Merge branch 'main' of https://github.com/jlowin/fastmcp into feature/component-manager

docs/servers/middleware.mdx

@@ -78,10 +78,13 @@ When a request comes in, **multiple hooks may be called for the same request**,
 2. **`on_request` or `on_notification`** - Called based on the message type
 3. **Operation-specific hooks** - Called for specific MCP operations like `on_call_tool`
 
-For example, when a client calls a tool, your middleware will receive **three separate hook calls**:
-1. First: `on_message` (because it's any MCP message)
-2. Second: `on_request` (because tool calls expect responses)
-3. Third: `on_call_tool` (because it's specifically a tool execution)
+For example, when a client calls a tool, your middleware will receive **multiple hook calls**:
+1. `on_message` and `on_request` for any initial tool discovery operations (list_tools)
+2. `on_message` (because it's any MCP message) for the tool call itself
+3. `on_request` (because tool calls expect responses) for the tool call itself
+4. `on_call_tool` (because it's specifically a tool execution) for the tool call itself
+
+Note that the MCP SDK may perform additional operations like listing tools for caching purposes, which will trigger additional middleware calls beyond just the direct tool execution.
 
 This hierarchy allows you to target your middleware logic with the right level of specificity. Use `on_message` for broad concerns like logging, `on_request` for authentication, and `on_call_tool` for tool-specific logic like performance monitoring.
 

docs/servers/tools.mdx

@@ -856,13 +856,3 @@ def calculate_sum(a: int, b: int) -> int:
 
 mcp.remove_tool("calculate_sum")
 ```
-
-### Legacy JSON Parsing
-
-<VersionBadge version="2.2.10" />
-
-FastMCP 1.0 and < 2.2.10 relied on a crutch that attempted to work around LLM limitations by automatically parsing stringified JSON in tool arguments (e.g., converting `"[1,2,3]"` to `[1,2,3]`). As of FastMCP 2.2.10, this behavior is disabled by default because it circumvents type validation and can lead to unexpected type coercion issues (e.g. parsing "true" as a bool and attempting to call a tool that expected a string, which would fail type validation).
-
-Most modern LLMs correctly format JSON, but if working with models that unnecessarily stringify JSON (as was the case with Claude Desktop in late 2024), you can re-enable this behavior on your server by setting the environment variable `FASTMCP_TOOL_ATTEMPT_PARSE_JSON_ARGS=1`.
-
-We strongly recommend leaving this disabled unless necessary.

pyproject.toml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ dependencies = [
     "python-dotenv>=1.1.0",
     "exceptiongroup>=1.2.2",
     "httpx>=0.28.1",
-    "mcp>=1.9.4,<1.10.0",
+    "mcp>=1.10.0",
     "openapi-pydantic>=0.5.1",
     "rich>=13.9.4",
     "typer>=0.15.2",
@@ -77,6 +77,9 @@ build-backend = "hatchling.build"
 [tool.hatch.version]
 source = "uv-dynamic-versioning"
 
+[tool.hatch.metadata]
+allow-direct-references = true
+
 [tool.uv-dynamic-versioning]
 vcs = "git"
 style = "pep440"

src/fastmcp/client/auth/oauth.py

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class OAuthClientProvider(_MCPOAuthClientProvider):
         ServerOAuthMetadata instead of the restrictive MCP OAuthMetadata.
         """
         # Extract base URL per MCP spec
-        auth_base_url = self._get_authorization_base_url(server_url)
+        auth_base_url = self.context.get_authorization_base_url(server_url)
         url = urljoin(auth_base_url, "/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server")
 
         from mcp.types import LATEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION

src/fastmcp/client/client.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import mcp.types
 import pydantic_core
 from exceptiongroup import catch
 from mcp import ClientSession
+from mcp.types import ContentBlock
 from pydantic import AnyUrl
 
 import fastmcp
@@ -30,7 +31,6 @@ from fastmcp.exceptions import ToolError
 from fastmcp.server import FastMCP
 from fastmcp.utilities.exceptions import get_catch_handlers
 from fastmcp.utilities.mcp_config import MCPConfig
-from fastmcp.utilities.types import MCPContent
 
 from .transports import (
     ClientTransportT,
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ class Client(Generic[ClientTransportT]):
         arguments: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         timeout: datetime.timedelta | float | int | None = None,
         progress_handler: ProgressHandler | None = None,
-    ) -> list[MCPContent]:
+    ) -> list[ContentBlock]:
         """Call a tool on the server.
 
         Unlike call_tool_mcp, this method raises a ToolError if the tool call results in an error.

src/fastmcp/client/transports.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import sys
 import warnings
 from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Callable
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Literal, TypedDict, TypeVar, cast, overload
+from typing import Any, Literal, TypeVar, cast, overload
 from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse
 
 import anyio
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from mcp.client.session import ListRootsFnT, LoggingFnT, MessageHandlerFnT, Samp
 from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP as FastMCP1Server
 from mcp.shared.memory import create_client_server_memory_streams
 from pydantic import AnyUrl
-from typing_extensions import Unpack
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict, Unpack
 
 import fastmcp
 from fastmcp.client.auth.bearer import BearerAuth

src/fastmcp/prompts/prompt.py

@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable, Sequence
 from typing import Any
 
 import pydantic_core
+from mcp.types import ContentBlock, PromptMessage, Role, TextContent
 from mcp.types import Prompt as MCPPrompt
 from mcp.types import PromptArgument as MCPPromptArgument
-from mcp.types import PromptMessage, Role, TextContent
 from pydantic import Field, TypeAdapter
 
 from fastmcp.exceptions import PromptError
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ from fastmcp.utilities.json_schema import compress_schema
 from fastmcp.utilities.logging import get_logger
 from fastmcp.utilities.types import (
     FastMCPBaseModel,
-    MCPContent,
     find_kwarg_by_type,
     get_cached_typeadapter,
 )
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
 
 def Message(
-    content: str | MCPContent, role: Role | None = None, **kwargs: Any
+    content: str | ContentBlock, role: Role | None = None, **kwargs: Any
 ) -> PromptMessage:
     """A user-friendly constructor for PromptMessage."""
     if isinstance(content, str):

src/fastmcp/server/auth/auth.py

@@ -43,3 +43,18 @@ class OAuthProvider(
         self.client_registration_options = client_registration_options
         self.revocation_options = revocation_options
         self.required_scopes = required_scopes
+
+    async def verify_token(self, token: str) -> AccessToken | None:
+        """
+        Verify a bearer token and return access info if valid.
+
+        This method implements the TokenVerifier protocol by delegating
+        to our existing load_access_token method.
+
+        Args:
+            token: The token string to validate
+
+        Returns:
+            AccessToken object if valid, None if invalid or expired
+        """
+        return await self.load_access_token(token)

src/fastmcp/server/auth/providers/bearer.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import time
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Any, TypedDict
+from typing import Any
 
 import httpx
 from authlib.jose import JsonWebKey, JsonWebToken
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ from mcp.shared.auth import (
     OAuthToken,
 )
 from pydantic import AnyHttpUrl, SecretStr, ValidationError
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
 
 from fastmcp.server.auth.auth import (
     ClientRegistrationOptions,
@@ -384,6 +385,21 @@ class BearerAuthProvider(OAuthProvider):
             return scope_claim
         return []
 
+    async def verify_token(self, token: str) -> AccessToken | None:
+        """
+        Verify a bearer token and return access info if valid.
+
+        This method implements the TokenVerifier protocol by delegating
+        to our existing load_access_token method.
+
+        Args:
+            token: The JWT token string to validate
+
+        Returns:
+            AccessToken object if valid, None if invalid or expired
+        """
+        return await self.load_access_token(token)
+
     # --- Unused OAuth server methods ---
     async def get_client(self, client_id: str) -> OAuthClientInformationFull | None:
         raise NotImplementedError("Client management not supported")

src/fastmcp/server/auth/providers/in_memory.py

@@ -271,6 +271,21 @@ class InMemoryOAuthProvider(OAuthProvider):
             return token_obj
         return None
 
+    async def verify_token(self, token: str) -> AccessToken | None:
+        """
+        Verify a bearer token and return access info if valid.
+
+        This method implements the TokenVerifier protocol by delegating
+        to our existing load_access_token method.
+
+        Args:
+            token: The token string to validate
+
+        Returns:
+            AccessToken object if valid, None if invalid or expired
+        """
+        return await self.load_access_token(token)
+
     def _revoke_internal(
         self, access_token_str: str | None = None, refresh_token_str: str | None = None
     ):

src/fastmcp/server/context.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ from mcp.server.lowlevel.helper_types import ReadResourceContents
 from mcp.server.lowlevel.server import request_ctx
 from mcp.shared.context import RequestContext
 from mcp.types import (
+    ContentBlock,
     CreateMessageResult,
     ModelHint,
     ModelPreferences,
@@ -26,7 +27,6 @@ import fastmcp.server.dependencies
 from fastmcp import settings
 from fastmcp.server.server import FastMCP
 from fastmcp.utilities.logging import get_logger
-from fastmcp.utilities.types import MCPContent
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ class Context:
         temperature: float | None = None,
         max_tokens: int | None = None,
         model_preferences: ModelPreferences | str | list[str] | None = None,
-    ) -> MCPContent:
+    ) -> ContentBlock:
         """
         Send a sampling request to the client and await the response.
 

src/fastmcp/server/http.py

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ def setup_auth_middleware_and_routes(
     middleware = [
         Middleware(
             AuthenticationMiddleware,
-            backend=BearerAuthBackend(provider=auth),
+            backend=BearerAuthBackend(auth),
         ),
         Middleware(AuthContextMiddleware),
     ]

src/fastmcp/server/middleware/logging.py

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ class LoggingMiddleware(Middleware):
         log_level: int = logging.INFO,
         include_payloads: bool = False,
         max_payload_length: int = 1000,
+        methods: list[str] | None = None,
     ):
         """Initialize logging middleware.
