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  "Portuguese Meeting Minutes": "O Sr. Presidente informou no dia 21 participou numa visita promovida pela ARS Alentejo às obras do novo Hospital Central de Évora. Foram convidados os autarcas do distrito, visitaram-se as obras, a evolução dos trabalhos e trata-se de uma obra de uma dimensão considerável, com objetivos muito sérios de vir a servir toda a região. Falou-se também que o novo hospital não vai ser só um hospital de referência no que diz respeito a prestação de cuidados de saúde para toda a região Alentejo, o que significa que algumas especialidades terão que ser reencaminhadas para Lisboa, por serem muito especializadas, a maior parte de toda a prestação de cuidados passará a ser feita na região. Este aspeto é muito importante, mas há que referir também que o hospital vai servir a região de outra forma pois será uma âncora de desenvolvimento porque está prevista a criação de uma escola de medicina -- a Universidade de Évora já está a preparar a candidatura, já tem os terrenos junto ao hospital -- há já um conjunto de empresas ligadas à biotecnologia e de cuidados de saúde a pretenderem instalar-se na envolvência do hospital, tornando-se num centro de desenvolvimento quer para formar e atrair profissionais qualificados para a região, quer para atrair empresas de tecnologia de ponta, por sua vez potenciadoras de criação de emprego qualificado. Portanto, à sua escala é um projeto comparável ao Alqueva ou outros projetos estruturantes, criando uma dinâmica social e económica muito importante, com impacto em toda a região. \nContinuou por informar que no dia 22 se realizou a cerimónia de inauguração do edifício do ensino Pré-Escolar, integrado na Escola Diogo Lopes de Sequeira. A partir de hoje este edifício já está a ser usado e foi uma grande conquista ao fim de 17 anos em instalações provisórias. \nInformou ainda que no dia 23 o executivo assistiu ao concerto da Banda na Igreja Matriz. \nO Sr. Presidente deu conhecimento do despacho sobre as tolerâncias de ponto que se anexa à presente ata. \n2. ALTERAÇÕES ORÇAMENTAIS PERMUTATIVAS PARA RATIFICAÇÃO\nPelo Sr. Presidente foram presentes a reunião as informações da contabilidade que se anexam\nà presente ata. \nPonderado e analisado o assunto o Executivo Municipal deliberou por maioria, com os votos a favor dos eleitos pelo PS e a abstenção da eleita pelo Nós, Cidadãos, ratificar as alterações orçamentais permutativas. \n3. ALTERAÇÃO ORÇAMENTAL PERMUTATIVA\nNão houve alteração orçamental a apresentar. \n4. APROVAÇÃO DE ATAS\nPelo Senhor Presidente foi presente a reunião a ata n.º 28 de 20.12.2023. \nPonderado e analisado o assunto o Executivo Municipal deliberou por unanimidade aprovar a ata n.º 28 de 20.12.2023. \n5. PROCESSOS E REQUERIMENTOS DIVERSOS\nNão houve processos e requerimentos diversos a apresentar. \n6. ALANDROAL CONVIDA ESPECIAL NATAL 2023- NORMAS DE PARTICIPAÇÃO, SORTEIOS E VALORES DE PRÉMIOS ATRIBUÍDOS -- RATIFICAÇÃO\nPelo Senhor Presidente foi presente a reunião a proposta n.º 13 do Presidente que se anexa à presente ata. \nDe acordo com o Sr. Presidente, trata-se do habitual procedimento de incentivo às compras do comércio local que se faz este ano em colaboração com as Juntas de Freguesia. \nPonderado e analisado o assunto o Executivo Municipal deliberou por unanimidade ratificar as normas de participação, sorteios e valores de prémios atribuídos no Alandroal ConVida Especial Natal 2023. \n7. ALANDROAL CONVIDA ESPECIAL NATAL 2023 -- VALE CABAZ IDOSOS E PENSIONISTAS - NORMAS DE PARTICIPAÇÃO, VALOR DO VOUCHER E DA DESPESA A REALIZAR -- RATIFICAÇÃO\nPelo Senhor Presidente foi presente a reunião a proposta n.º 12 do Presidente que se anexa à presente ata. \nSegundo o Sr. Presidente, trata-se da ratificação de um procedimento que foi desenvolvido desde a pandemia e que consistia em oferecer cabazes aos idosos e levá-los a casa. Entretanto, essa metodologia tornou-se muito pesada para a organização do Município em termos de procedimentos internos, de contratação, envolvimento de funcionários e este ano optou-se por um procedimento que correu muito bem e que se traduz na atribuição de um vale que se pode trocar no comércio local. \nPonderado e analisado o assunto o Executivo Municipal deliberou por unanimidade ratificar as normas de participação, valor do voucher e da despesa a realizar no Alandroal ConVida Especial Natal 2023 -- Vale Cabaz Idosos e Pensionistas. \n8. RATIFICAÇÃO DA PRORROGAÇÃO DO PRAZO DO CONCURSO PÚBLICO N.º EMP/CP/003-2023 PARA REALIZAÇÃO DA EMPREITADA \"CONSTRUÇÃO DA LOJA DO CIDADÃO DO ALANDROAL\"\nPelo Senhor Presidente foi presente a esta reunião a informação e 21 de dezembro da Divisão de Obras, Ambiente e Serviços Urbanos -- Secção de Ordenamento e Obras Municipais que se anexa à presente ata. \nReferiu o Sr. Presidente que já se tinha recebido um pedido de prorrogação de prazo por erros e omissões; tivemos um pedido de uma empresa para prorrogar o prazo uma vez que estava a preparar as candidaturas e considerou-se preferível permitir que haja o máximo de concorrentes. O prazo terminará hoje, pelas 17h00. \nPonderado e analisado o assunto o Executivo Municipal deliberou por unanimidade ratificar a prorrogação do prazo do Concurso Público n.º EMP/CP/003-2023 para realização da empreitada \"Construção da Loja do Cidadão do Alandroal\". \n9. RATIFICAÇÃO DA 2ª REVISÃO DE PREÇOS DA EMPREITADA \"MELHORIA DA MOBILIDADE URBANA E SEGURANÇA RODOVIÁRIA DO CONCELHO DE ALANDROAL -- 4ª FASE -- ADITAMENTO (FASE II)\"\nPelo Senhor Presidente foi presente a esta reunião a informação n.º 136 da Divisão de Obras, Ambiente e Serviços Urbanos -- Secção de Ordenamento e Obras Municipais que se anexa à presente ata. \nO Sr. Presidente referiu que se trata de um valor de 10. 710,55€ acrescidos de IVA. \nPonderado e analisado o assunto o Executivo Municipal deliberou por unanimidade ratificar a 2ª revisão de preços da empreitada \"Melhoria da Mobilidade Urbana e Segurança Rodoviária do concelho de Alandroal -- 4ª Fase -- Aditamento (Fase II)\". \n10. RATIFICAÇÃO DA 2ª REVISÃO DE PREÇOS DA EMPREITADA \"MELHORIA DA MOBILIDADE URBANA E SEGURANÇA RODOVIÁRIA DO CONCELHO DE ALANDROAL -- 4ª FASE\"\nPelo Senhor Presidente foi presente a esta reunião a informação n.