Update notes/SYLLABUS/syllabus.md

notes/SYLLABUS/syllabus.md

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+# Paper I: RDBMS (SQL Programming with Oracle)
 
+**Unit I: Overview of Database Management**
+
+* Data, Information, and Knowledge  
+* Data Processing vs. Data Management  
+* File-Oriented vs. Database-Oriented Approach  
+* Data Independence  
+* Database Administration Roles  
+* DBMS Architecture  
+* DBMS Users  
+* Data Dictionary  
+* Database Languages  
+* Data Models (Network, Hierarchical, Relational)  
+* Distributed Databases  
+* Client/Server Databases  
+* Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Databases  
+* ODBC Concept
+
+**Unit II: Relational Model & Relational Algebra**
+
+* Entity-Relationship (ER) Model  
+* ER Diagrams  
+* Keys  
+* ER Modeling Case Studies  
+* Generalization, Specialization, Aggregation  
+* Converting ER Model to Relational Schema  
+* Extended ER Features  
+* Introduction to UML and Class Diagrams  
+* Relational Algebra Operations (Select, Project, Join, Set Operations)  
+* Tuple and Domain Relational Calculus  
+* Queries using Relational Algebra
+
+**Unit III: SQL**
+
+* SQL Constructs (SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY)  
+* Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands: INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE  
+* Data Definition Language (DDL) commands: CREATE, DROP, ALTER  
+* Views  
+* Temporary Tables  
+* Nested and Correlated Nested Queries  
+* Integrity Constraints (Not Null, Unique, Check, Primary Key, Foreign Key, References)  
+* Triggers
+
+**Unit IV: PL/SQL**
+
+* Introduction to PL/SQL  
+* Advantages of PL/SQL  
+* Variables, Literals, Data Types  
+* Control Statements (IF, LOOP, WHILE, FOR, GOTO, EXIT WHEN)  
+* Cursors (Implicit, Explicit, Parameterized)  
+* Cursor Attributes  
+* Exception Handling
+
+**Unit V: Relational Database Design**
+
+* Normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF)  
+* Decomposition  
+* Multi-Valued Dependencies (4NF, 5NF)  
+* Physical Design Issues  
+* Denormalization  
+* Indexing (Clustering Indexes)  
+* Data Organization (Fixed Length and Variable Length Records)  
+* File Organization and Indexing Techniques (B-tree, B+-tree, Hashing)
+
+---
+
+# Paper II: Advanced Computer Networks
+
+**Unit I: Introduction to Computer Networking & Reference Models**
+
+* Concept of Networking  
+* Data Communication  
+* Network Elements  
+* Standards Organizations  
+* Line Configurations and Topologies  
+* Transmission Modes  
+* Network Categories (LAN, MAN, WAN)  
+* Benefits of Computer Networks  
+* Layered Architecture (OSI and TCP/IP)  
+* Design Issues for Layers  
+* Interfaces and Services  
+* Functions of Layers  
+* Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP models
+
+**Unit II: Transmission of Digital Data & Multiplexing/Switching**
+
+* Shannon's and Nyquist Theorems  
+* Transmission Media (Coaxial, UTP, Fiber Optic, Wireless)  
+* Analog and Digital Data Transmission (Parallel and Serial)  
+* DTE-DCE Interface (RS-232C)  
+* Modems (56k and Cable Modem)  
+* Modem Standards  
+* Multiplexing (FDM, TDM, WDM)  
+* Switching (Circuit Switching, Message Switching, Packet Switching)
+
+**Unit III: Data Link Layer & Routing Algorithms**
+
+* Line Discipline  
+* Flow Control (Stop-and-Wait, Sliding Window, Go-Back-N)  
+* Error Control (ARQ)  
+* HDLC, SLIP, PPP  
+* Multiple Access Protocols (ALOHA, Slotted ALOHA, CSMA/CD)  
+* IEEE Standards for LANs and MANs  
+* IP Protocol and Header  
+* IP Address Classes and Subnetting  
+* ICMP, ARP, RARP, RSVP, CIDR, IPv6  
+* Routing Algorithms (Shortest Path First, Distance Vector, Link State)  
+* Congestion Control (Leaky Bucket, Token Bucket)
+
+**Unit IV: Transport Layer & Network Performance**
+
+* Client-Server Model and Socket Addressing  
+* TCP Handshaking  
+* TCP Header  
+* Network Performance Issues  
+* Domain Name System (DNS) and Resource Records  
+* Email (RFC-822 and MIME)  
+* World Wide Web (Server-Side and Client-Side)
+
+**Unit V: Networking Technologies & Network Security**
+
+* X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, SONET, SMDS, ISDN  
+* Importance of Network Security  
+* Traditional Cryptography  
+* Data Encryption Standards  
+* RSA Algorithm
+
+---
+
+# Paper III: Python Programming
+
+**Unit I: Introduction to Python**
+
+* Structure of a Python Program  
+* Elements of Python  
+* Python Interpreter  
+* Installation and Environment Setup  
+* Basic Syntax, Interactive Shell, Scripting  
+* Data Types, Variables, Assignments  
+* Immutable Variables  
+* Numerical Types and Operators (Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Assignment, Ternary, Bitwise, Increment/Decrement)  
+* Expressions and Comments
+