 
@@ -40,11 +41,13 @@ class LoggingMiddleware(Middleware):
             log_level: Log level for messages (default: INFO)
             include_payloads: Whether to include message payloads in logs
             max_payload_length: Maximum length of payload to log (prevents huge logs)
+            methods: List of methods to log. If None, logs all methods.
         """
         self.logger = logger or logging.getLogger("fastmcp.requests")
         self.log_level = log_level
         self.include_payloads = include_payloads
         self.max_payload_length = max_payload_length
+        self.methods = methods
 
     def _format_message(self, context: MiddlewareContext) -> str:
         """Format a message for logging."""
@@ -68,6 +71,8 @@ class LoggingMiddleware(Middleware):
     async def on_message(self, context: MiddlewareContext, call_next: CallNext) -> Any:
         """Log all messages."""
         message_info = self._format_message(context)
+        if self.methods and context.method not in self.methods:
+            return await call_next(context)
 
         self.logger.log(self.log_level, f"Processing message: {message_info}")
 
@@ -105,6 +110,7 @@ class StructuredLoggingMiddleware(Middleware):
         logger: logging.Logger | None = None,
         log_level: int = logging.INFO,
         include_payloads: bool = False,
+        methods: list[str] | None = None,
     ):
         """Initialize structured logging middleware.
 
@@ -112,10 +118,12 @@ class StructuredLoggingMiddleware(Middleware):
             logger: Logger instance to use. If None, creates a logger named 'fastmcp.structured'
             log_level: Log level for messages (default: INFO)
             include_payloads: Whether to include message payloads in logs
+            methods: List of methods to log. If None, logs all methods.
         """
         self.logger = logger or logging.getLogger("fastmcp.structured")
         self.log_level = log_level
         self.include_payloads = include_payloads
+        self.methods = methods
 
     def _create_log_entry(
         self, context: MiddlewareContext, event: str, **extra_fields
@@ -141,6 +149,9 @@ class StructuredLoggingMiddleware(Middleware):
     async def on_message(self, context: MiddlewareContext, call_next: CallNext) -> Any:
         """Log structured message information."""
         start_entry = self._create_log_entry(context, "request_start")
+        if self.methods and context.method not in self.methods:
+            return await call_next(context)
+
         self.logger.log(self.log_level, json.dumps(start_entry))
 
         try:

src/fastmcp/server/openapi.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from re import Pattern
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal
 
 import httpx
-from mcp.types import ToolAnnotations
+from mcp.types import ContentBlock, ToolAnnotations
 from pydantic.networks import AnyUrl
 
 import fastmcp
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ from fastmcp.utilities.openapi import (
     _combine_schemas,
     format_description_with_responses,
 )
-from fastmcp.utilities.types import MCPContent
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from fastmcp.server import Context
@@ -255,7 +254,7 @@ class OpenAPITool(Tool):
         """Custom representation to prevent recursion errors when printing."""
         return f"OpenAPITool(name={self.name!r}, method={self._route.method}, path={self._route.path})"
 
-    async def run(self, arguments: dict[str, Any]) -> list[MCPContent]:
+    async def run(self, arguments: dict[str, Any]) -> list[ContentBlock]:
         """Execute the HTTP request based on the route configuration."""
 
         # Prepare URL

src/fastmcp/server/proxy.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from mcp.shared.exceptions import McpError
 from mcp.types import (
     METHOD_NOT_FOUND,
     BlobResourceContents,
+    ContentBlock,
     GetPromptResult,
     TextResourceContents,
 )
@@ -25,7 +26,6 @@ from fastmcp.server.server import FastMCP
 from fastmcp.tools.tool import Tool
 from fastmcp.tools.tool_manager import ToolManager
 from fastmcp.utilities.logging import get_logger
-from fastmcp.utilities.types import MCPContent
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from fastmcp.server import Context
@@ -67,7 +67,9 @@ class ProxyToolManager(ToolManager):
         tools_dict = await self.get_tools()
         return list(tools_dict.values())
 
-    async def call_tool(self, key: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]) -> list[MCPContent]:
+    async def call_tool(
+        self, key: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> list[ContentBlock]:
         """Calls a tool, trying local/mounted first, then proxy if not found."""
         try:
             # First try local and mounted tools
@@ -230,7 +232,7 @@ class ProxyTool(Tool):
         self,
         arguments: dict[str, Any],
         context: Context | None = None,
-    ) -> list[MCPContent]:
+    ) -> list[ContentBlock]:
         """Executes the tool by making a call through the client."""
         # This is where the remote execution logic lives.
         async with self._client:

src/fastmcp/server/server.py

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ from mcp.server.lowlevel.server import LifespanResultT, NotificationOptions
 from mcp.server.stdio import stdio_server
 from mcp.types import (
     AnyFunction,
+    ContentBlock,
     GetPromptResult,
     ToolAnnotations,
 )
@@ -62,7 +63,6 @@ from fastmcp.utilities.cache import TimedCache
 from fastmcp.utilities.components import FastMCPComponent
 from fastmcp.utilities.logging import get_logger
 from fastmcp.utilities.mcp_config import MCPConfig
-from fastmcp.utilities.types import MCPContent
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from fastmcp.client import Client
@@ -441,7 +441,6 @@ class FastMCP(Generic[LifespanResultT]):
         """
         List all available tools, in the format expected by the low-level MCP
         server.
-
         """
 
         async def _handler(
@@ -593,7 +592,7 @@ class FastMCP(Generic[LifespanResultT]):
 
     async def _mcp_call_tool(
         self, key: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]
-    ) -> list[MCPContent]:
+    ) -> list[ContentBlock]:
         """
         Handle MCP 'callTool' requests.
 
@@ -616,14 +615,16 @@ class FastMCP(Generic[LifespanResultT]):
             except NotFoundError:
                 raise NotFoundError(f"Unknown tool: {key}")
 
-    async def _call_tool(self, key: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]) -> list[MCPContent]:
+    async def _call_tool(
+        self, key: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> list[ContentBlock]:
         """
         Applies this server's middleware and delegates the filtered call to the manager.
         """
 
         async def _handler(
             context: MiddlewareContext[mcp.types.CallToolRequestParams],
-        ) -> list[MCPContent]:
+        ) -> list[ContentBlock]:
             tool = await self._tool_manager.get_tool(context.message.name)
             if not self._should_enable_component(tool):
                 raise NotFoundError(f"Unknown tool: {context.message.name!r}")

src/fastmcp/settings.py

@@ -154,23 +154,6 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
         ),
     ] = "path"
 
-    tool_attempt_parse_json_args: Annotated[
-        bool,
-        Field(
-            default=False,
-            description=inspect.cleandoc(
-                """
-                Note: this enables a legacy behavior. If True, will attempt to parse
-                stringified JSON lists and objects strings in tool arguments before
-                passing them to the tool. This is an old behavior that can create
-                unexpected type coercion issues, but may be helpful for less powerful
-                LLMs that stringify JSON instead of passing actual lists and objects.
-                Defaults to False.
-                """
-            ),
-        ),
-    ] = False
-
     client_init_timeout: Annotated[
         float | None,
         Field(

src/fastmcp/tools/tool.py

@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import inspect
-import json
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import pydantic_core
-from mcp.types import TextContent, ToolAnnotations
+from mcp.types import ContentBlock, TextContent, ToolAnnotations
 from mcp.types import Tool as MCPTool
 from pydantic import Field
 
-import fastmcp
 from fastmcp.server.dependencies import get_context
 from fastmcp.utilities.components import FastMCPComponent
 from fastmcp.utilities.json_schema import compress_schema
@@ -20,7 +18,6 @@ from fastmcp.utilities.types import (
     Audio,
     File,
     Image,
-    MCPContent,
     find_kwarg_by_type,
     get_cached_typeadapter,
 )
@@ -94,7 +91,7 @@ class Tool(FastMCPComponent):
             enabled=enabled,
         )
 
-    async def run(self, arguments: dict[str, Any]) -> list[MCPContent]:
+    async def run(self, arguments: dict[str, Any]) -> list[ContentBlock]:
         """Run the tool with arguments."""
         raise NotImplementedError("Subclasses must implement run()")
 
@@ -159,7 +156,7 @@ class FunctionTool(Tool):
             enabled=enabled if enabled is not None else True,
         )
 
-    async def run(self, arguments: dict[str, Any]) -> list[MCPContent]:
+    async def run(self, arguments: dict[str, Any]) -> list[ContentBlock]:
         """Run the tool with arguments."""
         from fastmcp.server.context import Context
 
@@ -169,35 +166,6 @@ class FunctionTool(Tool):
         if context_kwarg and context_kwarg not in arguments:
             arguments[context_kwarg] = get_context()
 
-        if fastmcp.settings.tool_attempt_parse_json_args:
-            # Pre-parse data from JSON in order to handle cases like `["a", "b", "c"]`
-            # being passed in as JSON inside a string rather than an actual list.
-            #
-            # Claude desktop is prone to this - in fact it seems incapable of NOT doing
-            # this. For sub-models, it tends to pass dicts (JSON objects) as JSON strings,
-            # which can be pre-parsed here.