º 174 da Divisão de Obras, Ambiente e Serviços Urbanos -- Secção de Ordenamento e Obras Municipais que se anexa à presente ata. \nDe acordo com o Sr. Presidente, trata-se de uma revisão no valor de 31.908,73€ acrescidos de IVA. \nPonderado e analisado o assunto o Executivo Municipal deliberou por unanimidade ratificar a 2ª revisão de preços da empreitada \"Melhoria da Mobilidade Urbana e Segurança Rodoviária do concelho de Alandroal -- 4ª Fase\". \n11. RATIFICAÇÃO DA 15ª REVISÃO DE PREÇOS DA EMPREITADA \"FORTALEZA DE JUROMENHA -- CONSOLIDAÇÃO E RESTAURO DOS PARAMENTOS DO PERÍMETRO ABALUARTADO EXTERIOR E CERCA ISLÂMICA E MEDIEVAL INTERIOR\"\nPelo Senhor Presidente foi presente a esta reunião a informação n.º 176 da Divisão de Obras, Ambiente e Serviços Urbanos -- Secção de Ordenamento e Obras Municipais que se anexa à presente ata. \nSegundo o Sr. Presidente trata-se de um valor de 68.492,02€ acrescidos de IVA. \nPonderado e analisado o assunto o Executivo Municipal deliberou por unanimidade ratificar a 15ª revisão de preços da empreitada \"Fortaleza de Juromenha -- Consolidação e restauro dos paramentos do perímetro abaluartado exterior e cerca islâmica e medieval interior\". \n12. RATIFICAÇÃO DA 1ª REVISÃO DE PREÇOS DA EMPREITADA \"REMODELAÇÃO E AMPLIAÇÃO DO EDIFÍCIO DA CASA DO CASTELO E ARRANJOS EXTERIORES\"\nPelo Senhor Presidente foi presente a esta reunião a informação n.º 177 da Divisão de Obras, Ambiente e Serviços Urbanos -- Secção de Ordenamento e Obras Municipais que se anexa à presente ata. \nAfirmou o Sr. Presidente que o valor em causa é de 4.512,36€ acrescidos de IVA. \nPonderado e analisado o assunto o Executivo Municipal deliberou por unanimidade ratificar a 1ª revisão de preços da empreitada \"Remodelação e ampliação do edifício da Casa do Castelo e arranjos exteriores\". \n13. RATIFICAÇÃO DA 2ª REVISÃO DE PREÇOS DA EMPREITADA \"CONCLUSÃO DA ESCOLA BÁSICA INTEGRADA, COM EDIFÍCIO PRÉ-ESCOLAR, DIOGO LOPES DE SEQUEIRA DE ALANDROAL\"\nPelo Senhor Presidente foi presente a esta reunião a informação n.º 178 da Divisão de Obras, Ambiente e Serviços Urbanos -- Secção de Ordenamento e Obras Municipais que se anexa à presente ata. \nDe acordo com o Sr. Presidente, trata-se de um valor de 150.211,20€ acrescidos de IVA. \nPonderado e analisado o assunto o Executivo Municipal deliberou por unanimidade ratificar a 2ª revisão de preços da empreitada \"Conclusão da Escola Básica Integrada, com edifício Pré-Escolar, Diogo Lopes de Sequeira de Alandroal\". \n14. ATRIBUIÇÃO DE BOLSAS DE ESTUDO PARA O ENSINO SUPERIOR -- ANO LETIVO 2023/2024\nPelo Senhor Presidente foi presente a esta reunião a informação de 22 de dezembro do Serviço de Ação Social - Setor de Educação que se anexa à presente ata. \nO Sr. Vice-Presidente referiu que após a análise das candidaturas recebidas, houve 45 pedidos de renovação e 23 novas candidaturas e o júri decidiu a admissão de 62 candidaturas, sendo 6 excluídas por não cumprirem os critérios previstos no regulamento. Houve apenas um caso, que estando matriculado desde o ano letivo 2020/2021, tem uma incapacidade auditiva importante, pelo que se decidiu aceitar a candidatura para que possa terminar as disciplinas de anos anteriores em falta. \nPonderado e analisado o assunto o Executivo Municipal deliberou por unanimidade aprovar a atribuição de bolsas de estudo para o ensino superior -- ano letivo 2023/2024. \n15. PROCESSO DE OBRAS N.º ****-LEGALIZAÇÃO\nPelo Senhor Presidente foi presente a esta reunião a informação n.º ****** da Secção de Urbanismo e Fiscalização -- Serviço de Obras Particulares. \nPonderado e analisado o assunto o Executivo Municipal deliberou por unanimidade aprovar o projeto de arquitetura relativo ao Processo de obras n.º **** -- LEGALIZAÇÃO. \n15. PROCESSO DE OBRAS N.º *****-EDIFIC\nPelo Senhor Presidente foi presente a esta reunião a informação n.º ****** da Secção de Urbanismo e Fiscalização -- Serviço de Obras Particulares. \nPonderado e analisado o assunto o Executivo Municipal deliberou por unanimidade aprovar o projeto de arquitetura relativo ao Processo de obras n.º ***** -- EDIFIC.",
  "English Meeting Minutes": "The President informed on the 21st that he participated in a visit promoted by ARS Alentejo to the works of the new Central Hospital of Évora. The mayors of the district were invited, the works were visited, the progress of the works and it is a work of considerable dimension, with very serious objectives of serving the entire region. It was also said that the new hospital will not only be a reference hospital with regard to the provision of health care for the entire Alentejo region, which means that some specialties will have to be redirected to Lisbon, as they are very specialized, most of all care will be provided in the region. This aspect is very important, but it should also be noted that the hospital will serve the region in a different way because it will be an anchor of development because the creation of a medical school is planned - the University of Évora is already preparing the application, it already has the land next to the hospital - there are already a number of companies linked to biotechnology and health care intending to settle in the surroundings of the hospital,  becoming a development center both to train and attract qualified professionals to the region, and to attract cutting-edge technology companies, in turn enhancing the creation of qualified employment. Therefore, at its scale it is a project comparable to Alqueva or other structuring projects, creating a very important social and economic dynamic, with an impact on the entire region.\n\n \nHe continued to inform that on the 22nd the inauguration ceremony of the Pre-School education building took place, integrated in the Diogo Lopes de Sequeira School. As of today, this building is already in use and was a great achievement after 17 years in temporary facilities.\n\n \nHe also informed that on the 23rd the executive attended the Band's concert at the Mother Church.\n\n \nThe President informed the order on the day-off that is attached to these minutes.