "76. Marriage to be registered: (1) Both husband and wife shall get their marriage registered by filing an application in the authority appointed as per law.\nProvided that in the circumstance referred to in sub-section (1) of Section 74, both or either of husband and wife may file an application for the registration of marriage.\n(2) A husband and wife residing outside Nepal may file an application for the registration of marriage in the Nepali embassy or consulate general located in the country in which they have been residing.\n\n(3) If an application is filed pursuant to sub-section (1) or (2) for the registration of a marriage, the concerned authority shall, after registering the marriage in the marriage book maintained in the office, issue the marriage registration certificate, in the form according to prevailing laws, to the applicant, within fifteen days of the filing of the application.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"concerned authority\" means the marriage registering authority.\n(4) If the marriage cannot be registered according to the application filed pursuant to sub-section (1) or (2), the concerned authority shall give the applicant information, specifying the reasons therefor, within seven days of the filing of the application.\n(5) If any one party does not appear for the registration of a marriage according to the application filed pursuant to the proviso to sub-section (1), the concerned authority shall register the marriage after inquiring into such a party.\n(6) If, in making inquiry pursuant to sub-section (5), the other party expresses disagreement to the registration of marriage, the concerned authority shall not register the marriage and inform the applicant that the decision on that matter shall be made as decided by the court.\n(7) The concerned authority shall safely maintain the records of the details of the registration of marriage under this Section.\n(8) If a couple who have already concluded marriage prior to the commencement of this Act but have not registered the\n\nmarriage may, if they so desire, get their marriage registered pursuant to this Section.\nProvided that the marriage of such a couple shall not be deemed to be legally invalid merely for the reason that such marriage is not registered.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "76. Marriage to be registered", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 367, "char_count": 2283, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121662" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0070", "text": "77. Marriage by registration: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2) of Section 69 and Section 74, if a man and a woman desire to conclude marriage by registration, they shall file an application in the concerned District Court, if they are in Nepal, and in the Nepali embassy or consulate general, if they are outside Nepal, specifying therein their name, surname, age, address, profession, name of their father, mother, grand-father, grand-mother, whether previously married or not, if married, the details of the dissolution of marriage and also the name of at least two witnesses.\n(2) In order to file an application pursuant to sub-section (1), either the man or the woman or both must have resided since at least fifteen days ago in the concerned district if the application has to be filed in the District Court, and, if the application is to be filed in the embassy or consulate general, in the country in which such an embassy or a consulate general is situated.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "77. Marriage by registration", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 166, "char_count": 990, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121678" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0071", "text": "78. Decision to be made as to whether marriage is capable of being concluded: (1) If an application is filed pursuant to Section 77 for the conclusion of a marriage by registration, the concerned authority shall make, after making necessary inquiry, a decision within seven days of the filing of the application, as to whether or not the marriage is capable of being concluded.\n\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if the concerned authority based in a foreign country has suspicion about the proposed marriage, the authority shall submit the matter to the Government of Nepal and settle the matter according to the decision of the Government of Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "78. Decision to be made as to whether marriage is capable of being concluded", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 110, "char_count": 675, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121693" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0072", "text": "79. Deed of consent to be prepared: If a decision is made pursuant to Section 78 to the effect that marriage is capable of being concluded between the applicants, the concerned authority shall prepare a deed of consent for marriage, also recording the matters specified in the application and a statement to the effect that the parties to the marriage have consented to accept each other as husband and wife, cause the contracting parties and witnesses present to affix their signature and thumb impression on the deed in his or her presence and also sign the deed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "79. Deed of consent to be prepared", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 97, "char_count": 565, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121703" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0073", "text": "80. Provisions relating to registration of marriage: (1) After the deed of consent has been signed pursuant to Section 79, the concerned authority shall register such a marriage in the registration book, which has to be signed by such an authority and also by the parties to the marriage and witnesses present.\n(2) Once the marriage is registered pursuant to sub-section (1), the concerned authority shall issue a marriage registration certificate, in the form according to prevailing laws, to the parties to the marriage registration.\n(3) Marriage shall be deemed to have been concluded between the applicants from the date on which the marriage registration certificate is obtained pursuant to sub-section (2).\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "80. Provisions relating to registration of marriage", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 112, "char_count": 713, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121713" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0074", "text": "81. Provision relating to use of surname by married woman: (1) A married woman may, after marriage, use the surname used by her father or mother or the surname of her husband or both the surnames.\n(2) If a question arises as to the surname of a married woman, except as otherwise proved, she shall be deemed to have used the surname of her husband.\n(3) If the marriage of a woman who has used the surname of her husband is dissolved, she may, if she so desires, use the surname used by her father or mother.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "81. Provision relating to use of surname by married woman", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 97, "char_count": 507, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121724" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0075", "text": "82. Matrimonial relationship deemed to be terminated: In any of the following circumstances, the matrimonial relationship between the husband and the wife shall be deemed to have been terminated:\n(a) If marriage is annulled pursuant to Section 72 or 73, (b) If marriage is dissolved according to law between husband and wife, (c) If the wife concludes another marriage before effecting divorce pursuant to law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "82. Matrimonial relationship deemed to be terminated", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 65, "char_count": 410, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121735" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0076", "text": "83. Re-marriage may be concluded: Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, a man or a woman may remarry in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If the matrimonial relationship between husband and wife is terminated pursuant to Section 82, (b) If husband or wife dies, (c) If husband and wife are separated upon partition in accordance with law.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "83. Re-marriage may be concluded", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 59, "char_count": 369, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121747" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0077", "text": "84. Statute of limitation: A person aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within three months after the date on which such act was done or action taken.\n\nChapter-2 Provisions Relating to Consequences of Marriage 85. To be considered husband and wife: After the conclusion of marriage between a man and a woman, they shall, so long as such matrimonial relationship subsists, be considered each other's husband and wife.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "84. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 77, "char_count": 462, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121756" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0078", "text": "86. Relation and obligation of husband and wife: (1) The husband and wife must have mutual love and good faith.\n(2) The husband and wife must establish and spend conjugal life by living together, except as otherwise arranged through mutual understanding.\n(3) The husband and wife must help, protect and respect each other.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "86. Relation and obligation of husband and wife", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 53, "char_count": 322, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121764" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0079", "text": "87. Husband's home to be considered residence: Except where a separate residence is fixed by mutual understanding of the husband and wife, the husband's home shall be considered to be the wife's residence.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "87. Husband's home to be considered residence", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 33, "char_count": 205, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121769" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0080", "text": "88. To be considered each other's agent: Except as otherwise provided for in the law or except where there is a legal dispute between the husband and wife, the husband and wife shall be considered as each other's agent in the general household affairs.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "88. To be considered each other's agent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 44, "char_count": 252, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121776" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0081", "text": "89. To provide, or cause to be provided, maintenance in accordance with reputation: The husband and wife shall provide, or cause to be provided, maintenance cost and health care to each other according to their reputation and capacity.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "89. To provide, or cause to be provided, maintenance in accordance with reputation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 38, "char_count": 236, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121782" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0082", "text": "90. Household affairs to be managed by consent: (1) The husband and wife of an undivided family shall manage the household affairs by mutual consent according to their property, income and capacity.\n(2) Except as otherwise provided in the law, the husband or wife shall obtain each other's consent in selling or otherwise transferring a property registered in his or her name.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "90. Household affairs to be managed by consent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 62, "char_count": 376, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121789" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0083", "text": "91. Not to preclude from exercising profession, business or occupation: The husband or wife or any member of the family shall not preclude each other from exercising a profession, business or occupation of their respective skill, qualification or ability.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "91. Not to preclude from exercising profession, business or occupation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 255, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121795" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0084", "text": "92. Statute of limitation: A person aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within three months after the date on which such an act was done or action was taken.\n\nChapter-3 Provisions Relating to Divorce 93. Divorce may be effected by consent of both: If both the husband and wife so desire, they may divorce the relationship of husband and wife at any time.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "92. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 72, "char_count": 400, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121802" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0085", "text": "94. Husband may effect divorce: The husband may effect divorce in any of the following circumstances even without consent of the wife:\n(a) Except where the husband and wife are living separately after obtaining their partition share or separating bread and board in accordance with law, if the wife has been living separately for three or more consecutive years, without consent of the husband, (b) If the wife deprives the husband of maintenance costs or expels him from the house, (c) If the wife commits an act or conspiracy likely to cause the grievous hurt or other severe physical or mental pain to the husband,inher (d) If the wife is proved to have made sexual relation with another person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "94. Husband may effect divorce", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 119, "char_count": 698, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121813" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0086", "text": "95. Wife may effect divorce: The wife may effect divorce in any of the following circumstances, even without consent of the husband:\n(a) Except where the husband and wife are living separately after obtaining their partition share or separating bread and board in accordance with law, if\n\nthe husband has been living separately for three years or more consecutively, without consent of the wife, (b) If the husband deprives the wife of maintenance costs or expels her from home, (c) If the husband commits an act or conspiracy likely to cause grievous hurt or other severe physical or mental pain to the wife, (d) If the husband concludes another marriage, (e) If the husband is proved to have made sexual intercourse with another woman, (f) If the husband is proved to have raped the wife.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "95. Wife may effect divorce", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 135, "char_count": 790, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121827" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0087", "text": "96. Petition to be filed for divorce: The husband or wife, as the case may be, desiring to get the relationship divorced shall file a petition in the concerned district court.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "96. Petition to be filed for divorce", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 31, "char_count": 175, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121836" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0088", "text": "97. Mediation to be made between husband and wife: If a petition is filed for divorce pursuant to Section 96, the court shall, to the extent possible, remind and convince both the parties and conciliate them.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "97. Mediation to be made between husband and wife", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 36, "char_count": 208, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121843" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0089", "text": "98. Divorce to be effected: If the court fails to make conciliation between the husband and wife even after reminding and convincing them pursuant to Section 97 and deems appropriate to get the relationship divorced rather than to continue it any longer, the court shall effect divorce between them.\nProvided that if the husband and wife do not agree to conciliate between them despite being reminded and convinced by\n\nthe court to that effect, the court shall effect divorce after one year of the filing of the petition.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "98. Divorce to be effected", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 88, "char_count": 521, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121852" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0090", "text": "99. Partition of property to be effected before divorce: (1) If divorce is to be effected because of the husband, the concerned court shall, if the wife so demands, cause partition to be effected between the husband and wife before effecting divorce.\n(2) If a petition is filed by the wife for divorce on the ground referred to in clause (b), (c), (d), (e) or (f) of Section 95, divorce is deemed to be effected because of the husband, for the purposes of sub-section (1).\n(3) If a property in common is registered in the name of both husband and wife or either of them, then such property shall be partitioned between them according to law, prior to effecting divorce.\n(4) If the husband himself has not obtained partition from his father or other coparceners, the court shall, by causing both the parties to disclose the coparceners, and if there are other coparceners who are entitled to partition, by inquiring such coparceners as well, cause partition to be apportioned between the husband and wife.\n(5) If it appears that it may take a long time to effect partition pursuant to sub-section (1), (3) or (4), the court may effect divorce between the husband and wife and order the husband to provide the wife with monthly expenses as alimony according to the property and income of the husband until the partition is effected.\n\nProvided that if such a woman concludes another marriage before effecting partition, she shall not be entitled to a partition share.\n(6) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, if a petition is filed for divorce on the ground referred to in clause (b), (c) or (d) of Section 94, the husband shall not be compelled to provide partition share or alimony to the wife pursuant to this Chapter.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "99. Partition of property to be effected before divorce", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 301, "char_count": 1743, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121868" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0091", "text": "100. Order to pay lump sum amount or alimony: Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 99, if the wife who effects divorce desires to obtain from the husband a lump sum amount or annual or monthly alimony or expense, instead of the partition share, the court may order the husband to provide such a wife with a lump sum amount or annual or monthly alimony or expense on the basis of his property or income.\nProvided that if such a wife concludes another marriage, it is not required to provide such amount or alimony.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "100. Order to pay lump sum amount or alimony", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 93, "char_count": 522, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121880" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0092", "text": "101. Order to provide maintenance costs: If the wife, who has not obtained partition from the husband for there being no property for partition under Section 99, desires to receive maintenance costs from the husband and the husband has income, the Court may order the husband to provide maintenance costs to the wife according to the income of the divorced husband.\nProvided that:\n(1) If such a wife concludes another marriage, it is not required to provide such costs,\n\n(2) If the income of the wife is higher than that of the husband, it is not required to provide such costs.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "101. Order to provide maintenance costs", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 101, "char_count": 578, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121893" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0093", "text": "102. To be according to agreement: Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if there exists a written agreement between the husband and wife on the partition share or alimony to which the wife is entitled upon divorce, it shall be according to such agreement.\nProvided that no agreement which is against the interest of a minor may be made.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "102. To be according to agreement", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 60, "char_count": 361, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121901" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0094", "text": "103. Previous child or husband to obtain property: On the death of a divorcee woman, her son, daughter, if any, shall be entitled to her property, and if not, the previous husband shall obtain the property received by her from such a husband, and the successor on her mother's side shall obtain the other property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "103. Previous child or husband to obtain property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 55, "char_count": 314, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121908" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0095", "text": "104. Statute of limitation: A person aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within three months after the date of accrual of the cause of action or knowledge of such an act or action.\n\nChapter-4 Provisions Relating to Relationship of Mother, Father and Son and Daughter 105. Maternity or paternity to be determined from mother or father:\n(1) If it is required to determine a person's maternity or paternity, it shall be determined on the basis of his or her mother or father, as the case may be.\n(2) In determining paternity pursuant to sub-section (1), the person who was the husband of his or her mother at the time of birth of such a person shall be presumed, unless otherwise proved, to be a father of such a person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "104. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 138, "char_count": 763, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121918" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0096", "text": "106. Child presumed to be born from married husband: Unless otherwise proved, a child born in any of the following circumstances shall be presumed to be born from the married husband:\n(a) Born after one hundred eighty days from the date on which the marriage was concluded, (b) Born within two hundred seventy-two days from the date on which the husband died or divorce was effected.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "106. Child presumed to be born from married husband", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 66, "char_count": 383, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121926" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0097", "text": "107. Paternity may be denied: (1) Except as otherwise agreed upon between the husband and wife, the paternity of a child born to the wife before one hundred eighty days of the conclusion of marriage may be denied by the husband and by the successor to the husband where the husband had already died before the birth of such child.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where a man concludes marriage with a woman with knowledge or\n\nhaving reasonable ground to know that she was pregnant before the marriage, the paternity of a child cannot be denied merely on the ground of his or her birth before that period.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "107. Paternity may be denied", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 110, "char_count": 631, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121935" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0098", "text": "108. Son, daughter or paternity to be claimed: (1) If a child whose paternity or maternity is not determined has to be claimed as one's own son or daughter, such claim shall be made within a period of two years of the child being born or being identified.\n(2) In claiming the paternity of a child born without the paternity being identified, a claim shall be made within a period of two years of the birth of such child.\nProvided that no claim may be entertained if such child is already dead.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "108. Son, daughter or paternity to be claimed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 92, "char_count": 493, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121945" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0099", "text": "109. Paternity of child born from artificial insemination to be of father: A child born from the use, with consent of the husband and wife, of artificial insemination system from semen of another person shall be considered to have been born from the married husband and his or her paternity shall be determined accordingly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "109. Paternity of child born from artificial insemination to be of father", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 54, "char_count": 323, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121952" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0100", "text": "110. To be according to court's decision: If there arises a dispute as to the maternity or paternity of a person, its settlement shall be as decided by the Court.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "110. To be according to court's decision", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 30, "char_count": 162, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121958" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0101", "text": "111. To obtain name and surname: (1) Each person shall, after birth, obtain the name as designated by his or her mother or father according to his or her religion, culture, usage or tradition.\n(2) If the mother or father of a person is not available for the time being or is not likely to be so available, the person shall\n\nobtain the name as designated by the guardian or curator taking care of (herchaha) him or her.\n(3) Each person shall, after birth, be entitled to use after his or her name the surname designated with the consent of his or her father and mother or failing such consent, the surname of his or her father.\nProvided that a person whose paternity is not traced out shall be entitled to use after his or her name the surname of his or her mother.\n(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (3), a person may, if he or she so wishes, use the surname of his or her father or mother or of both.\n(5) If a dispute arises as to the surname of a person, he or she shall be considered, unless otherwise proved, to have used the surname of his or her father.\n(6) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, a person whose both father and mother are not traced out shall be entitled to use after his or her name the surname given by the guardian taking care of (herchaha) him or her.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "111. To obtain name and surname", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 246, "char_count": 1320, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121974" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0102", "text": "112. Name of mother, father, grand-father and grand-mother may be mentioned: (1) If the name of mother, father and grand-father, grand- mother is required by law to be mentioned in a formal act, legal act and proceeding or deed, any person shall be entitled to mention the name of his or her mother, father and grand-father, grand-mother.\n\n(2) If the father of a person who has to mention the name of his or her mother, father and grand-father, grand-mother pursuant to sub-section (1) is not traced out, the person may mention the name of his or her mother and the mother's grand-father, grandmother, and even where the mother's name is not traced out, it shall be sufficient to mention, setting out that matter, the name of the guardian or curator if he or she is a minor, and only his or her name if he or she is a major.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "112. Name of mother, father, grand-father and grand-mother may be mentioned", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 150, "char_count": 824, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.121987" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0103", "text": "113. Birth of son, daughter to be registered: (1) If a son or daughter is born to a couple, the mother or father shall file an application, within three months of the birth of such a son or a daughter, before the authority specified according to law, for the birth registration.\n(2) If one intends to file an application for the registration of a son or a daughter after the expiry of the time-limit referred to in sub-section (1), such fee as specified according to prevailing laws shall be charged.\n(3) If an application is filed pursuant to sub-section (1) or (2), the concerned authority shall, after entering the details in the birth register maintained in the office, issue a certificate of birth registration in the form as specified by the law to the applicant.\n(4) The details to be entered in the register under subsection (3) shall include the concerned person's name, surname, date of birth (year, month, instant and day as well) and place of birth, and the name, surname and address of his or her mother, father and grand-mother and grand-father, as well.\n\n(5) The concerned authority shall forward the details entered, pursuant to sub-section (3), in the register maintained in the office up to the last day of every month to the District Administration Office, within a period of fifteen days of the first month thereafter and the said Office shall also enter such details up to the end of every month in the birth register maintained in the office for that purpose and forward the same in every three months to the Ministry specified by the Government of Nepal by a notification in the Nepal Gazette.\n(6) The concerned Ministry shall enter the details received pursuant to sub-section (5) in the birth register maintained for that purpose and maintain up-dated details each year.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "113. Birth of son, daughter to be registered", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 308, "char_count": 1795, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122004" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0104", "text": "114. Obligation to care (herchaha) and maintain(shyahar samhar):\n(1) The mother and father shall jointly care and maintain their every minor.\n(2) In caring and maintaining pursuant to sub-section (1), the father and mother shall provide for maintenance, health care, education, sports and entertainment and other necessary arrangements, according to their financial condition and capability.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "114. Obligation to care (herchaha) and maintain(shyahar samhar)", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 55, "char_count": 391, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122014" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0105", "text": "115. To be under custody of mother or father: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 114, if matrimonial relationship between a husband and wife is extinguished in accordance with law, a minor born from them shall remain in the custody of the mother or the father as provided herein below:\n(a) In the case of a minor who has not attained five years of age, under the custody of the mother, if she\n\nso desires irrespective of whether or not she has concluded another marriage, (b) In the case of a minor above five years of age, except where the mother has concluded another marriage, under the custody of the mother, if she so desires, (c) In the circumstance other than that referred to in clause (a) or (b), under the custody of the father.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where the husband and wife have entered a separate agreement on the custody of a minor at the time of divorce or judicial separation, the agreement shall apply to the custody of the minor.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), while deciding as to which of the father and the mother has the custody of a minor above ten years of age, the opinion of the concerned minor may also be obtained.\n(4) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, if the mother or father, under whose custody a minor is living, dies, the surviving father or mother shall take the minor under his or her custody without any delay.\nProvided that if the mother has already concluded another marriage, she is not obliged to take a minor above five years of age under her custody.\n(5) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, if the husband and wife, who get separated in accordance with law, have a minor, the maintenance, education and heath care\n\nof such a minor shall be according to the agreement concluded, if any, between the husband and wife in that respect, and in the absence of such an agreement, it shall be as follows:\n(a) In the case of a minor below five years of age, the minor shall be under the mother's custody, (b) In the case of a minor who is of five years of age or above five but below ten years of age, the minor shall be under the father's custody, (c) In case of a minor having attained ten years of age, the minor shall be under the mother's or the father's custody, with whom the minor desires to live.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "115. To be under custody of mother or father", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 423, "char_count": 2374, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122033" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0106", "text": "116. Obligation to take necessary care (herchaha) and provide maintenance (shyahar samhar): (1) The father or mother, as the case may be, who takes the custody of a minor pursuant to Section 115, shall take care of and maintain such minor, and, in so taking care of and maintaining the minor, the father or mother, as the case may be, shall do so in accordance with the provisions referred to in sub-section (2) of Section 114.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if the income of the father or mother who does not take the custody of a minor is higher than that of the father or mother who takes the custody of the minor, such a mother or a father shall provide such a minor with such expenses, for the purpose of maintenance, education and treatment of the minor, as agreed upon between such father and mother and in the absence of such agreement, as specified by the court.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "116. Obligation to take necessary care (herchaha) and provide maintenance (shyahar samhar)", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 161, "char_count": 900, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122051" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0107", "text": "117. Facility of visit to be provided: (1) In cases where matrimonial relationship is extinguished or the mother or father are living separately in accordance with law, the minor shall be allowed to visit, from time to time, the father if he or she is living under the mother's custody and the mother if he or she is living under the father's custody, or with the consent of the mother and father, to stay with either of them for some time.\nProvided that if it appears that the interest of the minor is likely to be prejudiced in availing the facility of such visit or stay, the concerned court may issue an order prohibiting such visit or stay.\n(2) The frequency of visit to, or the period of stay with, the father or the mother, as the case may be, pursuant to sub-section (1), shall be as fixed by the concerned mother and father and, in the absence of such fixation, shall be as ordered by the concerned court.\n(3) If a minor is living with his father or mother pursuant to this Section, the father or mother taking the custody of the minor shall take care of and maintain him or her in accordance with subsection (2) of Section 114.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "117. Facility of visit to be provided", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 211, "char_count": 1137, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122065" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0108", "text": "118. Rights of son, daughter remain to exist: (1) Notwithstanding the matrimonial relationship between the husband and wife is extinguished pursuant to this Chapter, the legal rights of the son, daughter born from them vis-à-vis the father, mother and the obligation of the father, mother vis-à-vis him or her shall remain in existence.\n\n(2) In spite of the father and mother of a person being incapable of becoming husband and wife in accordance with this Act, the legal rights of the son, daughter born from them vis-à-vis the father, mother and the obligation of the father, mother vis-à-vis him or her shall remain in existence.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "118. Rights of son, daughter remain to exist", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 105, "char_count": 632, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122080" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0109", "text": "119. Prohibition on living separately without consent: (1) A son, daughter shall not, without consent of his or her father or mother, live separately from his or her father or mother.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), a son, daughter may live separately from his or her father, mother in the following circumstance:\n(a) If he or she is separated from his or her father, mother, with or without obtaining partition according to law, (b) If he or she concludes marriage, (c) If he or she attains at least twenty one years of age, or (d) If he or she is already employed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "119. Prohibition on living separately without consent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 104, "char_count": 593, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122090" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0110", "text": "120. Minor not to work as labor: A minor who is allowed to be engaged in a work as a labor according to law cannot work as a labor without consent of the mother, father, other guardian or curator.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "120. Minor not to work as labor", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 196, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122097" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0111", "text": "121. Decision of father, mother taking custody of minor to prevail: If there arises a dispute between the father and mother, who cannot conclude marriage between them or whose matrimonial relationship is extinguished pursuant to this Act, on any matter to be decided in\n\nrespect of the right and interest of a minor born from such father and mother, the decision made by the father or mother, as the case may be, with whom such a minor is living shall prevail.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "121. Decision of father, mother taking custody of minor to prevail", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 81, "char_count": 460, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122108" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0112", "text": "122. Son or daughter to honor, respect and care (herchaha) mother, father: (1) Every son or daughter shall treat his or her mother, father with honor and respect.\n(2) Every son or daughter shall, according to his or her financial and social status, provide necessary care, maintenance, medical treatment or attention to his or her mother, father, notwithstanding living in an undivided family or separately in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "122. Son or daughter to honor, respect and care (herchaha) mother, father", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 69, "char_count": 430, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122118" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0113", "text": "123. Statute of limitation: A person aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within the specific statute of limitation, if any, provided in this Chapter for making such lawsuit, and within six months after the date on which such an act was done or action taken, in the other circumstances.\n\nChapter-5 Provisions Relating to Parental Authority 124. To be under supervision and control of father and mother: (1) A minor son, daughter shall live under the supervision, oversight, control or authority of their father and mother.\n(2) A minor living under sub-section (1) shall obey lawful order or direction given by his or her father, mother.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "123. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 114, "char_count": 681, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122128" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0114", "text": "125. Parental authority to be exercised jointly: (1) The mother and father shall, jointly and with their mutual consent, exercise such authority over, fulfill such responsibility and duty towards, their son and daughter as required to be exercised and fulfilled under this Chapter.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the following mother or father, as the case may be, shall, in the following circumstance, exercise such authority and fulfill such responsibility and duty as to be exercised and fulfilled pursuant to the said sub-section:\n(a) If either of the father and mother dies, the surviving mother or father, (b) If either of the mother and father is of unsound mind, the mother or father of sound mind, during the period of existence of such state of mind, (c) If the matrimonial relationship between the mother and father is dissolved or they have been living separate according to law, the mother or father who has taken the custody of the minor,\n\n(d) If the father of a minor is not traced out, the mother.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "125. Parental authority to be exercised jointly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 174, "char_count": 1041, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122141" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0115", "text": "126. Rights, responsibilities and duties of person exercising maternal and parental authority: The rights, responsibilities and duties of the father or mother who is entitled to exercise the parental authority pursuant to this Chapter shall be as follows:\n(a) To keep the minor with him or her, provide company to the minor and watch the minor's works, actions and behaviors, (b) To provide food and clothes and to teach him or her to eat, wear and labor, (c) To provide affection, fondness and love, (d) To inculcate in him or her social dignity, decency, morals, rites, culture, customs and to educate him or her to behave accordingly;\n(e) To provide moral education based on social values such as honesty, self-confidence, self-reliance, integrity, labor and discipline, (f) To vigil physical and mental health, to provide and cause to be provided medical treatment, (g) To provide opportunity, according to necessity, for sports and entertainment, (h) To make available read-worthy and messageoriented educational materials, (i) To guide to remain loyal to the family, society, community, nation and state,\n\n(j) To prevent from bad habits, bad association and obscene matter, (k) To teach to obey order, honor and revere, (l) To do, or cause to be done, such other act whatsoever as may be required for the development of physical, mental and intellectual personality.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "126. Rights, responsibilities and duties of person exercising maternal and parental authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 220, "char_count": 1372, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122159" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0116", "text": "127. Prohibition on discrimination: The mother or father shall not make discrimination between their children, in any manner, in the maintenance, education and upbringing, sports, medical treatment, entertainment, facility or household work of their children on the ground of son or daughter or between sons or between daughters.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "127. Prohibition on discrimination", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 48, "char_count": 329, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122167" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0117", "text": "128. Special care (herchaha) to be taken: (1) If any son or daughter is physically or mentally handicapped or disabled or has contracted a deadly disease such as human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) or Hepatitis B, the mother, father shall take special care of, and provide special treatment and protection to, such a son or a daughter.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"physically or mentally handicapped\" means a physically or mentally impaired person who himself or herself is unable or incompetent to carry out daily work.\n(2) In order to make the son or daughter as referred to in sub-section (1) financially self-reliant in the future by having arrangements for providing special medical treatment, the mother and father shall make, according to their financial condition and\n\ncapacity, arrangements for imparting special education or training to such son or daughter.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "128. Special care (herchaha) to be taken", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 142, "char_count": 896, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122178" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0118", "text": "129. Power to cause minor to improve conduct and habit: If the mother or father consider it necessary to make the minor, who is under their supervision, oversight, control or authority pursuant to this Chapter, improve his or her behavior, habit, conduct and character, they may do such acts as they think appropriate vis-à-vis such a minor and make him or her improve his or her behavior, habit or conduct.\nProvided that the minor shall not be subjected to any treatment that entails physical or mental pain.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "129. Power to cause minor to improve conduct and habit", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 87, "char_count": 509, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122191" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0119", "text": "130. Authority deemed to be provided to exercise right: If the mother and father appoint a teacher for the education and upbringing of their son or daughter or admits the child into an educational institute for any kind of education, the teacher so appointed or the headmaster or teacher of such an institute shall be deemed to have been given the authority to exercise the rights as referred to in Section 129 in respect of education and upbringing.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "130. Authority deemed to be provided to exercise right", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 78, "char_count": 450, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122200" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0120", "text": "131. Guardian or curator may also exercise parental authority: If a minor is living with the guardian or curator for the reason that both of his or her mother and father have died or disappeared or his or her mother has concluded another marriage following the death of his or her father or both of his or her mother and father have become of unsound mind, his or her guardian or curator, as the case may be, may exercise such paternal authority and fulfill such responsibilities and duties as required to be exercised and fulfilled by the mother and father under this Chapter.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "131. Guardian or curator may also exercise parental authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 103, "char_count": 578, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122212" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0121", "text": "132. Power to restrict parental authority: (1) If a complaint is filed by a person or a child welfare organization incorporated pursuant to law specifying that a person who is entitled to exercise the paternal authority pursuant to this Chapter has committed any of the following acts against a minor and, if the allegation is proved from an inquiry into the matter, the court may prevent such a person from exercising such authority:\n(a) Subjecting a minor to cruel, inhumane or torturous punishment or treatment, (b) Neglecting, disregarding or abusing the minor from time to time, (c) Engaging a minor in an immoral or sexual profession, (d) Employing a minor in a work likely to endanger the body, life or health, (e) Causing loss and damage to a minor's property by spending it against his or her interest or selling such property to others with the intention of taking it subsequently, (f) Compelling a minor to abandon family life by making him or her a Sanyasi, fakir, monk, nun, Paschar or in similar other way, (g) Engaging a minor in begging, except while observing a religious or cultural rite,\n\n(h) Causing a minor to do any other act constituting an offense under law.\n(2) If a restriction is imposed pursuant to sub-section (1), the court shall appoint a guardian according to law, authorizing him or her to exercise the parental authority in respect of such a minor.\n(3) If the guardian is appointed to exercise the parental authority pursuant to sub-section (2), such a guardian may exercise the parental authority under this Chapter in consonance with the interests of the minor.\n(4) If the person, who is prevented from exercising the parental authority pursuant to sub-section (1), makes a petition in the Court, making an undertaking not to repeat the act referred to in the said sub-section, the court may lift the restriction imposed on him or her and revoke the appointment as referred to in sub-section (2).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "132. Power to restrict parental authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 328, "char_count": 1932, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122230" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0122", "text": "133. Termination of parental authority: (1) The parental authority which the mother and father are entitled to exercise over their son or daughter child pursuant to this Chapter shall be deemed to have been terminated in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If the son or daughter attains eighteen years of age, (b) If the son or daughter lives separately after getting an employment.\nProvided that where any son or daughter is physically or mentally handicapped, the parental authority over him or her shall, except in cases\n\nwhere he or she lives separately by concluding marriage, not be terminated.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "133. Termination of parental authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 99, "char_count": 605, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122242" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0123", "text": "134. Statute of limitation: A person aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within six months after the date on which such an act was done or action was taken.\n\nChapter-6 Provisions Relating to Guardianship 135. To be considered guardian: A person who is appointed or liable under this Chapter to protect the person, protection of rights and interest of an incompetent or quasi-competent person shall be considered to be a guardian.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "134. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 80, "char_count": 475, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122251" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0124", "text": "136. Priority order of guardian: (1) Subject to the other Sections of this Chapter, a person in the following priority order shall, ipso facto, be a guardian of an incompetent or quasi-competent person:\n(a) Husband or wife living in a joint family, (b) Father or mother, (c) Son, daughter or widow daughter-in-law living in a joint family, (d) Separated husband or wife, (e) Separated son, daughter or widow daughter-in-law, (f) Grand-father or grand-mother, (g) Grand-son or grand-daughter, (h) Elder or younger brother or elder or younger sister, (i) Grand-father, grand-mother on the mother's parent side, maternal uncle, maternal aunty.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the following person shall be a guardian in the following circumstances:\n\n(a) Where there are more than one person in one priority order eligible to be a guardian, the person mutually agreed upon by them, and in the absence of such agreement, the person as designated by the court, (b) In the case of a person of sound mind and having attained ten years of age, a person chosen by him or her, Provided that in so choosing the guardian, a deed shall be executed to that effect and certified by the court.\n(c) In the case of a minor of a couple whose matrimonial relationship has been extinguished in accordance with law, the father or mother who maintains him or her, (d) If any person who is in the first priority order declines to be a guardian, becomes of unsound mind or does not act in the capacity of a guardian, the person who is in the next priority order.\nProvided that if a person in the next order is to so become a guardian, the person shall get it certified by the court that he or she is the guardian.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "136. Priority order of guardian", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 298, "char_count": 1714, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122269" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0125", "text": "137. Other person considered to be guardian: Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 136, if guardianship to an incompetent or quasi-competent person is provided by a person other than the one referred to in that Section, the person so\n\nproviding guardianship shall be considered to be a guardian of such a person.\nProvided that the person who so becomes a guardian shall get it certified by the court that he or she is the guardian.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "137. Other person considered to be guardian", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 74, "char_count": 439, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122280" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0126", "text": "138. Organization considered to be guardian: (1) If a child, who is living in an organization, such as a child welfare house, orphanage, child home or children's organization, registered pursuant to law with the object to have welfare of and protect rights and interests of children, has no other guardian, such an organization shall be considered to be his or her guardian.\n(2) In doing any act or taking any action on behalf of a minor living in an organization referred to in sub-section (1), the chief of such an organization shall do such an act or take such an action.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter and Chapter-7 of Part-3, the term \"chief\" means the chief executive officer of that organization or the chairperson, general manager, managing director or other officer acting in that capacity.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "138. Organization considered to be guardian", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 137, "char_count": 814, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122291" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0127", "text": "139. Guardian may be appointed by court: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 136 or 137, the court may, in the following circumstances, appoint a particular person as the guardian, specifying the reason therefor:\n(a) If the concerned ward committee of the concerned Local Level files a petition in the court for the appointment of guardian in cases where any person declines to be a guardian pursuant to Section 136,\n\n(b) If the stakeholder files a petition in the court for the appointment of guardian.\n(2) In appointing a guardian pursuant to sub-section (1), the court shall consider whether or not the rights, interests or protection of such incompetent or quasi-competent person may be secured.\n(3) In appointing a guardian pursuant to sub-section (1), the court shall also obtain the consent of the person to be appointed as the guardian.\n(4) After appointing a guardian pursuant to sub-section (1), the court shall give a written notice thereof to the person to be guardian and the Local Level.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "139. Guardian may be appointed by court", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 167, "char_count": 1015, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122303" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0128", "text": "140. Supervisor may be designated: (1) If a guardian is appointed by the court pursuant to Section 139, the court may, if it considers necessary to inquire into the acts and actions of such a guardian, designate any person as the supervisor.\n(2) The supervisor designated pursuant to sub-section (1) shall make necessary inquiry into the acts and actions of the guardian and submit a report thereof to the court.\n(3) If the guardianship is terminated pursuant to Section 148, the state of supervision shall also be, ipso facto deemed to be, terminated.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "140. Supervisor may be designated", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 93, "char_count": 552, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122316" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0129", "text": "141. Disqualifications for guardian: None of the following persons may become a guardian:\n(a) An incompetent or quasi-competent person,\n\n(b) A person proved to have done an act against the rights and interests of an incompetent or quasicompetent person, (c) A person sentenced by a court to imprisonment for a term of three years or more.\nProvided that this clause shall not be deemed to prevent a person who is in the priority order under sub-section (1) of Section 136 from being a guardian.\n(d) A person deemed disqualified to be a guardian by a count.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "141. Disqualifications for guardian", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 96, "char_count": 555, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122326" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0130", "text": "142. Maintenance (palan poshan) and care of (herbichar) incompetent or quasi-competent person: (1) The guardian shall make arrangements for the maintenance, health, education, entertainment and care of an incompetent or quasi-competent person under his or her guardianship from the property belonging to such a person, if any, and if such property is not available, from the property belonging to the guardian himself or herself.\n(2) The arrangements for the maintenance, health, education, entertainment and care of an incompetent or quasicompetent person, pursuant to sub-section (1), shall be made from the movable property belonging to such a person, if any, and where there is no such movable property or where arrangements for the maintenance, health, education, entertainment and care cannot be made from that property, his or her immovable property may be sold for that purpose with the prior permission of the court.\n\nProvided that it is not required to obtain permission of the court to sell the immovable property where a person in the priority order under sub-section (1) of Section 136 is the guardian.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "142. Maintenance (palan poshan) and care of (herbichar) incompetent or quasi-competent person", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 175, "char_count": 1115, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122339" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0131", "text": "143. Property to be supervised, protected and managed properly: (1) The guardian shall supervise and protect the property belonging to the incompetent or quasi-competent person under his or her guardianship.\n(2) The guardian may carry on any business or transaction by investing the property belonging to the person under his or her guardianship.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "143. Property to be supervised, protected and managed properly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 53, "char_count": 346, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122347" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0132", "text": "144. To maintain books and accounts accurately: (1) The guardian shall maintain accurately the books and accounts of expenditures incurred in the maintenance(palan poshan), health, education and care of (herbichar) the incompetent or quasi-competent person under his or her guardianship, and of the incomes and expenditures made in the course of the management of the property belonging to that person and the inventory proving the ownership of such property.\nProvided that it is not required to maintain such books and accounts where a person in the priority order referred to in subsection (1) of Section 136 is a guardian.\n(2) The guardian shall submit the books and accounts maintained pursuant to sub-section (1) and the inventory proving the ownership of that property to the incompetent or quasi-competent person within one year after the date on which that person has attained majority pursuant to law or the date on which that person has notified in writing the court that he or she is competent to carry out business.\n\n(3) If an incompetent or quasi-competent person dies when he or she was under guardianship, the guardian shall submit the books and accounts and the inventory proving ownership of that property referred to in sub-section (1) to that person's nearest successor within six months after the date of his or her death.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "144. To maintain books and accounts accurately", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 219, "char_count": 1342, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122362" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0133", "text": "145. Power to institute legal action or defend case: The guardian may, for the protection of the rights, interests of an incompetent or quasicompetent person under his or her guardianship, institute a legal action against such a person or defend a case filed against him or her.\nProvided that the guardian is not allowed to so renounce a claim or plea in relation to a case instituted upon the incompetent or quasi-competent person being its plaintiff or defendant or execute a deed of compromise in any case as to cause an adverse effect to him or her.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "145. Power to institute legal action or defend case", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 97, "char_count": 553, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122376" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0134", "text": "146. Power to act on behalf of incompetent or quasi-competent person: Subject to the provisions contained elsewhere in this Chapter, the guardian may carry out such act on behalf of the incompetent or quasi-competent person as may be carried out by that person according to law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "146. Power to act on behalf of incompetent or quasi-competent person", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 46, "char_count": 278, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122383" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0135", "text": "147. Act may be carried out only in consonance with terms:\nNotwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if a person is designated as the guardian for an incompetent or quasicompetent person with specification of certain terms, such a guardian shall have the authority to carry out acts only in consonance with such terms.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "147. Act may be carried out only in consonance with terms", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 54, "char_count": 339, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122390" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0136", "text": "148. Termination of guardianship: (1) A guardianship shall be deemed to be terminated in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If a petition filed by the guardian stating that he or she is unable to be a guardian is accepted by the court, (b) If the guardian or the incompetent or quasicompetent person under guardianship dies, (c) If the incompetent or quasi-competent person becomes a competent, (d) If, at the request of the incompetent or quasicompetent person under guardianship, the court removes the guardian.\n(2) If a guardianship is terminated pursuant to sub-section (1) and the person who was the guardian and the person who was under guardianship are surviving, the person who had worked as guardian shall continue to maintain (palan poshan) and take care of(herbichar) the incompetent or quasi-competent person under his or her guardianship until another guardian is appointed.\n(3) If a guardianship is terminated pursuant to sub-section (1), the statute of limitation, time-limit or appointed date for appearance in relation to any legal proceedings required to be carried out by the guardian pursuant to this Chapter shall not be deemed to have been expired, from the date on which the guardianship is so terminated until another guardian is appointed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "148. Termination of guardianship", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 203, "char_count": 1269, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122403" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0137", "text": "149. Guardianship not to be transferred to successor: If a guardianship is terminated upon the death of the guardian pursuant to Section 148,\n\nthe right, authority and responsibility vested in him or her in the capacity of a guardian shall not be transferred to his or her successor.\nProvided that in cases where another guardian is required to be appointed for an incompetent or quasi-competent person, he or she shall, in the capacity of the successor to the guardian, maintain(palanposhan) and take care of (herbichar) such incompetent or quasi-competent person until another guardian is appointed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "149. Guardianship not to be transferred to successor", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 95, "char_count": 601, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122417" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0138", "text": "150. Power to recover expenses: If any guardian has arranged the maintenance, health, education, sports, entertainment and care of(herbichar) the incompetent or quasi-competent person under his or her guardianship from his or her own property, the guardian may recover the amount of expenses so incurred from the property belonging to the incompetent or quasi-competent person under his or her guardianship.\nProvided that such expense cannot be so recovered where a person in the priority order referred to in sub-section (1) of Section 136 is the guardian.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "150. Power to recover expenses", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 86, "char_count": 557, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122426" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0139", "text": "151. Amount of loss and damage may be recovered: If the guardian knowingly, deceitfully, fraudulently or dishonestly causes loss and damage to the property belonging to the incompetent or quasicompetent person under his or her guardianship in such manner as to or not to benefit himself or herself, the incompetent or quasicompetent person aggrieved therefrom may recover the amount of loss and damage caused to him or her from such a guardian.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "151. Amount of loss and damage may be recovered", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 72, "char_count": 445, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122438" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0140", "text": "152. Statute of limitation: A person aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within six months after the date of knowledge of such act or action.\n\nChapter-7 Provisions Relating to Curatorship 153. To be curator of minor: (1) If any minor does not have any guardian as referred to in Chapter-6 of this Part, any person may act in the capacity of curator of such a minor for the maintenance, health, education, care of, and protection of property belonging to, him or her, until the minor attains eighteen years of age.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), a person may appoint any one as a curator for the maintenance, health, education and care of his or her minor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "152. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 127, "char_count": 729, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122449" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0141", "text": "154. Curator of person of unsound mind: (1) If a person of unsound mind does not have any guardian as referred to in Chapter-6 of this Part, any other person may act in the capacity of curator for the maintenance, care of, and protection of property belonging to, him or her.\n(2) If there is no curator or the curator cannot be ascertained under sub-section (1), the person under whose custody, supervision or oversight the person of unsound mind is living for the time being shall be the curator of such a person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "154. Curator of person of unsound mind", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 93, "char_count": 514, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122458" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0142", "text": "155. Mother to become curator of minor: Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 153, if the father of any minor below ten years of age has died or disappeared or become of unsound mind or is in abroad and the mother of such a minor is alive, she herself shall be the curator of that minor even though she has concluded another marriage.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "155. Mother to become curator of minor", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 62, "char_count": 343, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122466" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0143", "text": "156. Body corporate to become curator: (1) If any person who has no guardian under Chapter-6 of this Part is under the supervision, protection or custody of a body corporate, such a body corporate shall be the curator of such a person.\n(2) If a body corporate referred to in sub-section (1) becomes a curator, the chief of such a body corporate shall exercise the authority of a curator.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "156. Body corporate to become curator", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 69, "char_count": 387, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122474" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0144", "text": "157. Court may appoint curator: (1) If any person has no guardian under Chapter-6 of this Part or no one acts as his or her curator, the concerned ward committee of the Local Level may file a petition, stating the details thereof, in the court for the appointment of a curator.\n(2) In filing a petition pursuant to sub-section (1), the concerned ward committee of the Local Level shall set out the names, surnames, addresses and professions of the potential persons who could be appointed as the curator and also submit, along with the petition, a deed of consent given by such potential persons to act as the curator.\n(3) If a petition is filed pursuant to sub-section (1), the court shall make an order to appoint any one appropriate person, out of the persons whose names are submitted pursuant to subsection (2), as the curator.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "157. Court may appoint curator", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 146, "char_count": 832, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122488" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0145", "text": "158. Qualifications of curator: Any person other than a person who is disqualified for being a guardian pursuant to Section 141 may become a curator.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "158. Qualifications of curator", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 25, "char_count": 150, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122495" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0146", "text": "159. Curator to take custody of property: (1) The curator shall take custody of, manage and operate, the property belonging to the person under his or her curatorship.\n(2) The curator shall arrange for the maintenance, education and medical treatment of the person under his or her curatorship, to the extent possible in view of his or her capacity, from the property taken into custody by him or her.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "159. Curator to take custody of property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 69, "char_count": 401, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122504" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0147", "text": "160. Power to use property: A person who becomes a curator may spend all the returns obtained from the property under his or her custody for the maintenance, health of the person under his or her curatorship and for the education of such a person, if he or she is a minor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "160. Power to use property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 52, "char_count": 272, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122511" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0148", "text": "161. Power to spend immovable property with court's permission:\n(1) If the movable property belonging to the person under his or her curatorship is insufficient to meet the expenses required for the maintenance, education or medical treatment of that person, the curator may file a petition, setting out the matter, in the court for permission to sell the immovable property or any part thereof for that purpose.\n(2) If, upon inquiring into a petition filed pursuant to subsection (1), it considers the reason for selling such immovable property to be reasonable, the court may grant permission to so sell the immovable property or any part thereof as it considers appropriate.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "161. Power to spend immovable property with court's permission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 110, "char_count": 677, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122521" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0149", "text": "162. Property to be taken care of and protected rationally and carefully: (1) A curator shall look after of and protect the property\n\nbelonging to a person under his or her curatorship rationally and carefully.\n(2) The concerned curator shall be liable for any kind of loss or damage to the property belonging to the person under his or her curatorship because of his or her failure to so look after and protect the property pursuant to sub-section (1).\nProvided that the curator shall not be liable for any loss or damage to such property due to a disaster.\n(3) If a complaint is filed with allegation that the curator has failed to look after of and protect the property pursuant to subsection (1), the court may remove the concerned person from curatorship.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "162. Property to be taken care of and protected rationally and carefully", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 133, "char_count": 760, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122532" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0150", "text": "163. Transfer of title, ipso facto to be void: If a curator sells any immovable property belonging to the person under his or her curatorship to himself or herself or to any of his or her family members, with ulterior motive to disentitling such a person to that property or the title thereto happens to be transferred to him or her in any manner, such transfer of title shall, ipso facto, be void.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "163. Transfer of title, ipso facto to be void", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 73, "char_count": 398, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122544" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0151", "text": "164. Curatorship to be terminated ipso facto: (1) Curatorship shall be deemed to have been terminated ipso facto in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) In the case of a minor, if he or she attains eighteen years of age, (b) In the case of a person of unsound mind, if he or she becomes of sound mind,\n\n(c) If custody of the minor is taken by the mother or father or both, (d) If the guardian of a minor or person of unsound mind is appointed, (e) If the court removes a person from curatorship pursuant to sub-section (3) of Section 162, (f) If the curator has no qualification referred to in Section 158, (g) If the curator or the person under curatorship dies.\n(2) If curatorship is terminated pursuant to sub-section (1), the curator shall immediately return to the concerned person the property taken into custody in the capacity of curator.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "164. Curatorship to be terminated ipso facto", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 153, "char_count": 849, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122556" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0152", "text": "165. Custody of property may be handed over: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if a person is unable to protect and manage the property under his or her title, ownership or possession on his or her own, for the reason that he or she has to go elsewhere by leaving the place where he or she resides, he or she may appoint any person as a curator to that end and hand over the custody of such property to that other person.\n(2) If the custody of property is handed over to any person pursuant to sub-section (1), the person taking the custody of such property shall protect and manage the property and return the property to the person handing over its custody as and when the handing over person so requires.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "165. Custody of property may be handed over", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 135, "char_count": 740, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122569" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0153", "text": "166. Requirement to certification by court: One who becomes a curator pursuant to Sections 153, 154 and 165 shall get that matter certified by the court.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "166. Requirement to certification by court", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 26, "char_count": 153, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122575" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0154", "text": "167. Application of other provisions: The provisions contained in Sections 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150 and 151 shall also apply mutatis mutandis to the curator and the person under curatorship.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "167. Application of other provisions", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 31, "char_count": 194, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122581" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0155", "text": "168. Statute of limitation: A person aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within six months after the date of knowledge of such an act or action.\n\nChapter-8 Provisions Relating to Adoption 169. To be deemed adopted son or adopted daughter: If a person accepts a son or daughter of another person as his or her son or daughter, such a son or a daughter shall be deemed to be an adopted son or daughter.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "168. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 83, "char_count": 446, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122589" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0156", "text": "170. Adoption to be effected in a manner to protect the best interests of child: In effecting adoption pursuant to this Act, adoption shall be effected in a manner to protect the best rights and interests of the child.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "170. Adoption to be effected in a manner to protect the best interests of child", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 218, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122596" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0157", "text": "171. Prohibition on adoption by person having child: (1) No person having his or her own son shall adopt a son and no person having his or her own daughter shall adopt a daughter pursuant to this Chapter.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if a son or daughter does not live with a man or woman who is living separately by the reason of judicial separation, such a man or a woman may adopt a son or a daughter.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter and Chapter-9 of this Part, the term \"judicial separation\" means a circumstance where a person obtains partition in property according to the order of the court or lives separately according to law or lives separately after separation of bread and board from other coparceners.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) or (2), if a person who has a biological son or daughter makes a petition in the concerned court for the adoption of another child,\n\ndisclosing therein his or her financial capacity to make arrangements for the maintenance, health care, education and care of the child, and if, upon inquiring into such a petition, it appears that the petitioner has such status, the court may grant permission to him or her to adopt such child.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "171. Prohibition on adoption by person having child", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 214, "char_count": 1245, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122614" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0158", "text": "172. Adoption may be effected: (1) The following person may effect adoption of a child:\n(a) A couple to whom no child has born even up to ten years of the marriage, (b) An unmarried woman having completed forty-five years of age, a widow, divorcee woman or judicially separated woman, having no son or daughter, (c) An unmarried man having completed forty-five years of age, a widower, divorcee or judicially separated man, having no son or daughter.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the following person cannot effect adoption:\n(a) One who is of unsound mind, (b) One who is convicted by the court of a criminal offense involving moral turpitude, (c) One who does not have financial capacity to afford maintenance, health care, education, sports facility, entertainment and care of the minor.\n\n(3) In effecting adoption by the husband or wife living in a joint family pursuant to this Section, they shall obtain each other's consent.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "172. Adoption may be effected", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 158, "char_count": 960, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122629" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0159", "text": "173. Adoption not to be effected: (1) No one shall effect adoption of any of the following persons:\n(a) One who has completed fourteen years of age, (b) One who is the only son or daughter, Provided that this provision shall not apply to the circumstance referred to in sub-section (3) of Section 175.\n(c) One who has been once adopted as a son or daughter, Provided that this provision shall not apply where the adoption is annulled according to law.\n(d) One who is in higher degree of relationship than the person adopting the son or daughter, (e) One who is not a citizen of Nepal.\nProvided that the provision of this clause shall not apply to a non-resident Nepali citizen who has obtained a foreign citizenship.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (a) of sub-section (1), if the person to be adopted is a person within the relation of three generations or a son or daughter born to the exhusband of the wife, that person may be adopted even though he or she has completed fourteen years of age.