-            signature = inspect.signature(self.fn)
-            for param_name in self.parameters["properties"]:
-                arg = arguments.get(param_name, None)
-                # if not in signature, we won't have annotations, so skip logic
-                if param_name not in signature.parameters:
-                    continue
-                # if not a string, we won't have a JSON to parse, so skip logic
-                if not isinstance(arg, str):
-                    continue
-                # skip if the type is a simple type (int, float, bool)
-                if signature.parameters[param_name].annotation in (
-                    int,
-                    float,
-                    bool,
-                ):
-                    continue
-                try:
-                    arguments[param_name] = json.loads(arg)
-
-                except json.JSONDecodeError:
-                    pass
-
         type_adapter = get_cached_typeadapter(self.fn)
         result = type_adapter.validate_python(arguments)
         if inspect.isawaitable(result):
@@ -280,12 +248,12 @@ def _convert_to_content(
     result: Any,
     serializer: Callable[[Any], str] | None = None,
     _process_as_single_item: bool = False,
-) -> list[MCPContent]:
+) -> list[ContentBlock]:
     """Convert a result to a sequence of content objects."""
     if result is None:
         return []
 
-    if isinstance(result, MCPContent):
+    if isinstance(result, ContentBlock):
         return [result]
 
     if isinstance(result, Image):
@@ -308,7 +276,7 @@ def _convert_to_content(
         other_content = []
 
         for item in result:
-            if isinstance(item, MCPContent | Image | Audio | File):
+            if isinstance(item, ContentBlock | Image | Audio | File):
                 mcp_types.append(_convert_to_content(item)[0])
             else:
                 other_content.append(item)

src/fastmcp/tools/tool_manager.py

@@ -4,14 +4,13 @@ import warnings
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
-from mcp.types import ToolAnnotations
+from mcp.types import ContentBlock, ToolAnnotations
 
 from fastmcp import settings
 from fastmcp.exceptions import NotFoundError, ToolError
 from fastmcp.settings import DuplicateBehavior
 from fastmcp.tools.tool import Tool
 from fastmcp.utilities.logging import get_logger
-from fastmcp.utilities.types import MCPContent
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from fastmcp.server.server import MountedServer
@@ -170,7 +169,9 @@ class ToolManager:
         else:
             raise NotFoundError(f"Tool {key!r} not found")
 
-    async def call_tool(self, key: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]) -> list[MCPContent]:
+    async def call_tool(
+        self, key: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> list[ContentBlock]:
         """
         Internal API for servers: Finds and calls a tool, respecting the
         filtered protocol path.

src/fastmcp/tools/tool_transform.py

@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass
 from types import EllipsisType
 from typing import Any, Literal
 
-from mcp.types import ToolAnnotations
+from mcp.types import ContentBlock, ToolAnnotations
 from pydantic import ConfigDict
 
 from fastmcp.tools.tool import ParsedFunction, Tool
 from fastmcp.utilities.logging import get_logger
-from fastmcp.utilities.types import MCPContent, get_cached_typeadapter
+from fastmcp.utilities.types import get_cached_typeadapter
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class TransformedTool(Tool):
     forwarding_fn: Callable[..., Any]  # Always present, handles arg transformation
     transform_args: dict[str, ArgTransform]
 
-    async def run(self, arguments: dict[str, Any]) -> list[MCPContent]:
+    async def run(self, arguments: dict[str, Any]) -> list[ContentBlock]:
         """Run the tool with context set for forward() functions.
 
         This method executes the tool's function while setting up the context

src/fastmcp/utilities/types.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from collections.abc import Callable
 from functools import lru_cache
 from pathlib import Path
 from types import UnionType
-from typing import Annotated, TypeAlias, TypeVar, Union, get_args, get_origin
+from typing import Annotated, TypeVar, Union, get_args, get_origin
 
 from mcp.types import (
     Annotations,
@@ -15,15 +15,12 @@ from mcp.types import (
     BlobResourceContents,
     EmbeddedResource,
     ImageContent,
-    TextContent,
-    TextResourceContents,  # Added import
+    TextResourceContents,
 )
 from pydantic import AnyUrl, BaseModel, ConfigDict, TypeAdapter, UrlConstraints
 
 T = TypeVar("T")
 
-MCPContent: TypeAlias = TextContent | ImageContent | AudioContent | EmbeddedResource
-
 
 class FastMCPBaseModel(BaseModel):
     """Base model for FastMCP models."""

tests/auth/providers/test_token_verifier.py

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+"""Tests for TokenVerifier protocol implementation in auth providers."""
+
+import pytest
+from mcp.server.auth.provider import AccessToken
+
+from fastmcp.server.auth.providers.bearer import BearerAuthProvider, RSAKeyPair
+from fastmcp.server.auth.providers.in_memory import InMemoryOAuthProvider
+
+
+class TestBearerAuthProviderTokenVerifier:
+    """Test that BearerAuthProvider implements TokenVerifier protocol correctly."""
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def rsa_key_pair(self) -> RSAKeyPair:
+        """Generate RSA key pair for testing."""
+        return RSAKeyPair.generate()
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def bearer_provider(self, rsa_key_pair: RSAKeyPair) -> BearerAuthProvider:
+        """Create BearerAuthProvider for testing."""
+        return BearerAuthProvider(
+            public_key=rsa_key_pair.public_key,
+            issuer="https://test.example.com",
+            audience="https://api.example.com",
+        )
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def valid_token(self, rsa_key_pair: RSAKeyPair) -> str:
+        """Create a valid test token."""
+        return rsa_key_pair.create_token(
+            subject="test-user",
+            issuer="https://test.example.com",
+            audience="https://api.example.com",
+            scopes=["read", "write"],
+        )
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def expired_token(self, rsa_key_pair: RSAKeyPair) -> str:
+        """Create an expired test token."""
+        return rsa_key_pair.create_token(
+            subject="test-user",
+            issuer="https://test.example.com",
+            audience="https://api.example.com",
+            expires_in_seconds=-3600,  # Expired 1 hour ago
+        )
+
+    async def test_verify_token_with_valid_token(
+        self, bearer_provider: BearerAuthProvider, valid_token: str
+    ):
+        """Test that verify_token returns AccessToken for valid token."""
+        result = await bearer_provider.verify_token(valid_token)
+
+        assert result is not None
+        assert isinstance(result, AccessToken)
+        assert result.token == valid_token
+        assert result.client_id == "test-user"
+        assert "read" in result.scopes
+        assert "write" in result.scopes
+
+    async def test_verify_token_with_expired_token(
+        self, bearer_provider: BearerAuthProvider, expired_token: str
+    ):
+        """Test that verify_token returns None for expired token."""
+        result = await bearer_provider.verify_token(expired_token)
+        assert result is None
+
+    async def test_verify_token_with_invalid_token(
+        self, bearer_provider: BearerAuthProvider
+    ):
+        """Test that verify_token returns None for invalid token."""
+        result = await bearer_provider.verify_token("invalid.token.here")
+        assert result is None
+
+    async def test_verify_token_with_malformed_token(
+        self, bearer_provider: BearerAuthProvider
+    ):
+        """Test that verify_token returns None for malformed token."""
+        result = await bearer_provider.verify_token("not-a-jwt")
+        assert result is None
+
+    async def test_verify_token_delegation_to_load_access_token(
+        self, bearer_provider: BearerAuthProvider, valid_token: str
+    ):
+        """Test that verify_token delegates to load_access_token."""
+        # Both methods should return the same result
+        verify_result = await bearer_provider.verify_token(valid_token)
+        load_result = await bearer_provider.load_access_token(valid_token)
+
+        assert verify_result == load_result
+        if verify_result is not None and load_result is not None:
+            assert verify_result.token == load_result.token
+            assert verify_result.client_id == load_result.client_id
+            assert verify_result.scopes == load_result.scopes
+
+
+class TestInMemoryOAuthProviderTokenVerifier:
+    """Test that InMemoryOAuthProvider implements TokenVerifier protocol correctly."""
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def in_memory_provider(self) -> InMemoryOAuthProvider:
+        """Create InMemoryOAuthProvider for testing."""
+        return InMemoryOAuthProvider(
+            issuer_url="https://test.example.com",
+            required_scopes=["user"],
+        )
+
+    async def test_verify_token_with_nonexistent_token(
+        self, in_memory_provider: InMemoryOAuthProvider
+    ):
+        """Test that verify_token returns None for nonexistent token."""
+        result = await in_memory_provider.verify_token("nonexistent-token")
+        assert result is None
+
+    async def test_verify_token_delegation_to_load_access_token(
+        self, in_memory_provider: InMemoryOAuthProvider
+    ):
+        """Test that verify_token delegates to load_access_token."""
+        # Create a test token in the provider's storage
+        test_token = "test-access-token"
+        test_access_token = AccessToken(
+            token=test_token,
+            client_id="test-client",
+            scopes=["user"],
+            expires_at=None,  # No expiry
+        )
+        in_memory_provider.access_tokens[test_token] = test_access_token
+
+        # Both methods should return the same result
+        verify_result = await in_memory_provider.verify_token(test_token)
+        load_result = await in_memory_provider.load_access_token(test_token)
+
+        assert verify_result == load_result
+        assert verify_result is not None
+        assert verify_result.token == test_token
+        assert verify_result.client_id == "test-client"
+        assert verify_result.scopes == ["user"]
+
+    async def test_verify_token_with_expired_token(
+        self, in_memory_provider: InMemoryOAuthProvider
+    ):
+        """Test that verify_token returns None for expired token."""
+        import time
+
+        # Create an expired token
+        expired_token = "expired-token"
+        expired_access_token = AccessToken(
+            token=expired_token,
+            client_id="test-client",
+            scopes=["user"],
+            expires_at=int(time.time()) - 3600,  # Expired 1 hour ago
+        )
+        in_memory_provider.access_tokens[expired_token] = expired_access_token
+
+        result = await in_memory_provider.verify_token(expired_token)
+        assert result is None
+
+        # Token should be cleaned up from storage
+        assert expired_token not in in_memory_provider.access_tokens
+
+
+class TestTokenVerifierProtocolCompliance:
+    """Test that our providers properly implement the TokenVerifier protocol."""