\n\n \n2. PERMUTATIVE BUDGET AMENDMENTS FOR RATIFICATION\nMr. President presented the meeting with the following accounting information\nto these minutes. \nAfter weighing and analyzing the matter, the Municipal Executive decided by majority, with the votes in favor of those elected by the PS and the abstention of the elected by We, Citizens, to ratify the permutative budget changes.\n\n \n3. EXCHANGE BUDGET AMENDMENT\nThere was no budget amendment to be presented.\n\n \n4. APPROVAL OF MINUTES\nBy the President, minutes no. 28 of 20.12.2023 were present at the meeting. \nAfter considering and analyzing the matter, the Municipal Executive unanimously decided to approve minute no. 28 of 12.20.2023.\n\n \n5. MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES AND REQUIREMENTS\nThere were no various processes and requests to submit.\n\n \n6. ALANDROAL INVITES SPECIAL CHRISTMAS 2023 - RULES OF PARTICIPATION, SWEEPSTAKES AND PRIZE VALUES AWARDED -- RATIFICATION\nThe President's proposal No. 13, which is attached to these minutes, was present at the meeting. \nAccording to Mr. President, this is the usual procedure to encourage purchases from local commerce that is done this year in collaboration with the Parish Councils. \nAfter considering and analyzing the matter, the Municipal Executive unanimously decided to ratify the rules for participation, raffles and prize values awarded in the Alandroal ConVida Special Christmas 2023.\n\n \n7. ALANDROAL INVITES SPECIAL CHRISTMAS 2023 -- VOUCHER BASKET FOR THE ELDERLY AND PENSIONERS - RULES OF PARTICIPATION, VALUE OF THE VOUCHER AND THE EXPENSE TO BE MADE -- RATIFICATION\nThe President, the President's proposal no. 12, which is attached to these minutes, was present at the meeting. \nAccording to Mr. President, this is the ratification of a procedure that has been developed since the pandemic and which consisted of offering baskets to the elderly and taking them home. However, this methodology has become very heavy for the organization of the Municipality in terms of internal procedures, hiring, employee involvement and this year a procedure was chosen that went very well and that translates into the attribution of a voucher that can be exchanged in local commerce. \nAfter considering and analyzing the matter, the Municipal Executive unanimously decided to ratify the rules for participation, voucher value and expenditure to be carried out in Alandroal ConVida Especial Natal 2023 - Vale Cabaz Elderly and Pensioners.\n\n \n8. RATIFICATION OF THE EXTENSION OF THE DEADLINE OF PUBLIC TENDER NO. EMP/CP/003-2023 FOR THE EXECUTION OF THE CONTRACT \"CONSTRUCTION OF THE ALANDROAL CITIZEN'S SHOP\"\nThe President was present at this meeting with the information of the Division of Works, Environment and Urban Services - Section of Planning and Municipal Works that is attached to these minutes. \nThe President said that a request for an extension of the deadline had already been received due to errors and omissions; We had a request from a company to extend the deadline since it was preparing the applications and it was considered preferable to allow there to be as many competitors as possible. The deadline will end today, at 17:00. \nAfter considering and analyzing the matter, the Municipal Executive unanimously decided to ratify the extension of the deadline for Public Tender No. EMP/CP/003-2023 to carry out the contract \"Construction of the Alandroal Citizen's Shop\".\n\n \n9. RATIFICATION OF THE 2ND PRICE REVISION OF THE CONTRACT \"IMPROVEMENT OF URBAN MOBILITY AND ROAD SAFETY IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ALANDROAL - 4TH PHASE - AMENDMENT (PHASE II)\"\nThe President was present at this meeting with information no. 136 of the Division of Works, Environment and Urban Services - Section of Planning and Municipal Works, which is attached to these minutes. \nMr. President said that this is a value of 10. €710.55 plus VAT. \nAfter considering and analyzing the matter, the Municipal Executive unanimously decided to ratify the 2nd price revision of the contract \"Improvement of Urban Mobility and Road Safety in the municipality of Alandroal - 4th Phase - Amendment (Phase II)\".\n\n \n10. RATIFICATION OF THE 2ND PRICE REVISION OF THE CONTRACT \"IMPROVEMENT OF URBAN MOBILITY AND ROAD SAFETY IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ALANDROAL - 4TH PHASE\"\nThe President was present at this meeting with information no. 174 of the Division of Works, Environment and Urban Services - Section of Planning and Municipal Works, which is attached to these minutes. \nAccording to the President, this is a revision in the amount of €31,908.73 plus VAT. \nAfter considering and analyzing the matter, the Municipal Executive unanimously decided to ratify the 2nd price revision of the contract \"Improvement of Urban Mobility and Road Safety in the municipality of Alandroal - 4th Phase\".\n\n \n11. RATIFICATION OF THE 15TH PRICE REVISION OF THE CONTRACT \"FORTRESS OF JUROMENHA - CONSOLIDATION AND RESTORATION OF THE VESTMENTS OF THE OUTER BASTIONED PERIMETER AND INNER ISLAMIC AND MEDIEVAL FENCE\"\nThe President was present at this meeting with information no. 176 of the Division of Works, Environment and Urban Services - Section of Planning and Municipal Works, which is attached to these minutes. \nAccording to Mr. President, this is an amount of €68,492.02 plus VAT. \nAfter considering and analyzing the matter, the Municipal Executive unanimously decided to ratify the 15th price revision of the contract \"Fortaleza de Juromenha - Consolidation and restoration of the vestments of the outer bastioned perimeter and interior Islamic and medieval fence\".\n\n \n12. RATIFICATION OF THE 1ST PRICE REVISION OF THE CONTRACT \"REMODELLING AND EXPANSION OF THE CASTLE HOUSE BUILDING AND EXTERIOR ARRANGEMENTS\"\nThe President was present at this meeting with information no. 177 of the Division of Works, Environment and Urban Services - Section of Planning and Municipal Works, which is attached to these minutes. \nThe President stated that the amount in question is €4,512.36 plus VAT. \nAfter considering and analyzing the matter, the Municipal Executive unanimously decided to ratify the 1st price revision of the contract \"Remodeling and expansion of the Casa do Castelo building and exterior arrangements\".