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "173. Adoption not to be effected", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 181, "char_count": 1013, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122642" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0160", "text": "174. Difference of age between adopter and adoptee: (1) The age difference between the adopter and the adoptee shall be at least twenty-five years.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), no age restriction shall apply to the adoption of a person within the relation of three generations.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "174. Difference of age between adopter and adoptee", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 48, "char_count": 307, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122650" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0161", "text": "175. Consent to be obtained for adoption: (1) In effecting adoption of a child, the adopter shall obtain written consent of both father and mother of such a child, if both of them are surviving, and of the surviving father or mother, as the case may be, if either of them is surviving.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if the father and mother are separated because of the dissolution of matrimonial relationship between the husband and wife or judicial separation, and a child living with such a father or mother according to the agreement made at the time of such dissolution or judicial separation is intended to be adopted, the adopter shall obtain consent of the person with whom, out of the father and the mother, the child has been living.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), adoption of a child whose father and mother are not traced or surviving or a child whose father and mother are surviving but who has been maintained or cared by a person or organization following the conclusion of another marriage either by his or her father or mother may be effected by obtaining written consent of the person or organization so maintaining or caring the child.\n\n(4) While adopting a child above ten years of age pursuant to sub-section (1), (2) or (3), written consent of such a child shall also be obtained.\n(5) Written consent referred to in sub-section (4) shall be executed by the concerned child in the presence of his or her father, mother or guardian or curator exercising the maternal and parental authority.\n(6) Before obtaining consent pursuant to this Section, information shall be given to the person putting a child up for adoption, guardian or curator and the child about, inter alia, the meaning, legal status and consequences of adoption.\n(7) No financial inducement of any type shall be made in obtaining consent pursuant to this Section and such consent requires to be given voluntarily.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "175. Consent to be obtained for adoption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 330, "char_count": 1956, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122672" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0162", "text": "176. Adoption deemed to have been effected by couple themselves: If adoption was effected by the husband or wife living under judicial separation and, subsequent thereto, the husband and wife have lived jointly, the adoption effected before living so jointly shall be deemed to have been effected by the couple.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "176. Adoption deemed to have been effected by couple themselves", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 50, "char_count": 311, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122683" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0163", "text": "177. Procedures for effecting adoption: (1) If a person is desirous of adopting a child, he or she shall make a petition to the concerned court, along with a duly executed deed of adoption, in fulfillment of the legal requirements.\n(2) If, upon inquiring into the deed of adoption received pursuant to sub-section (1), the concerned district court finds that permission may be given to the petitioner for adoption, it shall issue\n\nan order granting permission for adoption and shall authenticate such deed.\n(3) If, upon making inquiry pursuant to sub-section (2), the court finds that permission cannot be given to the petitioner for adoption, it shall issue an order accordingly and give information thereof to the petitioner.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "177. Procedures for effecting adoption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 118, "char_count": 727, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122696" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0164", "text": "178. Entitlements and rights of adopted son or daughter: (1) The entitlements, rights, obligations and responsibilities of an adopted son or daughter shall be the same as that of a biological son or daughter of the adoptive person.\n(2) Even if a son or daughter is born to a person who has already adopted a person, the equal status of such adopted son or adopted daughter to that of biological son or daughter shall not be prejudiced thereby.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "178. Entitlements and rights of adopted son or daughter", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 78, "char_count": 443, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122705" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0165", "text": "179. Surname of adopted son or daughter: An adopted son or daughter may use the surname of either or both of the adoptive father and mother.\nProvided that(1) If an adopted son or daughter so desires, he or she may use also the surname of his or her biological father or mother.\n(2) If the adoption is annulled, his or her surname shall be that of his or her biological father or mother.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "179. Surname of adopted son or daughter", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 73, "char_count": 386, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122713" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0166", "text": "180. Not allowed to claim partition share of father and mother: An adopted son or daughter shall not be entitled to claim partition share in the property belonging to his or her biological father and mother.\n\nProvided that(1) If the adoption is annulled, he or she may claim partition share in the property belonging to his or her biological father and mother, (2) If an adopted son or daughter has already obtained his or her partition share at the time of effecting adoption, he or she may receive such property as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "180. Not allowed to claim partition share of father and mother", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 92, "char_count": 522, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122723" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0167", "text": "181. Adoptive person's obligations: (1) The obligations of an adoptive person shall be as follows:\n(a) To make arrangements for the maintenance, health care, sports, entertainment and proper education of the adopted son or daughter according to his or her reputation and capacity as if he or she were his or her biological son or daughter, (b) To protect the rights and interests of the adopted son or daughter, (c) To exercise the authority as referred to in Chapter-5 of this Part.\n(2) If the adoptive person does not fulfill the obligations under sub-section (1), the adopted son or daughter may live separately by obtaining his or her partition share.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "181. Adoptive person's obligations", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 110, "char_count": 655, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122736" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0168", "text": "182. Obligations of adopted son or daughter: The obligations of the adopted son or daughter shall be as follows:\n(a) To make arrangements for the maintenance, health care and care of the adoptive person according to\n\nhis or her reputation and capacity as if such person were his or her natural father or mother, (b) To protect, look after and properly manage the property of the adoptive person, (c) To protect the rights and interests of the adoptive person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "182. Obligations of adopted son or daughter", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 79, "char_count": 459, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122749" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0169", "text": "183. Facility of visit and making correspondences to be provided:\nThe adoptive person shall provide facility to the adopted son or daughter to make visits to, and correspondence with, his or her biological father and mother, from time to time.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "183. Facility of visit and making correspondences to be provided", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 40, "char_count": 243, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122756" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0170", "text": "184. Adoption to be void: If a person effects adoption in contravention of Section 171, sub-section (1) of, and clauses (a) and (b) of subsection (2) of Section 172, Sections 173, 174 and 175, such adoption shall ipso facto be void.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "184. Adoption to be void", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 41, "char_count": 232, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122762" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0171", "text": "185. Voidable adoption: (1) If an adoptive person fails to fulfill the obligations referred to in Section 181, any adopted son or daughter may have the adoption annulled.\nProvided that if such adopted son or daughter has already received a partition share, he or she shall not be entitled to have the adoption annulled.\n(2) An adoptive person may have the adoption annulled in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If the adopted son or daughter fails to fulfill the obligations referred to in Section 182,\n\n(b) If the adopted son or daughter expels him or her from home or subjects him or her to physical or mental torture, from time to time, (c) If the adopted son or daughter misuses his or her property, (d) If the adopted son or daughter leaves him or her and lives separately without his or her consent for three years or more.\n(3) The provisions of clauses (a) and (d) of sub-section (2) shall not apply to the married adopted daughter.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "185. Voidable adoption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 168, "char_count": 945, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122773" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0172", "text": "186. Termination of adoption: (1) If adoption is annulled pursuant to Section 184 or 185, the relationship between the adoptive person and the adopted son or daughter shall be deemed to have been terminated.\n(2) If the relationship between the adoptive person and the adopted son or daughter is terminated pursuant to sub-section (1), the entitlements, rights and obligations vested in him or her in the capacity of adopted son or daughter shall also be terminated.\nProvided that no facilities already enjoyed, rights acquired or exercised and obligations fulfilled in the capacity of adopted son or daughter during the validity period of adoption shall be prejudiced.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "186. Termination of adoption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 106, "char_count": 668, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122785" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0173", "text": "187. Statute of limitation: A person aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within one year after the date on which such an act was done or an action was taken.\n\nChapter-9 Provisions Relating to Inter-Country Adoption 188. Inter-country adoption deemed to be accepted: If any foreigner accepts a minor of a Nepali citizen or of a foreigner domiciled in Nepal as an adopted son or daughter, it shall be deemed to be accepted as an inter-country adoption.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "187. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 86, "char_count": 496, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122797" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0174", "text": "189. Adoption not to be effected without obtaining permission: (1) No foreigner shall be allowed to hold any minor of a Nepali citizen or of a foreigner domiciled in Nepal as an adopted son or daughter, without obtaining permission from the Government of Nepal.\n(2) Permission for adoption under this Chapter shall be granted only to the citizens or married couple of those countries which are opened by the Government of Nepal, by a notification in the Nepal Gazette, for inter-country adoption in Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "189. Adoption not to be effected without obtaining permission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 84, "char_count": 505, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122806" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0175", "text": "190. Best interests of minor to be ensured in granting permission for adoption: (1) Prior to granting permission to a foreigner for adoption, the Government of Nepal shall consider whether or not the best interests of the child will be ensured, his or her human rights will be protected and such a child will be abducted, sold, trafficked or otherwise abused.\n(2) Permission for adoption under this Chapter shall be granted only if, upon considering the matters pursuant to subsection (1), it appears appropriate to grant permission to a foreigner to adopt a child.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "190. Best interests of minor to be ensured in granting permission for adoption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 94, "char_count": 566, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122816" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0176", "text": "191. Child eligible to be given for adoption: Any of the following children having stayed in a children home for at least six months may be given to a foreigner for adoption:\n(a) Orphan children who, upon death of both father and mother, are not under protection of any one, (b) Voluntarily abandoned children.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter,(1) \"Children home\" means a child welfare home and orphanage established in accordance with law, with the objective of protecting the rights and interests of children, and this term includes a children home or Balmandir established by the Government of Nepal.\n(2) \"Orphan child\" means any of the following child certified as an orphan by the District Administration Office:\n(a) A child found unclaimed by the police, and whose father or mother is not found, (b) A child left unclaimed in a hospital or health institution, (c) A child whose father and mother are not traced out, (d) A child whose father and mother are both dead and who has no property for maintenance.\n\n(3) \"Voluntarily abandoned children\" means the following children who have been surrendered to the custody of a children home, through the District Administration Office, by the following person, upon being unable to make arrangements for their maintenance and education, by executing a deed relating thereto:\n(a) In the case of a child whose father is dead or disappeared and mother has concluded another marriage, such a mother, (b) If more than one child have born, and the mother is not financially able to afford their maintenance or education because the father is dead, disappeared or of unsound mind, in the case of such children, their mother, (c) If more than one child have born, and the father is not financially able to afford their maintenance or education because the mother is dead, disappeared or of unsound mind, in the case of such children, their father, (d) In the case of an orphan child who has no property, his or her guardian or curator.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "191. Child eligible to be given for adoption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 337, "char_count": 1989, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122834" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0177", "text": "192. Foreigner eligible for adopting son or daughter: (1) Permission may be granted to the following foreigner for the adoption of any child of a Nepali citizen or of a foreigner domiciled in Nepal:\n(a) A couple from whom no child is born even up to ten years of their marriage,\n\n(b) An unmarried woman a widow, divorcee woman or a judicially separated woman who has completed fortyfive but not fifty-five years of age, having no son or daughter, (c) An unmarried man a widower, divorcee or a judicially separated man who has completed forty-five but not fifty-five years of age, having no son or daughter.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), no permission may be granted to the following foreigner for adoption:\n(a) One who is of unsound mind, (b) One who is convicted of a criminal offense involving moral turpitude, by a court of Nepal or the concerned country.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where the law of a foreign country provides that a citizen of that country may adopt more than one child, he or she may adopt a child despite that he or she has a child.\n(4) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, a person of the country that prohibits a Nepali citizen from adopting a child or provides discrimination between the rights of an adopted son or a daughter and the rights of naturally born son or daughter shall not be permitted to adopt a child from Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "192. Foreigner eligible for adopting son or daughter", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 248, "char_count": 1439, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122854" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0178", "text": "193. Provision relating to Inter-country Adoption Board: (1) The Government of Nepal may, by a notification in the Nepal Gazette, form an Inter-country Adoption Board so as to act as the central\n\nagency for the purpose of making recommendation for granting permission to a foreigner for adoption of a child pursuant to this Chapter or designate any government body to perform such function.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"Board\" means the Inter-country Adoption Board, and this term includes the government body designated to perform such function.\n(2) The Board referred to in sub-section (1) shall be so formed as to include one child right worker who has worked in the field of the rights of the child for at least fifteen years.\n(3) Other functions, powers and duties of the Board, in addition to those mentioned elsewhere in this Chapter, shall be as follows:\n(a) To frame policies on inter-country adoption and recommend the same to the Government of Nepal, (b) To make coordination between the various agencies on matters of inter-country adoption, (c) To prevent undue financial and other advantage likely to be exchanged while giving or taking adoption, (d) To make available any information required by the central adoption agencies or other relevant public agencies of other countries about the condition of adopted sons or daughters, (e) To prevent child abuse, exploitation, trafficking or kidnapping likely to happen in effecting adoption\n\nand to protect Nepali children from any other practice likely to harm them, (f) To make recommendation to the Government of Nepal to fix the charges applicable for adoption, (g) To specify the form of application to be filed for adoption, (h) To make arrangements for maintaining confidentiality of records of the minors desirous to be adopted, their biological father and mother or adoptive father and mother, (i) To carry out such other functions relating to intercountry adoption as may be required.\n(4) Other matters including the procedures relating to the meeting of the Board shall be as determined by the Board itself.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "193. Provision relating to Inter-country Adoption Board", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 340, "char_count": 2106, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122875" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0179", "text": "194. Application to be filed for adoption: (1) A foreigner or couple qualified under Section 192 and desirous of adopting a Nepali minor or a minor of a foreigner domiciled in Nepal shall make an application to the Board, accompanied by the following documents, through the embassy of his or her country in Nepal and where no such an embassy is situated in Nepal, the embassy designated for Nepal or the central agency of the concerned country which gives permission for adoption:\n(a) The applicant's birth registration certificate, (b) The applicant's recently taken photograph, (c) A photocopy of the applicant's passport,\n\n(d) A document certifying the applicant's marital status, (e) A certificate issued by a licensed medical doctor on the applicant's health, (f) A certificate issued by the governmental body of the concerned country, indicating that the applicant is of good character and has not been convicted by a court of a criminal charge involving moral turpitude, (g) A document that certifies the applicant's property and income source, (h) The applicant's social, psychological and home study report, (i) Age, sex and other details of the child sought for adoption, (j) A letter of consent issued by the government of the applicant's country for making adoption in Nepal, (k) A letter of guarantee issued by the government of the concerned country or by the embassy of that country based in Nepal or designated for Nepal indicating that according to the law of the applicant's home country, the status of the person to be adopted is equal to that of the applicant's biological son or daughter,\n\n(l) A letter of guarantee issued by the government of the applicant's home country, embassy of that country based in Nepal or designated for Nepal indicating that, according to the law of the applicant's home country, the applicant is qualified to make adoption and has the financial capacity to bear all responsibilities including maintenance, health care, education and protection of the minor to be adopted.\n(2) The documents referred to in sub-section (1) shall be written in the English language or translated into the English or Nepali language by a competent body.\n(3) If it is found, from an inquiry into the application received pursuant to sub-section (1), that it is appropriate to grant permission for adoption according to the applicant's request, the Board shall, by keeping confident the applicant's name and address, forward the details relating thereto to the selection committee.\n(4) The application to be made pursuant to sub-section (1) shall be accompanied by the application fee as determined by the Government of Nepal, on the recommendation of the Board.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "194. Application to be filed for adoption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 436, "char_count": 2689, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122914" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0180", "text": "195. Provisions relating to selection committee: The Government of Nepal shall form a selection committee, by a notification in the Nepal Gazette, for the purpose of making recommendations to the Board as to which of minors may be appropriate for adoption by any foreigner or foreign couple, after selecting the person or couple desirous of making adoption, and the minor.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "195. Provisions relating to selection committee", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 60, "char_count": 373, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122930" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0181", "text": "196. To make recommendation by selecting person effecting adoption and child: The Board shall, based on the minor's details according to the applicant's details and relevant matters received pursuant to sub-section (1) of Section 194, and also having regard to the applicant's request, ascertain what type of minor is appropriate for being adopted by which applicant and recommend the name of the applicant and the minor to the Board.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "196. To make recommendation by selecting person effecting adoption and child", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 69, "char_count": 434, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122941" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0182", "text": "197. Permission to be granted for adoption: (1) If the Board considers, from an inquiry into the recommendation received from the selection committee pursuant to Section 196, that it is appropriate to grant a minor as recommended for adoption by a foreigner, it shall make according recommendation to the Government of Nepal.\n(2) If, upon an inquiry into the recommendation made by the Board pursuant to sub-section (1), it thinks reasonable to do so, the Government of Nepal shall, according to the recommendation of the Board, grant permission for the adoption of such a minor by the foreigner.\n(3) After permission has been granted pursuant to subsection (2), the Government of Nepal shall issue a certificate relating thereto for that purpose.\n(4) After the certificate has been issued pursuant to subsection (3), inter-country adoption shall be deemed to have duly been effected from Nepal.\n(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), if, prior to granting permission for the adoption of any minor by a foreigner, the father, mother or other guardian of the minor desires\n\nto take his or her minor back, such a minor may not be granted for adoption.\n(6) If the Government of Nepal grants permission for the adoption of any minor by a foreigner pursuant to sub-section (2), the applicant shall appear in person and take over the concerned minor.\nProvided that if the applicant is a couple and either of them is unable to appear in person, the other spouse may take over such a minor on the basis of the certified deed of consent executed by the absent spouse.\n(7) After permission has been granted for the adoption of any minor by a foreigner pursuant to this Section, the Government of Nepal shall give information thereof to the central agency responsible for inter-country adoption situated in the country of the adoptive person and also to the embassy of the concerned country designated for Nepal, if any.\n(8) A foreigner or couple making application for adoption may, if not satisfied with any decision made by the Government of Nepal, make an appeal to the concerned High Court.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "197. Permission to be granted for adoption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 352, "char_count": 2104, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122961" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0183", "text": "198. Special provision relating to selection of families for minors in need of special care: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, the Board may accord priority to those applicants who have applied for the adoption of minors in need of special care and select families to that effect.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Section, the term \"minors in need of special care\" means those minors, out of orphan\n\nminors or voluntarily abandoned minors, who are in need of special care due to physical or mental condition, unusual or abnormal growth or more age.\n(2) The Board shall determine as to whether any minor is a minor in need of special care or not.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if, in selecting the families and the minors in need of special care pursuant to that sub-section, any detail relating to the age, sex and health of the minor as demanded by a family in the first order of priority does not match, those minors in need of special care who match to the details as demanded by such family may be selected respectively.\n(4) The other procedures on the selection of families for minors in need of special care and classification of such minors shall be as prescribed by the Government of Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "198. Special provision relating to selection of families for minors in need of special care", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 217, "char_count": 1264, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122979" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0184", "text": "199. Special provision relating to permission to be granted for adoption: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if any renowned foreign citizen desires to adopt any minor as referred to in Section 191, he or she may make an application to the Board, along with a formal recommendation by the head of state, head of government or foreign minister of the concerned country.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Section, the term \"renowned foreign citizen\" means any of the following persons:\n(a) Head of state or head of government of a foreign country,\n\n(b) Chief of an international intergovernmental organization, (c) A laureate of the noble prize, (d) A person or entrepreneur who has an income of more than three hundred thousand US Dollars a year.\n(2) If the Board considers, from an inquiry into an application received pursuant to sub-section (1), that it is reasonable to grant a minor as demanded by such a foreign citizen for adoption, it shall make recommendation to the Government of Nepal, Council of Ministers, accordingly.\n(3) If a recommendation is made pursuant to sub-section (2), the Government of Nepal, Council of Ministers may give permission to such a foreign citizen to adopt the minor demanded by him or her.\n(4) Any foreign citizen making adoption pursuant to this Section shall, upon making such adoption, comply with the other provisions set forth in this Chapter.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "199. Special provision relating to permission to be granted for adoption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 233, "char_count": 1420, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.122994" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0185", "text": "200. Details to be forwarded: A foreigner who makes adoption pursuant to this Chapter shall each year forward details relating to the arrangements he or she has made for the maintenance(palanposhan), education, health and care of(herchaha) the adopted minor until such minor attains the age of majority according to the law of the concerned country, in each six months for a period of two years and thereafter in each year to the Government of Nepal through the Nepali Embassy or Consulate based in his or her country or Nepali mission abroad, and if such\n\nmission is not situated there, through the Embassy of Nepal related to such a country.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "200. Details to be forwarded", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 109, "char_count": 643, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123006" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0186", "text": "201. To monitor: (1) The Board may itself monitor as to whether a foreigner who has adopted a Nepali minor has made arrangements for the maintenance (Palanposhan), health, education and care of (Herchaha) such minor until the minor attains the age of majority, or for that purpose, form, as per necessity, a sub-committee consisting also of a representative of the Nepali Embassy or Consulate based in the concerned country.\n(2) The Board or sub-committee referred to in sub-section (1) may, for that purpose, carry out monitoring by visiting the place where the child is residing.\n(3) The Board or sub-committee shall submit a report of monitoring conducted by it under sub-section (2) to the Government of Nepal.\n(4) The report referred to in sub-section (3) shall contain, inter alia, a statement whether the best interests of the adopted Nepali minor have been served when he or she is residing with the adoptive person or not.\n(5) If the report received pursuant to sub-section (3) contains a statement that the best interests of the adopted Nepali minor have not been served when he or she is residing with the adoptive person, the Government of Nepal shall, also taking opinion of the concerned minor if her or she is able to express his or her opinion or is above ten years of age, bring that matter to the\n\nattention of the Government of the concerned country through the diplomatic channel.\n(6) If the condition of the adopted Nepali minor is not improved even after the attention drawn pursuant to sub-section (5), the Government of Nepal shall, by a notification in the Nepal Gazette, remove such a country from the list of countries opened for their citizens to make inter-country adoption from Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "201. To monitor", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 290, "char_count": 1714, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123025" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0187", "text": "202. Case may be filed: A case may be filed in the court of the concerned country for the annulment of adoption, by a minor adopted as an adopted son or daughter within one year after the date on which the minor attained majority, on the grounds of failure to make arrangements for proper maintenance(Palanposhan), health, education and care of (Herchaha) him or her, and by the Nepali Embassy or Consulate based in the country where the adopted son or daughter is residing within one year after the date on which the adoptive person failed to make such arrangements.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "202. Case may be filed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 99, "char_count": 567, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123038" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0188", "text": "203. Provisions of the Act to be applicable: (1) Provisions contained in Sections 173, 174, 175, 178, 179, 180, 181 and 183 in relation to adopted sons or daughters shall also apply to the sons or daughters adopted by foreigners pursuant to this Chapter.\n(2) Provision of Section 191 shall not apply for the adoption of the minors of foreigners domiciled in Nepal.\n(3) The Government of Nepal may, on the recommendation of the Board, make necessary Guidelines for the implementation of the provisions contained in this Chapter.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "203. Provisions of the Act to be applicable", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 88, "char_count": 527, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123048" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0189", "text": "204. Statute of limitation: If a separate statute of limitation for making a lawsuit is specified in this Chapter, the lawsuit may be made\n\naccordingly, and if such statute of limitation is not specified, a person aggrieved from any act committed or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within one year after the date on which such an act was done or action was taken.\n\nChapter-10 Provisions Relating to Partition 205. To be deemed coparcener: For the purposes of apportionment of a property in common, the husband, wife, father, mother, son and daughter shall be deemed to be coparceners, subject to the other Sections of this Chapter.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "204. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 110, "char_count": 650, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123057" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0190", "text": "206. Equal entitlement to partition share: (1) Each coparcener shall have equal entitlement to partition share.\n(2) If a woman coparcener is pregnant at the time of partition, and the baby to be delivered by her is to become a coparcener, partition shall be made by treating also such would be born baby as a coparcener and only after setting aside his or her partition share of property.\n(3) If the pregnant woman under sub-section (2) does not deliver a live baby, the partition share set aside for such a baby shall be divided equally between the other coparceners.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "206. Equal entitlement to partition share", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 99, "char_count": 568, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123070" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0191", "text": "207. Son and daughter born from couple whose matrimonial relationship is dissolved to obtain partition share: A son and daughter born to a couple who cannot conclude a marriage or whose marriage cannot be considered valid or whose matrimonial relationship is dissolved according to law shall obtain their partition share from such a father and mother.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "207. Son and daughter born from couple whose matrimonial relationship is dissolved to obtain partition share", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 56, "char_count": 351, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123077" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0192", "text": "208. To obtain partition share from mother: (1) A son and daughter whose father is not traced out shall obtain their partition share from the property belonging to their mother only.\n\n(2) A wife kept without making public or a son and daughter born from her shall not be entitled to claim a partition share after the death of the husband or father.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "208. To obtain partition share from mother", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 63, "char_count": 348, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123085" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0193", "text": "209. To obtain partition share from part of father or husband: (1) A son and daughter child or wives of brothers living in an undivided family shall obtain partition share only from the part of their respective father or husband, as the case may be.\n(2) If the husband, father or mother dies before effecting partition, his wife or his or her child shall obtain the partition share to which the husband, father or mother is entitled.\n(3) If a person has more than one wife, they shall obtain their respective partition share only from the part of the husband.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "209. To obtain partition share from part of father or husband", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 100, "char_count": 559, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123094" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0194", "text": "210. Latter wife or child to obtain partition share from part of husband or father: (1) If a person concludes another marriage or a child is born from the wife so married, after effecting partition between his wife, son, daughter or while he is living together with such a wife, son, daughter after mixing his partition share with that of them, such a wife, son or daughter shall obtain her or his partition share only from the part of the property of the husband or father, as the case may be.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if a person whose wife is surviving concludes another marriage before effecting partition, the partition shares of the other coparcener shall first be set aside and the woman who is so married shall be provided with a partition share from the part to which he is entitled.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "210. Latter wife or child to obtain partition share from part of husband or father", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 146, "char_count": 834, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123108" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0195", "text": "211. Right to obtain partition share: (1) A husband, wife, father, mother, son and daughter having property in common shall make, according to their reputation and income, arrangements for the maintenance and medical treatment of the wife, husband, son, daughter, father and mother, as the case may be.\n(2) If a person who is bound to make arrangements as referred to in sub-section (1) fails to make such arrangements, the coparcener is entitled to get separated by obtaining his or her partition share.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "211. Right to obtain partition share", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 83, "char_count": 504, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123119" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0196", "text": "212. Separation may be effected at anytime: (1) If there is a mutual agreement between the coparcener, they may get separated at any time by obtaining their respective partition share.\n(2) If the husband, father, mother or person acting as the head of family considers it appropriate for the coparcener to obtain their respective partition share and get separated rather than living in a single family, the coparcener may get separated by effecting partition at any time.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Act, the term \"person acting as the head of family\" means a person who has attained the age of majority pursuant to law and acts as the head of family or who has the responsibility to run the household affairs living in the joint family by engaging in farming, trade, business or any other work in various places.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "212. Separation may be effected at anytime", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 141, "char_count": 823, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123131" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0197", "text": "213. Husband or wife may get separated by obtaining partition share: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 211, the\n\nhusband or wife may, in any of the following circumstances, get separated at any time by obtaining his or her partition share:\n(a) If the husband or wife expels the wife or husband from the house, (b) If the husband or wife causes physical or mental torture to the wife or husband.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "213. Husband or wife may get separated by obtaining partition share", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 71, "char_count": 410, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123140" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0198", "text": "214. Widow may effect separation by taking her partition share: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, a widow may get separated at any time by taking her partition share.\n(2) If a widow concludes another marriage, the property obtained by her by way of partition share shall devolve on the son and daughter, if any, born to her from the previous husband and, if there is no such a son or daughter, she herself may retain such property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "214. Widow may effect separation by taking her partition share", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 80, "char_count": 463, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123148" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0199", "text": "215. Relinquishment of partition share: (1) Any coparcener may, by executing a deed to that effect, relinquish his or her partition share, with or without taking his or her partition share in part or taking some cash or kind only in consideration for his or her partition share.\n(2) While executing a deed on relinquishment of partition share pursuant to sub-section (1), if a coparcener has husband, wife, or son or daughter having attained the age of majority, the deed on relinquishment of partition share shall be deemed to have been executed only when consent of such a husband, wife, son or daughter has been obtained.\n\nProvided that the entitlement of a minor coparcener to partition share may not be relinquished.\n(3) If a deed on relinquishment of partition share is executed pursuant to sub-section (1), it shall be deemed as if he or she received his or her partition share.\n(4) A coparcener shall have to appear in person for executing a deed on relinquishment of partition share or for receiving his or her partition share.\nProvided that if a coparcener is not able to appear in person, he or she shall, for that purpose, appoint an authorized attorney in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "215. Relinquishment of partition share", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 204, "char_count": 1189, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123166" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0200", "text": "216. Partition to be effected: (1) In partitioning a property in common, a deed of partition shall be executed in writing between the coparceners, subject to this Chapter.\n(2) In effecting partition pursuant sub-section (1), partition of property in common and debts in common shall be so made that partition shares thereof are equal.\nExplanation: For the purposes of his Chapter, the term \"debts in common\" means any debts agreed to by the person acting as the head of family or by all coparceners or borrowed by the coparceners, who have attained the age of majority and live in the undivided family and carry on household work, farming, trade or any other work in various places or incurred in such transaction or incurred in transaction carried on by the other persons, who have attained the age of majority and live in the undivided family as to which such persons have consented in writing.\n\n(3) Partition shall be effected by balancing both high value and less value properties, with the consent of all the coparceners, and failing such consent, by a lottery.\n(4) If, in effecting partition, there arises a dispute on any property, partition shall be effected after the settlement of the dispute.\nProvided that if it takes a long time for the settlement of such a dispute, the property in dispute may be kept as undivided property and the other properties may be partitioned.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "216. Partition to be effected", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 235, "char_count": 1382, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123181" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0201", "text": "217. Matters to be specified in deed of partition: The following matters shall be specified in the deed of partition:\n(a) Name, surname, age, address of every coparcener and that of his or her mother, father, grand-father and grand-mother, (b) Property to be received by the coparceners, (c) If the part of a coparcener involves debts, moneys receivable, amount of such debts and moneys, (d) If, upon partition, any coparcener is to live with another coparcener, that details thereof, (e) A matter to the effect that no coparcener has hidden or concealed any property subject to partition, (f) If any property is to devolve on a coparcener only, upon the death of the father, mother, husband or wife, details thereof,\n\n(g) If the partition share of any coparcener is to be entrusted to any one, details thereof, (h) Other necessary matters.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "217. Matters to be specified in deed of partition", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 141, "char_count": 840, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123195" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0202", "text": "218. Deed of partition to be registered: (1) In effecting partition, a deed of partition shall be drawn up in presence of witnesses, bear signature and thumb-impression of the witness and the coparcener and registered in the concerned office, having duly fulfilled the legal requirements.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), in cases where partition was effected in household making a balance between highly valuable and less valuable property, whether or not executing a deed of partition between any coparceners before 10 January 1978 (27 Poush 2034) and a coparcener has already taken his or her partition share and effected transmission thereof or the coparceners have individually possessed or sold or transacted their respective partition share of immovable property according to partition, partition shall be deemed to have been effected in spite of being the deed of partition not registered.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "218. Deed of partition to be registered", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 141, "char_count": 923, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123207" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0203", "text": "219. Prohibition of providing property without effecting partition:\n(1) No person acting as the head of family shall, without effecting partition, provide a property in common to only a coparcener who has not taken partition share or who would be a coparcener.\nProvided that(1) That such a person may, with the consent of all the coparceners, provide any property to any coparcener.\n\n(2) That such a person may, even without consent of the other coparceners, provide the property to the extent of his or her partition share, to any coparcener.\n(2) In effecting partition pursuant to this Chapter, the other property shall be partitioned by setting off the property provided to a coparcener pursuant to clause (1) of the proviso to sub-section (1) for the partition share to which the coparcener is entitled.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "219. Prohibition of providing property without effecting partition", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 133, "char_count": 807, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123217" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0204", "text": "220. Lawsuit to be filed by setting out inventory of property: (1) If a coparcener is desirous of getting separated by setting aside his or her partition share, he or she shall file a lawsuit, specifying therein the date of separation of bread and board from the other coparceners and setting out an inventory of such property and debts and assets held in his or her name and that of the other coparceners, to the best of his or her knowledge, as is liable to partition.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Section, the term \"date of separation of bread and board\" means the following date or day:\n(a) The date mentioned in the deed of separation of bread and board, (b) If there is no deed of separation of bread and board, the date as agreed between the coparceners on the separation of bread and board, (c) If no agreement is reached between the coparceners pursuant to clause (b), the day immediately before the day of filing a lawsuit, (d) Except as otherwise agreed upon, in the case of a married daughter, the day of her marriage.\n\n(2) If the deed of separation of bread and board is executed between any coparceners only, such a deed shall come into force only on the date of its registration.\n(3) If the person filing a lawsuit pursuant to sub-section (1) is unable to submit the inventory of property, he or she shall also specify the reason therefor.\n(4) If a lawsuit is filed pursuant to sub-section (1), the concerned person also shall submit a statement of defense, together with a statement whether the plaintiff is to be provided with a partition share or not and if he or she agrees to provide a partition share, together with an inventory of the property held in his or her name and the debts and assets.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "220. Lawsuit to be filed by setting out inventory of property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 312, "char_count": 1724, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123233" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0205", "text": "221. Matters to be set out in inventory: (1) The following matters shall be set out in the inventory of the property to be submitted pursuant to this Chapter:\n(a) The place of location of land, plot No., area and approximate value thereof, (b) In the case of a house, place of location, plot no, area, Kabal (rooms), Naal (size), storey of the house, whether it is concretely built or mud made, and approximate value thereof, (c) In the case of a movable property, details and approximate value thereof, (d) In the case of cash, details thereof, and also details of bank balance, share, debenture, treasury bills, if any,\n\n(e) In the case of livestock, details and approximate value thereof, (f) In the case of gold, silver and jewelries, details and approximate value thereof, (g) In the case of a motor vehicle, details and approximate value thereof, (h) Details and approximate value of the properties, if any, other than those referred to clauses (a) through (g).\n(2) If the value of any property is not set out pursuant to sub-section (1) or a dispute arises as to the value thereof, the court shall take the basis of the price fixed by the Land Revenue Office, in the case of an immovable property, and of the prevailing market price for the time being, in the case of a movable property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "221. Matters to be set out in inventory", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 229, "char_count": 1294, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123249" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0206", "text": "222. Partition to be effected by taking inventory: (1) If it appears from the lawsuit filed or statement of defense submitted pursuant to Section 220 that partition requires to be effected and an inventory of property is submitted along with the lawsuit or statement of defense, the court shall effect partition, having the coparceners executed a deed stating, inter alia, that the property they have submitted is the only property to be partitioned and that they have not concealed or hidden any other property.\n(2) If an inventory of property is not submitted along with the lawsuit or statement of defense, the court shall, by specifying a time-limit, require the coparceners to submit the inventory of the property and effect partition by causing the coparceners to execute\n\na deed pursuant to sub-section (1), if the coparceners submit such an inventory within the time-limit so specified.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "222. Partition to be effected by taking inventory", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 145, "char_count": 894, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123261" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0207", "text": "223. Partition to be effected on the basis of inventory received: (1) If a person who in to submit an inventory of property within the timelimit referred to in Section 222 fails to submit the inventory or has elapsed the time-limit without submitting a statement of defense, the court shall effect partition on the basis of the inventory of the property submitted by other coparceners.\n(2) If the partition is effected pursuant to sub-section (1), no lawsuit may be entertained on the ground of dissatisfaction with the partition share.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), if a lawsuit is filed for the partition of a property not set out in the inventory of the property submitted by the coparceners but discovered subsequently, the court shall effect partition of that property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "223. Partition to be effected on the basis of inventory received", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 131, "char_count": 803, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123272" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0208", "text": "224. Power to take inventory by breaking padlock: If, because of the failure of a person to submit an inventory of the property required to be submitted by him or her, the inventory of property has to be taken by breaking the padlock of the house custody of which is taken by him or her, the court may, by opening the padlock in presence also of the person holding the key of the house, if he or she is present, and if not, in presence of at least two persons including the person requesting for partition share and a representative of the concerned ward of the Local Level, take an inventory of the property found there, by maintaining a record thereof.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "224. Power to take inventory by breaking padlock", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 121, "char_count": 655, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123283" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0209", "text": "225. Partition to be effected when inventory produced: (1) If the person who has to submit an inventory fails to submit the inventory or lapses the time-limit by not submitting a statement of defense and the person filing a lawsuit requesting for the partition of property also fails to submit the inventory of property, the court shall, by causing the person filing the lawsuit to execute a deed of the same statement, abate the lawsuit subject to the condition that the partition shall be effected at the time when an inventory of the property is produced.\n(2) If a lawsuit is abated pursuant to sub-section (1) and the person filing the lawsuit makes a petition subsequently, accompanied by an inventory, the court shall effect partition between the coparceners in accordance with law, on the basis of the previous case-file itself.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "225. Partition to be effected when inventory produced", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 140, "char_count": 835, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123294" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0210", "text": "226. Prohibition of concealing or hiding property: (1) No person shall conceal or hide a property that is liable to partition.\n(2) If a coparcener is subsequently held to have concealed or hidden any property which is held in his or her name and is liable to partition, at the time of effecting partition or at the time when asked by the court to submit an inventory, the coparcener so concealing or hiding the property shall have no right to obtain such property.\n(3) The property concealed or hidden under sub-section (2) shall be partitioned between the other coparceners.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "226. Prohibition of concealing or hiding property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 99, "char_count": 575, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123304" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0211", "text": "227. Partition share to be reimbursed: If a coparcener is not allowed to own and possess any property falling in his or her partition share\n\ndue to the property being defective under law, all the coparceners shall proportionately reimburse to him or her property equal to the defective property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "227. Partition share to be reimbursed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 49, "char_count": 295, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123311" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0212", "text": "228. Partition share not to be exchanged: Except in the case of mutual consent among the coparceners, no coparcener shall be entitled to exchange any property received by him or her by way of partition for the reason that after partition it is disordered, damaged or he or she does not prefer it.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "228. Partition share not to be exchanged", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 53, "char_count": 296, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123318" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0213", "text": "229. Partition of pledged or mortgaged property: (1) If a coparcener is found to have pledged or mortgaged a property that is liable to partition, the court shall, if all the coparceners so agree, effect partition of the property by causing the property to be released from, or on the condition of having an obligation to release it from, the property in common.\n(2) If all the coparceners do not agree pursuant to subsection (1) and the court finds that the person acting as the head of family has pledged or mortgaged the property or that the other persons having attained majority living in the undivided family have, taking signature and thumb-impression also of the person acting as the head of family, pledged or mortgaged it, the court shall effect partition of the property by causing the property to be released from, or on the condition of having an obligation to release it from, the property in common.\n(3) Save in the cases referred to in sub-section (1) or (2), if a coparcener is found to have pledged or mortgaged a property liable to partition, the court shall effect partition by causing the property to be released from, or on the condition of having an\n\nobligation to release it from, the property falling in his or her partition share.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "229. Partition of pledged or mortgaged property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 219, "char_count": 1256, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123330" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0214", "text": "230. Power to withhold property or income until partition is effected: If one filing a lawsuit appears to obtain a partition share in a case of partition and, after the inventory of property has been submitted, makes a petition to the court, praying that the property to the extent of his or her partition share or income thereof be withheld, the court may withhold the property to the extent of his or her partition share or income of such property until partition is effected in the fulfillment of the legal requirements.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "230. Power to withhold property or income until partition is effected", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 91, "char_count": 523, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123342" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0215", "text": "231. Partition to be so effected as to have provision of way or passage: While effecting partition, if there is no access to way or passage to a house or land partitioned to a coparcener and if such way or passage can be managed from the land of other coparcener, partition shall be so effected that the concerned coparcener shall have to provide the way or passage for access to such house or land.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "231. Partition to be so effected as to have provision of way or passage", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 74, "char_count": 399, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123351" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0216", "text": "232. Debtor not to be specified without consent of creditor: (1) Partition shall not be so effected as to give the responsibility of payment of the debt of joint family to a sole coparcener without consent of the creditor.\n(2) Even if the responsibility of payment of the debt is given solely to any coparcener contrary to sub-section (1), all the coparceners shall pay the debt in common equally, if the creditor does not so agree.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "232. Debtor not to be specified without consent of creditor", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 76, "char_count": 432, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123359" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0217", "text": "233. Compensation to be paid if lawsuit filed by person not entitled to partition: If a person who is not entitled to receive a partition\n\nshare is held to have filed a lawsuit for receiving it, the court shall order the law-suit filing person to pay to the defendant a reasonable compensation, having regard to the amount in controversy, if set out from the case-file, and if such amount is not set out, to the status of such a person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "233. Compensation to be paid if lawsuit filed by person not entitled to partition", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 80, "char_count": 436, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123368" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0218", "text": "234. Partition share, money or expenditure may be awarded: (1) If a person who is entitled to obtain a partition share, money or expenditure from any person according to the judgment, files, having failed to so receive, a petition in the court of first instance which has passed judgment in the case, the court shall, if the parties are the same, cause the partition, money or expenditure according to the judgment to be awarded as soon as possible.\n(2) If the partition share, expenditure or money is not provided pursuant to sub-section (1), the person who has to provide the partition share, money or expenditure shall be caused to pay a reasonable compensation as well to the petitioner.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "234. Partition share, money or expenditure may be awarded", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 118, "char_count": 691, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123378" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0219", "text": "235. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit as follows:\n(a) Any time, where partition has never been effected or a common general deed has been executed in effecting partition and even though there is no deed where both the parties have enjoyed the property upon making calculation, (b) Within three months from the date of partition if one is not satisfied with such partition,\n\n(c) In case of concealing or hiding of property, till the life of the concerned coparcener, (d) In the cases other than that referred to in clauses (a), (b) and (c), within six months after the date on which such an act was done or action taken.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "235. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 127, "char_count": 707, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123388" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0220", "text": "236. Partition deemed to be executed: (1) A partition effected pursuant to the law prior to the commencement of this Act shall be deemed to have been effected pursuant to this Act.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if a person has taken maintenance for living (Jiuni) in consideration for his or her partition share prior to the commencement of this Act, the person shall be deemed to have taken his or her partition share.\n\nChapter-11 Provisions Relating to Succession 237. Succession deemed to be opened: Upon the death of a person, succession to his or her property shall be deemed to be opened.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"succession\" means devolution of liabilities and rights in regard to debt, wealth and property of the deceased upon his or her heirs in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "236. Partition deemed to be executed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 140, "char_count": 836, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123400" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0221", "text": "238. Heir entitled to succession: Where succession to a person's property is opened, his or her nearest heir shall be entitled to such succession.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "238. Heir entitled to succession", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 24, "char_count": 146, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123406" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0222", "text": "239. Order of preference of heirs for succession: (1) The order of preference of nearest heirs for succession shall, subject to the other Sections of this Chapter, be as follows:\n(a) Husband or wife living in the undivided family, (b) Son, daughter, widow daughter-in-law living in the undivided family, (c) Father, mother, step mother, grand-son, granddaughter, grand-daughter-in-law, on the side of son or daughter, living in the undivided family, (d) Separated husband, wife, son, daughter, father, mother, step-mother, (e) Separated grand-son, grand-daughter from the son's generation, (f) Separated grand-father, grand-mother,\n\n(g) Grand-father, grand-mother, elder brother, younger brother, elder sister, younger sister, widow elder brother's wife or younger brother's wife living in the undivided family, (h) Uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, living in the joint family, (i) Separated elder brother, younger brother, elder sister, younger sister, widow elder brother's wife or younger brother's wife.\n(2) So long as the person who is in the first order of preference referred to in sub-section (1) at the time when succession to one's property is open is serving the person in the subsequent order of preference shall not be entitled to succession.\n(3) If there are more than one heir in the same order of preference pursuant to sub-section (1), all of them shall equally be entitled to the succession.\n(4) If any heir in the order of preference entitled to succession does not intend to succeed, the other heirs in the same order shall be entitled to succession, and even any heir in that order of preference does not intend to accept succession, the heir in the successive order of preference shall be entitled to the succession.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "239. Order of preference of heirs for succession", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 273, "char_count": 1732, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123421" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0223", "text": "240. Distant heir entitled to succession: If a person dies when he or she was staying with any distant heir after taking his or her partition share of property in spite of having his or her nearer heir and succession to him or her is open, the heir with whom that person was so staying shall be entitled to his or her property succession.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "240. Distant heir entitled to succession", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 64, "char_count": 339, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123432" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0224", "text": "241. Maintaining (Shyahar samhar) and caretaking heir entitled to succession: If a nearer heir has not maintained and taken care of a person but a distant heir has done so, the distant heir who has so maintained and taken care of him or her shall be entitled to succession.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "241. Maintaining (Shyahar samhar) and caretaking heir entitled to succession", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 49, "char_count": 273, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123438" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0225", "text": "242. Separated heir entitled to succession: (1) If a person dies when that person was staying with any heir who has lived separately, after taking his or her partition share of property, because an unseparated heir has not maintained (Shyahar samhar) and taken care of that person, such separated heir shall be entitled to the succession of that person.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if a person dies when that person was staying with any heir only for few days, without taking his or her partition share of property, the heir with whom that person had so stayed shall not be entitled to succession of that person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "242. Separated heir entitled to succession", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 109, "char_count": 643, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123448" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0226", "text": "243. Maintaining (Shyahar samhar) and caretaking person entitled to succession: Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if another person has maintained (Shyahar samhar) and taken care of the deceased because the heir has not done so, the person who has so maintained (Shyahar samhar) and taken care of shall be entitled to such succession.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "243. Maintaining (Shyahar samhar) and caretaking person entitled to succession", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 55, "char_count": 362, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123456" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0227", "text": "244. Not to be obliged to accept succession: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, no person shall be obliged to accept a succession.\n\n(2) A person who declines to accept a succession shall give information thereof in writing to the concerned District Court within a period of three years of the devolution of succession.\n(3) If a person does not accept a succession within the period referred to in sub-section (2), such succession shall be deemed to have been devolved upon the other heir in the successive order of preference for succession.\n(4) Even if a person does not accept a succession pursuant to sub-section (1), he or she shall have to conduct obsequies of the deceased in accordance with the rites and rituals.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "244. Not to be obliged to accept succession", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 126, "char_count": 751, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123465" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0228", "text": "245. Disqualified for succession: Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if a person who kills, or causes the death of, another person with intent to serve any premeditation or with ulterior motive to obtain succession, such person and the heir to the person who so kills or causes death shall be disqualified from the succession of the deceased or his or her heir.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "245. Disqualified for succession", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 64, "char_count": 388, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123473" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0229", "text": "246. Obligations and rights of person upon whom succession is devolved: (1) The obligations and rights of the person upon whom succession is devolved shall be as follows:\n(a) To perform, or cause to be performed, funeral and obsequies rites of the deceased according to his or her rites and rituals, (b) To repay the debt borrowed by the deceased to the creditor, (c) To have right over the debt lent and investment made by the deceased.\n\n(2) If the funeral and obsequies rites of a deceased has been performed by a person other than one who is entitled to the succession, the person so entitled shall pay the costs incurred in the performance of funeral and obsequies rites of the deceased and additional twenty-five percent of such costs to the person who has performed such rites.\nProvided that if any person has, instead of doing on his or her own, caused another person to perform the funeral and obsequies rites of the deceased, he or she shall be liable to pay only the actual costs incurred in the performance of such rites.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "246. Obligations and rights of person upon whom succession is devolved", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 183, "char_count": 1032, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123485" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0230", "text": "247. Creditor may recover debt: If succession to one's property is opened and one has creditors, such creditors may recover their debts and liabilities from the person upon whom succession has devolved.\nProvided that no heir shall be obliged to pay debts and liabilities in excess of the deceased's property succeeded to by him or her.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "247. Creditor may recover debt", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 56, "char_count": 335, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123493" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0231", "text": "248. Local Level to receive property under succession: (1) If succession to the property of a person is opened and he or she has no heir or his or her heir declines to accept such succession, the property of the dead person remaining after deducting the costs incurred in the performance of his or her funeral and obsequies rites and even after payment of debts due to his or her creditors shall be devolved on the Local Level.\n(2) If a person dies and has no heir but has property, a person who performs his or her obsequies or maintains his or her\n\nbooks and accounts shall immediately give a notice thereof to the Local Level.\n(3) If a notice is received pursuant to sub-section (2), the Local Level shall prepare an inventory of the properties of the deceased in witness of at two local persons and forward the inventory, accompanied by a copy of the memorandum (Muchulka) executed to that effect, to the concerned district level administrative office.\n(4) If a memorandum, along with the inventory of properties, is received pursuant to sub-section (3) and the address of the deceased is traced out, such an office shall send a notice in accordance with law to the heir of the deceased to appear to receive the property of the deceased within a period of three months.\n(5) If the heir does not accept the property pursuant to subsection (1) or the heir of the deceased does not appear within the time-limit referred to in sub-section (4) or the address of such heir is not traced out, such an office shall publish a notice in a national newspaper, inviting his or her heir, if any, to appear to claim the property of the deceased, within a period of thirty five days.\n(6) If the heir of the deceased appears within the time-limit referred to in sub-section (5), the property that remains after deducting therefrom the expenses incurred in the performance of obsequies of the deceased or providing such expenses to the person having performed such obsequies, and ten percent of the property, shall be returned to the concerned heir.\n\n(7) If no heir of the deceased appears within the time-limit referred to in sub-section (5) or his or her address is not traced out, the property that remains after deducting therefrom the expenses incurred in the performance of obsequies of the deceased, which amount is to be provided to the person having performed such obsequies, shall devolve on the concerned Local Level.\n(8) The concerned heir or the office under sub-section (3) shall hand over the property receivable by the Local Level pursuant to sub-section (1) or (7) to the Local Level in accordance with law.\n(9) The Local Level shall use the property that it has received pursuant to this Section for public interest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "248. Local Level to receive property under succession", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 474, "char_count": 2721, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123519" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0232", "text": "249. Succession to property of foreigner died in Nepal: (1) If a foreigner who dies in Nepal has property without heir in Nepal, a person who performs his or her obsequies or maintains his or her books and accounts shall immediately give a notice thereof to the nearby Local Level.\n(2) If a notice is received pursuant to sub-section (1), the Local Level shall prepare an inventory of the properties of the deceased in witness of at two local persons and forward the inventory, accompanied by a copy of the memorandum (Muchulka) executed to that effect, to the concerned district level administrative office.\n(3) If a memorandum, along with the inventory of properties, is received pursuant to sub-section (2), such an office shall immediately give information thereof to the Federal Ministry of Home Affairs.\n\n(4) If information referred to in sub-section (3) is received, the Federal Ministry of Home Affairs shall also send a notice, in accordance with law, through the diplomatic channel of the concerned country, to the heir of the dead person to appear to receive the properties of the deceased within four months.\n(5) If information under sub-section (3) is received upon the death of a citizen of a country having no diplomatic relation with Nepal, the Federal Ministry of Home Affairs shall publish a notice in a national daily English newspaper for receiving such property within six months, and the Federal Ministry of Home Affairs shall also put such notice on its website.\n(6) If the heir of the deceased appears within the time-limit referred to in sub-section (4) or (5), the property that remains after deducting therefrom the expenses incurred in the performance of obsequies of the dead person or providing such expenses the person having performed such obsequies, and ten percent of the property, shall be returned to the concerned heir.\n(7) If no heir of the dead person appears within the timelimit referred to in sub-section (4) or (5) or his or her address is not traced out, the property that remains after providing the expenses incurred in the performance of obsequies of the deceased to the person having performed such obsequies shall devolve on the Local Level.\n(8) The property received by the Local Level pursuant to this Section shall be used only for public interest.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "249. Succession to property of foreigner died in Nepal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 384, "char_count": 2301, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123542" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0233", "text": "250. Statute of limitation: A lawsuit may be made within the statute of limitation, if any, set forth elsewhere in this Chapter, and in the other cases, within a period of three years after the date on which the succession is opened.\n\nPart-4 Laws Relating to Property Chapter-1 General Provisions Relating to Property 251. Deemed to be property: Any cash, goods or work shall be deemed to be a property if such cash, goods or action can be used or transacted in or the title thereto can be transferred by way of purchase, sale or otherwise or any benefit can be derived therefrom.\nExplanation: Except otherwise provided for in this Act, the term \"goods\" means a physical property capable of being purchased or sold.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "250. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 124, "char_count": 715, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123556" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0234", "text": "252. Property deemed to be in movable or immovable form: A property shall be deemed to be in either movable or immovable form irrespective of its physical or non-physical, tangible or intangible form.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "252. Property deemed to be in movable or immovable form", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 33, "char_count": 200, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123563" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0235", "text": "253. Property deemed to be immovable: (1) The following property shall be deemed to be an immovable property:\n(a) A building or land or structure fixed thereto, (b) Any goods attached to a building or land permanently, (c) A mine, stone or mineral embedded in land, (d) Natural water, surface water and underground water, (e) A building or other structure so made permanently that it can float over a river, lake or pond,\n\n(f) A standing tree, plant or fruit tree or fruit or flower growing on such a tree, plant or fruit tree or crops in the land, or (g) A movable property attached to an immovable property.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if any structure, goods or any part thereof, fixed or attached to any immovable property gets or is detached or unfixed in any manner, the structure, goods or part so detached or unfixed shall be deemed to be a movable property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "253. Property deemed to be immovable", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 157, "char_count": 897, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123574" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0236", "text": "254. Property deemed to be movable: The following property shall be deemed to be a movable property:\n(a) Cash or goods that can be transacted as cash or foreign currency, (b) Gold, silver, jewelry, Ratna, gold or silver ornament or precious stone, (c) Other good that can be moved from one place to another, except those referred in clause (a) or (b), (d) A bond, security, promissory note, bill of exchange, letter of credit or other negotiable instrument or a benefit derived therefrom, (e) Intellectual property, (f) A right in security, (g) A trade good-will or franchise,\n\n(h) A property other than the immovable property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "254. Property deemed to be movable", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 105, "char_count": 627, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123585" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0237", "text": "255. Classification of property according to ownership: The property shall, according to the ownership and the form of use thereof be classified as follows:\n(a) Private property, (b) Property in common, (c) Joint property, (d) Community property, (e) Public property, (f) Government property, (g) Trust property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "255. Classification of property according to ownership", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 46, "char_count": 312, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123593" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0238", "text": "256. Property deemed to be private property: (1) Any of the following properties owned by any person or properties accrued therefrom shall be deemed to be a private property of such a person:\n(a) Property earned by way of his or her knowledge, skills or effort, (b) Property acquired by way of donation, bequeath, or succession, (c) Property acquired by way of a lottery or gift, (d) Property acquired by way of remuneration, gratuity, pension, medical expense, provident fund, insurance or other social security,\n\n(e) Property acquired by way of intellectual property or royalty, (f) Property acquired in any manner whatsoever while living apart by separating bread and board in accordance with law or while managing one's accommodation at one's cost despite not so living apart, (g) Property earned or acquired by a woman prior to marriage or acquired from her parental side at the time of marriage or accrued therefrom, (h) Property so granted to a woman by the husband or with consent of all coparceners of the husband side that she will have exclusive right in it or movable or immovable property received from the relatives or friends of the husband side and property accrued therefrom, (i) Property which, according to law, is considered to be the exclusive private property of a person.