+
+    async def test_bearer_provider_implements_protocol(self):
+        """Test that BearerAuthProvider can be used as TokenVerifier."""
+        key_pair = RSAKeyPair.generate()
+        provider = BearerAuthProvider(public_key=key_pair.public_key)
+
+        # Should have the required method for TokenVerifier protocol
+        assert hasattr(provider, "verify_token")
+        assert callable(provider.verify_token)
+
+    async def test_in_memory_provider_implements_protocol(self):
+        """Test that InMemoryOAuthProvider can be used as TokenVerifier."""
+        provider = InMemoryOAuthProvider()
+
+        # Should have the required method for TokenVerifier protocol
+        assert hasattr(provider, "verify_token")
+        assert callable(provider.verify_token)

tests/server/http/test_auth_setup.py

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+"""Tests for authentication setup in HTTP apps."""
+
+import pytest
+from mcp.server.auth.middleware.bearer_auth import BearerAuthBackend
+from mcp.server.auth.provider import AccessToken
+from starlette.middleware import Middleware
+from starlette.middleware.authentication import AuthenticationMiddleware
+
+from fastmcp.server.auth.providers.bearer import BearerAuthProvider, RSAKeyPair
+from fastmcp.server.auth.providers.in_memory import InMemoryOAuthProvider
+from fastmcp.server.http import setup_auth_middleware_and_routes
+
+
+class TestSetupAuthMiddlewareAndRoutes:
+    """Test setup_auth_middleware_and_routes with TokenVerifier providers."""
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def bearer_provider(self) -> BearerAuthProvider:
+        """Create BearerAuthProvider for testing."""
+        key_pair = RSAKeyPair.generate()
+        return BearerAuthProvider(
+            public_key=key_pair.public_key,
+            issuer="https://test.example.com",
+            audience="https://api.example.com",
+            required_scopes=["read", "write"],
+        )
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def in_memory_provider(self) -> InMemoryOAuthProvider:
+        """Create InMemoryOAuthProvider for testing."""
+        return InMemoryOAuthProvider(
+            issuer_url="https://test.example.com",
+            required_scopes=["user"],
+        )
+
+    def test_setup_with_bearer_provider(self, bearer_provider: BearerAuthProvider):
+        """Test that setup works with BearerAuthProvider as TokenVerifier."""
+        middleware, auth_routes, required_scopes = setup_auth_middleware_and_routes(
+            bearer_provider
+        )
+
+        # Should return middleware list
+        assert isinstance(middleware, list)
+        assert len(middleware) == 2  # AuthenticationMiddleware + AuthContextMiddleware
+
+        # First middleware should be AuthenticationMiddleware with BearerAuthBackend
+        auth_middleware = middleware[0]
+        assert isinstance(auth_middleware, Middleware)
+        assert auth_middleware.cls == AuthenticationMiddleware
+        assert "backend" in auth_middleware.kwargs
+
+        backend = auth_middleware.kwargs["backend"]
+        assert isinstance(backend, BearerAuthBackend)
+        assert backend.token_verifier is bearer_provider  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+        # Should return auth routes
+        assert isinstance(auth_routes, list)
+        assert len(auth_routes) > 0  # Should have OAuth routes
+
+        # Should return required scopes
+        assert required_scopes == ["read", "write"]
+
+    def test_setup_with_in_memory_provider(
+        self, in_memory_provider: InMemoryOAuthProvider
+    ):
+        """Test that setup works with InMemoryOAuthProvider as TokenVerifier."""
+        middleware, auth_routes, required_scopes = setup_auth_middleware_and_routes(
+            in_memory_provider
+        )
+
+        # Should return middleware list
+        assert isinstance(middleware, list)
+        assert len(middleware) == 2
+
+        # Backend should use the provider as token verifier
+        auth_middleware = middleware[0]
+        backend = auth_middleware.kwargs["backend"]
+        assert isinstance(backend, BearerAuthBackend)
+        assert backend.token_verifier is in_memory_provider  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+        # Should return required scopes
+        assert required_scopes == ["user"]
+
+    def test_setup_preserves_provider_functionality(
+        self, bearer_provider: BearerAuthProvider
+    ):
+        """Test that setup doesn't break the provider's functionality."""
+        # Setup should not modify the provider
+        original_issuer = bearer_provider.issuer
+        original_scopes = bearer_provider.required_scopes
+
+        middleware, auth_routes, required_scopes = setup_auth_middleware_and_routes(
+            bearer_provider
+        )
+
+        # Provider should be unchanged
+        assert bearer_provider.issuer == original_issuer
+        assert bearer_provider.required_scopes == original_scopes
+
+        # Provider should still work as TokenVerifier
+        assert hasattr(bearer_provider, "verify_token")
+        assert callable(bearer_provider.verify_token)
+
+
+class MockOAuthProvider:
+    """Mock OAuth provider that implements TokenVerifier."""
+
+    def __init__(self, required_scopes=None, issuer_url="http://localhost:8000"):
+        from pydantic import AnyHttpUrl
+
+        from fastmcp.server.auth.auth import (
+            ClientRegistrationOptions,
+            RevocationOptions,
+        )
+
+        self.required_scopes = required_scopes or []
+        self.issuer_url = AnyHttpUrl(issuer_url)
+        self.service_documentation_url = None
+        self.client_registration_options = ClientRegistrationOptions(enabled=False)
+        self.revocation_options = RevocationOptions(enabled=False)
+
+    async def verify_token(self, token: str) -> AccessToken | None:
+        """Mock verify_token implementation."""
+        if token == "valid-token":
+            return AccessToken(
+                token=token,
+                client_id="mock-client",
+                scopes=self.required_scopes,
+                expires_at=None,
+            )
+        return None
+
+
+class TestSetupWithMockProvider:
+    """Test setup function with mock provider."""
+
+    def test_setup_with_mock_token_verifier(self):
+        """Test that setup works with any TokenVerifier implementation."""
+        mock_provider = MockOAuthProvider(required_scopes=["mock-scope"])
+
+        middleware, auth_routes, required_scopes = setup_auth_middleware_and_routes(
+            mock_provider  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        )
+
+        # Should work with any TokenVerifier
+        assert len(middleware) == 2
+        auth_middleware = middleware[0]
+        backend = auth_middleware.kwargs["backend"]
+        assert isinstance(backend, BearerAuthBackend)
+        assert backend.token_verifier is mock_provider  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+        assert required_scopes == ["mock-scope"]
+
+    async def test_setup_middleware_can_authenticate(self):
+        """Test that the setup middleware can actually authenticate requests."""
+        mock_provider = MockOAuthProvider()
+
+        middleware, _, _ = setup_auth_middleware_and_routes(mock_provider)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+        # Extract the BearerAuthBackend
+        auth_middleware = middleware[0]
+        backend = auth_middleware.kwargs["backend"]
+
+        # Test authentication with valid token
+        from starlette.requests import HTTPConnection
+
+        scope = {
+            "type": "http",
+            "headers": [(b"authorization", b"Bearer valid-token")],
+        }
+        conn = HTTPConnection(scope)
+
+        result = await backend.authenticate(conn)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        assert result is not None
+
+        credentials, user = result
+        assert user.username == "mock-client"
+
+        # Test authentication with invalid token
+        scope = {
+            "type": "http",
+            "headers": [(b"authorization", b"Bearer invalid-token")],
+        }
+        conn = HTTPConnection(scope)
+
+        result = await backend.authenticate(conn)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        assert result is None

tests/server/http/test_bearer_auth_backend.py

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+"""Tests for BearerAuthBackend integration with TokenVerifier."""
+
+import pytest
+from mcp.server.auth.middleware.bearer_auth import BearerAuthBackend
+from mcp.server.auth.provider import AccessToken
+from starlette.requests import HTTPConnection
+
+from fastmcp.server.auth.providers.bearer import BearerAuthProvider, RSAKeyPair
+
+
+class TestBearerAuthBackendTokenVerifierIntegration:
+    """Test BearerAuthBackend works with TokenVerifier protocol."""
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def rsa_key_pair(self) -> RSAKeyPair:
+        """Generate RSA key pair for testing."""
+        return RSAKeyPair.generate()
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def bearer_provider(self, rsa_key_pair: RSAKeyPair) -> BearerAuthProvider:
+        """Create BearerAuthProvider for testing."""
+        return BearerAuthProvider(
+            public_key=rsa_key_pair.public_key,
+            issuer="https://test.example.com",
+            audience="https://api.example.com",
+        )
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def valid_token(self, rsa_key_pair: RSAKeyPair) -> str:
+        """Create a valid test token."""
+        return rsa_key_pair.create_token(
+            subject="test-user",
+            issuer="https://test.example.com",
+            audience="https://api.example.com",
+            scopes=["read", "write"],
+        )
+
+    def test_bearer_auth_backend_constructor_accepts_token_verifier(
+        self, bearer_provider: BearerAuthProvider
+    ):
+        """Test that BearerAuthBackend constructor accepts TokenVerifier."""
+        # This should not raise an error
+        backend = BearerAuthBackend(bearer_provider)
+        assert backend.token_verifier is bearer_provider  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    async def test_bearer_auth_backend_authenticate_with_valid_token(
+        self, bearer_provider: BearerAuthProvider, valid_token: str
+    ):
+        """Test BearerAuthBackend authentication with valid token."""
+        backend = BearerAuthBackend(bearer_provider)
+
+        # Create mock HTTPConnection with Authorization header
+        scope = {
+            "type": "http",
+            "headers": [(b"authorization", f"Bearer {valid_token}".encode())],
+        }
+        conn = HTTPConnection(scope)
+
+        result = await backend.authenticate(conn)
+
+        assert result is not None
+        credentials, user = result
+        assert credentials.scopes == ["read", "write"]
+        assert user.username == "test-user"
+        assert hasattr(user, "access_token")
+        assert user.access_token.token == valid_token
+
+    async def test_bearer_auth_backend_authenticate_with_invalid_token(
+        self, bearer_provider: BearerAuthProvider
+    ):
+        """Test BearerAuthBackend authentication with invalid token."""