\n\n \n13. RATIFICATION OF THE 2ND PRICE REVISION OF THE CONTRACT \"COMPLETION OF THE INTEGRATED BASIC SCHOOL, WITH PRE-SCHOOL BUILDING, DIOGO LOPES DE SEQUEIRA DE ALANDROAL\"\nThe President was present at this meeting with information no. 178 of the Division of Works, Environment and Urban Services - Section of Planning and Municipal Works, which is attached to these minutes. \nAccording to Mr. President, this is an amount of €150,211.20 plus VAT. \nAfter considering and analyzing the matter, the Municipal Executive unanimously decided to ratify the 2nd price revision of the contract \"Completion of the Integrated Basic School, with Pre-School building, Diogo Lopes de Sequeira de Alandroal\".\n\n\n14. AWARD OF SCHOLARSHIPS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION -- ACADEMIC YEAR 2023/2024\nThe President was present at this meeting with the information of December 22 from the Social Action Service - Education Sector, which is attached to these minutes. \nMr. The Vice-President said that after analyzing the applications received, there were 45 renewal requests and 23 new applications and the jury decided to admit 62 applications, 6 of which were excluded for not meeting the criteria provided for in the regulation. There was only one case, who has been enrolled since the 2020/2021 academic year, has a significant hearing impairment, so it was decided to accept the application so that he can finish the missing subjects from previous years. \nAfter considering and analyzing the matter, the Municipal Executive unanimously decided to approve the attribution of scholarships for higher education - academic year 2023/2024.\n\n \n15. WORKS PROCESS NO. ****-LEGALIZATION\nThe President was present at this meeting with information no. ****** of the Urban Planning and Supervision Section - Private Works Service. \nAfter considering and analyzing the matter, the Municipal Executive unanimously decided to approve the architectural project related to the Construction Process No. **** -- LEGALIZATION.\n\n \n15. WORKS PROCESS NO. *****-EDIFIC\nThe President was present at this meeting with information no. ****** of the Urban Planning and Supervision Section - Private Works Service. \nAfter considering and analyzing the matter, the Municipal Executive unanimously decided to approve the architectural project related to the Works Process No. ***** - EDIFIC.",
  "WikiSection_en_city Example": "In English, use of the Spanish or Galician forms now predominates. However, the traditional form Corunna can still be found, particularly in reference to the Battle of Corunna in the Peninsular War. Archaically, the city was known as The Groyne, probably from French \"La Corogne\". \nIn Spain, the only official form of the name is now the Galician one, \"A Coruña\". Nonetheless, the Spanish form, La Coruña, is still widespread, and it is the traditional name in Spanish recommended by the Real Academia Española for texts in Spanish. Certain groups of people have advocated elevating the reintegrationist spelling \"Corunha\" to official status, pointing to the provisions of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and claiming that it is unconstitutional to stipulate use of the Real Academia Galega spelling, but they have not been successful so far.\nThere is no clear evidence as to what word the name derives from. It seems to be from Crunia, of unknown origin and meaning. At the time of Ferdinand II of León (12th century) the name Crunia was documented for the first time. As usual in Galician-Portuguese (as well as in Castilian Spanish), the cluster ni naturally evolved into the sound , written n, nn or nh in old Galician orthography, nn in Spanish (later abbreviated to ñ, as well as the original Latin cluster \"nn\"), and nh in Portuguese and alternative Galician spelling. 'A' is the Galician article equivalent to English the; compare Castilian Spanish la (\"the\").\nOne proposed etymology derives Crunia from Cluny, the town and religious order from France. During its height (c. 950–c.1130) the Cluniac movement was one of the largest religious forces in Europe. There is another town named Coruña in Burgos Province.\nAnother possibility is that the name means simply \"The Crown\". The Galician word for crown is coroa. It is also possible it came about through changes to the French \"La Couronne\", also meaning \"the Crown\". It seems less likely that it traces back to the Galician \"clunia\".\nA folk etymology incorrectly derives Coruña from the ancient columna, or Tower of Hercules.\nA Coruña is located on a peninsula, and its isthmus was at times formed only by a small strip of sand. Erosion and sea currents caused a progressive accumulation of sand, enlarging it to its present dimensions.\nA Coruña and Christchurch, New Zealand, constitute one of only seventeen pairs of cities in the world that are almost exactly antipodal.\nA Coruña has five parishes or \"parroquias\": \n- A Coruña\n- Elviña\n- Oza\n- San Cristovo das Viñas\n- Visma\nA Coruña has a warm-summer mediterranean climate (Csb) in the Köppen climate classification, heavily moderated by the Atlantic Ocean. Autumn and winter are often unsettled and unpredictable, with strong winds and abundant rainfall coming from Atlantic depressions, and it is often overcast. The ocean keeps temperatures mild, and frost and snow are rare. Summers are mostly sunny, with only occasional rainfall; temperatures are warm but rarely uncomfortably hot because of the sea's cooling influence during the day, most often being around between July and September. Spring is usually cool and fairly calm. Even the warmest month on record was relatively subdued, being August 2003 with an average high temperature of . Temperatures above occur many days in the summer, while temperatures above are infrequent.\nA Coruña spread from the peninsula where the Tower of Hercules stands, onto the mainland. The oldest part, known popularly in Galician as Cidade Vella (Old City), Cidade Alta (High City) or the Cidade (City), is built on an ancient Celtic castro. It was supposedly inhabited by the Brigantes and Artabrians, the Celtic tribes of the area.