\n(2) Any person shall be entitled to exclusively deal with his or her private property, subject to this Act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "256. Property deemed to be private property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 234, "char_count": 1402, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123605" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0239", "text": "257. Property deemed to be property in common: (1) Any of the following properties or property accrued therefrom shall be deemed to be the property in common, irrespective of such property being owned by any coparcener whosoever, out of the coparceners, subject to Section 256:\n(a) Property inherited from ancestors,\n\n(b) Property owned by the coparceners except the private property, (c) Property earned by the coparceners from the farming, industry, trade or business in common or property accrued therefrom.\n(2) Except where separated in accordance with law, any property earned by the husband or wife or property accrued therefrom shall be deemed to be the property in common of the husband or wife.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, any property earned by the parents for the purpose of partition between the parents and their children shall also be deemed to be the property in common.\n(4) The use of, and transfer of right in, the property in common and other provisions shall be as set forth in the other Chapters of this Act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "257. Property deemed to be property in common", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 176, "char_count": 1066, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123619" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0240", "text": "258. Property deemed to be joint property: (1) Any property owned by two or more persons except the coparceners living in a joint family or property accrued therefrom shall be deemed to be a joint property.\n(2) The right or share of a joint holder in the joint property shall be as set forth in a deed setting out such rights and share, and failing such a deed, the holders of that property shall be deemed to have equal rights and share.\n\n(3) The use and management of, transfer of title to, and other provisions relating to, the joint property shall be governed by this Chapter and the other Chapters of this Act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "258. Property deemed to be joint property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 113, "char_count": 615, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123629" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0241", "text": "259. Trees, plants or goods on boundary to be deemed joint property: Except as otherwise proved, the trees, plants or goods lying on the boundary of two or more owners of adjoining lands shall be deemed to be the joint property of all owners.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "259. Trees, plants or goods on boundary to be deemed joint property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 44, "char_count": 242, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123637" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0242", "text": "260. Management, protection and maintenance of joint property: (1) The management, protection and maintenance of a joint property shall be made as per the consent of the owners of that property.\n(2) Failing consent between the owners in relation to the management, protection and maintenance of a joint property pursuant to sub-section (1), the management, protection and maintenance of the joint property shall be made according to the decision of majority members.\n(3) Failing a majority opinion between the owners in relation to the management, protection and maintenance of the joint property pursuant to sub-section (2), the owner who has the largest right or share in that property shall make its management, protection and maintenance.\nProvided that if the owners have equal right, all owners shall have to make management, protection and maintenance of such property on an equal basis.\n(4) Expenses incurred in the management, protection and maintenance of the joint property, if any, made by any owner\n\npursuant to sub-section (2) or (3) shall be borne by all owners in proportion to their respective right or share.\n(5) The owner who does not manage, protect and maintain the joint property pursuant to sub-section (4) shall pay the expenses incurred in the management, protection and maintenance of that property to the owner who has made such management, protection and maintenance within a period of one year.\n(6) If any owner fails to pay the expenses incurred in the management, protection and maintenance of the joint property within the period referred to in sub-section (5), the owner who has made management, protection and maintenance thereof shall be entitled to purchase the right and share of that other owner in that property at the prevailing price. Such purchaser of the joint property may deduct management and maintenance expenses of his or her portion.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "260. Management, protection and maintenance of joint property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 302, "char_count": 1881, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123652" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0243", "text": "261. Prohibition of alteration in joint property without consent: Any alteration in a joint property or any change in its form may not be made without consent of all the owners of the joint property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "261. Prohibition of alteration in joint property without consent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 35, "char_count": 199, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123662" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0244", "text": "262. Legal action or defense may be made by any owner of joint property: (1) If it is necessary to institute a legal action against any person or defend a case in relation to the protection of a joint property, all owners shall make such institution or defense.\n(2) If all owners are not available as referred to in subsection (1), any owner may, on behalf of him or her or the other owners, institute legal action against any person or defend any case.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "262. Legal action or defense may be made by any owner of joint property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 84, "char_count": 454, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123671" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0245", "text": "263. Separation of one's share from joint property: (1) Any owner of a joint property may separate his or her right or share therein from the other owners at any time.\n(2) The separation of a joint property referred to in subsection (1) shall be effected in accordance with the consent of all the owners.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) or (2), if the separation of any joint property results either in a substantial loss to the other owners or in a disorder in the form of that property, such separation may not be made.\n(4) If any joint property cannot be separated owing to the circumstance referred to in sub-section (3), the owners of that property shall sell such property and divide the proceeds of sale between them in proportion to their respective right and share therein.\n(5) If any joint property cannot be sold in accordance with sub-section (4) or all the owners do not agree to sell it and any owner intends to buy such property, such an owner may exclusively own it by paying the price of that property to the other owners in the same proportion.\n(6) If more than one owner intend to buy the joint property pursuant to sub-section (5), the owner who agrees to pay the highest price shall be entitled to purchase such property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "263. Separation of one's share from joint property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 225, "char_count": 1268, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123684" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0246", "text": "264. Provisions relating to community, public, government and trust properties: The provisions relating to, and ownership, use, management, and transfer of right in, and other provisions of, the\n\ncommunity, public, government and trust properties shall be as set forth in the other Chapters of this Act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "264. Provisions relating to community, public, government and trust properties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 46, "char_count": 303, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123693" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0247", "text": "265. Statute of limitation: A person aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within six months after the date on which such an act was done or action was taken.\n\nChapter-2 Provisions Relating to Ownership and Possession 266. Ownership to be deemed: If a person acquires the right in any property in accordance with law, his or her ownership in that property shall be deemed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "265. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 73, "char_count": 416, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123702" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0248", "text": "288. Right of owner: Any person, in capacity of the owner of any property, shall have the following right, subject to laws:\n(a) To use the property, (b) To sell or otherwise transfer the title to the property to any other person, (c) To mortgage or pledge the property in any manner, (d) To deal in the property, (e) To take benefits of the property in any manner whatsoever, (f) To make any kind of physical structure, wall or fence or delimit boundary, in his or her land or change the form of any property or otherwise protect it, (g) To use his or her land or part below its surface or goods therein or sky above its surface, (h) To destroy or dispose of property in any manner, (i) To institute a legal action in any manner in relation to the acquisition or security of the property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "288. Right of owner", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 148, "char_count": 788, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123713" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0249", "text": "268. Possessory right to be deemed: If a person holds a property with him or her lawfully with intention to possess the property, the person shall be deemed to have the possessory right over such property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "268. Possessory right to be deemed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 36, "char_count": 205, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123720" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0250", "text": "269. When possessory right can be acquired: (1) The possessory right may be acquired over any property in the following manner:\n\n(a) By holding the property in the capacity of its owner, (b) By acquiring the property owned by another person, in accordance with law, (c) By obtaining consent to have possessory right.\n(2) Only the possessory right which is acquired in good faith, peacefully or openly shall be deemed to have been acquired lawfully.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "269. When possessory right can be acquired", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 75, "char_count": 448, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123728" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0251", "text": "270. Person competent to acquire possessory right: (1) A person may acquire the possessory right either in person or through his or her agent.\n(2) A person who is incompetent or quasi-competent may acquire the possessory right through his or her guardian or curator.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "270. Person competent to acquire possessory right", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 44, "char_count": 266, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123735" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0252", "text": "271. Rights of possessor: (1) A person, in the capacity of a possessor, shall, subject to law, have the following rights:\n(a) To uninterruptedly possess the property in his or her possession, subject to the laws in force or the contract, if any, entered into in relation to the property, (b) To use any benefits of the property in his or her possession.\n(2) In the event of acquisition of, by a person, the possessory right in bona fide over any property owned by anyone else, the person shall be entitled to reimbursement from the owner of that property for essential expenses incurred in the management, maintenance or care of (rekh dekh) such property while it was under his or her possessory right.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), the former possessor shall be entitled to retain such property with\n\nhim or her unless and until the expenses referred to in that subsection are reimbursed.\n(4) If a bona fide possessor of any property not in his or her ownership has attached any goods to such property, the possessor shall be entitled to detach or take out the goods so attached by him or her from the property without tempering with such property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "271. Rights of possessor", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 204, "char_count": 1178, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123753" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0253", "text": "272. Circumstances when possessory right is extinguished: The possessory right of a person over a property shall be deemed to have been extinguished in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If the person abandons the property, (b) If the person transfers the property, (c) If the property gets totally destroyed or becomes useless.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "272. Circumstances when possessory right is extinguished", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 53, "char_count": 333, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123762" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0254", "text": "273. Adverse possessory right to be deemed: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if any person has possessed any movable property or land owned by anyone else, since more than three years ago in the case of the movable property and thirty years ago in the case of the land as if the property or land were owned by himself or herself, that person shall be deemed to have adverse possessory right over such property or land.\nProvided that:\n(1) No adverse possessory right may be acquired over a government, public, community or trust land despite the length of the period of possession.\n(2) Where a contract or other law provides for separate provisions in relation to any property or\n\nland, such provisions shall be applicable to such property or land.\n(2) If any person acquires the adverse possessory right over any property pursuant to sub-section (1), the person may obtain ownership over such property in his or her name.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if a property or land is possessed without knowledge of its owner, secretly or forcibly, this Section shall not apply.\n(4) In computing the period pursuant to this Section, it shall be computed from the date of the commencement of this Act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "273. Adverse possessory right to be deemed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 211, "char_count": 1254, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123774" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0255", "text": "274. Compensation to be paid: (1) If any person possesses any property forcibly, with mala fide intention or secretly, the person shall return the benefits derived from that possession and such property to the concerned person and pay a reasonable compensation for any loss caused to the property due to his or her negligence in the course of possessing such property.\n(2) If any property owned by anyone else is lost or damaged during the continuance of the possessory right of a person over the property, the person shall pay compensation for such property to the concerned person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "274. Compensation to be paid", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 98, "char_count": 583, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123785" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0256", "text": "275. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken pursuant to this Chapter may make a lawsuit within three months after the date of knowledge of commission of such act or action.\n\nChapter-3 Provisions Relating to Uses of Property 276. Prohibition of use, temperance or acquisition of other's property: (1) No person shall use other's property without consent of that other person.\n(2) No person shall temper with other's property by closing the road or exit of the other person or doing any act or construction on the border of his or her land or otherwise.\n(3) No person shall acquire other's property without consent of that person.\nProvided that the Government of Nepal may, in accordance with law, acquire property of any person for public interest.\n(4) No person shall enter other's house and compound without consent of any person except in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "275. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 153, "char_count": 905, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123796" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0257", "text": "277. Property to be inviolable: (1) No person shall encroach or trespass other's property by way of overlapping, pressing or otherwise.\n(2) If any person takes possession of other's property by way of any act referred to in sub-section (1), that person shall be deemed to have encroached or trespassed such property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "277. Property to be inviolable", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 52, "char_count": 316, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123804" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0258", "text": "278. Safety measures to be adopted: A person shall, while doing any work on his or her house or land, adopt safety measures in order to avoid any loss or damage or effect to the neighbor's house or land in any manner.\nProvided that, except where a business transaction is carried on by any neighbor, matters such as gas, smell, smoke or noise of\n\ngeneral nature emitted or produced from the use by the neighbor of his or her house or land shall not be deemed to have caused a loss or damage or effect to the house or land.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "278. Safety measures to be adopted", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 100, "char_count": 522, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123812" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0259", "text": "279. Prohibition of building a house in other's land without consent:\n(1) No person shall build a house in a land without obtaining written consent of the owner of that land.\n(2) If any person builds a house in a land without obtaining written consent of the owner of that land, the land-owner may, if he or she so desires, purchase the house on payment of the price that is less by up to twenty-five percent of the market price of that house.\n(3) If the land-owner does not purchase such house pursuant to sub-section (2), the house-owner may, if the owner so consents, purchase the land on payment of the price that is higher by up to twenty-five percent of the market price of the land where the house is located.\n(4) If both parties do not agree to purchase and sell the house or land pursuant to sub-section (2) or (3), the person who has built the house shall demolish the house and take away his or her materials within a period of three months of the date on which the house was so built.\n(5) If the house is not demolished within the period referred to in sub-section (4), such a house shall belong to the landowner.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "279. Prohibition of building a house in other's land without consent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 210, "char_count": 1125, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123824" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0260", "text": "280. To leave land while putting window: If a person or government body has to build a house by putting a window or door towards the\n\nneighbor's land, the person or body shall leave the land according to the standards specified by the concerned body.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "280. To leave land while putting window", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 45, "char_count": 250, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123832" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0261", "text": "281. Prohibition of channeling water of house or roof: No person shall channel the water of his or her house or roof to other's house or land or a public road.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "281. Prohibition of channeling water of house or roof", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 31, "char_count": 159, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123838" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0262", "text": "282. Prohibition of making safety tank adjoining to neighbor's land:\n(1) No person shall construct a safety tank by adjoining it to the neighbor's land.\n(2) If a person has to construct a safety tank in his or her land, he or she shall leave at least the land according to the standards specified by the concerned body, except in cases where the neighbor's consent is available.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "282. Prohibition of making safety tank adjoining to neighbor's land", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 67, "char_count": 378, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123845" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0263", "text": "283. To leave land while digging well or Kuwa: In digging a well or a small (Kuwa) in one's land, one shall leave the land so that the distance of at least one meter can be maintained from the neighbor's land.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "283. To leave land while digging well or Kuwa", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 41, "char_count": 209, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123852" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0264", "text": "284. Prohibition of planting trees or plants causing effect: (1) No person shall plant a tree or plants in such a way so that it causes effects to other's house, land or property.\n(2) If any tree or plant planted by a person in one's land cause any effect by expanding to other's house, land or property, the person who has planted such tree or plants shall cut the branches or roots of the tree or plant in such manner as not to cause loss or damage to that person's house, land or property.\n(3) If a person who has planted such tree or plants fails to cut off the branches or roots of the tree or plants pursuant to sub\n\nsection (2), the person who is affected therefrom may cut off the branches or roots of such tree or plants on his or her own.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "284. Prohibition of planting trees or plants causing effect", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 146, "char_count": 748, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123862" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0265", "text": "285. Compensation to be recovered: If any damage is caused to any person from any act done or action taken by any person under this Chapter, the damage sustaining person shall be entitled to recover a reasonable compensation from the person who has done such act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "285. Compensation to be recovered", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 46, "char_count": 263, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123869" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0266", "text": "286. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within six months after the date of knowledge of the commission of such act or action.\n\nChapter-4 Provisions Relating to Cultivation, Use and Registration of Land 287. Prohibition of use of other's land: No person shall cultivate or use, or cause to be cultivated or used, any land in which another person has right, possession and ownership, without consent of that person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "286. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 85, "char_count": 500, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123877" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0267", "text": "288. Requirement to allow land to be used for ditch: (1) If a person who needs to construct a ditch through other's land to cultivate land requests for land, the concerned owner of the land shall provide the land for the construction of the ditch through the place where the concerned landowner considers appropriate.\n(2) In consideration for the land provided for construction of a ditch through it pursuant to sub-section (1), the person who constructs the ditch shall provide a substitute land, amount according to the prevailing price of the land used in the construction of the ditch or reasonable compensation to the concerned landowner.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), if a ditch is constructed in a public or government land, it is not required to provide a substitute land, price of land or compensation for the land used in construction of the ditch.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "288. Requirement to allow land to be used for ditch", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 147, "char_count": 887, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123889" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0268", "text": "289. Prohibition of using whole water of river or stream: No owner of a land shall so use the whole water of the river or stream which originates or flows from the land as to prevent the owner of downstream land from using the same or as to endanger the life of aquatic animals in the river or stream or as to adversely affect the ecological balance.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "289. Prohibition of using whole water of river or stream", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 67, "char_count": 351, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123898" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0269", "text": "290. Prohibition of making new ditch affecting irrigated field: No person shall construct a new ditch above a land irrigated by a ditch already made and in operation in a manner to significantly lessen the volume of water in that land.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "290. Prohibition of making new ditch affecting irrigated field", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 41, "char_count": 235, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123905" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0270", "text": "291. Use and allocation of ditch water: (1) A person who has spent labor or money in the construction of a ditch shall have the first priority to the ditch water for the cultivation of land.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), in a place where people have been using the water according to agreed division between them from the time immemorial, all people shall be entitled to use the ditch water according to the division.\n(3) If the water is sufficient for or no longer required for a person who uses the water pursuant to sub-section (1), another person shall be entitled to use the ditch water for cultivating the land irrespective of the person whom the ditch belongs to.\n(4) If the land of a person is irrigated and then water overflows to other's land, such water may be used even without the consent of the concerned land-owner, and no claim shall entertained for the same.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "291. Use and allocation of ditch water", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 159, "char_count": 904, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123919" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0271", "text": "292. Prohibition of alteration in ditch without consent: If any ditch is constructed only in the land of a person and other persons have also been using the ditch, the owner of land where such ditch is situated shall not be allowed to alter the ditch without consent of the other persons using it.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "292. Prohibition of alteration in ditch without consent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 54, "char_count": 297, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123928" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0272", "text": "293. One who does not make labor or expenses in making ditch not allowed to use water: (1) While making a new ditch or repairing\n\nan old ditch, all persons who use the water of such ditch shall make necessary labor or expenses in proportion to their respective land.\n(2) A person who does not make labor or expenses in making a new ditch or repairing an old one pursuant to sub-section (1) shall not be entitled to use the water of such a ditch.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "293. One who does not make labor or expenses in making ditch not allowed to use water", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 85, "char_count": 445, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123936" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0273", "text": "294. Construction of ditch or use of water with mutual consent:\nNotwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if there is a separate agreement between the concerned land-owners or those who make a ditch or who are users of water in relation to the construction of ditch or using of water for the cultivation of land, the ditch may be made or water used according to that agreement.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "294. Construction of ditch or use of water with mutual consent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 68, "char_count": 397, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123944" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0274", "text": "295. Cultivation of land adjacent to river bank: If a river or stream enters in a land and divides it or cuts a land, the land shall belong to its owner and may be cultivated by the owner after the river or stream changes its course and leaves the land.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "295. Cultivation of land adjacent to river bank", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 50, "char_count": 253, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123950" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0275", "text": "296. Prohibition of registration: No person shall register, or cause to be registered, other's land in his or her name.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "296. Prohibition of registration", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 20, "char_count": 119, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123956" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0276", "text": "297. Transmission and registration and deregistration to be effected:\n(1) If a person needs to have transfer of a land on the death of its registration holder or to have registration and deregistration of a land in which the person has got right in any manner, the concerned person shall submit an application to the Land Revenue Office and obtain transmission and registration and deregistration of the matter within thirty-five days of the occurrence of such an event.\n(2) If a person submits an application for transmission and registration and deregistration of the matter after the expiry of the\n\ntime-limit referred to in sub-section (1), the Land Revenue Office shall execute the transmission and registration of such land in the applicant's name by collecting the fee of one hundred rupees irrespective of the length of time after such expiration.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "297. Transmission and registration and deregistration to be effected", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 139, "char_count": 855, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123968" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0277", "text": "298. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken pursuant to this Chapter may make a lawsuit within six months after the date of knowledge of commission of such an act or action.\n\nChapter-5 Provisions Relating to Government, Public and Community Properties 299. Property deemed to be government property: The following property title to which belongs to, or which is owned, controlled by, or subject to, the Government of Nepal, Province Government and Local Government shall be deemed to be the government property:\n(a) Government houses, buildings or lands, (b) Roads, paths or railways, (c) Forests, or trees or trees, bushes in forests, (d) Rivers, rivulets, streams, lakes, ponds and banks thereof, (e) Canals, ditches or uncultivated, barren lands, (f) Mines or minerals, (g) Himalaya, mountains, rocks, sandy lands, public gardens, (h) Any Property other than a public, community, trust property or any one's property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "298. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 152, "char_count": 964, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123979" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0278", "text": "300. Property deemed to be public property: (1) The following property which is for public purpose shall be deemed to be the public property:\n(a) Houses, lands, sewerage or roads having been used since ancient times, (b) Wells, water conduits, shores, ponds and banks thereof,\n\n(c) Exits for chattels, pasture lands, Kharka, graveyards, Chihan, Samadhisthal, Kabristan and lands where these are located, (d) Inns, Pauwas, Dewals, religious meditation sites, memorials, temples, shrines, Chaitya, monasteries, Stupas, churches, Chowk, Dawali, Chautari or lands where these are located, (e) Lands where fairs, markets and public entertainment or sports sites are located, (f) Private property provided by any person for public purposes, (g) Such other property as prescribed to be the public property by the Government of Nepal, by a notification in the Nepal Gazette.\n(2) The ownership of the public property shall vest in the public body or the Government of Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "300. Property deemed to be public property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 149, "char_count": 965, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123992" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0279", "text": "301. Property deemed to be community property: Any land held by a community for its use, any structure built in such land or other property owned by it shall be deemed to be the community property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "301. Property deemed to be community property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 36, "char_count": 197, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.123999" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0280", "text": "302. Details to be updated: (1) The Land Revenue Office shall prepare and update the following details in relation to the government and public properties situated within the district:\n(a) The location where the government or public properties are situated, plot number and area, in the case of a land, and situation of the house, if any,\n\n(b) If the government or public properties are possessed by, or subjected to, any body or organization, details thereof, (c) Other necessary details.\n(2) The Local Level shall render necessary assistance to the Land Revenue Office in preparing the details referred to in subsection (1).\n(3) After the preparation of the details pursuant to subsection (1), the Land Revenue Office shall forward a copy thereof to the concerned district level administrative office and Local Level.\n(4) The Local Level shall collect and update the details referred to in sub-section (1) in relation to the community properties situated within its jurisdiction and forward a copy thereof to the concerned Land Revenue Office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "302. Details to be updated", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 168, "char_count": 1045, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124009" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0281", "text": "303. Land ownership registration certificate to be provided: (1) If any government land is held in the name of a government body or public organization, the Land Revenue Office shall prepare the land ownership registration certificate of such land in the name of such body or organization and provide it to such body or organization.\n(2) If any land is available to a community in accordance with law, the Land Revenue Office shall prepare the land ownership registration certificate of such land in the name of such community and provide it to that community.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "303. Land ownership registration certificate to be provided", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 94, "char_count": 560, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124020" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0282", "text": "304. Obligation to protect government, public or community properties: (1) The Government of Nepal, public organization or\n\ncommunity holding the right in, possession, custody of, and control over, the government, public or community properties shall itself protect such properties.\n(2) To protect government and public properties shall be responsibility of the concerned district level administrative office and Local Level.\n(3) The concerned community and Local Level shall be responsible for the protection of the community property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "304. Obligation to protect government, public or community properties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 76, "char_count": 536, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124029" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0283", "text": "305. Prohibition of registration of government, public or community properties in individual's name: (1) No person shall register, or cause to be registered, any government, public or community property in his or her name.\n(2) If a person registers, or causes to be registered, any government, public or community property in the name of any individual, such registration shall, ipso facto, be void.\n(3) If a complaint is filed as to the registration of any government, public or community property in any individual's name, the concerned Land Revenue Office shall summon the presence of the registration-holder also and inquire into the matter, as required, and make necessary decision within six months after the date of filing the complaint.\n(4) If the registration of any government, public or community property in any individual's name is annulled pursuant to this Section, the Land Revenue Officer shall make necessary entries in the records maintained in his or her office and give\n\ninformation thereof to the concerned district level administrative office and Local Level.\n(5) The Land Revenue Office shall punish a person who registers, or causes to be registered, any government, public or community property in contravention of this Section with a fine of twenty-five thousand to one hundred thousand rupees.\n(6) The registration of government, public or community property in oneself or some individual's name which in itself is offence as per prevailing laws, nothing written in this section shall be an obstacle to take action in offence related to it.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "305. Prohibition of registration of government, public or community properties in individual's name", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 249, "char_count": 1567, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124048" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0284", "text": "306. Prohibition of possession or cultivation of government, public or community land: (1) No person shall possess any government, public or community land by way of overlapping, encroachment, surrounding or otherwise.\n(2) No person shall, except with the permission of the Government of Nepal, concerned public organization or community, cultivate, or cause to be cultivated, any government, public or community land.\n(3) If any person possesses or cultivates any government, public or community land in contravention of sub-section (1) or (2), the concerned Land Revenue Office, in the case of the government or public land, and the concerned Local Level, in the case of the community land, shall separate such land, recover the crops yielded in the land from that person and vacate the land.\n(4) The Land Revenue Office may punish any person who possesses or cultivates any government, public or community land\n\nin contravention of this Section with a fine not exceeding ten thousand rupees.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "306. Prohibition of possession or cultivation of government, public or community land", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 157, "char_count": 994, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124060" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0285", "text": "307. Prohibition of building structure: (1) No person shall build any structure in any government, public or community land, for any personal or public purpose.\nProvided that any structure may be constructed as considered appropriate by the Government of Nepal, in the case of a government or public land, and by the concerned community for public purpose, in the case of a community land.\n(2) If any person initiate to construct any structure in any government, public or community land in contravention of subsection (1), the concerned Chief District Officer or Local Level shall stop such work immediately.\n(3) If any person has already constructed any structure in any government, public or community land in contravention of subsection (1), the concerned Chief District Officer shall give a timelimit of fifteen days to the main person having constructed the structure to demolish such structure.\n(4) The main person having constructed such a structure shall demolish the structure at his or her own expense within the time-limit given pursuant to sub-section (3).\n(5) If the main person having constructed such a structure fails to demolish the structure within the time-limit given pursuant to sub-section (3), the concerned Chief District Officer shall demolish such a structure.\n\n(6) If the Chief District Officer demolishes any structure pursuant to sub-section (5), the Chief District Officer may recover the expenses incurred in such demolition from the main person having constructed the structure and punish him or her with a fine not exceeding twenty-five thousand rupees.\n(7) It shall be the duty of the concerned police office to render necessary assistance, if any, sought by the Local Level in stopping the construction of any structure or in demolishing any already built structure pursuant to this Section.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "307. Prohibition of building structure", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 289, "char_count": 1827, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124077" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0286", "text": "308. Power to transfer government property: The Government of Nepal may transfer any government property owned and possessed by, or subjected to, any body or organization to any other body or organization, with the permission of such an owner body or organization.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "308. Power to transfer government property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 42, "char_count": 264, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124086" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0287", "text": "309. Conversion of community property into public property: (1) If any community holding a community property does not use it or submits an application bearing signature or thumb impression of each of the main persons of all families of such a community, setting out that it is not necessary to use such community property in its purpose, to the concerned Land Revenue Office, the concerned Land Revenue Officer may make necessary inquiry into the matter and convert such property into the public property.\n(2) In the event of conversion of any community property into the public property pursuant to sub-section (1), the concerned Land Revenue Officer shall make necessary entries in the records maintained in his or her office and give information thereof to the concerned district level administrative office and Local Level.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "309. Conversion of community property into public property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 133, "char_count": 829, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124098" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0288", "text": "310. To reward complainant: (1) Any person whosoever may make a complaint with the concerned body on the matters of registration, or causing registration, of a government, public or community property, or possession, use or cultivation of a land under such property or construction work done in such land, in contravention of this Chapter.\n(2) If, on inquiring into a complaint made pursuant to subsection (1), the complaint is held to be true, the concerned body shall provide the complainant with a reward in a sum that is half the fine imposed on the wrongdoer pursuant to this Chapter.\n(3) The concerned body may keep confidential a complaint made pursuant to sub-section (1).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "310. To reward complainant", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 113, "char_count": 680, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124109" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0289", "text": "311. Action to be taken: (1) If any employee, either knowingly or negligently or recklessly registers, or causes to be registered, any government, public or community property in the name of any person or if any employee with the duty to render assistance pursuant to this Chapter does not render such assistance, such employee shall be liable to departmental action in accordance with the law of terms and conditions of his or her service.\n(2) Nothing shall prevent the taking of action against an employee who commits an act referred to in sub-section (1) on a criminal offence, in addition to the action taken under sub-section (1).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "311. Action to be taken", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 107, "char_count": 635, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124118" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0290", "text": "312. Governmental attorney empowered to file or make case, petition or appeal: (1) The concerned government attorney shall have power to file or make a case, petition or appeal against any\n\ndecision made by any body or authority, adversely affecting any government or public property.\n(2) The concerned office or authority shall provide the government attorney with such documents and other assistance as may be necessary in relation to the filing or making of a case, petition or appeal pursuant to sub-section (1).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "312. Governmental attorney empowered to file or make case, petition or appeal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 83, "char_count": 516, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124127" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0291", "text": "313. Statute of limitation: A person may make a lawsuit at any time in the cases of Sections 305, 306 and 307 of this Chapter, and a person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken referred to in other Sections of this Chapter may make a lawsuit within six months after the date on which such an act was done or action was taken.\n\nChapter-6 Provisions Relating to Trusts 314. Trust deemed to be established: If a person makes necessary arrangements for the operation and management by another of a property in which the person has right, ownership and possession for the benefit of beneficiary, a trust shall be deemed to be established.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"beneficiary\" means a person, group, general public, body whether incorporated or unincorporated, or community getting the benefit from the trust property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "313. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 146, "char_count": 859, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124139" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0292", "text": "315. Trust may be public or private: (1) A trust may be either public or private.\n(2) A trust established for the accomplishment of the following object shall be deemed to be a public trust:\n(a) To establish, operate and use a fund for infrastructures of economic development or other development works, (b) To establish and operate a fund necessary for the development of skills, creation of employment opportunities and development of the people with low income, (c) To operate social welfare programs, (d) To establish and operate such educational and academic institutes like schools, colleges and\n\nuniversities as may be useful for the general public, (e) To establish and operate clinics such as hospitals and health posts for public purposes, (f) To protect natural, historical or cultural heritages or to promote such act, (g) To operate programs for the protection of wildlife, aquatic animals or environment, (h) To operate programs for the protection of interest, welfare or upliftment of various classes, groups or communities, (i) To operate programs relating to sports, (j) To carry out service-oriented welfare programs, (k) To operate rescue works, (l) To establish shrines, temples, monasteries, domes, mosques, churches or carry out similar other religious activities, (m) To operate other public programs for the interest of public.\n(3) A trust which is established with object to render benefit, advantage or facility to any particular person or group shall be deemed to be a private trust.\n(4) If a trust is established to accomplish both public and private objectives, such a trust shall be deemed to be a public trust.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "315. Trust may be public or private", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 263, "char_count": 1642, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124154" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0293", "text": "316. Application to be made for establishment of trust: (1) A person who intends to establish a trust shall make an application, setting out the following matters, to the Registrar:\n(a) Value and details of the property held for the trust, (b) Beneficiary, and benefit and facility to the beneficiary, the terms and limitation thereof, (c) If the trust is to be established for any particular period, matter relating thereto, (d) Other necessary details.\n(2) In making an application pursuant to sub-section (1), the following documents shall also be submitted with the application:\n(a) Memorandum of incorporation of the trust, (b) Trustee's name and photocopy of the deed relating to his or her consent, (c) Photocopy of the deed, if any, executed for the establishment of the trust, (d) Photocopy of a reliable deed relating to the trust settler's identity, and, in the case of the trust settler being a body corporate, certified copies of the documents relating to the incorporation of the body corporate and of the decision by such a body corporate in relation to the establishment of trust, (e) Receipt of payment of the fees chargeable by law for the registration of trust.\n\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter:\n(1) \"Registrar\" means the authority provided for by law for the registration, supervision and liquidation of trusts, and this term also includes the Land Revenue Officer in the concerned district if such authority is not so provided for.\n(2) \"Trustee\" means the person who is responsible for the operation and management of a trust property.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if any person has, by way of his or her oral behavior, conduct or a testamentary gift or will, provided for the operation and management of a property in which he or she has right, ownership and possession as a trust, the trust shall be deemed to have been established by such behavior, conduct or will.\nProvided that in the case of a property requiring registration for the transfer of its title in accordance with law, a deed pertaining to such transfer has to be registered.\n(4) If a foreign person intends to establish a trust, the person shall make an application, upon fulfilling the procedures as referred to in sub-sections (1) and (2). A foreign person may be the founder of the trust to be so established.\nProvided that a foreign person is not allowed to establish a trust for the accomplishment of the object referred to in clause (l) of sub-section (2) of Section 315.\n\n(5) At least one-thirds of the trustees of a trust established pursuant to sub-section (4) shall be Nepali citizens having permanent residence in Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "316. Application to be made for establishment of trust", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 446, "char_count": 2664, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124192" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0294", "text": "317. Details to be set out in memorandum of incorporation: The following matters shall be set out in the memorandum of incorporation of a trust:\n(a) Names, surnames and addresses of the founders of the trust, and, if a body corporate is the founder, names, surnames and addresses of the directors of such body, (b) Objects and nature of the trust, (c) Names, surnames and addresses of the trustees, details of the business to be performed by them, and, if a body corporate is a trustee, name, surname and address of the person designated by the body to act as the trustee, (d) Details of the beneficiaries, (e) Method of use of the trust property, (f) Details of the tenure of the trustee, if any, so specified, (g) If the beneficiaries are entitled to remuneration or other facilities, details thereof and limitation, (h) If the trust is intended to be established for a certain period, details of such period, (i) In the event of termination of the trust, consequences thereof, (j) Provisions relating to the operation, management and monitoring of the trust property,\n\n(k) Other necessary matters.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "317. Details to be set out in memorandum of incorporation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 187, "char_count": 1100, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124208" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0295", "text": "318. Trust to be registered: (1) If an application is made for the establishment of a trust pursuant to Section 316, the Registrar shall make necessary inquiry into the objects of the trust and the details of the property proposed for the establishment of the trust, and, if it appears reasonable to register the trust, register the trust and issue the trust registration certificate, within a period of thirty-five days of the making of such application.\n(2) If a trust is registered pursuant to sub-section (1), the trust is deemed to have been established.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, a private trust may be operated even without registration.\nProvided that if a person so operates a private trust, the person shall give information thereof to the concerned Registrar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "318. Trust to be registered", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 131, "char_count": 809, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124220" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0296", "text": "319. Power to refuse registration of trust: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 318, the Registrar may refuse to register a trust in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If the details, documents or fees referred to in Section 316 are not mentioned or paid, (b) If the name of the trust resembles with the name of any other trust already registered prior to the registration of the trust applied for, (c) If the objects or terms of the trust appear to be inappropriate or undesirable for reasons of public interest, decency, courtesy or public order, are not\n\nlawful or are not capable of being implemented owing to their uncertainty or vagueness.\n(2) If a trust is not capable of being registered pursuant to sub-section (1), the Registrar shall give information thereof, along with the reason for refusal, to the applicant within thirty-five days.\n(3) If, upon receipt of information pursuant to sub-section (2), the applicant makes necessary corrections and an application again for the registration of the trust, the Registrar shall register the trust and issue the registration certificate pursuant to sub-section (1) of Section 318, within fifteen days of the making of such an application.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "319. Power to refuse registration of trust", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 197, "char_count": 1213, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124233" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0297", "text": "320. Transfer of property for incorporation of trust: (1) The trust founder shall transfer the property settled for the trust to the trustee within a period of three months of the establishment of the trust.\n(2) If the property to be transferred pursuant to sub-section (1) is an immovable property, such a property shall be deemed to have been duly transferred only when it is transferred in accordance with law.\n(3) A foreign person that establishes a trust in Nepal shall remit into Nepal a movable property equivalent to at least one million United States Dollars through regular banking channel and hand over the same to the trustee within a period of three months.\n(4) The information of the hand-over of the movable property pursuant to sub-section (3) shall be given to the Registrar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "320. Transfer of property for incorporation of trust", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 134, "char_count": 792, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124245" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0298", "text": "321. Dissolution of trust on failure of transfer of property: In the event of failure to transfer the property within the time-limit\n\nreferred to in Section 320, the registration of such a trust shall be deemed to be void ipso facto and the trust shall be deemed to have been dissolved.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "321. Dissolution of trust on failure of transfer of property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 51, "char_count": 286, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124252" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0299", "text": "322. Operation and management of trust property according to memorandum of incorporation: (1) The trustee shall, subject to the terms and restrictions set forth in the memorandum of incorporation, operate and manage the trust property.\n(2) Except as otherwise provided for in the memorandum of incorporation, the trustee shall, in operating and managing the property pursuant to sub-section (1), not sell, mortgage, or otherwise transfer title to, the immovable property or any part thereof without prior permission of the concerned Registrar.\n(3) In asking for prior permission of the Registrar pursuant to sub-section (2), the reason for the sale, mortgage of, or transfer of title to, such property, and the reasons and grounds that it may result in more benefit to the beneficiary shall be set out.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "322. Operation and management of trust property according to memorandum of incorporation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 127, "char_count": 802, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124262" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0300", "text": "323. Duty to operate and manage trust property properly: (1) The trustee shall operate and manage the trust property properly, by exercising his or her capacity and diligence honestly.\n(2) In the operation and management of the trust property pursuant to sub-section (1), the trustee shall make arrangement to avoid any loss and damage to, and maintain sustainability of, such property.\n(3) Except as otherwise provided for in the memorandum of incorporation, in the operation and management of the trust property pursuant to sub-sections (1) and (2), income earned from\n\nthe trust property which is not required immediately to accomplish the objects of trust may be invested for the accomplishment of the objects of trust.\n(4) Except as otherwise provided for in the memorandum of incorporation, in making investment pursuant to sub-section (3), it may be invested as follows, in the following proportion of the total sum:\n(a) At lest twenty-five percent in the purchase of bonds or treasury bills issued by the Government of Nepal or Nepal Rastra Bank or bonds guaranteed by the Government of Nepal, (b) Deposit of a maximum of twenty-five percent in a fixed account with a commercial bank, (c) Deposit of a maximum of ten percent in a fixed account with a development bank, (d) A maximum of five percent in the subscription of ordinary shares of a commercial bank, (e) Deposit of a maximum of ten percent in a fixed account with a finance company, (f) A maximum of five percent in the subscription of such ordinary shares of an enlisted public limited company as are dealt publicly.\n(5) The trustee shall, from time to time, carry out monitoring as to the investment made pursuant to sub-section (4), and if it appears from such monitoring that the returns of investment made in one sector be lesser, such investment shall be\n\nwithdrawn immediately and made in another sector yielding more returns, subject to the terms and restrictions of the investment.\n(6) In making monitoring or investment pursuant to subsection (5), opinion of an expert in the concerned sector may, as required, be obtained.\n(7) An opinion obtained pursuant to sub-section (6) may be taken as the basis for monitoring or investment.\n(8) The trustee shall maintain his or her personal property and the trust property separately and operate and mange the trust property accordingly, and in the event of a need to operate an account, separate accounts shall be maintained.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "323. Duty to operate and manage trust property properly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 406, "char_count": 2446, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124285" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0301", "text": "324. Trustee to be appointed: (1) A trustee shall be appointed for the operation, management, protection and care of (herbichar)the trust property and for using fruits of such property to the benefit of the beneficiary or making proper arrangements thereof.\n(2) Except as otherwise provided for in the memorandum of incorporation, the founder of the trust shall appoint the trustee.\n(3) In the event of the failure to appoint or inability to appoint the trustee pursuant to sub-section (1) or (2), the founder of trust shall be deemed to be the trustee.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "324. Trustee to be appointed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 92, "char_count": 553, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124300" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0302", "text": "325. Disqualification of trustee: The following person shall not be qualified to be a trustee:\n(a) A person who is not competent to make contract, (b) A person who has embezzled a property in his or her custody,\n\n(c) A person who has been convicted by a court of the offense of corruption, (d) A person who has been sentenced for a criminal offense involving moral turpitude, (e) A person who is the sole beneficiary of the trust property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "325. Disqualification of trustee", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 79, "char_count": 439, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124309" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0303", "text": "326. Number of Trustees: Except as otherwise provided for in the memorandum of incorporation, the number of trustees shall, subject to the other provisions of this Chapter, be one in minimum and seven in maximum.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "326. Number of Trustees", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 35, "char_count": 212, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124315" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0304", "text": "327. Body corporate being eligible to be trustee: (1) A body corporate which is established in accordance with law may be appointed as a trustee.\n(2) If the body corporate referred to in sub-section (1) is appointed as a trustee, the person working as the chief of such a body or a person to whom the power is delegated by a decision of the board of directors of such a body shall act on behalf of such a body.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Section, the term \"person working as the chief\" means the chairperson, director, managing director, general manager, executive director of such body or a person empowered by such a body to work as its chief.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "327. Body corporate being eligible to be trustee", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 119, "char_count": 656, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124325" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0305", "text": "328. Provisions relating to vacancy in office of trustee: (1) The office of the trustee shall be fallen vacant in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If the person is not qualified to be a trustee,\n\n(b) If the person resigns from the office of a trustee, (c) If the person dies or becomes insolvent, (d) If, in the case of a body corporate, it is dissolved, liquidated or becomes insolvent in accordance with law, (e) If a trust is established for a certain period and such a period is completed, (f) If the trustee is appointed for a certain tenure and such a tenure is completed, (g) If the trustee is removed by the trust founder or court on the ground that he or she has embezzled the trust property or has not taken a reasonable care of (herchaha) such property.\n(2) If the office of a trustee is fallen vacant pursuant to sub-section (1), such an office shall be filled in accordance with the procedures set forth in the memorandum of incorporation.\n(3) If the office of trustee cannot be fulfilled pursuant to sub-section (2), the beneficiary, if available, and the concerned Local Level, if there is no beneficiary or the beneficiary cannot be identified, shall make an application, accompanied by a list of possible candidates, to the concerned District Court for the appointment of a trustee.\n(4) If an application is made for the appointment of trustee pursuant to sub-section (3), the District Court shall appoint to the office of trustee an appropriate person from the list of candidates\n\nprovided by the applicant, in consonance with the spirit of the memorandum of incorporation.\n(5) If any trustee is relieved of his or her office by virtue of the circumstance referred to in sub-section (1), he or she shall, as promptly as possible, hand over the trust property in his or her custody, control or use to other trustees, and he or she shall not get immunity from any kind of liability or legal action for any act done or action taken by him or her while in office of a trustee by the reason only that he or she has been so relieved of office.\nProvided that if all trustees are relieved of office, such property shall be transferred after the appointment of another trustee.\n(6) If the office of a trustee of a public trust with only one trustee falls vacant or is fulfilled pursuant to this Section, information thereof shall be given to the registrar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "328. Provisions relating to vacancy in office of trustee", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 420, "char_count": 2372, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124348" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0306", "text": "329. To specify roll of succession of trustee: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in as to the roll of succession of trustees in the memorandum of incorporation, after the death of a trustee, his or her eldest son, daughter-in-law or daughter shall succeed the office of a trustee according to the roll of succession, and if there is no one out of them, his or her heir shall succeed the office of trustee.\n(2) If a person who becomes the trustee pursuant to subsection (1) is not qualified to be the trustee, his or her guardian or the person taking care of (herchaha) him or her shall perform the obligation of the trustee on his or her behalf until such a person becomes qualified.\n\n(3) Except as otherwise provided for in the memorandum of incorporation, if there is a provision that one's descendents are entitled to be the trustee, the descendents of such a person shall succeed the office of trustee according to the limit of their respective rights, and the provisions contained in Section 326 shall not apply to such case.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "329. To specify roll of succession of trustee", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 183, "char_count": 1033, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124364" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0307", "text": "330. Requirement to perform obligation of trustee in special circumstance: If there exists a situation that the office of trustee falls vacant in entirety and the office of trustee cannot be filled immediately pursuant to sub-section (2) of Section 328, the Local Level shall function as the trustee until the office is filled.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "330. Requirement to perform obligation of trustee in special circumstance", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 53, "char_count": 327, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124372" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0308", "text": "331. Requirement to operate trust by consensus: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the memorandum of incorporation, the trust with more than one trustee shall be operated by consensus decision of all the trustees as far as possible.\n(2) In the event of failure to reach consensus pursuant to sub-section (1), the trust may be operated by a majority decision of the then existing trustees, and if that is not possible, by the decision of the eldest trustee.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "331. Requirement to operate trust by consensus", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 79, "char_count": 461, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124381" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0309", "text": "332. To carry out object of trust: The trustee shall carry out the object of trust as set forth in the memorandum of incorporation, and in so carrying out the object, the trustee shall discharge functions honestly and according to his or her capacity and diligence.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "332. To carry out object of trust", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 46, "char_count": 265, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124388" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0310", "text": "333. To maintain records of trust property: (1) The trustee shall prepare an inventory of the trust property and update the records\n\nthereof, and, in the case of a public trust, a copy of such records shall be submitted to the registrar each year.\n(2) The inventory referred to in sub-section (1) shall also reflect the total assets, loans, or if such property has been invested in any business, principal, interest or other returns of such investment.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "333. To maintain records of trust property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 77, "char_count": 452, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124396" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0311", "text": "334. Protection of trust property: (1) The trustee shall protect and maintain the trust property, and may also make any kind of such legal action or complete any kind of such formality with any public authority as may be required for this purpose.\n(2) In protecting or maintaining the trust property, the trustee shall take proper and reasonable care of (herbichar), and do act conducive to the enhancement of, the trustee property as if the property were his or her own.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "334. Protection of trust property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 81, "char_count": 471, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124405" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0312", "text": "335. Prohibition of possession of trust property to prejudice benefit of beneficiary: No trustee shall so possess or use the trust property for himself or herself or other person as may be prejudicial to the benefit of the beneficiary.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "335. Prohibition of possession of trust property to prejudice benefit of beneficiary", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 235, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124412" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0313", "text": "336. Duty to prevent loss to trust property: (1) It shall be the duty of the trustee to prevent destruction, termination of, or otherwise loss to, the trust in a manner prejudicial to the benefit of the beneficiary or contrary to the object of the trust.\n(2) If the trust property is not managed properly or is made subject to cheating or fraud or is embezzled or used for other purposes, any trustee or beneficiary may, subject to the provisions\n\nset forth in the memorandum of incorporation, file a complaint in the court for the prevention of such embezzlement.\nProvided that any one whosoever may file a complaint in the case of a public trust.\n(3) If, upon a complaint filed pursuant to sub-section (2), it is held that the trust property has not been managed properly or has been made subject to cheating or fraud or embezzled or used for other purposes, the court shall recover the claimed amount from the embezzler and may also order compensation to be paid by a trustee if the trustee has committed such embezzlement.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "336. Duty to prevent loss to trust property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 181, "char_count": 1026, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124423" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0314", "text": "337. To maintain accounts of trust: (1) The trustee shall maintain accounts in a manner to reflect clearly and actually the accounts of the trust property, and provide statements thereof available to the registrar, and trust founder or beneficiary, identified, if any, intends to inspect the same.\n(2) In the case of a public trust, the trustee shall have its accounts audited by a recognized auditor each year and submit a copy of the audit report to the registrar.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "337. To maintain accounts of trust", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 79, "char_count": 466, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124432" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0315", "text": "338. Breach of trust: (1) If a trustee fails to fulfill the duties required to be fulfilled pursuant to this Chapter, the trustee shall be deemed to have committed a breach of trust.\n(2) In the event of a breach of trust pursuant to sub-section (1), the trustee so breaching trust shall be responsible for the loss and damage caused to the beneficiary and bear liability for the same.\n(3) In bearing the liability pursuant to sub-section (2), the trustee breaching trust shall bear such profits as may be equal to the\n\nincome or profits which the trust or beneficiary would have made or earned if the trust had not been breached.\n(4) If a trust has more than one trustee, all trustees who commit a breach of trust shall collectively bear the liability for the loss and damage caused from such breach of trust.\n(5) If, in relation to one portion of any trust, the trust is breached, and, in relation to another portion of the trust, benefit is derived, the trustee shall not use such benefit in the fulfillment of his or her liability.\n(6) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, the trustee shall not bear the liability for the loss and damage caused from the breach of trust, in the following circumstance:\n(a) If the loss and damage is caused by operation of law, (b) If the loss and damage is a result of the breach of trust by any act done by the previous trustee or the consequence thereof.\n(7) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, any one who does any of the following acts in relation to a trust in operation upon being incorporated in accordance with law in force for the time being prior to the commencement of this Act shall be deemed to have committed a breach of trust:\n(a) Failing to do acts set forth in the Donative inscription, Shilapatra of the trust or deed establishing such trust, (b) Selling, disposing of, gifting, donating or pledging or mortgaging the trust property by the trust founder or\n\nhis or her offspring or heir, except for the residual property that can be possessed and used after making operation as set forth in the deeds including the Donative inscription, Shilapatra of the trust, (c) Embezzling the movable trust property by the trustee, except for reasonable wear and tear while using it for the trust purpose.\n(7) One who commits a breach of trust under sub-section (7) shall be liable to action in accordance with the law in force at the time of the commencement of this Act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "338. Breach of trust", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 434, "char_count": 2465, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124452" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0316", "text": "339. Deed of trust property to remain with trustee: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the memorandum of incorporation, the deeds, documents of the ownership and possession of the trust property and other proofs and evidences pertaining thereto shall all be in the custody of the trustee, and in the case of a public trust, the trustee shall submit copies of such deeds and documents to the registrar.\nProvided that in the case of any deed, document or evidence to be approved by the registrar, it is not required to submit the copies of such deeds, documents or evidence to the registrar.\n(2) The trustee and the registrar shall safely retain the deeds, documents and evidences referred to in sub-section (1).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "339. Deed of trust property to remain with trustee", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 122, "char_count": 715, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124465" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0317", "text": "340. Entitlement to reimbursement from trust property:\nNotwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if the trustee has used his or her personal property or other's property in the course of the protection of the trust property, accomplishment\n\nof the object of trust or protection of the benefit of the beneficiary, the trustee shall be entitled to reimburse the amount for such property from the trust property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "340. Entitlement to reimbursement from trust property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 67, "char_count": 429, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124474" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0318", "text": "341. Other powers, duties and liabilities deemed to be vested with trustee: Except as otherwise provided for in the memorandum of incorporation, in addition to the powers, duties and liabilities clearly set forth in this Chapter, such other powers and duties as may be required for the implementation and accomplishment of the object of trust, care (herbichar)and protection of the trust property and protection of the rights and benefits of the beneficiary shall be deemed to be vested with the trustee.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "341. Other powers, duties and liabilities deemed to be vested with trustee", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 81, "char_count": 504, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124482" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0319", "text": "342. Acts not to be done by trustee: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the memorandum of incorporation, no trustee shall do, or cause to be done, any of the following acts:\n(a) To use the trust property in any manner other than in the accomplishment of the object of trust, (b) To use, or caused to be used, the trust property in any act yielding profit to the trustee himself or herself or to anyone else, except in the accomplishment of the object of trust, (c) To delegate or hand over the responsibility or obligation of trustee to another trustee or a person, Provided that nothing shall bar the appointing of his or her agent or attorney in the course of ordinary transaction or assigning of any responsibility or obligation if such responsibility or obligation is to be\n\nassigned in view of the nature of such transaction or assigning of any responsibility to another person with the consent of the beneficiary, if any, identified.\n(d) To carry out any act relating to the trust solely contrary to Section 329, if there are more than one trustee, (e) To obtain any remuneration, allowance or facility in consideration for being a trustee, Provided that nothing shall bar the receiving of reasonable remuneration, allowance or facility for any work done whole-time or part-time after establishing the office or with the prior permission of the registrar, without prejudicing the object of the trust or benefit of the beneficiary.\n(f) To purchase or otherwise receive on pledge, mortgage, lease or rent the property of the trust for which he or she is a trustee during his or her tenure or before at least three years of his or her retirement from the office of a trustee.\n(2) The trustee shall not make any economic transaction between his or her private property and the trust property. He or she shall make compensation for the loss, if any, to the trust property from such transaction.\n(3) The trustee shall not merge his or her property with the trust property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "342. Acts not to be done by trustee", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 344, "char_count": 1977, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124502" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0320", "text": "343. To give direction to transfer trust property: Except as otherwise provided for in the memorandum of incorporation, in the case of\n\nonly one beneficiary, after he or she becomes competent to make contract, and in the case of more than one beneficiary, after all of them become competent to make contract and reach consensus, such beneficiary or beneficiaries may direct the trustee to hand over the trust property to him or her or them, and if any direction is so given, it shall be the duty of the trustee to abide by such direction.\nProvided that this provision shall not apply to the public trust.