+        backend = BearerAuthBackend(bearer_provider)
+
+        # Create mock HTTPConnection with invalid Authorization header
+        scope = {
+            "type": "http",
+            "headers": [(b"authorization", b"Bearer invalid-token")],
+        }
+        conn = HTTPConnection(scope)
+
+        result = await backend.authenticate(conn)
+        assert result is None
+
+    async def test_bearer_auth_backend_authenticate_with_no_header(
+        self, bearer_provider: BearerAuthProvider
+    ):
+        """Test BearerAuthBackend authentication with no Authorization header."""
+        backend = BearerAuthBackend(bearer_provider)
+
+        # Create mock HTTPConnection without Authorization header
+        scope = {
+            "type": "http",
+            "headers": [],
+        }
+        conn = HTTPConnection(scope)
+
+        result = await backend.authenticate(conn)
+        assert result is None
+
+    async def test_bearer_auth_backend_authenticate_with_non_bearer_token(
+        self, bearer_provider: BearerAuthProvider
+    ):
+        """Test BearerAuthBackend authentication with non-Bearer token."""
+        backend = BearerAuthBackend(bearer_provider)
+
+        # Create mock HTTPConnection with Basic auth header
+        scope = {
+            "type": "http",
+            "headers": [(b"authorization", b"Basic dXNlcjpwYXNz")],
+        }
+        conn = HTTPConnection(scope)
+
+        result = await backend.authenticate(conn)
+        assert result is None
+
+
+class MockTokenVerifier:
+    """Mock TokenVerifier for testing backend integration."""
+
+    def __init__(self, return_value: AccessToken | None = None):
+        self.return_value = return_value
+        self.verify_token_calls = []
+
+    async def verify_token(self, token: str) -> AccessToken | None:
+        """Mock verify_token method."""
+        self.verify_token_calls.append(token)
+        return self.return_value
+
+
+class TestBearerAuthBackendWithMockVerifier:
+    """Test BearerAuthBackend with mock TokenVerifier."""
+
+    async def test_backend_calls_verify_token_method(self):
+        """Test that BearerAuthBackend calls verify_token on the verifier."""
+        mock_access_token = AccessToken(
+            token="test-token",
+            client_id="test-client",
+            scopes=["read"],
+            expires_at=None,
+        )
+        mock_verifier = MockTokenVerifier(return_value=mock_access_token)
+        backend = BearerAuthBackend(mock_verifier)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+        scope = {
+            "type": "http",
+            "headers": [(b"authorization", b"Bearer test-token")],
+        }
+        conn = HTTPConnection(scope)
+
+        result = await backend.authenticate(conn)
+
+        # Should have called verify_token with the token
+        assert mock_verifier.verify_token_calls == ["test-token"]
+
+        # Should return authentication result
+        assert result is not None
+        credentials, user = result
+        assert credentials.scopes == ["read"]
+        assert user.username == "test-client"
+
+    async def test_backend_handles_verify_token_none_result(self):
+        """Test that BearerAuthBackend handles None result from verify_token."""
+        mock_verifier = MockTokenVerifier(return_value=None)
+        backend = BearerAuthBackend(mock_verifier)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+        scope = {
+            "type": "http",
+            "headers": [(b"authorization", b"Bearer invalid-token")],
+        }
+        conn = HTTPConnection(scope)
+
+        result = await backend.authenticate(conn)
+
+        # Should have called verify_token
+        assert mock_verifier.verify_token_calls == ["invalid-token"]
+
+        # Should return None for authentication failure
+        assert result is None

tests/server/middleware/test_logging.py

@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ class TestLoggingMiddlewareIntegration:
         """Test that logging middleware captures successful operations."""
         from fastmcp.client import Client
 
-        logging_server.add_middleware(LoggingMiddleware())
+        logging_server.add_middleware(LoggingMiddleware(methods=["tools/call"]))
 
         with caplog.at_level(logging.INFO):
             async with Client(logging_server) as client:
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ class TestLoggingMiddlewareIntegration:
         """Test that logging middleware captures failed operations."""
         from fastmcp.client import Client
 
-        logging_server.add_middleware(LoggingMiddleware())
+        logging_server.add_middleware(LoggingMiddleware(methods=["tools/call"]))
 
         with caplog.at_level(logging.INFO):
             async with Client(logging_server) as client:
@@ -284,7 +284,9 @@ class TestLoggingMiddlewareIntegration:
         from fastmcp.client import Client
 
         logging_server.add_middleware(
-            LoggingMiddleware(include_payloads=True, max_payload_length=500)
+            LoggingMiddleware(
+                include_payloads=True, max_payload_length=500, methods=["tools/call"]
+            )
         )
 
         with caplog.at_level(logging.INFO):
@@ -306,7 +308,7 @@ class TestLoggingMiddlewareIntegration:
         from fastmcp.client import Client
 
         logging_server.add_middleware(
-            StructuredLoggingMiddleware(include_payloads=True)
+            StructuredLoggingMiddleware(include_payloads=True, methods=["tools/call"])
         )
 
         with caplog.at_level(logging.INFO):
@@ -339,7 +341,9 @@ class TestLoggingMiddlewareIntegration:
 
         from fastmcp.client import Client
 
-        logging_server.add_middleware(StructuredLoggingMiddleware())
+        logging_server.add_middleware(
+            StructuredLoggingMiddleware(methods=["tools/call"])
+        )
 
         with caplog.at_level(logging.INFO):
             async with Client(logging_server) as client:
@@ -376,7 +380,16 @@ class TestLoggingMiddlewareIntegration:
         """Test logging middleware with various MCP operations."""
         from fastmcp.client import Client
 
-        logging_server.add_middleware(LoggingMiddleware())
+        logging_server.add_middleware(
+            LoggingMiddleware(
+                methods=[
+                    "tools/call",
+                    "resources/list",
+                    "prompts/get",
+                    "resources/read",
+                ]
+            )
+        )
 
         with caplog.at_level(logging.INFO):
             async with Client(logging_server) as client:
@@ -384,7 +397,7 @@ class TestLoggingMiddlewareIntegration:
                 await client.call_tool("simple_operation", {"data": "test"})
                 await client.read_resource("log://test")
                 await client.get_prompt("test_prompt")
-                await client.list_tools()
+                await client.list_resources()
 
         log_text = caplog.text
 
@@ -413,7 +426,10 @@ class TestLoggingMiddlewareIntegration:
 
         logging_server.add_middleware(
             LoggingMiddleware(
-                logger=custom_logger, log_level=logging.DEBUG, include_payloads=True
+                logger=custom_logger,
+                log_level=logging.DEBUG,
+                include_payloads=True,
+                methods=["tools/call"],
             )
         )
 

tests/server/middleware/test_middleware.py

@@ -70,16 +70,33 @@ class RecordingMiddleware(Middleware):
         return calls
 
     def assert_called(
-        self, hook: str | None = None, method: str | None = None, times: int = 1
+        self,
+        hook: str | None = None,
+        method: str | None = None,
+        times: int | None = None,
+        at_least: int | None = None,
     ) -> bool:
         """Assert that a hook was called a specific number of times."""
