diff --git "a/core/knowledge_graph/data/quick/hypotheses_imaging_ukb.json" "b/core/knowledge_graph/data/quick/hypotheses_imaging_ukb.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/core/knowledge_graph/data/quick/hypotheses_imaging_ukb.json" @@ -0,0 +1,4276 @@ +{ + "n_hypotheses": 47, + "hypotheses": [ + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:000354", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging", + "source_id": "NN:802", + "source_name": "cortical thickness of Hypothalamus", + "target_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_6680", + "target_name": "Capgras syndrome", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:802", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus", + "to_id": "MSH:D001007", + "to_name": "Anxiety", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "raw_text": "These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neuronal circuitry studies in humans and preclinical models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "41494568", + "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106547", + "title": "Comorbidity of autism spectrum disorders and anxiety disorders: Insights from neuronal circuitry studies.", + "authors": "Webster Jack F, Cousin Michael A", + "year": 2026, + "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D001007", + "from_name": "Anxiety", + "to_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_6680", + "to_name": "Capgras syndrome", + "relation_type": "correlates_with", + "confidence": 0.51, + "claim_id": "CLM:b99a70da15b2", + "raw_text": "Depression or anxiety was present in 55% (n = 112).", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cohort", + "methodology": "retrospective medical record review of clinical features", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": 55, + "effect_metric": "percentage", + "sample_size": 204, + "replicability": "not independently replicated; single-center retrospective cohort", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "41059767", + "doi": "10.1093/brain/awaf378", + "title": "Imposter in the brain: aetiological, clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of Capgras syndrome.", + "authors": "Watanabe Hiroyuki, Whitwell Jennifer L, Bhaskaran Jerusha G, Lowe Val J, Josephs Keith A", + "year": 2026, + "journal": "Brain : a journal of neurology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.2878801834096956, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.6474642880459093, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "CLM:b99a70da15b2" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: cortical thickness of Hypothalamus may relate to Capgras syndrome via 2-hop path.\nPath: Hypothalamus --[modulates]--> Anxiety --> Anxiety --[correlates_with]--> Capgras syndrome\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: depression, anxiety\nConfidence: 0.29 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: depression, anxiety", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "sMRI", + "input_feature": "cortical thickness of Hypothalamus", + "input_level": "ROI", + "input_tool": "FreeSurfer", + "input_region": "Hypothalamus", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:000355", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging", + "source_id": "NN:802", + "source_name": "cortical thickness of Hypothalamus", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_50070dce14554", + "target_name": "impulsivity", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:802", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus", + "to_id": "MSH:D001007", + "to_name": "Anxiety", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "raw_text": "These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neuronal circuitry studies in humans and preclinical models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "41494568", + "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106547", + "title": "Comorbidity of autism spectrum disorders and anxiety disorders: Insights from neuronal circuitry studies.", + "authors": "Webster Jack F, Cousin Michael A", + "year": 2026, + "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D001007", + "from_name": "Anxiety", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_50070dce14554", + "to_name": "impulsivity", + "relation_type": "reduces", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:ace4b2d6c69a", + "raw_text": "Coexisting anxiety may attenuate impulsivity in ADHD.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of studies examining psychiatric comorbidity with ADHD", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "negative" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "10944655", + "doi": "", + "title": "Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.", + "authors": "Pliszka S R", + "year": 2000, + "journal": "Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5660484578658199, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "CLM:ace4b2d6c69a" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: cortical thickness of Hypothalamus may relate to impulsivity via 2-hop path.\nPath: Hypothalamus --[modulates]--> Anxiety --> Anxiety --[reduces]--> impulsivity\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: adhd, anxiety\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: adhd, anxiety", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "sMRI", + "input_feature": "cortical thickness of Hypothalamus", + "input_level": "ROI", + "input_tool": "FreeSurfer", + "input_region": "Hypothalamus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:000845", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "source_name": "cortical thickness of Postcentral Gyrus", + "target_id": "MSH:D017008", + "target_name": "Negotiating", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "from_name": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "to_id": "MSH:D009042", + "to_name": "Motivation", + "relation_type": "correlates_with", + "confidence": 0.42, + "claim_id": "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "raw_text": "Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri and basal ganglia, including putamen and pallidum.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "MRI lesion data; multivariate support vector regression for lesion-symptom mapping; Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating interview", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 200, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37908237", + "doi": "10.1093/braincomms/fcad275", + "title": "Neuroanatomy of post-stroke depression: the association between symptom clusters and lesion location.", + "authors": "Krick Sebastian, Koob Janusz L, Latarnik Sylvia, Volz Lukas J, Fink Gereon R", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Brain communications" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D009042", + "from_name": "Motivation", + "to_id": "MSH:D017008", + "to_name": "Negotiating", + "relation_type": "predicts", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5079e005973c", + "raw_text": "Reciprocal interactions between baseline ability level, the type of instructional techniques used, and motivation provide some explanatory power for the heterogeneity in patient response to cognitive remediation.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative synthesis of moderators of cognitive remediation response", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "variable" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "19444614", + "doi": "10.1007/s11065-009-9097-y", + "title": "Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia.", + "authors": "Medalia Alice, Choi Jimmy", + "year": 2009, + "journal": "Neuropsychology review" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.24921376366485057, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8, + "composite_score": 0.6036458437222039, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "CLM:5079e005973c" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: cortical thickness of Postcentral Gyrus may relate to Negotiating via 2-hop path.\nPath: Postcentral Gyrus --[correlates_with]--> Motivation --> Motivation --[predicts]--> Negotiating\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri an...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum\nConfidence: 0.25 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.80", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "sMRI", + "input_feature": "cortical thickness of Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_level": "ROI", + "input_tool": "FreeSurfer", + "input_region": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001089", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "source_name": "cortical thickness of visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "target_id": "MSH:D001289", + "target_name": "Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "from_name": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0a746", + "to_name": "knowledge", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:34f939c11744", + "raw_text": "Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important ways in representations of the semantic attributes of people, social knowledge and social cognition.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of provocative data from literature", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "15749240", + "doi": "10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012", + "title": "Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area.", + "authors": "Schultz Robert T", + "year": 2005, + "journal": "International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0a746", + "from_name": "knowledge", + "to_id": "MSH:D001289", + "to_name": "Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:ddb437f4afd7", + "raw_text": "The stigma surrounding ADHD, mainly due to lack of knowledge, increases the suffering of patients.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "Updated European consensus statement reviewing research evidence and clinical experience from experts", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30453134", + "doi": "10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001", + "title": "Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD.", + "authors": "Kooij J J S, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, Jaeschke R, Bitter I", + "year": 2019, + "journal": "European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.6000000000000001, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.3, + "composite_score": 0.393141985528263, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:34f939c11744", + "CLM:ddb437f4afd7" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: cortical thickness of visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway may relate to Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity via 2-hop path.\nPath: visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway --[is_associated_with]--> knowledge --> knowledge --[causes]--> Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important w...'\nTestability: no imaging modality detected\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.30", + "testability_reason": "no imaging modality detected", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "sMRI", + "input_feature": "cortical thickness of visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_level": "ROI", + "input_tool": "FreeSurfer", + "input_region": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001090", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "source_name": "cortical thickness of visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "target_id": "MSH:D004827", + "target_name": "Epilepsy", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "from_name": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0a746", + "to_name": "knowledge", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:34f939c11744", + "raw_text": "Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important ways in representations of the semantic attributes of people, social knowledge and social cognition.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of provocative data from literature", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "15749240", + "doi": "10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012", + "title": "Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area.", + "authors": "Schultz Robert T", + "year": 2005, + "journal": "International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0a746", + "from_name": "knowledge", + "to_id": "MSH:D004827", + "to_name": "Epilepsy", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:519218bcca64", + "raw_text": "Errors in the interpretation of MRI in epilepsy can be attributed mainly to poor technique and perceptual misses, but incomplete knowledge and poor judgment are also possible sources.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "critical review of clinical structural MRI in focal epilepsy", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "19236945", + "doi": "10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.02.032", + "title": "Clinical MRI in children and adults with focal epilepsy: a critical review.", + "authors": "Woermann Friedrich G, Vollmar Christian", + "year": 2009, + "journal": "Epilepsy & behavior : E&B" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.6000000000000001, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.6499999999999999, + "composite_score": 0.5153196016118904, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:34f939c11744", + "CLM:519218bcca64" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: cortical thickness of visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway may relate to Epilepsy via 2-hop path.\nPath: visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway --[is_associated_with]--> knowledge --> knowledge --[causes]--> Epilepsy\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important w...'\nTestability: modalities: EEG | brain regions: temporal | diseases: epilepsy\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.65", + "testability_reason": "modalities: EEG | brain regions: temporal | diseases: epilepsy", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "sMRI", + "input_feature": "cortical thickness of visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_level": "ROI", + "input_tool": "FreeSurfer", + "input_region": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001334", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:mid-cingulate_activity", + "source_name": "cortical thickness of mid-cingulate activity", + "target_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_10933", + "target_name": "obsessive-compulsive disorder", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:mid-cingulate_activity", + "from_name": "mid-cingulate activity", + "to_id": "MSH:D000078382", + "to_name": "Disgust", + "relation_type": "mediates", + "confidence": 0.44000000000000006, + "claim_id": "CLM:600ae51787f6", + "raw_text": "Moreover, activity in the mid-insula and mid-cingulate significantly mediated relationships between the microbial tryptophan metabolites (indolelactate and tryptophan betaine) and ASD severity and disgust sensitivity.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "fMRI", + "methodology": "cross-sectional case-control observational mediation analysis using fecal metabolomics, task-based fMRI, and behavioral assessments", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 84, + "replicability": "single_sample; replication_not_reported", + "direction": "mediated relationship; direction not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "40229237", + "doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-58459-1", + "title": "Relationships between brain activity, tryptophan-related gut metabolites, and autism symptomatology.", + "authors": "Aziz-Zadeh Lisa, Ringold Sofronia M, Jayashankar Aditya, Kilroy Emily, Butera Christiana", + "year": 2025, + "journal": "Nature communications" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D000078382", + "from_name": "Disgust", + "to_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_10933", + "to_name": "obsessive-compulsive disorder", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:e0fb93f699c3", + "raw_text": "Based on the hypothesis that a central emotion in OCD is disgust, the authors review the literature on its psychobiology and its relevance to current models of OCD.