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "343. To give direction to transfer trust property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 106, "char_count": 604, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124514" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0321", "text": "344. Power to relinquish benefit of trust property: (1) In the case of a private trust, the beneficiary who is competent to make contract may, by a notice in writing to the trustee and the registrar, relinquish any or all of his or her right, benefit, facility or interest from the trust property.\n(2) If every beneficiary wholly relinquishes the right, benefit, facility or interest from the trust property pursuant to subsection (1), such a trust shall be deemed to have been dissolved.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "344. Power to relinquish benefit of trust property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 83, "char_count": 488, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124523" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0322", "text": "345. Duty to maintain ownership of trust property: (1) The trust property shall be entered as such in the records of trust and held in the name of the person specified in the memorandum of incorporation and in the name of the beneficiary, if such a person is not specified in the memorandum of incorporation.\n(2) If, in the case of a public trust, the memorandum of incorporation provides for the establishment of a separate body corporate for the operation and management of the trust property, such property shall be held in the name of the body corporate so established.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "345. Duty to maintain ownership of trust property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 100, "char_count": 574, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124532" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0323", "text": "346. Alteration in the object of trust: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if the trust founder considers appropriate to make any amendment or alteration in the object set forth in the memorandum of incorporation at the time of the creation of trust, he or she may make an application, accompanied by the reason for such amendment or alteration, to the registrar.\n(2) If, on an inquiry into an application made pursuant to sub-section (1), the reason for the amendment or alteration in the object set forth in the memorandum of incorporation seems to be reasonable, the registrar may issue an order to amend or alter such object, and, if an order is so made, the object set forth in the memorandum of incorporation shall be deemed to have been amended or altered accordingly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "346. Alteration in the object of trust", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 136, "char_count": 806, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124543" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0324", "text": "347. Trust property not to be counted: Any trust property operated and managed by the trustee shall not be counted as the property of the trustee for the purpose of assessment of tax or for any other purpose.\nProvided that in the case of a person who derives any benefit, facility or interest from such property, such benefit, facility or interest shall be counted.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "347. Trust property not to be counted", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 64, "char_count": 365, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124552" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0325", "text": "348. Consequence of voidance of trust: (1) If a trust once established is dissolved or voided for any reason, such dissolution or voidance shall not affect any act already done.\n(2) In the event of dissolution or voidance of a trust for any reason pursuant to sub-section (1), in the case of a public trust, except as otherwise provided for in the memorandum of its\n\nincorporation, the trustee may, by order of the registrar, hand over the trust property to any other trust with the identical object or to any public body with similar objects if such other trust is not available, and in the case of a private trust, the trustee shall hand over the trust property to the beneficiary, if identified, or to the nearest successor to the beneficiary if the beneficiary is not available or to the trust founder if even such successor is not available or to other successor if even the trust founder is not available.\n(3) If any body or person referred to in sub-section (2) is not available, the property of the dissolved or voided trust shall devolve on the Government of Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "348. Consequence of voidance of trust", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 190, "char_count": 1074, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124563" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0326", "text": "349. Appeal may be made: A party who is not satisfied with any order or decision made by the registrar pursuant to this Chapter may make an appeal to the concerned District Court within thirty-five days after the date of knowledge of such order or decision.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "349. Appeal may be made", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 46, "char_count": 257, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124571" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0327", "text": "350. Not to affect other trust: (1) Nothing contained in this Chapter shall affect any trust in operation upon being incorporated in accordance with law in force for the time being prior to the commencement of this Act, and such a trust may be operated in accordance with the Donative inscription (Danpatra), Shilapatra, memorandum of incorporation or other deed establishing such a trust or with the ritual, custom or practice.\nProvided that such a trust shall be registered under this Act or information of its operation shall be given to the registrar within three years of the commencement of this Act, and records thereof shall be maintained.\n\n(2) The trust referred to in sub-section (1) shall be managed and operated as previously for the object and purpose for which it was established, and the property or income that remains upon the accomplishment of that object and purpose may be possessed, used, pledged or mortgaged.\n(3) The property of a trust established pursuant to subsection (1) may be purchased or sold in a manner without prejudice the object and purpose of the trust.\n(4) The purchaser under sub-section (3) shall use the property for the object and purpose for which the trust was established.\n(5) If a trust under sub-section (1) has been established or operated for any specific purpose by obtaining a government land, such a land shall be used for the accomplishment of the object and purpose for which the trust was established, and such a land shall not be used by the trustor or his or her offspring or successor.\n(6) If the person referred to in sub-section (5) does not accomplish the object and purpose of such a trust, the person who accomplishes such object and purpose shall be entitled to possess and use such a land.\n(7) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, if any person has continuously operated a trust referred to in sub-section (1) since last sixteen years or more than sixteen years ago without any deed to that effect, that person may possess and use such property upon the accomplishment of the object and purpose of such a trust.\n\n(8) Matters other than those set forth in this Section shall be as set forth in the memorandum of incorporation of a trust, Sheelapatra, Donative Inscription or as per the custom and practice in relation to the operation of such a trust.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "350. Not to affect other trust", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 399, "char_count": 2340, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124591" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0328", "text": "351. Statute of limitation: (1) There shall be no statute of limitation in relation to the following matters if a person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken pursuant to this Chapter is to make a lawsuit:\n(a) Embezzlement of the trust property, (b) Fraud or forgery of any document relating to the trust property, (c) Embezzlement or misappropriation of the trust property, (d) Derivation of benefit by the trustee contrary to the terms of the memorandum of incorporation of the trust, (e) Restitution of the trust property or its value or income from the trustee or other person.\n(2) A lawsuit may be made within six months after the date of the accrual of cause of action in relation to any matter other than that set forth in sub-section (1).\n\nChapter-7 Provisions Relating to Usufruct 352. Usufruct deemed to be constituted: (1) When a person gives free a property in which he or she has title and ownership and fruits, benefit, income or facility to be yielded from that property to another person entitling that other person to enjoy such property and fruits, benefit, income or facility thereof, usufruct shall be deemed to be constituted.\n(2) The provisions of usufruct shall be as set forth in a contract entered into between the concerned persons.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "351. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 218, "char_count": 1271, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124607" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0329", "text": "353. Usufruct to be effective: The provision of usufruct constituted by a contract shall become effective on the date of the commencement of the contract unless otherwise set forth in the contract.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "353. Usufruct to be effective", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 32, "char_count": 197, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124615" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0330", "text": "354. Deed to be executed: (1) In giving an immovable property in usufruct, its owner shall execute a deed to that effect in accordance with law.\n(2) In giving a property in common in usufruct, consent of the coparceners living in a joint family shall be obtained.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "354. Deed to be executed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 47, "char_count": 263, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124621" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0331", "text": "355. Entitlement of usufructuary to enjoy property as if it belonged to him or her: (1) If a person gives another person his or her property in usufruct, the usufructuary of such property shall be entitled to enjoy the property, fruits, benefit, income or facility to be yielded or earned from the property and fruits, benefit, income or facility accrued from the property as if it were his or her own property.\n\n(2) If there are more than one usufructuary obtaining a property pursuant to sub-section (1), every usufructuary shall be entitled to enjoy that property jointly or severally.\n(3) If a property obtained under the provision of usufruct is partitioned, every coparcener who is entitled to enjoy the property in usufruct shall be entitled to enjoy the property pursuant to subsection (1).\n(4) A usufructuary may make a lawsuit in the court, as required, for the protection or enjoyment of the property obtained under the provision of usufruct.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "355. Entitlement of usufructuary to enjoy property as if it belonged to him or her", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 159, "char_count": 953, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124632" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0332", "text": "356. Property which usufructuary cannot enjoy: Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 355, a usufructuary shall not be entitled to enjoy the following properties relating to the property obtained under the provision of usufruct:\n(a) Mines and minerals related with the property, Provided that where the mines are the subject of usufruct, the mines may be enjoyed.\n(b) Grown trees.\nProvided that fruits, flowers or other products obtained from the trees may be enjoyed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "356. Property which usufructuary cannot enjoy", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 73, "char_count": 475, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124643" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0333", "text": "357. Prohibition of alteration in structure of property without consent: A usufructuary shall not be entitled to significantly alter the substance or form of the property obtained under the provision of usufruct or to destroy such property, except with the owner's prior permission.\n\nProvided that if the enjoyment of the property given under the provision of usufruct is not possible without an alteration in the form of or destruction of the property, except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the property may be enjoyed by altering its form or destroying it, on payment of the price that may be set at the time of returning such property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "357. Prohibition of alteration in structure of property without consent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 108, "char_count": 650, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124654" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0334", "text": "358. Power to rent, lease or mortgage property under provision of usufruct: (1) The usufructuary may, if he or she so desires, rent, lease or mortgage the property obtained under the provision of usufruct, by executing a deed, subject to the contract referred to in sub-section (2) of Section 352.\nProvided that:\n(1) It is not required to execute a deed for renting a property for a monthly rent not exceeding twenty thousand rupees.\n(2) If a property is so rented, leased or mortgaged, the usufructuary shall give information thereof to the owner.\n(3) The property obtained under the provision of usufruct may not be rented, leased or mortgaged for a period that exceeds the validity period of usufruct.\n(2) The usufructury shall, in renting, leasing or mortgaging the property obtained under the provision of usufruct, mention in the relevant deed that the property is under the provision of usufruct.\n\n(3) If a rent, lease or mortgage of the property obtained under the provision of usufruct is executed in contravention of subsections (1) and (2), such a transaction shall ipso facto be void.\n(4) A person who obtains a property on rent, lease or mortgage pursuant to sub-section (1) shall be entitled to enjoy the property as if the person were the usufructuary.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "358. Power to rent, lease or mortgage property under provision of usufruct", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 213, "char_count": 1267, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124667" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0335", "text": "359. Duty to maintain (marmat samhar) and care (herbichar) property under the provision of usufruct: (1) The usufructuary shall maintain (marmat samhar) and take care of (herbichar) the property which he or she has obtained under the provision of usufruct properly and reasonably as if it were his or her own property.\n(2) If a person obtains a property under the provision of usufruct by way of rent, lease or mortgage, the person shall take care of such property properly and reasonably.\n(3) The usufructuary shall maintain the property obtained under the provision of usufruct at his or her cost.\nProvided that if it is necessary to maintain such property by spending a substantial amount in consequence of a disaster, the usufructuary shall obtain the owner's prior permission, and the owner shall bear such maintenance expenses.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "359. Duty to maintain (marmat samhar) and care (herbichar) property under the provision of usufruct", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 136, "char_count": 833, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124679" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0336", "text": "360. Prohibition of causing damage to property obtained under the provision of usufruct: (1) The usufructuary shall not damage, or cause to be damaged, the property obtained under the provision of usufruct.\n\n(2) If such a property is damaged in any manner in the course of its enjoyment by the usufructuary or by the person who has obtained it on rent, lease or mortgage pursuant to Section 358, the usufructuary shall be liable for it.\nProvided that the usufructuary shall not be liable for any damage or loss caused to such property by a disaster.\n(3) The usufructuary may make insurance or take other necessary preventive measures for the protection of the property obtained under the provision of usufruct against possible loss or damage in the course of its enjoyment pursuant to sub-section (2).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "360. Prohibition of causing damage to property obtained under the provision of usufruct", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 134, "char_count": 801, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124690" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0337", "text": "361. Usufructuary to bear tax or fee: The usufructuary shall pay such tax or fee as may be leviable by law in relation to the property obtained under the provision of the usufruct.\nProvided that the owner shall bear the wealth tax payable for the property obtained under the provision of the usufruct.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "361. Usufructuary to bear tax or fee", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 53, "char_count": 301, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124698" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0338", "text": "362. Information of claim or interference by any one to be given to owner: (1) If any one makes encroachment, claim or interference on or with the property under the provision of usufruct, the usufructuary shall give information thereof to the owner within fifteen days of such encroachment, claim or interference.\n(2) The usufructuary who does not give information pursuant to sub-section (1) shall be liable to any consequence resulting therefrom.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "362. Information of claim or interference by any one to be given to owner", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 71, "char_count": 449, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124706" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0339", "text": "363. Validity period of the provision of usufruct: (1) The provision of usufruct shall remain valid for the period set forth in the contract.\n\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the provision of usufruct shall not remain valid beyond the following period, except as otherwise provided for in the contract:\n(a) If the usufructuary is a natural person, the death of the usufructuary or the expiration of a period of forty-nine years since the execution of the provision of usufruct, whichever occurs earlier, (b) If the usufructuary is a legal person, the dissolution of the usufructuary or the expiration of a period of twenty-nine years since the execution of the provision of usufruct, whichever occurs earlier.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Section, the term \"dissolution\" includes the termination, liquidation, revocation of registration or insolvency of a legal person.\n(3) If there are more than one usufructuary, the property in usufruct shall devolve on the owner in proportion to the death or dissolution of any usufructuary, except as otherwise provided in the contract.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "363. Validity period of the provision of usufruct", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 174, "char_count": 1111, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124718" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0340", "text": "364. Usufruct may be canceled:(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 363, if the usufructuary damages or misuses the property obtained under the provision of usufruct or does not enjoy it for the purpose for which it has been given in usufruct or otherwise does any act that prejudices the right of the owner in such property, the concerned owner may cancel the provision of usufruct at any time.\n\n(2) In the event of cancellation of the provision of usufruct pursuant to sub-section (1), the usufructuary shall return the property obtained under the provision of usufruct.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "364. Usufruct may be canceled", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 95, "char_count": 584, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.124730" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0341", "text": "365. Power to return property by usufructuary: Notwithstanding anything contained in Sections 363 and 364, if the usufructuary does not wish to enjoy the property obtained under the provision of usufruct, the usufructuary may return such a property to the owner at any time, by giving a notice of at least forty-five days.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "365. Power to return property by usufructuary", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 53, "char_count": 322, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125094" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0342", "text": "366. Usufruct deemed to be extinguished: (1) The provision of usufruct shall be deemed to be extinguished in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) In the event of expiration of the validity period of usufruct pursuant to Section 363, Explanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"expiration of the validity period\" means:\n(1) If more than one natural person are usufructuary, the usufruct shall be deemed to be terminated on the date on which the last survivor usufructuary dies.\n(2) If more than one legal person are usufructuary, the usufruct shall be deemed to be terminated on the date on which the last usufructuary legal person is dissolved.\n(b) In the event of return of the property on the cancellation of usufruct pursuant to Section 364,\n\n(c) In the event of return of the property in usufruct by the usufructuary pursuant to Section 365, (d) In the event, except for a reasonable reason, of the failure of the usufructuary to enjoy the property in usufruct until six months after the date on which the provision of usufruct became effective, (e) In the event of the accomplishment of the special purpose for the accomplishment of which the provision of usufruct has been made, (f) In the event that the property obtained under the provision of usufruct is transferred to the usufructuary in accordance with law, (g) In the event of total loss of the property obtained under the provision of usufruct.\n(2) In the event of the extinguishment of the provision of usufruct pursuant to sub-section (1), the property given to any person in usufruct shall ipso facto devolve on the owner except in the circumstance set forth in clause (f) or (g).\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) or (2), if a property is given in usufruct on the condition that it shall remain valid until any person attains a certain age, the provision of usufruct shall remain valid until the date on which the person attains that age even if the person dies before the date of attainment of such age, as if he or she were surviving.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "366. Usufruct deemed to be extinguished", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 352, "char_count": 2044, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125114" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0343", "text": "367. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken pursuant to this Chapter may make a lawsuit\n\nwithin six months after the date of knowledge of the commission of such an act or action.\n\nChapter-8 Provisions Relating to Servitudes 368. Servitude to be deemed: (1) If there is a provision of enjoyment or use by the owner of another property of any immovable property or any part thereof in which another person has right, ownership or possession pursuant to this Chapter, provision of servitude shall be deemed to have been created.\n(2) A servitude shall be in existence in accordance with the contract, nature of the place where the immovable property is situated, custom or practice exercised since ancient time therein.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "367. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 128, "char_count": 759, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125168" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0344", "text": "369. Use of provision of servitude to be allowed: (1) If there is a provision of servitude pursuant to Section 368, the owner of the concerned immovable property shall allow another person to enjoy or use the immovable property in accordance with the provision of servitude.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if there is a provision of servitude for public purpose, such a servitude may also be used for personal purpose.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, a servitude created by operation of law may be used in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "369. Use of provision of servitude to be allowed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 95, "char_count": 588, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125177" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0345", "text": "370. Servitude not to be adversely affected by transfer of immovable property: (1) A servitude in a servient immovable property shall continue to exist even if the owner of such a immovable property transfers all or any of such property to another person in any manner.\n\n(2) Even if the servient immovable property is partitioned, each coparcener shall be deemed to have provided such a servitude.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) or (2), if in transferring or partitioning the servient immovable property, there is a provision of servitude elsewhere in such property and servitude is not thus required to be provided in the immovable property in which a person acquires right by way of such transfer or partition, the servitude shall be deemed to have been extinguished to that extent.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "370. Servitude not to be adversely affected by transfer of immovable property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 132, "char_count": 811, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125188" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0346", "text": "371. To allow enjoyment or use: (1) If any land, despite that a person has right, ownership or possession in it, has been in use since ancient time as a public or community road, cattle exit, pasture land, ditch, cannel, quay, pond, public road, sewage, track road or main road, public shelter, tomb, graveyard, shrine, temple, monastery, dome, mosque, Idgaha, Karbala, Kabristan or church, community school, hospital or similar other public monument or site, the land shall be allowed to be used by the concerned persons accordingly for the particular purpose.\n(2) The owner or possessor of the servient land shall not cultivate or use, make any structure in, or otherwise own or possess, it in such manner as to adversely affect the provision set forth in sub-section (1).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "371. To allow enjoyment or use", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 129, "char_count": 774, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125198" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0347", "text": "372. Use of neighbor's house or land at time of disaster: If, at the time of disaster such as fire, earthquake, volcano and flood, it is not possible to rescue victims of such disaster without entering or using the house or land of a person, the victims may be rescued, or caused to be rescued, by entering the house or land with the consent of the\n\nowner of the house or land if the owner is available, and even without consent of the owner of the house or land if the owner is not available for the time being or refuses to give consent.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Section, the term \"the owner of the house or land\" means the person who is using, possessing or controlling the concerned house or land for the time being.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "372. Use of neighbor's house or land at time of disaster", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 138, "char_count": 733, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125209" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0348", "text": "373. Acquisition of servitude of passage: (1) If the passage originally available to have access to and from a house or land is destroyed subsequently due to a disaster, the person who has been using the passage to and from such house or land from the past shall have the servitude of a reasonable passage to the public road.\n(2) A person shall not be entitled to demand the servitude of passage from the owners of all surrounding houses or land pursuant to sub-section (1), and he or she may demand such a servitude from the owner of the house or land through which the distance to the public road is the shortest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "373. Acquisition of servitude of passage", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 113, "char_count": 615, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125219" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0349", "text": "374. Prohibition of transfer of house or land without provision of passage or exit:(1) In setting aside and transferring any part of the house or land with the provision of passage or exit, such a house or land shall not be transferred without making provision of passage or exit to both the purchaser and the seller.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if there is another passage or exit to and from such house or land, it is not required to make provision of passage or exit.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "374. Prohibition of transfer of house or land without provision of passage or exit", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 88, "char_count": 502, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125228" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0350", "text": "375. Power to extend basic services: If it is not possible to provide basic services such as sewerage, water supply, electricity, gas and telephone service to the house of a person through his or her own land or public, government or community land, the person shall be entitled to lay pipe or line in the neighbor's land in such manner as not to cause any loss or damage to the owner of such land.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "375. Power to extend basic services", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 74, "char_count": 398, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125237" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0351", "text": "376. Power to use river or stream or river or stream bank: Any person may carry out movement, navigation, boating or fishing in the river or stream which is situated in, or originated from, the personal property of any person or within the zone of a maximum of four meters in either side of such river or stream.\nProvided that such activity is not allowed in small rivulets that do not have perennial flow of water.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "376. Power to use river or stream or river or stream bank", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 76, "char_count": 415, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125246" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0352", "text": "377. Power to use exit road: (1) If a river or stream is diverted or a reservoir is built or a dam is made for any reason in the river or stream, the owner of the concerned land shall provide a reasonable exit for the public and livestock to have access to and from such diversion, reservoir or dam.\n(2) If, in maintaining the provision of exit passage referred to in sub-section (1), it is possible to maintain such exit passage through the land of more than one person, the exit passage shall, unless provided otherwise, be maintained through the nearest land that is technically feasible for the access to the diversion, reservoir or dam though that passage.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "377. Power to use exit road", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 118, "char_count": 662, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125256" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0353", "text": "378. Prohibition of preventing natural flow of water: (1) Every house or land owner shall himself or herself manage the rain water flow from his or her house or land.\n(2) If there is no provision referred to in sub-section (1), the rain water shall be allowed to make its natural course.\nProvided that no water shall be let to so flow as to cause adverse effect on the downstream land by making a ditch, controlling floods or otherwise diverting the flow or through human intervention.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "378. Prohibition of preventing natural flow of water", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 86, "char_count": 485, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125265" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0354", "text": "379. Power to use stream, river or pond water: Any person may use the water of a stream, river or pond, which is originated from, flows through or situated in, the land of another person for the purpose of irrigation and drinking, after the use of such water by the concerned owner.\nProvided that in making such use, the adjoining neighbor shall have priority.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "379. Power to use stream, river or pond water", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 64, "char_count": 360, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125273" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0355", "text": "380. Requirement to allow passage or exit for farming: (1) If a person does not have a passage or exit for people or livestock to have access to and from his or her farm land and needs such passage or exit, the owner of the concerned land shall provide the facility of passage or exit to such a person.\nProvided that no person shall be compelled to provide such a passage or exit through the house and compound land.\n(2) A person who uses the passage or exit pursuant to subsection (1) shall so use it that no loss or damage is caused to the\n\ncrops or other property of the person providing such a passage or exit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "380. Requirement to allow passage or exit for farming", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 118, "char_count": 614, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125282" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0356", "text": "381. Compensation to be paid: If, in using a house or land belonging to another person, any kind of loss or damage is caused to any one for the purposes set forth in Sections 372, 373, 375, 377 and 380, the person using the passage or exit shall pay a reasonable compensation to the concerned house or landowner.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "381. Compensation to be paid", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 58, "char_count": 312, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125290" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0357", "text": "382. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken pursuant to this Chapter may make a lawsuit within six months after the date of knowledge of such an act or action.\n\nChapter-9 Provisions Relating to House Rent 383. House deemed to be rented: If a person who has right, possession or ownership in a house lends, for a rent, the house to another person to use it for a certain period of time, the person shall be deemed to rent the house.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"house\" means any house, storey, unit or room of the house, or land or cartilage occupied by such a house.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "382. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 118, "char_count": 638, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125300" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0358", "text": "384. Prohibition of renting unsafe house: (1) No person shall rent or take on rent a house which is not safe for human habitation from health and security perspectives.\n(2) The quality standards of a house for non-residential purpose such as a warehouse, livestock farming, storage and cold storage shall be as specified in the house rent agreement.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "384. Prohibition of renting unsafe house", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 58, "char_count": 349, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125309" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0359", "text": "385. Period of house rent: (1) The period of house rent shall be as set forth in the agreement, not exceeding five years.\nProvided that if a house is rented for a commercial purpose, it shall be as set forth in the agreement.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), after the expiration of the period of house rent, the period may be extended at times with the consent of the house owner and the tenant.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "385. Period of house rent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 76, "char_count": 423, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125317" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0360", "text": "386. Agreement to be concluded while renting: (1) While renting a house, its owner shall enter into an agreement in writing with the tenant, setting out the following matters:\n(a) Full name and address of the owner and of the tenant, their citizenship number, and passport or identification certificate, in the case of a foreigner, (b) Place and plot number of the land where the house is located, (c) Purpose for rent, (d) Date of commencement of rent, (e) Validity period of rent, (f) Monthly rent, (g) Time and mode of payment of rent, (h) Liability to pay tariffs of electricity, water supply, telephone etc. used in the house, (i) Matter on payment of house rent tax, (j) If the rented house is to be insured, matter relating thereto, (k) Matter on leaving the rented house and eviction of the tenant from it, (l) Matter as to whether the rented house can be sublet to another, and (m) Other necessary matters.\n\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), it is not necessary to enter into an agreement in writing with the tenant if the monthly house rent does not exceed twenty thousand rupees.\n(3) The tenant's photograph shall also be affixed to the agreement referred to in sub-section (1).\n(4) The agreement referred to in sub-section (1) shall also be signed by at least two witnesses of each side, namely the house owner and the tenant, and a copy thereof shall be retained each by the owner and the tenant.\n(5) After the completion of the procedures referred to in sub-section (4), an agreement shall be deemed to be entered into between the house owner and the tenant.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "386. Agreement to be concluded while renting", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 278, "char_count": 1597, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125339" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0361", "text": "387. Details of house to be provided: In renting a house, the owner shall, at the time of entering into agreement, disclose the weakness or fault, if any, in the structure of the house to the tenant.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "387. Details of house to be provided", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 37, "char_count": 199, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125350" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0362", "text": "388. Preparation of description of goods or chattels: (1) The houseowner shall, prior to renting his or her house, prepare a description of the goods or chattels in the house to be rented.\n(2) If the tenant is to use the goods or chattels set forth in the description prepared pursuant to sub-section (1), he or she shall receive such goods or chattels and give a receipt thereof to the house-owner.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "388. Preparation of description of goods or chattels", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 71, "char_count": 399, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125359" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0363", "text": "389. Obligations of house owner: The obligations of the house-owner shall be as follows:\n\n(a) To allow the tenant to use the house in accordance with the agreement, (b) To arrange for such water and electricity supply, sewerage and sanitation in the rented house as may be required, except as otherwise provided for in the agreement, (c) To prevent the tenant from insecurity, harassment or unrest from other persons dwelling in the house, (d) To abide by the other matters set forth in the agreement.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "389. Obligations of house owner", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 85, "char_count": 501, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125368" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0364", "text": "390. Obligations of tenant: The obligations of the tenant shall be as follows:\n(a) To pay the rent to the house owner within the specified period, (b) To maintain sanitation in, take care of (herchaha), protect and safeguard the rented house properly and reasonably, as if it were his or her own, (c) Not to do any act such as causing unrest, harassment or insecurity to the other dwellers in the house or neighbors, (d) To abide by the other matters set forth in the agreement.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "390. Obligations of tenant", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 86, "char_count": 478, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125377" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0365", "text": "391. Mode and procedure of payment of rent: (1) The tenant shall pay the rent to the house owner in accordance with the mode and procedure set forth in the agreement.\n(2) If the agreement does not provide for any mode and procedure of the payment of rent pursuant to sub-section (1), the\n\ntenant shall pay the rent to the house owner within seven days of the expiry of each month.\n(3) The rent may be paid by way of cheque or cash pursuant to sub-section (2).\n(4) If the owner receives the rent in cash pursuant to this Section, he or she shall give a receipt thereof to the tenant.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "391. Mode and procedure of payment of rent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 111, "char_count": 582, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125387" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0366", "text": "392. Obligation to pay tax and other charge: (1) Except as otherwise set forth in the agreement, it shall be the obligation of the house owner to pay the tax and other charge leviable by law in relation to the house rented.\n(2) If it is the obligation of the land owner to pay tax or charge pursuant to sub-section (1) and the house owner fails to pay the tax or charge in time, the tenant may pay such tax or charge.\n(3) If the tenant pays the tax or charge pursuant to subsection (2), he or she shall be entitled to deduct such an amount from the rent payable to the house owner.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "392. Obligation to pay tax and other charge", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 114, "char_count": 581, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125399" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0367", "text": "393. Insurance of house to be procured: (1) A tenant who rents a house for industrial or business purpose shall procure the insurance of the house for its security.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Section, the term \"industrial or business purpose\" means the operation of any industry or carrying on a business or trade by having a departmental store or one or more than one shop.\n(2) If the person obliged to procure insurance pursuant to sub-section (1) fails to procure insurance of the house and the house\n\nis damaged by such cause as disaster, unrest, riot or fire, the tenant shall be liable for such damage.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "393. Insurance of house to be procured", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 108, "char_count": 619, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125409" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0368", "text": "394. Repair and maintenance of house rented:(1) Except as otherwise set forth in the agreement, the tenant shall be obliged to repair and maintain the rented house, as required.\n(2) If the agreement provides that the house owner is obliged to repair and maintain the rented house and it is necessary to carry out any repair and maintenance of the house, the tenant shall give a notice in writing to the house owner in time.\n(3) If the land-owner fails to repair and maintain the rented house despite the notice given pursuant to sub-section (2), the tenant may repair and maintain such a house.\n(4) The tenant shall be entitled to deduct the billed amount of expenses incurred in the repair and maintenance of the house carried out pursuant to sub-section (3) from the rent payable to the house owner.\n(5) Except as otherwise agreed upon between the house owner and the tenant in respect of the repair and maintenance of the house, the tenant shall, prior to carrying out repair and maintenance under sub-section (4), prepare a cost estimate of the repair and maintenance and give its written information to the house owner in advance of fifteen days.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "394. Repair and maintenance of house rented", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 199, "char_count": 1151, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125422" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0369", "text": "395. Subletting house rented to other person: (1) If the agreement entered into with the house owner provides that the tenant may sublet the whole or any portion of the house rented by him or her to\n\nanother person, the tenant may, subject to the agreement, sublet the whole or any portion of such a house to another person.\n(2) If the tenant sublets the whole or any portion of the house rented to another person pursuant to sub-section (1), the tenant shall, no later than fifteen days, give information in writing indicating the name and address of the sub-tenant to the houseowner.\n(3) A sub-tenant who rents the house pursuant to subsection (1) shall pay the rent of the house or its portion to the tenant who has so sublet.\n(4) The sub-tenant who rents the house pursuant to subsection (1) shall, while dwelling in the rented house, abide by all such terms and provisions as required to be abided by the tenant pursuant to this Chapter.\n(5) If the sub-tenant who rents the house pursuant to subsection (1) fails to act in accordance with the terms while dwelling in the rented house or fails to maintain sanitation in, protect or safeguard, the house or carries out any act such as causing harassment, pain or unrest to the other dwellers of the house or neighbors, the tenant may evict the sub-tenant from the house at any time.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "395. Subletting house rented to other person", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 238, "char_count": 1335, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125437" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0370", "text": "396. Prohibition of altering structure without consent: (1) Except as otherwise provided in the agreement, the tenant shall not demolish, remove or disorder any structure of, or add any structure to, the rented house or otherwise alter it without the house owner's consent in writing.\n\n(2) If the tenant does any act in contravention of subsection (1) and thereby causes any loss to the house-owner, the house-owner shall be entitled to recover compensation for the loss caused to him or her from the tenant.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "396. Prohibition of altering structure without consent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 84, "char_count": 508, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125447" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0371", "text": "397. Prohibition of using house contrary to agreement: The tenant shall not use the house for any purpose other than that for which he or she has rented it, without prior consent of the house-owner.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "397. Prohibition of using house contrary to agreement", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 35, "char_count": 198, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125454" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0372", "text": "398. Alteration in agreement: The house owner and the tenant may, with mutual consent, make necessary alteration in the house rent agreement.\nProvided that if such an agreement is registered pursuant to this Act, alteration shall be made upon making application to the concerned body.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "398. Alteration in agreement", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 45, "char_count": 284, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125460" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0373", "text": "399. Power to inspect: (1) The house-owner may, by an advance notice to the tenant, inspect the rented house from time to time.\n(2) If the house-owner intends to inspect the rented house pursuant to sub-section (1), it shall be the duty of the tenant to allow the house-owner to inspect the house.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "399. Power to inspect", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 53, "char_count": 297, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125466" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0374", "text": "400. Leaving rented house: (1) A tenant may leave the rented house prior to the expiration of the period of rent in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If the house owner fails to perform his or her obligations pursuant to Section 389, (b) If the tenant no longer needs the house for the purpose for which he or she rented it,\n\n(c) If the house owner does any act in contravention of the agreement or this Chapter.\n(2) If the tenant is to leave the house in the circumstance referred to in clause (b) of sub-section (1), except as otherwise provided in the agreement, the tenant shall give a notice in writing to the house-owner in advance of at least thirty-five days.\n(3) If the tenant leaves the house without giving a notice pursuant to sub-section (2), the house-owner shall be entitled to deduct the rent for that period from the rent, if any, paid in advance by the tenant and to recover the same from the tenant, failing such advance payment.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "400. Leaving rented house", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 173, "char_count": 954, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125477" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0375", "text": "401. Power to evict tenant: (1) The house-owner may evict the tenant from the house in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If the tenant fails to perform his or her obligations pursuant to Section 390, (b) If the tenant commits in the rented house any offense related activity prohibited by law, (c) If the house-owner needs the house for himself or herself, (d) If it is necessary to repair and maintain the house by removing inhabitants from the house, (e) If the rented house does not appear to be appropriate for human habitation from the technical and health perspectives, (f) If the period of house rent expires,\n\n(g) If the tenant does any act in contravention of the agreement or this Chapter, (h) If there exists the circumstance under sub-section (5) of Section 395.\n(2) If it is necessary to evict the tenant from the house in the circumstance referred to in clause (c) of sub-section (1), the land-owner shall give a notice in writing to the tenant in advance of at least thirty-five days.\n(3) If the house owner evicts the tenant from the house pursuant to sub-section (2), the house-owner is not entitled to rent such a house to another person until three months, without using it on his or her own.\n(4) If the house-owner is to rent such house to another person within three months pursuant to sub-section (3) and the previous tenant intends to rent such a house, he or she shall get priority.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "401. Power to evict tenant", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 250, "char_count": 1412, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125492" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0376", "text": "402. House rent agreement deemed to be terminated: A house rent agreement entered into pursuant to Section 386 shall be deemed to have been terminated in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If the tenant leaves the house, (b) If the house-owner evicts the tenant from the house, (c) If the house-owner and the tenant cancel the agreement with mutual consent, (d) If the period of house rent expires.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "402. House rent agreement deemed to be terminated", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 69, "char_count": 404, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125502" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0377", "text": "403. Duty to hand over goods or chattels in good condition: (1) The tenant shall, while leaving the rented house, count the goods or chattels in his or her custody, clean or color the house, if required, and hand over the same in good condition to the house-owner.\n(2) If the tenant looses or damages any goods or chattel in his or her custody, the tenant shall hand over similar goods or chattel or pay a sum of money as per the prevailing price of such goods or chattel to the house-owner.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), the tenant shall not be bound to reimburse for any goods or chattel which is depreciable or destroyable in the course of daily use or to pay price for such goods or chattel.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "403. Duty to hand over goods or chattels in good condition", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 132, "char_count": 724, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125512" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0378", "text": "404. Power to vacate house: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if a tenant disappears without paying the rent for three months or more without notice and the tenant is not found despite a public notice or correspondence with his or her address or the tenant or his or her successor or agent does not appear despite that he or she has been found, the house-owner shall submit an application with such statement to the concerned ward office of the Local Level.\n(2) If an application is submitted pursuant to sub-section (1), the concerned ward office shall make a public notice inviting the tenant to appear within a period of fifteen days.\n(3) If a notice is published pursuant to sub-section (2), the tenant shall appear within such a period.\n\n(4) If such a person does not appear within the period referred to in sub-section (3), the concerned ward office may open and vacate the rented house, upon having the goods therein in its or any one's custody.\n(5) If the person who has disappeared pursuant to subsection (3) returns or sends his or her agent within six months, the concerned ward office shall collect the due rent from, and return the goods to him or her.\n(6) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, if the concerned ward office of the Local Level does not take any action even within one month of the application submitted to it, the concerned house-owner shall submit an application to the concerned ward office and the nearby police office, and execute a deed and open the house in witness of a police employee and at least two local persons, and hand over the custody of the tenant's goods to the police.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "404. Power to vacate house", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 290, "char_count": 1672, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125527" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0379", "text": "405. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken pursuant to this Chapter may make a lawsuit within six months after the date on which such an act was done or action was taken.\n\nChapter-10 Provisions Relating to Donation and Gift 406. Donation or gift deemed to be effected: (1) If a person grants free of cost a property in which the person has right and ownership to another person or for any religious, social, public or community purpose such an act shall be deemed to be a donation.\n(2) If a person grants free of cost a property in which the person has right and ownership to another person as a reward, prize or tip in consideration for merits to him or her by that other person by way of fostering him or her or otherwise or for family love or affection such an act shall be deemed to be a gift.\n(3) In effecting a donation or gift pursuant to sub-section (1) or (2), such a donation or gift may be so effected that it is effective immediately or after a certain period or after the death of its maker.\n(4) If a donation or a gift becomes effective only after the death of the maker of such donation or gift, it shall be deemed that he or she has executed a testamentary donation or testamentary gift.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "405. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 236, "char_count": 1248, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125543" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0380", "text": "407. Property may be donated by pronouncement: A person may donate a certain amount or property for any specific purpose by making pronouncement in writing or publicly in a public function organized for that purpose.\nProvided that no lawsuit may be made if the person does not transfer the property so donated by him or her.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "407. Property may be donated by pronouncement", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 56, "char_count": 325, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125552" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0381", "text": "408. Voidance of donation or gift: Any donation or gift made pursuant to this Chapter shall ipso facto be void in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If the person entitling to donation or gift does not accept the donated or gifted property himself or herself or through his or her agent, (b) If a property is donated or gifted to a person with entitlement after testament and the receiver of donation or gift dies before the person making such a donation or gift or the organization obtaining donation or gift is dissolved, (c) If a property is donated or gifted to an unborn baby and the baby is not born alive, (d) If the donated or gifted property is so destroyed that its existence is extinct before the donation or gift becomes effective.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "408. Voidance of donation or gift", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 134, "char_count": 748, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125563" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0382", "text": "409. Donation or gift to be voidable:(1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Act, a donation or gift may be voided in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If a person donates or gifts a property in which another has right and ownership, (b) If any property is donated or gifted without obtaining the consent of another person where such consent is needed pursuant to law, (c) If the maker of the donation or gift is an incompetent or quasi-competent person,\n\n(d) If the donation or gift is made without fulfilling the legal requirements.\n(2) In the case of a donation or gift made without the consent of another person pursuant to clause (b) of sub-section (1) where such consent is required, the property shall be void to the extent of such consent not taken.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "409. Donation or gift to be voidable", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 135, "char_count": 780, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125575" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0383", "text": "410. Power to amend or revoke deed of gift with testament: (1) The maker of gift with testament may, if he or she so wishes, amend the terms of, or revoke, the deed of gift with testament executed by him or her at any time, by making an application in person before the concerned authority.\n(2) In amending or revoking the deed of gift with testament pursuant to sub-section (1), such a person shall appear before the concerned authority, execute a separate deed and then amend or revoke such a deed of gift with testament.\n(3) The deed revoking or amending the deed of gift with testament pursuant to sub-section (2) shall be executed in fulfillment of the procedures applicable to the execution of the deed of gift with testament.\n(4) No person may grant a property once granted to any one by executing the deed of gift with testament to other person by executing such a deed, without revoking the earlier deed of gift with testament pursuant to this Section.\n(5) If a deed of gift with testament is executed in contravention of sub-section (4), the deed of gift with testament executed earlier shall ipso facto be valid.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "410. Power to amend or revoke deed of gift with testament", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 199, "char_count": 1124, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125588" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0384", "text": "411. Not to obtain property under deed of gift with testament: If the receiver of gift with testament is convicted to have committed any criminal offense against the maker of such a gift before the deed of gift with testament becomes effective, the receiver shall not be entitled to obtain the property under such a deed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "411. Not to obtain property under deed of gift with testament", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 56, "char_count": 321, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125599" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0385", "text": "412. Statute of limitation: A lawsuit may be made within the statute of limitation, if any, specified separately in this Chapter, within two years after the date of maturation of one's right in donation or gift received by one and after the date of possession and enjoyment upon maturity of right in a donation or gift incapable of being made, and, in relation to the other cases, within one year after the date of knowledge of any act done or action taken pursuant to this Chapter, by a person who is aggrieved from such an act or action.\n\nChapter-11 Provisions Relating to Transfer and Acquisition of Property 413. Property deemed to be transferred: If a person sells, donates, gifts or otherwise transfers a property in which he or she has right and ownership to another person, the property shall be deemed to have been transferred to that other person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "412. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 149, "char_count": 857, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125610" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0386", "text": "414. Property may be transferred: (1) Any person, other than a person who is not competent to make contract pursuant to this Act or laws in force, may, subject to this Act, transfer a property in which he or she has right and ownership to one or more than one person jointly or severally.\n(2) The competency or incompetency referred to in subsection (1) shall be determined on the basis of whether he or she was competent or incompetent at the time of the transfer of property by him or her.\n(3) A person may, pursuant to sub-section (1), transfer a property in which he or she has right and ownership to another person with immediate or testamentary effect.\n(4) In transferring a property pursuant to this Section, a deed shall be executed in fulfillment of the legal requirements.\nProvided that:\n(1) It is not required to execute a deed to donate or gift any movable property or cash amounting up to one hundred thousand rupees.\n\n(2) Sale or otherwise transfer of a movable property shall be made in accordance with the laws in force.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "414. Property may be transferred", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 185, "char_count": 1036, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125622" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0387", "text": "415. Power of guardian or curator to sell property: (1) A guardian or curator may, subject to this Act, sell and transfer a property for the rights, interests and protection of the person under his or her guardianship or curatorship.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), except as otherwise provided in this Act, no immovable property may be sold without permission of the court.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "415. Power of guardian or curator to sell property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 65, "char_count": 401, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125631" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0388", "text": "416. Ownership devolving on transferee of property: (1) If any person transfers his or her property to another person pursuant to Section 414, his or her ownership in that property shall cease to exist from the date of such transfer and the transferee shall have ownership in such property.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if a person transfers the right in his or her property to be effective with testament, the transferee shall have ownership in such property only after the death of the transferor.\n(3) If two or more persons acquire the same property, they shall have that much entitlement to such property in proportion to their respective portion.\n(4) If a deed does not indicate the portion to which a person is entitled on the acquisition of a property, all the persons acquiring the property shall be deemed to have acquired it equally.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "416. Ownership devolving on transferee of property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 147, "char_count": 873, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125642" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0389", "text": "417. Power to transfer private property: A person may transfer his or her private property to another person without any one's consent.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "417. Power to transfer private property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 22, "char_count": 136, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125649" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0390", "text": "418. Joint property may be sold by way of sale: (1) A joint property may be sold and transferred with the consent of all of its owners.\n(2) Even though all the owners do not agree to transfer the joint property pursuant to sub-section (1), any owner may transfer the property of his or her right or portion.\n(3) If, in making a transfer pursuant to sub-section (1), it is technically not possible to separate the right or portion of any owner from the joint property, and another owner intends to acquire such property, that other owner shall be entitled to obtain it at the price mutually agreed upon between the owners.\n(4) If more than one owner intend to acquire the joint property, the owner who agrees to pay the highest price shall be entitled to obtain such property.\n(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (3), if the other owners do not intend to acquire the right or portion of any owner and it is not possible technically to separate such property and, the whole of the joint property shall be sold and the proceeds of sale shall be divided between the owners according to their respective right or portion in that property.\n(6) If any person transfers the joint property in contravention of sub-section (1), only the transfer of the extent of his or her right or portion in such property shall be valid, and the concerned person shall be entitled to get return of the property transferred in excess of the right or portion of the transferor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "418. Joint property may be sold by way of sale", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 260, "char_count": 1469, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125663" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0391", "text": "419. Prohibition of transferring property in common without obtaining consent: (1) No person shall, without obtaining written\n\nconsent of the coparceners in common, transfer a property in common to another person.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if a coparcener of the joint family is a witness to the deed of transfer of a property in common, consent of that coparcener shall be deemed to have been obtained.\n(3) If any person transfers a property in common in contravention of sub-section (1), the transfer of title only to the extent of such right or portion that person has in that property shall be valid. The concerned coparcener shall be entitled to get back the property transferred in excess of such right or portion.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "419. Prohibition of transferring property in common without obtaining consent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 124, "char_count": 753, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125676" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0392", "text": "420. Property in common may be sold for household purpose:\nNotwithstanding anything contained in Section 419, the person acting as the head of family may, for the household purpose, sell whole of the property in common, in the case of a movable property, and the half of such property, in the case of an immovable property, without consent of the others.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "420. Property in common may be sold for household purpose", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 61, "char_count": 354, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125687" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0393", "text": "421. Prohibition of transferring other's property: (1) No person shall transfer a property to another person in which any one else has right and ownership.\n(2) If any person transfers a property in contravention of sub-section (1), such a deed or transaction shall be void.\n(3) If the real owner makes a claim in the property transferred pursuant to sub-section (1), the transferee of such property shall return it to the concerned owner.\n\n(4) If a person finds any lost or stolen property, the owner of such property may claim it, along with evidence showing his or her ownership, within three years after the date on which the property was lost or stolen.\n(5) If any person claims such property pursuant to subsection (4), the finder of that property shall return it to the owner, by collecting the amount of expenses, if any, incurred in its preservation or maintenance.\n(6) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (4), if a person has acquired any stolen or lost property by way of purchase at a public market or auction or bidding made publicly by any person or body, the person shall not be bound to return such property to the real owner unless and until he or she obtains the real value of such property and the fees or amount, if any, paid by him or her in the acquisition of such property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "421. Prohibition of transferring other's property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 230, "char_count": 1309, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125700" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0394", "text": "422. Prohibition of transferring property in duplication: (1) No person shall re-transfer to another person a property which he or she has already transferred to some other person.\n(2) If any person transfers a property in contravention of sub-section (1), the deed of transfer registered at an earlier date shall get legal validity if the transfer of an immovable property has been made, and if the transfer of a movable property has been made, the transfer to the person who acquires the property earlier shall be valid.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "422. Prohibition of transferring property in duplication", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 87, "char_count": 522, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125715" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0395", "text": "423. Donation or gift incapable of being effected by guardian or curator: No guardian or curator may donate or gift any property\n\nbelonging to the person under his or her guardianship or curatorship to any person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "423. Donation or gift incapable of being effected by guardian or curator", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 36, "char_count": 213, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125724" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0396", "text": "424. Entitlement to amount or compensation in event of deprivation of enjoyment of property: (1) If a person transfers a property by way of sale pursuant to this Chapter and the purchaser is deprived of enjoying the property wholly or partly because of such transfer being invalid for any reason, the purchaser shall be entitled to recover from the transferor the amount paid by him or her for the property to the extent that he or she is so deprived of enjoying, an interest to be set by yearly ten percent of the amount and the registration fee or other amount, if any, he or she has paid for the transfer of that property as if it were an unsecured bond (Kapali).\n(2) If any person makes any structure in a property purchased pursuant to this Chapter and is not able to enjoy that property because of such transfer being invalid for any reason, that person may demolish and take away the structure made by him or her within six months.\n(3) If any person is aggrieved from the transfer of a property in contravention of Sections 419, 421 and 422 or the failure to demolish and take away any structure pursuant to subsection (2), such a person shall also be entitled to a reasonable compensation for actual loss and damage suffered by him or her from such transferor, in addition to the amount referred to in subsection (1).\n(4) If a person who may be entitled to a donation or who is entitled to a donation or gift is aggrieved from being unable to use the property for any reason under this Chapter, the person shall be\n\nentitled to get a reasonable compensation from the person making donation or gift, subject to the other Sections of this Chapter.\nProvided that compensation cannot be recovered in the case of a testamentary gift being void.\n(5) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, a person who obtains a property in any of the following circumstances shall not be entitled to recover the amount referred to in sub-sections (1), (3) and (4):\n(a) If he or she has obtained the property knowingly that it was other's property or a stolen property, (b) If he or she has obtained the property knowingly that it was already transferred to another person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "424. Entitlement to amount or compensation in event of deprivation of enjoyment of property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 387, "char_count": 2181, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125767" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0397", "text": "425. Right in property may be transferred by attorney: (1) If a person appoints another person, who is competent to be an attorney in accordance with law, as his or her authorized attorney indicating the reason that he or she is not able to appear in person before the concerned office in order to sell and transfer his or her immovable property, such an authorized attorney may, on his or her behalf, sell and transfer his or her property to another person.\n(2) A person may sell his or her movable property through his or her attorney or agent.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "425. Right in property may be transferred by attorney", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 99, "char_count": 546, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125785" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0398", "text": "426. Procedure to be followed by body corporate while purchasing or transferring property: (1) If, in transferring an immovable property held in the name of a body corporate established in accordance with law, the board of directors of such a body gives power by a decision to any member of the board of directors or\n\nemployee of such a body to transfer the property, such a person may transfer the property on behalf of such a body.\n(2) If the procedure referred to in sub-section (1) is fulfilled while purchasing or otherwise obtaining an immovable property in the name of a corporate body, the property may be purchased or obtained in the name of such a body.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "426. Procedure to be followed by body corporate while purchasing or transferring property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 117, "char_count": 663, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125800" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0399", "text": "427. Property may be purchased or obtained by other person on one's behalf: If, except the circumstance set forth in Section 426, a person who purchases or obtains a property in accordance with this Chapter is, for any reason, unable to appear in person before the concerned office and gives a power of attorney, accompanied by his or her citizenship certificate, to a person who is competent to be an attorney by law in relation to the purchase or obtainment of the property, such an attorney may purchase or obtain the property in the name of that person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "427. Property may be purchased or obtained by other person on one's behalf", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 98, "char_count": 557, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125812" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0400", "text": "428. Property may be purchased or obtained in the name of incompetent or quasi-competent person: A guardian or curator may acquire any property by way of donation, gift, purchase or otherwise for incompetent, quasi competent minor or a guardian or member of undivided family for the baby in the womb under his or her guardianship or curatorship.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "428. Property may be purchased or obtained in the name of incompetent or quasi-competent person", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 57, "char_count": 345, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125821" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0401", "text": "429. Registration and deregistration of property right in which is transferred in testament: (1) If a person transfers his or her right in a property to another person with testamentary effect and such transferor of property dies, one who obtains the property shall submit an application, accompanied by the death registration certificate as well as other evidences, to the concerned office for the\n\ntransmission of the property to him or her, within six months after the date of the transferor's death.\n(2) If an application is submitted pursuant to sub-section (1), the concerned office shall examine the deed maintained in it and make necessary inquiry as to whether the deed executor has died or not and the deed is void or not.\n(3) If, upon an inquiry made pursuant to sub-section (2), it appears that the transferor of the property has died and has not got the deed voided, such property shall be transmitted to the applicant.\n(4) If any person submits an application to the office for the transmission after the expiration of the time-limit referred to in sub-section (1), the office shall transmit such property to the applicant in accordance with such a deed, by collecting the fees by five hundred rupees for each year after the expiration of the timelimit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "429. Registration and deregistration of property right in which is transferred in testament", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 213, "char_count": 1267, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125833" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0402", "text": "430. Not to claim for damage, destroy or low quality: A person who has once purchased a property from another person shall not be entitled to make a claim that such property is damaged, destroyed or of low quality.\nProvided that if the seller has sold the property by misrepresentation or with deviation from the particulars set forth in the deed, the purchaser shall be entitled to compensation for the same.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "430. Not to claim for damage, destroy or low quality", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 71, "char_count": 409, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125845" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0403", "text": "431. Property may be exchanged: (1) Any person may exchange his or her property with another person with or without adding any amount.\n\n(2) A deed shall be executed in accordance with law in exchanging a property pursuant to this Act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "431. Property may be exchanged", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 41, "char_count": 234, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125852" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0404", "text": "432. Restriction on transfer of immovable property to foreigner: (1) No person shall, without obtaining prior permission of the Government of Nepal, transfer any immovable property to a foreigner but for the person who has acquired the non-resident citizenship of Nepal, it will be according to prevailing law.\n(2) If any person transfers any immovable property to a foreigner in contravention of sub-section (1), the relevant deed shall ipso facto be void, and such property shall devolve on the Government of Nepal.\n(3) The amount invested by the creditor in the obtainment of an immovable property pursuant to sub-section (1) shall be equivalent to an unsecured bond (Kapali).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "432. Restriction on transfer of immovable property to foreigner", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 108, "char_count": 679, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125863" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0405", "text": "433. Foreigner to transfer partition share or inheritance, if any obtained: (1) If any foreigner obtains a partition share in or succeeds to any immovable property in Nepal, the property shall not be eligible to be transferred to or registered in his or her name nor shall he or she be entitled to enjoy the income of that property, except where so permitted by the Government of Nepal.\nProvided that this provision shall not apply to a person who has obtained non-resident Nepali citizenship.\n(2) Any foreigner who obtains any partition share or succession pursuant to sub-section (1) shall transfer such property to a citizen of Nepal in any manner, and the concerned office shall,\n\nfor that purpose, issue a provisional landownership registration certificate valid for the day of transfer of right.\n(3) If the foreigner fails to transfer a partition share or succession obtained in his or her name pursuant to sub-section (1) to a citizen of Nepal pursuant to sub-section (2) at any time, in the case of the partition share, and within three years of its obtainment, in the case of succession, the Government of Nepal shall have right in such property after the expiration of that time-limit.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "433. Foreigner to transfer partition share or inheritance, if any obtained", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 201, "char_count": 1195, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125876" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0406", "text": "434. Statute of limitation: A lawsuit may be made within the statute of limitation, if any, specified separately in this Chapter, at any time in the case of Section 432, and, in relation to the other cases, within six months after the date of knowledge of any act done or action taken pursuant to this Chapter, by a person who is aggrieved from such act or an action.