+**Unit II: Creating Python Programs**
+
+* Input and Output Statements  
+* Control Statements (Branching, Looping)  
+  * if, elif, else  
+  * for, while  
+  * break, continue, pass  
+* Functions  
+  * Defining and Calling Functions  
+  * Function Arguments  
+  * Anonymous Functions (lambda)  
+  * Global and Local Variables  
+  * Recursion  
+* Strings and Text Files  
+  * Manipulating Files and Directories (os, sys modules)  
+  * Reading and Writing Text and Numbers from/to Files  
+  * Creating and Deleting Formatted Files (CSV, Tab-separated)
+
+**Unit III: Lists, Tuples, and Dictionaries**
+
+* Lists  
+  * Basic List Operators  
+  * Replacing, Inserting, and Removing Elements  
+  * Searching and Sorting  
+* Tuples  
+  * Accessing Tuples  
+  * Tuple Operations and Functions  
+* Dictionaries  
+  * Dictionary Literals  
+  * Adding and Removing Keys  
+  * Accessing and Replacing Values  
+  * Traversing Dictionaries  
+* Packages and Modules  
+  * Introduction to Packages  
+  * Importing from Packages (import, from)  
+  * JSON  
+  * Exception Handling (try, except, else, finally, raise)
+
+**Unit IV: Pandas and Data Science**
+
+* Introduction to Pandas and Installation  
+* DataFrames and Series  
+* Creating DataFrames (from Excel, CSV, Dictionaries, Lists of Tuples)  
+* Operations on DataFrames (slicing, indexing, etc.)  
+* Data Visualization using Matplotlib  
+  * Bar Graphs, Histograms, Pie Charts, Line Graphs
+
+**Unit V: NumPy and GUI Programming**
+
+* Introduction to NumPy  
+* Creating NumPy Arrays  
+* Indexing and Slicing in NumPy  
+* GUI Programming with Tkinter  
+  * Introduction to Tkinter  
+  * Advantages of GUI  
+  * Layout Management  
+  * Events and Binding  
+  * Canvas Drawing (lines, ovals, rectangles)  
+  * Tkinter Widgets (Frame, Label, Button, Checkbutton, Entry, Listbox, Radiobutton, Text, Spinbox)
+
+---
+
+# Paper IV: Principles of Compiler Design
+
+**Unit I: Introduction to Compilers and Language Grammars**
+
+* Overview of Compilers  
+* Compiler Structure and Implementation  
+* Programming Language Grammars  
+* Introduction to Language Grammars  
+* Derivations and Reductions  
+* Syntax Trees  
+* Ambiguity in Grammars  
+* Regular Grammars and Expressions
+
+**Unit II: Scanning and Parsing Techniques**
+
+* The Scanner  
+* Lexical Analysis  
+* Regular Expressions and Finite Automata  
+* The Parser  
+* Syntax Analysis  
+* Parsing Techniques (e.g., top-down, bottom-up)  
+* Translation  
+* Elementary Symbol Table Organization and Structure
+
+**Unit III: Memory Allocation**
+
+* Static and Dynamic Memory Allocation  
+* Array Allocation and Access  
+* String Allocation  
+* Structure Allocation  
+* Common and Equivalence Allocation  
+* Introduction to Compilation of Expressions
+
+**Unit IV: Compilation of Control Structures and I/O Statements**
+
+* Control Transfers  
+* Procedural Calls  
+* Conditional Execution  
+* Iteration Control Constructs  
+* Error Detection, Indication, and Recovery  
+* Compilation of I/O Lists  
+* Compilation of FORMAT Lists  
+* I/O Subroutines (e.g., IOSUB)  
+* File Control
+
+**Unit V: Code Optimization and Compiler Writing**
+
+* Major Issues in Code Optimization  
+* Optimizing Transformations  
+* Local Optimizations  
+* Program Flow Analysis  
+* Global Optimization  
+* Techniques for Writing Compilers
+
+---
+
+# Paper V: Numerical Analysis
+
+**Unit I: Solution of Polynomial and Transcendental Algebraic Equations**
+
+* Bisection Method  
+* Regula Falsi Method  
+* Newton-Raphson Method  
+* Solution of Cubic and Biquadratic Equations  
+* Finding Complex Roots of Polynomial Equations
+
+**Unit II: Simultaneous Equations and Matrix Operations**
+
+* Gauss-Jordan Method  
+* Cholesky's Method  
+* Reduction to Lower or Upper Triangular Forms  
+* Matrix Inversion  
+* Method of Partitioning  
+* Characteristic Equation of a Matrix  
+* Power Method for Eigenvalues  
+* Transformation to Diagonal Forms
+
+**Unit III: Curve Fitting from Observed Data**
+
+* Divided Difference Table (Evenly and Unevenly Spaced Data)  
+* Polynomial Curve Fitting  
+* Newton's Interpolation Formula  
+* Gauss Interpolation Formula  
+* Lagrange's Interpolation Formula  
+* Method of Least Squares for Polynomials
+
+**Unit IV: Numerical Differentiation and Integration**
+
+* Forward and Backward Difference Operators  
+* Newton-Cotes Integration Formulas  
+  * Trapezoidal Rule  
+  * Simpson's Rule  
+  * Boole's Rule  
+  * Weddle's Rule  
+* Legendre's Rule  
+* Method of Weighted Coefficients
+
+**Unit V: Solution of Differential Equations**
+
+* Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations  
+* One-Step Methods  
+* Taylor's Series Method  
+* Predictor-Corrector Methods  
+* Euler's Method  
+* Runge-Kutta Methods  
+* Milne's Method