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of literature on psychobiology of disgust and relevance to obsessive-compulsive disorder models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11470034", + "doi": "10.1007/s11920-001-0020-3", + "title": "The psychobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: how important is the role of disgust?", + "authors": "Stein D J, Liu Y, Shapira N A, Goodman W K", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Current psychiatry reports" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.2422498710009977, + "novelty_score": 0.6000000000000001, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.85, + "composite_score": 0.6131061173419609, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:600ae51787f6", + "CLM:e0fb93f699c3" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: cortical thickness of mid-cingulate activity may relate to obsessive-compulsive disorder via 2-hop path.\nPath: mid-cingulate activity --[mediates]--> Disgust --> Disgust --[is_associated_with]--> obsessive-compulsive disorder\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Moreover, activity in the mid-insula and mid-cingulate significantly mediated relationships between the microbial tryptophan metabolites (indolelactat...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, EEG | brain regions: insula\nConfidence: 0.24 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, EEG | brain regions: insula", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "sMRI", + "input_feature": "cortical thickness of mid-cingulate activity", + "input_level": "ROI", + "input_tool": "FreeSurfer", + "input_region": "mid-cingulate activity", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001370", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging", + "source_id": "NN:303", + "source_name": "cortical thickness of Middle Temporal Gyrus", + "target_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_3312", + "target_name": "bipolar disorder", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:303", + "from_name": "Middle Temporal Gyrus", + "to_id": "NN:300", + "to_name": "Temporal Lobe", + "relation_type": "part_of", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:300", + "from_name": "Temporal Lobe", + "to_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_3312", + "to_name": "bipolar disorder", + "relation_type": "activates", + "confidence": 0.65, + "claim_id": "CLM:b2f7863e2f07", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.34264595430268835, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.36742346141747667, + "testability_score": 0.3, + "composite_score": 0.38924520994064576, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:b2f7863e2f07" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: cortical thickness of Middle Temporal Gyrus may relate to bipolar disorder via 2-hop path.\nPath: Middle Temporal Gyrus --[part_of]--> Temporal Lobe --> Temporal Lobe --[activates]--> bipolar disorder\nEvidence: 1 claims from 0 papers\nTestability: no imaging modality detected\nConfidence: 0.34 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.37 | Testability: 0.30", + "testability_reason": "no imaging modality detected", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "sMRI", + "input_feature": "cortical thickness of Middle Temporal Gyrus", + "input_level": "ROI", + "input_tool": "FreeSurfer", + "input_region": "Middle Temporal Gyrus", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001789", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:602", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Intracalcarine Cortex", + "target_id": "MSH:D057565", + "target_name": "Apathy", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:602", + "from_name": "Posterior Insula", + "to_id": "NN:600", + "to_name": "Insular Cortex", + "relation_type": "part_of", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:600", + "from_name": "Insular Cortex", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09735", + "to_name": "action", + "relation_type": "mediates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:e4d6fb141852", + "raw_text": "We particularly draw special attention to IC as a unique cortical area that mediates multisensory integration, encoding of ongoing social interaction, social decision-making, emotion, and empathy.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neural circuit mechanisms underlying social behavior, emphasizing rodent studies using systems neuroscience approaches", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37612363", + "doi": "10.1038/s41380-023-02201-0", + "title": "Social circuits and their dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder.", + "authors": "Sato Masaaki, Nakai Nobuhiro, Fujima Shuhei, Choe Katrina Y, Takumi Toru", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Molecular psychiatry" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09735", + "from_name": "action", + "to_id": "MSH:D057565", + "to_name": "Apathy", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:a33781d71a4c", + "raw_text": "Apathy is a behavioural syndrome due to dysfunction of the process that gives rise to actions induced by external or personal stimuli.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative description", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "20388460", + "doi": "", + "title": "[Apathy in Parkinson's disease].", + "authors": "García-Ramos R, Villanueva C, del Val J, Matías-Guíu J", + "year": 2010, + "journal": "Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain)" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.22388855166249738, + "novelty_score": 0.7, + "evidence_score": 0.6240251469155713, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5829320444171617, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:e4d6fb141852", + "CLM:a33781d71a4c" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Intracalcarine Cortex may relate to Apathy via 3-hop path.\nPath: Posterior Insula --[part_of]--> Insular Cortex --> Insular Cortex --[mediates]--> action --> action --[causes]--> Apathy\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'We particularly draw special attention to IC as a unique cortical area that mediates multisensory integration, encoding of ongoing social interaction,...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, insula\nConfidence: 0.22 | Novelty: 0.70 | Evidence: 0.62 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, insula", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and Intracalcarine Cortex", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Posterior Insula", + "input_region_b": "Intracalcarine Cortex", + "input_region": "Posterior Insula - Intracalcarine Cortex", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:001949", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:802", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Angular Gyrus", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:ASD_symptomatology", + "target_name": "ASD symptomatology", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:802", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus", + "to_id": "MSH:D001007", + "to_name": "Anxiety", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "raw_text": "These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neuronal circuitry studies in humans and preclinical models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "41494568", + "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106547", + "title": "Comorbidity of autism spectrum disorders and anxiety disorders: Insights from neuronal circuitry studies.", + "authors": "Webster Jack F, Cousin Michael A", + "year": 2026, + "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D001007", + "from_name": "Anxiety", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:ASD_symptomatology", + "to_name": "ASD symptomatology", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.42, + "claim_id": "CLM:6042774d4fec", + "raw_text": "The key findings were that anxiety/depression and ASD symptomatology were significantly related, and family conflict was more predictive of ASD symptomatology than positive family/peer influences.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "Parent-completed online questionnaires analyzed using a structural model-building approach", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 322, + "replicability": "single study; further research needed", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "18437549", + "doi": "10.1007/s10802-008-9234-8", + "title": "Autism spectrum symptomatology in children: the impact of family and peer relationships.", + "authors": "Kelly Adrian B, Garnett Michelle S, Attwood Tony, Peterson Candida", + "year": 2008, + "journal": "Journal of abnormal child psychology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.21857492994394395, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.6486298194663891, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "CLM:6042774d4fec" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Angular Gyrus may relate to ASD symptomatology via 2-hop path.\nPath: Hypothalamus --[modulates]--> Anxiety --> Anxiety --[modulates]--> ASD symptomatology\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, dMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: depression, anxiety\nConfidence: 0.22 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, dMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: depression, anxiety", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Angular Gyrus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Hypothalamus", + "input_region_b": "Angular Gyrus", + "input_region": "Hypothalamus - Angular Gyrus", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002040", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Epithalamus", + "target_id": "MSH:D000083505", + "target_name": "Social Interaction", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "from_name": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b13d", + "to_name": "social cognition", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:0e6f15bcf21d", + "raw_text": "Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important ways in representations of the semantic attributes of people, social knowledge and social cognition.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of provocative data from literature", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "15749240", + "doi": "10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012", + "title": "Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area.", + "authors": "Schultz Robert T", + "year": 2005, + "journal": "International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b13d", + "from_name": "social cognition", + "to_id": "MSH:D000083505", + "to_name": "Social Interaction", + "relation_type": "increases", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:1d60fbfea836", + "raw_text": "Treating social cognition yields significant improvements in real-world outcomes, including social functioning and social skill.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of treatment outcome findings", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "24919166", + "doi": "10.4088/JCP.13065su1.04", + "title": "Social cognition in schizophrenia.", + "authors": "Pinkham Amy E", + "year": 2014, + "journal": "The Journal of clinical psychiatry" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.55, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.3, + "composite_score": 0.37830947600399173, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:0e6f15bcf21d", + "CLM:1d60fbfea836" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Epithalamus may relate to Social Interaction via 2-hop path.\nPath: visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway --[is_associated_with]--> social cognition --> social cognition --[increases]--> Social Interaction\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important w...'\nTestability: no imaging modality detected\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.55 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.30", + "testability_reason": "no imaging modality detected", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Epithalamus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_region_b": "Epithalamus", + "input_region": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway - Epithalamus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002056", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:602", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and fronto-parietal network", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:suicidality", + "target_name": "suicidality", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:602", + "from_name": "Posterior Insula", + "to_id": "NN:600", + "to_name": "Insular Cortex", + "relation_type": "part_of", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:600", + "from_name": "Insular Cortex", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09735", + "to_name": "action", + "relation_type": "mediates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:e4d6fb141852", + "raw_text": "We particularly draw special attention to IC as a unique cortical area that mediates multisensory integration, encoding of ongoing social interaction, social decision-making, emotion, and empathy.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neural circuit mechanisms underlying social behavior, emphasizing rodent studies using systems neuroscience approaches", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37612363", + "doi": "10.1038/s41380-023-02201-0", + "title": "Social circuits and their dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder.", + "authors": "Sato Masaaki, Nakai Nobuhiro, Fujima Shuhei, Choe Katrina Y, Takumi Toru", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Molecular psychiatry" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09735", + "from_name": "action", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:suicidality", + "to_name": "suicidality", + "relation_type": "reduces", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:097a29f7f502", + "raw_text": "Improvement in positive and negative symptoms, reduced extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), a direct antidepressant action, improved cognitive function, and improved compliance may contribute to reduced suicidality.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "proposed mechanisms for reduced suicidality", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "hypothesized contribution", + "direction": "decreased" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11411190", + "doi": "10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05797.x", + "title": "Treatment of suicidality in schizophrenia.", + "authors": "Meltzer H Y", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.21176214683688915, + "novelty_score": 0.75, + "evidence_score": 0.6240251469155713, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5865054125200663, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:e4d6fb141852", + "CLM:097a29f7f502" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and fronto-parietal network may relate to suicidality via 3-hop path.\nPath: Posterior Insula --[part_of]--> Insular Cortex --> Insular Cortex --[mediates]--> action --> action --[reduces]--> suicidality\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'We particularly draw special attention to IC as a unique cortical area that mediates multisensory integration, encoding of ongoing social interaction,...