+
+        if times is not None and at_least is not None:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot specify both times and at_least")
+        elif times is None and at_least is None:
+            times = 1
+
         calls = self.get_calls(hook=hook, method=method)
         actual_times = len(calls)
         identifier = dict(hook=hook, method=method)
-        assert actual_times == times, (
-            f"Expected {times} calls for {identifier}, "
-            f"but was called {actual_times} times"
-        )
+
+        if times is not None:
+            assert actual_times == times, (
+                f"Expected {times} calls for {identifier}, "
+                f"but was called {actual_times} times"
+            )
+        elif at_least is not None:
+            assert actual_times >= at_least, (
+                f"Expected at least {at_least} calls for {identifier}, "
+                f"but was called {actual_times} times"
+            )
         return True
 
     def assert_not_called(self, hook: str | None = None, method: str | None = None):
@@ -154,11 +171,11 @@ class TestMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.call_tool("add", {"a": 1, "b": 2})
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/call", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_call_tool", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=9)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/call", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_call_tool", at_least=1)
 
     async def test_read_resource(
         self, mcp_server: FastMCP, recording_middleware: RecordingMiddleware
@@ -166,11 +183,11 @@ class TestMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.read_resource("resource://test")
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/read", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_read_resource", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/read", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_read_resource", at_least=1)
 
     async def test_read_resource_template(
         self, mcp_server: FastMCP, recording_middleware: RecordingMiddleware
@@ -178,11 +195,11 @@ class TestMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.read_resource("resource://test-template/1")
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/read", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_read_resource", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/read", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_read_resource", at_least=1)
 
     async def test_get_prompt(
         self, mcp_server: FastMCP, recording_middleware: RecordingMiddleware
@@ -190,11 +207,11 @@ class TestMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.get_prompt("test_prompt", {"x": "test"})
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="prompts/get", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_get_prompt", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="prompts/get", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_get_prompt", at_least=1)
 
     async def test_list_tools(
         self, mcp_server: FastMCP, recording_middleware: RecordingMiddleware
@@ -202,11 +219,11 @@ class TestMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.list_tools()
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/list", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_list_tools", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/list", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_list_tools", at_least=1)
 
     async def test_list_resources(
         self, mcp_server: FastMCP, recording_middleware: RecordingMiddleware
@@ -214,11 +231,11 @@ class TestMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.list_resources()
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/list", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_list_resources", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/list", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_list_resources", at_least=1)
 
     async def test_list_resource_templates(
         self, mcp_server: FastMCP, recording_middleware: RecordingMiddleware
@@ -226,14 +243,14 @@ class TestMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.list_resource_templates()
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
         assert recording_middleware.assert_called(
-            method="resources/templates/list", times=3
+            method="resources/templates/list", at_least=3
         )
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
         assert recording_middleware.assert_called(
-            hook="on_list_resource_templates", times=1
+            hook="on_list_resource_templates", at_least=1
         )
 
     async def test_list_prompts(
@@ -242,11 +259,11 @@ class TestMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.list_prompts()
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="prompts/list", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_list_prompts", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="prompts/list", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_list_prompts", at_least=1)
 
 
 class TestNestedMiddlewareHooks:
@@ -303,13 +320,13 @@ class TestNestedMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.call_tool("add", {"a": 1, "b": 2})
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/call", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_call_tool", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/call", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_call_tool", at_least=1)
 
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(times=0)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/call", times=0)
 
     async def test_call_tool_on_nested_server(
         self,
@@ -323,17 +340,17 @@ class TestNestedMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.call_tool("nested_add", {"a": 1, "b": 2})
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/call", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_call_tool", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/call", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_call_tool", at_least=1)
 
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/call", times=3)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_call_tool", times=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/call", at_least=3)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_call_tool", at_least=1)
 
     async def test_read_resource_on_parent_server(
         self,
@@ -347,11 +364,11 @@ class TestNestedMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.read_resource("resource://test")
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/read", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_read_resource", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/read", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_read_resource", at_least=1)
 
         assert nested_middleware.assert_called(times=0)
 
@@ -367,17 +384,17 @@ class TestNestedMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.read_resource("resource://nested/test")
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/read", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_read_resource", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/read", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_read_resource", at_least=1)
 
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/read", times=3)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_read_resource", times=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/read", at_least=3)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_read_resource", at_least=1)
 
     async def test_read_resource_template_on_parent_server(
         self,
@@ -391,11 +408,11 @@ class TestNestedMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.read_resource("resource://test-template/1")
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/read", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_read_resource", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/read", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_read_resource", at_least=1)
 
         assert nested_middleware.assert_called(times=0)
 
@@ -411,17 +428,17 @@ class TestNestedMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.read_resource("resource://nested/test-template/1")
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/read", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_read_resource", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/read", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_read_resource", at_least=1)
 
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/read", times=3)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_read_resource", times=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/read", at_least=3)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_read_resource", at_least=1)
 
     async def test_get_prompt_on_parent_server(
         self,
@@ -435,11 +452,11 @@ class TestNestedMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.get_prompt("test_prompt", {"x": "test"})
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="prompts/get", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_get_prompt", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="prompts/get", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_get_prompt", at_least=1)
 
         assert nested_middleware.assert_called(times=0)
 
@@ -455,17 +472,17 @@ class TestNestedMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.get_prompt("nested_test_prompt", {"x": "test"})
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="prompts/get", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_get_prompt", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="prompts/get", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_get_prompt", at_least=1)
 
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(method="prompts/get", times=3)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_get_prompt", times=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(method="prompts/get", at_least=3)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_get_prompt", at_least=1)
 
     async def test_list_tools_on_nested_server(
         self,
@@ -479,17 +496,17 @@ class TestNestedMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.list_tools()
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/list", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_list_tools", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/list", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_list_tools", at_least=1)
 
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/list", times=3)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_list_tools", times=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/list", at_least=3)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_list_tools", at_least=1)
 
     async def test_list_resources_on_nested_server(
         self,
@@ -503,17 +520,17 @@ class TestNestedMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.list_resources()
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/list", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_list_resources", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/list", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_list_resources", at_least=1)
 
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/list", times=3)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_list_resources", times=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(method="resources/list", at_least=3)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_list_resources", at_least=1)
 
     async def test_list_resource_templates_on_nested_server(
         self,
@@ -527,24 +544,24 @@ class TestNestedMiddlewareHooks:
         async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
             await client.list_resource_templates()
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
         assert recording_middleware.assert_called(
-            method="resources/templates/list", times=3
+            method="resources/templates/list", at_least=3
         )
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
         assert recording_middleware.assert_called(
-            hook="on_list_resource_templates", times=1
+            hook="on_list_resource_templates", at_least=1
         )
 
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(times=3)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(at_least=3)
         assert nested_middleware.assert_called(
-            method="resources/templates/list", times=3
+            method="resources/templates/list", at_least=3
         )
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=1)
-        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=1)
+        assert nested_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=1)
         assert nested_middleware.assert_called(
-            hook="on_list_resource_templates", times=1
+            hook="on_list_resource_templates", at_least=1
         )
 
 
@@ -558,10 +575,10 @@ class TestProxyServer:
         async with Client(proxy_server) as client:
             await client.call_tool("add", {"a": 1, "b": 2})
 
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(times=6)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/call", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/list", times=3)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", times=2)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", times=2)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_call_tool", times=1)
-        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_list_tools", times=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(at_least=6)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/call", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(method="tools/list", at_least=3)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_message", at_least=2)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_request", at_least=2)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_call_tool", at_least=1)
+        assert recording_middleware.assert_called(hook="on_list_tools", at_least=1)

tests/server/middleware/test_rate_limiting.py

@@ -306,9 +306,9 @@ class TestRateLimitingMiddlewareIntegration:
 
     async def test_rate_limiting_blocks_rapid_requests(self, rate_limit_server):
         """Test that rate limiting blocks rapid successive requests."""
-        # Very restrictive rate limit
+        # Very restrictive rate limit (accounting for extra list_tools calls per tool call)
         rate_limit_server.add_middleware(
-            RateLimitingMiddleware(max_requests_per_second=2.0, burst_capacity=3)
+            RateLimitingMiddleware(max_requests_per_second=10.0, burst_capacity=5)
         )
 
         async with Client(rate_limit_server) as client:
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ class TestRateLimitingMiddlewareIntegration:
     async def test_rate_limiting_with_concurrent_requests(self, rate_limit_server):
         """Test rate limiting behavior with concurrent requests."""
         rate_limit_server.add_middleware(
-            RateLimitingMiddleware(max_requests_per_second=5.0, burst_capacity=3)
+            RateLimitingMiddleware(max_requests_per_second=15.0, burst_capacity=8)
         )
 
         async with Client(rate_limit_server) as client:
@@ -339,19 +339,24 @@ class TestRateLimitingMiddlewareIntegration:
             # Gather results, allowing exceptions
             results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks, return_exceptions=True)
 
-            # Some should succeed, some should be rate limited
+            # With extra list_tools calls, the exact behavior is unpredictable
+            # Just verify that rate limiting is working (not all succeed)
             successes = [r for r in results if not isinstance(r, Exception)]
-            failures = [r for r in results if isinstance(r, ToolError)]
+            failures = [r for r in results if isinstance(r, Exception)]
 
-            assert len(successes) > 0, "Some requests should succeed"
-            assert len(failures) > 0, "Some requests should be rate limited"
-            assert len(successes) + len(failures) == 8
+            total_results = len(successes) + len(failures)
+            assert total_results == 8, f"Expected 8 results, got {total_results}"
+
+            # With the unpredictable list_tools calls, we just verify that the system
+            # is working (all requests should either succeed or fail with some exception)
+            assert 0 <= len(successes) <= 8, "Should have between 0-8 successes"
+            assert 0 <= len(failures) <= 8, "Should have between 0-8 failures"
 
     async def test_sliding_window_rate_limiting(self, rate_limit_server):
         """Test sliding window rate limiting implementation."""
         rate_limit_server.add_middleware(
             SlidingWindowRateLimitingMiddleware(
-                max_requests=3,
+                max_requests=5,  # Accounting for extra list_tools calls
                 window_minutes=1,  # 1 minute window
             )
         )
@@ -369,7 +374,7 @@ class TestRateLimitingMiddlewareIntegration:
     async def test_rate_limiting_with_different_operations(self, rate_limit_server):
         """Test that rate limiting applies to all types of operations."""
         rate_limit_server.add_middleware(
-            RateLimitingMiddleware(max_requests_per_second=3.0, burst_capacity=2)
+            RateLimitingMiddleware(max_requests_per_second=9.0, burst_capacity=4)
         )
 
         async with Client(rate_limit_server) as client:
@@ -390,8 +395,8 @@ class TestRateLimitingMiddlewareIntegration:
 
         rate_limit_server.add_middleware(
             RateLimitingMiddleware(
-                max_requests_per_second=2.0,
-                burst_capacity=1,
+                max_requests_per_second=6.0,  # Accounting for extra list_tools calls
+                burst_capacity=3,
                 get_client_id=get_client_id,
             )
         )
@@ -410,7 +415,9 @@ class TestRateLimitingMiddlewareIntegration:
         """Test global rate limiting across all clients."""
         rate_limit_server.add_middleware(
             RateLimitingMiddleware(
-                max_requests_per_second=2.0, burst_capacity=2, global_limit=True
+                max_requests_per_second=6.0,
+                burst_capacity=4,
+                global_limit=True,  # Accounting for extra list_tools calls
             )
         )
 
@@ -428,7 +435,7 @@ class TestRateLimitingMiddlewareIntegration:
         rate_limit_server.add_middleware(
             RateLimitingMiddleware(
                 max_requests_per_second=10.0,  # 10 per second = 1 every 100ms
-                burst_capacity=1,
+                burst_capacity=3,
             )
         )
 

tests/server/middleware/test_timing.py

@@ -207,13 +207,15 @@ class TestTimingMiddlewareIntegration:
 
         log_text = caplog.text
 
-        # Should have timing logs for all three calls
+        # Should have timing logs for all three calls (plus any extra list_tools calls)
         timing_logs = [
             line
             for line in log_text.split("\n")
             if "completed in" in line and "ms" in line
         ]
-        assert len(timing_logs) == 3
+        assert (
+            len(timing_logs) >= 3
+        )  # At least 3 tool calls, may have additional list_tools calls
 
         # Verify that longer tasks show longer timing (roughly)
         assert "tools/call completed in" in log_text
@@ -282,9 +284,11 @@ class TestTimingMiddlewareIntegration:
 
         log_text = caplog.text
 
-        # Should have timing logs for all concurrent operations
+        # Should have timing logs for all concurrent operations (including extra list_tools calls)
         timing_logs = [line for line in log_text.split("\n") if "completed in" in line]
-        assert len(timing_logs) == 3
+        assert (
+            len(timing_logs) >= 3
+        )  # At least 3 tool calls, may have additional list_tools calls
 
     async def test_timing_middleware_custom_logger(self, timing_server):
         """Test timing middleware with custom logger configuration."""

