app/plugins/rehype/post-citation.mjs

// rehype plugin to post-process citations and footnotes at build-time
// - Normalizes the bibliography into <ol class="references"> with <li id="...">
// - Linkifies DOI/URL occurrences inside references
// - Appends back-reference links (↩ back: 1, 2, ...) from each reference to in-text citation anchors
// - Cleans up footnotes block (.footnotes)

export default function rehypeReferencesAndFootnotes() {
  return (tree) => {
    const isElement = (n) => n && typeof n === 'object' && n.type === 'element';
    const getChildren = (n) => (Array.isArray(n?.children) ? n.children : []);

    const walk = (node, parent, fn) => {
      if (!node || typeof node !== 'object') return;
      fn && fn(node, parent);
      const kids = getChildren(node);
      for (const child of kids) walk(child, node, fn);
    };

    const ensureArray = (v) => (Array.isArray(v) ? v : v != null ? [v] : []);

    const hasClass = (el, name) => {
      const cn = ensureArray(el?.properties?.className).map(String);
      return cn.includes(name);
    };

    const setAttr = (el, key, val) => {
      el.properties = el.properties || {};
      if (val == null) delete el.properties[key];
      else el.properties[key] = val;
    };

    const getAttr = (el, key) => (el?.properties ? el.properties[key] : undefined);

    // Shared helpers for backlinks + backrefs block
    const collectBacklinksForIdSet = (idSet, anchorPrefix) => {
      const idToBacklinks = new Map();
      const idToAnchorNodes = new Map();
      if (!idSet || idSet.size === 0) return { idToBacklinks, idToAnchorNodes };
      walk(tree, null, (node) => {
        if (!isElement(node) || node.tagName !== 'a') return;
        const href = String(getAttr(node, 'href') || '');
        if (!href.startsWith('#')) return;
        const id = href.slice(1);
        if (!idSet.has(id)) return;
        // Ensure a stable id
        let anchorId = String(getAttr(node, 'id') || '');
        if (!anchorId) {
          const list = idToBacklinks.get(id) || [];
          anchorId = `${anchorPrefix}-${id}-${list.length + 1}`;
          setAttr(node, 'id', anchorId);
        }
        const list = idToBacklinks.get(id) || [];
        list.push(anchorId);
        idToBacklinks.set(id, list);
        const nodes = idToAnchorNodes.get(id) || [];
        nodes.push(node);
        idToAnchorNodes.set(id, nodes);
      });
      return { idToBacklinks, idToAnchorNodes };
    };

    const createBackIcon = () => ({
      type: 'element',
      tagName: 'svg',
      properties: {
        className: ['back-icon'],
        width: 12,
        height: 12,
        viewBox: '0 0 24 24',
        fill: 'none',
        stroke: 'currentColor',
        'stroke-width': 2,
        'stroke-linecap': 'round',
        'stroke-linejoin': 'round',
        'aria-hidden': 'true',
        focusable: 'false'
      },
      children: [
        { type: 'element', tagName: 'line', properties: { x1: 12, y1: 19, x2: 12, y2: 5 }, children: [] },
        { type: 'element', tagName: 'polyline', properties: { points: '5 12 12 5 19 12' }, children: [] }
      ]
    });

    const appendBackrefsBlock = (listElement, idToBacklinks, ariaLabel) => {
      if (!listElement || !idToBacklinks || idToBacklinks.size === 0) return;
      for (const li of getChildren(listElement)) {
        if (!isElement(li) || li.tagName !== 'li') continue;
        const id = String(getAttr(li, 'id') || '');
        if (!id) continue;
        const keys = idToBacklinks.get(id);
        if (!keys || !keys.length) continue;
        // Remove pre-existing .backrefs in this li to avoid duplicates
        li.children = getChildren(li).filter((n) => !(isElement(n) && n.tagName === 'small' && hasClass(n, 'backrefs')));
        const small = {
          type: 'element',
          tagName: 'small',
          properties: { className: ['backrefs'] },
          children: []
        };
        if (keys.length === 1) {
          // Single backlink: just the icon wrapped in the anchor
          const a = {
            type: 'element',
            tagName: 'a',
            properties: { href: `#${keys[0]}`, 'aria-label': ariaLabel },
            children: [ createBackIcon() ]
          };
          small.children.push(a);
        } else {
          // Multiple backlinks: icon + label + numbered links
          small.children.push(createBackIcon());
          small.children.push({ type: 'text', value: ' back: ' });
          keys.forEach((backId, idx) => {
            small.children.push({
              type: 'element',
              tagName: 'a',
              properties: { href: `#${backId}`, 'aria-label': ariaLabel },
              children: [ { type: 'text', value: String(idx + 1) } ]
            });
            if (idx < keys.length - 1) small.children.push({ type: 'text', value: ', ' });
          });
        }
        li.children.push(small);
      }
    };
    // Remove default back-reference anchors generated by remark-footnotes inside a footnote item
    const getTextContent = (el) => {
      if (!el) return '';
      const stack = [el];
      let out = '';
      while (stack.length) {
        const cur = stack.pop();
        if (!cur) continue;
        if (cur.type === 'text') out += String(cur.value || '');
        const kids = getChildren(cur);
        for (let i = kids.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) stack.push(kids[i]);
      }
      return out;
    };