\nThe Romans came to the region in the 2nd century BC, and the colonisers made the most of the strategic position and soon the city became quite important in maritime trade. In 62 BC Julius Caesar came to the city (known at the time as Brigantium) in pursuit of the metal trade, establishing commerce with what are now France, England and Portugal. The town began growing, mainly during the 1st and 2nd centuries (when the Farum Brigantium Tower of Hercules was built), but declined after the 4th century and especially with the incursions of the Normans, which forced the population to flee towards the interior of the Estuary of O Burgo.\nAfter the fall of the Roman Empire, A Coruña still had a commercial port connected to foreign countries, but contacts with the Mediterranean were slowly replaced by a more Atlantic-oriented focus.\nThe process of deurbanisation that followed the fall of the Roman Empire also affected A Coruña. Between the 7th and 8th centuries, the city was no more than a little village of labourers and sailors.\nThe 11th-century Chronica iriense names Faro do Burgo (ancient name of A Coruña) as one of the dioceses that king Miro granted to the episcopate of Iria Flavia in the year 572:\nThe Muslim invasion of the Iberian peninsula left no archaeological evidence in the northwest, so it cannot be said whether or not the Muslim invaders ever reached the city. As Muslim rule in early 8th century Galicia consisted little more than a short-lived overlordship of the remote and rugged region backed by a few garrisons, and the city was no more than a village amidst Roman ruins, the invaders showed the same lack of interest in the ruined city as they did generally for the region.\nAs the city began to recover during the Middle Ages the main problem for the inhabitants was the Norman raids, as well as the ever-present threat of raids (\"razzies\") from Al-Andalus to the south. During the 9th century there were several Viking attacks on the city, called at that time Faro or Faro Bregancio.\nIn the year 991, King Vermudo II began the construction of defensive military positions on the coast. At Faro, in the ruins of the Tower of Hercules, a fortress was built, which had a permanent military garrison. To pay for it, he gave power over the city to the bishop of Santiago. The bishop of Santiago became the most important political post in Galicia, and remained so until the 15th century.\nIn 1208, Alfonso IX re-founded the city of Crunia. Some privileges, such as those of disembarking and selling salt without paying taxes, were granted to the city, and it enjoyed a big growth in fishing and mercantile business. The city grew and extended through the isthmus. In 1446 John II of Castile granted to A Coruña the title of \"City\". The Catholic Monarchs established the Royal Audience of the Kingdom of Galicia in the city, instead of Santiago. A Coruña also became the headquarters of the Captaincy General. Later, in 1522, Charles V conceded to the city of La Coruña the license to establish the , being this the port chosen by Jofre Garcia de Loysa to set his expedition to conquer the Moluccans.\nIn the late Middle Ages, before the expulsion of the Jews in 1492, a thriving Jewish community created a rich artistic heritage in the city. The most lavishly illuminated Hebrew Bible in medieval Spain was created in A Coruña in 1476. Known as the Kennicott Bible, it is currently housed in the Bodleian Library, Oxford.\nDuring the Modern period, the city was a port and centre for the manufacturing of textiles. In 1520, king Carlos I of Spain, met in the courts of A Coruña and embarked from its harbour to be elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (as Charles V). He allowed the government of the Kingdom of Galicia to distribute space in Europe between 1522 and 1529. Commerce with the Indies was allowed between 1529 and 1575. The Castle of San Antón was built as a defense of the city and its harbour.\nFrom the port of Ferrol in the Province of A Coruña, Philip II left to marry Mary Tudor in 1554, and much later, in 1588, from the same port the Spanish Armada would set sail to the Spanish Netherlands and England.\nIn the following year, during the Anglo-Spanish War, Francis Drake besieged A Coruña, but was repelled, starting the legend of María Pita, a woman who took her dead husband's spear, killed the flag bearer of the British forces and rallied support to deny a breach in the wall to the enemy.\nIn the 16th and 17th centuries, the wars of the Spanish monarchy caused a great increase in taxes and the start of conscription. In 1620, Philip III created the School of the Boys of the Sea. In 1682 the Tower of Hercules was restored by Antúnez.\nA Coruña was the site of the Battle of Corunna during the Peninsular War, on 16 January 1809, in which British troops fought against the French to cover the embarkation of British troops after their retreat. In this battle Sir John Moore was killed.\nSpanish resistance during the Peninsular War was led by Sinforiano López, and A Coruña was the only Galician city that achieved success against the French troops. French troops left Galicia at the end of May 1809.\nDuring the 19th century, the city was the centre of anti-monarchist sentiment.\nOn 19 August 1815, Juan Díaz Porlier, pronounced against Fernando VII in defense of the Spanish Constitution of 1812. He was supported by the bourgeoisie and the educated people. But on 22 August he was betrayed. He was hanged in the Campo da Leña two months later.\nIn all the 19th-century rebellions, A Coruña supported the liberal side.\nA Coruña also played an important role in the Rexurdimento, and there were founded the Galician Royal Academy in 1906 and the Brotherhoods of the Galician Language in 1916.\nRegarding the economy, in 1804 the National Cigarette Factory was founded, and there the workers' movement of the city had its origins. During the 19th century other businesses (glass, foundries, textiles, gas, matches, etc.) were slowly established, but it was maritime trade and migrant travel that attracted Catalan, Belgian, French and English investments. The Bank of A Coruña was founded in 1857. The new provincial division of 1832 also influenced economic development.