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, insula\nConfidence: 0.21 | Novelty: 0.75 | Evidence: 0.62 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, insula", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Posterior Insula and fronto-parietal network", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Posterior Insula", + "input_region_b": "fronto-parietal network", + "input_region": "Posterior Insula - fronto-parietal network", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002067", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Occipital Lobe", + "target_id": "MSH:D009069", + "target_name": "Movement Disorders", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "from_name": "Medial temporal structures", + "to_id": "MSH:D012640", + "to_name": "Seizures", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "raw_text": "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review/background neuroanatomical statement", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30541437", + "doi": "10.1186/s11689-018-9255-8", + "title": "Imaging episodic memory during development and childhood epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sepeta Leigh N, Berl Madison M, Gaillard William Davis", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D012640", + "from_name": "Seizures", + "to_id": "MSH:D009069", + "to_name": "Movement Disorders", + "relation_type": "is_biomarker_of", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:2b3986686622", + "raw_text": "The current review aims to highlight the evidence-based usage of brain Positron emission tomography (PET) in dementia, movement disorders, brain tumours, epilepsy, neuropsychiatric lupus, immune-mediated encephalitides, and brain infections.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of evidence-based usage of brain PET", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "34858659", + "doi": "10.4102/sajr.v25i1.2201", + "title": "PET-CT in brain disorders: The South African context.", + "authors": "Doruyter Alexander G G, Parkes Jeannette, Carr Jonathan, Warwick James M", + "year": 2021, + "journal": "SA journal of radiology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.5991795570010828, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "CLM:2b3986686622" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Occipital Lobe may relate to Movement Disorders via 2-hop path.\nPath: Medial temporal structures --[causes]--> Seizures --> Seizures --[is_biomarker_of]--> Movement Disorders\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generatin...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy, dementia\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy, dementia", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Occipital Lobe", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region_b": "Occipital Lobe", + "input_region": "Medial temporal structures - Occipital Lobe", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002069", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Occipital Lobe", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:neuropsychiatric_lupus", + "target_name": "neuropsychiatric lupus", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "from_name": "Medial temporal structures", + "to_id": "MSH:D012640", + "to_name": "Seizures", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "raw_text": "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review/background neuroanatomical statement", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30541437", + "doi": "10.1186/s11689-018-9255-8", + "title": "Imaging episodic memory during development and childhood epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sepeta Leigh N, Berl Madison M, Gaillard William Davis", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D012640", + "from_name": "Seizures", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:neuropsychiatric_lupus", + "to_name": "neuropsychiatric lupus", + "relation_type": "is_biomarker_of", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:db1b94e7478b", + "raw_text": "The current review aims to highlight the evidence-based usage of brain Positron emission tomography (PET) in dementia, movement disorders, brain tumours, epilepsy, neuropsychiatric lupus, immune-mediated encephalitides, and brain infections.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of evidence-based usage of brain PET", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "34858659", + "doi": "10.4102/sajr.v25i1.2201", + "title": "PET-CT in brain disorders: The South African context.", + "authors": "Doruyter Alexander G G, Parkes Jeannette, Carr Jonathan, Warwick James M", + "year": 2021, + "journal": "SA journal of radiology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.5991795570010828, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "CLM:db1b94e7478b" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Occipital Lobe may relate to neuropsychiatric lupus via 2-hop path.\nPath: Medial temporal structures --[causes]--> Seizures --> Seizures --[is_biomarker_of]--> neuropsychiatric lupus\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generatin...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy, dementia\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy, dementia", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Occipital Lobe", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region_b": "Occipital Lobe", + "input_region": "Medial temporal structures - Occipital Lobe", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002070", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Occipital Lobe", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:immune-mediated_encephalitides", + "target_name": "immune-mediated encephalitides", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "from_name": "Medial temporal structures", + "to_id": "MSH:D012640", + "to_name": "Seizures", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "raw_text": "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review/background neuroanatomical statement", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30541437", + "doi": "10.1186/s11689-018-9255-8", + "title": "Imaging episodic memory during development and childhood epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sepeta Leigh N, Berl Madison M, Gaillard William Davis", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D012640", + "from_name": "Seizures", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:immune-mediated_encephalitides", + "to_name": "immune-mediated encephalitides", + "relation_type": "is_biomarker_of", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:ae4d8ada754d", + "raw_text": "The current review aims to highlight the evidence-based usage of brain Positron emission tomography (PET) in dementia, movement disorders, brain tumours, epilepsy, neuropsychiatric lupus, immune-mediated encephalitides, and brain infections.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of evidence-based usage of brain PET", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "34858659", + "doi": "10.4102/sajr.v25i1.2201", + "title": "PET-CT in brain disorders: The South African context.", + "authors": "Doruyter Alexander G G, Parkes Jeannette, Carr Jonathan, Warwick James M", + "year": 2021, + "journal": "SA journal of radiology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.5991795570010828, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "CLM:ae4d8ada754d" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Occipital Lobe may relate to immune-mediated encephalitides via 2-hop path.\nPath: Medial temporal structures --[causes]--> Seizures --> Seizures --[is_biomarker_of]--> immune-mediated encephalitides\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generatin...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy, dementia\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy, dementia", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Occipital Lobe", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region_b": "Occipital Lobe", + "input_region": "Medial temporal structures - Occipital Lobe", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002077", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "target_id": "MSH:D001930", + "target_name": "Brain Injuries", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "from_name": "Anterior Cingulate", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "to_name": "attention", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "raw_text": "They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional processing in healthy individuals.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "functional neuroimaging evidence review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11320448", + "doi": "10.1076/jcen.23.1.121.1223", + "title": "The role of functional neuroimaging in the neuropsychology of depression.", + "authors": "Liotti M, Mayberg H S", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "from_name": "attention", + "to_id": "MSH:D001930", + "to_name": "Brain Injuries", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.35, + "claim_id": "CLM:a2b24469aaca", + "raw_text": "This procedure may prove to be convenient and useful in evaluating attentional abnormalities associated with cases of brain injury, stroke, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit disorder.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "Attention Network Test proposed for evaluation", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "speculative", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11970796", + "doi": "10.1162/089892902317361886", + "title": "Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks.", + "authors": "Fan Jin, McCandliss Bruce D, Sommer Tobias, Raz Amir, Posner Michael I", + "year": 2002, + "journal": "Journal of cognitive neuroscience" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.19953069939234913, + "novelty_score": 0.6000000000000001, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.6242927040210898, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "CLM:a2b24469aaca" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway may relate to Brain Injuries via 2-hop path.\nPath: Anterior Cingulate --[modulates]--> attention --> attention --[is_associated_with]--> Brain Injuries\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional pr...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal | diseases: schizophrenia\nConfidence: 0.20 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal | diseases: schizophrenia", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Anterior Cingulate", + "input_region_b": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_region": "Anterior Cingulate - visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002079", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b406", + "target_name": "unconscious process", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "from_name": "Anterior Cingulate", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "to_name": "attention", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "raw_text": "They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional processing in healthy individuals.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "functional neuroimaging evidence review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11320448", + "doi": "10.1076/jcen.23.1.121.1223", + "title": "The role of functional neuroimaging in the neuropsychology of depression.", + "authors": "Liotti M, Mayberg H S", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "from_name": "attention", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b406", + "to_name": "unconscious process", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:e505917c83a9", + "raw_text": "We argue here that the dissociation between impaired conscious access and intact unconscious processing may be due to a specific disruption of top-down attentional amplification.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "theoretical proposal", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "hypothesis", + "direction": "disrupted" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "28967533", + "doi": "10.1016/j.tics.2017.08.006", + "title": "Disruption of Conscious Access in Schizophrenia.", + "authors": "Berkovitch Lucie, Dehaene Stanislas, Gaillard Raphaël", + "year": 2017, + "journal": "Trends in cognitive sciences" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.589253160853928, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "CLM:e505917c83a9" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway may relate to unconscious process via 2-hop path.\nPath: Anterior Cingulate --[modulates]--> attention --> attention --[causes]--> unconscious process\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional pr...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Anterior Cingulate", + "input_region_b": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_region": "Anterior Cingulate - visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002080", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:pathologies_at_higher_levels_of_cognition", + "target_name": "pathologies at higher levels of cognition", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "from_name": "Anterior Cingulate", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "to_name": "attention", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "raw_text": "They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional processing in healthy individuals.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "functional neuroimaging evidence review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11320448", + "doi": "10.1076/jcen.23.1.121.1223", + "title": "The role of functional neuroimaging in the neuropsychology of depression.", + "authors": "Liotti M, Mayberg H S", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "from_name": "attention", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:pathologies_at_higher_levels_of_cognition", + "to_name": "pathologies at higher levels of cognition", + "relation_type": "increases", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5b79df96d041", + "raw_text": "Frontal attention networks may provide similar understanding of pathologies at higher levels of cognition.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review of frontal attention networks and cognitive pathology", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "10654653", + "doi": "10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00046-9", + "title": "Pathologies of brain attentional networks.", + "authors": "Berger A, Posner M I", + "year": 2000, + "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.6112903136310879, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "CLM:5b79df96d041" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway may relate to pathologies at higher levels of cognition via 2-hop path.\nPath: Anterior Cingulate --[modulates]--> attention --> attention --[increases]--> pathologies at higher levels of cognition\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional pr...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, fMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, fMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Anterior Cingulate", + "input_region_b": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_region": "Anterior Cingulate - visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002140", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_SEI:60005", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between FrontoParietal network (Seitzman) and Postcentral Gyrus", + "target_id": "MSH:D003866", + "target_name": "Depressive Disorder", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_SEI:60005", + "from_name": "FrontoParietal network (Seitzman)", + "to_id": "NN:4000", + "to_name": "Default Mode Network", + "relation_type": "part_of", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:4000", + "from_name": "Default Mode Network", + "to_id": "MSH:D003866", + "to_name": "Depressive Disorder", + "relation_type": "distinguishes", + "confidence": 0.5, + "claim_id": "CLM:b3eaa8dfa858", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.3005203820042827, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.36742346141747667, + "testability_score": 0.85, + "composite_score": 0.5459251806141088, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:b3eaa8dfa858" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between FrontoParietal network (Seitzman) and Postcentral Gyrus may relate to Depressive Disorder via 2-hop path.