tests/server/openapi/test_openapi.py

@@ -223,6 +223,8 @@ class TestTools:
 
         assert tools[0].model_dump() == dict(
             name="create_user_users_post",
+            meta=None,
+            title=None,
             annotations=None,
             description=IsStr(regex=r"^Create a new user\..*$", regex_flags=re.DOTALL),
             inputSchema={
@@ -233,9 +235,12 @@ class TestTools:
                 },
                 "required": ["name", "active"],
             },
+            outputSchema=None,
         )
         assert tools[1].model_dump() == dict(
             name="update_user_name_users",
+            meta=None,
+            title=None,
             annotations=None,
             description=IsStr(
                 regex=r"^Update a user's name\..*$", regex_flags=re.DOTALL
@@ -248,6 +253,7 @@ class TestTools:
                 },
                 "required": ["user_id", "name"],
             },
+            outputSchema=None,
         )
 
     async def test_call_create_user_tool(
@@ -979,7 +985,9 @@ async def test_none_path_parameters_rejected(
     # Create a client and try to call a tool with a None path parameter
     async with Client(mcp_server) as client:
         # get_user has a required path parameter user_id
-        with pytest.raises(ToolError, match="Missing required path parameters"):
+        with pytest.raises(
+            ToolError, match="Input validation error|Missing required path parameters"
+        ):
             await client.call_tool(
                 "update_user_name_users",
                 {

tests/server/test_mount.py

@@ -962,4 +962,4 @@ class TestAsProxyKwarg:
         assert len(lifespan_check) > 0
         # in the present implementation the sub server will be invoked 3 times
         # to call its tool
-        assert lifespan_check == ["start", "start", "start"]
+        assert lifespan_check.count("start") >= 2

tests/server/test_server_interactions.py

@@ -554,12 +554,12 @@ class TestToolParameters:
         async with Client(mcp) as client:
             with pytest.raises(
                 ToolError,
-                match="Error calling tool 'my_tool'",
+                match="Input validation error: 'not an int' is not of type 'integer'",
             ):
                 await client.call_tool("my_tool", {"x": "not an int"})
 
     async def test_tool_int_coercion(self):
-        """Test string-to-int type coercion."""
+        """Test that invalid int input raises validation error."""
         mcp = FastMCP()
 
         @mcp.tool
@@ -567,12 +567,15 @@ class TestToolParameters:
             return x + 1
 
         async with Client(mcp) as client:
-            # String with integer value should be coerced to int
-            result = await client.call_tool("add_one", {"x": "42"})
-            assert result[0].text == "43"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            # String input should raise validation error (no coercion)
+            with pytest.raises(
+                ToolError,
+                match="Input validation error: '42' is not of type 'integer'",
+            ):
+                await client.call_tool("add_one", {"x": "42"})
 
     async def test_tool_bool_coercion(self):
-        """Test string-to-bool type coercion."""
+        """Test that invalid bool input raises validation error."""
         mcp = FastMCP()
 
         @mcp.tool
@@ -580,12 +583,18 @@ class TestToolParameters:
             return not flag
 
         async with Client(mcp) as client:
-            # String with boolean value should be coerced to bool
-            result = await client.call_tool("toggle", {"flag": "true"})
-            assert result[0].text == "false"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            # String input should raise validation error (no coercion)
+            with pytest.raises(
+                ToolError,
+                match="Input validation error: 'true' is not of type 'boolean'",
+            ):
+                await client.call_tool("toggle", {"flag": "true"})
 
-            result = await client.call_tool("toggle", {"flag": "false"})
-            assert result[0].text == "true"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            with pytest.raises(
+                ToolError,
+                match="Input validation error: 'false' is not of type 'boolean'",
+            ):
+                await client.call_tool("toggle", {"flag": "false"})
 
     async def test_annotated_field_validation(self):
         mcp = FastMCP()
@@ -595,7 +604,10 @@ class TestToolParameters:
             pass
 
         async with Client(mcp) as client:
-            with pytest.raises(ToolError, match="Error calling tool 'analyze'"):
+            with pytest.raises(
+                ToolError,
+                match="Input validation error: 0 is less than the minimum of 1",
+            ):
                 await client.call_tool("analyze", {"x": 0})
 
     async def test_default_field_validation(self):
@@ -606,7 +618,10 @@ class TestToolParameters:
             pass
 
         async with Client(mcp) as client:
-            with pytest.raises(ToolError, match="Error calling tool 'analyze'"):
+            with pytest.raises(
+                ToolError,
+                match="Input validation error: 0 is less than the minimum of 1",
+            ):
                 await client.call_tool("analyze", {"x": 0})
 
     async def test_default_field_is_still_required_if_no_default_specified(self):
@@ -617,7 +632,9 @@ class TestToolParameters:
             pass
 
         async with Client(mcp) as client:
-            with pytest.raises(ToolError, match="Error calling tool 'analyze'"):
+            with pytest.raises(
+                ToolError, match="Input validation error: 'x' is a required property"
+            ):
                 await client.call_tool("analyze", {})
 
     async def test_literal_type_validation_error(self):
@@ -628,7 +645,10 @@ class TestToolParameters:
             pass
 
         async with Client(mcp) as client:
-            with pytest.raises(ToolError, match="Error calling tool 'analyze'"):
+            with pytest.raises(
+                ToolError,
+                match=r"Input validation error: 'c' is not one of \['a', 'b'\]",
+            ):
                 await client.call_tool("analyze", {"x": "c"})
 
     async def test_literal_type_validation_success(self):
@@ -655,7 +675,10 @@ class TestToolParameters:
             return x.value
 
         async with Client(mcp) as client:
-            with pytest.raises(ToolError, match="Error calling tool 'analyze'"):
+            with pytest.raises(
+                ToolError,
+                match=r"Input validation error: 'some-color' is not one of \['red', 'green', 'blue'\]",
+            ):
                 await client.call_tool("analyze", {"x": "some-color"})
 
     async def test_enum_type_validation_success(self):
@@ -688,7 +711,10 @@ class TestToolParameters:
             result = await client.call_tool("analyze", {"x": 1.0})
             assert result[0].text == "1.0"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
-            with pytest.raises(ToolError, match="Error calling tool 'analyze'"):
+            with pytest.raises(
+                ToolError,
+                match="Input validation error: 'not a number' is not valid under any of the given schemas",
+            ):
                 await client.call_tool("analyze", {"x": "not a number"})
 
     async def test_path_type(self):
@@ -714,7 +740,9 @@ class TestToolParameters:
             return str(path)
 
         async with Client(mcp) as client:
-            with pytest.raises(ToolError, match="Error calling tool 'send_path'"):
+            with pytest.raises(
+                ToolError, match="Input validation error: 1 is not of type 'string'"
+            ):
                 await client.call_tool("send_path", {"path": 1})
 
     async def test_uuid_type(self):
@@ -815,6 +843,7 @@ class TestToolParameters:
             assert result[0].text == "1 day, 0:00:00"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
     async def test_timedelta_type_parse_int(self):
+        """Test that invalid timedelta input raises validation error."""
         mcp = FastMCP()
 
         @mcp.tool
@@ -822,8 +851,12 @@ class TestToolParameters:
             return str(x)
 
         async with Client(mcp) as client:
-            result = await client.call_tool("send_timedelta", {"x": 1000})
-            assert result[0].text == "0:16:40"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            # Int input should raise validation error (no conversion)
+            with pytest.raises(
+                ToolError,
+                match="Input validation error: 1000 is not of type 'string'",
+            ):
+                await client.call_tool("send_timedelta", {"x": 1000})
 
 
 class TestToolContextInjection:

tests/tools/test_tool.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import json
+
 import pytest
 from mcp.types import (
     AudioContent,
@@ -8,11 +10,7 @@ from mcp.types import (
 )
 from pydantic import AnyUrl, BaseModel
 
-from fastmcp import FastMCP
-from fastmcp.client import Client
-from fastmcp.exceptions import ToolError
 from fastmcp.tools.tool import Tool, _convert_to_content
-from fastmcp.utilities.tests import temporary_settings
 from fastmcp.utilities.types import Audio, File, Image
 
 
@@ -242,185 +240,6 @@ class TestToolFromFunction:
         assert result[0].text == "Custom serializer: 15"
 
 
-class TestLegacyToolJsonParsing:
-    """Tests for Tool's JSON pre-parsing functionality."""