\n\nChapter-12 Provisions Relating to Mortgage of Immovable Property 435. Property deemed to be mortgaged: (1) If a debtor gives the whole or any portion of an immovable property in which the debtor has right, ownership or possession to a creditor in consideration for a loan which the debtor borrows from the creditor, entitling the creditor to possess that property with effect from the date of execution of the deed or after a certain period, such property shall be deemed to have been given in mortgage.\n(2) If the deed provides that the creditor is entitled to possess the property mortgaged pursuant to sub-section (1) with immediate effect at the time of lending or after a certain period, such a mortgage shall be deemed to be a mortgage with possession (Bhogbandaki), and if the deed provides that the creditor is entitled to possess the property in the event of the debtor's default on repayment of the loan within the deadline set by the creditor and the debtor for repayment, such a mortgage shall be deemed to be a mortgage without possession (Drishtibandhaki).\n(3) A property to be mortgaged shall be of such nature as may be capable of being enjoyed by the mortgagee.\n(4) A person shall not mortgage a property in which he or she has not right, ownership or possession or which he or she will acquire in the future.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "434. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 299, "char_count": 1695, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125895" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0407", "text": "436. Deed to be executed: (1) A deed shall be executed in accordance with law for mortgaging any property pursuant to this Chapter.\n\n(2) A person executing the deed of mortgage shall be competent in accordance with law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "436. Deed to be executed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 38, "char_count": 219, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125904" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0408", "text": "437. Mortgaged property to be possessed and enjoyed: (1) The creditor shall possess and enjoy the property in mortgage with possession from the date of execution of the deed thereon or from a particular date, if any, specified in the deed, and the property in mortgage without possession within two years of the expiration of the date for repayment of loan by the debtor.\n(2) If, for any reason, the creditor is not able to possess and enjoy such property within the period referred to in sub-section (1) or if the debtor does not allow, by any means, the creditor to possess and enjoy it, the creditor may make a lawsuit in accordance with law for effecting the possession and enjoyment of such property.\n(3) If the creditor fails to possess and enjoy the property pursuant to sub-section (1) or to make a lawsuit for effecting its possession and enjoyment pursuant to sub-section (2), such a mortgage shall ipso facto be inoperative.\n(4) If the deed of a mortgage becomes inoperative pursuant to sub-section (3), the deed shall be equivalent to an unsecured bond (Kapali).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "437. Mortgaged property to be possessed and enjoyed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 185, "char_count": 1074, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125915" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0409", "text": "438. Possessory right in mortgaged property to be deemed transferred: If any person mortgages any property, the possessory right in such property shall be deemed to have been transferred to the creditor from the date of its possession and enjoyment by the creditor.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "438. Possessory right in mortgaged property to be deemed transferred", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 43, "char_count": 266, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125923" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0410", "text": "439. Entitlement to possess as if it belonged to oneself: (1) The creditor shall be entitled to possess and enjoy the property mortgaged to him or her and fruit, benefit and facility brought out from such property as if the same were his or her own property.\n(2) If the creditor is not able to possess and enjoy the property mortgaged to him or her because of its incapability of being transferred or of any hindrance or obstruction by the debtor, the debtor shall pay a reasonable compensation to the creditor for the same.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "439. Entitlement to possess as if it belonged to oneself", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 94, "char_count": 524, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125932" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0411", "text": "440. Duty to take reasonable care of (herbichar) mortgaged property: (1) After acquiring possessory right in the mortgaged property, the creditor shall take a reasonable care and protection of that property as if it were his or her own.\n(2) The creditor himself or herself shall pay the tax or charge, if any, payable by law for the possession and enjoyment of the mortgaged property.\nProvided that the debtor shall pay the land revenue payable by law.\n(3) If the creditor is not able to possess and enjoy the mortgaged property because of any hindrance or obstruction by any person other than the debtor, the creditor may make a lawsuit in accordance with law for its possession and enjoyment.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "440. Duty to take reasonable care of (herbichar) mortgaged property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 119, "char_count": 694, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125943" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0412", "text": "441. Interest, charge or fee not to be collected: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Act, no creditor who has lent money against the security of mortgage with possession in a\n\nproperty shall collect any kind of interest, charge or fee in consideration of such loan from the debtor.\n(2) After the creditor has acquired possession in the property of mortgage without possession, the creditor shall not collect any kind of interest, charge or fee in consideration for such loan.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "441. Interest, charge or fee not to be collected", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 81, "char_count": 497, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125952" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0413", "text": "442. Period for possession and enjoyment of property in mortgage with possession: (1) Except as otherwise provided in the deed of mortgage, no property in mortgage with possession may be possessed and enjoyed for a period exceeding ten years.\n(2) If the property in mortgage with possession is not redeemed within the period referred to in sub-section (1), the deed of mortgage shall be equivalent to an unsecured bond.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "442. Period for possession and enjoyment of property in mortgage with possession", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 69, "char_count": 419, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125961" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0414", "text": "443. Maximum period of mortgage without possession: (1) No period of a mortgage without possession in a property shall exceed five years.\n(2) No creditor is entitled to take action for effecting possession in the property in mortgage without possession or having recovery of the related loan from the debtor prior to the completion of the period referred to in sub-section (1).\n(3) After the expiry of the period referred to in sub-section (1), the property may be possessed for a period not exceeding ten years.\n(4) If the property given in mortgage without possession is not redeemed within the period of ten years after the possession\n\npursuant to sub-section (3), the relevant deed shall be equivalent to an unsecured bond.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "443. Maximum period of mortgage without possession", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 121, "char_count": 727, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125970" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0415", "text": "444. Redemption of mortgaged property at any time: The debtor may, at any time, redeem his or her property from the creditor by repaying the loan, in the case of a property given in mortgage with possession, and also the interest, if any, payable on the loan, in the case of a property given in mortgage without possession, to the creditor.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if the property in mortgage is a cultivable land and the creditor has already planted crops in such a land at the time of redemption, the creditor shall be entitled to possess and enjoy such crops except as otherwise agreed upon between the creditor and the debtor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "444. Redemption of mortgaged property at any time", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 115, "char_count": 665, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125980" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0416", "text": "445. Property in mortgage may be remortgaged: (1) A person who has obtained a property in mortgage shall be entitled to remortgage such property or any part thereof to another person in consideration for an amount which is equal to, or lesser than, the amount specified in the deed of mortgage, and in such a case, a re-mortgage is deemed to have been created.\nProvided that a mortgaged property shall not be the object of re-mortgage prior to the existence of the possessory right in such property.\n(2) The period of possession and enjoyment of the remortgage given pursuant to sub-section (1) shall not exceed the period of possession and enjoyment under the mortgage.\n\n(3) If the debtor who has right and ownership in the property intends to redeem the property re-mortgaged pursuant to sub-section (1), the debtor may redeem the property upon payment of the price directly from the re-mortgagee if the price of the remortgage is equal to the original price and through the original mortgagee if such price is less than the original price.\n(4) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, the transaction of remortgage made inconsistent with the terms of the mortgage shall ipso facto be void to the extent of such inconsistency.\n(5) If the creditor is not entitled to possess the property remortgaged pursuant to this Chapter, the deed of such a re-mortgage shall be equivalent to an unsecured bond (Kapali).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "445. Property in mortgage may be remortgaged", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 238, "char_count": 1429, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.125995" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0417", "text": "446. Fruits or benefits of property may be mortgaged:\nNotwithstanding anything contained in Section 445, a creditor who has obtained a property in mortgage may, instead of remortgaging the whole property, remortgage only the fruits, benefit or facility of such property, or, if such property is a cultivable land, only the crops, products, trees, bamboo trees, reaped or to be reaped fruits, vegetables, flowers or any other kinds of products to be yielded from such land.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "446. Fruits or benefits of property may be mortgaged", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 76, "char_count": 472, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126005" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0418", "text": "447. Mortgaging by third party on behalf of debtor: (1) A third person may, in consideration for a loan borrowed by a debtor, mortgage a property in which the third person has right and ownership to the creditor on behalf of the debtor.\n\n(2) The creditor shall, pursuant to this Chapter, be entitled to possess and enjoy the property mortgaged pursuant to subsection (1) as if it were the property mortgaged by the debtor to the creditor.\n(3) If a property is mortgaged by a third person pursuant to sub-section (1), the relationship between the debtor and the third person shall be governed by the deed of mortgage or other separate contract, and in the default of such provision, such transaction shall be equivalent to an unsecured bond (Kapali).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "447. Mortgaging by third party on behalf of debtor", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 129, "char_count": 749, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126015" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0419", "text": "448. Property in mortgage to be indivisible: (1) A property mortgaged by a debtor to a creditor shall remain indivisible notwithstanding the creation of more than one creditor by virtue of the partition or succession between the creditor's coparceners or the division between creditor's partners, and the debtor shall not be entitled to redeem the whole or any portion of the mortgaged property until the loan borrowed by him or her is repaid in full in accordance with the deed of mortgage.\n(2) If more than one debtor are maintained by virtue of the partition, succession between the debtor's coparceners or division between the debtor's partners, the mortgaged property shall not be liable to redemption until each debtor repays his or her respective portion of the loan in full.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "448. Property in mortgage to be indivisible", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 129, "char_count": 782, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126025" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0420", "text": "449. Creditor to be liable for loss and damage to property in mortgage: (1) After the creation of the creditor's possessory right in the property in mortgage, the creditor shall be liable for any kind of loss or damage, if any, caused to the property in mortgage.\n\n(2) In the event of any loss or damage to the property in mortgage pursuant to sub-section (1), the creditor shall so repair such property, at his or her cost, as to restore it into its original form.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the creditor shall not be liable for any loss or damage to the property in mortgage caused by a disaster, and the creditor shall repair such loss or damage with the debtor's consent in writing.\n(4) The debtor shall, while redeeming the property in mortgage, pay also the expenses incurred in the maintenance under sub-section (3), in addition to the loan borrowed from the creditor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "449. Creditor to be liable for loss and damage to property in mortgage", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 157, "char_count": 907, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126036" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0421", "text": "450. Not to create trouble on property in mortgage: After the creation of the possessory right in the property in mortgage, the creditor shall not so trouble the debtor stating that such property is inappropriate or inaccurate or less as to be inconsistent with the terms of the deed.\nProvided that nothing shall bar the making of a claim for the repayment of a loan in accordance with the deed of mortgage if the creditor is not entitled to possess the property in mortgage for any reason or if the property is held to be defective for any reason.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "450. Not to create trouble on property in mortgage", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 99, "char_count": 548, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126047" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0422", "text": "451. Mortgage not to be made to foreigner: No person may mortgage an immovable property to a foreign person other than a person having obtained the non-resident Nepali citizenship, without prior approval of the Government of Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "451. Mortgage not to be made to foreigner", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 37, "char_count": 231, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126054" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0423", "text": "452. Not to be mortgaged or transferred in duplication: (1) No property once mortgaged may be mortgaged or transferred again, in duplication, to other person.\n\n(2) If a person mortgages a property in duplication in contravention of sub-section (1), the deed registered at an earlier date shall be valid and the subsequent deed shall ipso facto be void.\n(3) If a deed becomes void pursuant to sub-section (2), the amount of a creditor who knowingly executes the deed in duplication shall lapse, and that of a creditor who executes it without knowledge of duplication shall be equivalent to an unsecured bond (Kapali).\n(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), in the event of the execution of deeds in duplication, and the first deed providing for any kind of mortgage and the second deed providing for the transfer of title, the transferee shall be entitled to establish the title by making repayment of loan in accordance with the first deed of mortgage.\n(5) One who executes a deed in duplication as mentioned in this Section shall be liable to the punishment with a fine of a sum that is equal to the amount in controversy, if any, indicated in the second deed, to the amount indicated in the earlier deed, if such amount in controversy is not indicated in the second deed, and a sum not exceeding twenty-five thousand rupees if no such amount is indicated even in the earlier deed.\nProvided that a fine in excess of one hundred thousand rupees shall not be imposed irrespective of the sum of amount in controversy.\n(6) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, in the event of the execution of the deed of mortgage in\n\nduplication, possessory right shall be established within two years from the date of the first deed if it provides for mortgage with possession (Bhogbhandhaki) and within two years from the date of entitlement to the possessory right if the first deed provides for mortgage without possessory right (Drishtibandhaki).\n(7) In the event of a failure to establish the possessory right pursuant to sub-section (6), the creditor's amount shall be equivalent to an unsecured bond (Kapali).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "452. Not to be mortgaged or transferred in duplication", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 358, "char_count": 2143, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126075" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0424", "text": "453. Statute of limitation: A lawsuit may be made within the statute of limitation, if any, specified separately in this Chapter, and, in relation to the other cases, within a period of one year after the date on which any act was done or action was taken pursuant to this Chapter, by a person who is aggrieved from such an act or action.\n\nChapter-13 Provisions Relating to Pre-emption of Immovable Property 454. Pre-emption deemed to be made: If a person transfers, in any manner, any immovable property in which that person has right, ownership and possession to another person and anyone who is in neighbor of such property redeems it in accordance with this Chapter, pre-emption shall be deemed to be made.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"in neighbor of\" includes a situation where a ditch, water supply, passage, exit etc. for one will be closed by the reason that one does not have other's house or land that is bordering one's house or land and has been transferred.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "453. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 173, "char_count": 998, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126089" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0425", "text": "455. Entitlement of heir to pre-emption: (1) If a person sells his or her immovable property, the heir in neighbor of such property may preempt such property upon payment of the amount paid by the buyer of that property as well as the fees incurred in course of approval of deed to the buyer.\n(2) If there are more than one heir who intend to make preemption pursuant to sub-section (1), the nearest heir, and, if such heirs are also more than one, the heir who is the most immediate neighbor, and, if even such heirs are more than one, all the heirs may pre-empt such property in equal proportion.\n(3) If the nearest heir does not pre-empt such property pursuant to sub-section (2), the heir who is the nearest in the order of preference may pre-empt such property.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "455. Entitlement of heir to pre-emption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 139, "char_count": 767, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126101" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0426", "text": "456. Pre-emption by tenant: If there is no heir in neighbor of the property pursuant to Section 455 or even if there is an heir, he or she does not intend to make pre-emption and if there is a tenant in accordance with law in such a property, the tenant may pre-empt such property.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "456. Pre-emption by tenant", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 54, "char_count": 281, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126109" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0427", "text": "457. Pre-emption of sold house: (1) If there are different owners of the different parts of the same house and the owner of a part sells his or her part to another person, the owner of another part may, if he or she intends to pre-empt that part, preempt such a part of the house by paying the amount paid by the buyer and the fee incurred in the registration of the deed to the buyer.\n(2) In making pre-emption pursuant to sub-section (1), the following person shall get preference as follows:\n(a) If the owner of the other part is the heir, such an heir, and if there are more than one heir, the nearest heir, (b) If the owner of the other part is a person other than the heir, the owner in neighbor of or the owner of the part adjoining such a part.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "457. Pre-emption of sold house", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 147, "char_count": 752, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126123" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0428", "text": "458. Pre-emption of house donated or gifted: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 455,456 or 457, if any person relinquishes in any manner his or her right in and donates or gifts the half part of the same house or any portion thereof or the land occupied by or appurtenant to the house and the donee has transferred the right in the house or land in any manner to another person, the donor or his or her heir residing in the same place may,\n\nif he or she so intends, pre-empt such a house or any portion thereof or the land occupied by or appurtenant to the house.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if a person gets a donation or gift of the half part or any portion of the same house or the land occupied by or appurtenant to the house from a donor and the donor donates or gifts the remaining part of such a house or land to another person, the former donee or giftee or his or her heir may pre-empt such remaining part or portion.\n(3) In making pre-emption pursuant to sub-section (1) or (2), the figure of price, if any, indicated in the instrument of donation or gift, and amount equal to the prevailing market price, if such figure is not so indicated, and the fees incurred in the registration of the deed shall be paid to the creditor.\n(4) If, there are more than one heir intending to make preemption pursuant to sub-section (1) or (2), the nearest heir, and the most aggrieved heir, if even the nearest heirs are more than one, may make pre-emption.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "458. Pre-emption of house donated or gifted", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 275, "char_count": 1498, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126139" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0429", "text": "459. Where pre-emption is not permitted: Notwithstanding anything contained in Sections 457 and 458, any part of or house built under the provision of joint housing shall not be subject to pre-emption.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "459. Where pre-emption is not permitted", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 32, "char_count": 201, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126147" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0430", "text": "460. Procedures for making pre-emption: (1) A person who intends to make pre-emption of any immovable property pursuant to this Chapter shall make a petition to the office making registration of the relevant deed, and such a petition has to be accompanied by a deposit of an amount equal to the price of the property to be preempted, if any, indicated in the deed registered for the transfer of such property, or an amount equal to the prevailing market price if such price is not indicated in the deed, and the fees charged in the approval of registration of such a deed. (2) If a petition is received pursuant to sub-section (1), the office that approves the registration of the deed shall hold the petitioner on recognizance and send a process of summon to the person obliged to allow preemption to appear in the office, within a period of seven days excluding the time required for journey. (3) If the person obliged to allow preemption appears and consents to preemption within the time limit as referred to in subsection (2), the office that approves the registration of the deed shall effect preemption by paying to him or her the amount deposited pursuant to sub-section (1). (4) If, despite that the person obliged to allow preemption does not appear and consent to preemption within the time-limit referred to in sub-section (2), it appears from the received petition, registered deed and records of the office that pre-emption is to be effected, the office that approves registration of the deed shall make decision to effect pre-emption, and if it appears that pre-emption is not to be made, that office shall make decision not to effect preemption and give according information to the petitioner. (5) If the person obliged to allow pre-emption does not appear within the time limit referred to in sub-section (2), and, after the expiration of the time limit, if it appears from the received petition, registered deed and records of the office that pre-emption is to be effected, the office shall make decision to effect preemption and give an execution slip to the person entitled to pre emption to enjoy the property to be pre-empted, and send a notice to the person obliged to allow preemption to receive the amount of deposit made pursuant to sub-section (1).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "460. Procedures for making pre-emption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 387, "char_count": 2276, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126230" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0431", "text": "effected, the office shall make decision to effect preemption and give an execution slip to the person entitled to pre emption to enjoy the property to be pre-empted, and send a notice to the person obliged to allow preemption to receive the amount of deposit made pursuant to sub-section (1). (6) If the person obliged to allow pre-emption appears within the time-limit referred to in sub-section (2) but expresses his or her disagreement with the market price of such property, the office that approves the registration of the deed shall fix the market price of that property and effect pre-emption by having the amount equal to that market price paid to the person obliged to allow preemption. (7) If any party does not agree to the market price of the property subject to pre-emption fixed pursuant to sub-section (6) or if the person obliged to allow preemption appears within the time limit and shows the reason why pre-emption is not to be made, and it is necessary to decide it upon examination of evidence on the matter, the office that approves the registration of the deed shall inform that the concerned person may make a lawsuit in the court within thirty-five days; and in such a case, action shall be taken pursuant to a decision of the court if a lawsuit has been filed within the time-limit, and pursuant to a decision of the office if no such a lawsuit has been filed. (8) In returning the amount to the petitioner on holding that pre-emption cannot be made pursuant to sub-section (4), two and half percent of the amount deposited pursuant to sub-section (1) shall be deducted. (9) If the person who has petitioned for pre-emption does not subsequently intend, for any reason, to make pre-emption or fails to appear at the appointed dates, the office shall punish that person with a fine of three percent of the amount of deposit furnished by him or her and the amount that remains after deducting that fine from the amount of deposit shall be returned to him or her.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "460. Procedures for making pre-emption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 347, "char_count": 1986, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126252" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0432", "text": "fails to appear at the appointed dates, the office shall punish that person with a fine of three percent of the amount of deposit furnished by him or her and the amount that remains after deducting that fine from the amount of deposit shall be returned to him or her.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "460. 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Procedures for making pre-emption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 5, "char_count": 23, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126491" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0478", "text": "to him or her.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "460. Procedures for making pre-emption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 4, "char_count": 14, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126495" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0479", "text": "him or her.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "460. Procedures for making pre-emption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 3, "char_count": 11, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126499" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0480", "text": "or her.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "460. Procedures for making pre-emption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 2, "char_count": 7, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126504" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0481", "text": "her.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "460. Procedures for making pre-emption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 1, "char_count": 4, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126509" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0482", "text": "461. To update records upon pre-emption: If it is held by the concerned office or court that pre-emption can be made pursuant to this Chapter, the office shall make entries into and update accordingly the records of the pre-empted property maintained in such an office.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "461. To update records upon pre-emption", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 45, "char_count": 269, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126525" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0483", "text": "462. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken pursuant to this Chapter may file a lawsuit within thirty-five days after the date of knowledge thereof not later than six months after the date of registration of the deed.\nProvided that a tenant may file a lawsuit within thirty-five days after the date of expiration of the date within which the landowner may make pre-emption.\n\nChapter-14 Provisions Relating to Approval of Registration of Deeds 463. Deed deemed to be registered: If any deed submitted by a person to the concerned office for approval pursuant to this Chapter is approved by such an office, such a deed shall be deemed to be registered.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"concerned office\" means such an office as may be designated by the Government of Nepal, by a notification in the Nepal Gazette, and includes the concerned Land Revenue Office until the office is so designated.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "462. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 163, "char_count": 961, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126537" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0484", "text": "464. Deeds to be registered: (1) In making any of the following deeds, such a deed shall be got registered with the concerned office:\n(a) A deed transferring the right in an immovable property in any manner, (b) A deed of mortgage with possession, mortgage without possession or re-mortgage, (c) A deed on donation or gift of immovable property in testament, (d) A deed on exchange of immovable property, (e) A deed on partition or relinquishment of partition share of property in common, (f) A deed on separation of board and bread or unification of board and bread, (g) A deed on establishment of a trust,\n\n(h) A deed on house renting with a monthly rent of more than one hundred thousand rupees, (i) A deed on usufruct in an immovable property, (j) Such other deed required to be registered pursuant to this Act or law.\n(2) If any person fails to have registered a deed required to be registered pursuant to sub-section (1), such a deed shall not be legally recognized.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "464. Deeds to be registered", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 172, "char_count": 972, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126551" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0485", "text": "465. Other deeds may be registered: (1) A person may, if he or she so intends, have registered also any deed other than that set forth in Section 464.\n(2) If a person makes an application for the approval of registration of a deed pursuant to sub-section (1), the concerned office shall register such deed by fulfilling the legal requirements.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "465. Other deeds may be registered", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 60, "char_count": 343, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126560" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0486", "text": "466. Deed may be registered by commission: (1) If a person makes an application to the concerned office for the approval of registration of a deed by a commission deputed by the office and it appears that such a deed can be registered by that office, the chief of office or other employee deputed by him or her shall, on deposit with the office of the fees chargeable for such registration, visit the location indicated by the applicant within five days and register such a deed by fulfilling the legal requirements.\n(2) If the deed is approved by a commission deputed pursuant to sub-section (1), the office shall credit into revenue the deposit made pursuant to that sub-section.\n\n(3) If, for any reason, the deed is not approved and registered by a commission deputed pursuant to sub-section (1), the applicant shall get refund of the deposit within three months.\n(4) If the applicant fails to get refund of the deposit within the time-limit referred to in sub-section (3), the office shall credit such deposit into revenue.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "466. Deed may be registered by commission", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 176, "char_count": 1027, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126573" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0487", "text": "467. Deed may be approved and registered with office in other district: (1) If the parties to a deed intend to get the deed approved and registered in a district other than the district in which either of them resides or the property is situated, they shall make an application, setting out the matter, to the concerned office of that district.\n(2) If an application is made for the registration of a deed pursuant to sub-section (1), such an office shall make necessary inquiry into the matter and approve and register such deed by fulfilling the legal requirements.\n(3) If a deed of immovable property is approved and registered in other district pursuant to sub-section (2), the office shall send a copy of the registered deed to the relevant office of the concerned district.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "467. Deed may be approved and registered with office in other district", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 134, "char_count": 779, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126586" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0488", "text": "468. Fee chargeable for registration of deed: (1) The fee specified by law shall be charged for the approval and registration of a deed.\n(2) Except where the law provides for the fee of approval and registration of a deed, fee shall be charged according to the amount set forth in the deed dealing with transaction of money.\n\nProvided that if the price of the immovable property referred to in the deed is less than the minimum price specified by the Government of Nepal, the fee shall be charged according to the price specified by the Government of Nepal.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) or (2), in registering a deed in another district, there shall be charged an additional fee by ten percent of the fee set forth in that sub-section.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "468. Fee chargeable for registration of deed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 133, "char_count": 764, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126598" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0489", "text": "469. Obligation to pay fees: (1) The following person shall pay the fee chargeable for the registration of the following deed:\n(a) In the case of a deed transferring a property or relating to mortgage, the transferee or mortgagee, (b) In the case of a deed on partition or relinquishment of partition share, separation of board and bread or unification of board and bread, all coparceners in equal portion, (c) In the case of a deed on exchange of property, both parties to the deed, (d) In the case of a deed of testamentary gift, the donor or testator, (e) In the case of a deed on house renting, the house lord, (f) In case of a memorandum of establishment of trust, founder of a trust,\n\n(g) In the case of any other deed, both parties to the deed.\n(2) In registering the deed referred to in clause (e) of subsection (1), the fee shall be determined considering the amount of rent of the first month receivable for house rent as the price.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "469. Obligation to pay fees", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 173, "char_count": 942, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126613" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0490", "text": "470. Provision relating to payment of amount: If any amount is to be paid and received between the parties to a deed according to the deed intended to be approved and registered, such payment may be effected either in household or in presence of the concerned employee of the office or by a good for payment cheque.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "470. Provision relating to payment of amount", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 57, "char_count": 315, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126623" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0491", "text": "471. Transmission and registration and de-registration to be made:\n(1) If any transmission has to be effected in consequence of a deed registered, the concerned office shall execute transmission, and registration and deregistration of the matter on the day of registration of the deed, and on the following day if it is not possible to do so on that day.\n(2) If any transmission and registration and deregistration of the matter have to be made in the records of another office according to the deed registered by one office, the latter shall give a time-limit of thirty-five days to the transferee, thereby informing him or her to go to the concerned office for the transmission, and registration and deregistration of the matter, and send also the deed to the concerned office.\n(3) On receipt of a deed sent by another district for the transmission, and registration and deregistration of the matter pursuant to sub-section (2), the concerned office shall enter the\n\nmatter of such registration into its records and effect transmission and registration and deregistration of the matter according to the deed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "471. Transmission and registration and de-registration to be made", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 182, "char_count": 1110, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126635" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0492", "text": "472. Deed registered at earlier date to be valid: In the event of approval and registration of more than one deed in relation to the same matter, the deed approved and registered on the earlier date shall be valid.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "472. Deed registered at earlier date to be valid", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 214, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126644" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0493", "text": "473. Statute of limitation: (1) A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken pursuant to this Chapter may make a lawsuit within six months after the date on which such an act was done or action was taken.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if a deed is approved and registered by an office of another area, a lawsuit may be made within one year after the date of receipt by the concerned office of a copy of such a deed.\n\nChapter-15 Provisions Relating to Transactions 474. Transaction deemed to be made: (1) If there is give-and-take of any amount or goods between two or more persons subject to any condition, transaction shall be deemed to have been made between them.\n(2) If a transaction is made pursuant to sub-section (1), the receiver of amount or goods shall return the same to the giver of amount or goods.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"amount\" includes the price of a goods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "473. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 169, "char_count": 951, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126658" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0494", "text": "475. Loan deemed to be borrowed: If a person has an obligation to pay any amount or goods to another person in any manner, such obligation shall be deemed to be a loan borrowed by that person, and such a person shall return such amount or goods to the concerned person, subject to the provisions of this Chapter.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "475. Loan deemed to be borrowed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 58, "char_count": 312, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126668" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0495", "text": "476. Transaction not to be carried on without executing deed: No person shall carry on transaction without executing a deed in accordance with law.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"deed\" means any document that substantiates a transaction including a cheque, bill, voucher and receipt.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "476. Transaction not to be carried on without executing deed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 48, "char_count": 309, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126675" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0496", "text": "477. Matters to be set out in deed: In carrying on a transaction, the following matters shall be set out in the deed according to the nature of transaction:\n\n(a) Name, surname, age and address of each person involved in transaction, and name of his or her father, mother, grand-father and grand-mother, Provided that in the case of a married person, the name of his or her husband or wife, as the case may be, shall also be mentioned.\n(b) Reason for transaction, (c) Volume of transaction, (d) In the case of transaction of any good, price of such goods, (e) In the case of exchange of any goods by way of borrowing, loan or otherwise, the matter to that effect, (f) Details of the goods, if any, exchanged, (g) Date for repayment of the transacted amount, (h) Rate of interest, if any, payable on the transaction, (i) Matter that the creditor may recover the amount involved in the transaction from the borrower's assets in the event of failure to repay such amount within the specified time or to fulfill the other conditions set forth in the deed, (j) Place of the deed executed, (k) Date of the deed executed, (l) Such other matters as required to be set out according to the nature of transaction.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "477. Matters to be set out in deed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 216, "char_count": 1203, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126688" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0497", "text": "478. Entitlement of creditor to interest from debtor: (1) If a deed on transaction provides for the payment of interest, the creditor may collect the interest from the debtor as set forth in the deed.\n(2) The amount of interest which the creditor is entitled to collect from the debtor pursuant to sub-section (1) shall not exceed ten percent of the principal per annum.\n(3) If the deed executed pursuant to sub-section (1) does not provide for the rate of interest but only for the payment of interest, the creditor may collect interest from the debtor at the rate of ten percent of the principal per annum.\n(4) If the deed executed pursuant to sub-section (1) provides for the payment of profit instead of interest but does not specify the amount of such profit, the creditor may collect such profit from the debtor as if it were interest.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "478. Entitlement of creditor to interest from debtor", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 148, "char_count": 841, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126700" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0498", "text": "479. Creditor not allowed to collect interest from debtor: If the deed on transaction does not provide for the payment of interest, the creditor shall not collect interest from the debtor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "479. Creditor not allowed to collect interest from debtor", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 31, "char_count": 188, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126707" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0499", "text": "480. Compound interest not to be collected: (1) The creditor shall not collect compound interest from the debtor.\n(2) If any creditor collects compound interest from a debtor in contravention of sub-section (1), such interest shall be deducted from the principal and refunded if the principal has already been repaid.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "480. Compound interest not to be collected", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 50, "char_count": 317, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126714" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0500", "text": "481. Interest in excess of principal not to be collected:\nNotwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, the creditor shall not collect interest in excess of the principal.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "481. Interest in excess of principal not to be collected", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 28, "char_count": 188, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126722" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0501", "text": "482. Procedures to be fulfilled in paying and collecting principal and interest: The following procedures shall be fulfilled in paying and collecting interest:\n(a) If the debtor repays the whole of the principal and interest, the creditor shall sign and return the deed on transaction to the debtor by tearing out the deed or indicating on its space or reverse side that the loan has been repaid, (b) If the deed is not found at the time of repayment of the principal and interest pursuant to clause (a), the creditor shall give the debtor a receipt indicating the receipt of the particular amount on the particular date, (c) In repaying some amount out of the principal and interest, the creditor shall indicate on the reverse side of the deed how much he or she has received from the debtor on which date, and get the debtor to sign the deed and issue a separate receipt of amount accordingly if the deed is not found immediately or it is not with the creditor for the time being.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "482. Procedures to be fulfilled in paying and collecting principal and interest", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 176, "char_count": 982, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126735" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0502", "text": "483. Interest accruable as of the date of recovery of amount:\nNotwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if the court passes a judgment on a lawsuit, if any, made within the period under Section 484 entitling the creditor to recover interest as well, the creditor shall be entitled to the interest as of the date of recovery according to the judgment.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "483. Interest accruable as of the date of recovery of amount", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 62, "char_count": 371, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126750" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0503", "text": "484. Period of deed executed in household: (1) The period of a deed executed in household pursuant to this Chapter shall not exceed ten years.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if the debtor repays some of the principal or interest thereon to the creditor or the term of a deed is extended for the repayment of principal or interest within the period of ten years, another period of ten years shall be extended from the date of such repayment of principal or interest or extension of the period, as the case may be.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "484. Period of deed executed in household", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 95, "char_count": 540, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126763" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0504", "text": "485. Transaction carried on with incompetent or quasi-competent person not to be recognized: A transaction carried on by a person with an incompetent or quasi-competent person shall not get legal recognition.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "485. Transaction carried on with incompetent or quasi-competent person not to be recognized", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 31, "char_count": 208, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126771" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0505", "text": "486. Recovery of amount not available from property in common:\n(1) If any person carries on transaction with another person and the deed of such transaction does not bear the signature of the person acting as the head of family, the creditor shall not be entitled to recover his or her amount from such property until the debtor's right in the property in common is established.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if the person acting as the head of family repays such amount, the creditor may recover the same.\n(3) If any person is not able to recover the amount from the debtor on the occurrence of the circumstance referred to in subsection (1), the creditor shall make a lawsuit against the debtor and maintain his or her right within a period of ten years.\n\n(4) In the event of the maintenance of the right with the debtor pursuant to sub-section (3), the creditor may recover his or her amount from the debtor in accordance with law after his or her right in the property in common has been established.\n(5) The statute of limitation for making a lawsuit shall, for the recovery of the amount pursuant to sub-section (4), commence from the date of establishment of the debtor's right.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "486. Recovery of amount not available from property in common", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 212, "char_count": 1214, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126785" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0506", "text": "487. Exchange of movable property not allowed without consent: (1) A person of majority age in a joint family is not allowed to exchange any movable property in common without consent of the person acting as the head of family.\nProvided that the consent of the person acting as the head of family shall not be required to exchange his or her private property.\n(2) If a person exchanges a movable property in contravention of sub-section (1), the exchange of such property shall not be valid if the person acting as the head of family does not consent to such exchange.\n(3) If there is no consent of the person acting as the head of family to the exchange of movable property made in contravention of sub-section (1), the property so exchanged may be taken back within thirty-five days.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "487. Exchange of movable property not allowed without consent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 139, "char_count": 785, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126796" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0507", "text": "488. Recovery of amount if transaction appears to have been carried on: Even though any person does not execute a deed by fulfilling the procedures referred to in this Chapter, if it appears from any deed, banking transaction, negotiable instrument, cheque, voucher or book of account that transaction has been carried on with any\n\nperson, the court may, based on such deed, banking transaction, negotiable instrument, cheque, voucher or book of account, order the recovery of such amount from the debtor to the lawsuit maker.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "488. Recovery of amount if transaction appears to have been carried on", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 85, "char_count": 526, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126805" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0508", "text": "489. Procedure to be followed if deed executed on household is lost or destroyed due to force majeure event: (1) If a deed executed in household is lost or destroyed due to a force majeure event, the creditor shall make an application, setting out the matter, to the concerned Local Level within fifteen days from the date of loss or occurrence of the force majeure event.\n(2) If an application is made pursuant to sub-section (1), the concerned Local Level shall draw up a receipt setting out the matter and issue the receipt, sealed with the stamp of the office, to the applicant.\n(3) If an application is made pursuant to sub-section (1), the Local Level shall summon the presence of the deed executor, if he or she is alive, and of the nearest heir, if such executor is not alive, within seven days, and cause a deed to be prepared as per the original deed, if he or she so consents, and authenticate such deed and deliver it to the applicant.\n(4) If the deed executor does not consent to execute another deed indicating that the deed was lost or destroyed due to a force majeure event pursuant to sub-section (3), the creditor shall make a lawsuit and maintain his or her right, showing the evidence of the loss of deed or occurrence of the force majeure event, within thirty-five days of the expiry of that time-limit.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "489. Procedure to be followed if deed executed on household is lost or destroyed due to force majeure event", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 238, "char_count": 1325, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126821" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0509", "text": "490. To return goods transacted in the event of imperfection: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the deed, if the receiver of any goods transacted with specification of price is not able to possess the goods due to the fact that the goods do not correspond to that set forth in the deed or are imperfect for any reason, he or she shall give a notice thereof to the giver of goods within thirty-five days of such transaction.\n(2) If a notice is received from the receiver of goods pursuant to sub-section (1) and his or her statement appears to be reasonable, the exchange of goods shall be made if the giver has similar other goods, and if the giver does not have such goods, he or she shall get back his or her goods and cancel the deed executed in relation to such transaction.\n(3) If the giver of goods refuses to exchange or to take back the goods pursuant to sub-section (2), the receiver of goods may make a lawsuit to have recovery of an amount equivalent to the price of such goods and a reasonable compensation for the loss and damage caused to him or her from the concerned person or get such transaction to be void.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "490. To return goods transacted in the event of imperfection", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 211, "char_count": 1131, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126841" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0510", "text": "491. To return goods in original condition: (1) If any person obtains or borrows for any specific purpose any goods owned or possessed by another person whether for rent or not or for borrowing or not or on any other terms and conditions, the person shall, after the completion of the purpose, return the goods that are the same in kind, quantity and quality as have been so acquired or borrowed, to the owner or possessor.\n\n(2) If the goods obtained pursuant to sub-section (1) are lost, broken, destroyed, out of order or otherwise damaged, except as otherwise provided for in the deed, the person obtaining such goods shall return similar other goods to the owner or possessor or pay to the owner or possessor an amount equivalent to the prevailing market price of such goods if similar other goods are not available.\n(3) Except as otherwise provided for in the deed in relation to the return of, or payment of rent or amount for, the goods pursuant to sub-section (1) or (2), such goods or rent shall be returned or paid to the owner or possessor within fifteen days after the completion of the purpose for which the goods were obtained.\n(4) If the person obtaining the goods fails to return or pay the goods or amount to the owner or possessor within the time-limit under sub-section (3), the aggrieved person may recover the amount of such goods and a reasonable compensation, as well, for the loss caused to him or her.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "491. To return goods in original condition", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 253, "char_count": 1426, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126857" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0511", "text": "492. Statute of limitation: (1) There shall be no statute of limitation for making a lawsuit in the matter of transaction carried on with intent to take rights to, misappropriate, cause loss to, or disorder, the property of an incompetent and quasi-competent person or in the matter of collection of compound interest or collection of interest in excess of ten percent.\n(2) Except as provided for in sub-section (1), a person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken pursuant to this Chapter may make a lawsuit as follows from the date of such act or action:\n\n(a) Where this Chapter provides for a separate statute of limitation for making a lawsuit, within such limitation, (b) Within a period of one year from the date of expiration of the period, if any, specified in any deed, and failing such a deed, or in the other cases, from the date of accrual of the cause of action.\n\nPart-5 Provisions Relating to Contract and Other Obligations Chapter-1 General Provisions Relating to Obligations 493. Obligation to be created: (1) If there is a legal compulsion for one to do or to abstain from doing any act, an obligation is created if one omits to do or does such an act.\n(2) The obligation to be created pursuant to sub-section (1) shall be maintained and determined pursuant to this Chapter.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "492. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 228, "char_count": 1303, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126873" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0512", "text": "494. Circumstances in which obligation is created: (1) The obligation under Section 493 shall be created and maintained as follows:\n(a) By a law, (b) By a contract, (c) By an indirect or quasi-contract, (d) By an unjust enrichment, (e) By an unilateral commitment of any person to assume obligation, (f) By an act to be treated as tort under law, (g) By an act to be treated as a quasi-tort under law.\n(2) In regard to sub-section (1), (a) The obligation referred to in clause (a) shall be created under this Act or other law.\n(b) The obligation referred to in clause (b) shall be created under a contact entered into between the parties.\n\n(c) The obligation referred to in clause (c) shall be created under an indirect or quasi-contact as defined in Chapter-15 of this Part.\n(d) The obligation referred to in clause (d) shall be created under an unjust enrichment as defined in Chapter-16 of this Part.\n(e) The obligation referred to in clause (e) shall be determined under provision for creating obligation under law through an unilateral commitment.\n(f) The obligation referred to in clause (f) shall be created under torts as defined in Chapter-17 of this Part.\n(g) The obligation referred to in clause (g) shall be created from the defective product as defined in Chapter-18 of this Part or from other act to be deemed as a quasi-tort under law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "494. Circumstances in which obligation is created", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 236, "char_count": 1350, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126887" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0513", "text": "495. Obligation to be fulfilled: (1) A person shall himself or herself fulfill the obligation of any matter which has been so maintained or created as to be fulfilled by him or her or which he or she has undertaken to fulfill.\n(2) If such a person dies or becomes of unsound mind prior to the fulfillment of the obligation pursuant to sub-section (1), the heir succeeding to his or her property or his or her guardian or curator or the guarantor in the case of a contract relating to guarantee shall fulfill such obligation.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "495. Obligation to be fulfilled", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 95, "char_count": 525, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126897" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0514", "text": "496. Obligation to be fulfilled within the prescribed time: (1) If a certain period has been specified for fulfilling any obligation, the concerned person shall fulfill such an obligation within that period.\n(2) If a certain day or time has been specified for fulfilling any obligation, the concerned person shall fulfill such obligation on that day or at that time.\nProvided that if there is a stipulation that the obligation shall be fulfilled within certain day or time, the obligation may be fulfilled even prior to such day or time.\n(3) If no period, day or time has been specified under subsection (1) or (2), the period, day or time for fulfilling the obligation shall be determined having regard to the nature of obligation and the obligation shall be fulfilled within a reasonable period.\n(4) If any obligation is not fulfilled pursuant to sub-section (1), (2) or (3), the person who is bound to fulfill the obligation shall be deemed to have not been fulfilled, or to have been unable to fulfill, the obligation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "496. Obligation to be fulfilled within the prescribed time", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 174, "char_count": 1022, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126908" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0515", "text": "497. Each person to fulfill obligation: (1) If more than one person have undertaken to fulfill an obligation or such an obligation has been created in relation to them, every person shall, except as otherwise provided for in the contract, fulfill such an obligation equally.\n(2) If any person is bound to fulfill any obligation vis-à-vis more than one person, he or she shall, except as otherwise provided for in the contract, fulfill the obligation vis-à-vis every person equally.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "497. Each person to fulfill obligation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 79, "char_count": 482, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126921" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0516", "text": "498. Obligation may be divisible: (1) If any obligation has to be fulfilled vis-à-vis or by more than one person and the obligation vis-à-vis or by such persons is capable of being divided or fragmented, having regard to its nature, such obligation may be divided and shall be fulfilled by or vis-à-vis every person accordingly.\n(2) In the circumstance referred to in sub-section (1), every person or all persons may demand for the fulfillment of the obligation by every person or all persons bound to fulfill such obligation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "498. Obligation may be divisible", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 88, "char_count": 526, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126932" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0517", "text": "499. Obligation to be fulfilled in good faith: The person who is bound to fulfill the obligation created pursuant to Section 494 shall fulfill it in good faith.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "499. Obligation to be fulfilled in good faith", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 28, "char_count": 160, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126938" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0518", "text": "500. To bear compensation for failure to fulfill obligation: (1) If a person bound to fulfill any obligation fails to fulfill it or delays its fulfillment, and thereby a loss or damage is caused to any other person in any manner, such a person shall bear compensation for the actual loss or damage so caused.\n(2) If a person bound to fulfill any obligation does not fulfill it by fraud or does any act knowingly or recklessly, thereby any loss or damage is caused in any manner, such a person shall bear compensation for the loss or damage so caused.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "500. To bear compensation for failure to fulfill obligation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 100, "char_count": 550, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126946" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0519", "text": "501. Obligation contrary to law not to be fulfilled: Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if the fulfillment of any obligation would be contrary to law, public order or public morality, it shall not be required to fulfill such an obligation.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "501. Obligation contrary to law not to be fulfilled", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 42, "char_count": 267, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126953" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0520", "text": "502. Impossible obligation not to be fulfilled: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if, at the time of its creation, any obligation of such nature as is impossible for fulfillment has been created, such an obligation shall not be required to be fulfilled.\n(2) If any obligation which was possible for fulfillment at the time of its creation subsequently becomes impossible for fulfillment, the consequence of such obligation shall be determined according to the law.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) or (2), if a portion of any obligation can be fulfilled and the rest portion cannot be fulfilled, the obligation shall be fulfilled to the extent that it can be fulfilled.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "502. Impossible obligation not to be fulfilled", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 115, "char_count": 726, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126962" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0521", "text": "503. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within two years from the date of the accrual of the cause of action.\n\nChapter-2 Provisions Relating to Formation of Contracts 504. Contract deemed to be made: (1) If an agreement enforceable by law is concluded between two or more persons to do or abstain from doing any act, a contract shall be deemed to be concluded.\n(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), a contract shall be deemed to have been concluded once the person to whom an offer has been made by another person communicates his or her acceptance thereto.\n(3) Once a contract is concluded, a binding legal relationship shall be created between the parties to it.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, (1) \"Offer\" means an offer made by one person to another person with the intent of obtaining his or her acceptance to do or abstain from doing any act.\n(2) \"Acceptance\" means the acceptance given by the person to whom the offer has been made in the same meaning in which the offer is made.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "503. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 195, "char_count": 1090, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126974" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0522", "text": "505. Contract enforceable by law: (1) A contract concluded in fulfillment of the following conditions shall be deemed to be a contract enforceable by law:\n(a) The consent expressed by a person to a contract to bind himself or herself, (b) Capacity or qualification of a person to a contract to conclude the contract,\n\n(c) Certain matter for the creation of an obligation, (d) Lawful obligation.\n(2) A contract may be made in written or verbal form or even by conduct of the parties to it.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), if there is a requirement that a particular contract be concluded in fulfillment of any particular procedure or formality, such a contract may not be enforceable unless such procedure or formality is completed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "505. Contract enforceable by law", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 126, "char_count": 758, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126985" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0523", "text": "506. Persons competent to concluded contract: (1) Every person other than the following persons shall be competent to conclude a contract:\n(a) One who is a minor, (b) One who is of unsound mind.\nExplanation:\n(1) A person who is usually of unsound mind, but occasionally of sound mind, may conclude a contract when he or she is of sound mind.\n(2) A person who is usually of sound mind, but occasionally of unsound mind, may not conclude a contract when he or she is of unsound mind.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), any person who is deemed incompetent to conclude a particular contract under the law shall not be deemed to be a competent to conclude such a contract.\n\n(3) In concluding a contract on behalf of a person who is incompetent or quasi-competent, his or her guardian or curator may conclude such a contract.\n(4) In concluding a contract on behalf of a legal person, it shall be conclude by a decision of the director or directors authorized for the management and operation of such a person or by a person authorized by such a director or directors.\n(5) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, if a person deemed to be incompetent to conclude a contract under this Chapter on any particular matter is competent by other law to conclude a contract on such a matter, such a person shall be deemed to be competent to conclude a contract on that matter.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "506. Persons competent to concluded contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 247, "char_count": 1408, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.126999" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0524", "text": "507. Parties to be autonomous: The parties to a contract shall, subject to this Act, be autonomous to choose the form and of the contract, to determine terms and conditions of the contact and the nature of the remedy for its breach as well as to determine the measures for resolving disputes arising out of it.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "507. Parties to be autonomous", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 56, "char_count": 310, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127008" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0525", "text": "508. Offer and acceptance deemed to be completed: (1) Once the offeree comes to the knowledge of an offer, the act of making the offer shall be deemed to have been completed.\n(2) The act of giving acceptance shall be deemed to be completed, in case of the offerer, if the offerer receives the acceptance forwarded by the offeree to the offerer having indicated his or her acceptance to the offer, and in case of the offeree, if the offerer comes to know that the offeree has accepted the offer.\n\n(3) Even though there is no expression of acceptance to the offer directly, if the offeree abides by any terms mentioned in the offer by way of his or her conduct or accepts the advantage or service mentioned in the offer or indicates acceptance in any other manner, the offeree shall be deemed to have accepted the offer.\n(4) If the offerer makes an offer having stipulated certain time and specifies that the offer is regarded as accepted if a notice of its rejection is not sent within such time, and if the offeree does not send a notice of acceptance of the offer within such time, the offer shall not be deemed to have been accepted.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "508. Offer and acceptance deemed to be completed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 207, "char_count": 1135, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127020" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0526", "text": "509. Offer or acceptance may be revoked: (1) The offerer may revoke his or her offer through a notice.\nProvided that, if the offerer has received from the offeree a notice to the effect that he or she has accepted the offer before receiving a notice of revocation of the offer, such an offer shall not be revoked.\n(2) The offeree may revoke his or her acceptance by a notice.\nProvided that if the offerer has already received the notice of acceptance before receiving the notice of its revocation, such an acceptance shall not be revoked (3) The person who has sent a notice expressing his or her refusal of the offer may again send a notice expressing his or her acceptance to the offer.\nProvided that, if the notice of refusal out of the notices of refusal or acceptance reaches first, the contract shall not be deemed to have been concluded, and if the notice of acceptance reaches first,\n\nthe contract shall be deemed to be concluded.\n(4) If the notice under sub-section (1) has been sent after sending the offer, the notice under sub-section (2) has been sent after sending acceptance or the notice under sub-section (3) has been sent after sending a notice of refusal and the concerned person receives such notices at the same time, the contract shall not be deemed to have been concluded.\n(5) If the offeree sends an acceptance with condition or with alteration to the offer sent by the offerer, the offeree shall be deemed to after a counter offer.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "509. Offer or acceptance may be revoked", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 258, "char_count": 1456, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127036" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0527", "text": "510. Offer deemed to be revoked: An offer shall be deemed to been revoked in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If the offerer makes an offer with a condition that a notice of acceptance to the offer be given within any certain time, and the offerer does not receive a notice of acceptance by the offeree within that time, (b) If the time for sending a notice of acceptance is not specified pursuant to clause (a) and the offeree does not give a notice of acceptance to the offerer within a reasonable time, (c) If the offerer, after making the offer, dies or becomes insane before receiving the acceptance, (d) If the offer is revoked pursuant to Section 509, (e) Even if the acceptance was given by the offeree, the offeree dies or becomes insane before the offerer receives the acceptance,\n\n(f) If the offeree sends a counter offer pursuant to subsection (5) of Section 509, (g) If the offerer makes an offer on a condition that the offeree has to do any act or fulfill any condition before accepting the offer, and acceptance is made without doing such an act or fulfilling such a condition.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "510. Offer deemed to be revoked", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 197, "char_count": 1100, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127049" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0528", "text": "511. Contract according to offer made before the public: (1) If a person makes an offer publicly by means of an advertisement that he or she will pay certain remuneration to any person for doing any act specified in the advertisement, and if any person does such an act, the advertiser shall pay remuneration specified in the advertisement to such a person.\nProvided that if a person does the act specified in the advertisement without knowing such advertisement, such a person shall not be entitled to the remuneration.\n(2) If more than one person do the act specified in the offer under sub-section (1), only the person who does the act first shall be entitled to the remuneration.\nProvided that if two or more persons do the act specified in the offer at the same time, all of such persons shall be entitled to the equal share of the remuneration, and if the remuneration is incapable of being shared, the proceeds of the sale of the remuneration shall be equally divided among them.\n(3) If a specific period is prescribed for doing the act according to the advertisement published pursuant to sub-section (1), the offer made according to the advertisement shall be deemed\n\nto have been revoked immediately after the expiry of that period.\n(4) An offer made pursuant to sub-section (1) may be revoked through the same medium through which it was published.\n(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (4), if anyone has already done the act specified in the advertisement under sub-section (1) before the publication of the notice of revocation of the offer, the remuneration specified in the advertisement shall be provided.\nProvided that the person who does the act specified in the advertisement shall notify the advertiser of the completion of the act as soon as possible.\n(6) If any person begins to do the act specified in the advertisement under sub-section (1) by giving its notice to the advertiser, appropriate remuneration shall be paid to such a person for the act done until the revocation of the advertisement.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "511. Contract according to offer made before the public", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 343, "char_count": 2037, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127067" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0529", "text": "512. Place of formation of contract: (1) The place where the offerer sends an offer expecting to receive its acceptance shall be deemed to be the place of formation of the contract.\n(2) If the place is not specified pursuant to sub-section (1), the place where the offerer receives acceptance shall be deemed to be the place of formation of the contract.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-sections (1) and (2), if the parties specify the place of its formation in the contract, such a place shall be deemed to be the place of formation of the contract.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "512. Place of formation of contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 98, "char_count": 565, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127080" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0530", "text": "513. Contingent contract: (1) If a contract is concluded to do or not to do any act if some event happens in the future, such a contract shall create no obligation until such an event happens.\n(2) If a contract is so concluded as to be deemed to be concluded if any person does a particular act in the future, such a contract shall create no obligation if such a person does anything by which he or she becomes unable or it becomes impossible for him or her to do such an act.\n(3) If a contract is concluded to do or not to do any act if any uncertain event does not happen in the future, the obligation under such a contract shall arise only after such an event becomes impossible to happen.\n(4) If a contract is concluded to do or not to do any act if any event happens within any fixed time in the future, the contract shall be deemed to be void after such an event becomes impossible to happen within, or after the expiry of, the fixed time.\n(5) If a contract is concluded to do or not to do any act if any event does not happen within any fixed time in the future, the obligation under such a contract shall arise if such an event does not happen or it becomes certain that such an event will not happen within the fixed time.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "513. Contingent contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 241, "char_count": 1231, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127094" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0531", "text": "514. Application of general provisions of contract: The provisions contained in this Chapter and Chapters 3, 4 and 5 of this Part shall, generally, be applicable, to the other contracts to be concluded according to this Act or law.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "514. Application of general provisions of contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 232, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127102" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0532", "text": "515. Interpretation of contract: (1) A contract shall be interpreted according to the common intention of its parties.\n(2) If the intention cannot be established pursuant to subsection (1), a contract shall be interpreted according to the meaning of general understanding that a reasonable person of the same prudence as a party to the contract would give to it in normal circumstances.\n(3) If one party to a contract knows or is deemed to know a statement and conduct of the other party, the contract shall be interpreted according to the intention of such a party.\n(4) The terms and expressions used in a contract shall be interpreted in the light of the entire contract or the context in which such terms and expressions are used.\n(5) A contract shall be interpreted in a manner so that all the terms used in the contract are given effect without separating some terms from others.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "515. Interpretation of contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 153, "char_count": 884, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127112" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0533", "text": "516. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may file a lawsuit within two years after the date of the accrual of the cause of action.\n\nChapter-3 Validity of Contracts 517. Void contracts: (1) A contract which is not valid according to law shall be deemed to be a void contract.