    const removeFootnoteBackrefAnchors = (el) => {
      if (!isElement(el)) return;
      const kids = getChildren(el);
      for (let i = kids.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        const child = kids[i];
        if (isElement(child)) {
          if (
            child.tagName === 'a' && (
              getAttr(child, 'data-footnote-backref') != null ||
              hasClass(child, 'footnote-backref') ||
              String(getAttr(child, 'role') || '').toLowerCase() === 'doc-backlink' ||
              String(getAttr(child, 'aria-label') || '').toLowerCase().includes('back to content') ||
              String(getAttr(child, 'href') || '').startsWith('#fnref') ||
              // Fallback: text-based detection like "↩" or "↩2"
              /^\s*↩\s*\d*\s*$/u.test(getTextContent(child))
            )
          ) {
            // Remove the anchor
            el.children.splice(i, 1);
            continue;
          }
          // Recurse into element
          removeFootnoteBackrefAnchors(child);
          // If a wrapper like <sup> or <span> became empty, remove it
          const becameKids = getChildren(child);
          if ((child.tagName === 'sup' || child.tagName === 'span') && (!becameKids || becameKids.length === 0)) {
            el.children.splice(i, 1);
          }
        }
      }
    };


    const normDoiHref = (href) => {
      if (!href) return href;
      const DUP = /https?:\/\/(?:dx\.)?doi\.org\/(?:https?:\/\/(?:dx\.)?doi\.org\/)+/gi;
      const ONE = /https?:\/\/(?:dx\.)?doi\.org\/(10\.[^\s<>"']+)/i;
      href = String(href).replace(DUP, 'https://doi.org/');
      const m = href.match(ONE);
      return m ? `https://doi.org/${m[1]}` : href;
    };

    const DOI_BARE = /\b10\.[0-9]{4,9}\/[\-._;()\/:A-Z0-9]+\b/gi;
    const URL_GEN = /\bhttps?:\/\/[^\s<>()"']+/gi;

    const linkifyTextNode = (textNode) => {
      const text = String(textNode.value || '');
      let last = 0;
      const parts = [];
      const pushText = (s) => { if (s) parts.push({ type: 'text', value: s }); };

      const matches = [];
      // Collect URL matches
      let m;
      URL_GEN.lastIndex = 0;
      while ((m = URL_GEN.exec(text)) !== null) {
        matches.push({ type: 'url', start: m.index, end: URL_GEN.lastIndex, raw: m[0] });
      }
      // Collect DOI matches
      DOI_BARE.lastIndex = 0;
      while ((m = DOI_BARE.exec(text)) !== null) {
        matches.push({ type: 'doi', start: m.index, end: DOI_BARE.lastIndex, raw: m[0] });
      }
      matches.sort((a, b) => a.start - b.start);

      for (const match of matches) {
        if (match.start < last) continue; // overlapping
        pushText(text.slice(last, match.start));
        if (match.type === 'url') {
          const href = normDoiHref(match.raw);
          const doiOne = href.match(/https?:\/\/(?:dx\.)?doi\.org\/(10\.[^\s<>"']+)/i);
          const a = {
            type: 'element',
            tagName: 'a',
            properties: { href, target: '_blank', rel: 'noopener noreferrer' },
            children: [{ type: 'text', value: doiOne ? doiOne[1] : href }]
          };
          parts.push(a);
        } else {
          const href = `https://doi.org/${match.raw}`;
          const a = {
            type: 'element',
            tagName: 'a',
            properties: { href, target: '_blank', rel: 'noopener noreferrer' },
            children: [{ type: 'text', value: match.raw }]
          };
          parts.push(a);
        }
        last = match.end;
      }