\nPath: FrontoParietal network (Seitzman) --[part_of]--> Default Mode Network --> Default Mode Network --[distinguishes]--> Depressive Disorder\nEvidence: 1 claims from 0 papers\nTestability: modalities: fMRI, dMRI | brain regions: parietal\nConfidence: 0.30 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.37 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: fMRI, dMRI | brain regions: parietal", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between FrontoParietal network (Seitzman) and Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "FrontoParietal network (Seitzman)", + "input_region_b": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_region": "FrontoParietal network (Seitzman) - Postcentral Gyrus", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002166", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Left Putamen", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_52405de6b7a63", + "target_name": "psychosis", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "from_name": "Medial temporal structures", + "to_id": "MSH:D012640", + "to_name": "Seizures", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "raw_text": "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review/background neuroanatomical statement", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30541437", + "doi": "10.1186/s11689-018-9255-8", + "title": "Imaging episodic memory during development and childhood epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sepeta Leigh N, Berl Madison M, Gaillard William Davis", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D012640", + "from_name": "Seizures", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_52405de6b7a63", + "to_name": "psychosis", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:9a9f3b3700d2", + "raw_text": "Psychosis, depression, and suicide may all occur as complications of seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review of complications of seizures", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "12609352", + "doi": "10.1006/ebeh.2001.0305", + "title": "Peri-Ictal Behavioral and Cognitive Changes.", + "authors": "Boylan Laura S.", + "year": 2002, + "journal": "Epilepsy & behavior : E&B" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.577489561010783, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "CLM:9a9f3b3700d2" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Left Putamen may relate to psychosis via 2-hop path.\nPath: Medial temporal structures --[causes]--> Seizures --> Seizures --[causes]--> psychosis\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generatin...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: depression, epilepsy\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: depression, epilepsy", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Left Putamen", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region_b": "Left Putamen", + "input_region": "Medial temporal structures - Left Putamen", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002168", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Left Putamen", + "target_id": "MSH:D013405", + "target_name": "Suicide", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "from_name": "Medial temporal structures", + "to_id": "MSH:D012640", + "to_name": "Seizures", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "raw_text": "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review/background neuroanatomical statement", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30541437", + "doi": "10.1186/s11689-018-9255-8", + "title": "Imaging episodic memory during development and childhood epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sepeta Leigh N, Berl Madison M, Gaillard William Davis", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D012640", + "from_name": "Seizures", + "to_id": "MSH:D013405", + "to_name": "Suicide", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:98de35a9eda7", + "raw_text": "Psychosis, depression, and suicide may all occur as complications of seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review of complications of seizures", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "12609352", + "doi": "10.1006/ebeh.2001.0305", + "title": "Peri-Ictal Behavioral and Cognitive Changes.", + "authors": "Boylan Laura S.", + "year": 2002, + "journal": "Epilepsy & behavior : E&B" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.577489561010783, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "CLM:98de35a9eda7" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Left Putamen may relate to Suicide via 2-hop path.\nPath: Medial temporal structures --[causes]--> Seizures --> Seizures --[causes]--> Suicide\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generatin...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: depression, epilepsy\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: depression, epilepsy", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Left Putamen", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region_b": "Left Putamen", + "input_region": "Medial temporal structures - Left Putamen", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002170", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Left Putamen", + "target_id": "MSH:D009436", + "target_name": "Neural Tube Defects", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "from_name": "Medial temporal structures", + "to_id": "MSH:D012640", + "to_name": "Seizures", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "raw_text": "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review/background neuroanatomical statement", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30541437", + "doi": "10.1186/s11689-018-9255-8", + "title": "Imaging episodic memory during development and childhood epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sepeta Leigh N, Berl Madison M, Gaillard William Davis", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D012640", + "from_name": "Seizures", + "to_id": "MSH:D009436", + "to_name": "Neural Tube Defects", + "relation_type": "distinguishes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:a672ec2a4cd9", + "raw_text": "The clinical usefulness of PET is determined by its sensitivity and specificity for identifying epileptogenic areas as defined by ictal surface and intracranial EEG recordings.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "comparison of PET localization with ictal surface EEG and intracranial EEG recordings", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "sensitivity and specificity", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "reviewed comparative evidence; quantitative replicability not reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "10709809", + "doi": "10.1097/00004691-200001000-00004", + "title": "Relationship between EEG and positron emission tomography abnormalities in clinical epilepsy.", + "authors": "Juhász C, Chugani D C, Muzik O, Watson C, Shah J", + "year": 2000, + "journal": "Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.5991795570010828, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "CLM:a672ec2a4cd9" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Left Putamen may relate to Neural Tube Defects via 2-hop path.\nPath: Medial temporal structures --[causes]--> Seizures --> Seizures --[distinguishes]--> Neural Tube Defects\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generatin...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, dMRI, PET, EEG | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, dMRI, PET, EEG | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Left Putamen", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region_b": "Left Putamen", + "input_region": "Medial temporal structures - Left Putamen", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002238", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and Left Putamen", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_523e00f356226", + "target_name": "conduct disorder", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "from_name": "Anterior Cingulate", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "to_name": "attention", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "raw_text": "They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional processing in healthy individuals.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "functional neuroimaging evidence review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11320448", + "doi": "10.1076/jcen.23.1.121.1223", + "title": "The role of functional neuroimaging in the neuropsychology of depression.", + "authors": "Liotti M, Mayberg H S", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "from_name": "attention", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_523e00f356226", + "to_name": "conduct disorder", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:1454f50dd3d2", + "raw_text": "These disorders include oppositional defiant (ODD) and conduct disorders (CD), and affective, anxiety, and learning disorders.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of studies examining psychiatric comorbidity with ADHD", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "10944655", + "doi": "", + "title": "Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.", + "authors": "Pliszka S R", + "year": 2000, + "journal": "Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.55, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.5862864368386893, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "CLM:1454f50dd3d2" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and Left Putamen may relate to conduct disorder via 2-hop path.\nPath: Anterior Cingulate --[modulates]--> attention --> attention --[is_associated_with]--> conduct disorder\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional pr...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal | diseases: anxiety\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.55 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal | diseases: anxiety", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and Left Putamen", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Anterior Cingulate", + "input_region_b": "Left Putamen", + "input_region": "Anterior Cingulate - Left Putamen", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002266", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Olfactory Bulb", + "target_id": "MSH:D008881", + "target_name": "Migraine Disorders", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "from_name": "Medial temporal structures", + "to_id": "MSH:D012640", + "to_name": "Seizures", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "raw_text": "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review/background neuroanatomical statement", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30541437", + "doi": "10.1186/s11689-018-9255-8", + "title": "Imaging episodic memory during development and childhood epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sepeta Leigh N, Berl Madison M, Gaillard William Davis", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D012640", + "from_name": "Seizures", + "to_id": "MSH:D008881", + "to_name": "Migraine Disorders", + "relation_type": "distinguishes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:42e5f208083e", + "raw_text": "Partial seizures occur less often and can be confused with migraine.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "clinical review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "negative" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11022137", + "doi": "", + "title": "Reflex epilepsy and reflex seizures of the visual system: a clinical review.", + "authors": "Zifkin B G, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité D", + "year": 2000, + "journal": "Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5660484578658199, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "CLM:42e5f208083e" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Olfactory Bulb may relate to Migraine Disorders via 2-hop path.\nPath: Medial temporal structures --[causes]--> Seizures --> Seizures --[distinguishes]--> Migraine Disorders\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generatin...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Olfactory Bulb", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region_b": "Olfactory Bulb", + "input_region": "Medial temporal structures - Olfactory Bulb", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002267", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Olfactory Bulb", + "target_id": "MSH:D006849", + "target_name": "Hydrocephalus", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "from_name": "Medial temporal structures", + "to_id": "MSH:D012640", + "to_name": "Seizures", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "raw_text": "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review/background neuroanatomical statement", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30541437", + "doi": "10.1186/s11689-018-9255-8", + "title": "Imaging episodic memory during development and childhood epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sepeta Leigh N, Berl Madison M, Gaillard William Davis", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D012640", + "from_name": "Seizures", + "to_id": "MSH:D006849", + "to_name": "Hydrocephalus", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:1ce38f5c210b", + "raw_text": "The incidence of seizures in shunted children is reported to be quite high, ranging from 20% to approximately 50%, so that neurosurgeons should pay more attention to the issue of epilepsy in hydrocephalic children.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "literature review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": 20.0, + "effect_metric": "incidence", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "reported", + "direction": "high incidence" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11219629", + "doi": "10.1007/s003810000381", + "title": "Hydrocephalus and epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sato O, Yamguchi T, Kittaka M, Toyama H", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.55, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.9000000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5556990558591481, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "CLM:1ce38f5c210b" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Olfactory Bulb may relate to Hydrocephalus via 2-hop path.\nPath: Medial temporal structures --[causes]--> Seizures --> Seizures --[is_associated_with]--> Hydrocephalus\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generatin...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.55 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.90", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Olfactory Bulb", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region_b": "Olfactory Bulb", + "input_region": "Medial temporal structures - Olfactory Bulb", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002268", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Olfactory Bulb", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:sexual_functioning", + "target_name": "sexual functioning", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "from_name": "Medial temporal structures", + "to_id": "MSH:D012640", + "to_name": "Seizures", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "raw_text": "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review/background neuroanatomical statement", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30541437", + "doi": "10.1186/s11689-018-9255-8", + "title": "Imaging episodic memory during development and childhood epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sepeta Leigh N, Berl Madison M, Gaillard William Davis", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D012640", + "from_name": "Seizures", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:sexual_functioning", + "to_name": "sexual functioning", + "relation_type": "correlates_with", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:414917775950", + "raw_text": "In addition, seizure frequency might be relevant as successful epilepsy surgery can result in an improvement in sexual functioning despite remaining on anticonvulsant medication.