\nAt the beginning of the 20th century, A Coruña had about 45,000 inhabitants. The Great Depression, Spanish Civil War severely affected the economy through the 1930s to the mid-1950s. The 1960s and early 1970s saw a dramatic economic recovery, which was part of the wider Spanish Miracle. The international oil shocks of the mid and late 1970s severely disrupted the economy, causing many bankruptcies and high unemployment until the mid-1980s, when slower but steady economic development was resumed.\nIn the Spanish general elections, 1931, all the political parties knew that the electoral results had important political consequences. The campaign of Unión Monárquica was very important in A Coruña and was supported by El Ideal Gallego. Republicans and socialists constituted a block, made up of ORGA, independent republicans, Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and the Radical Socialist Republican Party.\nIn the elections, the republican parties obtained 34 of the 39 council seats. The best results were of the ORGA and of the Partido Radical Socialista, and the Radical Republican Party lost a lot of support.\nFrom 1983 to 2006, the mayor of the city was Francisco Vázquez Vázquez (PSOE), and the city became devoted to services, but he also was criticised because of his being openly against Galician nationalism and his town-planning policies.\nOn 20 January 2006 Vázquez was named ambassador to the Vatican City, and was later replaced by Francisco Javier Losada de Azpiazu. In 2007 Municipal Elections the local government was a coalition of the Socialists' Party of Galicia and the left-wing nationalist Galician Nationalist Bloc party. The city celebrated its first millennium in 2008.\nIn the 2011 Municipal Elections, the conservative candidate Carlos Negreira (PP) obtained a majority, the first one for the People's Party in the city since the arrival of democracy.\nAfter the War of Independence (1808–1814), the fortunes of Ferrol began to deteriorate. The largest port in northern Spain, site of one of the three Royal Dockyards, together with Cartagena and Cádiz, almost became a \"dead\" town during the reign of Ferdinand VII. By 1833 the City and Naval Station of Ferrol saw its civilian population reduced to 13,000. During the administration of the marquess of Molina, Minister for Naval affairs in the mid-19th century new activities sprang up, but Ferrol never fully returned to its former glory. It should be noted that during those years, most of the Spanish colonies in Latin America succeeded in gaining independence from their former metropolis.\nThe population of the City of A Coruña in 1900 reached 43,971, while the population of the rest of the province including the City and Naval Station of nearby Ferrol as well as Santiago de Compostela was 653,556. A Coruña's miraculous growth happened during the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War at a similar rate to other major Galician cities, but it was after the death of Francisco Franco when the city of A Coruña (and Vigo) left all the other Galician cities behind.\nThe meteoric increase in the population of the City of A Coruña during the years which followed the Spanish Civil War in the mid 20th century was accompanied by the decline in the villages and hamlets of the province as it industrialized.\nThe municipality of A Coruña has 244,810 inhabitants and a population density of around 6,700 inhabitants per square kilometer.\nIn 2010 there were 12,344 foreigners living in the city, representing a 5% of the total population. The main nationalities are Brazilians (10%), Colombians (8%) and Peruvians (7%).\nBy language, according to 2008 data, 7.75% of the population speak always in Galician, 36% speak always in Spanish and the rest use both interchangeably.\nA Coruña metropolitan area has nearly 400,000 inhabitants.\nThe city is the site of the Roman Tower of Hercules, a lighthouse which has been in continuous operation since possibly the 2nd century AD. It has been declared by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. It is surrounded by a large public park with a golf course and the so-called Moor's Graveyard (Cemiterio do Moro in Galician, Cementerio del Moro in Spanish) a building where in fact there were never burials, muslim or not, which now houses the Casa das Palabras (Galician for House of Words) museum. The lighthouse features as the main emblem of the city's flag and coat of arms.\nThe city is also well known for its characteristic glazed window balconies, called galerías. Originally, this type of structure came about as a naval architecture solution for the challenging weather, particularly designed for rainy days. This fashion started in Ferrol in the 18th century when some of the technicians working for the Royal Dockyards had the idea of using the shape of the back of a war ship in a modern building. Soon afterwards, most sea ports in northern Spain, including the Basque region were adding these glazed window balconies to their city-port houses.\nThe Old Town (Ciudad Vieja in Spanish, Cidade Vella in Galician) is the name given to the oldest part of A Coruña. During the ninth and tenth centuries, the inhabitants of what was then called Faro Island (peninsula where the Tower of Hercules stands) were leaving the area due to constant attacks by the Viking fleet and settled in the area of Betanzos. In 1208 King Alfonso IX refounded the city at the present site of the Old Town and put it under his personal control, free from allegiance to the clergy or feudal lords. In the fourteenth century the scarcely-surviving city walls of the Old Town were built, as well as three harbours: the Parrote and San Miguel. It also preserves the stronghold known as the Old Fortress, now converted into the Garden of San Carlos, in which Sir John Moore is buried. The Old City of A Coruña kept streets and squares that revive the city's history and noble mansions and residences such as Rosalia de Castro's house, located on Prince Street. Notable buildings are the Royal Galician Academy, the institution dedicated to the study of Galician culture and especially the Galician language, the Romanic churches of Santiago and Saint Mary, As Bárbaras Monastery (Romanic and Baroque) and the headquarters of the Operational Logistics Force of the Spanish Army. In July, a Medieval Fair takes place in the streets of the Old City.