-
-    @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
-    def enable_legacy_json_parsing(self):
-        with temporary_settings(tool_attempt_parse_json_args=True):
-            yield
-
-    async def test_json_string_arguments(self):
-        """Test that JSON string arguments are parsed and validated correctly"""
-
-        def simple_func(x: int, y: list[str]) -> str:
-            return f"{x}-{','.join(y)}"
-
-        # Create a tool to use its JSON pre-parsing logic
-        tool = Tool.from_function(simple_func)
-
-        # Prepare arguments where some are JSON strings
-        json_args = {
-            "x": 1,
-            "y": '["a", "b", "c"]',  # JSON string
-        }
-
-        # Run the tool which will do JSON parsing
-        result = await tool.run(json_args)
-        assert result[0].text == "1-a,b,c"  # type: ignore[attr-dict]
-
-    async def test_str_vs_list_str(self):
-        """Test handling of string vs list[str] type annotations."""
-
-        def func_with_str_types(str_or_list: str | list[str]) -> str | list[str]:
-            return str_or_list
-
-        tool = Tool.from_function(func_with_str_types)
-
-        # Test regular string input (should remain a string)
-        result = await tool.run({"str_or_list": "hello"})
-        assert result[0].text == "hello"  # type: ignore[attr-dict]
-
-        # Test JSON string input (should be parsed as a string)
-        result = await tool.run({"str_or_list": '"hello"'})
-        assert result[0].text == "hello"  # type: ignore[attr-dict]
-
-        # Test JSON list input (should be parsed as a list)
-        result = await tool.run({"str_or_list": '["hello", "world"]'})
-
-        # The exact formatting might vary, so we just check that it contains the key elements
-        text_without_whitespace = result[0].text.replace(" ", "").replace("\n", "")  # type: ignore[attr-dict]
-        assert "hello" in text_without_whitespace
-        assert "world" in text_without_whitespace
-        assert "[" in text_without_whitespace
-        assert "]" in text_without_whitespace
-
-    async def test_keep_str_as_str(self):
-        """Test that string arguments are kept as strings when they're not valid JSON"""
-
-        def func_with_str_types(string: str) -> str:
-            return string
-
-        tool = Tool.from_function(func_with_str_types)
-
-        # Invalid JSON should remain a string
-        invalid_json = "{'nice to meet you': 'hello', 'goodbye': 5}"
-        result = await tool.run({"string": invalid_json})
-        assert result[0].text == invalid_json  # type: ignore[attr-dict]
-
-    async def test_keep_str_union_as_str(self):
-        """Test that string arguments are kept as strings when parsing would create an invalid value"""
-
-        def func_with_str_types(
-            string: str | dict[int, str] | None,
-        ) -> str | dict[int, str] | None:
-            return string
-
-        tool = Tool.from_function(func_with_str_types)
-
-        # Invalid JSON for the union type should remain a string
-        invalid_json = "{'nice to meet you': 'hello', 'goodbye': 5}"
-        result = await tool.run({"string": invalid_json})
-        assert result[0].text == invalid_json  # type: ignore[attr-dict]
-
-    async def test_complex_type_validation(self):
-        """Test that parsed JSON is validated against complex types"""
-
-        class SomeModel(BaseModel):
-            x: int
-            y: dict[int, str]
-
-        def func_with_complex_type(data: SomeModel) -> SomeModel:
-            return data
-
-        tool = Tool.from_function(func_with_complex_type)
-
-        # Valid JSON for the model
-        valid_json = '{"x": 1, "y": {"1": "hello"}}'
-        result = await tool.run({"data": valid_json})
-        assert '"x": 1' in result[0].text  # type: ignore[attr-dict]
-        assert '"y": {' in result[0].text  # type: ignore[attr-dict]
-        assert '"1": "hello"' in result[0].text  # type: ignore[attr-dict]
-
-        # Invalid JSON for the model (y has string keys, not int keys)
-        # Should throw a validation error
-        invalid_json = '{"x": 1, "y": {"invalid": "hello"}}'
-        with pytest.raises(Exception):
-            await tool.run({"data": invalid_json})
-
-    async def test_tool_list_coercion(self):
-        """Test JSON string to collection type coercion."""
-        mcp = FastMCP()
-
-        @mcp.tool
-        def process_list(items: list[int]) -> int:
-            return sum(items)
-
-        async with Client(mcp) as client:
-            # JSON array string should be coerced to list
-            result = await client.call_tool(
-                "process_list", {"items": "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"}
-            )
-            assert result[0].text == "15"  # type: ignore[attr-dict]
-
-    async def test_tool_list_coercion_error(self):
-        """Test that a list coercion error is raised if the input is not a valid list."""
-        mcp = FastMCP()
-
-        @mcp.tool
-        def process_list(items: list[int]) -> int:
-            return sum(items)
-
-        async with Client(mcp) as client:
-            with pytest.raises(
-                ToolError,
-                match="Error calling tool 'process_list'",
-            ):
-                await client.call_tool("process_list", {"items": "['a', 'b', 3]"})
-
-    async def test_tool_dict_coercion(self):
-        """Test JSON string to dict type coercion."""
-        mcp = FastMCP()
-
-        @mcp.tool
-        def process_dict(data: dict[str, int]) -> int:
-            return sum(data.values())
-
-        async with Client(mcp) as client:
-            # JSON object string should be coerced to dict
-            result = await client.call_tool(
-                "process_dict", {"data": '{"a": 1, "b": "2", "c": 3}'}
-            )
-            assert result[0].text == "6"  # type: ignore[attr-dict]
-
-    async def test_tool_set_coercion(self):
-        """Test JSON string to set type coercion."""
-        mcp = FastMCP()
-
-        @mcp.tool
-        def process_set(items: set[int]) -> int:
-            assert isinstance(items, set)
-            return sum(items)
-
-        async with Client(mcp) as client:
-            result = await client.call_tool("process_set", {"items": "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"})
-            assert result[0].text == "15"  # type: ignore[attr-dict]
-
-    async def test_tool_tuple_coercion(self):
-        """Test JSON string to tuple type coercion."""
-        mcp = FastMCP()
-
-        @mcp.tool
-        def process_tuple(items: tuple[int, str]) -> int:
-            assert isinstance(items, tuple)
-            return items[0] + len(items[1])
-
-        async with Client(mcp) as client:
-            result = await client.call_tool("process_tuple", {"items": '["1", "two"]'})
-            assert isinstance(result[0], TextContent)
-            assert result[0].text == "4"  # type: ignore[attr-dict]
-
-
 class TestConvertResultToContent:
     """Tests for the _convert_to_content helper function."""
 
@@ -696,7 +515,7 @@ class TestConvertResultToContent:
         assert len(result) == 1
         assert isinstance(result[0], TextContent)
         # Should fall back to default serializer (pydantic_core.to_json)
-        assert result[0].text == '{\n  "a": 1\n}'
+        assert json.loads(result[0].text) == {"a": 1}
         assert "Error serializing tool result" in caplog.text
 
     def test_process_as_single_item_flag(self):
@@ -714,7 +533,7 @@ class TestConvertResultToContent:
         assert len(result) == 1
         assert isinstance(result[0], TextContent)
 
-        assert (
-            result[0].text
-            == '[\n  1,\n  {\n    "type": "text",\n    "text": "hello",\n    "annotations": null\n  }\n]'
-        )
+        assert json.loads(result[0].text) == [
+            1,
+            {"type": "text", "text": "hello", "annotations": None, "_meta": None},
+        ]

tests/tools/test_tool_manager.py

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ from fastmcp import Context, FastMCP
 from fastmcp.exceptions import NotFoundError, ToolError
 from fastmcp.tools import FunctionTool, ToolManager
 from fastmcp.tools.tool import Tool
-from fastmcp.utilities.tests import temporary_settings
 from fastmcp.utilities.types import Image
 
 
@@ -434,21 +433,6 @@ class TestCallTools:
         result = await manager.call_tool("sum_vals", {"vals": [1, 2, 3]})
         assert result[0].text == "6"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
-    async def test_call_tool_with_list_int_input_legacy_behavior(self):
-        """Legacy behavior -- parse a stringified JSON object"""
-
-        def sum_vals(vals: list[int]) -> int:
-            return sum(vals)
-
-        manager = ToolManager()
-        tool = Tool.from_function(sum_vals)
-        manager.add_tool(tool)
-        # Try both with plain list and with JSON list
-
-        with temporary_settings(tool_attempt_parse_json_args=True):
-            result = await manager.call_tool("sum_vals", {"vals": "[1, 2, 3]"})
-            assert result[0].text == "6"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-
     async def test_call_tool_with_list_str_or_str_input(self):
         def concat_strs(vals: list[str] | str) -> str:
             return vals if isinstance(vals, str) else "".join(vals)
@@ -464,23 +448,6 @@ class TestCallTools:
         result = await manager.call_tool("concat_strs", {"vals": "a"})
         assert result[0].text == "a"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
-    async def test_call_tool_with_list_str_or_str_input_legacy_behavior(self):
-        """Legacy behavior -- parse a stringified JSON object"""
-
-        def concat_strs(vals: list[str] | str) -> str:
-            return vals if isinstance(vals, str) else "".join(vals)
-
-        manager = ToolManager()
-        tool = Tool.from_function(concat_strs)
-        manager.add_tool(tool)
-
-        with temporary_settings(tool_attempt_parse_json_args=True):
-            result = await manager.call_tool("concat_strs", {"vals": '["a", "b", "c"]'})
-            assert result[0].text == "abc"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-
-            result = await manager.call_tool("concat_strs", {"vals": '"a"'})
-            assert result[0].text == "a"  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-
     async def test_call_tool_with_complex_model(self):
         class MyShrimpTank(BaseModel):
             class Shrimp(BaseModel):

uv.lock

@@ -39,6 +39,15 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/25/8a/c46dcc25341b5bce5472c718902eb3d38600a903b14fa6aeecef3f21a46f/asttokens-3.0.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e3078351a059199dd5138cb1c706e6430c05eff2ff136af5eb4790f9d28932e2", size = 26918, upload-time = "2024-11-30T04:30:10.946Z" },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "attrs"
+version = "25.3.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
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