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of clinical literature", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "uncertain" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11488644", + "doi": "10.1053/seiz.2000.0512", + "title": "Seizures, hormones and sexuality.", + "authors": "Lambert M V", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Seizure" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5679224953683394, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "CLM:414917775950" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Olfactory Bulb may relate to sexual functioning via 2-hop path.\nPath: Medial temporal structures --[causes]--> Seizures --> Seizures --[correlates_with]--> sexual functioning\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generatin...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Olfactory Bulb", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region_b": "Olfactory Bulb", + "input_region": "Medial temporal structures - Olfactory Bulb", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002270", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Olfactory Bulb", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b967", + "target_name": "recognition", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "from_name": "Medial temporal structures", + "to_id": "MSH:D012640", + "to_name": "Seizures", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "raw_text": "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review/background neuroanatomical statement", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30541437", + "doi": "10.1186/s11689-018-9255-8", + "title": "Imaging episodic memory during development and childhood epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sepeta Leigh N, Berl Madison M, Gaillard William Davis", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D012640", + "from_name": "Seizures", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b967", + "to_name": "recognition", + "relation_type": "reduces", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:32fd8787c228", + "raw_text": "Ongoing seizures can be detrimental to both cognition and quality of life.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of cognitive outcomes and predictive factors in epilepsy", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "detrimental" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11971129", + "doi": "10.1212/wnl.58.8_suppl_5.s21", + "title": "Cognitive outcomes and predictive factors in epilepsy.", + "authors": "Meador Kimford J", + "year": 2002, + "journal": "Neurology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5679224953683394, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "CLM:32fd8787c228" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Olfactory Bulb may relate to recognition via 2-hop path.\nPath: Medial temporal structures --[causes]--> Seizures --> Seizures --[reduces]--> recognition\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generatin...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Olfactory Bulb", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region_b": "Olfactory Bulb", + "input_region": "Medial temporal structures - Olfactory Bulb", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002297", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "MSH:D007032", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus, Anterior and Postcentral Gyrus", + "target_id": "MSH:D000083505", + "target_name": "Social Interaction", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "MSH:D007032", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus, Anterior", + "to_id": "NN:802", + "to_name": "Hypothalamus", + "relation_type": "is_a", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:802", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus", + "to_id": "MSH:D001007", + "to_name": "Anxiety", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "raw_text": "These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neuronal circuitry studies in humans and preclinical models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "41494568", + "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106547", + "title": "Comorbidity of autism spectrum disorders and anxiety disorders: Insights from neuronal circuitry studies.", + "authors": "Webster Jack F, Cousin Michael A", + "year": 2026, + "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D001007", + "from_name": "Anxiety", + "to_id": "MSH:D000083505", + "to_name": "Social Interaction", + "relation_type": "increases", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:5cefd42b8ae0", + "raw_text": "Social anxiety disorder demands increased recognition, so that sufferers receive the treatment they need, in order to improve their quality of life through better social functioning.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "clinical recommendation", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "increased" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "10875048", + "doi": "10.1002/(sici)1520-6394(2000)11:3<87::aid-da1>3.3.co;2-0", + "title": "Why take social anxiety disorder seriously?", + "authors": "Lépine J P, Pélissolo A", + "year": 2000, + "journal": "Depression and anxiety" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.21176214683688915, + "novelty_score": 0.7, + "evidence_score": 0.6240251469155713, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5764759829212861, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "CLM:5cefd42b8ae0" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Hypothalamus, Anterior and Postcentral Gyrus may relate to Social Interaction via 3-hop path.\nPath: Hypothalamus, Anterior --[is_a]--> Hypothalamus --> Hypothalamus --[modulates]--> Anxiety --> Anxiety --[increases]--> Social Interaction\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: anxiety\nConfidence: 0.21 | Novelty: 0.70 | Evidence: 0.62 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: anxiety", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus, Anterior and Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Hypothalamus, Anterior", + "input_region_b": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_region": "Hypothalamus, Anterior - Postcentral Gyrus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002307", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "MSH:D019261", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Epithalamus and medial parietal areas", + "target_id": "MSH:D000339", + "target_name": "Affect", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "MSH:D019261", + "from_name": "Epithalamus", + "to_id": "NN:900", + "to_name": "Limbic System", + "relation_type": "is_a", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:900", + "from_name": "Limbic System", + "to_id": "MSH:D000339", + "to_name": "Affect", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.5, + "claim_id": "CLM:82bd4d916114", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.425, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.36742346141747667, + "testability_score": 0.75, + "composite_score": 0.5600295513109295, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:82bd4d916114" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Epithalamus and medial parietal areas may relate to Affect via 2-hop path.\nPath: Epithalamus --[is_a]--> Limbic System --> Limbic System --[modulates]--> Affect\nEvidence: 1 claims from 0 papers\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: thalamus\nConfidence: 0.42 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.37 | Testability: 0.75", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: thalamus", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Epithalamus and medial parietal areas", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Epithalamus", + "input_region_b": "medial parietal areas", + "input_region": "Epithalamus - medial parietal areas", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002407", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "MSH:D007032", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus, Anterior and Fusiform Gyrus", + "target_id": "MSH:D012792", + "target_name": "Shyness", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "MSH:D007032", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus, Anterior", + "to_id": "NN:802", + "to_name": "Hypothalamus", + "relation_type": "is_a", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:802", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus", + "to_id": "MSH:D001007", + "to_name": "Anxiety", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "raw_text": "These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neuronal circuitry studies in humans and preclinical models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "41494568", + "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106547", + "title": "Comorbidity of autism spectrum disorders and anxiety disorders: Insights from neuronal circuitry studies.", + "authors": "Webster Jack F, Cousin Michael A", + "year": 2026, + "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D001007", + "from_name": "Anxiety", + "to_id": "MSH:D012792", + "to_name": "Shyness", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:0e1898ccc4ac", + "raw_text": "For example, free-floating anxiety may cause the hands to perspire and may cause a person to be shy in dealing with people in public, and thus many patients with subthreshold social phobic symptoms have, in the authors' opinion, GAD and not generalized social phobia.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "clinical overview based on diagnostic differentiation", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11225502", + "doi": "10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70203-3", + "title": "Overview and clinical presentation of generalized anxiety disorder.", + "authors": "Rickels K, Rynn M", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "The Psychiatric clinics of North America" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.21176214683688915, + "novelty_score": 0.7, + "evidence_score": 0.6240251469155713, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5764759829212861, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "CLM:0e1898ccc4ac" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Hypothalamus, Anterior and Fusiform Gyrus may relate to Shyness via 3-hop path.\nPath: Hypothalamus, Anterior --[is_a]--> Hypothalamus --> Hypothalamus --[modulates]--> Anxiety --> Anxiety --[causes]--> Shyness\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: anxiety\nConfidence: 0.21 | Novelty: 0.70 | Evidence: 0.62 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: anxiety", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus, Anterior and Fusiform Gyrus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Hypothalamus, Anterior", + "input_region_b": "Fusiform Gyrus", + "input_region": "Hypothalamus, Anterior - Fusiform Gyrus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002408", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "MSH:D007032", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus, Anterior and Fusiform Gyrus", + "target_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_302", + "target_name": "substance abuse", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "MSH:D007032", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus, Anterior", + "to_id": "NN:802", + "to_name": "Hypothalamus", + "relation_type": "is_a", + "confidence": 1.0, + "claim_id": "", + "raw_text": "", + "evidence": {}, + "source_paper": {} + }, + { + "from_id": "NN:802", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus", + "to_id": "MSH:D001007", + "to_name": "Anxiety", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "raw_text": "These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neuronal circuitry studies in humans and preclinical models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "41494568", + "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106547", + "title": "Comorbidity of autism spectrum disorders and anxiety disorders: Insights from neuronal circuitry studies.", + "authors": "Webster Jack F, Cousin Michael A", + "year": 2026, + "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D001007", + "from_name": "Anxiety", + "to_id": "COGAT_DISORDER:dso_302", + "to_name": "substance abuse", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:63565da592ad", + "raw_text": "Several other disorders marked by social dysfunction or inhibition, including substance use disorders (especially alcoholism), paranoid disorder, bipolar disorder, autism, and Asperger's disorder, also may show some overlap with social anxiety disorder features (e.g., social anxiety as a cause or complication of substance abuse, social avoidance in paranoid disorder, social disinhibiton in bipolar disorder, and social communication deficits in autism and Asperger's disorder).", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of disorders marked by social dysfunction or inhibition and overlap with social anxiety disorder features", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "12462859", + "doi": "10.1016/s0193-953x(02)00018-7", + "title": "The social anxiety spectrum.", + "authors": "Schneier Franklin R, Blanco Carlos, Antia Smita X, Liebowitz Michael R", + "year": 2002, + "journal": "The Psychiatric clinics of North America" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.21176214683688915, + "novelty_score": 0.75, + "evidence_score": 0.6240251469155713, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5865054125200663, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "CLM:63565da592ad" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Hypothalamus, Anterior and Fusiform Gyrus may relate to substance abuse via 3-hop path.\nPath: Hypothalamus, Anterior --[is_a]--> Hypothalamus --> Hypothalamus --[modulates]--> Anxiety --> Anxiety --[causes]--> substance abuse\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: autism, anxiety, bipolar\nConfidence: 0.21 | Novelty: 0.75 | Evidence: 0.62 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: autism, anxiety, bipolar", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus, Anterior and Fusiform Gyrus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Hypothalamus, Anterior", + "input_region_b": "Fusiform Gyrus", + "input_region": "Hypothalamus, Anterior - Fusiform Gyrus", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002448", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10022", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Caudate and Medial temporal structures", + "target_id": "MSH:D000079225", + "target_name": "Psychological Distress", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10022", + "from_name": "Caudate", + "to_id": "MSH:D003866", + "to_name": "Depressive Disorder", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:d9b88ed6a24e", + "raw_text": "In unipolar depression, findings suggest abnormalities in the frontal lobe (particularly the subgenual prefrontal cortex), basal ganglia (particularly the caudate and putamen), cerebellum, and hippocampus/amygdala complex.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "volumetric neuroimaging", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "abnormality" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "12071514", + "doi": "10.1034/j.1399-5618.2002.01157.x", + "title": "Volumetric brain imaging findings in mood disorders.", + "authors": "Beyer John L, Krishnan K Ranga R", + "year": 2002, + "journal": "Bipolar disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D003866", + "from_name": "Depressive Disorder", + "to_id": "MSH:D000079225", + "to_name": "Psychological Distress", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:6aa127f97850", + "raw_text": "In addition to causing inherent emotional distress, depressive disorders negatively impact quality of life, motor and cognitive deficits, functional disability, and other psychiatric comorbidities in patients with PD.