\nThe city has several museums, such as the Castle of San Antón Archaeological Museum, Fine Arts Museum, Unión Fenosa Museum of Contemporary Art (MACUF) and the network of scientific museums (Casa das Ciencias, which also includes a planetarium, DOMUS, made by Arata Isozaki and Aquarium Finisterrae). In 2012, the National Museum of Science and Technology (MUNCYT) opened a branch in the city. A Coruña's social scene is most popular on Summer nights. Most bars and clubs are on Calle Orzán, which runs directly parallel to Paseo Maritimo on the beach side. Another popular destination, for mostly a more youthful crowd, is Los Jardines (The Gardens), a park near the beginning of Rúa Real and the Los Cantones Village Shopping Centre.\nA Coruña is nowadays the richest region of Galicia and its economic engine. There have been various changes in the city's structure over the last few decades—it now shares some administrative functions with the nearby city of Ferrol. Companies have grown, especially in sectors such as finance, communication, planning, sales, manufacturing and technical services, making A Coruña the wealthiest metropolitan area of Galicia. The port itself unloads large amounts of fresh fish, and with the increase in other port activities like crude oil and solid bulk, which make up 75% of Galician port traffic.\nIn 1975, the clothing company Zara, founded by Amancio Ortega Gaona, opened its first store worldwide in this city and has since become a national and international clothing chain.\nInditex, the main textile manufacturer of the world, has its headquarters in the nearby town of Arteixo. A Coruña concentrates the 30% of the GDP of Galicia and in the period between 1999 and 2001 it grew 35%, surpassing Vigo which was traditionally economically stronger. Other important companies of the city are Banco Pastor (owned by Banco Popular Español), Banco Etcheverría (oldest in Spain), Hijos de Rivera Brewery, Abanca, R Cable Operator, the Repsol refinery, Gas Natural combined cycle power plant, General Dynamics factory, Alcoa aluminium plant and La Voz de Galicia, the main daily newspaper of Galicia. A Coruña is also an important retail center. El Corte Inglés, the main department store chain in Spain, has two centers in the city, one of them in the new commercial area Marineda City, opened in April 2011, the biggest shopping center in Spain, which also includes, among others, IKEA and Decathlon stores, cinemas, an ice rink, a bowling court and a kart circuit. Other hypermarket chains present in the city are Carrefour (two centers), Hipercor and Auchan (known in Spain as Alcampo).\nOver the last few years, emphasis has been placed upon better access and infrastructure, especially cultural, sporting, leisure and scientific areas. Following a significant oil spill when the Aegean Sea wrecked and exploded, considerable resources have been used in the recovery of the shoreline and strengthening the tourist sector. All this has reaffirmed the city's existing character as a centre for administration, sales, port activities, culture and tourism. The city also has a regional airport, used by 1.025.688 passengers in 2015.\nTourism in A Coruña has increased in recent years to the point of receiving 62 cruise ships a year.\nThe two main beaches of A Coruña (Orzán and Riazor) are located in the heart of the city and are bordered by the promenade above. This location makes them a great attraction for tourists, being also a meeting point for surfers much of the year. Moreover, the city has other beaches like As Lapas, San Amaro, Oza and Matadoiro. These four beaches, along with Riazor and Orzán, were recognized with blue flag certification in 2011.\nAn important holiday is on the night of San Juan / Xan Xoán, celebrated with a massive fireworks celebration, parade, bonfires and the ancient fires on all city beaches well into dawn.\nIn 2006 and for the first time ever, the number of tourists has doubled the population of the city, virtually to 500,000 the number of people who chose the city as a tourist destination.\nThe city has an extensive network of hotels, with an offer of over 3,000 hotel vacancies. There are one five star-hotel and 11 four star-hotels, as well as many other hotels and hostels. The city is also focusing in business tourism, offering the Congress and Exhibition Centre PALEXCO, with room for more than 2,500 people; a new trade fair centre, EXPOCORUÑA, venue of concerts, exhibitions and festivals like Sónar.\nThe city is also located on the English Way a path of the Camino de Santiago. \nThere are 38 pre-school centers, 47 primary schools, 29 vocational schools and 33 secondary schools.\nHigher education is represented by the University of A Coruña, a public university established in 1989, the UNED branch, and CESUGA, a private university centre in alliance with University College Dublin, which offers Bachelor of Commerce and Bachelor of Architecture Irish degrees. Escuela de Negocios NCG offers MBA and other master's degrees in business.\nThere are 7 municipal libraries, one library that belongs to the provincial government and one public library, administered by the Xunta. The Archive of the Kingdom of Galicia (Arquivo do Reino de Galicia in Galician) is located in the Old Town.\nThere is an Escuela Oficial de Idiomas (Spanish language school) center, which offers classes in English, French, Galician, Italian, German, Portuguese, Arabic, Russian, Chinese, Japanese and Spanish as a Foreign Language.\nMusic studies are well represented by a Music school. A Coruña is also the base for the Orquesta Sinfónica de Galicia.\nThe city is home to two main theaters, Teatro Colón and Teatro Rosalía, with regular performances, music concerts and other representations. A multipurpose center, the Coliseum, hosts all kinds of concerts and cultural and sporting events. International artists like David Copperfield, Maná, Mark Knopfler, Shakira, Gloria Estefan, Iron Maiden, Deep Purple or Judas Priest among others have performed there. In summer it also serves as a bullring, and in winter as an ice rink.