\n(2) The following contracts shall be void:\n(a) A contract that restraints anyone from exercising any profession, trade or business which is not prohibited by law, Provided that a contract shall not be deemed to be made in restraint of any profession, trade or business in any of the following circumstances:\n(1) Where a contract is concluded between a buyer and a seller on the sale and purchase of the goodwill of any trade or business, the contract restraining the seller from carrying on similar trade or business under such goodwill for the time and at the place specified in such contract, (2) A contract concluded between the partners to restrain them from doing the same profession, trade or business as that of the partnership firm or any other profession, trade or business together with other persons who are competitors of the\n\nprofession, trade or business of the same nature other than the profession, trade or business of the partnership firm until the partnership exists, (3) A contract concluded between the partners restraining them from exercising a profession, trade or business of the partnership firm for a certain reasonable period or at a certain place after being separated from the partnership, (4) A contract so concluded between a person and any person, firm, company or body that the person is restrained from accepting the service of another person, firm, company or body who is the competitor of such other person, firm, company or body until the person is in the service of, or for a specified period after retirement from the service of, such other person, firm, company or body.\n(b) A contract in restraint of a marriage other than one prohibited by the law, (c) A contract restraining any one from enjoying the facilities being enjoyed by the public,\n\n(d) A contract restraining legal right of any person from being enforced by a court, (e) A contract concluded contrary to law or on a matter prohibited by the law in force, (f) A contract made for an immoral purpose or against public order or public interest, (g) A contract which cannot be performed because the parties thereto do not exactly ascertain or know about the matter in relation to which it has been concluded, (h) A contract the performance of which is impossible at the time of its conclusion or a fictitious contract, (i) A contract which is vague because of its subject matter being incapable of giving a reasonable meaning, (j) A contract concluded by a person not competent to make contract, (k) A contract with an illegal purpose, (l) A contract concluded by mistake of both parties as to the essential fact of the contract at the time of its conclusion.\n\n(3) A void contract is invalid ab initio and it shall create neither any legal consequence nor any right and obligation of its parties.\n(4) Even if any part of a contract becomes void, its remaining parts shall be enforceable according to law.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "516. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 559, "char_count": 3245, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127139" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0534", "text": "518. Voidable contracts: (1) A contract which, at the initiation of its party, may be declared void by the court shall be deemed to be a voidable contract. (2) The person aggrieved from any of the following contracts may get the contract voided by the court: (a) A contract concluded by coercion, Explanation: If a person detains or threatens to detain any property of another person or threatens to put that other person's body, life or prestige in peril or commits or threatens to commit any other act forbidden by law, with the intention of causing that other person to enter into a contract against his or her will, the person is said to commit coercion. (b) A contract concluded by undue influence, Explanation: (1) Undue influence means an influence exercised by a person over another person who is under his or her influence or who may be employed according to his or her will with the intention of taking any unfair advantage for his or her interest or concern. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of clause (1), the following person is deemed to be under influence or who may be employed according to his or will: (a) A person who is under his or her guardianship, curatorship or custody, (b) A person who is incapable of representing his or her interest for the time being or forever by reason of age, illness or physical or mental distress, (c) A person who may be subjected to financial or positional influence of that other person. (c) A contract concluded by fraud, Explanation: A party to a contract or his or her agent is said to commit fraud when he or she, with intent to deceive another party thereto or his or her agent, makes the suggestion, as to a fact, of that which is not true which he or she does not believe it to be true or does any act that is likely to make the other party or his or her agent believe it, or knowingly conceals a fact which is in his or her knowledge or does any such act as the law declares to be fraudulent. (d) A contract caused by misrepresentation. Explanation: Misrepresentation means any of the following acts: (1) Presenting a false description of any matter or fact on without reasonable basis, (2) Misleading any party to his or her detriment, (3) Causing a mistake as to any matter of the contract, (4) Making assurance to have concluded a contract in one subject and but causing to enter into it in another subject.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 429, "char_count": 2379, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127200" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0535", "text": "of any matter or fact on without reasonable basis, (2) Misleading any party to his or her detriment, (3) Causing a mistake as to any matter of the contract, (4) Making assurance to have concluded a contract in one subject and but causing to enter into it in another subject. (3) In the case of a voidable contract under this Section, the following matters shall be governed as follows: (a) The party caused to enter into a contract may, instead of having the contract voided, demand that his or her position be restored into the position that would have been had the contract not been concluded. (b) If a contract is made with the person who is under his or her influence and whose will can be dominated by him or her, the party who claims that he or she has not exercised such undue influence shall have the onus to prove that the contract has not been caused by undue influence. (4) A voidable contract shall, before it is voided, be enforceable as if it were a lawful contract. (5) If a voidable contract under this Section is voided by the court, it shall not affect the act done under such contract before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 238, "char_count": 1298, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127214" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0536", "text": "is voided by the court, it shall not affect the act done under such contract before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 50, "char_count": 271, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127221" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0537", "text": "voided by the court, it shall not affect the act done under such contract before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 49, "char_count": 268, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127227" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0538", "text": "by the court, it shall not affect the act done under such contract before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 48, "char_count": 261, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127232" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0539", "text": "the court, it shall not affect the act done under such contract before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 47, "char_count": 258, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127237" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0540", "text": "court, it shall not affect the act done under such contract before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 46, "char_count": 254, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127242" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0541", "text": "it shall not affect the act done under such contract before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 45, "char_count": 247, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127247" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0542", "text": "shall not affect the act done under such contract before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 44, "char_count": 244, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127252" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0543", "text": "not affect the act done under such contract before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 43, "char_count": 238, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127258" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0544", "text": "affect the act done under such contract before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 42, "char_count": 234, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127263" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0545", "text": "the act done under such contract before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 41, "char_count": 227, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127268" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0546", "text": "act done under such contract before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 40, "char_count": 223, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127272" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0547", "text": "done under such contract before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 219, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127277" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0548", "text": "under such contract before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 38, "char_count": 214, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127282" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0549", "text": "such contract before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 37, "char_count": 208, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127287" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0550", "text": "contract before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 36, "char_count": 203, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127294" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0551", "text": "before the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 35, "char_count": 194, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127299" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0552", "text": "the voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 34, "char_count": 187, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127304" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0553", "text": "voidance. (6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 33, "char_count": 183, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127309" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0554", "text": "(6) If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 32, "char_count": 173, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127314" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0555", "text": "If any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 31, "char_count": 169, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127319" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0556", "text": "any contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 30, "char_count": 166, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127324" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0557", "text": "contract is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 29, "char_count": 162, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127329" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0558", "text": "is voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 28, "char_count": 153, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127334" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0559", "text": "voided pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 27, "char_count": 150, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127338" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0560", "text": "pursuant to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 26, "char_count": 143, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127343" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0561", "text": "to this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 25, "char_count": 134, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127347" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0562", "text": "this Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 24, "char_count": 131, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127352" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0563", "text": "Section, the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 23, "char_count": 126, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127356" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0564", "text": "the legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 22, "char_count": 117, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127491" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0565", "text": "legal right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 21, "char_count": 113, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127496" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0566", "text": "right or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 20, "char_count": 107, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127501" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0567", "text": "or interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 19, "char_count": 101, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127505" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0568", "text": "interest of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 18, "char_count": 98, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127510" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0569", "text": "of a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 17, "char_count": 89, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127514" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0570", "text": "a bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 16, "char_count": 86, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127519" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0571", "text": "bona fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 15, "char_count": 84, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127524" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0572", "text": "fide third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 14, "char_count": 79, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127528" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0573", "text": "third party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 13, "char_count": 74, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127532" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0574", "text": "party shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 12, "char_count": 68, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127536" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0575", "text": "shall not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 11, "char_count": 62, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127541" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0576", "text": "not be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 10, "char_count": 56, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127545" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0577", "text": "be prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 9, "char_count": 52, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127549" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0578", "text": "prejudiced merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 8, "char_count": 49, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127553" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0579", "text": "merely by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 7, "char_count": 38, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127557" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0580", "text": "by the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 6, "char_count": 31, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127561" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0581", "text": "the reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 5, "char_count": 28, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127565" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0582", "text": "reason of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 4, "char_count": 24, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127569" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0583", "text": "of such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 3, "char_count": 17, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127573" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0584", "text": "such voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 2, "char_count": 14, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127577" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0585", "text": "voidance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "518. Voidable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 1, "char_count": 9, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127581" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0586", "text": "519. Unenforceable contracts: (1) A contract that is not enforceable by the court shall be regarded as an unenforceable contract.\n(2) Any of the following contracts is not enforceable by the court in spite of its being concluded in fulfillment of the procedures under Chapter-2 of this Part:\n(a) A contract required to be made in written form according to law is not concluded in written form, (b) A contract required to be made in fulfillment of any particular formality or procedure or to be registered with any body according to law is not so made in fulfillment of such formality or procedure or is not so registered, (c) Where a contract is concluded on behalf of another person, the contract is concluded on a matter not authorized by, or concluded beyond the authority given by, that other person.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "519. Unenforceable contracts", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 139, "char_count": 805, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127597" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0587", "text": "520. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit at any time, in the case of a void contract, within one year after the date of accrual of the cause of action for voidance, in the case of a voidable contract, and within two years after the date of accrual of the cause of action, in the case of other contracts.\n\nChapter-4 Provisions Relating to Performance of Contracts 521. Obligation under contract to be fulfilled: Each party to a contract shall fulfill his or her obligation under the contract.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "520. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 103, "char_count": 576, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127607" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0588", "text": "522. Reciprocal performance of contract: (1) If a contract is so concluded that the parties to the contract shall fulfill their respective obligations simultaneously and one party demonstrates such conduct or intention that he or she is not willing to fulfill his or her obligation materially, the other party need not perform his or her promise.\n(2) If the contract fixes the order of priority for the fulfillment of any promise, the promise shall be fulfilled in that order, and failing the fixation of such an order, the party who is liable to perform the promise first according to the nature of the contract shall perform it first.\n(3) If, in the case of a contract containing reciprocal promises, and performance of one promise depends on the performance of the other promise, one party cannot perform the contract because of the failure of the other party to perform his or her promise may recover the loss or damage caused by the failure of the other party to perform the contract.\n(4) If a contract concluded for reciprocal promises to be simultaneously performed pursuant to sub-section (1) and one party prevents the other party from performing such a contract, the other party so prevented is entitled to rescind the contract and also to\n\nrecover the loss or damage, if any, caused to him or her in consequence of such termination of the contract.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "522. Reciprocal performance of contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 232, "char_count": 1359, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127621" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0589", "text": "523. Time and manner for performance of contract: (1) If a contract specifies the time and manner for its performance, the contract shall be performed within the specified time and in the specified manner.\n(2) If a contract does not specify the time or manner for the performance of an act under the contract but the act can be performed only at any specific time or only in a specific manner, the contract shall be deemed to have been so concluded that the act has to be performed at that time and in that manner.\n(3) If, except in the circumstance under sub-section (2), a contract does not specify the time and manner for its performance, the contract shall be performed within a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "523. Time and manner for performance of contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 130, "char_count": 726, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127632" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0590", "text": "524. Place for performance of contract: (1) If a contract specifies any particular place for the performance of any act, that act shall be performed at such a place.\n(2) If, any party is required by a contract to hand over or deliver any goods to the other party and the contract does not specify the place for such hand-over or delivery of the goods, the contract shall be deemed to have been so concluded that the goods have to be delivered or handed over at the place where such goods are located.\n(3) If a contract does not specify a particular place for the performance of an act but the act can be performed only at a particular place or has to be performed in any particular place\n\nhaving regard to practice or usage or nature of the act, the contract shall be deemed to have been so concluded that the act has to be performed at that place.\n(4) In any case other than those referred to in sub-sections (2) and (3), if a contract does not specify the place for the performance of an act, the party performing the act according to the contract shall notify the other party to specify a reasonable place for the performance of the act, and the other party shall specify a reasonable place for the performance of the act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "524. Place for performance of contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 228, "char_count": 1225, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127645" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0591", "text": "525. Performance of contract deemed to be delayed: (1) If a contract so made as to be performed at a particular time is not performed at or within such time, the performance of contract shall be deemed to have been be delayed.\n(2) If the contract under sub-section (1) can be performed even after such time, one party of the contract may notify the other party to perform the contract, having given a reasonable time.\n(3) If a notice is given pursuant to sub-section (2), the other party shall perform the contract accordingly, and may claim for compensation for any loss or damage caused in consequence of the delayed performance of the contract.\n(4) If a contract is not performed pursuant to sub-section (3), the party giving such a notice may rescind the contract.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "525. Performance of contract deemed to be delayed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 134, "char_count": 768, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127658" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0592", "text": "526. Time to be considered as essence of contract: (1) If the the purpose or objective of a contract cannot be achieved, in case of non-performance of the contract within a particular day, time or period, having regard to the nature of the contract or intention\n\nshown by the parties at time of its conclusion, the time for the performance of such a contract shall be considered to be the essence of the contract.\n(2) If either party of a contract does not perform the contract under sub-section (1) within such a day, time or period, such a contract shall be deemed to have been breached and the other party may rescind the contract immediately.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "526. Time to be considered as essence of contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 115, "char_count": 646, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127668" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0593", "text": "527. Circumstances where a contract needs not be performed: In any of the following circumstances, it is not necessary to perform any act under, or perform, a contract:\n(a) If either party to a contract waives the other party from fulfilling the obligation under the contract, (b) If a voidable contract is voided by the party entitled to do so, (c) If the contract cannot be performed for the reason of its breach by the other party, (d) If it is not necessary to perform the act under the contract by operation of any provision of this Part, (e) If a contract which is unenforceable according to Section 531.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "527. Circumstances where a contract needs not be performed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 109, "char_count": 610, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127679" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0594", "text": "528. Assignment of rights and liabilities under a contract: If any party to a contract dies or becomes insane, the rights accruing from the contract shall devolve on to the heir succeeding the property of such a party to the contract, and the heir himself or herself shall also bear the obligations to the extent of the property succeeded by him or her.\n\nProvided that the rights and obligations accruing on the basis of personal skill and qualification shall not devolve on to such an heir.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "528. Assignment of rights and liabilities under a contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 86, "char_count": 491, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127688" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0595", "text": "529. Party who must perform contract: (1) Except in cases where a contract specifies that it must be performed by its party only, the contract may be performed by his or her agent or by a person appointed by him or her or by any other person on his or her behalf or the rights and obligations under the contract may be transferred.\nProvided that no party to a contract may transfer his or her obligations under the contract to another person without consent of the other party.\n(2) The following terms and conditions shall be fulfilled in order to transfer rights and obligations under a contract pursuant to sub-section (1):\n(a) Unless the contract otherwise provides for, the transfer shall be in written form, (b) The transfer shall be unconditional, (c) The transfer of rights or obligations is not prohibited by law or the contract, (d) In the case of the transfer of rights and obligations, a notice along with its time limit shall be given to the other party.\n(3) Once any party to a contract accepts any act done by a third person, that party shall not be entitled to claim subsequently that the act must be done by the party to the contract himself or herself, except as otherwise provided for in the contract.\n\n(4) If two or more persons jointly enter into a contract with another party, any or all of such joint promisors shall fulfill, or cause to be fulfilled, the obligations under the contract, except as otherwise provided for in the contract.\n(5) The joint promisor who fulfills the obligation shall be entitled to recover damages or loss on a pro rata basis from the other joint promisors, in consideration for the default of any other joint promisor in the fulfillment of the obligation under sub-section (4).\n(6) Even if one party releases one joint promisor of the other party to the contract concluded pursuant to in sub-section (4) from the obligation on his or her part, such release shall not discharge the other joint promisors from the obligation under that contract.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "529. Party who must perform contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 349, "char_count": 1994, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127704" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0596", "text": "530. Only the parties to contract can demand its performance: (1) Only the person who is a party to a contract can demand the performance of the contract by the other party.\nProvided that if a contract is concluded for the benefit of any person, such a person can demand the performance of that contract even if he or she is not a party to such a contract.\n(2) If two or more persons jointly enter into contract to do or not to do any act, all such a persons can jointly demand the performance of that contract, except as otherwise provided for in the contract.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "530. Only the parties to contract can demand its performance", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 106, "char_count": 561, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127716" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0597", "text": "531. Discharge of contracts in the event of fundamental changes in circumstances: (1) If it becomes impossible to perform a contract\n\nas a result of fundamental change in the circumstance existed at the time of conclusion of the contract, the act according to the contract need not be performed.\n(2) Without prejudice to the generality of sub-section (1), emergence of any of the following circumstances shall be deemed to constitute a fundamental change in the circumstance existed at the time of conclusion of a contract:\n(a) If the contract becomes illegal and thereby it cannot be performed, (b) If it becomes impossible to perform the contract due to emergence of situations beyond human control such as war, flood, landslide, fire, earthquake and volcanic eruption, (c) If the subject matter essential for the performance of the contract is destroyed or damaged, or exists no longer, or such a subject matter could not be obtained, (d) If the contract is so concluded that its performance depends on the personal ability, skill or talent of a person, and the performance of the contract becomes impossible by the reason that such a person dies or becomes insane or is incapable of performing the contract because of physical or mental disability.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), none of the following circumstances shall be deemed to constitute a fundamental change in the circumstance existed at the time of conclusion of a contract:\n\n(a) If the performance of the contract has become difficult, (b) If the performance of the contract results in less profit or in loss, (c) If any party to the contract is dependent upon any third party who is not a party to the contract for its performance, and the third party makes a default or becomes incompetent, (d) In the event of a strike or lockout, (e) If additional tax, fee or other revenue is required to be paid, (f) If a contract is concluded with more than one object and some of the objects cannot be fulfilled.\n(4) In the case of emergence of any of the circumstances referred to in sub-section (3), the parties may, except as otherwise provided for in the contract, negotiate to review or alter the terms and conditions of the contract.\n(5) If the performance of a contract becomes impossible by the reason of a fundamental change in the circumstance as referred to in sub-section (2), the following matters shall be governed as follows:\n(a) A party who has received any amount paid by the other party in consideration of the contract, prior to the occurrence of such a change in the circumstance, shall refund it to the other party,\n\n(b) Payment to be made or due from one party to the other party in consideration of the contract shall not be payable after such a change in the circumstance.\n(c) The amount payable to each other shall be determined in consideration the act or amount already performed or paid, if any, by one party to the other party before such a change in the circumstance, and one party shall be entitled to recover reasonable expenses incurred by that party in consideration of the contract from the other party.\n(6) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, the contracting parties may agree to fulfill their respective obligations by continuing the performance of the contract after the end of the circumstance under clause (b) of sub-section (2).", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "531. Discharge of contracts in the event of fundamental changes in circumstances", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 571, "char_count": 3380, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127750" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0598", "text": "532. Facilities to be provided: (1) The parties to a contract shall provide to each other such facilities as may be needed to perform the contract from their respective sides.\n(2) If the contract cannot be performed due to the failure to provide such facilities, the party in default of the performance shall not be held liable responsible.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "532. Facilities to be provided", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 58, "char_count": 340, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127763" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0599", "text": "533. Contract may be suspended or altered: (1) The parties to a contract may, if they so agree, change or alter all or any of the portions of the act to be performed under the contract, extend the time for the performance of any act under the contract, suspend the contract by not making it obligatory to perform any act to be performed under the contract for some time, substitute any act for\n\nthe act specified in the contract or make a new contract in substitution for the original contract.\n(2) If any change or alteration is made to a contract pursuant to sub-section (1), a new contract shall be deemed to be made, and the new contract shall become effective accordingly.\n(3) If a new contract is made pursuant to sub-section (2), the obligation under the original contract need not be borne except as otherwise provided for in the new contract.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "533. Contract may be suspended or altered", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 152, "char_count": 851, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127773" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0600", "text": "534. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within two years after the date of the accrual of the cause of action.\n\nChapter-5 Provisions Relating to Breach of Contract and Remedies 535. Breach of contract deemed to occur: (1) If any party to a contract fails to fulfill the obligation under the contract or gives a notice to the other party that he or she will not perform the act to be performed by him or her under the contract or his or her action and conduct demonstrate that he or she is incapable of performing the act under the contract, the party shall be deemed to have breached the contract.\n(2) If one party commits a breach of the contract pursuant to sub-section (1) or action or conduct of that party demonstrates non-performance of the contract in a material respect or demonstrates a material breach of the contract by the conduct or action of a party, the other party may rescind the contract by giving a notice to such a party.\n(3) In the case of the rescission of the contract pursuant to sub-section (2), the party rescinding the contract shall not be bound to perform the contract.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "534. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 214, "char_count": 1184, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127786" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0601", "text": "536. Indivisible nature of the authority to rescind contract: If either party of a contract consists of two or more persons, the contract may be rescinded only if all of such persons rescind it or if the rescission is applicable to all of them.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "536. Indivisible nature of the authority to rescind contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 44, "char_count": 244, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127794" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0602", "text": "537. Compensation for breach of contract: (1) In the case of breach of a contract under Section 535, the party aggrieved by it shall be entitled to recover from the party in breach of the contract damages for the actual loss or damage caused by the breach or such loss or\n\ndamage which the contracting parties knew when they made the contract to be likely result from the breach.\n(2) If the parties to a contract, in anticipation, at the time of its formation specify a sum in the contract, which becomes payable for breach of the contract, the aggrieved party shall be entitled to recover a reasonable amount not in excess of that sum from the other party, pursuant to sub-section (1).\n(3) If the contract does not provide for compensation referred to in sub-section (2), the party claiming such compensation shall be entitled to recover a reasonable amount for the direct and actual loss or damage resulted from the breach of contract or for the breach of contract or for compensation.\nProvided that no compensation may be recovered for any indirect or remote loss or damage.\n(4) If a contract, which is concluded for the completion of any act within a fixed period, contains a provision that compensation as referred to in sub-section (2) is payable if such an act cannot be completed within that period, the party paying such compensation may request for the extension of the period for the completion of the contract in proportion to the amount of compensation paid by him or her.\n(5) The right of a party to a contract to seek other legal remedies for the breach of a contract shall not be deemed adversely affected merely by the reason that the amount of compensation has been paid pursuant to this Section.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "537. Compensation for breach of contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 301, "char_count": 1715, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127808" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0603", "text": "538. Consequences of rescission or voidance of contract: (1) If, after a party to a contract has already received some cash or kind or any other benefit from the other party or after the fulfillment of the obligations under the contract partially, the contract is rescinded by mutual consent of the parties and the performance of the contract is not required under this Part or other law, the contract is voided or declared to be void according to law or the contract becomes invalid or is rescinded under this Part, such cash, kind or service so received shall be returned upon having settled the accounts of the cash or kind given until the date of the contract being in force.\n(2) If any service or advantage other than cash or kind has been given pursuant to sub-section (1), the party receiving such service or advantage shall pay a reasonable amount to the other party in consideration for such service or benefit.\n(3) If it becomes necessary to institute legal action by the reason of failure to return the cash or kind or to pay the amount as referred to in sub-section (1), a reasonable expense incurred for that purpose may also be recovered.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "538. Consequences of rescission or voidance of contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 203, "char_count": 1152, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127823" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0604", "text": "539. Amount to be recovered in proportion to performed contract (quantum meruit): If a contract is rescinded by the reason of its breach by any party or for any other reason, the aggrieved party may claim for the payment by the other party of amount under the contract in proportion to the work done or the performance of contract made by that party.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "539. Amount to be recovered in proportion to performed contract (quantum meruit)", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 63, "char_count": 350, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127831" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0605", "text": "540. Specific performance of contract: (1) If monetary compensation is not reasonable and adequate for the actual loss or damage suffered by the aggrieved party because of the breach of contract,\n\nthe aggrieved party may claim for the specific performance of the contract instead of compensation.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), specific performance may not be claimed in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If monetary compensation is an adequate remedy for the breach of contract, (b) If the court cannot supervise the performance of the act under the contract, (c) If the contract is for providing services of personal ability, skill or knowledge, (d) If the contract cannot specifically be performed, (e) If the party in breach of the contract claims for its specific performance.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "540. Specific performance of contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 128, "char_count": 815, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127840" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0606", "text": "541. Power of court to make order: (1) If the performance of a contract is not possible because any party to the contract is about to perform any act or conduct which is contrary to the nature of the contract, the party aggrieved by such an action or a conduct may file a complaint in the court to prevent such an act or conduct.\n(2) If a complaint is filed pursuant to sub-section (1), the court may issue an appropriate order to any party to immediately stop his or her particular action or conduct, subject to the settlement of the dispute arising out of that contract in accordance with such a contract or law.\n\n(3) If an order is issued pursuant to sub-section (1), the aggrieved party shall be entitled to also recover additional loss or damage caused from the failure of the other party to comply with the order so issued.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "541. Power of court to make order", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 152, "char_count": 829, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127851" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0607", "text": "542. Compensation to be ascertained in monetary value: Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, assessment of compensation for any loss or damage as referred to in this Chapter shall be ascertained in monetary value.\nProvided that Section 540 shall apply to the remedy under that Section.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "542. Compensation to be ascertained in monetary value", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 48, "char_count": 297, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127859" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0608", "text": "543. Power of court to consider matters: While determining compensation arising from the breach of a contract, the court shall consider matters including whether the party has breached the contract intentionally or whether the non-performance has occurred due to recklessness and how much money or benefit might have been received by the innocent party to the contract had the contract not been breached.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "543. Power of court to consider matters", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 63, "char_count": 404, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127867" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0609", "text": "544. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from an act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within two years after the date of the accrual of the cause of action.\n\nChapter-6 Provisions Relating to Contract of Sale of Goods 545. Contract of sale of goods: (1) A contract of sale of goods shall be deemed to have been made if any seller agrees to transfer the property in goods immediately or in the future to the buyer for a price.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"goods\" means any kind of movable property capable of being purchased or sold other than currency in circulation for the time being, security or actionable claim.\n(2) A contract of sale of goods may be conditional or unconditional.\n(3) A contract may be concluded to sell the goods owned or possessed by the seller for the time being or those to be produced or acquired by the seller in the future.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "544. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 167, "char_count": 918, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127878" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0610", "text": "546. Contract of sale of goods to be void: If a contract is concluded to sell any specific type of goods, which have already become damaged at the time of or before making of the contract, and the seller is not aware about that at the time of making of the contract, the contract shall be void.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Section, the term \"specific type of goods\" means the specific goods mentioned in the contract at the time of making of the contract.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "546. Contract of sale of goods to be void", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 86, "char_count": 465, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127887" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0611", "text": "547. Determining price of goods: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the price of goods shall be determined in the manner\n\nagreed upon in the contract under the terms and conditions of the contract, or by the course of dealing between the parties.\n(2) If the price of goods is determined according to their weight and measurement, the price of goods shall be determined on the basis of the net weight and measurement of such goods, except as otherwise provided for in the contract.\n(3) If the price of goods cannot be determined under subsection (1) or (2), the buyer shall pay the seller a reasonable price, taking into account the relevant circumstances.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "547. Determining price of goods", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 116, "char_count": 674, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127897" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0612", "text": "548. Payment of price of goods: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the price of goods shall be paid as follows in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) The price of goods to be paid by the buyer to the seller, at the time of the purchase of goods by the buyer, (b) At the time of the transfer of the goods.\n(2) While making payment of the price of goods pursuant to sub-section (1), it shall be paid in cash.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Section, the term \"cash\" includes a cheque, traveler's cheque, promissory note, bill of exchange, letter of credit, bank draft, credit card and telegraphic transfer, payable through bank.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "548. Payment of price of goods", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 117, "char_count": 655, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127907" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0613", "text": "549. Description of goods: (1) If a contract specifies the name, brand, trademark or specification of any goods to be sold, the contract shall be deemed to have been concluded for the sale of the goods corresponding to that name, brand, trademark or specification.\n\n(2) If a contract specifies the name, brand, trademark or specification and the sample of goods to be sold, the bulk of such goods shall correspond not only to the sample but also to the name, brand, trademark or specification specified in the contract.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "549. Description of goods", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 88, "char_count": 519, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127915" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0614", "text": "550. Condition as to title to goods to be sold: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, it shall be deemed that, in the case of a sale of goods, the seller has the title to the goods sold or, in the case of an agreement to sell the goods in the future, the seller has or will have the title to the goods to be sold, and that such goods are free from custody, control or possession by any other person.\n(2) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the seller shall be deemed to have the right to sell the goods sold or to be sold.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "550. Condition as to title to goods to be sold", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 111, "char_count": 552, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127925" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0615", "text": "551. Condition as to quality of goods:(1) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the goods sold or to be sold shall be deemed to be of satisfactory quality.\n(2) If any goods sold or to be sold for any particular purpose are fit for that purpose, the goods sold or to be sold shall be considered to be of satisfactory quality.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), if the contract itself specifies any defects of such goods or if the buyer has already knew such defects before the conclusion of the contract or while inspecting the goods, such goods shall not be deemed to be of unsatisfactory quality.\n(4) If the quality of any particular goods is specified in the contract, the goods shall correspond to that quality, and if no\n\nquality is so specified, the goods shall be of the quality according to the prevalent standards.\n(5) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the seller shall not be deemed to have warranted that the goods sold or to be sold are of a particular quality.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "551. Condition as to quality of goods", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 181, "char_count": 1024, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127937" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0616", "text": "552. Right to accept or reject goods of different quantity: (1) If the seller tenders to deliver to the buyer the goods of different quality than that specified in the contract, the buyer has the right to accept and take delivery of the goods in whole, to reject the whole or to accept any part and reject the rest of the goods.\n(2) If any goods are rejected in whole or in part pursuant to sub-section (1), the buyer may give a notice to the seller to either deliver other goods instead of such goods or where the quality of such goods could be improved, to improve the quality of such goods.\n(3) If a notice is given pursuant to sub-section (2), the seller shall deliver the other goods instead of such goods or improve the quality thereof, according to the notice given by the buyer or mutual understanding reached between them.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "552. Right to accept or reject goods of different quantity", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 152, "char_count": 831, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127965" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0617", "text": "553. Deemed to be contract for sale by sample: (1) If a provision has been made in a contract to sell goods upon inspection of their samples directly or indirectly a contract of sale of goods is deemed to be a contract for the sale of goods upon inspecting sample.\n(2) If a contract is concluded for the sale of goods by sample, the contract shall be deemed to contain the following conditions, except as otherwise provided for in the contract:\n\n(a) The bulk of the goods shall correspond to the sample in quality, (b) The buyer shall have a reasonable opportunity of comparing the quality of the bulk of the goods with the sample, (c) The goods sold or to be sold shall be free from any defect, and such goods appear to be of satisfactory quality, apparent on comparing them with the sample.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "553. Deemed to be contract for sale by sample", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 145, "char_count": 792, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127976" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0618", "text": "554. Provisions relating to transfer of ownership of goods: (1) If there is a contract for the sale of any specific or certain goods, the transfer of such goods shall be made as provided for in the contract, and failing such provision in the contract, the transfer shall be made according to the terms and conditions of the contract, intention of the parties, ascertained by having regard the conduct of the parties, and the relevant circumstances.\n(2) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, if a contract is concluded for the sale of any specific goods in a deliverable state, the parties shall be deemed to have the intention of transferring them when the contract is concluded or upon payment of the price of the goods.\n(3) If a contract is concluded for the sale of any specific goods in a deliverable state and the buyer has to take measurement, weight, make examination of the goods or to perform some acts to determine the price of such goods, such goods shall not be\n\ntransferred until the buyer performs such acts and gives information thereof to the buyer within a reasonable time.\n(4) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, a contract shall be deemed to have been concluded so that the goods sold or to be sold shall be transferred in the place where such goods are situated.\n(5) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the buyer shall be deemed to have the title or ownership of the goods at the time of the transfer of the goods to the buyer.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "554. Provisions relating to transfer of ownership of goods", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 265, "char_count": 1487, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.127991" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0619", "text": "555. To bear risks: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the seller shall bear the risk of any loss or damage to the goods until such goods are transferred to the buyer.\n(2) If the transfer of goods has been delayed due to the fault of either the buyer or the seller, the party who has caused such delay shall bear the risk of loss or damage under sub-section (1).\n(3) If the seller agrees to deliver the goods from the place of purchase to the place specified by the buyer, the seller shall bear the risk of any loss or damage to the goods, except as otherwise provided for in the contract.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "555. To bear risks", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 116, "char_count": 608, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128002" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0620", "text": "556. Right of buyer to ascertain goods: If the delivery of the goods sold is tendered to the buyer, the buyer shall have a reasonable opportunity to examine and ascertain whether or not the goods conform to the contract and the buyer shall not be deemed to have been accepted the delivery of the goods until the buyer so ascertains.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "556. Right of buyer to ascertain goods", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 60, "char_count": 332, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128009" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0621", "text": "557. Goods deemed to be accepted: The buyer shall be deemed to have accepted the goods in any of the following circumstances:\n\n(a) If the buyer or his or her agent receives the goods, (b) If a receipt or slip is issued having acknowledged the delivery of the goods, (c) If the buyer stores the goods having ascertained, pursuant to Section 556, that the goods conform to the contract, (d) If the goods reach the buyer and the buyer does not inform the seller within reasonable time that he or she has rejected the goods and retains the goods with him or her.\n(e) If the buyer does any act proving that he or she has ownership in and control over such goods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "557. Goods deemed to be accepted", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 123, "char_count": 657, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128018" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0622", "text": "558. Time for delivery of goods: (1) If the contract provides that goods have to be delivered at any specific time or within any specified period, the seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at that time or within that period.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if the buyer accepts the goods delivered by the seller before or after the time or period specified in the contract, the seller shall be deemed to have delivered the goods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "558. Time for delivery of goods", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 80, "char_count": 462, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128027" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0623", "text": "559. Documents concerning sold goods to be handed over: Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the goods are delivered but such basic documents as are related to the ownership of the goods or required for their use are not handed over, the ownership of the goods shall not be deemed to have been transferred.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "559. Documents concerning sold goods to be handed over", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 56, "char_count": 320, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128034" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0624", "text": "560. Not to deliver of goods in quantity different from quantity specified in contract: (1) If the seller delivers to the buyer a quantity of goods less than the quantity specified in the contract, the buyer may reject the goods.\nProvided that if the buyer accepts the goods even in such quantity, the buyer shall pay the price of that quantity at the rate specified in the contract.\n(2) If the seller delivers to the buyer a quantity of goods larger than the quantity specified in the contract, the buyer may accept the goods only in the quantity specified in the contract, and reject the rest or the whole quantity of goods.\nProvided that if the buyer accepts the whole quantity of goods so delivered, the buyer shall pay for the whole at the rate specified in the contract.\n(3) If the seller delivers to the buyer the goods mixed with goods of a description different than specified in the contract, the buyer may accept the goods specified in the contract and reject the rest or the goods in whole.\n(4) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the buyer shall not be bound to accept the delivery of goods in installments.\n(5) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, if the buyer rejects the goods tendered by the seller for delivery, the buyer shall not be bound to return them to the seller.\n\nProvided that the buyer shall give a notice of rejection, along with the reason for the same, to the seller through fastest means of communication.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "560. Not to deliver of goods in quantity different from quantity specified in contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 261, "char_count": 1464, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128047" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0625", "text": "561. Special provisions relating to compensation: Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Part, the following provisions shall apply to compensation for a contract under this Chapter:\n(a) If the buyer does not accept or rejects the goods or refuses to pay the price of the goods after the making of a contract of the sale of goods, the seller may, subject to the contract, claim compensation from the buyer in consideration of the buyer's failure to accept or refusal to accept the goods, (b) While determining compensation under clause (a), if the goods which the buyer has not accepted or has refused to accept are available in the market, compensation shall be determined on the basis of the difference between the price of the goods specified in the contract and the market or prevalent price of the goods, (c) If the seller does not deliver or refuses to deliver the goods according to the contract for the sale of goods, the buyer may claim compensation from the seller for his or her failure to deliver the goods, (d) While determining compensation under clause (c), if the goods which the seller has refused or failed to deliver to the buyer are available in the market,\n\ncompensation shall be determined on the basis of difference between the price of the goods specified in the contract and the market or prevalent price of the goods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "561. Special provisions relating to compensation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 232, "char_count": 1357, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128062" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0626", "text": "562. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within two years after the date of the accrual of the cause of action.\n\nChapter-7 Provisions Relating to Contracts of Guarantee 563. Contract of guarantee deemed to be made: (1) If a contract is concluded under which a third party undertakes to repay the loan borrowed by or discharge the liability promised by a person in case of that person's default, a contract of guarantee shall be deemed to be concluded.\n(2) If a third party gives the guarantee pursuant to subsection (1) and the person bound to repay the loan or discharge the liability fails to repay or discharge such loan or liability, the person giving the guarantee (the surety) to such loan or liability shall repay the loan or discharge the liability according to the terms and conditions of the contract.\n(3) The terms and conditions of guarantee shall be as determined in the contract.\n(4) A contract of guarantee shall be made in written form.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "562. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 181, "char_count": 1037, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128073" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0627", "text": "564. Surety's obligation: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the surety's obligation shall be as follows:\n(a) Obligation of the surety shall arise at the time when the debtor fails to discharge the obligation to be discharged by him or her.\n(b) Obligation of the surety shall be the same as the obligation of the debtor who has to repay the loan or discharge the obligation, and the surety shall remain\n\nliable until the debtor becomes free from the obligation to repay or discharge.\n(c) Obligation of the surety shall not be discharged merely because the principal debtor becomes free from the obligation by operation of law.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if both security and guarantee have been given for any loan or obligation, the surety shall not be liable to the extent covered by the security so provided.\n(3) A contract of guarantee shall be effective immediately when the principal debtor breaches the obligation of repayment or discharging liability to the creditor, and the creditor may cause the surety to discharge such liability.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Part, the term \"creditor\" means a person who has lent a loan, and also includes a person who is entitled to obtain any benefit from, or have any act done, by the person who is bound to repay the loan or discharge the liability.\n(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (3), the creditor shall give a notice to the principal debtor to perform the contract according to its terms and conditions before claiming the surety under the contract of guarantee for the repayment of the amount not paid or discharge of the liability not discharged according to the contract.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "564. Surety's obligation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 285, "char_count": 1709, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128090" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0628", "text": "565. When surety is in discharge from obligation: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the surety shall be in discharge of his or her obligation to the following extent, in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If the principal debtor so alters the terms and conditions of the contract without the surety's consent as to have substantial impact on the contract, in respect of the transactions subsequent to the alteration, (b) If a contract is concluded to discharge the principal debtor from the obligation for which the guarantee was given, (c) If the principal debtor is discharged from the obligation by an act or action of the creditor or the loan is written off, (d) If the creditor agrees to discharge the debtor from the liability by recovering a sum less than that is due or to give additional time for repaying the loan or not to institute a lawsuit, (e) If any act or action by the creditor causes an adverse impact to the surety's right to legal remedy against the principal debtor, (f) If the creditor loses, damages any security obtained by him or her from the principal debtor or returns it to the principal debtor, to the extent of the value of such security,\n\n(g) To the extent to which the principal debtor has repaid the loan or discharged the obligation to the creditor according to the contract.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the surety shall not be deemed to be in discharge of obligation, except as otherwise provided in the contract, merely because the creditor fails to institute legal action against the surety or attempt to recover the amount to be recovered by him or her in time.\n(3) If there are two or more sureties and the creditor discharges one co-surety from obligation, the other co-sureties shall not be discharged from their respective part of obligation.\n(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (3), if the part of the co-sureties' obligation cannot be separated, no cosurety shall be deemed to be in discharge of his or her obligation even though the creditor has discharged him or her from the obligation.\n(5) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the surety shall not be in discharge of obligation under the contract of guarantee merely because there arises a dispute between the parties in relation to the contract creating the obligation for the discharge of which the contract of guarantee is made.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "565. When surety is in discharge from obligation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 410, "char_count": 2417, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128112" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0629", "text": "566. Relation between the surety and the principal debtor: (1) The surety shall cause the principal debtor to repay the loan or discharge the obligation according to the contract.\n\n(2) If the principal debtor has given any property or security to the surety for the guarantee given by him or her while borrowing a loan or promising the obligation, the surety shall not pledge, mortgage, sell or otherwise transfer the title to such property or security without the consent of the principal debtor.\n(3) If a guarantee is given for any loan or obligation borrowed or promised for any specific purpose, the object, nature or terms and conditions of that loan or obligation shall not be altered without the consent of the surety.\n(4) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, if the contract otherwise provides in relation to the surety and the principal debtor, such provision shall be applicable.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "566. Relation between the surety and the principal debtor", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 150, "char_count": 914, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128126" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0630", "text": "567. Surety to substitute creditor: (1) After the surety has, on behalf of the principal debtor, repaid the loan to be repaid or discharged the obligation to be discharged to the creditor under the contract, the surety shall substitute the creditor in relation to such loan or obligation, and, as the creditor, be entitled to recover the loan from, or institute legal action against, the principal debtor.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, the principal debtor shall pay to the surety the sum of loan repaid by the surety or all amounts in consideration for the obligation performed by the surety on behalf of the principal debtor, as well as interest or any other fee or amount chargeable thereon.\n(3) If it becomes necessary to institute legal action because of the default of the principal debtor to pay the amount payable by\n\nhim or her under sub-section (2) or if any other expenses need to be incurred in this regard, the surety shall be entitled to recover also such expenses from the principal debtor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "567. Surety to substitute creditor", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 176, "char_count": 1041, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128137" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0631", "text": "568. When contract of guarantee can be voided: In any of the following circumstances, the surety may have the contract of guarantee voided:\n(a) If the guarantee is obtained by the creditor or by any other person with his or her consent by supplying misleading or false notice or information to the surety about the matter of the transaction for which the guarantee is given, (b) If the matter of guarantee, property or fact is concealed or not disclosed, (c) If the contract is concluded on the condition that a third person will also become the surety but the third person does not consent to give the guarantee.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "568. When contract of guarantee can be voided", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 108, "char_count": 613, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128147" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0632", "text": "569. Obligation of sureties to be equal: (1) If two or more persons give the guarantee jointly or severally for any loan or obligation and the principal debtor fails to repay the loan or discharge the obligation, the co-sureties shall repay the loan or discharge the obligation or perform the contract on an equal basis, except as otherwise provided for in the contract.\n(2) If, while giving the guarantee jointly pursuant to subsection (1), the co-sureties guarantee different parts, every surety\n\nshall be liable to pay or bear the obligation only to the extent of the respective part guaranteed by him or her.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "569. Obligation of sureties to be equal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 103, "char_count": 612, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128156" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0633", "text": "570. Continuous guarantee: (1) A guarantee which is so given as to extend to a series of transactions shall be deemed to be a continuous guarantee.\n(2) If the provision of a guarantee referred to in subsection (1) is made, the surety shall be liable to the extent of the amount of guarantee that could not be recovered in the entire period of the contract of guarantee irrespective of the number of transactions made thereunder.\n(3) The surety may, by giving a notice to the creditor at least three months in advance, revoke the continuous guarantee as to the future transactions.\n(4) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, if the surety dies, the continuous guarantee shall be deemed to be ipso facto revoked.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "570. Continuous guarantee", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 125, "char_count": 721, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128166" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0634", "text": "571. Contract of indemnity deemed to be concluded: (1) If a contract is concluded by which one party to the contract promises to save the other from loss or damage caused to him or her by the conduct of the promisor himself or herself or by the conduct of any other person working under the direction of such a party or loss or damage caused to such a party or third party by his or her conduct, the contract shall deemed to be a contract of indemnity.\n\n(2) If a contract referred to in sub-section (1) is concluded, the indemnity holder shall be entitled to recover as compensation all or any of the following amounts, subject to that contract:\n(a) The amount of indemnity specified in the contract, (b) If any loss or damage is caused to a third person, the amount to be paid to or borne therefor, (c) All costs paid in any suit, if any, filed or defended by him or her in connection with the contract of indemnity, (d) The costs involved in any suit compelled to be made due to failure to pay the amounts referred to in clause (a), (b) or (c).\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), if the other party or third party suffers any loss or damage due to any act done by any person under the direction of such a party when such an act is done knowingly or recklessly by that person, with the intention of causing such loss or damage, such a person shall personally be liable for such loss or damage.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "571. Contract of indemnity deemed to be concluded", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 265, "char_count": 1418, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128180" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0635", "text": "572. Provisions relating to subrogation: (1) If any person concludes a contract with another person against any possible loss or damage that could be caused by a third person to his or her property, facility or right enjoyed by him or her or benefit that could result from his or her business, the person concluding such a contract shall be liable for such loss or damage irrespective of the person causing such loss or damage.\n\nProvided that if a contract is concluded to recover such loss or damage from any other person, it shall be recovered from such other person.\n(2) The amount or compensation, if any, specified in the contract for any loss or damage suffered pursuant to sub-section (1) and a reasonable amount or compensation, failing such specification, shall be paid, or caused to be paid, immediately to the person affected by the loss or damage or to his or her successor if he or she is dead.\n(3) If any loss or damage is suffered pursuant to subsection (1), the person paying the amount or compensation referred to in sub-section (2) shall be deemed to have subrogated the person who has sustained such loss or damage, and accordingly, the subrogator shall be entitled to the recovery of the amount or compensation for such loss or damage from the person causing such loss or damage.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "572. Provisions relating to subrogation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 227, "char_count": 1299, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128194" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0636", "text": "573. Rights of subrogator: The rights and obligation of the subrogator shall be as specified in the contract, and, failing such specification, shall be as follows:\n(a) All the rights, under the contract, of the person who has sustained the loss or damage shall devolve on the subrogator, (b) The subrogator under clause (a) may recover from the person who has caused the loss or damage, or from the party to a contract concluded in that respect, if any, the\n\namount or reasonable compensation paid by him or her to the person who has suffered the loss or damage, as well as the costs incurred in having recourse to legal remedies, if any.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "573. Rights of subrogator", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 113, "char_count": 638, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128205" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0637", "text": "574. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may file a lawsuit within two years after the date of the accrual of the cause of action.\n\nChapter-8 Provisions Relating to Contracts of Bailment 575. Contract of bailment: (1) If a person so delivers any goods to another person that the goods shall be returned to him or her or handed over or sold to any other person according his or her direction, a contract of bailment shall be deemed to have been concluded.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"goods\" means any movable property and right in such property, other than currency in circulation.\n(2) In concluding a contract pursuant to sub-section (1), a deed shall be executed while bailing any property the price of which exceeds twenty-five thousand rupees.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "574. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 144, "char_count": 841, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128215" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0638", "text": "576. Bailment deemed to be completed: (1) The process of bailment shall be deemed to be completed once the bailee takes the delivery of the goods under bailment.\n(2) If any person or any one authorized by him or her has already taken any goods in custody or possession, such goods shall be deemed to have been held as bailment.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "576. Bailment deemed to be completed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 60, "char_count": 327, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128223" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0639", "text": "577. To disclose faults in goods bailed: (1) The bailor shall disclose to the bailee any fault in the goods bailed of which the bailor is aware and which interferes with the use of them or can cause any loss or damage to the bailee or warrants separate provision or arrangement for their protection.\n(2) If the bailor does not make such disclosure knowingly as required to be made pursuant to sub-section (1), to the bailee the\n\nbailor shall be liable for any loss or damage arising from such goods or such non-disclosure.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), if the goods are bailed for hire, the bailor shall be responsible for any loss or damage resulted from any faults in such goods even if the bailor was not aware of the existence of such faults in such goods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "577. To disclose faults in goods bailed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 140, "char_count": 789, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128232" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0640", "text": "578. Obligations of bailee: (1) The bailee shall, take care of (herbichar) and protect the goods bailed to him or her in accordance with the terms and conditions specified in the contract and, reasonable care of goods, as his or her own in the absence of such terms and conditions.\n(2) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, if any goods bailed are lost, stolen, damaged, depreciated, deteriorated or destroyed because of a disaster in spite of the reasonable care and protection pursuant to sub-section (1), the bailee shall not be liable to return such goods.\nProvided that if the goods are lost, stolen, damaged, depreciated, deteriorated or destroyed because of recklessness or mala fide intention of the bailee or of his or her failure to take care of or protect the goods according to the terms and conditions of the contract, the bailee shall be liable to return the goods or pay an amount equivalent to the price thereof to the bailor.\n(3) If the bailee uses the bailed goods without authorization to do so under, or in a manner contrary to the terms and conditions of, the contract, the bailee shall pay compensation to\n\nthe bailor for any damage, loss, destruction or deterioration arising to the goods from such use.\n(4) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the bailee shall not mix the bailor's goods with his or her own goods.\nProvided that if the bailee, with the consent of the bailor, mixes the goods of the bailor with his or her own goods, both parties shall have an interest, in proportion to their respective share, in the mixture thus produced and income accrued therefrom.\n(5) If the bailee, without consent of the bailor, mixes the goods of the bailor with his or her own goods, and the goods so mixed can be separated, the title of the property in goods shall remain in the parties respectively, but the bailee shall be bound to bear the expenses for separation and the damage, if any, arising to the bailor from the mixture.\n(6) If the bailee, without consent of the bailor, mixes the goods of the bailor with his or her own goods, and the goods so mixed cannot be separated pursuant to sub-section (5), the bailor shall have right in such goods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "578. Obligations of bailee", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 387, "char_count": 2195, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128255" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0641", "text": "579. To return bailed goods: (1) The bailee shall return the bailed goods to the bailor after the expiry of the period specified at the time of bailment of the goods or after the accomplishment of the purpose for which the goods were bailed.\n(2) If the bailee does not return the goods within the period specified for retuning them pursuant to sub-section (1) or within a reasonable period according to the nature of the goods failing such specified period or if the bailor refuses to take the goods back\n\nwithin such a period and if the goods are lost, stolen, damaged, destroyed or deteriorated or any loss or damage is caused to the bailor due to such goods from that date, the respective party shall be liable for the loss or damage arising from his or her own default.\n(3) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, in the case of bailment of the goods owned by more than one person, the bailee may return the goods to any one of the joint owners, or to the person assigned by them, and if the goods are so returned, the goods shall be deemed to have been duly returned.\n(4) If the bailee does not hold the goods bailed to him or her in accordance with the terms and conditions of the contract, the bailor may take back the goods at any time.\n(5) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the goods increased or earned from the bailed goods, shall also belong to the bailor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "579. To return bailed goods", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 258, "char_count": 1394, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128271" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0642", "text": "580. Bailor to be liable for other's goods bailed: If the bailor bails any goods in which he or she has no title, right or ownership to the bailee and the bailee is compelled to bear any claim or loss or damage to a third party from such bailment or bear any costs in relation to the bailment, the bailor shall also be liable to pay such costs.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "580. Bailor to be liable for other's goods bailed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 68, "char_count": 344, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128281" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0643", "text": "581. Goods given for repair and maintenance to be returned: (1) If any goods are delivered to a person for their repair, improvement or renovation in any manner, the person shall repair, improve and renovate those goods and return them to the concerned owner, upon charging the costs or service charge for such repair, improvement or\n\nrenovation within the period specified in the contract. If the goods are not so returned within the specified period or any additional loss or damage is caused to the goods or the goods are so damaged as to be unusable in the course of their repair, improvement or renovation, that person shall be liable to pay the compensation specified in the contract and, failing such provision, a reasonable compensation to the concerned owner.