      pushText(text.slice(last));
      return parts;
    };

    const linkifyInElement = (el) => {
      const kids = getChildren(el);
      for (let i = 0; i < kids.length; i++) {
        const child = kids[i];
        if (!child) continue;
        if (child.type === 'text') {
          const replacement = linkifyTextNode(child);
          if (replacement.length === 1 && replacement[0].type === 'text') continue;
          // Replace the single text node with multiple nodes
          el.children.splice(i, 1, ...replacement);
          i += replacement.length - 1;
        } else if (isElement(child)) {
          if (child.tagName === 'a') {
            const href = normDoiHref(getAttr(child, 'href'));
            setAttr(child, 'href', href);
            const m = String(href || '').match(/https?:\/\/(?:dx\.)?doi\.org\/(10\.[^\s<>"']+)/i);
            if (m && (!child.children || child.children.length === 0)) {
              child.children = [{ type: 'text', value: m[1] }];
            }
            continue;
          }
          linkifyInElement(child);
        }
      }
      // Deduplicate adjacent identical anchors
      for (let i = 1; i < el.children.length; i++) {
        const prev = el.children[i - 1];
        const curr = el.children[i];
        if (isElement(prev) && isElement(curr) && prev.tagName === 'a' && curr.tagName === 'a') {
          const key = `${getAttr(prev, 'href') || ''}|${(prev.children?.[0]?.value) || ''}`;
          const key2 = `${getAttr(curr, 'href') || ''}|${(curr.children?.[0]?.value) || ''}`;
          if (key === key2) {
            el.children.splice(i, 1);
            i--;
          }
        }
      }
    };

    // Find references container and normalize its list
    const findReferencesRoot = () => {
      let found = null;
      walk(tree, null, (node) => {
        if (found) return;
        if (!isElement(node)) return;
        const id = getAttr(node, 'id');
        if (id === 'references' || hasClass(node, 'references') || hasClass(node, 'bibliography')) {
          found = node;
        }
      });
      return found;
    };

    const toOrderedList = (container) => {
      // If there is already an <ol>, use it; otherwise convert common structures
      let ol = getChildren(container).find((c) => isElement(c) && c.tagName === 'ol');
      if (!ol) {
        ol = { type: 'element', tagName: 'ol', properties: { className: ['references'] }, children: [] };
        const candidates = getChildren(container).filter((n) => isElement(n));
        if (candidates.length) {
          for (const node of candidates) {
            if (hasClass(node, 'csl-entry') || node.tagName === 'li' || node.tagName === 'p' || node.tagName === 'div') {
              const li = { type: 'element', tagName: 'li', properties: {}, children: getChildren(node) };
              if (getAttr(node, 'id')) setAttr(li, 'id', getAttr(node, 'id'));
              ol.children.push(li);
            }
          }
        }
        // Replace container children by the new ol
        container.children = [ol];
      }
      if (!hasClass(ol, 'references')) {
        const cls = ensureArray(ol.properties?.className).map(String);
        if (!cls.includes('references')) cls.push('references');
        ol.properties = ol.properties || {};
        ol.properties.className = cls;
      }
      return ol;
    };

    const refsRoot = findReferencesRoot();
    let refsOl = null;
    const refIdSet = new Set();
    const refIdToExternalHref = new Map();

    if (refsRoot) {
      refsOl = toOrderedList(refsRoot);
      // Collect item ids and linkify their content
      for (const li of getChildren(refsOl)) {
        if (!isElement(li) || li.tagName !== 'li') continue;
        if (!getAttr(li, 'id')) {
          // Try to find a nested element with id to promote
          const nestedWithId = getChildren(li).find((n) => isElement(n) && getAttr(n, 'id'));
          if (nestedWithId) setAttr(li, 'id', getAttr(nestedWithId, 'id'));
        }
        const id = getAttr(li, 'id');
        if (id) refIdSet.add(String(id));
        linkifyInElement(li);
        // Record first external link href (e.g., DOI/URL) if present
        if (id) {
          let externalHref = null;
          const stack = [li];
          while (stack.length) {
            const cur = stack.pop();
            const kids = getChildren(cur);
            for (const k of kids) {
              if (isElement(k) && k.tagName === 'a') {
                const href = String(getAttr(k, 'href') || '');
                if (/^https?:\/\//i.test(href)) {
                  externalHref = href;
                  break;
                }
              }
              if (isElement(k)) stack.push(k);
            }
            if (externalHref) break;
          }
          if (externalHref) refIdToExternalHref.set(String(id), externalHref);
        }
      }
      setAttr(refsRoot, 'data-built-refs', '1');
    }