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "24190780", + "doi": "10.1007/s11910-013-0409-5", + "title": "Depression and Parkinson's disease: current knowledge.", + "authors": "Marsh Laura", + "year": 2013, + "journal": "Current neurology and neuroscience reports" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.6000000000000001, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5660484578658199, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:d9b88ed6a24e", + "CLM:6aa127f97850" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Caudate and Medial temporal structures may relate to Psychological Distress via 2-hop path.\nPath: Caudate --[is_associated_with]--> Depressive Disorder --> Depressive Disorder --[causes]--> Psychological Distress\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'In unipolar depression, findings suggest abnormalities in the frontal lobe (particularly the subgenual prefrontal cortex), basal ganglia (particularly...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum | diseases: depression\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum | diseases: depression", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Caudate and Medial temporal structures", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Caudate", + "input_region_b": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region": "Caudate - Medial temporal structures", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002547", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Epithalamus", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "target_name": "attention", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "from_name": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "to_id": "MSH:D009042", + "to_name": "Motivation", + "relation_type": "correlates_with", + "confidence": 0.42, + "claim_id": "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "raw_text": "Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri and basal ganglia, including putamen and pallidum.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "MRI lesion data; multivariate support vector regression for lesion-symptom mapping; Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating interview", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 200, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37908237", + "doi": "10.1093/braincomms/fcad275", + "title": "Neuroanatomy of post-stroke depression: the association between symptom clusters and lesion location.", + "authors": "Krick Sebastian, Koob Janusz L, Latarnik Sylvia, Volz Lukas J, Fink Gereon R", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Brain communications" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D009042", + "from_name": "Motivation", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "to_name": "attention", + "relation_type": "distinguishes", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:dad3db2e04ed", + "raw_text": "Differentiating executive inhibition (believed to be largely dopaminergic and frontal/frontal-striatal in nature) from motivational inhibition (believed to be largely noradrenergic/serotonergic and limbic in nature) is necessary to distinguish subtypes of youth with attentional and aggressive problems, and to differentiate key etiologic processes.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "conceptual differentiation of inhibitory processes", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "14998881", + "doi": "10.1196/annals.1301.016", + "title": "Impulsivity, emotion regulation, and developmental psychopathology: specificity versus generality of linkages.", + "authors": "Hinshaw Stephen P", + "year": 2003, + "journal": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.2292433205133794, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.6063763807867708, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "CLM:dad3db2e04ed" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Epithalamus may relate to attention via 2-hop path.\nPath: Postcentral Gyrus --[correlates_with]--> Motivation --> Motivation --[distinguishes]--> attention\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri an...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum\nConfidence: 0.23 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Epithalamus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_region_b": "Epithalamus", + "input_region": "Postcentral Gyrus - Epithalamus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002548", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Epithalamus", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:stimulant_misuse", + "target_name": "stimulant misuse", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "from_name": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "to_id": "MSH:D009042", + "to_name": "Motivation", + "relation_type": "correlates_with", + "confidence": 0.42, + "claim_id": "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "raw_text": "Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri and basal ganglia, including putamen and pallidum.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "MRI lesion data; multivariate support vector regression for lesion-symptom mapping; Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating interview", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 200, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37908237", + "doi": "10.1093/braincomms/fcad275", + "title": "Neuroanatomy of post-stroke depression: the association between symptom clusters and lesion location.", + "authors": "Krick Sebastian, Koob Janusz L, Latarnik Sylvia, Volz Lukas J, Fink Gereon R", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Brain communications" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D009042", + "from_name": "Motivation", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:stimulant_misuse", + "to_name": "stimulant misuse", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:3086ba495bd9", + "raw_text": "Although academic motivations primarily drive misuse, it is unclear whether prescription ADHD stimulants enhance cognition.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "narrative review; no primary empirical methods reported in abstract", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "increases misuse" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "31679601", + "doi": "10.1016/j.pcl.2019.08.006", + "title": "Prescription Stimulants: From Cognitive Enhancement to Misuse.", + "authors": "Wilens Timothy E, Kaminski Tamar Arit", + "year": 2019, + "journal": "Pediatric clinics of North America" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.2292433205133794, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.6186326012937707, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "CLM:3086ba495bd9" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Epithalamus may relate to stimulant misuse via 2-hop path.\nPath: Postcentral Gyrus --[correlates_with]--> Motivation --> Motivation --[causes]--> stimulant misuse\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri an...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum | diseases: adhd\nConfidence: 0.23 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum | diseases: adhd", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Epithalamus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_region_b": "Epithalamus", + "input_region": "Postcentral Gyrus - Epithalamus", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002549", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Epithalamus", + "target_id": "MSH:D009473", + "target_name": "Neuronal Plasticity", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "from_name": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "to_id": "MSH:D009042", + "to_name": "Motivation", + "relation_type": "correlates_with", + "confidence": 0.42, + "claim_id": "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "raw_text": "Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri and basal ganglia, including putamen and pallidum.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "MRI lesion data; multivariate support vector regression for lesion-symptom mapping; Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating interview", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 200, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37908237", + "doi": "10.1093/braincomms/fcad275", + "title": "Neuroanatomy of post-stroke depression: the association between symptom clusters and lesion location.", + "authors": "Krick Sebastian, Koob Janusz L, Latarnik Sylvia, Volz Lukas J, Fink Gereon R", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Brain communications" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D009042", + "from_name": "Motivation", + "to_id": "MSH:D009473", + "to_name": "Neuronal Plasticity", + "relation_type": "increases", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:0f343f0d24b1", + "raw_text": "We discuss some advantages of BCI for both assessment and training purposes, the former concerning the possibility of longitudinally and reliably evaluating cognitive functions in patients with severe motor disabilities, the latter regarding the possibility of enhancing patients' motivation and engagement for improving neural plasticity.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "discussion of proposed advantage of BCI-based cognitive training", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "increased" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "28913349", + "doi": "10.1155/2017/1695290", + "title": "Brain-Computer Interface for Clinical Purposes: Cognitive Assessment and Rehabilitation.", + "authors": "Carelli Laura, Solca Federica, Faini Andrea, Meriggi Paolo, Sangalli Davide", + "year": 2017, + "journal": "BioMed research international" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.2292433205133794, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8, + "composite_score": 0.5936454561800114, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "CLM:0f343f0d24b1" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Epithalamus may relate to Neuronal Plasticity via 2-hop path.\nPath: Postcentral Gyrus --[correlates_with]--> Motivation --> Motivation --[increases]--> Neuronal Plasticity\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri an...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum\nConfidence: 0.23 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.80", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Epithalamus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_region_b": "Epithalamus", + "input_region": "Postcentral Gyrus - Epithalamus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002550", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Epithalamus", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4fafd1626bf2b", + "target_name": "addiction", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10053", + "from_name": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "to_id": "MSH:D009042", + "to_name": "Motivation", + "relation_type": "correlates_with", + "confidence": 0.42, + "claim_id": "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "raw_text": "Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri and basal ganglia, including putamen and pallidum.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "MRI lesion data; multivariate support vector regression for lesion-symptom mapping; Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating interview", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 200, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37908237", + "doi": "10.1093/braincomms/fcad275", + "title": "Neuroanatomy of post-stroke depression: the association between symptom clusters and lesion location.", + "authors": "Krick Sebastian, Koob Janusz L, Latarnik Sylvia, Volz Lukas J, Fink Gereon R", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Brain communications" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D009042", + "from_name": "Motivation", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4fafd1626bf2b", + "to_name": "addiction", + "relation_type": "treats", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:3c456c156fb8", + "raw_text": "Some psychotherapies (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing) and medical treatments (e.g., antidepressant drugs, methylphenidate) for comorbid mental disorders as well as rehabilitation (e.g., treatment camp) are effective for IA remission.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative summary of psychotherapies for Internet addiction", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "effective for remission" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "26394521", + "doi": "", + "title": "[Internet addiction].", + "authors": "Nakayama Hideki, Higuchi Susumu", + "year": 2015, + "journal": "Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.24921376366485057, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8, + "composite_score": 0.6036458437222039, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:a2f5f336c70a", + "CLM:3c456c156fb8" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Epithalamus may relate to addiction via 2-hop path.\nPath: Postcentral Gyrus --[correlates_with]--> Motivation --> Motivation --[treats]--> addiction\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Accordingly, motivational deficits were associated with lesions in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri an...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum\nConfidence: 0.25 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.80", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: cortex, gyrus, putamen, pallidum", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Postcentral Gyrus and Epithalamus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Postcentral Gyrus", + "input_region_b": "Epithalamus", + "input_region": "Postcentral Gyrus - Epithalamus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002558", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fusiform face area", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:survival_in_a_variable_Pleistocene_environment", + "target_name": "survival in a variable Pleistocene environment", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "from_name": "Anterior Cingulate", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "to_name": "attention", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "raw_text": "They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional processing in healthy individuals.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "functional neuroimaging evidence review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11320448", + "doi": "10.1076/jcen.23.1.121.1223", + "title": "The role of functional neuroimaging in the neuropsychology of depression.", + "authors": "Liotti M, Mayberg H S", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "from_name": "attention", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:survival_in_a_variable_Pleistocene_environment", + "to_name": "survival in a variable Pleistocene environment", + "relation_type": "increases", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:097125149aaa", + "raw_text": "The behaviors identified by clinicians as problematic--inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity--have been incorporated into several evolutionary models as selectively adaptive cognitive skills for surviving the challenges of a variable Pleistocene environment.