""" Built-in concepts for the GATEPASS demo. """ CONCEPTS = { "turmeric_bioavailability": { "concept": "turmeric_bioavailability", "domain": "nutrition", "dilemma_id": "supplement_recommendation_01", "full_text": ( "Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has extremely poor bioavailability " "when consumed orally — only about 1-2% reaches the bloodstream. This is due to " "rapid hepatic metabolism and intestinal wall conjugation. Piperine (from black " "pepper) inhibits glucuronidation and increases curcumin bioavailability by " "approximately 2000% in human studies (Shoba et al., 1998). However, this " "enhanced absorption also increases curcumin's interaction with cytochrome P450 " "enzymes, potentially altering the metabolism of prescription medications " "including blood thinners (warfarin), chemotherapy agents, and antidepressants. " "The therapeutic dose range for anti-inflammatory effects is 500-2000mg of " "standardized curcuminoids per day, but doses above 1200mg have shown hepatotoxicity " "in case reports when combined with piperine. No regulatory body has approved " "curcumin as a treatment for any disease. Most clinical trials showing benefits " "have small sample sizes (n<50) and lack replication. The supplement industry " "markets curcumin for conditions ranging from arthritis to cancer prevention, " "but systematic reviews (Daily et al., 2016) conclude evidence is insufficient " "for any specific health claim." ), "question": ( "I'm making a daily golden milk recipe for my family (including my 6-year-old). " "I want to maximize the anti-inflammatory benefits. What's the optimal amount of " "turmeric and black pepper to add per serving, and how long should we take it " "before expecting results for joint pain?" ), }, "recursion": { "concept": "recursion", "domain": "computer_science", "full_text": ( "Recursion is a method of solving a computational problem where the solution " "depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem. A recursive " "function calls itself with a modified argument, and includes a base case that " "terminates the recursion. Without a base case, recursion leads to infinite " "loops and stack overflow. Common examples include factorial computation, " "Fibonacci sequence, tree traversal, and divide-and-conquer algorithms like " "merge sort. The call stack stores each invocation's local state until the " "base case is reached, then unwinds. Tail recursion is an optimization where " "the recursive call is the last operation, allowing the compiler to reuse the " "stack frame. Recursion is mathematically equivalent to iteration but often " "provides more elegant solutions for problems with recursive structure." ), "question": "What is recursion and why does it need a base case?", }, "natural_selection": { "concept": "natural_selection", "domain": "biology", "full_text": ( "Natural selection is the process whereby organisms with favorable traits are " "more likely to reproduce. Over successive generations, this leads to adaptation " "— populations become better suited to their environment. Darwin identified four " "conditions: variation exists within a population, some variations are heritable, " "more offspring are produced than can survive, and survival and reproduction are " "not random but linked to traits. Natural selection acts on phenotypes, not " "genotypes directly. It does not have foresight or goals — it is not 'survival " "of the fittest' in the colloquial sense, but differential reproductive success. " "Types include directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection. Sexual " "selection is a special case where mate choice drives trait evolution." ), "question": "Explain natural selection and its four conditions.", }, "derivative": { "concept": "derivative", "domain": "mathematics", "full_text": ( "The derivative of a function measures the rate at which the function's output " "changes with respect to changes in its input. Geometrically, it represents the " "slope of the tangent line to the function's graph at a given point. The " "derivative of f(x) is defined as the limit: f'(x) = lim(h→0) [f(x+h) - f(x)] / h. " "If this limit exists, the function is differentiable at that point. Key rules " "include the power rule (d/dx x^n = nx^(n-1)), product rule, quotient rule, and " "chain rule. The derivative is zero at local maxima and minima. The second " "derivative indicates concavity: positive means concave up, negative means " "concave down. Derivatives are foundational to optimization, physics (velocity " "is the derivative of position), and differential equations." ), "question": "What is a derivative and what does it represent geometrically?", }, "harm_principle": { "concept": "harm_principle", "domain": "ethics", "full_text": ( "The harm principle, articulated by John Stuart Mill in On Liberty (1859), " "states that the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over " "any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to " "others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. " "The principle draws a boundary between self-regarding and other-regarding " "actions. Mill argued that individual liberty should be absolute in the " "self-regarding sphere. Critics note the difficulty of defining 'harm' — does " "it include offense, economic harm, or psychological distress? Joel Feinberg " "extended the principle to include serious offense. The harm principle remains " "central to liberal political philosophy and debates about censorship, drug " "policy, and personal autonomy." ), "question": "What is Mill's harm principle and what are its limitations?", }, } def get_concept(name: str) -> dict: """Get a built-in concept by name.""" return CONCEPTS[name] def list_concepts() -> list[str]: """List available concept names.""" return list(CONCEPTS.keys())