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the person who repairs, improves or renovates the goods shall have the right to retain them until the payment of the costs incurred in the repair, improvement or renovation of such goods or the service charge if paid, and if such costs or service fee are not paid within a reasonable period, that person may recover the costs or service fee by selling the goods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "581. Goods given for repair and maintenance to be returned", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 201, "char_count": 1190, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128292" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0644", "text": "582. Costs incurred in taking care of (herbichar) bailed goods:\nExcept as otherwise provided for in the contract, the bailor shall bear the expenses incurred in the bailment of goods and in the care or security of the bailed goods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "582. Costs incurred in taking care of (herbichar) bailed goods", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 40, "char_count": 231, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128300" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0645", "text": "583. Contract of bailment to be void: If it is proved that any goods are bailed with the intention of disentitling partition share, abstaining from paying any payable government fee or amount payable to any one or for any other illegal purpose, such a contract of bailment shall be void.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "583. Contract of bailment to be void", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 50, "char_count": 287, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128306" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0646", "text": "584. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from an act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within two years after the date of the accrual of the cause of action.\n\nChapter-9 Provisions Relating to Collateral or Deposit 585. Contract of pledge or deposit deemed to be made: (1) If a person takes delivery of goods as security for payment of a debt lent to another person, a contract of collateral is deemed to have been concluded and if a person takes delivery of goods as a security for the performance of a promise by another person, a contract of deposit shall be deemed to have been concluded.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"goods\" means any property and includes title to or an instrument establishing title to that property.\n(2) A contract of collateral or deposit may be made pursuant to sub-section (1) in relation to the debt for the payment of which security is taken and interest of the debt, and if a deposit is taken as a security for the performance of a promise, other expenses related to that promise and expenses incurred in the care of (herchaha)collateraled or deposited goods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "584. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 203, "char_count": 1154, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128317" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0647", "text": "586. To return goods collateraled or deposited: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, after the payment of the debt for which the collater has been taken or after the performance of the promise for which person deposit has been taken shall be returned to the concerned.\n(2) If the collateral or deposit taken under sub-section (1) is or may be divided into different parts, the collateral or deposit may be returned to the extent covered by the respective portion of the debt repaid or the promise performed.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "586. To return goods collateraled or deposited", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 90, "char_count": 525, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128326" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0648", "text": "587. Rights of the person who obtains collateral or deposit: (1) If a debt has been taken having pledged any goods as a collateral for its payment and makes a default in payment of the debt or interest of the debt, if any, within the specified period, the person who has taken the collateral may initiate the right to take legal action to recover the debt in accordance with law, by selling or auctioning the collateral so given at the prevailing market price or transfer the ownership of such security in his or her name subject to law, if such sale or auction cannot be made.\n(2) If the goods pledged as collateral are sold at a price lesser than the amount recoverable by the person who has taken the collateral from the borrower under sub-section (1), such a person shall be entitled to recover the shortfall amount from the other assets of the borrower, and the collateral is sold at a price higher than the amount to be recovered, the excess amount shall be returned to the borrower.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything containing in sub-sections (1) and (2), the person who has given the goods as collateral may take back his or her goods at any time by paying the debt and interest thereon and other amounts, if any, due and payable prior to the sale of the pledged goods or the transfer of ownership thereof.\nProvided that the person who has given the collateral shall also be liable to bear additional liability arising to the goods pledged from his or her failure to pay the amount within the specified period.\n(4) If a deposit is taken as a security for the performance of a promise and the promise is not performed or completed within\n\nthe specified time, the goods pledged as deposit may be used for the performance of the promise or the expenses incurred in such performance may be recovered from such goods.\n(5) If the promise cannot be performed from the goods pledged as deposit, such shortfall amount may be recovered from the other assets of the borrower.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "587. Rights of the person who obtains collateral or deposit", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 351, "char_count": 1968, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128343" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0649", "text": "588. Consequences of pledge or deposit of goods by non-owner: (1) If anyone borrows a debt or enters into a promise by pledging to the creditor any goods in which the he or she has no right or ownership or which has been obtained under a contract which is void under this Part and the pledgee does not know that fact, the pledgee shall have the right to demand the borrower giving such a collateral or deposit to give collateral or deposit of the goods owned by him or her equal to that amount, and if the he or she fails to give the collateral or deposit so demanded, the pledgee shall have the right to get the contract voided.\n(2) If any goods obtained under a void contract are pledged as a collateral or deposit and the contract has already become void before giving such collateral or deposit or the pledgee had the knowledge that the goods pledged as the collateral or deposit did not belong to the pledger, the pledgee shall have no right in such goods and may recover the amount to be recovered by him or her or have the promise performed from other goods belonging to the pledger.\n(3) If the pledger has a partial or limited title to, or ownership of, the goods pledged as the collateral or deposit, the\n\npledgee also shall have right and title to such goods to that extent only.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "588. Consequences of pledge or deposit of goods by non-owner", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 240, "char_count": 1289, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128358" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0650", "text": "589. Creditors to be on equal footing (pari pasu): (1) If a person has borrowed debt from two or more creditors at a time or several times by pledging any of his or her goods as a collateral and the goods so pledged as the collateral are not sufficient to pay the debt of all the creditors, except as otherwise provided for in the contract, all the creditors who have taken the goods as collateral shall be deemed to be in pari pasu in respect of the debt outstanding and shall have the right to make a proportionate claim on the goods accordingly.\n(2) A contract entered into giving priority right in the future to a creditor on the goods already pledged as collateral pursuant to sub-section (1) shall be void. If a creditor has already recovered his or her debt from such a collateral before the contract becomes void in spite of knowing that there are also other creditors in respect of the security, such a creditor shall return the amount to other creditors and recover his or her debt from other assets of the pledger.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "589. Creditors to be on equal footing (pari pasu)", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 187, "char_count": 1025, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128371" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0651", "text": "590. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within two years after the date of the accrual of the cause of action.\n\nChapter-10 Provisions Relating to Contracts of Agency 591. Contract of agency deemed to be made: Any person may appoint any other person as his or her agent to do any act on his or her behalf, except on the matter of his or her personal ability, to conduct business as his or her agent or carry on any transaction with a third person on his or her behalf or to represent him or her to such a person or to establish any type of legal relation with the person appointing an agent (the principal) and a third person, and if an agent is so appointed, a contract of agency shall be deemed to have been concluded.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "590. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 153, "char_count": 805, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128382" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0652", "text": "592. Recognition of transaction carried out by agent: (1) Whatever a person can do on his or her own, the person may get the same done, or cause to be done, through an agent, subject to the law.\nProvided that no act may be done through an agent for which one has to be present in person.\n(2) A contract concluded through an agent appointed pursuant to Section 591 or act done by the agent shall be deemed to have been carried out by the concerned person and the obligation arising out of such an act shall be performed as if the contract were concluded or act done by the principal.\nProvided that if the agent has done any act beyond his or her authority, the principal shall not be liable for such an act other than that accepted by him or her.\n\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if, out of the acts done beyond authority, some acts are within his or her authority and some are beyond it and the part done within his or her authority can be separated, the principal shall be liable to the extent of the acts done within authority.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "592. Recognition of transaction carried out by agent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 197, "char_count": 1056, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128394" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0653", "text": "593. Power to appoint sub-agent: (1) If it is necessary to appoint a subagent according to the nature of any trade, business or transaction or a sub-agent may be appointed having regard to the provision of the contract or usage of the contract of agency, the agent may, except as otherwise provided for in the contract, appoint a subagent with the consent of the principal.\nProvided that an agent who has been appointed on the condition that he or she shall represent or do any act personally may not appoint a sub-agent.\n(2) If a sub-agent is appointed pursuant to sub-section (1), the agent shall give information thereof to the principal, and the rights and obligations of the sub-agent so appointed shall be the same as that of the agent appointed by the principal.\n(3) If an agent appoints a sub-agent without the consent of the principal, the principal shall not be liable for any act done or action taken by the sub-agent.\n(4) The agent appointing the sub-agent shall be personally liable for the acts referred to in sub-section (3).\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "593. Power to appoint sub-agent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 181, "char_count": 1041, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128406" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0654", "text": "594. matters to be complied with by agent: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, an agent shall comply with the following matters:\n(a) To act subject to the terms and conditions of the contract of agency and the directions given by the principal, (b) In the absence of any terms and conditions in the contract or any direction given by the principal, to do the business of agency in good faith, with full diligence and necessary care and skill, accordance to the nature of the act and business assigned to him or her and the laws and usages of the place of transaction, Provided that if, at the time of the conclusion of the contract, the principal was aware that the agent has no efficiency or capacity in relation to any matter, the agent shall not be liable for any loss or damage resulting from such inefficiency or incapacity of him or her.\n(c) On the removal from an agent, not to do any act as usual in the capacity of an agent on the same business.\n(d) To render or show the details of accounts and records of the agency business to the principal at the time of demand, (e) In the case of any obstruction, obstacle or difficulty arising in the course of business of the agency, to\n\nnotify the principal as soon as possible and obtain necessary directions, and the principal shall be liable for any act done according to the direction so given.\n(2) If the principal suffers any loss or damage because of the failure of the agent to perform his or her duties under clauses (a), (b) and (c) of sub-section (1), the agent shall personally bear such loss or damage.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "594. matters to be complied with by agent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 290, "char_count": 1584, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128422" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0655", "text": "595. Agent to be responsible: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the agent shall, in any of the following circumstances, be personally liable for the transaction done by him or her on behalf of the principal:\n(a) If the agent concludes a contract with a third party in relation to any transaction with provision for personal responsibility, (b) If any act is done for or on behalf of an undisclosed principal and such a principal is not disclosed, (c) If the principal cannot be sued for any reason, (d) If the contract is concluded in his or her own name, (e) If any act is done beyond the scope of the contract of agency or authority, (f) If any misrepresentation or fraud is committed in the course of the transaction, (g) If the agent is required to be liable personally according to the nature of the trade,\n\n(h) If the interest of the agent is also involved in the transaction.\n(2) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract between the agent and a third person, nothing shall be deemed to bar the making of any claim by the third person against the principal merely by the reason that the agent is personally liable pursuant to sub-section (1), and legal action may also be taken against the principal for a sum not recovered from the agent.\n(3) For the purposes of taking a legal action against the principal pursuant to sub-section (2), the statute of limitation shall be deemed to commence from the date of the last payment made by the agent.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "595. Agent to be responsible", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 265, "char_count": 1477, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128437" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0656", "text": "596. Principal to be liable when leading to believe that act is done with authority: (1) If the principal gives information to a third party that he or she has given authority to another person to act on his or her behalf or leads the third party to so believe, the principal shall be liable for any act done by the agent on his or her behalf unless the third party has come to know or has reasonable ground to know that the authority has not been so given.\n(2) In the cases referred to in sub-section (1), the principal may be liable even for the act done by the agent beyond the authority if there is a reasonable ground for the third party to believe that the agent has authority.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "596. Principal to be liable when leading to believe that act is done with authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 131, "char_count": 684, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128449" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0657", "text": "597. Termination of agency: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the agency shall be deemed to be terminated ipso facto, in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If the agent voluntarily renounces the agency and gives a notice thereof to the principal, (b) If the principal revokes the authority given to the agency or the contract of agency or gives a notice to the agent on the impossibility of performance of the contract, (c) If the agent is appointed for any specific business and that business is completed, (d) If the agent is appointed for a specific period and that period expires, (e) If the principal or the agent dies or becomes of unsound mind, (f) If the principal is declared to be insolvent, (g) If the matter for which the agent is appointed no longer exists, (h) If an agent is appointed by a body corporate and such a body is liquidated or dissolved.\n(2) The principal may revoke any or whole of the authority given to the agent at any time before the agent exercises the authority, and if the authority is so revoked, the principal shall immediately give a notice thereof to the agent.\n\nProvided that if the agent has already exercised some of such authority, the authority shall not be deemed to have been revoked in relation to the act already done in exercise of the authority (3) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, if the agent also has a share in the property connected with the main business of the agency, the agent may not be removed in such manner as to be prejudicial to such share.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "597. Termination of agency", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 276, "char_count": 1558, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128464" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0658", "text": "598. Agent may not be removed: (1) Except as otherwise provided in the contract, if an agent is appointed for any specific period or act, the principal shall not remove the agent before the expiry of that period or before the completion of that act, except for a reasonable and sufficient reason.\n(2) An agent who is appointed without specifying any certain period or act shall not be removed without giving a prior notice along with an appropriate reason.\n(3) If the principal removes the agent in contravention of sub-section (1) or (2), the principal shall pay a reasonable compensation to the agent.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "598. Agent may not be removed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 103, "char_count": 603, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128474" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0659", "text": "599. Renunciation of agency by agent not allowed: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, except as otherwise provided for in the contract, an agent appointed for a specific period or act shall not renounce the agency before the expiry of, or completion of, such period or act, except for a reasonable and sufficient reason.\n\n(2) Any agent appointed without specifying any period or act under sub-section (1) shall not renounce the agency without giving a prior notice along with the reason for such renunciation to the principal.\n(3) If any agent renounces the agency in contravention of sub-section (1) or (2), the principal may claim a reasonable compensation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "599. Renunciation of agency by agent not allowed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 110, "char_count": 689, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128483" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0660", "text": "600. Removal of sub-agent together with agent: If an agent ceases to exist under this Part, the sub-agent appointed by him or her shall also be deemed to have, ipso facto, been removed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "600. Removal of sub-agent together with agent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 33, "char_count": 185, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128489" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0661", "text": "601. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved form any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within two years after the date of accrual of the cause of action.\n\nChapter-11 Provisions Relating to Contracts for Carriage of Goods 602. Contract for carriage of goods deemed to be made: (1) If a contract is concluded for the carriage of any goods from one place to another, a contract for the carriage of goods shall be deemed to have been concluded.\n(2) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, a receipt or bill to be issued by the carrier to the owner of goods at the time of handing over the goods for carriage shall be recognized as an evidence of the contract concluded between the carrier and the owner of the goods.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"carrier\" means a person operating a transport service other than air or marine transport, or a person engaged in the business of such transport, and also includes a person operating the business of carriage through internal navigation transport, rope-way or animal or any other means.\nProvided that if any person employed by the owner of goods on wage basis or his or her agent or a person working under his or her supervision carries goods, such a person shall not be deemed to be a carrier for the purposes of this Chapter.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "601. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 240, "char_count": 1344, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128501" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0662", "text": "603. Carrier's obligations: (1) It shall be the obligation of the carrier to carry the goods received from the owner of the goods for carriage to the specified destination in proper condition.\n(2) If the goods received from the owner of the goods for carriage are lost, destroyed, broken, defaced or damaged or the\n\ngoods do not reach to the specified destination in proper condition in any other manner, the carrier shall be liable for that.\n(3) The carrier shall carry the goods within the time specified in the contract, and within a reasonable time, if no period for transporting the goods is specified in the contract, and deliver the goods to the owner of the goods or his or her agent or a person designated by him or her.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "603. Carrier's obligations", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 130, "char_count": 729, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128512" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0663", "text": "604. Carrier to be liable: (1) If more than one carrier or mode of transport is involved in the carriage of any goods, except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the carrier to whom the owner of the goods has been handed over the goods shall be liable.\n(2) If any goods are stolen, lost, damaged or destroyed prior to the carriage and delivery of such goods by the carrier to the concerned person, the carrier shall be liable for that.\nProvided that if the goods are stolen, lost, damaged or destroyed due to a disaster or accident, the carrier shall not be liable for that.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "604. Carrier to be liable", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 107, "char_count": 581, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128521" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0664", "text": "605. Right to sell goods without consent of owner: (1) If the carrier fails to carry any goods to the destination within the specified time due to a disaster or accident in the course of carriage of the goods and such goods are perishable or their price or quality is susceptible to decrease significantly, the carrier may sell such goods even without the consent of the owner.\n(2) The carrier shall pay the amount so obtained from the sale made pursuant to sub-section (1) to the owner.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "605. Right to sell goods without consent of owner", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 87, "char_count": 488, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128530" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0665", "text": "606. Carrier's liability to be limited: (1) Except where the owner of goods or his or her agent has clearly declared at the time of conclusion of the contract that the value of the goods to be carried is more or except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the compensation for any loss or damage to the goods carried by the carrier shall not exceed one hundred thousand rupees.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the carrier shall not be liable for any loss or damage to any gold, silver, diamond, jewelry or articles made thereof, precious stone, bill of exchange, security, document registered at office, certificate issued by an academic and other institute, coin, bank note, postal stamp, fish, meat, fresh fruits and vegetable, insecticide and toxic material, inflammable material, petroleum product, precious fine art work, idol, curio goods or glass or goods made of glass or highly breakable or fragile goods, wildlife and domestic animal, handicraft product, arms and ammunition, explosive, electronic equipment (radio, television, computer, mobile or similar other good) and their spare parts, machinery and such goods as specified by the law to be declared by the owner before the carriage, except where the owner or his or her agent has made explicit declaration at the time of the conclusion of contract or at the time of handing over of the goods to the carrier for carriage.\n(3) For the purpose of bearing the risks involved in the carriage of goods under sub-section (2), the carrier may insure the goods through the owner of the goods or his or her agent or insure the goods by himself or herself having charged separate fee to the\n\nowner or the carrier may make other necessary provisions for preventing the risks.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "606. Carrier's liability to be limited", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 294, "char_count": 1762, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128545" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0666", "text": "607. To bear compensation: The carrier shall, for such loss, damage or harm as caused to the goods declared at the time of the conclusion of contract or at the time of handing over the goods to the carrier for carriage under this Chapter or the goods not requiring declaration, in the course of their carriage, be liable to pay to the owner the compensation, if any, specified in the contract, to reimburse for the goods carried with the consent of the owner if no such compensation is specified in the contract or failing such consent, the prevailing price of such goods, and failing the determination of the price, a reasonable price and also a reasonable compensation for the loss and damage caused to the owner of the goods, subject to Chapter-5 of this Part.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "607. To bear compensation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 135, "char_count": 763, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128557" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0667", "text": "608. Termination of carrier's liability: Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the carrier's liability shall be deemed to have been terminated in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If the carrier or his or her agent carries and hands over the goods to the owner of the goods or his or her agent or the person designated by him or her, (b) If the goods handed over to the carrier are taken back by the owner of the goods or his or her agent prior to the carriage thereof, (c) If the carrier or his or her agent returns the goods to the owner of the goods or his or her agent specifying the reason that the goods cannot be carried within the\n\nspecified time because of the circumstance referred to in clause (b) of sub-section (2) of Section 531.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "608. Termination of carrier's liability", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 142, "char_count": 761, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128567" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0668", "text": "609. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within two years after the date of accrual of the cause of action.\n\nChapter-12 Provisions Relating to Contracts of Lease 610. A contract of lease deemed to be made: (1) If a contract is concluded under which a person gives any goods in which he or she has right and possession to another person for use and possession and enjoy the benefits accrued therefrom in consideration for a rent payable regularly for a certain period, a contract of lease shall be deemed to be concluded.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"goods\" means any property from which benefit may be acquired through consumption, possession or use without diminishing them.\n(2) If a contract of lease is concluded pursuant to subsection (1), except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the lessor shall ensure the lessee of the following matters:\n(a) To transfer certain goods for use and possession according to the contract, (b) To maintain the goods transferred pursuant to clause (a) in a running condition so that they may be possessed or used at the time of the transfer, (c) To make arrangements so that the goods transferred pursuant to clause (a) or (b) can be possessed or used peacefully and without any hindrance.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, any goods destroyable in use or consumable goods may not be leased.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "609. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 251, "char_count": 1481, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128580" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0669", "text": "611. Form of the leased goods not to be changed: The lessee shall not change the original form of the leased goods without the consent of the owner during the period of the contract of lease.\nProvided that nothing contained in this Section shall prevent the repairing, maintaining, improving or renovating of the leased goods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "611. Form of the leased goods not to be changed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 55, "char_count": 326, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128588" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0670", "text": "612. To use the leased goods in good faith: (1) The lessee shall have the right to possess and use the leased goods in good faith and in a prudential manner as if the goods were owned by himself or herself.\n(2) While possessing and using the leased goods pursuant to sub-section (1), the lessee shall possess and use them in consonance with the object of the contract of lease.\n(3) If the lessee is proved to have possessed and used the leased goods contrary to sub-section (1) or (2), the lessor may terminate such a contract at any time.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "612. To use the leased goods in good faith", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 100, "char_count": 539, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128597" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0671", "text": "613. To repair and maintain leased goods: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract of lease, the lessor shall repair and maintain the leased goods.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if the possession or use of the leased goods cannot be made without their immediate repair, maintenance or renovation, the lessee himself or herself may repair, maintain or renovate such goods by giving information thereof to the lessor.\n(3) The lessor shall reimburse or adjust in lease rent the expenses incurred in the repair, maintenance or renovation made pursuant to sub-section (2).\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "613. To repair and maintain leased goods", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 96, "char_count": 609, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128605" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0672", "text": "614. Lessor to be informed if goods are not usable: (1) If the leased goods or any part thereof are lost, damaged or destroyed in any manner, are not capable of being possessed or used for any reason, any person makes a claim or dispute of any kind in relation to such goods or any part thereof or any person creates hindrance or disturbance in any manner while possessing or using the goods, the lessee shall give information thereof to the lessor immediately.\n(2) Upon receipt of information pursuant to sub-section (1), the lessor shall carry out such repair, maintenance or renovation or obtain such legal remedies as may be necessary to restore the goods into their original condition according to the nature of the goods within fifteen days.\n(3) In the case of failure to restore the leased goods into their original condition within the period referred to in sub-section (2), the lease rent shall be subject to reduction in proportion to the extent to which such goods have been lost, damaged or destroyed or become incapable of being used or possessed or such claim, hindrance or dispute has been made.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "614. Lessor to be informed if goods are not usable", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 192, "char_count": 1110, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128617" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0673", "text": "615. Lessee to be liable: (1) The lessee shall possess or use the leased goods by taking adequate safety measures having regard to the nature of the goods in order to save the leased goods from loss or damage.\n(2) If the leased goods are lost or destroyed for any reason or the price of the goods decreases due to loss or destruction thereof in any manner or due to loss because of negligence on the part of the lessee, any member of his or her family, his or her agent or the third party, during the validity of the contract of lease, the lessee\n\nshall be liable therefor, and the lessee shall restore such goods into their original condition, and if the lessee fails to do so, he or she shall be liable to pay compensation therefor.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) or (2), the lessee shall not be liable for the loss or damage, if any, caused to the leased goods due to any force majeure event.\n(4) If partial loss or damage is caused to the leased goods due to a force majeure event pursuant to sub-section (3) and the lessor does not restore such goods into their original condition or such restoration is not possible, the lessor shall reduce the lease rent in proportion to the loss or damage.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Section, the term \"force majeure event\" means any of the following events:\n(a) A storm, earthquake, eruption of volcano, (b) Excessive rain, flood, landslide, soil erosion, thunder-storm, (c) Fire caused in any manner other than that caused by dishonesty, negligence or recklessness on the part of the lessee or his or her family member, employee, worker or third party, (d) Act of terrorism, civil riot, civil war, (e) Other natural calamity of similar nature beyond human control.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "615. Lessee to be liable", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 308, "char_count": 1746, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128633" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0674", "text": "616. To pay lease rent: (1) The lessee shall pay to the lessor the lease rent according to the terms and conditions of the contract of lease.\n\n(2) If the terms and conditions of payment of the lease rent are not specified in the contract pursuant to sub-section (1), the lessee shall pay the lease rent on the next day of the end of each month, in the case of a movable property, within fifteen days of the end of every fiscal year, in the case of farmland, servitude, land leased for industrial or infrastructure building or housing, and within a week of the end of every month, in the case of other goods.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, if any person does not let the lessee fully possess and use such goods or any part thereof by showing any defect in the ownership and possession of the leased goods or any part thereof, creating any type of hindrance or obstruction or making a claim in relation thereto, the lessee may reduce the lease rent in proportion thereto.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "616. To pay lease rent", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 181, "char_count": 1004, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128646" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0675", "text": "617. Validity period of contract of lease: (1) No contract of lease concluded in relation to the following goods shall remain valid for more than the following period:\n(a) Thirty-five years in the case of housing land leased for the construction of a building or housing land in use after construction of a building therein, (b) Thirty-five years in the case of the land leased for the purpose of servitude, (c) Forty years in the case of the land leased for the purpose of construction, development and\n\noperation of the infrastructures such as industrial structure, roads, canals, electricity generation, (d) Twenty years in the case of land for farming;\n(e) Nineteen years in the case of house and land leased for the purposes other than that referred to in clause (a), (b), (c) or (d), (f) Fifteen years in the case of a motor vehicle, (g) Fifteen years in the case of machinery equipment other than a motor vehicle, (h) Fifteen years in the case of machinery equipment other than that referred to in clause (f) or (g), (i) Ten years in the case of a domestic animal, (j) Ten years in the case of goods other than that set forth in this Section having regard to their life and nature.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the parties may extend the validity period of the contract of lease, subject to the validity period of the contract, before expiry of the period referred to in such a sub-section.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), the parties to a contract of lease may decide whether to extend the period of the contract of lease having regard to the place where the leased house and land are situated and the nature of the goods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "617. Validity period of contract of lease", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 294, "char_count": 1687, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128661" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0676", "text": "618. Leased goods may be sub-leased: (1) The lessee may, with the prior consent of the lessor, sub-lease to any person the goods or any\n\npart thereof leased under the contract of lease, by concluding another contract of lease to that effect.\n(2) The lessee shall not be free from his or her obligation towards the lessor for the reason that he or she has made a sub-lease pursuant to sub-section (1).\n(3) The terms and conditions of such a sub-lease contract concluded pursuant to sub-section (1) in relation to the goods on sub-lease shall not be different than the terms and conditions of the first contract of lease.\n(4) While determining the terms and conditions of the contract of lease pursuant to sub-section (3), provision may be so made that the sub-lessee shall be directly liable to the lessor in respect of the leased goods, and if such provision is made, the sublessee shall be liable to the lessor to the extent of the sub-lease contract.\n(5) The validity period of the contract of lease made pursuant to sub-section (1) shall not exceed the validity period of the contract of lease concluded between the lessor and the lessee.\n(6) If the lessor makes recourse to any legal remedy or a claim against the lessee under this Chapter, the sub-lessee shall not be liable therefor except in the case referred to in sub-section (4).\n(7) Nothing shall be deemed to have been prejudiced in any manner the right which the lessor may exercise under the contract of lease based on anything contained in this Section,.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "618. Leased goods may be sub-leased", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 265, "char_count": 1519, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128677" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0677", "text": "619. To return leased goods: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract of lease, if the contract of lease is terminated for any\n\nreason, the lessee shall return the goods leased under this Chapter to the lessor within thirty-five days of the termination of the contract of lease.\nProvided that, in the case of an immovable property, the lessor shall be deemed to be entitled, ipso facto, to possess that goods after thirty-five days of the termination of the contract of lease.\n(2) The lessee shall return the goods leased pursuant to sub-section (1) to the lessor on the same condition as they were received at the time of lease.\nProvided that the lessee shall not be liable for any natural decay or depreciation caused from the possession and use of the goods.\n(3) If a record of the goods or accessories and spare parts thereof has been maintained at the time of leasing the goods, the goods and accessories and spare parts thereof according to such record shall also be returned, while returning the leased goods pursuant to sub-section (1) or (2).\nProvided that the accessories or spare parts that get lost or destroyed in the course of possession and use according to the nature of the goods need not be returned.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "619. To return leased goods", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 215, "char_count": 1230, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128691" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0678", "text": "620. Special provision relating to the contract of lease of immovable property: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, a contract of lease of any immovable property shall be concluded in writing.\n\n(2) While leasing any immovable property for a period of more than ten years, the contract of lease, setting out such matter, shall be registered in a body legally authorized for that purpose.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, no immovable property can, without consent of the Government of Nepal, be leased to a person who cannot acquire ownership in any immovable property in Nepal according to law, for the purpose of farming, constructing a building or housing and land development.\n(4) In returning any building, shed or other structure built by the lessee, or the garden, forest or trees located, in the land leased under the contract of lease to the lessor upon the expiry of the validity period of the contract of lease, except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the lessee shall be deemed to have right and ownership in such building, shed or other structure or garden, forest or trees located therein, and the lessee shall accordingly remove such building, shed, structure, garden, forest or trees from such land.\n(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (4), if the lessor desires to take such building, shed or other structure or garden, forest or trees located in such land on the as is where is basis, the lessor shall pay the mutually agreed price for the same.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "620. Special provision relating to the contract of lease of immovable property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 255, "char_count": 1553, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128706" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0679", "text": "621. Contract of lease may be terminated: (1) The lessor may terminate the contract of lease in any of the following circumstances:\n\n(a) Except as otherwise permitted by the lessor, if the lessee fails to pay the lease amount until ninety days after the due date for the payment of the lease rent has expired, (b) If the lessee possesses or uses the leased goods taken contrary to Section 612, (c) If the lessee fails to give information to the lessor or keep him or her informed about the matters referred to in sub-section (1) of Section 614, (d) If the lessee fails to restore the leased goods into their original condition having regard to the nature of the goods pursuant to sub-section (2) of Section 615, (e) If the goods leased are sub-leased without the prior consent of the lessor.\n(2) The lessee may terminate the contract of lease in any of following circumstances:\n(a) If the leased goods cannot be possessed or used for the purpose or object for which the goods have been leased, (b) If the lessor fails to reimburse the repair and maintenance costs or make its adjustment to the lease rent pursuant to sub-section (3) of Section 613, (c) If the lessor does not reduce or agree to reduce the lease rent amount pursuant to sub-section (3) of Section 614 or sub-section (4) of Section 615.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "621. Contract of lease may be terminated", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 232, "char_count": 1302, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128719" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0680", "text": "622. Provisions relating to house rent to apply: Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, in matters concerning house rent the provisions of Chapter-9 of Part 4 shall apply.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "622. Provisions relating to house rent to apply", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 29, "char_count": 194, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128726" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0681", "text": "623. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within two years after the date of the accrual of the cause of action.\n\nChapter-13 Provisions Relating to Hire-Purchase Contracts 624. Hire-purchase contract deemed to be made: (1) If a person lets any goods to another person for hire on the following terms and conditions, a hire-purchase contract shall be deemed to be concluded:\n(a) The hirer has the right of possession and use of the goods let by the owner of the goods, on the condition of payment of the rent amount by installments in periodic basis for that goods, (b) The hirer has the right to purchase the goods on hire according to the terms and conditions of the contract, (c) The ownership of such goods would be transferred to the hirer upon payment of the last installment, (d) The hirer may terminate the contract at any time prior to the transfer of ownership pursuant to clause (c).\n(2) The contract referred to in sub-section (1) shall be concluded in writing.\n(3) The owner of the goods shall provide one copy of the contract concluded pursuant to this Section to the hirer free of cost as soon as the contract is so concluded.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter,\n\n(1) \"Goods\" means any movable property that may be let for hire for the purpose of its possession and use.\n(2) \"Hirer\" means a person who takes any goods on hire for possession and use according to the hire-purchase contract and also includes his or her successor in the event of his or her death or other third person to receive such goods under the contract.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "623. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 291, "char_count": 1633, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128743" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0682", "text": "625. Matters to be specified in hire-purchase contract: (1) The following matters shall be specified in the hire-purchase contract referred to in Section 624:\n(a) The goods and short description thereof, (b) Hire-purchase price of the goods, (c) Cash price of the goods, (d) The date of commencement of the contract, (e) The amount of installment payable by the hirer to the owner of goods and the number of installments, (f) The due date for payment of each installment and the mode of payment, (g) The person and place for the payment of amount pursuant to clause (f).\n(2) If an installment can be paid by any mode other than cash pursuant to clause (f) of sub-section (1), a brief description thereof shall be specified in the hire-purchase contract.\n(3) If a hire-purchase contract has been made without specifying any of the terms and conditions referred to in this\n\nSection, the hirer may sue for the rescission of such contract, and if the court thinks that non-specification of any of such terms and conditions in the contract is detrimental to the hirer, the court may rescind such contract or issue any such other order as it thinks fit.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter,(1) \"Hire purchase price\" means the total amount to be paid by the hirer to purchase or acquire the goods upon payment of the full price of the goods, and also includes an amount to be paid as deposit or down payment.\n(2) \"Cash price\" means the price to be paid in cash by which the hirer may purchase any goods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "625. Matters to be specified in hire-purchase contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 265, "char_count": 1506, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128759" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0683", "text": "626. Conclusion of more than one contract to be deemed as conclusion of single contract: (1) If several contracts are concluded in connection with the making of a hire-purchase contract, namely a contract between the hirer and the owner of any goods, a contract between a surety guaranteeing the payment of installments of the hire-purchase price of such goods or investor and the owner of such goods on the condition of entering into a hire-purchase contract, or in the case of any bailed or pledged goods, a contract between the bailor and the bailee of such goods, the contracts shall be deemed to be a single contract for the purposes of this Chapter.\n(2) If the contracts referred to in sub-section (1) are concluded at different dates, the latest date shall be regarded as the date of the formation of the contract.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "626. Conclusion of more than one contract to be deemed as conclusion of single contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 142, "char_count": 821, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128771" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0684", "text": "627. Consequences of formation of hire-purchase contract: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the contract, the following\n\nterms and conditions shall be deemed to be inherent in the hirepurchase contract concluded between the parties:\n(a) The hirer has the right of uninterrupted possession and use of the hired goods, (b) The goods are free from any type of charge or claim of any one at the time of transfer of the goods by the owner to the hirer, (c) The owner of the goods has assured that the hirer will have a reasonable opportunity to compare such goods with the sample, (d) The owner of the goods has the right to sell the hired goods at the time of the transfer of such goods by him to the hirer, (e) The goods referred to in clause (a) are of satisfactory quality at the time of the transfer of goods, (f) If the hirer has informed the owner of the goods that he or she is hiring the goods for any particular purpose, the owner of the goods guarantees that such goods or quality thereof will be appropriate for that purpose.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (e) of sub-section (1), the owner of the goods shall not be liable for the quality of the goods in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) The owner of the goods was not aware of the defect in the goods, for which the hire-purchase\n\ncontract has been made at the time of conclusion of such contract, (b) The hire-purchase contract itself has a stipulation about the defect in the quality of the goods, (c) If the hirer has collected and examined a sample of the goods and the quality of the goods matches with such a sample, (d) The hire-purchase contract is concluded with regard to any second-hand goods and that matter is specified in the contract.\n(3) If the hirer takes any goods on hire on the basis of a sample, the owner of the goods shall be deemed to have assured of the fact that all of such goods match with the sample.\n(4) If the description of any goods or quality thereof is specified in a contract concluded under this Chapter, the owner of the goods shall be deemed to have assured of the fact that such goods or quality thereof shall be as specified in the contract.\nProvided that if the sample is also specified in the contract, the matching of the quality of such goods with that of the sample shall not suffice, and it shall be matched with the description of the contract at the time of transferring the whole of the goods.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "627. Consequences of formation of hire-purchase contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 444, "char_count": 2435, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128797" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0685", "text": "628. Transfer of ownership of goods: The ownership of the goods related to a hire-purchase contract shall be transferred to the hirer upon completion of the purchase according to the hire-purchase price determined in accordance with the contract concluded under this Chapter.\n\nProvided that the right to possession and use shall be deemed to be created at the time of receiving such goods by him or her.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Section, the term \"completion of the purchase\" means the payment of the last installment of the hire-purchase price.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "628. Transfer of ownership of goods", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 91, "char_count": 558, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128809" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0686", "text": "629. Goods on hire to be cared (herchaha) and maintained: (1) The status of the goods hired under a hire-purchase contract shall be as of the bailment until the transfer of their ownership pursuant to Section 628.\n(2) Except as otherwise provided for in the hire-purchase contract, the hirer shall take reasonable care of (herbichar) and maintain the goods related to such a contract as if the goods were those owned by himself or herself.\n(3) If such goods are lost or damaged because of the failure to take care of (herbichar) and maintain them pursuant to sub-section (2), the hirer shall be liable therefor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "629. Goods on hire to be cared (herchaha) and maintained", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 105, "char_count": 611, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128818" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0687", "text": "630. Installment to be paid: The hirer shall pay the amount of installment as determined in the hire-purchase contract in consideration for the hired goods, within such period and according to such mode as specified in the contract.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "630. Installment to be paid", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 38, "char_count": 232, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128824" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0688", "text": "631. Termination of contract by paying installment: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the hire-purchase contract, the hirer may, during the currency of the contract, terminate the contract by making payment of the hire-purchase price of the goods or outstanding installment, and giving an advance written notice of at least fifteen days to the owner of the goods.\n\n(2) While terminating the contract pursuant to sub-section (1), the hirer shall also be entitled to the discount of any kind, if any.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "631. Termination of contract by paying installment", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 82, "char_count": 504, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128832" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0689", "text": "632. Termination of contract by returning goods: (1) Except as otherwise provided for in the contract, the hirer may, at any time prior to the payment of the last installment as determined according to the hire-purchase contract for the goods, terminate the contract by giving a written notice to the owner of goods at least fifteen days in advance.\n(2) Prior to terminating the contract pursuant to subsection (1), the hirer shall deliver or return the hired goods to the owner according to the hire-purchase contract and also pay the amount, if any, due and payable by the hirer to the owner under the contract on or before the termination of the contract.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), if the hirer has already paid more than half of the hire purchase price on or before the termination of the hire-purchase contract, the hirer shall not be required to pay any more amount, and if the hirer has paid less than half the amount, the hirer shall pay up to the half of the amount.\n(4) Nothing contained in sub-section (3) shall be deemed to release the hirer from payment of such other amount, charge or due as may be payable according to the hire-purchase contract.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "632. Termination of contract by returning goods", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 207, "char_count": 1194, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128844" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0690", "text": "633. Right of hirer to transfer his or her right and interest: (1) The hirer may, with the consent of the owner of the hired goods, transfer to another person the right, interest or liability in the goods hired by him or her according to the hire-purchase contract and such other\n\nright, interest or liability as may be accrued to him or her under such a contract.\n(2) The owner of goods shall, for the purposes of sub-section (1), give or refuse to give consent within fifteen days of the date of the written request made by the hirer with the intention of getting consent from the owner to transfer his or her right, interest or liability to another person, and if consent cannot be obtained within such a period, the owner shall be deemed to have refused the consent.\n(3) If the owner of goods makes a refusal pursuant to subsection (2), the hirer shall, within thirty-five days, make a lawsuit in the court to have the refusal voided, and if the court issues an order to the effect that the refusal is not reasonable, the consent shall be deemed to have been obtained from the owner of goods.\n(4) If the right, interest or liability of the hirer is transferred to another person by operation of law, nothing contained in this Section shall be deemed to bar the exercise or performance of such right, interest or liability.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "633. Right of hirer to transfer his or her right and interest", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 239, "char_count": 1326, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128857" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0691", "text": "634. To be liable for use of goods contrary to terms and conditions: If the hirer uses the goods under the hire-purchase contract contrary to the terms and conditions of such a contract, the hirer shall be liable therefor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "634. To be liable for use of goods contrary to terms and conditions", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 222, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128865" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0692", "text": "635. Information of actual condition of goods to be given: If the owner of goods demands the hirer using the goods under the hirepurchase contract to give information as to the place where the concerned goods are situated and the state of benefits accrued from\n\nsuch goods, the hirer shall give information thereof to the owner within fifteen days.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "635. Information of actual condition of goods to be given", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 59, "char_count": 348, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128872" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0693", "text": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract: (1) If the hirer defaults to pay more than one installment of the hire-purchase price to be paid to the owner of goods according to the hire-purchase contract, the owner of goods shall be entitled to terminate the hirepurchase contract at any time, by giving an advance notice as follows to the hirer: (a) If the installment is to be paid within or less than an interval of one week, a period of one week. (b) In the cases other than that referred to in clause (a), a period of fifteen days. (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if the hirer makes payment of the installment and the interest, if any, to be accrued thereon according to the hire-purchase contract before the expiry of the period for giving an advance notice pursuant to the said sub-section, the hire-purchase contract cannot be terminated. (3) If the hirer fails to perform the hire-purchase contract or the terms and conditions referred to in Section 629 or 635, the concerned owner of goods may terminate the hire-purchase contract, by giving a notice of at least fifteen days. (4) In the event of termination of the contract pursuant to sub-section (1) or (3), the owner of goods may exercise the following rights in relation to the hired goods: (a) To take back the goods wherever and in whatever situation they may be, and if the goods cannot be so taken back, to forfeit them, (b) To determine the amount of rent that he or she can recover out of the amount paid in lieu of such goods, and inform the hirer to take back of the exceeding amount, (c) To forfeit the amount, if any, taken as a deposit from the hirer at the time of hiring the goods, (d) To enter the house where the goods are located with the assistance of police in the course of seizing the hired goods, (e) To recover compensation from the amount paid or make a claim for the loss or damage caused from the failure to return the hired goods in time or failure to perform the contract or the terms and conditions referred to in Section 629 or 635. (5) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, if the hirer, surety or investor has already paid at least the basic price of the hired goods, the owner of the goods shall not entitled to terminate the hire-purchase contract under this Section.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 414, "char_count": 2319, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128923" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0694", "text": "conditions referred to in Section 629 or 635. (5) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, if the hirer, surety or investor has already paid at least the basic price of the hired goods, the owner of the goods shall not entitled to terminate the hire-purchase contract under this Section. Explanation: For the purposes of this Section, the term \"basic price\" means three-fourths of the amount if the hire-price amounts to up to fifty thousand rupees and at least half the price if the hire-purchase price is more than that amount. (6) If the owner of goods terminates the hire-purchase contract in contravention of sub-section (5), the hirer or surety shall be in discharge of all liabilities to be fulfilled according to the hirepurchase contract and shall be entitled to refund the entire amount paid for the goods hired by him or her. Provided that the hirer shall return the hired goods to the concerned owner of goods. (7) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (5), a restriction to terminate the hire-purchase contract shall not be deemed to bar in any manner the right to make a claim for the hirepurchase price to be received from the hirer according to the contract. (8) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, the owner of goods may terminate the hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 251, "char_count": 1504, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128937" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0695", "text": "(8) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, the owner of goods may terminate the hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 50, "char_count": 296, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128943" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0696", "text": "Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Section, the owner of goods may terminate the hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 49, "char_count": 292, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128949" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0697", "text": "anything contained elsewhere in this Section, the owner of goods may terminate the hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 48, "char_count": 276, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128954" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0698", "text": "contained elsewhere in this Section, the owner of goods may terminate the hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 47, "char_count": 267, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128959" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0699", "text": "elsewhere in this Section, the owner of goods may terminate the hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 46, "char_count": 257, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128964" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0700", "text": "in this Section, the owner of goods may terminate the hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 45, "char_count": 247, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128970" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0701", "text": "this Section, the owner of goods may terminate the hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 44, "char_count": 244, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128975" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0702", "text": "Section, the owner of goods may terminate the hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 43, "char_count": 239, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128981" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0703", "text": "the owner of goods may terminate the hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 42, "char_count": 230, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128986" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0704", "text": "owner of goods may terminate the hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 41, "char_count": 226, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128991" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0705", "text": "of goods may terminate the hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 40, "char_count": 220, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.128996" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0706", "text": "goods may terminate the hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 217, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129002" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0707", "text": "may terminate the hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 38, "char_count": 211, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129007" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0708", "text": "terminate the hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 37, "char_count": 207, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129011" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0709", "text": "the hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 36, "char_count": 197, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129016" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0710", "text": "hire-purchase contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 35, "char_count": 193, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129021" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0711", "text": "contract entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 34, "char_count": 179, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129026" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0712", "text": "entered into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 33, "char_count": 170, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129031" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0713", "text": "into with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 32, "char_count": 162, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129035" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0714", "text": "with the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 31, "char_count": 157, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129040" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0715", "text": "the person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 30, "char_count": 152, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129045" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0716", "text": "person who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 29, "char_count": 148, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129050" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0717", "text": "who does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 28, "char_count": 141, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129054" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0718", "text": "does not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 27, "char_count": 137, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129059" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0719", "text": "not give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 26, "char_count": 132, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129063" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0720", "text": "give information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 25, "char_count": 128, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129068" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0721", "text": "information referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 24, "char_count": 123, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129072" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0722", "text": "referred to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 23, "char_count": 111, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129077" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0723", "text": "to in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 22, "char_count": 102, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129081" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0724", "text": "in Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 21, "char_count": 99, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129086" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0725", "text": "Section 635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 20, "char_count": 96, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129090" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0726", "text": "635 and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 19, "char_count": 88, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129094" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0727", "text": "and, if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 18, "char_count": 84, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129099" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0728", "text": "if any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 17, "char_count": 79, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129107" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0729", "text": "any loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 16, "char_count": 76, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129114" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0730", "text": "loss or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 15, "char_count": 72, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129118" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0731", "text": "or damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 14, "char_count": 67, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129123" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0732", "text": "damage is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 13, "char_count": 64, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129127" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0733", "text": "is caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 12, "char_count": 57, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129131" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0734", "text": "caused to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 11, "char_count": 54, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129135" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0735", "text": "to such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 10, "char_count": 47, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129139" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0736", "text": "such goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 9, "char_count": 44, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129143" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0737", "text": "goods, make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 8, "char_count": 39, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129147" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0738", "text": "make claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 7, "char_count": 32, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129151" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0739", "text": "claim for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 6, "char_count": 27, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129155" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0740", "text": "for the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 5, "char_count": 21, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129159" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0741", "text": "the same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 4, "char_count": 17, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129163" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0742", "text": "same as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 3, "char_count": 13, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129167" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0743", "text": "as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 2, "char_count": 8, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129170" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0744", "text": "well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "636. The owner of goods may terminate contract", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 1, "char_count": 5, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129174" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0745", "text": "637. Rights of hirer in case of forfeiture of goods: (1) If the owner of the goods hired pursuant to clause (a) of sub-section (4) of Section 636 forfeits the goods, the hirer shall be entitled to refund the amount paid in relation to the hire-purchase price up to the day of forfeiture and the amount equal to the price of the goods on the day of forfeiture from the owner.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Section, the term \"price of the goods on the day of forfeiture\" means a sum that\n\nremains after making deduction of the following amount or expense from the proceeds of sale of the forfeited goods:\n(1) Reasonable expenses incurred in course of the forfeiture of the goods, (2) Reasonable expenses incurred in the storage and repair and maintenance of the goods until the sale of the goods, (3) Reasonable expenses incurred in the sale or otherwise transfer of the goods, (4) The amount paid for the taxes, charges, fees or dues, if any, outstanding and payable by the hirer for the goods according to the laws in force, (2) The amount referred to in sub-section (1) shall be paid to the hirer within thirty days after the date of forfeiture of the goods, and while making payment thereafter, an interest at the rate of ten percent per year shall also be paid.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "637. Rights of hirer in case of forfeiture of goods", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 229, "char_count": 1272, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129192" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0746", "text": "638. Status of hired goods in case of hirer becoming bankrupt: (1) If the court holds, during the currency of a hire-purchase contract, that the hirer has become a bankrupt or is likely to be a bankrupt according to the laws in force, and as a consequence thereof, the liquidator or any other equally competent person taking control of the property of such a person shall exercise and fulfill the same rights and obligations as the successor has with regard to the goods under the hire-purchase contract.\n(2) If the hirer becomes bankrupt and the bankruptcy proceedings are under consideration in any court, the liquidator or\n\nthe person exercising the right equal to that of the liquidator pursuant to sub-section (1) may, having obtained permission of such a court, transfer the goods under the hire-purchase contract to another person in any manner, and if such goods are transferred in such a manner, the transferee of the goods shall exercise and fulfill the rights and obligations under the hire-purchase contract as if the transferee were the hirer.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "638. Status of hired goods in case of hirer becoming bankrupt", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 176, "char_count": 1056, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129204" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0747", "text": "639. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within two years after the date of accrual of the cause of action.\n\nChapter-14 Provisions Relating to Wages 640. Employment in work: (1) Any person who has attained at least fourteen years of age may be employed in a work with his or her consent.\nProvided that a person who has not attained sixteen years of age shall not be employed in a hazardous business or work.\n(2) While employing any one pursuant to sub-section (1), the provisions of this Chapter shall be complied with, or caused to be complied with.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "639. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 114, "char_count": 635, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129214" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0748", "text": "641. Wages to be paid: (1) While employing any one in any work pursuant to Section 640, the employer shall have to pay the wages in proportion to the work except in cases where the employee voluntarily agrees to work without wages.\n(2) While paying the wages pursuant to sub-section (1), if any particular rate of wages is specified with the consent of the employer and the employee, the wages shall be paid accordingly and if no such rate is specified, the wages for the work shall be paid according to the rate prevailing in the place of work.\n(3) Except as otherwise agreed upon between the employer and the employee pursuant to sub-section (1) or (2), the wages shall be paid upon completion of the work.\n(4) While determining the wages according to this Section, the wages shall be determined on the basis of each day of work except as otherwise agreed upon between the employer and the employee.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "641. Wages to be paid", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 160, "char_count": 902, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129225" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0749", "text": "642. Provisions of safety measures to be made: A person shall employ another person in a work only after making provisions of adequate safety measures to prevent possible risks or danger in view of the nature of work.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "642. Provisions of safety measures to be made", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 38, "char_count": 217, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129232" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0750", "text": "643. Prohibition of employing for more than eight hours: (1) A person may not employ another person in a work under this Chapter normally for more than eight hours a day.\n(2) If a person need to employ another in a work for a period more than that set forth in sub-section (1), the consent of the employee shall be obtained, and while so employing him or her in the work, that person shall pay additional wages for each hour in proportion to a day by calculating eight hours as one day.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), the provisions of that sub-section shall not apply to the employment of a domestic helper.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"domestic helper\" means a person so employed in work that he or she may be employed in a household work at any time as per necessity.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "643. Prohibition of employing for more than eight hours", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 149, "char_count": 826, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129242" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0751", "text": "644. Special provisions relating to domestic helpers: (1) If a person employs another person as a domestic helper, the employer shall also comply with the following terms and conditions, in relation to the domestic helper:\n(a) To determine the wages monthly or annually basis and pay the wages,\n\n(b) To provide meals three times viz. in the morning, afternoon and evening, and clothes suitable to the weather, according to the capacity of the employer, (c) To provide facilities for using appropriate housing, toilet and bathroom facilities according to the capacity of the employer, (d) In the case of a domestic helper below eighteen years of age, to make provision for his or her study at an appropriate time having regard to household work if he or she so wishes, (e) To arrange for his or her treatment if the domestic helper falls sick, Provided that the expenses incurred in his or her treatment may not be deducted from his or her monthly or yearly wages.\n(f) Not to employ him or her in work while he or she is sick, and, in other situations, not to employ him or her in such a work that he or she may not be able to do due to the age, ability or condition of him or her, (g) If he or she dies, to bear the expenses incurred in the performance of his or her funeral and obsequies rites in a normal way, (h) Not to commit any inhumane or degrading treatment or domestic violence,\n\n(i) To comply with the other terms and conditions agreed upon between the employer and the domestic helper.\n(2) The expenses incurred under clauses (b), (c) and (d) of sub-section (1) may not be deducted from the monthly or yearly wages of the domestic helper.\n(3) If a person employs another person as a domestic helper, that person shall give written information thereof to the concerned ward committee of the concerned Local Level within one month after the date of such an employment.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "644. Special provisions relating to domestic helpers", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 336, "char_count": 1877, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129259" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0752", "text": "645. Undertaken work not to be left incomplete: (1) If a person assumes responsibility to do or undertakes to do any work, the person shall not leave the work incomplete except for a reasonable ground.