\nA Coruña has several museums, such as the Castle of San Antón Archaeological Museum, its Fine Arts Museum, the Unión Fenosa Museum of Contemporary Art (MACUF), the Military Museum and the network of scientific museums (Casa das Ciencias, which includes a planetarium, DOMUS, made by Arata Isozaki and Aquarium Finisterrae). In 2012, the [National Museum of Science and Technology (MUNCYT) opened a branch in the city.\nThe city's principal festival is the María Pita Festival, which lasts from the end of July to mid September. The festival includes Noroeste Pop Rock (free concerts at Riazor beach), free concerts in venues all over the city, the Medieval fair in the Old Town, the International Folklore Festival, a book fair, Festival Viñetas desde o Atlántico, a comic fair and, for the first time in 2011, a recreation of the famous German Oktoberfest.\nAnother very popular festival is Saint John's day, which is celebrated on 23 June with bonfires under the night sky on beaches and neighbourhoods all over the city. More than 150,000 people go out from afternoon to early morning in order to frighten the evil spirits away by jumping over the bonfires. Apart from that, Virgen del Rosario's day is also celebrated, but is not as much celebrated as the festivities previously mentioned.\nA Coruña is the destination of one of the radial roads originating in Madrid, (N-VI). Currently there is a highway (Autovía A-6) that runs parallel to the old radial road. Another major road running through the city is the toll motorway AP-9, which links Ferrol with the Portuguese border crossing the main cities of Galicia. AG-55 motorway links the city with the Costa da Morte, although currently only going as far as Carballo. The conventional road N-550 (A Coruña-Tui) is the main link to the airport while the new highway is still under construction.\nA Coruña Airport, formerly known as Alvedro Airport, is located in the municipality of Culleredo, approximately from the city centre. It serves mainly Spanish destinations, although there are regular services to London and Lisbon and, in the summer season, to Amsterdam and Paris. In 2010, 1,101,208 passengers used the airport.\nRailway services depart from San Cristovo Station. The city will be connected with Madrid and Vigo by high-speed rail in coming years. Regional lines connect the city with Vigo through Santiago de Compostela and Pontevedra, Lugo and Monforte de Lemos. Intercity trains depart to Madrid, Barcelona and Basque Country, passing through many other important Spanish northern cities. There is a freight train station that serves the port.\nRegional and intercity buses depart from the Bus station at Caballeros Street. A Coruña is well connected with its metropolitan area and other Galician cities and towns. Intercity services connect the city with Madrid, Barcelona, Andalusia and Basque Country among others and with European cities like Geneva, Paris or Munich.\nLocal transportation in A Coruña is carried out by Compañía de Tranvías de La Coruña. Its network includes 24 lines served by 93 vehicles. There is also a regular taxi service distributed in taxi tanks all over the city.\nA Coruña has an extensive network of sports infrastructures. The most important one is the Riazor Sport Complex, which includes Estadio Riazor (home of Deportivo de La Coruña), the Palace of Sports (home of HC Liceo La Coruña), two indoor tracks, a pelota court and an indoor swimming-pool. La Torre Sport Complex hosts many football fields, a golf court and another pelota court. There are also five municipal football fields, 11 sports centers and several marinas (Real Club Náutico, Marina Coruña, etc.). In 2007 opened Termaria Casa del Agua complex, which has a gymnasium, a thalassotherapy center and an indoor Olympic-sized swimming pool.\nThe city has a football club in Spain's top division, Real Club Deportivo de La Coruña. Deportivo was founded in 1906 and is currently playing in La Liga. Since the Spanish football league system was established in 1928, it has spent all but two seasons in the top two tiers.\nDepor has won the league title once, in the 1999–2000 season, finishing as runner-up on five occasions. The club has also won the Spanish Cup twice, (1995 and 2002) and three Spanish Super Cups. The Blues and Whites have been a regular in top positions in La Liga in the last 20 years, finishing in the top half of the table in 16 out of 19 seasons. As a result, the club has been a regular participant in European competitions, playing in the UEFA Champions League five seasons in a row, and reaching the semi-finals in 2004.\nThe city has a roller hockey team, HC Liceo La Coruña, one of the most laureate in Spain, and dispute the main League OK Liga. They became Europe's Champions in 2011.\nA Coruña basketball team CB Coruña, plays in LEB Oro league, the Spanish second division.\nHandball team currently plays in Spanish First Division.\nAmerican football team Towers Football currently plays in LGFA, the Galician tackle football regional league.\nTwo Gaelic football teams have been founded in 2010 and 2011, A Coruña Fillos de Breogán (with men and ladies teams) and Ártabros de Oleiros (really from A Coruña too). They participate in the Iberian Championship and in the Galician League.\nCasas Novas riding club, in the outskirts of the city, hosts many national and international championships.\nIn tenpin bowling, A Coruña is home to the annual Teresa Herrera de Bowling tournament, this year (2016) played from 24 to 28 August in the Pleno Bowling Centre, Marineda City, It attracts players from all over Spain.\nDomingos Rafael Merino Mexuto was the first mayor after the Spanish Constitution of 1978 from PSG (he is now at BNG), and now works at the Galician Ombudsman (Valedor) office.\nFrancisco Vázquez Vázquez from PSOE had been mayor of the city from 1983; however, after becoming the Spanish ambassador to the Vatican, he was replaced by Javier Losada on 10 February 2006.\nThe current mayor is Xulio Ferreiro, from Marea Atlántica.\nA Coruña is twinned with:\n- Limerick, Ireland\n- Brest, France\n- Turku, Finland\n- Lavras, Brazil\n"
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