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "evolutionary theoretical modeling discussed in narrative review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "10721532", + "doi": "10.1086/393256", + "title": "The evolution of ADHD: a disorder of communication?", + "authors": "Baird J, Stevenson J C, Williams D C", + "year": 2000, + "journal": "The Quarterly review of biology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.589253160853928, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "CLM:097125149aaa" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fusiform face area may relate to survival in a variable Pleistocene environment via 2-hop path.\nPath: Anterior Cingulate --[modulates]--> attention --> attention --[increases]--> survival in a variable Pleistocene environment\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional pr...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fusiform face area", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Anterior Cingulate", + "input_region_b": "fusiform face area", + "input_region": "Anterior Cingulate - fusiform face area", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002559", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fusiform face area", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b429", + "target_name": "valence", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "from_name": "Anterior Cingulate", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "to_name": "attention", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "raw_text": "They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional processing in healthy individuals.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "functional neuroimaging evidence review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11320448", + "doi": "10.1076/jcen.23.1.121.1223", + "title": "The role of functional neuroimaging in the neuropsychology of depression.", + "authors": "Liotti M, Mayberg H S", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "from_name": "attention", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b429", + "to_name": "valence", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.35, + "claim_id": "CLM:6195a4bc648c", + "raw_text": "An epidemiological study of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) suggests that the prevalence may be two to three times higher than the figure of 3-5% often cited.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "cross_sectional", + "methodology": "epidemiological study", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": 2.0, + "effect_metric": "prevalence", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "higher" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11106857", + "doi": "10.1016/s0892-0362(00)00095-7", + "title": "Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: characteristics, interventions and models.", + "authors": "Paule M G, Rowland A S, Ferguson S A, Chelonis J J, Tannock R", + "year": 2000, + "journal": "Neurotoxicology and teratology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.19953069939234913, + "novelty_score": 0.55, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.6108592002317825, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "CLM:6195a4bc648c" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fusiform face area may relate to valence via 2-hop path.\nPath: Anterior Cingulate --[modulates]--> attention --> attention --[is_associated_with]--> valence\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional pr...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal | diseases: adhd\nConfidence: 0.20 | Novelty: 0.55 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal | diseases: adhd", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fusiform face area", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Anterior Cingulate", + "input_region_b": "fusiform face area", + "input_region": "Anterior Cingulate - fusiform face area", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002560", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fusiform face area", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:intact_perceptual_abilities", + "target_name": "intact perceptual abilities", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "from_name": "Anterior Cingulate", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "to_name": "attention", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "raw_text": "They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional processing in healthy individuals.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "functional neuroimaging evidence review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11320448", + "doi": "10.1076/jcen.23.1.121.1223", + "title": "The role of functional neuroimaging in the neuropsychology of depression.", + "authors": "Liotti M, Mayberg H S", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "from_name": "attention", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:intact_perceptual_abilities", + "to_name": "intact perceptual abilities", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:ab0256e9ee51", + "raw_text": "Recent findings challenge not only the current postulate that response inhibition is a unique deficit in ADHD, but also the concepts of ADHD and its treatment, which presume intact perceptual abilities.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of recent findings", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "challenged" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11106857", + "doi": "10.1016/s0892-0362(00)00095-7", + "title": "Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: characteristics, interventions and models.", + "authors": "Paule M G, Rowland A S, Ferguson S A, Chelonis J J, Tannock R", + "year": 2000, + "journal": "Neurotoxicology and teratology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.1625, + "novelty_score": 0.55, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.5862864368386893, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "CLM:ab0256e9ee51" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fusiform face area may relate to intact perceptual abilities via 2-hop path.\nPath: Anterior Cingulate --[modulates]--> attention --> attention --[is_associated_with]--> intact perceptual abilities\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional pr...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal | diseases: adhd\nConfidence: 0.16 | Novelty: 0.55 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal | diseases: adhd", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fusiform face area", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Anterior Cingulate", + "input_region_b": "fusiform face area", + "input_region": "Anterior Cingulate - fusiform face area", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002566", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fronto-parietal network", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_50070dce14554", + "target_name": "impulsivity", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "from_name": "Anterior Cingulate", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "to_name": "attention", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "raw_text": "They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional processing in healthy individuals.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "functional neuroimaging evidence review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11320448", + "doi": "10.1076/jcen.23.1.121.1223", + "title": "The role of functional neuroimaging in the neuropsychology of depression.", + "authors": "Liotti M, Mayberg H S", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "from_name": "attention", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_50070dce14554", + "to_name": "impulsivity", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.65, + "claim_id": "CLM:b46721d42e03", + "raw_text": "Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder is a developmental neurological disorder that has three basic characteristics: Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity, and impulsivity.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "meta_analysis", + "methodology": "systematic review and meta-analysis", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "37081447", + "doi": "10.1186/s13052-023-01456-1", + "title": "The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", + "authors": "Salari Nader, Ghasemi Hooman, Abdoli Nasrin, Rahmani Adibeh, Shiri Mohammad Hossain", + "year": 2023, + "journal": "Italian journal of pediatrics" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.31003024046050737, + "novelty_score": 0.55, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.6671446162517394, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "CLM:b46721d42e03" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fronto-parietal network may relate to impulsivity via 2-hop path.\nPath: Anterior Cingulate --[modulates]--> attention --> attention --[is_associated_with]--> impulsivity\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional pr...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal\nConfidence: 0.31 | Novelty: 0.55 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fronto-parietal network", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Anterior Cingulate", + "input_region_b": "fronto-parietal network", + "input_region": "Anterior Cingulate - fronto-parietal network", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002567", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fronto-parietal network", + "target_id": "MSH:D001143", + "target_name": "Arousal", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "from_name": "Anterior Cingulate", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "to_name": "attention", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "raw_text": "They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional processing in healthy individuals.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "functional neuroimaging evidence review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11320448", + "doi": "10.1076/jcen.23.1.121.1223", + "title": "The role of functional neuroimaging in the neuropsychology of depression.", + "authors": "Liotti M, Mayberg H S", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "from_name": "attention", + "to_id": "MSH:D001143", + "to_name": "Arousal", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.5525, + "claim_id": "CLM:b5cc2fddb0f0", + "raw_text": "Our findings suggest ADHD and cortisol levels reflect a complex interplay involving arousal regulation rather than a simple stress-response mechanism.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "GWAS", + "methodology": "integrated interpretation of Mendelian Randomization, genetic correlation, conjFDR, and PGS analyses", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": 250857, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "complex interplay" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "40911951", + "doi": "10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107587", + "title": "Shared biological pathways linking ADHD and cortisol variability are related to externalizing behaviors.", + "authors": "Ramos João K N, Grevet Eugenio H, Junger-Santos Iago, Ciochetti Nicolas P, Bandeira Cibele E", + "year": 2025, + "journal": "Psychoneuroendocrinology" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.29510644266094904, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.675121677020845, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "CLM:b5cc2fddb0f0" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fronto-parietal network may relate to Arousal via 2-hop path.\nPath: Anterior Cingulate --[modulates]--> attention --> attention --[modulates]--> Arousal\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional pr...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, PET, EEG | brain regions: cortex, frontal | diseases: adhd\nConfidence: 0.30 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, PET, EEG | brain regions: cortex, frontal | diseases: adhd", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fronto-parietal network", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Anterior Cingulate", + "input_region_b": "fronto-parietal network", + "input_region": "Anterior Cingulate - fronto-parietal network", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002569", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fronto-parietal network", + "target_id": "MSH:D005879", + "target_name": "Tourette Syndrome", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:NN_TAL:10021", + "from_name": "Anterior Cingulate", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "to_name": "attention", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "raw_text": "They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional processing in healthy individuals.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "functional neuroimaging evidence review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11320448", + "doi": "10.1076/jcen.23.1.121.1223", + "title": "The role of functional neuroimaging in the neuropsychology of depression.", + "authors": "Liotti M, Mayberg H S", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09902", + "from_name": "attention", + "to_id": "MSH:D005879", + "to_name": "Tourette Syndrome", + "relation_type": "predicts", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:e972006d9770", + "raw_text": "While the long-term outcome of TS can be relatively benign, the presence of comorbid conditions such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), OCD or a major affective disorder can have lasting untoward consequences.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of clinical evidence", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "negative" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11922487", + "doi": "", + "title": "Tic disorders: when habit forming neural systems form habits of their own?", + "authors": "Leckman J F, Yeh C B, Cohen D J", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "Zhonghua yi xue za zhi = Chinese medical journal; Free China ed" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.65, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 1.0, + "composite_score": 0.6011632828552202, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:45254a0a11ed", + "CLM:e972006d9770" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fronto-parietal network may relate to Tourette Syndrome via 2-hop path.\nPath: Anterior Cingulate --[modulates]--> attention --> attention --[predicts]--> Tourette Syndrome\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'They also exhibit PET resting state abnormalities in dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, regions known to be substrates of attentional pr...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal | diseases: adhd\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.65 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 1.00", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI, PET | brain regions: cortex, frontal | diseases: adhd", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Anterior Cingulate and fronto-parietal network", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Anterior Cingulate", + "input_region_b": "fronto-parietal network", + "input_region": "Anterior Cingulate - fronto-parietal network", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002648", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Precuneus", + "target_id": "MSH:D002534", + "target_name": "Hypoxia, Brain", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "from_name": "Medial temporal structures", + "to_id": "MSH:D012640", + "to_name": "Seizures", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "raw_text": "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review/background neuroanatomical statement", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30541437", + "doi": "10.1186/s11689-018-9255-8", + "title": "Imaging episodic memory during development and childhood epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sepeta Leigh N, Berl Madison M, Gaillard William Davis", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D012640", + "from_name": "Seizures", + "to_id": "MSH:D002534", + "to_name": "Hypoxia, Brain", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.3, + "claim_id": "CLM:7c1a5ff916b4", + "raw_text": "In models of experimental epilepsy, both brief and prolonged seizures lead to brain damage.