\n(2) If a person leaves a work incomplete as mentioned in sub-section (1), the person leaving the work shall bear the obligation therefor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "645. Undertaken work not to be left incomplete", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 58, "char_count": 339, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129269" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0753", "text": "646. Wages to be paid to employee: (1) The employer shall pay such wages as required to be paid for employment to the employee or any other person whom he or she has consented to.\n(2) If the employee dies prior to the payment of wages pursuant to sub-section (1), the wages he or she is entitled to shall be paid to his or her nearest successor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "646. Wages to be paid to employee", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 67, "char_count": 345, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129276" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0754", "text": "647. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved in relation to any of the matters under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within three months after the date of accrual of the cause of action in the case of\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "647. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 40, "char_count": 210, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129281" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0755", "text": "Section 644, and within thirty-five days in the case of the other matters.\n\nChapter-15 Provisions Relating to Indirect or Quasi-Contracts 648. Indirect or quasi-contract deemed to be made: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in Chapter-2 of this Part, if any person does any certain, lawful, voluntary or unilateral act that may give rise to a juridical relationship, an indirect or quasi-contract shall be deemed to be made.\n(2) If an indirect or quasi-contract is made pursuant to subsection (1), an obligation under this Chapter shall be created from the same fact.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "Section 644", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 90, "char_count": 571, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129290" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0756", "text": "649. If other's property managed voluntarily, not to be abandoned (negotiorum gestio): If a person manages or operates a business or property of another person on his or her own without information to, or authority from, that other person, the person shall, so long as such business or property continues to exist, not abandon such business or property without handing it over to that other person, his or her successor or agent or until that other person removes him or her.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "649. If other's property managed voluntarily, not to be abandoned (negotiorum gestio)", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 81, "char_count": 475, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129298" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0757", "text": "650. To care (herbichar) or manage property taken in custody: (1) If a person takes the custody of a property belonging to another person for its care or management, the person shall take care of and manage the property in good faith as if that were his or her own property.\n(2) If a person who takes the custody of a property pursuant to sub-section (1) causes loss or damage to the property\n\nwith malafide intention or recklessly, the person shall pay compensation therefor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "650. To care (herbichar) or manage property taken in custody", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 84, "char_count": 476, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129306" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0758", "text": "651. Not absolved from obligation by delegation of authority: If a person, who is entrusted by another person with a responsibility to do any act, delegates any or all of his or her powers to another person to do that act in a manner not to be prejudicial to the obligation vis-à-vis that other person, the person shall not be free from his or her own obligation by the reason of such delegation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "651. Not absolved from obligation by delegation of authority", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 73, "char_count": 396, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129315" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0759", "text": "652. Reasonable costs to be paid for saving property in times of disaster: If any person saves or protects any property in times of disaster such as fire, flood, landslide, storm and earthquake without giving information to its owner, the owner of property shall reimburse the reasonable expenses incurred in saving or protecting such property to such a person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "652. Reasonable costs to be paid for saving property in times of disaster", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 59, "char_count": 361, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129322" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0760", "text": "653. Right to claim reimbursement: (1) If a person, in spite of being compelled by law to fulfill any obligation, fulfills such obligation at his or her own expense and another person gets anything or benefit due to the fulfillment of such an obligation or for any other reason, the person fulfilling such an obligation may claim reimbursement of the amount incurred therein from the person who so gets such thing or benefit.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if a person fulfills any obligation for any illegal purpose, the person shall not be entitled to claim reimbursement from the same.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "653. Right to claim reimbursement", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 102, "char_count": 616, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129331" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0761", "text": "654. Right to claim for maintenance: If a person rears and maintains another person without giving information to the person obliged to\n\nrear and maintain that other person, the person who so rears and maintains shall be entitled to claim an amount for such rearing and maintenance from the person under such obligation.\nProvided that if he or she maintains such a person by way of compassion or gratification or with intention to do so gratuitously, he or she shall not be entitled to claim such an amount.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "654. Right to claim for maintenance", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 88, "char_count": 507, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129339" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0762", "text": "655. Successor to reimburse expenses incurred in obsequies of deceased: If any person performs the funeral and obsequies acts of a deceased in accordance with his or her rites, tradition and culture, without giving information to the successor to or close relative of the deceased and claims the expenses incurred in the performance of such funeral and obsequies acts, the closest heir to, and, in the absence of the heir, the relative of, the deceased shall reimburse that person for the expenses.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "655. Successor to reimburse expenses incurred in obsequies of deceased", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 82, "char_count": 498, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129347" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0763", "text": "656. To bear expenses in maintenance (palan poshan)of incompetent person: If a person obliged to maintain (palan poshan)or take care of (herbichar) a person of unsound mind, a person with physical infirmity or a helpless minor having no income of his or her own refuses to maintain such a person and any other person maintains (palan poshan)or takes care of (herbichar) him or her, that other person shall be entitled to claim reimbursement for the expenses incurred therein from the person under such an obligation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "656. To bear expenses in maintenance (palan poshan)of incompetent person", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 85, "char_count": 516, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129355" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0764", "text": "657. Treatment expenses to be reimbursed: If a person becomes seriously ill owing to an accident or other reason and any other person, except his or her heir living in the joint family, relative or close person, conducts, or causes to be conducted medical treatment of him or her voluntarily, the heir, relative or close person to him\n\nshall reimburse that other person who has conducted, or caused to be conducted, the treatment for the expenses incurred in such treatment.\nProvided that if the treatment has been conducted, or caused to be conducted, with the intention of doing so gratuitously, the expenses need not be reimbursed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "657. Treatment expenses to be reimbursed", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 106, "char_count": 634, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129364" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0765", "text": "658. To bear expenses made by public bodies: If a person voluntarily omits to follow the necessary health or safety measures required to be followed according to law for the protection of body, life or property of him or her or of the public, and if any government or public body follows, or causes to be followed, such measures, the person shall pay reasonable expenses incurred for that purpose even if he or she does not agree to follow, or cause to be followed, such measures.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "658. To bear expenses made by public bodies", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 86, "char_count": 480, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129373" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0766", "text": "659. To reimburse amount paid by person interested in: If a contract is so concluded that a person promises to pay any amount which another person is bound by law to pay and if that person fails to pay it, and other person who has to pay, pays it, the person concluding a contract shall reimburse such an amount to that person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "659. To reimburse amount paid by person interested in", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 62, "char_count": 327, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129380" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0767", "text": "660. To pay price or remuneration: If a person delivers any goods to or does any work for another person, that other person shall pay the price of such goods or service or remuneration of the work to the person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "660. To pay price or remuneration", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 40, "char_count": 211, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129386" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0768", "text": "661. Right to recover price of goods or services: If a person has supplies any goods or service to another person who is incapable of conclusion of a contract under law or any one whom such incapable\n\nperson is legally responsible to support, the person may recover the price of such goods or service from the person receiving such goods or service.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "661. Right to recover price of goods or services", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 62, "char_count": 349, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129393" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0769", "text": "662. Property in custody to be kept as bailed property: If a person keeps in any manner in his or her custody property owned by another as may be retained according to law, such a person shall keep such property as a property under bailment.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "662. Property in custody to be kept as bailed property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 45, "char_count": 241, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129399" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0770", "text": "663. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within two years after the date of accrual of the cause of action.\n\nChapter-16 Provisions Relating to Unjust Enrichment 664. Unjust enrichment to be deemed: (1) If any person gets any benefit or advantage from another person, without for the reason of doing any lawful act or fulfilling any obligation, the person who so gets the benefit or advantage shall be deemed to have got an unjust enrichment.\n(2) A person shall be deemed to have got an unjust enrichment under sub-section (1) in any of the following circumstances:\n(a) If there is an increment in his or her property or decrease in his or her liability, (b) If he or she receives a service from another or causes another to do a work, (c) If other's property is used for him or her.\n(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) or (2), even if any person gets any goods, service, benefit or advantage in any manner, except in any of the following circumstances, he or she shall be deemed to have got an unjust enrichment:\n(a) If any goods, service, benefit or advantage can be obtained from any person under a law or contract, (b) If the person, from whom any goods, service, benefit or advantage have been obtained, has agreed with free consent not to take back or reimburse the same.\n\n(4) In determining whether or not and to what extent any person has got an unjust enrichment under this Chapter, no consideration shall be granted to any disadvantage or loss or damage caused thereby to him or her after he or she has got the unjust enrichment.\n(5) If a person gets an unjust enrichment pursuant to this Section, the person shall bear the obligation under this Chapter.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "663. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 314, "char_count": 1770, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129414" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0771", "text": "665. Thing taken by mistake to be returned (solutio indebiti): If any person takes or receives by mistake any goods which he or she is not entitled to take or receive, he or she shall return the goods to the person from whom he or she has taken or received them.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "665. Thing taken by mistake to be returned (solutio indebiti)", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 51, "char_count": 262, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129423" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0772", "text": "666. To pay back debt paid by mistake: If a person pays a debt to another person by mistake because the person thinks that he or she is bound to do so and proves that he or she is not bound to pay such debt, that other person who receives such amount shall return it to him or her.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "666. To pay back debt paid by mistake", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 59, "char_count": 281, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129431" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0773", "text": "667. To return goods or amount taken with malafide intention and benefits accrued therefrom: (1) If any person receives from another person with malafide intention any amount or goods in which he or she has no claim, he or she shall return to that other person such amount or goods and the interest to be chargeable on such amount under the law or the advantage or return accrued from such goods, from the date of receipt of such amount or goods to the date of their return.\n\n(2) If the amount or goods received pursuant to sub-section (1) are lost or damaged for any reason, he or she shall also pay the compensation therefor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "667. To return goods or amount taken with malafide intention and benefits accrued therefrom", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 114, "char_count": 627, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129440" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0774", "text": "668. To pay debt paid by third person: If a debt payable by a person is paid by a third person without the debtor's knowledge, the debtor shall pay the debt to the person who has so paid it.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "668. To pay debt paid by third person", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 190, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129446" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0775", "text": "669. Right to claim reimbursement if payable tax paid by another person: If a tax payable by a person is paid by another person, that other person who has so paid the tax may claim reimbursement therefor from the person who is obliged to pay it.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"tax\" means any type of government fee, charge, tariff, duty and fine, and also includes a local tax.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "669. Right to claim reimbursement if payable tax paid by another person", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 73, "char_count": 403, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129454" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0776", "text": "670. Goods found may be kept upon giving information to police: (1) If any person finds any goods in any manner, he or she may, having given a notice thereof, along with actual description thereof, to the police, safely retain such goods with him or her until the concerned owner is found.\n(2) The concerned owner shall bear the expenses incurred in finding the owner of goods referred to in sub-section (1) and retaining such goods, and the finder of goods may retain the goods until the payment of such expenses.\n(3) If no person appears to claim the goods retained pursuant to sub-section (1) until three years, the goods shall belong to the finder.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "670. Goods found may be kept upon giving information to police", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 115, "char_count": 653, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129463" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0777", "text": "671. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within two years after the date of accrual of the cause of action.\n\nChapter-17 Provisions Relating to Torts 672. Tort deemed to be committed: (1) No person shall cause loss or damage, in any manner, to another person's body, life or property or legally protected right or interest by the reason of commission or omission done, whether by any default, negligence or recklessness on the part of himself or herself or of any one else to whom he or she must bear obligation according to this Chapter.\n(2) If the parties do not have any prior contractual relationship in relation to any commission or omission referred to in sub-section (1), the loss or damage resulted from such a commission or recklessness shall be deemed to be a tort.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter, the term \"omission\" means the state of failure of a person to do any act which the person is bound to do.\n(3) A person who commits a tort pursuant to sub-section (1) shall bear liability under this Chapter.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "671. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 197, "char_count": 1113, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129474" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0778", "text": "673. Parents to bear liability: The father and mother jointly living with a minor below fourteen years of age, or if there is no father or mother, the person who exercises paternal authority over him or her shall be liable for a tort committed by such a minor.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "673. Parents to bear liability", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 48, "char_count": 260, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129482" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0779", "text": "674. Guardian or curator to bear liability: The guardian or curator of a person of unsound mind shall be responsible for and accordingly bear liability for any loss or damage caused by such a person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "674. Guardian or curator to bear liability", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 35, "char_count": 199, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129487" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0780", "text": "675. Employer to bear liability: (1) Any person, firm, company or organization who employs a domestic helper, other worker or\n\nemployee in a work shall be liable for the loss or damage to another person, if any, resulted from any act done in good faith by such a helper, worker or employee in the course of doing such a work.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the worker or employee shall be personally liable for any act which he or she has done negligently or dishonestly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "675. Employer to bear liability", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 87, "char_count": 499, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129495" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0781", "text": "676. Owner of animal to bear liability for loss or damage caused by animal: The owner of an animal which is kept by or under the control of him or her shall be liable for any loss or damage caused by the animal to any one.\nProvided that the owner of animal shall not be liable for any loss or damage caused by the animal while being appropriately controlled by the owner by taking adequate safety measures according to its behavior or caused as a result of any act, default or negligence of the loss or damage sustaining person himself or herself.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Section, the term \"animal\" means a domestic animal or wildlife or avian of any type under one's control, and also includes a domestic, reptile or wild avian as well.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "676. Owner of animal to bear liability for loss or damage caused by animal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 137, "char_count": 751, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129505" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0782", "text": "677. House-owner to bear liability for loss or damage caused by its collapse: The concerned house-owner shall be liable for any kind of loss or damage, if any, caused to any one as a result of the collapse of the house, in whole or in part, or by any part of the house, whether during, or after the completion of, its construction.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "677. House-owner to bear liability for loss or damage caused by its collapse", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 62, "char_count": 332, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129513" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0783", "text": "678. Owner of property to bear liability: The concerned property owner shall be liable for the loss or damage, if any, caused to any one as a result of the following:\n(a) An explosion owing to a failure to adopt safety measures properly according to the nature of a machine, equipment or engine, (b) A fire or explosion owing to a failure to adopt safety measures properly according to the nature of any inflammable or explosive substance, (c) Emission of excessive smoke, noise by any industrial enterprise in contravention of the specified standards, (d) A tree lying down or laid down on any highway, road, street or way except due to a disaster or an act by any third person, (e) Discharge of any infected or toxic substance or communicable disease carrying substance openly through a canal, ditch, pipe or sewerage, without adopting precautionary measures properly, in contravention of the specified standards.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "678. Owner of property to bear liability", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 152, "char_count": 915, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129523" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0784", "text": "679. House-head to bear liability: The concerned house-head shall be liable for the loss or damage, if any, caused to any one as a result of any kind of solid waste or goods thrown from the house.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Section,(1) \"House\" means a house or shed, and also includes the structure of a house.\n\n(2) \"House-head\" means a person who acts as the chief of family, and also includes, in the case of a tenant renting other's house, the person who acts as the chief of the tenant's family.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "679. House-head to bear liability", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 93, "char_count": 510, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129532" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0785", "text": "680. To bear liability for trespass: A person who commits trespass to other's property shall be liable for any loss or damage resulted from the trespass.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Section, the term \"trespass\" means an unlawful entry into, taking possession of products of, unauthorized damage to, interference in, or unlawful encroachment on, a property that is under entitlement, possession or ownership of another person, in the case of an immovable property, and forcibly taking into custody, taking away, taking the advantage arising out of, or causing obstruction or hindrance in the use of, the property under entitlement, possession or ownership of another person, in the case of a movable property, and also includes an act of taking control of any type of property in an unauthorized manner.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "680. To bear liability for trespass", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 130, "char_count": 812, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129541" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0786", "text": "681. To bear liability jointly: (1) If more than one person commit any act to be deemed a tort under this Chapter, each of such persons shall, except as otherwise proved, be jointly and severally liable for any damage caused by that act, in proportion to the culpability of the tort committed by each person.\n(2) If separate liability can be determined in proportion to the culpability of tort pursuant to sub-section (1), liability shall be borne accordingly, and if such determination cannot be made, all persons responsible for the tort shall bear liability on an equal basis.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "681. To bear liability jointly", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 98, "char_count": 580, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129551" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0787", "text": "682. Compensation to be paid for liability: (1) While bearing liability for a tort committed under this Chapter, the person who commits the tort shall pay compensation.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if any tort is committed under this Chapter as a result of any omission, fault, recklessness or negligence of the injured person also, the quantum of such compensation shall be lesser.\n(3) The compensation referred to in sub-section (1) shall be limited to the actual loss or damage, and remote or unactual compensation shall not be recoverable.\n(4) The compensation may be of any type, in the form of either cash or kind or service.\n(5) If any loss or damage is caused under this Chapter, a person who suffers shall be entitled to claim for compensation, subject to this Chapter.\n(6) If a claim is made for compensation pursuant to subsection (5), the court may order reasonable compensation to be paid.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "682. Compensation to be paid for liability", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 156, "char_count": 932, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129561" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0788", "text": "683. Not to bear liability if separate provision is made: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if a tort for which liability is to be borne under this Chapter is treated as a criminal offence under a law, or this Act or other law contains a separate provision or provides for a separate legal remedy in relation to such a tort, no liability under this Chapter may be borne.\n(2) Subject to sub-section (1), if the alleged tortfeasor proves that the tort for which liability is to be borne under this Chapter was resulted not from his or her negligence, recklessness,\n\nfault or omission but from any other reason, he or she shall be released from the liability for such a tort.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "683. Not to bear liability if separate provision is made", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 124, "char_count": 704, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129571" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0789", "text": "684. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within six months after the date on which such an act was done or action was taken.\n\nChapter-18 Provisions Relating to Liability for Defective Products 685. To be liable for defective product: (1) No person shall produce any defective product and sell or distribute, or cause to be sold or distributed, any defective goods or service.\n(2) The producer of a defective product referred to in subsection (1) shall bear liability under this Chapter for the loss or damage, if any, caused to the body, life or property of any person as a result of the consumption of such product sold or distributed by any one.\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Chapter,(1) \"Defective product\" means any goods or service which, for any of the following reasons, lack the minimum safety measures that a person of general prudence reasonably expects while consuming any product:\n(a) Defective design, manufacturing, processing or installation, (b) Defective packing, safety or storage, (c) Defective presentation, (d) Lacking adequate measures or precautions to control the potential risk or danger according to the nature of the produced good or service.\n(2) \"Producer\" means a producer who ultimately produces, sells and distributes any defective goods or service, and also includes the following person:\n\n(a) The distributor or seller if the producer cannot be traced out, (b) In the case of any imported product, the importer of the defective product or the distributor or seller of such product.\n(3) \"Good\" means any industrial product for consumption by the public.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "684. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 273, "char_count": 1678, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129586" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0790", "text": "686. Claimant to prove that product is defective: If any person makes a claim that any good or service is a defective product and he or she has suffered injury to his or her body, life or property from the consumption thereof, he or she shall prove that there is the relationship between such defective product and the injury, and that such injury has resulted solely from the consumption of such product.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "686. Claimant to prove that product is defective", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 72, "char_count": 405, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129596" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0791", "text": "687. To be in discharge of liability: Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 685, the producer shall not be liable if he or she proves any of the following facts:\n(a) He or she has not produced, sold or distributed the defective product, (b) The goods or service that he or she produced, imported, sold or distributed was not defective at the time of production, import, sale or distribution or it became defective after the sale or distribution, (c) The goods or service that he or she produced has not been marketed, sold or distributed,\n\n(d) The injury has been caused due to the consumer's failure to comply with the directions to be complied with while consuming the produced goods or service, (e) The injury has been caused because the consumer has not properly consumed the product or has consumed it otherwise, (f) One had no scientific or technical knowledge at the time of production or distribution of the goods or service that such goods or service was defective, (g) Information was given at the time of sale of the product, from which the injury has been caused, that it might cause injury if not consumed properly, (h) The goods or service has been consumed despite knowing or having a reasonable reason to know that it might cause loss or damage.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "687. To be in discharge of liability", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 220, "char_count": 1269, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129608" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0792", "text": "688. Quantum of liability may be reduced: Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Chapter, if it is proved that the injury has been caused due to both the producer and the consumer of a defective product, the producer's liability may be reduced proportionately.\nProvided that if such injury has resulted in a loss or damage to a third party, the quantum of liability may not be reduced in the case of such a party.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "688. Quantum of liability may be reduced", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 74, "char_count": 427, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129617" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0793", "text": "689. Product not deemed to be defective: Goods or service consumed by a person shall not be considered to be a defective product merely\n\nby the reason that any goods or service of quality higher than that of such goods or service is available in the market.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "689. Product not deemed to be defective", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 47, "char_count": 257, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129624" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0794", "text": "690. Not to prejudice other right: Nothing contained in this Chapter shall prejudice the right, interest or claim available under a law or contract to any person whose body, life or property has been affected from a defective product.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "690. Not to prejudice other right", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 39, "char_count": 234, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129630" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0795", "text": "691. Statute of limitation: A person who is aggrieved from any act done or action taken under this Chapter may make a lawsuit within one year from the date on which such an act was done or action taken.\n\nPart-6 Provisions Relating to Private International Law 692. Provisions of this Part to apply: (1) The provisions of this Part shall apply to any matter relating to private legal relationship involving a foreigner, foreign object or any act done in a foreign country.\n(2) Without prejudice to the generality of sub-section (1), the provisions of this sub-section shall apply, in particular, to the following matters:\n(a) Legal status of a foreigner and his or her capacity, (b) Matters relating to matrimonial relationship, paternal and maternal and other family relationship or partition or succession, with at least one of the related parties whereof being a foreigner, or the place of execution of any act or action related thereto being situated outside Nepal, (c) Matter relating to a property situated in a foreign country, with at least one of the concerned parties being a foreigner, (d) Matter relating to a contractual or non-contractual right or obligation, with at least one party being a foreigner, (e) Matter relating to a contract made in a foreign country.\n\nExplanation: For the purposes of this Part, the term \"foreigner\" means a foreign natural person or body corporate, and also includes a foreign state.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "691. Statute of limitation", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 236, "char_count": 1427, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129643" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0796", "text": "693. Legal capacity of foreigner to be determined: (1) The legal capacity of any foreign natural person shall be determined according to the law of the country of his or her nationality.\n(2) If the nationality of a foreign natural person cannot be ascertained pursuant to sub-section (1), his or her capacity shall be determined according to the law of the country of his or her habitual residence, and even if such residence cannot be ascertained, according to the law of the country where he or she is residing for the time being.\n(3) The legal capacity or status of a body corporate shall be determined according to the law of the country where it is registered, if the country of registration cannot be so ascertained, according to the law of the country where the headquarters of such body is located, and if even such a country cannot be ascertained, according to the law of the country where the place of transaction of such a body is located.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "693. Legal capacity of foreigner to be determined", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 168, "char_count": 950, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129655" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0797", "text": "694. Presumption of disappearance or death of foreigner: (1) If a presumption of the disappearance or death of a foreigner has to be made, the matter shall be determined according to the law of the country of his or her nationality.\n(2) If the nationality of a foreigner cannot be ascertained pursuant to sub-section (1), it shall be determined according to the\n\nlaw of the country of his or her habitual residence, and even if such residence cannot be ascertained, according to the law of the country of his or her residence immediately before making presumption of his or her disappearance or death.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "694. Presumption of disappearance or death of foreigner", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 103, "char_count": 601, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129664" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0798", "text": "695. Successor to be determined according to foreign law: While determining the successor to a foreigner residing in Nepal when his or her property is open for succession, the successor shall be determined according to the law of the country of his or her nationality, if such country cannot be determined, according to the law of the country of his or her habitual residence, and if even such residence cannot be ascertained, according to the law of the country where he or she is residing for the time being.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "695. Successor to be determined according to foreign law", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 89, "char_count": 510, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129673" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0799", "text": "696. Determination of succession of deceased: (1) If succession is open because of the death of any foreigner in Nepal and it is therefore necessary to determine his or her successor to the property situated in Nepal and the order of preference thereof, it shall be determined according to the law of the country of his or her nationality at the time of his or her death.\n(2) If the law referred to in sub-section (1) cannot be ascertained, it shall be determined according to the law of the country of his or her habitual residence at the time of his or her death, and if even such country cannot be ascertained, according to the law of Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "696. Determination of succession of deceased", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 118, "char_count": 644, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129681" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0800", "text": "697. Determination of the nature of corporate body: Question as regards whether a company, foundation or other corporate body is\n\npublic or private shall be determined according to the law of the country of incorporation of such a company, foundation or body, and if such law cannot be ascertained, according to the law of the country where the registered office or headquarters of such a company, foundation or corporate body is situated.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "697. Determination of the nature of corporate body", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 72, "char_count": 439, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129690" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0801", "text": "698. Regulation of property: (1) Succession to a movable property shall be governed by the law of the country of habitual residence of the deceased at the time of his or her death.\n(2) Succession to an immovable property shall be governed by the law of the country where such property is situated.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "698. Regulation of property", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 53, "char_count": 297, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129696" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0802", "text": "699. Citizen of Nepal to follow law of Nepal while concluding marriage abroad: (1) A citizen of Nepal shall, while concluding a marriage in a foreign country, comply with such competency, qualification and conditions for marriage as specified by the law of Nepal.\n(2) The formalities to be fulfilled by a citizen of Nepal while concluding a marriage in a foreign country shall be governed by the law of the country where the marriage is concluded.\nProvided that while concluding a marriage at an embassy or consulate general of Nepal situated in a foreign country, the formalities referred to in the law of Nepal shall be followed.\n(3) A marriage concluded in contravention of sub-sections (1) and (2) shall not be recognized in Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "699. Citizen of Nepal to follow law of Nepal while concluding marriage abroad", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 124, "char_count": 735, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129705" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0803", "text": "700. Foreigner to follow law of his or her country while concluding marriage in Nepal: (1) While concluding a marriage between\n\nforeigners or between a foreigner and a citizen of Nepal in Nepal, each person entering into marriage shall comply with the capacity, qualification and condition as specified by the law of the respective country of his or her nationality.\n(2) The formalities to be fulfilled by the foreigners while concluding marriage in Nepal shall be governed by the law of Nepal.\nProvided that while concluding a marriage at a foreign embassy or consulate general situated in Nepal, the formalities referred to in the law of the concerned country shall be fulfilled.\n(3) A marriage concluded in contravention of sub-sections (1) and (2) shall not be recognized in Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "700. Foreigner to follow law of his or her country while concluding marriage in Nepal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 129, "char_count": 785, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129715" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0804", "text": "701. Consequence of marriage to be according to law of one's country: (1) The matrimonial relationship between the couple after the marriage and the consequence of marriage shall be determined according to the law of the country of their nationality if both spouses have the same nationality, and if the country of their nationality is not the same, according to the law of the country of their habitual residence and if even such a country is not the same, according to the law of the country of their residence for the time being.\n(2) If the consequence of marriage cannot be determined pursuant to sub-section (1), it shall be determined according to the law of the country of their marriage.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "701. Consequence of marriage to be according to law of one's country", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 120, "char_count": 695, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129725" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0805", "text": "702. Paternal authority to be governed by law of the country of nationality: (1) The relationship between father, mother and son,\n\ndaughter including paternal authority shall be governed by the law of the country of nationality of the son or daughter, as the case may be.\n(2) If the law referred to in sub-section (1) is not ascertained, it shall be governed by the law of the country of habitual residence of the father, mother and, if even such country cannot be ascertained, by the law of the country of their residence for the time being.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "702. Paternal authority to be governed by law of the country of nationality", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 96, "char_count": 542, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129734" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0806", "text": "703. To be governed by the law of the country of nationality of adoptive person: Subsequent to the adoption of a son or daughter, the relationship between the adoptive person and the adopted son or daughter shall be governed by the law of the country of nationality of the adoptive person, and if such law cannot be ascertained, by the law of the country of habitual residence of the adoptive person, and if even such law cannot be ascertained, by the law of the country where the adoptive parents are habitually spending marital life.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "703. To be governed by the law of the country of nationality of adoptive person", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 94, "char_count": 535, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129746" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0807", "text": "704. Determination of guardianship or curatorship: (1) The guardianship or curatorship of an incompetent or quasi-competent person shall be determined according to the law of the country of nationality of that person.\n(2) If the country referred to in sub-section (1) cannot be ascertained, it shall be determined according to the law of the country of his or her habitual residence, and if even such country\n\ncannot be ascertained, according to the law of the country of his or her habitual residence for the time being.\n(3) The relationship between the guardian or curator and the person under his or her guardianship or curatorship shall be determined according to the law of the country of the guardian or curator or the law of the country where the guardian or curator is appointed as such.\nProvided that if the habitual residence of the person who is under guardianship or curatorship is in Nepal, it shall be determined according to the law of Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "704. Determination of guardianship or curatorship", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 162, "char_count": 957, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129756" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0808", "text": "705. To be determined according to the law of residence: (1) The matter of separation of bread and board shall be governed by the law of the country of habitual residence of the married couple.\n(2) If, in governing the matter pursuant to sub-section (1), the country of habitual residence of the couple is not the same, it shall be governed by the law of the last country of their habitual residence, and if even such a country cannot be ascertained, by the law of the court where the case of alimony is sub judice.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "705. To be determined according to the law of residence", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 95, "char_count": 515, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129765" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0809", "text": "706. Divorce effected abroad to be recognized: If a divorce is effected between the citizens of Nepal or between a citizen of Nepal and a foreigner in a foreign country, such a divorce shall, if effected in accordance with the law of that country, be recognized and enforced in Nepal in accordance with the law of Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "706. Divorce effected abroad to be recognized", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 57, "char_count": 320, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129772" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0810", "text": "707. Content of ownership to be determined according to law of country where property is situated: (1) The content of ownership\n\nor possession of any property shall be determined according to the law of the country where such property is situated.\n(2) A question as regards the maintenance or termination of ownership in an immovable property shall be determined according to the law of the country where such property is situated.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "707. Content of ownership to be determined according to law of country where property is situated", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 71, "char_count": 431, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129780" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0811", "text": "708. Goods to be governed by law of destination: Any goods in transit in the course of carriage shall be governed by the law of their destination.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "708. Goods to be governed by law of destination", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 27, "char_count": 146, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129785" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0812", "text": "709. Governing law of contract to be as determined by parties: (1) The governing law of any contract shall be as determined in the contract by its parties.\n(2) If no law is determined pursuant to sub-section (1), such a contract shall be governed by the law of the country of its performance, and if even such a country cannot be ascertained, by the law of the country where it was concluded.\nProvided that a contract concluded in Nepal shall be governed by the law of Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "709. Governing law of contract to be as determined by parties", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 87, "char_count": 475, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129793" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0813", "text": "710. Deed executed abroad to be recognized: The validity of any contract or deed executed outside Nepal shall be determined according to the law of the country where it has been executed, and such a contract or deed shall be deemed lawful and recognized in Nepal if it has been duly executed in accordance with the law of that country.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "710. Deed executed abroad to be recognized", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 60, "char_count": 335, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129799" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0814", "text": "711. To be governed by law of nationality of donor: (1) The matter concerning validity of a donation or gift shall be governed by the\n\nlaw of the country of donor's nationality existing when the donation or gift was made.\n(2) If the formalities are completed according to the law of the country where a donation or gift is given, the donation or gift shall be deemed to be duly given.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "711. To be governed by law of nationality of donor", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 71, "char_count": 384, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129807" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0815", "text": "712. Determination of liability for tort: (1) While determining the liability for an act which, according to law constitutes a tort, involving a foreigner, foreign object or act done in a foreign country, it shall be determined according to the law of the country where such an act has been taken place.\n(2) If any act referred to in sub-section (1) originates in one country and results in consequence in another country, the liability shall be determined according to the law of the country where the consequence so results.\n(3) If the liability cannot be determined pursuant to subsection (2), it shall be determined according to the law of the country where the tortious act has been committed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "712. Determination of liability for tort", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 118, "char_count": 698, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129816" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0816", "text": "713. Liability for quasi-contract or unjust enrichment: The liability for a quasi-contract or unjust enrichment shall be determined according to the law of the country where such an act has been done.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "713. Liability for quasi-contract or unjust enrichment", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 32, "char_count": 200, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129822" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0817", "text": "714. Other matters to be determined according to recognized principles of private international law: (1) While determining any matter that is not dealt with in this Part involving a foreigner, foreign object or act done in a foreign country, such a matter shall be determined according to the law of Nepal, if Law of Nepal\n\nprovides separate provision in relation to that matter, and failing such separate provision, according to the recognized principles of private international law.\n(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if all parties of the relevant matter so agree, the matter referred to in sub-section (1) shall be determined according to the law of Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "714. Other matters to be determined according to recognized principles of private international law", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 109, "char_count": 685, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129831" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0818", "text": "715. In case of double nationality, law of country of habitual residence to be applied: (1) If this Part contains a provision to the effect that any matter is determined according to the law of the country of nationality and a person is having nationality of two or more countries at the same time, his or her nationality shall be determined according to the law of the county of his or her nationality, where he or she habitually resides.\n(2) If such a matter cannot be determined according to the law of the country referred to in sub-section (1), it shall be determined according to the law of the country of his or her nationality, to which he or she has most closest connection.\nProvided that in the case of a person who holds also the citizenship of Nepal or who has habitual residence in Nepal or is a non-resident Nepali citizen, it shall be determined according to the law of Nepal.\n(3) If the matter referred to in sub-section (1) concerns a refugee or stateless person, it shall be determined according to the law of the country of his or her habitual residence, and if even such\n\na law cannot be determined, according to the law of the country of his or her residence for the time being.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "715. In case of double nationality, law of country of habitual residence to be applied", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 219, "char_count": 1199, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129843" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0819", "text": "716. Power to give permission for trial of case by foreign court: (1) If both parties to a case which involves a foreign party and is sub judice in a court of Nepal make a joint petition to the court, specifying the reason that it is appropriate and practicable for that case to be resolved by a court of the country of residence of such party and the matter is found reasonable upon examination of the petition, the court may give permission for the proceedings of the case by the foreign court as demanded by the parties to such a case.\n(2) Once the court has given permission for the proceeding of a case by a foreign court pursuant to sub-section (1), no proceeding shall be made again by a court of Nepal in the same matter.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "716. Power to give permission for trial of case by foreign court", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 137, "char_count": 729, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129854" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0820", "text": "717. Power to adjourn case sub judice in court of Nepal: If any case between the parties is sub judice in a court of Nepal and a case is running also in a foreign court between such parties in the same matter, and the parties, having considered that the case pending in the court of Nepal is likely to be directly affected by a judgment to be made in the case between them running in the foreign court, apply for the adjournment of the case running in Nepal, the court may adjourn such a case until their case pending in the foreign court is adjudged.\n", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "717. Power to adjourn case sub judice in court of Nepal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 105, "char_count": 552, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129863" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0821", "text": "718. Court of Nepal to have jurisdiction: A court of Nepal shall have jurisdiction to adjudicate the proceedings and settle any disputes arising in connection with the following matters:\n(a) A matter between the foreigners who reside in Nepal or between a foreigner and a citizen of Nepal, that is governed by this Act or other law, (b) A matter of a case of which a foreigner residing in Nepal is a defendant, (c) A matter as regards the succession of a foreigner who resided in Nepal and had property in Nepal at the time of his or her death, (d) A matter concerning payment to be made in Nepal on a financial transaction or dealing made abroad between a citizen of Nepal and a foreigner, (e) A matter between foreigners or between a foreigner and a citizen of Nepal, concerning a property situated in Nepal, (f) A matter concerning a contract concluded in or to be performed in Nepal between foreigners or to which at least one party is a citizen or body corporate of Nepal, (g) A matter concerning a tort, quasi-contract or unjust enrichment committed outside Nepal, where both parties are citizens of Nepal or foreigners who have habitual residence in Nepal,\n\n(h) A matter to be adjudicated by a court of Nepal under subsection (2) of Section 699.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "718. Court of Nepal to have jurisdiction", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 222, "char_count": 1252, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129876" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0822", "text": "719. Other matters concerning a case may also be settled by court of Nepal: If it appears that any other matter related to any case involving a foreigner instituted in a court of Nepal under its jurisdiction to settle the main dispute should also be settled, the court may assume its jurisdiction over that matter also and settle it accordingly.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "719. Other matters concerning a case may also be settled by court of Nepal", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 60, "char_count": 345, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129884" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0823", "text": "720. Treaty, if any, to apply: If any treaty to which Nepal is a party contains a separate provision on any matter set forth in this Part, nothing contained in this Part shall affect such provision.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "720. Treaty, if any, to apply", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 36, "char_count": 198, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129890" } }, { "chunk_id": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en_chunk_0824", "text": "721. Provisions of this Part not to apply: (1) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Part, if the application of any legal provision under this Part in Nepal would be contrary to public order, the provision contained in this Part shall not be applicable in such circumstance.\n(2) If there arises a circumstance referred to in sub-section (1), the matters contained in this Part shall be governed by other linking criteria, and if such criteria cannot be determined, by the law of Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf", "article_section": "721. Provisions of this Part not to apply", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 83, "char_count": 501, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.129898" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0000", "text": "NEPAL CITIZENSHIP ACT 2063 (2006) Date of Authentication and publication 10 Mangsir 2063 (26 Nov 2006) 1. Amended by some Nepalese Acts Amendment Act ,2064 2064.5.9 Act No. 25 of the year 2063 (i.e. 2006) An Act Made to Amend and Consolidate Laws Relating to Citizenship:\nPreamble: Whereas the sovereignty and state authority is vested on the Nepalese people as the result of the popular movement;\nWhereas, as per the commitment mentioned in 'Declaration of the House of Representatives 2063 (2006) that Nepalese citizenship were facing difficulties in acquiring citizenship certificate in the past and based on the political understanding made on 22 kartik 2063 (Nov 8th 2006), Whereas, it is expedient to amend and consolidate the laws relating to citizenship regarding acquisition termination and other necessary provisions, Now, therefore, be it enacted by the House of Representatives in the First Year of the Proclamation of the House of Representatives, 2063 (2006).", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": null, "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 152, "char_count": 973, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473273" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0001", "text": "1. Short Title and Commencement: (1) This Act may be called \"Nepal Citizenship Act 2063 (2006)\".\n(2) This Act shall come into force immediately.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "1. Short Title and Commencement", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 24, "char_count": 144, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473295" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0002", "text": "2. Definition: Unless the subject or context otherwise requires, in this Act:\n(a) \"Minor\" means a person who has not attained the age of 16 years.\n(b) \"Person\" means natural person.\n(c) \"Prescribed\" or \" as Prescribed\" means prescribed or as prescribed in the Rules made under this Act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "2. Definition", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 49, "char_count": 286, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473304" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0003", "text": "3. Acquisition of Nepali Citizenship by descent : (1) A person born at the time\n\nwhen his/her father or mother is a citizen of Nepal, shall be a citizen of Nepal by descent.\n(2) Whatever may be written in Sub-section (1), a child born out of wedlock by a Nepali female citizen to a foreign national shall be in accordance with Section 5, Sub-section (2).\n(3) Every child found in the territory of Nepal, whose paternal and maternal addresses are undetermined, shall be considered a citizen of Nepal by descent until his/her father or mother are found.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "3. Acquisition of Nepali Citizenship by descent ", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 97, "char_count": 551, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473323" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0004", "text": "4. Acquisition of Nepali Citizenship by Birth : (1) Any person born before 2046 Chaitra 31, Bikram Sambat (i.e. 13, April, 1990 A.D.) within the territory of Nepal and having domiciled permanently in Nepal shall be deemed a citizen of Nepal by birth.\n(2) A person desiring to obtain citizenship certificate pursuant to Subsection (1) shall have to apply before holding of the election for Constituent Assembly and the procedure for granting of the Citizenship Certificate shall be as prescribed.\n(3) In case a person, due to certain reasons, could not submit his application within the period specified in Sub-section (1) may apply as prescribed within two years from the commencement of this Act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "4. Acquisition of Nepali Citizenship by Birth ", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 114, "char_count": 697, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473335" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0005", "text": "5. Acquisition of Citizenship by Naturalization: (1) A foreign women married to a citizen of Nepal desiring to obtain citizenship of Nepal shall have to submit an application in the prescribed form to the designated officer. On submitting such application she has to produce the marriage relationship document with the citizen of Nepal and also evidence to show the initiation of procedure for renunciation of own's foreign citizenship.\n(2) A child born to a Nepali female citizen from marriage with a foreign citizen in Nepal and having permanent domicile in Nepal may be granted naturalized citizenship as prescribed, provided the child has not acquired the\n\ncitizenship of the foreign country on the basis of the citizenship of his/her father.\n(3) A person desiring to acquire naturalized citizenship pursuant to Subsection (2) shall have to submit an application with the following documents to the designated authority:\n(a) Duplicate copy of the citizenship certificate of the mother, (b) Recommendation by concerned Municipality or Village Development Committee certifying the birth and permanent residency in Nepal, (c) Evidence to show that foreign citizenship has not been acquired based on the citizenship of the father.\n(4) The Government of Nepal may grant naturalized citizenship as prescribed to those foreign citizens, who have contributed specially for the upliftment of science, philosophy, art, literature, world peace, human welfare or Nepalese industry, finance or social development and have fulfilled the following conditions or status :\n(a) who is able to read and write Nepali or any other language in practice in Nepal.\n(b) who is engaged in any occupation and domiciled in Nepal.\n(c) who has renounced or declared such renunciation of the citizenship of the other country.\n(d) who has resided in Nepal for a minimum period of 15 years.\n(e) who is a citizen of the country where there is provision of the law or practice to grant naturalized citizenship to Nepalese.\n(f) who bears good moral character (g) who is mentally fit and healthy.\n(5) Whatever may have been written is Sub-section (4), from among the\n\nissues of the person, the child born to the person prior to that person having acquired citizenship by naturalization may also acquire Nepalese citizenship by naturalization as prescribed form.\n(6) Any person acquiring citizenship by naturalization under this Section shall take an oath as mentioned in the schedule and awarded the Nepalese citizen certificate in the prescribed form and such person shall be naturalized citizen of Nepal from the date of receiving such certificate.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "5. Acquisition of Citizenship by Naturalization", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 415, "char_count": 2617, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473360" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0006", "text": "6. Award of Honorary Nepalese Citizenship: Notwithstanding any thing mentioned in Section 5, the Government of Nepal may award Honorary Nepalese Citizenship to any internationally renowned person.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "6. Award of Honorary Nepalese Citizenship", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 27, "char_count": 196, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473370" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0007", "text": "7. Citizenship in the case of accession of territory: When any part of territory is integrated with Nepal, persons residing in such acceded territory shall be considered citizens of Nepal, from the date Government of Nepal publishes a notification as prescribed in the Nepal Gazette.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "7. Citizenship in the case of accession of territory", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 45, "char_count": 283, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473376" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0008", "text": "8. Filing of Application to obtain Citizenship Certificate : (1) A person attaining the age of 16 years desiring to acquire citizenship of Nepal by descent pursuant to Section 3, shall have to file an application in the prescribed form along with copies of the following documents to the designated authority:\n(a) Nepalese Citizenship Certificate of descendants of relatives within three generations from paternal or maternal or self side.\nProvided that , this provision shall not be applicable to Nepalese female citizen married to a foreigner.\n(b) Recommendation from the concerned Village Development or Municipality certifying the place of birth and relationship.\n(2) A person attaining the age of 16 years desiring to acquire Nepalese Citizenship Certificate by virtue of birth pursuant to Section 4 shall have to file an\n\napplication in the prescribed form along with copies of the following documents to the designated authority.\n(a) Recommendation from the concerned Village Development Committee or Municipality certifying the birth in Nepal and residing permanently in Nepal.\n(b) An evidence showing Land Ownership Certificate in the name of self or family or Certificate of Land Tilling Right or proof of house or listing of name or the name of father or mother in the Voters' list prepared by the Election Commission.\n(3) On receipt of the applications pursuant to Sub-section (1) or (2), the designated authority shall award the Nepalese Citizenship Certificate, after evaluating and based on evidence as produced.\n(4) In the circumstance, where a person could not submit the evidences along with the application as prescribed in Sub-section (1) and (2), the designated authority may award the Nepalese Citizenship Certificate based on the spot investigation and on the basis of identification at the time of spot investigation by at least three persons having obtained Nepalese Citizenship Certificate and residing in the same Ward and are acquainted with the applicant.\n(5) While conducting the spot investigating in accordance with Subsection (iv), the applicant must have been born in Nepal and stated clearly the fact of having lived in a permanent manner.\n(6) On investigation and evaluation pursuant to Sub-section (3) or (4), if any applicant is not found have been qualified to be awarded the Nepalese Citizenship Certificate, one shall be duly notified of the decision within the prescribed period.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "8. Filing of Application to obtain Citizenship Certificate ", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 380, "char_count": 2421, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473396" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0009", "text": "9. Authority to issue Citizenship Certificate : The authority to issue Nepalese Citizenship Certificate by descent, on the basis of birth or by naturalization, shall\n\nbe vested on the designated authority.\n10. Termination of Nepalese Citizenship (1) Any citizen of Nepal who voluntarily acquires the citizenship of any foreign country shall automatically lose the citizenship of Nepal.\n(2) The designated authority shall register the notice submitted by a citizen of Nepal, who notifies in the prescribed form of renunciation of the Citizenship of Nepal and the citizenship of that person shall be terminated from the date such notice has been duly registered.\n(3) Any person who has been divested of Nepalese citizenship pursuant to Section 14, shall be deemed to have lost his citizenship from that date.\n(3) If any person who is in a status of acquiring the citizenships of Nepal and a foreign country concurrently, such person shall have to choose the citizenship of any one country within two years after attaining the age of 16 years.\nFailure to choose the citizenship in this manner shall be deemed for that person to have lost his Nepalese citizenship on expiry of that specified period.\n(4) In case any question arises as to whether a Nepalese citizen has acquired a foreign citizenship or not, the designated authority shall make his decision pursuant to the prevailing laws.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "9. Authority to issue Citizenship Certificate ", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 226, "char_count": 1385, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473420" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0010", "text": "11. Re-acquisition of Nepalese Citizenship : Any Citizen of Nepal who has acquired foreign citizenship returns to reside in Nepal and submits a notification to the designated authority the evidence of renunciation of foreign citizenship shall be reinstated the Nepalese citizenship from the date of registering such evidence.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "11. Re-acquisition of Nepalese Citizenship ", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 48, "char_count": 325, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473429" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0011", "text": "12. Revocation of Citizenship Certificate : The designated authority shall revoke such Citizenship Certificate of any Nepalese citizen, if it is proven that such citizenship had been obtained on submission of false documentation.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "12. Revocation of Citizenship Certificate ", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 33, "char_count": 229, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473434" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0012", "text": "13. Two Citizenship Certificates not to be acquired: No person shall acquire more that one citizenship certificate.\n\nProvided that, there shall be no objection to issue another citizenship certificate by the concerned office on the basis of change of residency, if any person so desires, after due withdrawal of the first issued citizenship certificate.\n14. Deprivation from Nepalese Citizenship. (1) The Government of Nepal may issue directives to cancel the Nepalese Citizenship Certificate and to divest Nepalese citizenship of any foreign person who has been found proven to have fraudulently acquired Nepalese citizenship on submission of false documents and declaration.\n(2) Any person whose Nepalese Citizenship has been divested by a directive issued by the Government of Nepal in accordance with this section may file an appeal to the concerned Appellate Court within thirty-five days.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "13. Two Citizenship Certificates not to be acquired", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 135, "char_count": 894, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473447" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0013", "text": "15. Records of Citizenship Certificates to be maintained: The system of maintaining the records of Nepalese Citizenship Certificates shall be as prescribed.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "15. Records of Citizenship Certificates to be maintained", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 22, "char_count": 156, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473453" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0014", "text": "16. Rights. duties and liabilities not to absolve : No citizen of Nepal whose citizenship in terminated for any reason, shall not be deemed to have been absolved of the rights, duties and liabilities incurred in relation to any act done during the period the person was a citizen of Nepal, only by reason of termination of the citizenship.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "16. Rights. duties and liabilities not to absolve ", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 59, "char_count": 339, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473461" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0015", "text": "17. Correction of the Particulars :(cid:209) (cid:209)(cid:209)(cid:209) (1) Any person desiring to correct his/her caste or age for being differently mentioned in the academic certificate to that of the citizenship certificate or correct the minor mistakes in the citizenship certificate ,shall have to provide for an application with necessary evidence to the designated authority.\nClarification : For the purpose of this section 'minor' mistake means the non substantial details the citizenship certificate to mean 'Kumari' \"Devi\" \"bahadur\" (cid:209) Amended by some Nepalese Acts Amendment Act ,2064\n\n\"Prasad\" like words being added or not mentioned or difference in 'Aakar or Ikar (speccific grammatical error in devanagari) or other minor mistake of that type.\n(2) The designated authority on receipt of the application pursuant to Sub-section (1) shall conduct an enquiry with witnesses as necessary and together with evidences obtained from such person shall make the due correction and may grant another citizenship certificate after withdrawing the citizenship certificate awarded previously.\n(3) The designated authority on receipt of the application by a married or divorced woman for amendment of her family name, address or other particulars, may after verifying the necessary facts grant another citizenship certificate with amended family name, address or particulars and withdraw the previous citizenship certificate.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "17. Correction of the Particulars ", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 207, "char_count": 1434, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473476" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0016", "text": "18. Revision : (1) Notwithstanding anything provided for in this Act, any person who is aggrieved by a decree issued by a designated authority in accordance with this Act, may file a petition within thirty five days from the date such decree was issued with the Government of Nepal for revision of such decree.\n(2) On receipt of the petition pursuant to Sub-section (1), the Government of Nepal may obtain a report from the designated authority issuing the decree and after reviewing the report may give its verdict or issue a decree and such verdict or decree shall be final.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "18. Revision ", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 100, "char_count": 576, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473486" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0017", "text": "19. Publication of Name list : Every year the names of the persons who have been divested of Nepalese Citizenship pursuant to Section 14 shall be published in the Nepal gazette.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "19. Publication of Name list ", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 31, "char_count": 177, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473492" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0018", "text": "20. Delegation of Authority : (1) The Government of Nepal may delegate the authority vested on itself pursuant to this Act to any officer in the Government of Nepal.\nProvided that , the authority to divest from Nepalese Citizenship pursuant to Section 14 shall not be delegated.\n\n(2) The designated authority authorized to distribute Citizenship Certificates pursuant to this Act may delegate the authority vested on him/her to any staff officer.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "20. Delegation of Authority ", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 71, "char_count": 446, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473509" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0019", "text": "21. punishment : (1) Any foreign national who claims to be a Nepalese citizen and acquires Nepalese citizenship by giving false representation shall be sentenced to imprisonment from one year to five years or fined from fifty thousand rupees to one hundred thousand rupees or awarded both penalties. The citizenship acquired by false representation and having penalized pursuant to this clause, the citizenship thus acquired shall be automatically cancelled.\n(2) The person who was involved in the process of verification or recommendation in granting citizenship to any foreign national on false particulars shall be sentenced to imprisonment from six months to three years or fined from twenty five thousand rupees to fifty thousand rupees or awarded both penalties.\n(3) Any person who assists and begets false or forged Nepalese Citizenship Certificate and brings it in use shall be sentenced to imprisonment from one year to five years or fined from twenty thousand rupees to one hundred thousand rupees or awarded both penalties.\n(4) Any person who alters or makes correction and assists in such undertaking on the particulars of the original citizenship certificate shall be sentenced to imprisonment up to three months or fined up to ten thousand rupees or awarded both penalties.\n(5) Any person who furnishes and acquires citizenship certificate on false representation pursuant to Section 12 or the converted particulars pursuant to Section 17 is proven to be false or commits and Section to commit any other offence in violation of this Act or the rules enacted under this Act shall be fined up to fifteen thousand Rupees.\n(6) The issuing authority of Nepalese Citizenship Certificate intentionally or with mala fide intention in violation of this Act and the Rules\n\nenacted under this Act issues Citizenship Certificate or makes changes of the particulars in the Citizenship Certificate, such authority or employee shall be subjected to departmental action as per the prevailing laws.\n(7) The person who undertakes or assists in any offences punishable under Sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) shall be awarded half the punishment as mentioned in those Sub-sections.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "21. punishment ", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 343, "char_count": 2172, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473528" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0020", "text": "22. Appointment of Citizenship Team : (1) If the Government of Nepal deems necessary, a Citizenship Certificate Distribution Team may be appointed to distribute Citizenship Certificates.\n(2) The Team appointed pursuant to Sub-section (1) shall distribute citizenship certificates within the directives authorized by the Government of Nepal.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "22. Appointment of Citizenship Team ", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 47, "char_count": 340, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473537" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0021", "text": "23. Power to Frame Rules: The Government of Nepal may frame necessary Rules for the fulfillment of the objectives of this Act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "23. Power to Frame Rules", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 22, "char_count": 126, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473542" } }, { "chunk_id": "citizenship_AIN_2006_chunk_0022", "text": "24. Repeal and Savings: (1) Nepal Citizenship Act. 2020 (1964) is hereby repealed.\n(2) All acts performed or actions taken under the repealed Act pursuant to sub-section (1) shall be deemed to have been performed or undertaken under this Act.", "metadata": { "source_file": "citizenship_AIN_2006.pdf", "article_section": "24. Repeal and Savings", "page_numbers": [], "word_count": 40, "char_count": 242, "created_at": "2026-01-02T18:30:24.473548" } } ] }