    // Collect in-text anchors that point to references ids
    const { idToBacklinks: refIdToBacklinks, idToAnchorNodes: refIdToCitationAnchors } = collectBacklinksForIdSet(refIdSet, 'refctx');

    // Append backlinks into references list items
    appendBackrefsBlock(refsOl, refIdToBacklinks, 'Back to citation');

    // Rewrite in-text citation anchors to external link when available
    if (refIdToCitationAnchors.size > 0) {
      for (const [id, anchors] of refIdToCitationAnchors.entries()) {
        const ext = refIdToExternalHref.get(id);
        if (!ext) continue;
        for (const a of anchors) {
          setAttr(a, 'data-ref-id', id);
          setAttr(a, 'href', ext);
          const existingTarget = getAttr(a, 'target');
          if (!existingTarget) setAttr(a, 'target', '_blank');
          const rel = String(getAttr(a, 'rel') || '');
          const relSet = new Set(rel ? rel.split(/\s+/) : []);
          relSet.add('noopener');
          relSet.add('noreferrer');
          setAttr(a, 'rel', Array.from(relSet).join(' '));
        }
      }
    }

    // Footnotes cleanup + backrefs harmonized with references
    const cleanupFootnotes = () => {
      let root = null;
      walk(tree, null, (node) => {
        if (!isElement(node)) return;
        if (hasClass(node, 'footnotes')) root = node;
      });
      if (!root) return { root: null, ol: null, idSet: new Set() };
      // Remove <hr> direct children
      root.children = getChildren(root).filter((n) => !(isElement(n) && n.tagName === 'hr'));
      // Ensure an <ol>
      let ol = getChildren(root).find((c) => isElement(c) && c.tagName === 'ol');
      if (!ol) {
        ol = { type: 'element', tagName: 'ol', properties: {}, children: [] };
        const items = getChildren(root).filter((n) => isElement(n) && (n.tagName === 'li' || hasClass(n, 'footnote') || n.tagName === 'p' || n.tagName === 'div'));
        if (items.length) {
          for (const it of items) {
            const li = { type: 'element', tagName: 'li', properties: {}, children: getChildren(it) };
            // Promote nested id if present (e.g., <p id="fn-1">)
            const nestedWithId = getChildren(it).find((n) => isElement(n) && getAttr(n, 'id'));
            if (nestedWithId) setAttr(li, 'id', getAttr(nestedWithId, 'id'));
            ol.children.push(li);
          }
        }
        root.children = [ol];
      }
      // For existing structures, try to promote ids from children when missing
      for (const li of getChildren(ol)) {
        if (!isElement(li) || li.tagName !== 'li') continue;
        if (!getAttr(li, 'id')) {
          const nestedWithId = getChildren(li).find((n) => isElement(n) && getAttr(n, 'id'));
          if (nestedWithId) setAttr(li, 'id', getAttr(nestedWithId, 'id'));
        }
        // Remove default footnote backrefs anywhere inside (to avoid duplication)
        removeFootnoteBackrefAnchors(li);
      }
      setAttr(root, 'data-built-footnotes', '1');
      // Collect id set
      const idSet = new Set();
      for (const li of getChildren(ol)) {
        if (!isElement(li) || li.tagName !== 'li') continue;
        const id = getAttr(li, 'id');
        if (id) idSet.add(String(id));
      }
      return { root, ol, idSet };
    };

    const { root: footRoot, ol: footOl, idSet: footIdSet } = cleanupFootnotes();

    // Collect in-text anchors pointing to footnotes
    const { idToBacklinks: footIdToBacklinks } = collectBacklinksForIdSet(footIdSet, 'footctx');

    // Append backlinks into footnote list items (identical pattern to references)
    appendBackrefsBlock(footOl, footIdToBacklinks, 'Back to footnote call');
  };
}