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "animal_model", + "methodology": "experimental epilepsy models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "12143356", + "doi": "10.1016/S0079-6123(02)35034-9", + "title": "Assessing the behavioral and cognitive effects of seizures on the developing brain.", + "authors": "Stafstrom Carl E", + "year": 2002, + "journal": "Progress in brain research" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.18472953201911166, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.580751318528534, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "CLM:7c1a5ff916b4" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Precuneus may relate to Hypoxia, Brain via 2-hop path.\nPath: Medial temporal structures --[causes]--> Seizures --> Seizures --[causes]--> Hypoxia, Brain\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generatin...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy\nConfidence: 0.18 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Precuneus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region_b": "Precuneus", + "input_region": "Medial temporal structures - Precuneus", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002649", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Precuneus", + "target_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:long-term_alterations", + "target_name": "long-term alterations", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "from_name": "Medial temporal structures", + "to_id": "MSH:D012640", + "to_name": "Seizures", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "raw_text": "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review/background neuroanatomical statement", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30541437", + "doi": "10.1186/s11689-018-9255-8", + "title": "Imaging episodic memory during development and childhood epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sepeta Leigh N, Berl Madison M, Gaillard William Davis", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D012640", + "from_name": "Seizures", + "to_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:long-term_alterations", + "to_name": "long-term alterations", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.3, + "claim_id": "CLM:fba6212e9815", + "raw_text": "While the consequences of seizures are much more extensive in the adult brain, long-term alterations are also seen in the developing brain.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "animal_model", + "methodology": "experimental epilepsy models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "12143356", + "doi": "10.1016/S0079-6123(02)35034-9", + "title": "Assessing the behavioral and cognitive effects of seizures on the developing brain.", + "authors": "Stafstrom Carl E", + "year": 2002, + "journal": "Progress in brain research" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.18472953201911166, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.580751318528534, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "CLM:fba6212e9815" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Precuneus may relate to long-term alterations via 2-hop path.\nPath: Medial temporal structures --[causes]--> Seizures --> Seizures --[causes]--> long-term alterations\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generatin...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy\nConfidence: 0.18 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Precuneus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region_b": "Precuneus", + "input_region": "Medial temporal structures - Precuneus", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002826", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Cuneus", + "target_id": "MSH:D066107", + "target_name": "Social Skills", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "from_name": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b13d", + "to_name": "social cognition", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:0e6f15bcf21d", + "raw_text": "Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important ways in representations of the semantic attributes of people, social knowledge and social cognition.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of provocative data from literature", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "15749240", + "doi": "10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012", + "title": "Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area.", + "authors": "Schultz Robert T", + "year": 2005, + "journal": "International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b13d", + "from_name": "social cognition", + "to_id": "MSH:D066107", + "to_name": "Social Skills", + "relation_type": "increases", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:d6ae2cc4375a", + "raw_text": "Treating social cognition yields significant improvements in real-world outcomes, including social functioning and social skill.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "review of treatment outcome findings", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "24919166", + "doi": "10.4088/JCP.13065su1.04", + "title": "Social cognition in schizophrenia.", + "authors": "Pinkham Amy E", + "year": 2014, + "journal": "The Journal of clinical psychiatry" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.55, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.3, + "composite_score": 0.37830947600399173, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:0e6f15bcf21d", + "CLM:d6ae2cc4375a" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Cuneus may relate to Social Skills via 2-hop path.\nPath: visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway --[is_associated_with]--> social cognition --> social cognition --[increases]--> Social Skills\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important w...'\nTestability: no imaging modality detected\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.55 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.30", + "testability_reason": "no imaging modality detected", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Cuneus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_region_b": "Cuneus", + "input_region": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway - Cuneus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002827", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Cuneus", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09e6f", + "target_name": "context", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:visual_perceptual_areas_of_the_ventral_temporal_pathway", + "from_name": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b13d", + "to_name": "social cognition", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:0e6f15bcf21d", + "raw_text": "Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important ways in representations of the semantic attributes of people, social knowledge and social cognition.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of provocative data from literature", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "15749240", + "doi": "10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012", + "title": "Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area.", + "authors": "Schultz Robert T", + "year": 2005, + "journal": "International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d0b13d", + "from_name": "social cognition", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_4a3fd79d09e6f", + "to_name": "context", + "relation_type": "predicts", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:0cdefadf9277", + "raw_text": "It is commonly conceptualised as a set of mental operations underlying social interactions, and therefore related to the ability to interpret and predict the behaviour of others in different social contexts.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "conceptual review of social cognition in schizophrenia", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30017040", + "doi": "10.1016/j.rcp.2017.03.004", + "title": "Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: Cognitive and Neurobiological Aspects.", + "authors": "García Ricardo R, Aliste Francisco, Soto Guillermo", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Revista Colombiana de psiquiatria" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.55, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.6, + "composite_score": 0.482178363056469, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:0e6f15bcf21d", + "CLM:0cdefadf9277" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Cuneus may relate to context via 2-hop path.\nPath: visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway --[is_associated_with]--> social cognition --> social cognition --[predicts]--> context\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Moreover, there are now some provocative data to suggest that visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway are also involved in important w...'\nTestability: modalities: EEG | brain regions: temporal\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.55 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.60", + "testability_reason": "modalities: EEG | brain regions: temporal", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway and Cuneus", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway", + "input_region_b": "Cuneus", + "input_region": "visual perceptual areas of the ventral temporal pathway - Cuneus", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002916", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "NN:802", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Cingulate Cortex", + "target_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_523e053844495", + "target_name": "social phobia", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "NN:802", + "from_name": "Hypothalamus", + "to_id": "MSH:D001007", + "to_name": "Anxiety", + "relation_type": "modulates", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "raw_text": "These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "review of neuronal circuitry studies in humans and preclinical models", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "not_reported" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "41494568", + "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106547", + "title": "Comorbidity of autism spectrum disorders and anxiety disorders: Insights from neuronal circuitry studies.", + "authors": "Webster Jack F, Cousin Michael A", + "year": 2026, + "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D001007", + "from_name": "Anxiety", + "to_id": "COGAT_CONCEPT:trm_523e053844495", + "to_name": "social phobia", + "relation_type": "is_associated_with", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:a54df60467d6", + "raw_text": "The cardinal symptoms of GAD commonly overlap with those of social phobia, particularly if the social phobia is more general and not focused on a phobic situation.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "clinical overview based on diagnostic differentiation", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "11225502", + "doi": "10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70203-3", + "title": "Overview and clinical presentation of generalized anxiety disorder.", + "authors": "Rickels K, Rynn M", + "year": 2001, + "journal": "The Psychiatric clinics of North America" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.55, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.5446925115371359, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:5bf1257fd70e", + "CLM:a54df60467d6" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Cingulate Cortex may relate to social phobia via 2-hop path.\nPath: Hypothalamus --[modulates]--> Anxiety --> Anxiety --[is_associated_with]--> social phobia\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'These include the prefrontal cortical-amygdala circuit, the hippocampal formation, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: anxiety\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.55 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: amygdala, thalamus, frontal | diseases: anxiety", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Hypothalamus and Cingulate Cortex", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Hypothalamus", + "input_region_b": "Cingulate Cortex", + "input_region": "Hypothalamus - Cingulate Cortex", + "outcome_type": "cognitive_function" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + }, + { + "id": "HYP:IMG:002940", + "hypothesis_type": "imaging_connectivity", + "source_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "source_name": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Anterior Cingulate", + "target_id": "MSH:D001930", + "target_name": "Brain Injuries", + "path": [ + { + "from_id": "CLM_CONCEPT:Medial_temporal_structures", + "from_name": "Medial temporal structures", + "to_id": "MSH:D012640", + "to_name": "Seizures", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.325, + "claim_id": "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "raw_text": "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "review", + "methodology": "narrative review/background neuroanatomical statement", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "30541437", + "doi": "10.1186/s11689-018-9255-8", + "title": "Imaging episodic memory during development and childhood epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sepeta Leigh N, Berl Madison M, Gaillard William Davis", + "year": 2018, + "journal": "Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders" + } + }, + { + "from_id": "MSH:D012640", + "from_name": "Seizures", + "to_id": "MSH:D001930", + "to_name": "Brain Injuries", + "relation_type": "causes", + "confidence": 0.275, + "claim_id": "CLM:f8c008adbd3e", + "raw_text": "There is evidence that seizures cause brain injury, including neuronal death and physiological dysfunction.", + "evidence": { + "study_type": "narrative_review", + "methodology": "literature review", + "p_value": null, + "effect_size": null, + "effect_metric": "", + "sample_size": null, + "replicability": "not_reported", + "direction": "positive" + }, + "source_paper": { + "pmid": "14999166", + "doi": "10.1017/s1092852900008464", + "title": "The consequences of uncontrolled epilepsy.", + "authors": "Sperling Michael R", + "year": 2004, + "journal": "CNS spectrums" + } + } + ], + "confidence_score": 0.14947825928876748, + "novelty_score": 0.6, + "evidence_score": 0.9, + "testability_score": 0.8500000000000001, + "composite_score": 0.556670932939261, + "supporting_claims": [ + "CLM:c6a414d4fe1a", + "CLM:f8c008adbd3e" + ], + "explanation": "Hypothesis: functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Anterior Cingulate may relate to Brain Injuries via 2-hop path.\nPath: Medial temporal structures --[causes]--> Seizures --> Seizures --[causes]--> Brain Injuries\nEvidence: 2 claims from 2 papers\nKey finding: 'Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generatin...'\nTestability: modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy\nConfidence: 0.15 | Novelty: 0.60 | Evidence: 0.90 | Testability: 0.85", + "testability_reason": "modalities: sMRI | brain regions: hippocampus, temporal | diseases: epilepsy", + "metadata": { + "dataset": "UKB", + "input_modality": "fMRI", + "input_feature": "functional connectivity between Medial temporal structures and Anterior Cingulate", + "input_level": "connectivity", + "input_tool": "rfMRI", + "input_region_a": "Medial temporal structures", + "input_region_b": "Anterior Cingulate", + "input_region": "Medial temporal structures - Anterior Cingulate", + "outcome_type": "disease" + }, + "critic_score": 0.0, + "critic_feedback": [], + "critic_rounds": 0, + "evolve_score": 0.0 + } + ] +} \ No newline at end of file